Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 192 7785684 7782356 2026-08-27T21:38:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785684 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Biyolohiya''' amo an siyensya mahitungod han kinabuhi. An pulong nga ''biyolohiya'' tikang ha [[Griyego]] nga mga pulong "βιos" ''bios'' = kinabuhi ug "λoγos", ''logos'' = pamulong ha kinaadman. An Biyolohiya kay usa ka natural na siyensya na napokus ha pag-aram ha kinabuhi ngan han mga buhi nga mga organismo. Moderno nga Biyolohiya kay gin-uupod an istruktura, gamit, pag-tubo, ebolusyon han usa ka buhi nga mga organismo ==Galeriya == <gallery> File:Guriezo Adino vaca toro terneras.jpg|Animalia - Bos primigenius taurus File:Zboże.jpg|Planta - Triticum File:Morchella esculenta 08.jpg|Fungi - Morchella esculenta File:Fucus serratus2.jpg|Stramenopila/Chromista - Fucus serratus File:Gemmatimonas aurantiaca.jpg|Bacteria - Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (- = 1 Micrometer) File:Halobacteria.jpg|Archaea - Halobacteria File:Gamma phage.png|Virus - Gamma phage </gallery> ==Katinikangan== Bisan an moderno nga biyolohiya kay bag-o nga parte han yensya, mayda mga siyensya nga konektado ha biyolohiya nga gin-aram na tikang han kadaan nga panahon. An natural nga pilosopiya kay gin-aram tikang han kadaan nga sibilisasyon ha Mesopotamia, Egypt, India ngan China. Pero an katinikangan han moderno nga biyolohiya kay ginbabalik ngadto ha kadaan nga Greece. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last =Alberts|first=Bruce|coauthors=Johnson, A, Lewis, J, Raff, M, Roberts, K & Walter, P|title=Molecular Biology of the Cell|url =https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004albe|edition=4th|publisher=Garland|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3|oclc =145080076 48122761 57023651 69932405}} * {{cite book|last=Begon|first=Michael|coauthors= Townsend, CR & Harper, JL|title=[[Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems]]|edition=4th|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4051-1117-1|oclc=57639896 57675855 62131207}} * {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Campbell (scientist)|title=Biology|edition=7th|publisher=Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company|year=2004|isbn=0-8053-7146-X|oclc=71890442}} * {{cite book|last=Colinvaux|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Colinvaux |title=Why Big Fierce Animals are Rare: An Ecologist's Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/whybigfierceanim00paul|edition=reissue|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1979|isbn=0-691-02364-6|oclc=10081738 24132192}} *{{cite book|author=Mayr, Ernst |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pHThtE2R0UQC|year=1982|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-36446-2}} * {{cite book|last=Hoagland|first=Mahlon|title=The Way Life Works|url=https://archive.org/details/exploringwaylife0000hoag|edition=reprint|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers inc|year=2001|isbn=0-7637-1688-X|oclc=223090105 45487537}} * {{cite book|last=Janovy|first=John Jr.|title=On Becoming a Biologist|url=https://archive.org/details/onbecomingbiolog0000jano|edition=2nd|publisher=Bison Books|year=2004|isbn=0-8032-7620-6|oclc=55138571 56964280}} * {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=George B.|authorlink=Johnson George B.|title=Biology, Visualizing Life|url=https://archive.org/details/holtbiologyvisua00john|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|year=2005|isbn=0-03-016723-X|oclc=36306648}} * {{cite book|last =Tobin|first=Allan|author2=Dusheck, Jennie|title=Asking About Life|url =https://archive.org/details/askingaboutlife0000tobi|edition=3rd|publisher=Wadsworth|location=Belmont, California|year=2005|isbn=0-534-40653-X}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks}} {{Wikisource portal|Natural History and Biology}} {{Wiktionary}} {{wikiversity|Biology|at-link=School:Biology|at=The School of Biology}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology}} * [http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html OSU's Phylocode] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212205742/http://www.ohio.edu/phylocode/index.html |date=2013-12-12 }} * [http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page Biology Online – Wiki Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917162850/http://biology-online.org/dictionary/Main_Page |date=2008-09-17 }} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/biology/7-012-introduction-to-biology-fall-2004/ MIT video lecture series on biology] * [http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ Biology and Bioethics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626143439/http://www.bioeticaunbosque.edu.co/english/ |date=2007-06-26 }}. * [https://inlportal.inl.gov/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=2622&parentname=CommunityPage&parentid=7&mode=2&in_hi_userid=200&cached=true Biological Systems] – Idaho National Laboratory * [http://tolweb.org/tree/phylogeny.html ''The Tree of Life'']: A multi-authored, distributed Internet project containing information about phylogeny and biodiversity. * [http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=The_Study_of_Biology The Study of Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200057/http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=The_Study_of_Biology |date=2013-10-29 }} * [http://www.library.illinois.edu/bix/biologicalliterature/ Using the Biological Literature Web Resources] ;Journal links * [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 PLos Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426191401/http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=index-html&issn=1545-7885 |date=2006-04-26 }} A peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by the [[Public Library of Science]] * [http://www.cell.com/current-biology/ Current Biology] General journal publishing [[original research]] from all areas of biology * [http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/ Biology Letters] A [[Impact factor|high-impact]] [[Royal Society]] journal publishing [[peer-review]]ed Biology papers of general interest * [http://www.sciencemag.org/collections/subject/ Science Magazine] Internationally Renowned [[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]] Science Publication – See Sections of the Life Sciences * [http://www.biolsci.org/ International Journal of Biological Sciences] A biological journal publishing significant peer-reviewed scientific papers * [http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html Perspectives in Biology and Medicine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031110160426/http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/perspectives_in_biology_and_medicine/index.html |date=2003-11-10 }} An [[interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] [[scholarly method|scholarly]] journal publishing [[essay]]s of broad relevance * [http://www.lifesciencelog.com/ Life Science Log] {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Biology}} [[Kaarangay:Biyolohiya| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales]] np2y74s6wvpd8bc5i3b0t6izh9jlk2k 0 3489 7785629 7776397 2026-08-27T20:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox nasod |name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent; font-size:9pt; |title = {{resize|11.5pt|European Union}} |{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle= 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{{lang|el|Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση}} | rowclass11 = mergedrow| label11 = [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]: | data11 = {{lang|hu|Európai Unió}} | rowclass12 = mergedrow| label12 = [[Irish language|Irish]]: | data12 = {{lang|ga|An tAontas Eorpach}} | rowclass13 = mergedrow| label13 = [[Italian language|Italian]]: | data13 = {{lang|it|Unione europea}} | rowclass14 = mergedrow| label14 = [[Latvian language|Latvian]]: | data14 = {{lang|lv|Eiropas Savienība}} | rowclass15 = mergedrow| label15 = [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: | data15 = {{lang|lt|Europos Sąjunga}} | rowclass16 = mergedrow| label16 = [[Maltese language|Maltese]]: | data16 = {{lang|mt|Unjoni Ewropea}} | rowclass17 = mergedrow| label17 = [[Polish language|Polish]]: | data17 = {{lang|pl|Unia Europejska}} | rowclass18 = mergedrow| label18 = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: | data18 = {{lang|pt|União Europeia}} | rowclass19 = mergedrow| label19 = [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: | data19 = {{lang|ro|Uniunea Europeană}} | rowclass20 = mergedrow| label20 = [[Slovak language|Slovak]]: | data20 = {{lang|sk|Európska únia}} | rowclass21 = mergedrow| label21 = [[Slovene language|Slovene]]: | data21 = {{lang|sl|Evropska unija}} | rowclass22 = mergedrow| label22 = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: | data22 = {{lang|es|Unión Europea}} | rowclass23 = mergedrow| label23 = [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: | data23 = {{lang|sv|Europeiska unionen}} }} }} |linking_name = Europe |image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg |alt_flag = Circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background |motto = "[[Motto of the European Union|United in diversity]]" |anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe|Ode to Joy]]" {{small|(orchestral)}} [[File:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg|center]] |image_map = Global European Union.svg |map_caption = Location of the European Union |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Brussels]] {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}} |largest_settlement = [[London]] and [[Paris]]<!--NOTE: Do not change without consensus. This is an agreed compromise after a lengthy discussion on the talk page.--> |largest_settlement_type = cities |official_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Languages of the European Union|24 languages]] | {{hlist |[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] |[[Croatian language|Croatian]] |[[Czech language|Czech]] |[[Danish language|Danish]] |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |[[English language|English]] |[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |[[Finnish language|Finnish]] |[[French language|French]] |[[German language|German]] |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |[[Irish language|Irish]] |[[Italian language|Italian]] |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] |[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |[[Maltese language|Maltese]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |[[Slovene language|Slovene]] |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |[[Swedish language|Swedish]]}} }} |demonym = [[Citizenship of the European Union|European]] |org_type = [[Continental union]] |membership_type = Member states |membership = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 states]] |{{hlist |[[Austria]]|[[Belgium]]|[[Bulgaria]]|[[Croatia]]|[[Cyprus]]|[[Czech Republic]]|[[Denmark]]|[[Estonia]]|[[Finland]]|[[France]]|[[Germany]]|[[Greece]]|[[Hungary]]|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]|[[Italy]]|[[Latvia]]|[[Lithuania]]|[[Luxembourg]]|[[Malta]]|[[Netherlands]]|[[Poland]]|[[Portugal]]|[[Romania]]|[[Slovakia]]|[[Slovenia]]|[[Spain]]|[[Sweden]]}} }} |leader_title1 = [[President of the European Commission|President of the European&nbsp;Commission]] |leader_name1 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] |leader_title2 = [[President of the European&nbsp;Council]] |leader_name2 = [[Charles Michel]] {{infobox|child=yes|headerstyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |header1 = '''[[European Union legislative procedure|Legislatures]]''' |rowclass2 = mergedrow |header2 = {{nowrap|&nbsp;- [[Council of the European Union|Council of the EU]]}}<br>{{nowrap|&nbsp;- [[European Parliament]]}} }} |sovereignty_type = [[History of the EU|Formation]]<ref>Current Article 1 of the [[Treaty of Maastricht|Treaty on European Union]] reads:"The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the [[Treaty of Rome|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]. Those [[Treaties of the EU|two Treaties]] shall have the same legal value. The Union shall replace and succeed the [[European Community]]".</ref> |established_event1 = [[Treaty of Rome]] |established_date1 = 1 Enero 1958 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Maastricht Treaty|Treaty of Maastricht]]}} |established_date2 = 1 Nobyembre 1993 |official_website = {{URL|europa.eu}} |area_rank = 7th^a<!--gives link to list--><!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 4,381,376 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_sq_mi = 1,691,658 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 3.08 |population_estimate = 507,416,607<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 |title=Eurostat-Tables,Graphs and Maps Interface（TGM）table |publisher=[[European Commission]] |accessdate=6 Enero 2015}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 3rd^a<!--gives link to list--><!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 115.8 <!--507,416,607 / 4,381,376km2 = 115.8 people/km2 (1 January 2014)--> |population_density_sq_mi = 300.9 <!--502,486,499 / 1,669,807sq_mi = 300.9 people/sq_mi (1 January 2011)--> |population_density_rank = <!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> <!--IMF GDP data published in October 2014--> |GDP_PPP = $18.124 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = 1st^a<!--gives link to list--><!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $35,849 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 18th^a<!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |GDP_nominal = $18.399 trillion |GDP_nominal_rank = 1st^a<!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $36,392 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 16th^a<!--gives link to list--><!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list--> |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 30.4 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="gini"/> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.876 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">Calculated using UNDP data for the member states with weighted population.</ref> |HDI_rank = 13th<!--Calculated by taking out EU members from the list-->{{\}}25th^a<!--Calculated with EU members in the list--> |currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Euro]]&nbsp;([[ISO 4217|EUR]];&nbsp;[[Eurozone]]) |{{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = 8 others |[[Bulgarian lev|Lev]]&nbsp;(BGN;&nbsp;Bulgaria)|[[Croatian kuna|Kuna]]&nbsp;(HRK;&nbsp;Croatia)|[[Czech koruna|Koruna]]&nbsp;(CZK; Czech&nbsp;Republic)|[[Danish krone|Krone]]&nbsp;(DKK;&nbsp;Denmark)|[[Hungarian forint|Forint]]&nbsp;(HUF;&nbsp;Hungary)|[[Polish złoty|Złoty]]&nbsp;(PLN;&nbsp;Poland)|[[Romanian leu|Leu]]&nbsp;(RON;&nbsp;Romania)|[[Swedish krona|Krona]]&nbsp;(SEK;&nbsp;Sweden) }} }} |time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])<br>[[Central European Time|CET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1)<br>[[Eastern European Time|EET]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+2) |time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1)<br>[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+2)<br>[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |date_format = |cctld = [[.eu]] |footnote_a = If considered as a single entity. }} [[Paypay:European Union main map.svg|right|thumb|Unyon Europea]] An '''Unyon Europea''' (ha literal nga Winaray: '''Pagkausa nga Europahanon'''; [[Iningles]]: '''''European Union''''') amo an usa ka unyon pan-ekonomiya ngan pan-politikal han karuhaan kag-pito (27) ka mga bumulig nga estado nga nakabutang ha [[Europa]]. Mahitungod nga gusto magkamayda hin pagurusa nga rehiyon, an Unyon Europeo gintukod tikang ha Tratado han Maastricht han 1 Nobyembre 1993 tikang ha pundasyon han aada na nga Comunidad panekonomiya han Europa. Mayda haros 500 ribo o milyones nga munopyo an Unyon ngan ha pagtarampo, mayda ini 30% nga bahin (US$18.4 trilyon ha 2008) han nominal gross world product. [[File:Belgique - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg|thumb|center|European Commission]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Bindi, Federiga, ed. ''The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World'' ([[Brookings Institution]] Press; 2010). The E.U.'s foreign-policy mechanisms and foreign relations, including with its neighbours. * Bomberg, Elizabeth, Peterson, John, and [[Richard Corbett]], eds. ''The European Union: How Does it Work?'' (3rd ed) (2012, [[Oxford University Press]]). ISBN 978-0-19-957080-5 and ISBN 0-19-957080-9. * {{Cite book|url=http://www.johnharperpublishing.co.uk/pp007.shtml |title=The European Parliament |last1=Corbett |first1=Richard |last2=Jacobs |first2=Francis |author2-link=Francis Jacobs |last3=Shackleton |first3=Michael |edition=8th |publisher=John Harper Publishing | date = 2011 |isbn=978-0-9564508-5-2 |location=London}} * {{Cite book|title=EU Law, Text, Cases and Materials |url=https://archive.org/details/eulawtextcasesma0000crai_w8o5 |last1=Craig |first1=Paul |first2=Gráinne |last2=de Búrca |edition=4th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2007 |isbn=978-0-19-927389-8 |location=Oxford}} * Jordan, A.J. and Adelle, C. (eds) Environmental Policy in the European Union: Contexts, Actors and Policy Dynamics (3e). Earthscan: London and Sterling, VA. * Kaiser, Wolfram. ''Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union'' (2007) * {{Cite book|title=The European Union: Politics and Policies |url=https://archive.org/details/europeanunionpol0000mcco_s0t6 |last1=McCormick |first1=John |publisher=[[Westview Press]] | date = 2007 |isbn=978-0-8133-4202-3}} * Pinder, John, and Simon Usherwood. ''The European Union: A Very Short Introduction'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0199233977 excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book|title=The European Dream: How Europe's Vision of the Future Is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream |url=https://archive.org/details/europeandreamhow00rifk_0 |last1=Rifkin |first1=Jeremy |publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher | date = 2004 |isbn=978-1-58542-345-3}} * {{Cite book|title=International Trade and Globalisation |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaltra0000smit_k3f7 |last=Smith |first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Emrys Smith |edition=3rd |publisher=Anforme | date = 2007 |isbn=1-905504-10-1 |location=Stocksfield}} * Staab, Andreas. ''The European Union Explained: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0253220181 excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book|title=EU Law |url=https://archive.org/details/eulaw0009stei |last1=Steiner |first1=Josephine |last2=Woods |first2=Lorna |first3=Christian |last3=Twigg-Flesner |edition=9th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-19-927959-3 |location=Oxford}} * Yesilada, Birol A. and David M. Wood. ''The Emerging European Union'' (5th ed. 2009) * {{Cite book|title=Lisbon Treaty |url=https://archive.org/details/lisbontreatylega0000piri |last=Piris |first=Jean-Claude |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0-521-19792-2 |page=448 |location=Cambridge}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|display=European Union |b=no |commons=European Union |d=Q458 |wikt=European Union |n=Category:European Union |q=European Union |s=Portal:European Union |species=no |v=no |voy=European Union}} ;Opisyal * [http://europa.eu/index_en.htm EUROPA] – [[Europa (web portal)|official web portal]] * [http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm Institutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601191547/http://europa.eu/institutions/index_en.htm |date=2009-06-01 }} * [http://european-council.europa.eu/home-page.aspx?lang=en European Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229214734/http://www.european-council.europa.eu/home-page.aspx?lang=en |date=2014-12-29 }} * [http://www.ec.europa.eu/index_en.htm European Commission] * [http://consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=EN Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202145944/http://consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=242&lang=EN |date=2012-02-02 }} * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/default_en.htm European Parliament] * [http://www.ecb.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html European Central Bank] * [http://curia.europa.eu/ Court of Justice of the European Union] * [http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home Court of Auditors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222231135/http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home |date=2009-12-22 }} * [http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm Agencies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716180819/http://europa.eu/agencies/index_en.htm |date=2007-07-16 }} * [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/index.htm EUR-Lex] – [[EUR-Lex|EU Laws]] * [http://www.eui.eu/Research/HistoricalArchivesOfEU/Index.aspx Historical Archives of the European Union] ;Mga bawbaw nga pagtan-aw ngan datos * [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained] * [http://ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency Datasets related to the EU on CKAN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315151022/http://www.ckan.net/tag/read/eutransparency |date=2010-03-15 }} * {{CIA World Factbook link|ee|CIA World Factbook: European Union}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list/ British Pathé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106052118/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspace.php?id=2537&display=list%2F |date=2012-01-06 }}—Online newsreel archive of the 20th century * [http://eu.data-list-search.com/ Search EU Financial Sanctions List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827225957/http://eu.data-list-search.com/ |date=2016-08-27 }} * [http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf The European Union: Questions and Answers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228194410/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21372.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} [[Congressional Research Service]] ;News and interviews * [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/spiegel-interview-with-helmut-schmidt-and-valery-giscard-d-estaing-a-855127.html Der Spiegel interview with Helmut Schmidt and Valery Giscard d'Estaing] ;Educational resources * [http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub European Studies Hub] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201074011/http://hum.port.ac.uk/europeanstudieshub |date=2020-02-01 }} – interactive learning tools and resources to help students and researchers better understand and engage with the European Union and its politics. * {{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/EuropeanUnion.html |title=European Union |last1=Tupy |first1=Marian L. |authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor=[[David R. Henderson]] (ed.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] | date = 2008 |isbn=978-0-86597-665-8 |oclc=237794267 |location=Indianapolis}} ;Delegasyon ha Pilipinas *[https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/philippines_en European Union delegation to the Philippines] {{en icon}} {{EU nga mga nasod}} [[Kaarangay:Europa]] pimylmya9dt16xp8jqv3ysdc3ea4vd1 0 4122 7785589 7783432 2026-08-27T20:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox_Biyograpiya| ngaran=Ludwig van Beethoven| litrato=| surat han ladawan= | petsa han katawo=[[Disyembre]], [[1770]] | lugar han katawo=[[Bonn]], [[Alemanya]] | petsa han kamatayan=[[Marso 26]], [[1827]] | lugar han kamatayan=[[Viena]], [[Austrya]] }} [[File:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|250px|Ludwig van Beethoven (Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820)]] Hi '''Ludwig van Beethoven''' ([[pagbunyag|ginbunyagan]] [[Disyembre 17]], [[1770]] – [[Marso 26]], [[1827]]) usa nga [[Alemanya|Aleman]] nga [[kompositor]] ngan [[piano|pianista]]. Ginkikila hiya nga usa han mga gimaupayi nga kompositor hin [[Europeo nga musika klasikal|musika klasikal]], ngan usa hiya nga importante nga persona han takna han pagbalhin nga nahabutnga han mga takna [[Klasikal nga musika nga era|Klasikal]] ngan [[Romantiko nga musika|Romantiko]] ha musika. An iya kasikat ngan genius nag-inspirar ngan nag-aghat--ngan ha damo nga mga kaso nakapakulba--hin mga sumurunod nga mga henerasyon hin mga kompositor, musikero, ngan mga mananambong. Natawo hiya ha [[Bonn]], [[Alemanya]], binmalhin ngadto ha [[Viena]], [[Austrya]], han mga una nga bahin han iya mga pagka-beynte, ngan didto inmukoy, nag-aram ha ilarom kan [[Joseph Haydn]] ngan dayon nga nagkamay-ada kasikat komo virtuoso nga pianista. Han urhe nga bahin han iya mga pagka-baynte nagtikang an iya pagkabungol, bisan pa nagpadayon pa gihapon hiya paghimo hin mga kilalado nga mga obra maestra han bug-os han iya kinabuhi ngaran sugad ini nga iya kakuri-an, bisan pa man han ka-absoluto an iya pagkabungol. Nagtrabaho hiya komo ''freelance'' nga kompositor, pag-arreglo hin mga ''subscription'' nga mga konserto ngan ginsuporta hiya hin pira nga mga riko nga mga sponsor nga nagkita han iya mga abilidad nga extraordinaryo. ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}} ===Cited sources=== *Brandenburg, Sieghard (ed.): ''Ludwig van Beethoven: Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe''. 8 vols. Munich: Henle 1996. *{{Cite book|last=Clive|first=Peter|title=Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisworl0000cliv|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-816672-9|ref=Clive}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven|first=Barry|last=Cooper|authorlink=Barry Cooper (musicologist)|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531331-4|ref=Cooper}} *{{Cite book|first=Milton|last=Cross|author2=Ewen, David|title=The Milton Cross New Encyclopedia of the Great Composers and Their Music|url=https://archive.org/details/miltoncrossencyc01cros|publisher=Doubleday|year=1953|ref=Cross|oclc=17791083|location=Garden City, New Jersey|isbn=0-385-03635-3}} *{{GroveOnline|Ludwig van Beethoven|Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G|19 May|2014}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: a documentary study|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovendocumen0000land_o8q3|ref=Landon|first=H. C. Robbins|last=Landon|authorlink=H. C. Robbins Landon|author2=Göllerich, August|publisher=Macmillan|year=1970|oclc=87180|isbn=0-02-567830-2}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: The Music And The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenmusican00lock|first=Lewis|last=Lockwood|authorlink=Lewis Lockwood|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2003|ref=Lockwood|isbn=978-0-393-32638-3}} *{{Cite journal|first=Michael|last=Lorenz|authorlink=Michael Lorenz (musicologist)|title=Die 'Enttarnte Elise'. Elisabeth Röckels kurze Karriere als Beethovens 'Elise'"|journal=Bonner Beethoven-Studien|volume=9|year=2011|pages=169–190|url=http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/beethovens_elise/|language=de|access-date=2015-01-15|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429201226/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/beethovens_elise/|url-status=}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Maynard Solomon|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825672682|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|publisher=Schirmer Books|year=2001|isbn=0-8256-7268-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Glenn (ed)|title=The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_f9p8|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-58074-9|ref=Stanley}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Steblin | first1 = Rita | authorlink = Rita Steblin | year = 2009 | title = 'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi | url = | journal = Bonner Beethoven-Studien | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 89–152 }} *Steblin, Rita (2014): "Who was Beethoven’s 'Elise'? A new solution to the mystery." In: The Musical Times 155, pp.&nbsp;3–39. *{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VQw5AAAAIAAJ|ref=Thayer1|title=The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven, Vol 1|first=A. W.|last=Thayer|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|author2=Krehbiel, Henry Edward (ed, trans); Deiters, Hermann; Riemann, Hugo|publisher=The Beethoven Association|year=1921|oclc=422583}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|last=Thayer|first=A. W.|first2=Elliot|last2=Forbes|authorlink2=Elliot Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven (2 vols)|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1970|isbn=0-691-02702-1}} ===Iba nga pagkukuhaan=== <!--This section is subject to cleanup for notability. Volumes have been written about Beethoven. Providing the most authoritative, scholarly, and accurate references is our responsibility.--> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} *[[Theodore Albrecht|Albrecht, Theodore]], and Elaine Schwensen, "More Than Just Peanuts: Evidence for December&nbsp;16 as Beethoven's birthday". ''The Beethoven Newsletter'' 3 (1988) 49, 60–63. *Bohle, Bruce, and Robert Sabin. ''The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians.'' London: J.M. Dent & Sons LTD, 1975. ISBN 0-460-04235-1. *Davies, Peter J. ''The Character of a Genius: Beethoven in Perspective.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31913-8. *Davies, Peter J. ''Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBN 0-313-31587-6. *[[Tia DeNora|DeNora, Tia]]. "Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792–1803". Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-21158-8. * Dorfmüller, Kurt; Gertsch, Norbert; Ronge, Julia (ed.). Ludwig van Beethoven. Thematisch-bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis. Revidierte und wesentlich erweiterte Neuausgabe des Werkverzeichnisses von Georg Kinsky und Hans Halm. 2 Vols. Munich: Henle, 2014. ISBN 978-3-87328-153-0. *Geck, Martin. ''Beethoven''. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: Haus, 2003. ISBN 1-904341-03-9 (h), ISBN 1-904341-00-4 (p). *Goldschmidt, Harry: ''All About Beethoven's Immortal Beloved. A Stocktaking.'' Transl. John E Klapproth. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace 2013 *{{Cite book | last = Hatten | first = Robert S. | year=1994 | title = Musical Meaning in Beethoven | url = https://archive.org/details/musicalmeaningin0000hatt | publisher = Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, IN | isbn = 0-253-32742-3}} *Kornyei, Alexius. ''Beethoven in Martonvasar''. Verlag, 1960. OCLC Number: 27056305 *Kropfinger, Klaus. ''Beethoven''. Verlage Bärenreiter/Metzler, 2001. ISBN 3-7618-1621-9. *Martin, Russell. ''Beethoven's Hair''. New York: Broadway Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7679-0350-9. *{{cite journal | last1 = Meredith | first1 = William | year = 2005 | title = The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments | journal = The Beethoven Journal | volume = 20 | pages = 3–46 }} *[[Edmund Morris (writer)|Morris, Edmund]]. ''Beethoven: The Universal Composer.'' New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-075974-7. *[[Charles Rosen|Rosen, Charles]]. ''The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.'' Expanded ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998. ISBN 0-393-04020-8 (hc); ISBN 0-393-31712-9 (pb). *{{Cite book|first=Harvey|last=Sachs|authorlink=Harvey Sachs|title=The Ninth: Beethoven and the World in 1824|url=https://archive.org/details/ninthbeethovenwo0000sach_l9g0|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-22145-5}} *[[Maynard Solomon|Solomon, Maynard]]. ''Late Beethoven: Music, Thought, Imagination.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23746-3. *[[J. W. N. Sullivan|Sullivan, J. W. N.]], ''Beethoven: His Spiritual Development'' New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 1927. *Tellenbach, Marie-Elisabeth: ''Beethoven and His "Immortal Beloved" Josephine Brunsvik. Beethoven and His "Immortal Beloved" Josephine Brunsvik.'' (transl. John E Klapproth). CreateSpace 2014. {{Div col end}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Beethoven, Ludwig van}} *{{Commons category-inline|Ludwig van Beethoven}} *[http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php//portal_en Beethoven-Haus Bonn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412091048/http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php/portal_en |date=2017-04-12 }}, official website *[http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/ The Ira F. Brilliant Center for ''Beethoven'' Studies], [http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/research/beethoven_gateway/ The Beethoven Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419155541/http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/research/beethoven_gateway/ |date=2017-04-19 }} (San José State University) * {{BBC composer page|beethoven|Beethoven}} *{{Dmoz|Arts/Music/Composition/Composers/B/Beethoven%2C_Ludwig_van/}} *{{gutenberg author | id=Ludwig_van_Beethoven | name=Ludwig van Beethoven}} *{{IMSLP|id=Beethoven, Ludwig van}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *[https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20%28subject%3A%22Beethoven%2C%20Ludwig%20van%2C%201770-1827%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elgar%2C%20Edward%2C%201857-1934%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Elgar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%22%29 Works by or about Ludwig van Beethoven] at [[Internet Archive]] and [[Google Books]] (scanned books original editions color illustrated) *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-107741}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beethoven, Ludwig van}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Beethoven, Ludwig van]] [[Kaarangay:Ludwig van Beethoven| ]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Beethoven, Ludwig van]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1770]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1827]] [[Kaarangay:Mga bungol nga tawo]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Aleman nga kompositor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Romantico nga kompositor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kompositor ha klasikal nga panahon]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kompositor hin opera]] im5fjvojgi5l685447zvuvpqj8zq6ab 0 4125 7785654 7775428 2026-08-27T21:17:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ighubad Iningles}} [[Paypay:Giuseppe Verdi by Giovanni Boldini.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|Giuseppe Verdi, ni [[Giovanni Boldini]], 1886 (National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome).]] Hi '''Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi''' ([[Oktubre 10]], [[1813]] – [[Enero 27]], [[1901]]) usa nga [[Italyano nga kompositor]]. Hiya an pinaka-impluwensyal nga api han ika-19 nga siglo nga [[Italyano nga School of Opera]]. An iya mga buhat ginpapasundayag hin kasagaran ha mga balayan hin opera ha bug-os nga kalibutan ngan, naglabaw han mga katubtoban han ''genre'', pira han iya mga tema naginpermanente ha kultura popular - sugad han "[[La donna è mobile]]" tikang han ''[[Rigoletto (opera)|Rigoletto]]''. Ha panalagsaon gintamayan hiya han mga kritiko, han panahon han iya kinabuhi ngan ha yana, nga nasunod han mga karuyag han komon nga tawo, sobra ka simple ha textura chromatiko ngan waray alo nga pagkamelodramatiko, an kan Verdi mga obra maestra nadominar han standard nga ''repertoire'' usa ka siglo ngan tunga katapos han pagkomposo han mga ini. ==Mga Opera ni Verdi== * ''[[Oberto (opera)|Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[Milan]], [[1839]] * ''[[Un Giorno di Regno]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1840]] * ''[[Nabucco]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1842]] * ''[[I Lombardi]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1843]] * ''[[Ernani]]'' - [[Teatro La Fenice]], [[Venesya]] [[1844]] * ''[[I due Foscari]]'' - [[Teatro Argentina]], [[Roma]], [[1844]] * ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1845]] * ''[[Alzira]]'' - [[Teatro San Carlo]], [[Napoles]], [[1845]] * ''[[Attila (opera)|Attila]]'' - [[Teatro La Fenice]], [[Venesya]], [[1846]] * ''[[Macbeth (opera)|Macbeth]]'' - [[Teatro della Pergola]], [[Florensya]], [[1847]] * ''[[I masnadieri]]'' - [[Her Majesty's Theatre]], [[London]], [[1847]] * ''[[Jérusalem]]'' - [[Académie de musique|Académie Royale de Musique]], [[Paris]], [[1847]] (revisado nga bersyon han ''[[I Lombardi]]'') * ''[[Il corsaro]]'' - [[Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi|Teatro Grande]], [[Trieste]], [[1848]] * ''[[La battaglia di Legnano]]'' - [[Teatro Argentina]], [[Roma]], [[1849]] * ''[[Luisa Miller]]'' - [[Teatro San Carlo]], [[Napoles]], [[1849]] * ''[[Stiffelio]]'' - [[Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi|Teatro Grande]], [[Trieste]], [[1850]] * ''[[Rigoletto]]'' - [[Teatro La Fenice]], [[Venesya]],[[1851]] * ''[[Il trovatore]]'' - [[Teatro Apollo]], [[Roma]], [[1853]] * ''[[La traviata]]'' - [[Teatro la Fenice]], [[1853]] * ''[[Les vêpres siciliennes]]'' - [[Académie Royale de Musique]], [[Paris]], [[1855]] * ''[[Le trouvère]]'' - [[Académie Royale de Musique]], [[Paris]], [[1857]] (revisado nga bersyon han ''[[Il trovatore]]'' nga mayda ballet nga gindugang) * ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'' - [[Teatro La Fenice]], [[Venesya]], [[1857]] * ''[[Aroldo]]'' - [[Teatro Nuovo]], [[Rimini]], [[1857]] (ginrevisar nga bersyon han ''[[Stiffelio]]'') * ''[[Un ballo in maschera]]'' - [[Teatro Apollo]], [[Roma]], [[1859]] * ''[[La forza del destino]]'' - [[Mariinsky Theatre|Imperial Theater]], [[San Petersburgo]], [[1862]] * [[Macbeth (opera)|Macbeth]] - [[Theâtre Lyrique]], [[Paris]], [[1865]] (revisado nga bersyon) * ''[[Don Carlos]]'' - [[Académie Royale de Musique]] [[Paris]], [[1867]] * [[La forza del destino]] - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[Milan]], [[1869]] (revisado nga bersyon) * ''[[Aida]]'' - [[Khedivial Opera House]] [[Cairo]], [[1871]] * [[Don Carlo]] - [[Teatro San Carlo]], [[Napoles]], [[1872]] - (syahan nga revision han [[Don Carlos]]) * ''[[Simon Boccanegra]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1881]] (ginreviso nga 1857 nga bersyon) * [[Don Carlo]] - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[Milan]], [[1884]] (ikaduha nga pagrevisar, 4 ka Acta nga bersyon) * [[Don Carlo]] - [[Teatro Municipale]], [[Modena]], [[1886]] (ikatulo nga pagrevisar, 5 ka Acta nga bersyon) * ''[[Otello]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1887]] * ''[[Falstaff (opera)|Falstaff]]'' - [[Teatro alla Scala]], [[1893]] ==Mga reperensya== '''Pinanbasaran''' {{Reflist|20em}} '''Mga pagkukuhaan''' {{refbegin|30em}} *Baldini, Gabriele, (trans. Roger Parker) (1980), ''The Story of Giuseppe Verdi: Oberto to Un Ballo in Maschera''. Cambridge, ''et al'': Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29712-5 *Balthazar, Scott E. (ed.) (2004), ''The Cambridge Companion to Verdi'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63535-6 *Black, John (1984), ''The Italian Romantic Libretto: A Study of Salvadore Cammarano'', Edinburgh University Press, 1984 ISBN 978-0-85224-463-0 ISBN 0-85224-463-0 *[[Julian Budden|Budden, Julian]] (1984), ''The Operas of Verdi, Volume 1: From Oberto to Rigoletto''. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-31058-1. *{{Cite book| last = Budden | first = Julian| date = 1984 | title = The Operas of Verdi, Volume 2 | edition = 3rd | publisher=London: Cassell | isbn = 0-19-816262-6}} *{{Cite book| last = Budden | first = Julian | date = 1984 | title = The Operas of Verdi, Volume 3 | edition = 3rd | publisher=London: Cassell |isbn =0-19-816263-4}} *Budden, Julian (1996), ''Verdi''. New York: Schirmer Books (Master Musicians Series). ISBN 0028646169 ISBN 9780028646169 *Carrara Verdi, G. (Ed.) (2002), ''Giuseppe Verdi – Antonio Somma, Per il 'Re Lear' '', Parma, Istituto Nazionale di Studi Verdiani *Casini, Claudio (1985), ''Verdi'', Milan: Rusconi, 1982 ISBN 978-88-18-70061-9 {{it icon}}; Königstein: Athenäum, 1985 ISBN 3-7610-8377-7 {{de icon}} *Chusid, Martin, (Ed.) (1997), ''Verdi’s Middle Period, 1849 to 1859'', Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-10658-6 ISBN 0-226-10659-4 *Delgrada, Francesco, (Ed.) (2000), ''Giuseppe Verdi: l'uomo, l'opera, il mito'', Milan, Skira. ISBN 88-8118-816-3 ISBN 978-88-8118-816-1 Catalogue from an exhibition at the Palazzo Reale.{{it icon}} *De Van, Gilles (trans. Gilda Roberts) (1998), ''Verdi's Theater: Creating Drama Through Music''. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1998 ISBN 0-226-14369-4 (hardback), ISBN 0-226-14370-8 *{{Cite book| last = Kamien | first = R. | date = 1997 | title = Music: an appreciation&nbsp;– student brief | edition = 3rd | publisher=McGraw Hill | isbn =0-07-036521-0}}\\ *Kimbell, David R. B. (1981), ''Verdi in the Age of Italian Romanticism'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521316782 ISBN 9780521316781 *Kimbell, David, in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (Ed.) (2001), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4 *{{Cite book| last = Gal | first = H. | date = 1975 | title = Brahms, Wagner, Verdi: Drei Meister, drei Welten | url = https://archive.org/details/brahmswagnerverd0000galh | publisher=Fischer | isbn=3-10-024302-1}} *{{Cite book| last= Harwood |first=Gregory W.| date = 1998| title= Giuseppe Verdi: A Guide to Research| url= https://archive.org/details/giuseppeverdigui0000harw | publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-0-8240-4117-5}} *{{cite book |last=Harwood | first=Gregory | title=Giuseppe Verdi: A Research and Information Guide | edition=2d | date = 2012 | publisher= Abingdon (New York); Routledge (UK) | isbn= 0-415-88189-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=Lynn| date = 2009|edition=3rd|title=The Making of the West |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofwestpeop0000lynn|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|isbn=0-312-46510-6}} *Kutsch, K. J. and Riemens, Leo (1969), ''A Concise Biographical Dictionary of Singers: From the Beginning of Recorded Sound to the Present'' (Trans. from German, expanded and annotated by Harry Earl Jones). Philadelphia, Chilton Book Company. ISBN 0-8019-5516-5. *Martin, George (1984), '' Verdi: His Music, Life and Times'', New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1986 ISBN 0-396-08196-7 *Marvin, Roberta Montemorra (ed.) (2013 & 2014), ''The Cambridge Verdi Encyclopedia'', Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51962-5. e-book: December 2013 / Hardcover: January 2014 *{{Cite book|last=Michels|first=Ulrich| date = 1992|title=dtv-Atlas zur Musik: Band Zwei|edition= 7th |publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag|isbn=3-423-03023-2|language=de}} *Newman, Earnest (1930), ''Stories of the Great Operas''. Philadelphia: The Blakinson Company *Newark, Cormac (2013), "Scenic Dispositions: Verdi's changing attitude to opera production", ''[[Opera (magazine)|Opera]]'' (London), December, Volume 64, No. 12, pp.&nbsp;1557–1562. *[[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]] (1969) , ''The Complete Opera of Verdi'', New York: Da Capo Press, Inc. ISBN 0-306-80072-1 *[[Roger Parker|Parker, Roger]] (1998), "Verdi, Giuseppe" in Stanley Sadie, (Ed.), ''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'', Vol. Four. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5 *[[Roger Parker|Parker, Roger]] (1998), "''Due Foscari, I''" in [[Stanley Sadie]], (Ed.), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', Vol. 1. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5 *Parker, Roger (2007), ''The New Grove Guide to Verdi and His Operas'', Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531314-7 *[[Mary Jane Phillips-Matz|Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane]] (1993), ''Verdi: A Biography'', London & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-313204-4 * Polo, Claudia (2004), ''Immaginari verdiani. Opera, media e industria culturale nell'Italia del XX secolo'', Milano: BMG/Ricordi. {{it icon}} *Rosen, David (1995), ''Verdi: Requiem'', Cambridge: Cambridge Music Handbooks. ISBN 978-0-521-39767-4 *{{Cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/?id=VawrK1CRFJgC&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=wagner's+death+verdi |title=The Lives of the Great Composers |first=Harold C. |last=Schonberg|authorlink=Harold C. Schonberg|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | date = 1997 |isbn=0-393-03857-2 |accessdate=9 Enero 2008 |postscript=<!--None-->}} *Tintori, Giampiero (1983), ''Guida all'ascolto di Giuseppe Verdi'', Milano: Mursia. {{it icon}} *Toscanini, Arturo (Ed. Harvey Sachs) (2002), ''The letters of Arturo Toscanini'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40405-4 *Walker, Frank (1982), [http://archive.org/stream/manverdi00walk/manverdi00walk_djvu.txt ''The Man Verdi''], New York: Knopf, 1962, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-87132-0 (link to full text) *[[Franz Werfel|Werfel, Franz]] and [[Paul Stefan|Stefan, Paul]] (1973), ''Verdi: The Man and His Letters'', New York: Vienna House. ISBN 0-8443-0088-8 {{refend}} '''Verdi's life in and around Busseto''' *Associazione Amici di Verdi (ed.), ''Con Verdi nella sua terra'', Busseto, 1997 {{en icon}} *[http://www.bussetolive.com/ "Busetto. Terra di Verdi"]: website of the Comune di Busetto, with information on many aspects of local life and events taking place. *Maestrelli, Maurizio, ''Guida alla Villa e al Parco'' {{it icon}}, publication of Villa Verdi, 2001 *Mordacci, Alessandra, ''An Itinerary of the History and Art in the Places of Verdi'', Busseto: Busseto Tourist Office, 2001 {{en icon}} *''Villa Verdi: the Visit'' and ''Villa Verdi: The Park; the Villa; the Room'', publications of the Villa Verdi. {{en icon}} *[http://www.villaverdi.org/pagine/en.php Villa Verdi: Offical website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229150329/http://www.villaverdi.org/pagine/en.php |date=2014-12-29 }} {{en icon}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== *{{Operabase|composer=Verdi}} *[http://www.giuseppeverdi.it Giuseppe Verdi official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101090732/http://www.giuseppeverdi.it/ |date=2004-11-01 }} *[http://www.museogiuseppeverdi.it National Museum Giuseppe Verdi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230121/http://www.museogiuseppeverdi.it/ |date=2015-02-03 }} - [[Busseto]] *[http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html Stanford University list of Verdi operas, premiere locations and dates, etc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428153210/http://opera.stanford.edu/Verdi/main.html |date=2014-04-28 }} *{{BBC composer page|verdi|Verdi}} *{{gutenberg author| id=Giuseppe+Verdi | name=Giuseppe Verdi}} *[http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/verdi/index.html "Album Verdi" from the Digital Library of the National Library of Naples (Italy)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115001022/http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/verdi/index.html |date=2011-01-15 }} *[http://digital.nls.uk/100982478 Digitised collection] of Verdi libretti and scores collected by music bibliographer Cecil Hopkinson at [[National Library of Scotland]] *{{IMSLP|id=Verdi%2C_Giuseppe|cname=Verdi}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *{{MutopiaComposer|VerdiG}} *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-38460}} *[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLORVERD.HTM Detailed listing of complete recordings of Verdi's operas and of extended excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209063539/http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLORVERD.HTM |date=2013-02-09 }} *[http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=569 "Verdi and Milan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012162432/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=569 |date=2008-10-12 }}, lecture by [[Roger Parker]] on Verdi, given at [[Gresham College]], London 14 Mayo 2007 *[http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Verdi%2C+Giuseppe&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Verdi cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library *[http://www.verdifestivaledmonton.ca 200th Anniversary Festival in Edmonton, Canada to celebrate Giuseppe Verdi's birth] *[http://www.verdiemilano.it The website of the first iPhone and iPad app about Giuseppe Verdi and Milan, created with the patronage of the Municipality and the Province of Milan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924125606/http://verdiemilano.it/ |date=2017-09-24 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Verdi, Giuseppe}} [[Kaarangay:Giuseppe Verdi| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1813|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1901|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Italyano nga kompositor|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kompositor hin opera|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Romantico nga kompositor|Verdi, Giuseppe]] [[Kaarangay:Mga tawo nga taga-Emilia-Romagna|Verdi, Giuseppe]] 5i9h2qklgqmc48w5yyeuoygkca6ossx 0 4738 7785599 7749690 2026-08-27T20:42:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Biyograpiya |ngaran='''Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart''' |litrato=Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg |surat han ladawan=Pintura ni Mozart nga ginhimo katapos han iya kamatay. Pintura ginhimo ni Barbara Krafft han 1819 |patay=patay |petsa han katawo=[[Enero 27]], [[1756]] |lugar han katawo=[[Salzburgo]], [[Austrya]] |petsa han kamatayan=[[Disyembre 5]], [[1791]] |lugar han kamatayan=[[Viena]], [[Austrya]] (ha edad nga 35)}} Hi '''Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart''' (ginbunyagan komo '''Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart'''; [[Enero 27]], [[1756]] – [[Disyembre 5]], [[1791]]) usa nga masinuraton ngan duro ka impluwensyal nga [[Austrya]]ko nga [[kompositor]] hin [[Europeo nga klasikal nga musika]]. An iya dako nga ginpagawas nga mga sobra unom ka gatos nga mga komposisyon naglalakip in mga sinurat nga kilalado nga mga gihataasi in kalidad nga [[simfonia|simfoniko]], [[chamber nga musika|chamber]], [[piano]], [[opera]]tiko, ngan [[choir|choral]] nga [[musika]]. Hi Mozart usa han mga sikat ngan popular nga mga Europeo nga klasikal nga mga kompositor, ngan damo han iya mga sinurat kabahin han ''standard concert repertory''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-300-07223-5 | last = Abert | first = Hermann | authorlink = Hermann Abert | others = [[Cliff Eisen]] (ed.), Stewart Spencer (trans.) | title = W. A. Mozart | location = New Haven | date = 2007 | url =https://archive.org/details/wamozart0000aber | oclc = 70401564 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Pendragon Press]] | isbn = 1-57647-010-5 | last = Barry | first = Barbara R | title = The Philosopher's Stone: Essays in the Transformation of Musical Structure | location = Hillsdale, New York | date = 2000 | url =https://archive.org/details/philosophersston0000barr | oclc = 466918491 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book |title=Mozart: Lebensbilder |first=Volkmar |last=Braunbehrens |authorlink=Volkmar Braunbehrens |publisher=G. Lubbe | date = 1990 |isbn=978-3785705803}} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-8047-0233-1 | last = Deutsch | first = Otto Erich | others = [[Peter Branscombe]], [[Eric Blom]], Jeremy Noble (trans.) | title = Mozart: A Documentary Biography | location = Stanford | date = 1965 | authorlink = Otto Erich Deutsch | url =https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0 | oclc = 8991008 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | edition = 6th | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | last = Einstein | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Einstein | others = [[Arthur Mendel]], Nathan Broder (trans.) | title = Mozart: His Character, His Work | location = New York City | series = Galaxy Book 162 | date = 1965 | url = | oclc = 456644858 | ref = harv | isbn = 0-304-92483-0 }} *{{Cite journal | last = Eisen | first = Cliff | authorlink = Cliff Eisen |author2=et al | title = Mozart | journal=[[Grove Music Online]] {{subscription required}} | url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40258pg3 | accessdate =15 Septyembre 2010 | ref = harv }} *Fradkin, Robert A. (1996) ''The well-tempered announcer: a pronunciation guide to classical music.'' Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21064-X. *{{Cite book | publisher=Bearclaw | isbn = 978-0-9794223-1-7 | last = Freeman | first = Daniel E. | authorlink = Daniel E. Freeman | title = Mozart in Prague | location = Minneapolis | date = 2013 | url =https://archive.org/details/mozartinprague0000free | oclc = | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] | isbn = 978-0-19-816371-8 | last = Halliwell | first = Ruth | title = The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context | location = New York City | date = 1998 | url =https://archive.org/details/mozartfamilyfour0000hall | oclc = 36423516 | ref = harv }} *{{link language|de}} {{Cite journal | issue = 14 | last = Haberl | first = Dieter | title = Beethovens erste Reise nach Wien: die Datierung seiner Schülerreise zu W. A. Mozart | journal=Neues Musikwissenschaftliches Jahrbuch | date = 2006 | oclc = 634798176 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | edition = 1st | publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | isbn = 0-393-05080-7 | last = Heartz | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Heartz | title = Music in European Capitals: The Galant Style, 1720–1780 | location = New York City | date = 2003 | url =https://archive.org/details/musicineuropeanc0000hear | oclc = 50693068 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | publisher=Flamingo | isbn = 978-0-00-654324-4 | last = Landon | first = Howard Chandler Robbins | title = 1791: Mozart's Last Year | location = London | date = 1990 | authorlink = H. C. Robbins Landon | url = | oclc = 20932333 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web | last = Lorenz | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Lorenz (musicologist) | title = Mozart's Apartment on the Alsergrund | accessdate = 27 Septyembre 2010 | date = 9 Agosto 2010 | url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/ | ref = harv | archive-date = 1 Nobyembre 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141101233808/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/alsergrund/ | url-status = }} *{{Cite book | edition = 30th | publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]] | isbn = 0-14-102262-0 | last1 = March | first1 = Ivan | last2 = Greenfield | first2 = Edward | authorlink2 = Edward Greenfield | last3 = Layton | first3 = Robert | editor-last = Czajkowski | editor-first = Paul | title = Penguin Guide to Compact Discs And DVDs, 2005–2006 | location = London | date = 2005 | url =https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoco0000marc_6edi | oclc = 416204627 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | edition = 2nd | publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | last1 = Mozart | first1 = Wolfgang | last2 = Mozart | first2 = Leopold | authorlink2 = Leopold Mozart | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = Emily | editor-link = Emily Anderson | title = The Letters of Mozart and his Family | location = London | date = 1966 | url =https://archive.org/details/lettersofmozarth0001emil | oclc = 594813 | ref = harv | isbn = 0-393-02248-X }} *{{cite web | title = Mozart, Mozart's Magic Flute and Beethoven | work = Raptus Association for Music Appreciation | accessdate = 27 Septyembre 2010 | url = http://www.raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html | ref = CITEREFRaptus | archive-date = 27 Nobyembre 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127053721/http://raptusassociation.org/beethmoze.html | url-status = dead }} *{{Cite book | edition = 2nd | publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | isbn = 0-393-31712-9 | last = Rosen | first = Charles | authorlink = Charles Rosen | title = The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven | location = New York City | date = 1998 | url = | oclc = 246977555 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | publisher=Grove's Dictionaries of Music Inc. | isbn = 978-0-333-73432-2 | editor-last = Sadie | editor-first = Stanley | editor-link = Stanley Sadie | title = [[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]] | location = New York | date = 1998 | oclc = 39160203 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | edition = 6th | publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | isbn = 0-333-23111-2 | editor-last = Sadie | editor-first = Stanley | editor-link = | title = [[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] | location = London | date = 1980 | oclc = 5676891 | ref = harv }} *Eisen, Cliff; Sadie, Stanley. "Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus", in: ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 2nd edition, vol. 17, ed. Stanley Sadie, Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, 2001. ISBN 978-0195170672. *{{Cite book | edition = 1st | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | isbn = 978-0-06-019046-0 | last = Solomon | first = Maynard | authorlink = Maynard Solomon | title = Mozart: A Life | location = New York City | date = 1995 | url =https://archive.org/details/mozartlife0002solo | oclc = 31435799 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] | isbn = 0-19-816221-9 | last = Steptoe | first = Andrew | title = The Mozart-Da Ponte Operas: The Cultural and Musical Background to Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte | location = Oxford | date = 1990 | url = | oclc = 22895166 | ref = harv }} *{{cite web | title = Award of the Papal Equestrian Order of the "Golden Spur" to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | work = Vatican Secret Archives | accessdate = 27 Septyembre 2010 | date = 4 Hulyo 1770 | url = http://asv.vatican.va/en/doc/1770.htm | ref = CITEREFVatican1770 | archive-date = 18 Septyembre 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918061819/http://asv.vatican.va/en/doc/1770.htm | url-status = dead }} *{{Cite news | issn = 0362-4331 | last = Wakin | first = Daniel J. | title = After Mozart’s Death, an Endless Coda |work=The New York Times | date = 24 Agosto 2010 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/25/arts/music/25death.html | ref = harv }} *Wilson, Peter Hamish (1999) ''The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806''. London: MacMillan Press. *[[Christoph Wolff|Wolff, Christoph]] (2012) ''Mozart at the Gateway to His Fortune: Serving the Emperor, 1788–1791''. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0393050707 ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | isbn = 0-520-22898-7 | last = Cairns | first = David | authorlink = David Cairns (writer) | title = Mozart and His Operas | location = Berkeley, California | date = 2006 | url = | oclc = 62290645 }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 0-521-85659-0 | editor1-last = Eisen | editor1-first = Cliff | editor1-link = Cliff Eisen | editor2-last = Keefe | editor2-first = Simon P | title = The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia | location = Cambridge | date = 2006 | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgemozarte0000unse_z4h8 | oclc = 60245611 }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]] | isbn = 978-0-15-601171-6 | last = Gutman | first = Robert | title = Mozart: A Cultural Biography | location = London | date = 2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/mozartculturalbi0000gutm | oclc = 45485135 }} *{{Cite book | publisher=Cosimo Classics | last1 = Holmes | first1 = Edward | authorlink = Edward Holmes (musicologist) | title = The Life of Mozart | location = New York | date = 2005 | url = https://archive.org/details/lifeofmozart0000holm | oclc = 62790104 | isbn = 1-59605-147-7 }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[Dover Publications]] | last1 = Mozart | first1 = Wolfgang | editor-last = Mersmann | editor-first = Hans | title = Letters of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | location = New York | date = 1972 | url = https://archive.org/details/lettersofwolfgan00moza | oclc = 753483 | isbn = 0-486-22859-2 }} *{{cite web | title = New Mozart Pieces Unveiled (Video) | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | accessdate =29 Septyembre 2010 | date = 8 Pebrero 2009 | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/08/02/new-mozart-pieces-unveile_n_249532.html }} *{{Cite book | publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | isbn = 0-393-31395-6 | last = Till | first = Nicholas | title = Mozart and the Enlightenment: Truth, Virtue and Beauty in Mozart's Operas | location = New York City | date = 1995 | url = https://archive.org/details/mozartenlightenm00till | oclc = 469628809 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://www.mozarteum.at/en.html Salzburg Mozarteum Foundation] * [http://www.mozartproject.org/compositions/index.html Chronological-Thematic Catalog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326132018/http://www.mozartproject.org/compositions/index.html |date=2014-03-26 }} * {{BBC composer page|mozart|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}} * {{IMDb name|0003665|Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}} * [http://www.classicalmusicdb.com/composers/view/7 List of works by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] with certification rating at the Classical Music DB ===Digitized documents=== *[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Mozart%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts "Mozart" Titles]; [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A(Mozart)%20AND%20mediatype%3A(Texts) Mozart as author] from archive.org *[http://books.google.com/books?as_q=&num=10&lr=&as_brr=3&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&lr=&as_vt=Mozart+|++Mozarts&as_auth=&as_pub=&as_sub=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1700&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1940&as_isbn=&as_issn= "Mozart" Titles]; [http://books.google.com/books?lr=&as_brr=3&q=inauthor%3AMozart+-inauthor%3A%22J.+Mozart%22&btnG=Search+Books&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1756&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=1930 Mozart as author] from books.google.com *[http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/main/index.php?l=2 Digital Mozart Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218214113/http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/main/index.php?l=2 |date=2017-02-18 }} (''Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum'') *{{link language|fr}} [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Search?q=Mozart&p=1&lang=en&ArianeWireRechercheHaut=palette "Mozart" titles] from Gallica *From the [[British Library]] **[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mozart/accessible/introduction.html Mozart's Thematic Catalogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907001935/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/mozart/accessible/introduction.html |date=2011-09-07 }} ([http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/detect.html?accessfolder=mozart view with "Turning the Pages"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928064804/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/virtualbooks/detect.html?accessfolder=mozart |date=2013-09-28 }}) **[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html Mozart's Musical Diary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624031653/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/ttp/ttpbooks.html |date=2010-06-24 }} **[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/mozart/index.html Background information on Mozart and the Thematic Catalogue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414114032/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/musicmanu/mozart/index.html |date=2014-04-14 }} *{{de icon}} [http://www.blb-karlsruhe.de/virt_bib/mozart/ Letters of Leopold Mozart und Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222083620/http://www.blb-karlsruhe.de/virt_bib/mozart/ |date=2009-12-22 }} (Badische Landesbibliothek) ====Sheet music==== *[http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/start.php?l=2 Complete sheetmusic (scores)] from the [[Neue Mozart-Ausgabe]] (''Internationale Stiftung Mozarteum'') *[http://www.digital-collections.de/index.html?c=autoren_index&l=en&ab=Mozart%2C+Wolfgang+Amadeus "Mozart" Titles] from the Munich Digitisation Centre (MDZ) *[https://urresearch.rochester.edu/viewContributorPage.action?personNameId=664 "Mozart" Titles] from the University of Rochester *{{IMSLP|id=Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *Free typeset [http://cantorion.org/musicsearch/composer/mozart/ sheet music] of Mozart's works from ''Cantorion.org'' *{{MutopiaComposer|MozartWA}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus}} [[Kaarangay:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1756]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1791]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus]] [[Kaarangay:Austrya|Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus]] ci5pwcwcf5u1xxz2k64i7me4bgtu3ay 0 6017 7785624 7783066 2026-08-27T20:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Israel | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{nobold|{{native name|he|ישראל|italics=off}}}}|{{nobold|{{native name|ar|إسرائيل|italics=off}}}}}} | common_name = Israel | image_flag = Flag of Israel.svg | alt_flag = Centered blue star within a horizontal triband | image_coat = Emblem of Israel.svg | alt_coat = Centered menorah surrounded by two olive branches | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = "[[Hatikvah]]" ("An Paglaum")<br /><br />[[File:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = ISR orthographic.svg | alt_map = Location of Israel (in green) on the globe. | image_map2 = Israel - Location Map (2012) - ISR - UNOCHA.svg | map_caption2 = 1967 nga katubtoban ([[Lunghaw nga Linea (Israel)|Lunghaw nga Linea]]) | capital = [[Jerusalem]] ''([[Status han Jerusalem|limitado&nbsp;nga pagkilala]])''{{refn|group=fn|Pagkilala hin iba nga mga api han UN nga mga estado: [[Australia]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref name="ausj">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Disyembre 2018}}</ref> [[Rusya]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 Abril 2017}}</ref> an [[Czeka nga Republika]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241|title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=6 Disyembre 2017|accessdate=6 Disyembre 2017|quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations."}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Agosto 2019}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/|title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén|trans-title=Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem|website=Infobae|date=24 Disyembre 2017|language=es}} Am embahada han Guatemala nahamutang ha Jerusalem kutob han mga 1980 nga dekada, han pagbalhina hiní ngadto ha Tel Aviv.</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Agosto 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ngan an [[Estados Unidos]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html|title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 Disyembre 2017|access-date=6 Disyembre 2017}}</ref>}} | coordinates = {{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|region:IL-JM_type:city(880000)}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Moderno nga Hebreo|Hebreo]] | languages_type = Mga ginkilala nga mga pinulongan | languages = [[Moderno nga Standard nga Inarabo|Inarabo]]{{refn|group=fn|An Inarabo kasanhi ginkilala nga usá nga buhatonon o opisyal nga pinulongan han Estado han Israel.<ref name=lang1>{{Cite url |title=Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/Culture/Pages/Arabic-in-Israel--an-official-language-and-a-cultural-bridge-18-December-2016.aspx |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=18 Disyembre 2016|access-date=8 Agosto 2018}}</ref> Han 2018 [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|ginkilala ini]] nga mayda 'ispisyal nga status han estado' upod han paggamit hiní han mga institusyon han estado nga igpapahayag ha balaod.<ref name=lang2>{{Cite news |title=Israel Passes 'National Home' Law, Drawing Ire of Arabs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-passes-national-home-law.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=lang3>{{Cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |title=Israel adopts divisive Jewish nation-state law |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-politics-law/israel-adopts-divisive-jewish-nation-state-law-idUSKBN1K901V |work=Reuters |date=19 Hulyo 2018}}</ref><ref name=lang4>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases from the Knesset |url=https://knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=13978 |website=Knesset website |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |quote=The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|20.9% [[Arabo nga mga bungtohanon han Israel|Arabo]]|4.8% [[Demograpiko han Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|17.8% [[Islam ha Israel|Muslim]]|2.0% [[Kristyanismo ha Israel|Kristyano]]|1.6% [[Druze ha Israel|Druze]]|4.4% [[Relihiyon ha Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019">{{Cite report|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf|title=Israel's Independence Day 2019|date=6 Mayo 2019|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=7 Mayo 2019}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Israelis|Israeli]] | government_type = [[Unitaryo nga parlamentaryo nga republika]] | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Israel|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Reuven Rivlin]] (ראובן ריבלין) | leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Israel|Primer Ministro]] | leader_name2 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (בנימין נתניהו) | leader_title3 = [[Talaan hin mga Knesset speaker|Knesset Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Yariv Levin]] (יָרִיב לֵוִין) | leader_title4 = [[Korte Supreme han Israel|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Esther Hayut]] (אֶסְתֵּר חַיּוּת) | legislature = [[Knesset]] | sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Israel|Paglugaríng]] | established_event1 = [[Israeli nga Pagpasamwak hin Paglugaring|Ginpasamwak]] | established_date1 = 14 Mayo 1948 | established_event2 = [[Israel, Palestine, ngan an Nasyones Unidas|Pag-api han UNO]] | established_date2 = 11 Mayo 1949 | area_km2 = 20,770–22,072 | area_sq_mi = 8,019–8,522 | area_rank = ika-150 | area_footnote = {{ref label|area|a}} | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{data Israel|poptoday|formatnum}}<ref name="cbs_main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 Pebrero 2017}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} | population_estimate_rank = ika-99 | population_census = 7,412,200<ref>{{Cite report |date=2008 |title=Population Census 2008 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 Disyembre 2016}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = {{pop density|{{data Israel|poptoday}}|22072|km2|prec=0|disp=num}} | population_density_rank= ika-35 | GDP_PPP = $353.645 ka bilyon{{refn|group=fn|name=oecd|An data hin Israeli nga kamolupyohan ngan kanan ekonomiya naglalakip han teritoryo ekonomiko han Israel, upod an Kahigtaasan han Golan, Sinirangan nga Jerusalem ngan mga Israeli nga panimungto ha West Bank.{{sfn|OECD|2011}}<ref>[http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf ''Quarterly Economic and Social Monitor''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009161737/http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf |date= 9 Oktubre 2021 }}, Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: "''When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the 'Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development'... some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights''."</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-54 | GDP_PPP_year = 2019<ref name=imf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=436&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |date=Abril 2018 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 Abril 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $39,106<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank= ika-35 | GDP_nominal = $390.656 billion<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-32 | GDP_nominal_year = 2019<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $43,199<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-20 | Gini = 42.8 | Gini_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=21 Agosto 2017 |archive-date=4 Hunyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = ika-48 | Gini_year = 2013 | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI = 0.903 | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_rank = ika-22 | HDI_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=Human Development Index and its components |date=2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=24 Septyembre 2018}}</ref> |currency = [[Israeli new shekel|Shekel]] ({{rtl-lang|he|₪}}) |currency_code = ILS o NIS |time_zone = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.il]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Israel|972]] |footnote1 = Diri naglalakip / Naglalakip han [[Kahigtas-an han Golan]] ngan [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]]; see [[Israel#Geography and climate|below]]. |footnote2 = Nalalakip an ngatanan nga mga permanente nga nangungukoy ha Israel proper, ha Kahigtas-an han Golan ngan Sinirangan nga Jerusalem. Naglalakip gihapon han Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]]. Diri lakip an diri-Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]] ngan ha [[Gaza Strip]]. }} An '''Israel''' ({{Lang-he-n|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}; {{Lang-ar|إِسْرَائِيل}}), nga tinatawag gihapon nga '''Estado han Israel''' (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל > Medinat Yisra'el; دولة إسرائيل > Dawlat Isrā'īl) usá nga nasod ha [[Katundan nga Asya]], nahamutang ha [[Sinirangan nga Mediterraneo|timugan nga baybayon]] han [[Dagat Mediterraneo]] ngan han amihanan nga baybayon han [[Pula nga Dagat]]. Mayda ini mga [[Mga katubtuban han Israel|katubtuban]] upod haɲ [[Libano]] ha amihan, han [[Sirya]] ha dumagsaan, han [[Hordanya]] ha sidlangan, ngan han [[Ehipto]] ha habagatan. An mga [[Palestino nga mga teritoryo]] han [[West Bank]] ngan [[Gaza Strip]] nahamutang ha sinirangan ngan katundan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt |title=Palestinian Territories |publisher=State.gov |date=22 Abril 2008 |accessdate=26 Disyembre 2012}}</ref> Mayda ebidensya an Israel hin sayo nga mga pagbalhin hin mga tawo tikang ha Aprika.<ref>Charles A. Repenning & Oldrich Fejfar, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v299/n5881/abs/299344a0.html ''Evidence for earlier date of 'Ubeidiya, Israel, hominid site''] Nature 299, 344–347 (23 Septyembre 1982)</ref> Mga [[Canaan]]hon nga mga tribo napamatuod ha arkeyolohiya tikang han [[Butnga nga Bronse nga Panahon]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Canaan-historical-region-Middle-East Encyclopædia Britannica] nga barasahon han Canaan</ref><ref name="Golden">Jonathan M Golden,[https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&pg=PA3 ''Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction,''] OUP, 2009 pp. 3–4.</ref> samtang an [[Kaagi han kahadto nga Israel ngan Judah|mga Ginhadi-an han Israel ngan Judah]] ginmawás dida han [[Puthaw nga Panahon]].<ref name=Finkelstein>{{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|title=The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|url=https://archive.org/details/lccn_0965008856|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone}}</ref><ref name=Pitcher>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] Quote: "''For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734-733, are the earliest published to date.''"</ref> Ginbungkag han [[Imperyo Neo-Asiryahanon]] an [[Ginhadi-an han Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] han mga 720 UC.<ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{Cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url={{Google books|etTUEorS1zMC|page=PA174|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | date = 2001 |page=174 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6}}</ref> An [[Ginhadi-an han Juda|Juda]] ginsakop ha urhe han [[Yehud (Babilonianhon nga lalawigan)|Babilonianhon]], [[Yehud Medinata|Persiano]] ngan [[Coele-Syria|Hellenistico]] nga mga imperyo ngan dida komo mga autonomo nga mga [[Hudeyo]] nga lalawigan.<ref name=BabylonianChronicles>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |accessdate=30 Oktubre 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archivedate=30 Oktubre 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Berquist2007">{{Cite book|author=Jon L. Berquist|title=Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period|url={{Google books|X8uK-dZr_BAC|page=PA195|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2007|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-145-2|pages=195–}}</ref> An malinamposon nga [[Rebelyon nga Maccabeo]] nagdangat hin naglulugaríng nga [[Dinastiya Hasmoneo|Hasmoneo nga ginhadi-an]] han mga 110 UC,<ref name="BangScheidel2013">{{Cite book|author1=Peter Fibiger Bang|author2=Walter Scheidel|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|url={{Google books|GCj09AmtvvwC|page=PA184|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> nga han 63 UC nagin kliyente nga estado han [[Republika Romana]] nga ha sunod nagbutáng han [[Dinastiya Herodes]] han 37 UC, ngan han 6 AD naghimo han [[Judea (Romano nga lalawigan)|Romano nga lalawigan han Judea]].<ref name="Malamat1976">{{Cite book|author=Abraham Malamat|title=A History of the Jewish People|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> Nagpadayon an Judea nga usá nga Romano nga lalawigan kutob han waray magmalinamposon nga [[Hudeyo-Romano nga mga gera|Hudeyo nga mga rebelyon]] nga nagdangat hin dako nga pagkabungkag,<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/> an pagpaiwas han Hudeyo nga kamolupyohan<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/><ref name="Aharoni2006">{{Cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Jewish People: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99|date=15 Septyembre 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1886-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99 99–]}}</ref> ngan an pagbalhin han ngaran han rehiyon tikang hin ''[[Iudaea]]'' ngadto hin ''[[Syria Palaestina]]''.<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{Cite book|author1=Erwin Fahlbusch|author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|url={{Google books|C5V7oyy69zgC|page=PA15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|pages=15–}}</ref> An [[Kaagi hin mga Hudeyo ngan Hudaismo ha Tuna han Israel|pagkaada hin mga Hudeyo han rehiyon]] nagpadayon hin mayda katubtuban ha mga gatostuig. Han ika-7 nga gatostuig AD [[Muslim nga pagsakop han Levante|nakuha an Levante]] tikang han [[Diosesis han Sinirangan|Imperyo Bizantino]] han mga Arabo ngan nagpabilin iní [[Bilad al-Sham|ha Muslim nga pagdumara]] kutob han [[Syahan nga Krusada]] han 1099, nga ginsundan han [[Dinastiya Ayyubid|Ayyubid]] nga pagsakop han 1187. An [[Mamluk nga Sultanato (Cairo)|Mamluk nga Sultanato han Ehipto]] nag-unat han pagdumara hiní han [[Levante]] han ika-13 nga gatostuig kutob hans [[Ottoman–Mamluk nga Gera (1516–17)|pagkalupig hiní han Imperyo Ottoman]] han 1517. Dida han ika-19 nga gatostuig, in nasodnon nga pagmata ha mga Huydeo nagdangat han pagtukod han [[Zionismo|Zionista]] nga pangiwa ha [[Hudeyo nga diaspora|diaspora]] nga ginsundan hin [[Aliyah|mga sunodsunod nga pagmigrar]] ngadto ha [[Ottoman nga Sirya]] ngan ha urhe ha [[Mandato Britaniko han Palestina]]. Han 1947, an [[Nagkakaurusa nga mga Nasod|Nasyones Unidas]] (NU) nagproponer hin [[Plano hin Pagbahin han Palestina]] nga nagrekomenda hin paghimo hin mga naglulugaríng nga Arabo ngan Hudeyo nga mga estado ngan hin [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|gin-internasyonalisar nga Jerusalem]].<ref name="181(II)"/> Ginkarawat an plano han [[Jewish Agency|Hudeyo nga Ahensya]], ngan waray karawta han mga Arabo nga namumuno.<ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200866"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200875"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris2008396"/> Han sunod nga tuig, an Hudeyo nga Ahensya [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|nagdeklara an paglugaríng]] han Estado han Israel, ngan an sinmunod nga [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arabo–Israeli nga Gera]] nagdangat han pag-estableser han Israel dida han kadam-an han kasanhi nga [[Mandatory Palestine|teritoryo han Mandato]], samtang an [[Hordanyano nga pag-anexar han West Bank|West Bank]] ngan [[Protektorado han Tanan-nga-Palestina|Gaza]] nakuha hin mga hagrani nga mga Arabo nga estado.<ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 Mayo 1948 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=21 Marso 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317223538/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |archivedate=17 Marso 2017 |df= }}</ref> Tikang hadto, an Israel nag-away hin [[Arab–Israeli conflict|pipira nga mga gera]] patok hin mga Arabo nga nasod,<ref name="RoutledgeAtlas">{{Harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=1}}</ref> ngan tikang han [[Unom-ka-Adlaw nga Gera]] han Hunyo 1967 nagkapot hin mga [[Israeli nga Governorato Militar|gin-okupar]] nga mga teritoryo upod an West Bank, [[Kahigtaasan han Golan]] ngan an Gaza Strip (nga ginkikita nga gin-okupar pa gihapon katapos han [[Israeli nga pagbiya tikang ha Gaza|2005 nga pagbiya]], bisan man diri ini ginkakauyonan hin mga legal nga experto).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/page/israel-gaza-debate-map|title=Debate Map: Israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Israel, Occupied Territories|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301|doi-broken-date= 31 Disyembre 2019|doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?|first=Hanne|last=Cuyckens|date=1 Oktubre 2016|journal=Netherlands International Law Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=275–295|doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1}}</ref>{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation}} Gin-extender han Israel an mga balaod hiní ngadto han Kahigtaasan han Golan ngan ha [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]], pero waray ha West Bank.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapter-url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.}}</ref><ref name="Olmertquote">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4856762.stm |title=Analysis: Kadima's big plans |work=BBC News |accessdate=10 Oktubre 2010 |date=29 Marso 2006}}</ref><ref name="HomelandSecurityBorders">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hstoday.us/index.php?id=483&cHash=081010&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=873 |title=Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons |last1=Kessner |first1=BC |date=2 Abril 2006 |publisher=Homeland Security Today |accessdate=26 Abril 2012}}</ref><ref name="TelAvivNotes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |title=The Legacy of Undefined Borders |last=Kumaraswamy |first=P.R. |date=5 Hunyo 2002 |publisher=Tel Aviv Notes |accessdate=25 Marso 2013 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603180118/http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |url-status= }}</ref> An pag-okupar han Israel han mga Palestino nga mga teritoryo amo an [[Talaan hin mga okupasyon militar|gimaihai nga militar nga pag-okupar]] ha yana nga mga panahon.{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation|The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank and East Jerusalem]]. Gaza is still considered to be "[[Military occupation|occupied]]" by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators, despite the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]], due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control.<ref name=occ/><br />The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see [[Israeli-occupied territories#International views|International views on the Israeli-occupied territories]] and [[Status of territories captured by Israel]].<br />For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g., [[Tibet]]) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article [[Military occupation]].}}<ref name="occhist">See for example:<br />* {{Cite book|title=Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza|last=Hajjar|first=Lisa|publisher=University of California Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24194-7 |page=96|url={{Google books|mcjoHq2wqdUC|page=PA96|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=''The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.''}}<br />* {{Cite journal|first=Perry|last=Anderson|authorlink=Perry Anderson|title=Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem|date=2001|journal=New Left Review|volume=10 (July–August)|url=https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|quote=longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year|access-date= 11 Abril 2020|archive-date= 1 Oktubre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|url-status=dead}}<br />* {{Cite book|first=Saree|last=Makdisi|authorlink=Saree Makdisi|url={{Google books|2dBM3Ago2BAC|page=PA299|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age|title=Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|date=2010|isbn=978-0-393-33844-7}}<br />* {{Cite journal|volume=94|issue=885|date=Spring 2012|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|title=The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel|first=David|last=Kretzmer|authorlink=David Kretzmer|doi=10.1017/S1816383112000446|url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf|quote=This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s|pages=207–236}}<br />* {{Citation|title=The Justice of Occupation|quote=Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades|first=Ra'anan|last=Alexandrowicz|date=24 Enero 2012|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html}}<br />* {{Cite book|title=The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law|first=Sharon|last=Weill|url={{Google books|bDnnAgAAQBAJ|page=PA22|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=22|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968542-4|quote=Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that ''rien ne dure comme le provisoire'' A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, {{underline|which is the longest in all occupation's history}} has already entered its fifth decade.}}<br />* Azarova, Valentina. 2017, [http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/israels_unlawfully_prolonged_occupation_7294 Israel's Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework], European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: "June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel's belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history."</ref> Waray pa magresulta hin kataposan nga kasabotan hin kamurayaw in [[Israeli–Palestino nga proseso hin kamurayaw|mga paningkamot]] hin pagsolbad han [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestino nga pagkadelito]]. Bisan pa man, mga kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel ngan han [[Kasabotan hin Kamurayaw han Ehipto–Israel|Ehipto]] ngan [[Kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel–Jordan|Jordan]] ginpirmahan han hiní nga mga nasod. Ha [[Mga Batakan Balaod han Israel|mga Batakan Balaod]], gindedeklara an Israel an iya kalugaringon nga usá nga [[Jewish and democratic state|Hudeyo ngan demokratiko nga estado]] ngan an [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|nasod nga estado han Hudeyo nga katawhan]].<ref name=freedomhouse2008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |website=Freedom in the World |title=Israel |publisher=Freedom House | date = 2008 |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623025746/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nasod mayda [[liberal nga demokrasya]] (usá hin duduhá là ha [[Butnga nga Sinirangan ngan Amihan nga Aprika]] nga rehiyon, an ikaduha amo an [[Tunisia]]),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471|work=BBC News|date=23 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018|title=Freedom in the World 2018|date=13 Enero 2018|website=freedomhouse.org}}</ref> nga mayda [[Parlamentarya nga sistema|sistema parlamentarya]], [[proporsyonal nga pagrepresenta]], ngan hin [[unibersal nga suffrage]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rummel|1997|p=11}}. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ..., Cyprus, ..., Israel, ..."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |date=19 Disyembre 2005 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623031255/http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[Primer Ministro han Israel|primer ministro]] amo it namumuno han [[Gabinete han Israel|kagamhanan]] ngan an [[Knéset]] amo an [[Lehislatura|balayan hin magbabalaod]]. Mayda iní [[Mga demokrapiko han Israel|kamolupyohan]] hin mga 9 ka milyon sumala han 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/latest-population-statistics-for-israel|title=Latest Population Statistics for Israel|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> An Israel usá nga [[dukwag nga nasod]] ngan usá nga api han [[OECD]].<ref name="OECD">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |title=Israel's accession to the OECD |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=12 Agosto 2012}}</ref> Iní an mayda han [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha GDP (nominal)|ika-31-nga-gidakoi nga ekonomiya ha nominal GDP]] han kalibotan, ngan an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|pinakadukwag]] nga nasod [[Talaan hin mga nagpapadayon nga armado nga pagkadelitoarmed conflicts|nga yana mayda pagkadelito]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acleddata.com/curated-data-files/|title=Current conflicts|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Iní an mayda [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|gihataasi]] nga[[Standard hin pakabuhi ha Israel|standard hin pakabuhi]] ha Butnga nga Sinirangan,<ref name="HDI"/> ngan upod iní han mga igbaw nga nasod han kalibutan ha [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha ihap hin personnel ha militar ngan paramilitar|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga mayda militar nga training]],<ref name=IISS_military>[[#IISS2018|IISS 2018]], pp. 339-340</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha pakakuha hin tertyaryo nga edukasyon|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga nagpakatapos hin grado nga tertyaryo nga edukasyon]],<ref name="OECD_education">{{Cite report |date=15 Septyembre 2016 |title=Education at a Glance: Israel |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=18 Enero 2017 |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110050434/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |url-status= }}</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha paggasto ha research ngan development|paggasto ha research ngan development ha porsentahe hin GDP]] ,<ref name="OECD_R&D">{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|title=Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data|website=data.oecd.org|access-date=10 Pebrero 2016|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|url-status=}}</ref> [[Kababayen-an ha Israel|safety hin kababayen-an]],<ref name=NWW_women>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-safest-countries-in-the-world-for-women-2018-1|title=The 10 safest countries in the world for women|last=Australia|first=Chris Pash, Business Insider|website=Business Insider|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> [[List of countries by life expectancy|''life expectancy'']],<ref name=OECD_life_expec>{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm|title=Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> [[Science and technology in Israel|''innovativeness'']],<ref name=Bloomberg_innovation>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=24 Enero 2019}}</ref> ngan [[World Happiness Report|kalipayan]].<ref name=UN_happiness>{{Cite web|url=http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2018/|title=World Happiness Report 2018|last=Report|first=World Happiness|date=14 Marso 2018|website=World Happiness Report|language=en-US|access-date=26 Pebrero 2019}}</ref> ==Mga hulagway== <br><gallery class=center caption="Israel - יִשְׂרָאֵל"> Jerusalem-Klagemauer-06-2010-gje.jpg|Jerusalem Akko-54-Saeulenkarawanserei-2010-gje.jpg|Akko Safed-Ashkenazi-Synagoge-02-2010-gje.jpg|Safed Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-08-2010-gje.jpg|Nazareth Kafarnaum-04-Synagoge-2010-gje.jpg|Kafarnaum Ein Gedi-02-Fels-1985-gje.jpg|Ein Gedi Totes Meer-Kalia Beach-02-2010-gje.jpg|Dead Sea Tel Aviv-Flughafen-10-2010-gje.jpg|Tel Aviv airport </gallery> ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=fn}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Original Story: God, Israel and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/originalstorygod0000bart|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |authorlink=John Barton (theologian)|isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim | date = 1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=A History of Israel|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| date = 2002|authorlink=Ahron Bregman|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides| date = 1999|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustcitymak0000cole|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraser|first=T. G.|title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IBJrQgAACAAJ|accessdate=12 Mayo 2013| date = 2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Limited|isbn=9781403913388|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=To Rule Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/torulejerusalem0000frie|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgeatlasof0000mart|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7| date = 2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X| date = 2003|publisher=Springer|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Warfare and the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/warfarethirdworl0000hark|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.| date = 2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|url=https://archive.org/details/brasseysinternat0000robe|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.| date = 2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishstate0000theo_s7e1|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council| date = 1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinia00jaco|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2nd revised| date = 1998|isbn=1-85828-248-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/societysettlemen0000kell|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon| date = 1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1993|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press| date = 1988|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/israelshigherlaw0000mazi|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books| date = 2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Decision Making|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofdecisi0000unse|last=Morçöl|first=Göktuğ|isbn=1-57444-548-0|publisher=CRC Press| date = 2006|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf&nbsp;— A Global Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse|last=Mowlana|first=Hamid|last2=Gerbner|first2=George|last3=Schiller|first3=Herbert I.| date = 1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-1610-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1990-01_84_1/page/44|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=84|issue=1| date = 1990|pages= 44–103|publisher=American Society of International Law|ref=CITEREFRoberts1990|doi=10.2307/2203016|jstor=2203016}} *{{Cite book|title=A Historical Atlas of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma_r5h5|last=Romano|first=Amy|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group| date = 2003|isbn=0-8239-3978-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism|url=https://archive.org/details/economicconseque0000rose|last=Rosenzweig|first=Rafael| date = 1997|publisher=T Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-09147-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence|url=https://archive.org/details/powerkillsdemocr00rumm|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.| date = 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|authorlink=R. J. Rummel|isbn=0-7658-0523-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Understanding Jewish History|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|isbn=0-88125-545-9| date = 1996|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East|last=Segev|first=Tom|isbn=9780805070576| date = 2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/landbeyondpromis0000shin|last=Shindler|first=Colin |isbn=1-86064-774-X| date = 2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Judaica|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|isbn=0-02-865928-7|publisher=Macmillian| date = 2007|volume=9|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction|url=https://archive.org/details/deterringamerica0000smit|isbn=0-521-86465-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|last=Smith|first=Derek|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/hopefulfilledris00lesl|last=Stein|first=Leslie| date = 2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-97141-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Arabs in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinisrael00sten|last=Stendel|first=Ori|isbn=1-898723-23-0| date = 1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship|last=Stone|first=Russell A.|last2=Zenner|first2=Walter P.|isbn=0-7914-1959-2|publisher=SUNY Press| date = 1994|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000tors|last=Torstrick|first=Rebecca L.|isbn=0-313-32091-8| date = 2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |n=yes |voy=Israel |d=Q801}} ;Gobyerno * [http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english Israel Government Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035817/http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english |date= 14 Hulyo 2015 }} * [http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Pages/ISRAEL%20IN%20BRIEF.aspx Israel in Brief] ha [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] * [http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921081748/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx |date= 21 Septyembre 2015 }} han [[Tourism Ministry (Israel)|Israel Tourism Ministry]] * [http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 Official website] han [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] * [https://youtube.com/user/Israel/ Israel Official YouTube Channel], [[YouTube]] ;Kasahiran nga Impormasyon *{{CIA World Factbook link|is|Israel}} * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/israel.html Country Guide: Israel] at ''[[The Washington Post]]'' * [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/israel.html Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IL Key Development Forecasts for Israel] from [[International Futures]] ;Mga mapa *{{Wikiatlas}} *{{Osmrelation|1473946}} ;Mga nasumpay nga direktorya *{{GovPubs|israel}} *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel}} {{Asya}} {{Mediterraneano}} [[Kaarangay:Israel| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] behkrqkbqga3wmgjfpraul13lbaw7r3 0 7185 7785679 7783558 2026-08-27T21:35:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox writer | name = Fyodor Dostoyevsky | image = Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg | caption = Portrait of Dostoyevsky in 1872 painted by [[Vasily Perov]] | notableworks = {{plainlist | style=font-style: italic; | * [[Notes from Underground]] * [[Crime and Punishment]] * [[The Idiot]] * [[Demons (novel)|Demons]] * [[The Brothers Karamazov]] }} | spouse = {{plainlist | * Maria Dmitriyevna Isayeva (1857–1864) [her death] * [[Anna Grigoryevna Snitkina]] (1867–1881) [his death] }} | children = Sonya (1868)<br /> [[Lyubov Dostoyevskaya|Lyubov]] (1869–1926)<br /> Fyodor (1871–1922)<br /> Alexey (1875–1878) | influences = {{flatlist | * [[Honore de Balzac|Balzac]] * [[Bible]] * [[Charles Dickens|Dickens]] * [[Nikolai Gogol|Gogol]] * [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] * [[E.T.A. Hoffmann|Hoffmann]] * [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]] * [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] * [[Plato]] * [[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] * [[Realism]] * [[George Sand|Sand]] * [[Friedrich Schiller|Schiller]] * [[Socialism]] (until release) * [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] }} | influenced = {{flatlist | * Virtually every Russian writer: [[Mikhail Bulgakov|Bulgakov]] * [[Albert Camus|Camus]] * [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov]] * [[Philip K. Dick|Dick]] * [[William Faulkner|Faulkner]] * [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]] * [[Knut Hamsun|Hamsun]] * [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]] * [[Hermann Hesse|Hesse]] * [[James Joyce|Joyce]] * [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]] * [[Jack Kerouac|Kerouac]] * [[Thomas Mann|Mann]] * [[Gabriel García Márquez|Márquez]] * [[Vladimir Nabokov|Nabokov]] * [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] * [[Marcel Proust|Proust]] * [[Ernesto Sabato|Sabato]] * [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] * [[Lev Shestov|Shestov]] * [[Alexander Solzhenitsyn|Solzhenitsyn]] * [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] * [[Virginia Woolf|Woolf]] * [[Émile Zola|Zola]] }} | education = [[Military engineering-technical university]], [[St. Petersburg]] | signature = Fyodor Dostoyevsky Signature.svg }} Hi '''Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky''' (ha [[Ruso nga yinaknan|Ruso]]: '''Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский''', nga an apelyido ginsusurat gihapon nga '''Dostoyevsky''', '''Dostoievsky''', '''Dostoyevskiy''' o '''Dostoevski''') ({{DaanEstiloPitsa|Nobyembre 11|1821|Oktubre 30}}–{{DaanEstiloPitsa|Pebrero 9|1881|Enero 28}}) usa nga [[Ruso nga mga tawo|Ruso]] nga [[nobela|nobelista]] ngan manunurat hin [[fiksyon]] nga an mga sinurat, upod an ''[[Pagtalapas ngan Pagsirot]]'' ngan ''[[An Magbugto nga Karamazov]]'', mayda hilarom ngan maiha nga epekto han intelektwal nga panhunahuhan ngan literatura han kalibotan. An sinurat ni Dostoevsky nagsusubay han [[psikolohiya]] han katawhan han masamok nga [[politika]], [[sosyal]] ngan [[ispiritwalidad|ispiritwal]] nga kontexto han iya sosyudad ha Rusya han ika-19 nga siglo. Ginkikitâ hiya nga amo an nagtukod o kondi man an nahauna han [[existentialismo]] han ika-20 nga siglo, an iya ''[[Mga Sinurat tikang ha Sirong]]'' (1864), nga sinurat han mapait nga tingog han waray-ngaran nga "tawo ha sirong", gintawag ni [[Walter Kaufmann (pilosopo)|Walter Kaufmann]] nga amo an "gimaupayi nga overture nga ginsurat para han existentialismo."<ref>Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre Walter Kaufmann ISBN-10: 0452009308 page 12</ref> == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{refbegin||colwidth=30em}} * {{cite book|last=Belinsky|first=Vissarion|title=Polnoye sobranye|year=1847|volume=10|language=Russian|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bloshteyn|first=Maria R.|title=The Making of a Counter-Culture Icon: Henry Miller's Dostoevsky|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofcounterc0000blos|series=G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|year=2007|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9228-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Breger|first=Louis|title=Dostoevsky: The Author As Psychoanalyst|url=http://books.google.com/?id=vxX2JGsN7PoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0843-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Burry|first=Alexander|title=Multi-Mediated Dostoevsky: Transposing Novels Into Opera, Film, and Drama|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lfLnzvLaB-kC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-2715-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Joseph|editor-last=Goldstein|editor-first=David I.|chapter=Foreword|title=Dostoevsky and the Jews|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoyevskyjews0000gold|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1981|isbn=0-292-71528-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Malcom V.|last2=Terry|first2=Garth M.|title=New Essays on Dostoyevsky|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15531-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Meier-Gräfe|first=Julius|title=Dostoevsky: The Man and His Work|year=1988|publisher=insel verlag|location=Frankfurt am Main|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XfDOcmJisn0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Lantz|first=Kenneth A.|title=The Dostoevsky Encyclopedia|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=[[Westport, Connecticut]]|isbn=978-0-3133-0384-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: His Life and Work|last=Mochulsky|first=Konstantin|others=Trans. Minihan, Michael A|year=1967|origyear=1967|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|isbn=0-691-01299-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mDKphT8_XLsC|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lauer|first=Reinhard|title=Geschichte der Russischen Literatur: von 1700 bis zur Gegenwart|year=2000|publisher=Verlag C.H. Beck|location=Munich|language=German|isbn=978-3-406-50267-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lavrin|first=Janko|title=Dostoevsky: A Study|url=http://books.google.com/?id=57iTq6YSJbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-8844-0|ref={{harvid|Lavrin2|2005}}}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book|last=Leatherbarrow|first=W. J.|title=A Devil's Vaudeville: The Demonic in Dostoevsky's Major Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/devilsvaudeville0000leat|year=2005|publisher=Northwestern University Press|isbn=978-0-8101-2049-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Leatherbarrow|first=W. J.|title=The Cambridge Companion to Dostoevskii|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_r8o7|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5216-5473-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Müller|first=Ludolf|title=Dostojewskij: Sein Leben, Sein Werk, Sein Vermächtnis|year=1982|language=German|publisher=Erich Wewel Verlag|location=Munich|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Neuhäuser|first=Rudolf|title=F.M. Dostoejevskij: Die Grossen Romane und Erzählungen; Interpretationen und Analysen|year=1993|publisher=Böhlau Verlag|location=Vienna; Cologne; Weimar|language=German|isbn=978-3-205-98112-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Paperno|first=Irina|title=Suicide As a Cultural Institution in Dostoevsky's Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/suicideascultura00pape_0|year=1997|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801484254|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Reber|first=Natalie|title=Studien zum Motiv des Doppelgängers bei Dostojevskij und E.T.A. Hoffmann|location=Gießen|year=1964|language=German|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Shrayer|first=Maxim D.|editor-last=Jackson|editor-first=Robert Louis|title=A New Word on The Brothers Karamazov|url=https://archive.org/details/newwordonbrother0000unse|year=2004|publisher=Northwestern University Press|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Terras|first=Victor|title=Reading Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4nV9o8k9y34C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1998|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-2991-6054-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Terras|first=Victor|title=The Young Dostoevsky (1846–1849): A critical study|volume=69|series=Slavistic printings and reprintings|year=1969|publisher=University of Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Rowan|authorlink=Rowan Williams|title=Dostoevsky Language, Faith and Fiction|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevskylangua0000will|year=2008|publisher=Baylor University Press|isbn=978-1-602-58373-3|ref=harv}} ; Mga biyograpiya * {{cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=Fyodor Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1C1K-BnFGFIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-7910-8117-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Frank|first=Joseph|title=Dostoevsky: A Writer in His Time|url=http://books.google.com/?id=lp1RpM8o9BQC&dq=fyodor+dostoevsky++biography|volume=1–5|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-12819-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Seeds of Revolt, 1821–1849|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1979|origyear=1976|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]]|isbn=978-0691013558|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pDEAXltygUIC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1979}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Years of Ordeal, 1850–1859|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1987|origyear=1983|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691014227|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K98hhw0IEHgC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1987}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Stir of Liberation, 1860–1865|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1988|origyear=1986|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691014524|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QJj6qb6Rh3AC|ref={{harvid|Frank|1988}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Miraculous Years, 1865–1871|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=1997|origyear=1995|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691015873|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iAs4Lz5yog0C|ref={{harvid|Frank|1997}}}} * {{cite book|title=Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet, 1871–1881|last=Frank|first=Joseph|year=2003|origyear=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691115696|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQqonU-pweEC|ref={{harvid|Frank|2003}}}} * {{cite book|last=Kjetsaa|first=Geir|title=A Writer's Life|date=15 January 1989|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Lavrin|first=Janko|title=Dostoevksy|url=https://archive.org/details/dostoevsky0000jank_u7q2|year=1947|publisher=New York The Macmillan Company|location=New York|ref=harv|oclc=646160256}} ; Mga sinurat * {{cite book|last=Evdokimov|first=Paul|title=Gogol et Dostoievsky: la descente aux enfers|edition=2nd|origyear=1961|year=1984|publisher=Desclée De Brouwer|isbn=978-2-2200-2485-1}} * ''New Essays on Dostoevsky'', ed. M. Jones, G. M. Terry (1983) * V. Seduro, ''Dostoevski's Image in Russia Today'' (1975) * D. Capetanakis, 'Dostoevsky', in ''Demetrios Capetanakis A Greek Poet In England'' (1947), p.&nbsp;103–116 * P. Evdokimov, ''Dostoevski et le probleme du mal'' (1942; repr. 1978) * N. Berdyaev, ''Dostoevsky'' (1934; Russian original 1923) * L. Shestov, ''Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nietzsche'' (1969; Russian original 1903) ; Relihiyon * {{cite book|last=Bercken|first=Wil van den|title=Christian Fiction and Religious Realism in the Novels of Dostoevsky|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mFFFtwjQnigC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-0-85728-976-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Jones|first=Malcolm V.|title=Dostoevsky And the Dynamics of Religious Experience|url=http://books.google.com/?id=L52TNlWprfcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=dostoevsky+and+dynamics#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-205-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last= Cassedy |first= Steven |url= http://books.google.com/?id=DI4FUgZJ1kkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title= Dostoevsky's Religion |year= 2005 |publisher= Stanford University Press |isbn= 0-8047-5137-4 |ref= harv }} * {{cite book|last1=Pattison|first1=George|last2=Thompson|first2=Diane Oenning|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GlLm4gbPZdQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dostoevsky and the Christian tradition|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-5217-8278-4|ref=harv}} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Fyodor Dostoyevsky}} * [http://ilibrary.ru/author/dostoevski/index.html Complete works in Russian] * [http://www.philolog.ru/fmdost/index.html Complete journalistic works in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520150145/http://philolog.ru/fmdost/index.html |date=2012-05-20 }} * [http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml Dostoyevsky studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506033225/http://www.utoronto.ca/tsq/DS/issues.shtml |date=2012-05-06 }} * [http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:341394 Dostoyevsky's family tree] * {{gutenberg author| id=Fyodor+Dostoyevsky|name=Fyodor Dostoyevsky}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-29930}} * {{IBList |type=author|id=96|name=Fyodor Dostoevsky}} * {{IMDb name|id=0234502|name=Fyodor Dostoevsky}} * [http://uiuc.libguides.com/aecontent.php?pid=184444 Research Tools on Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevskii]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dostoyevsky, Fyodor}} [[Kaarangay:Fyodor Dostoyevsky| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1821]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1881]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Ruso nga manunurat|Dostoevsky, Fyodor]] 8uai52pcwkhplgtzwcyjbw02nqlkfmc 0 7187 7785642 7783848 2026-08-27T21:10:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox scientist |box_width |name = Enrico Fermi |image = Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) |birth_date = {{Birth date|1901|9|29|df=y}} |birth_place = Rome, Italy |death_date = {{death date and age|1954|11|28|1901|9|29|df=y}} |death_place = Chicago, [[Illinois]], USA |residence = <!--Not needed in this case--> |citizenship = Italy (1901–1954)<br>United States (1944–1954) |nationality = <!--Not needed in this case--> |ethnicity = <!--Not needed in this case--> |fields = [[Physics]] |workplaces = [[Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa|Scuola Normale Superiore]]<br/>[[University of Göttingen]]<br/>[[Leiden University]]<br/>[[University of Florence]]<br/>[[Sapienza University of Rome]]<br/>[[Columbia University]]<br/>[[University of Chicago]] |alma_mater = [[Scuola Normale Superiore]] |doctoral_advisor = [[Luigi Puccianti]] |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = [[Edoardo Amaldi]]<br>[[Owen Chamberlain]]<br>[[Geoffrey Chew]]<br>[[Mildred Dresselhaus]]<br>[[Jerome I. Friedman]]<br>[[Marvin Leonard Goldberger]]<br>[[Tsung-Dao Lee]] <br>[[Ettore Majorana]]<br>[[James Rainwater]]<br>[[Marshall Rosenbluth]]<br>[[Arthur H. Rosenfeld]]<br>[[Emilio Segrè]]<br>[[Jack Steinberger]]<br>[[Sam Treiman]] |notable_students = [[Richard Garwin]]</br>[[Bruno Pontecorvo]]</br>[[Leona Woods]] |known_for = New [[radioactive]] elements produced by [[neutron]] irradiation<br>Controlled [[nuclear chain reaction]], <br>[[Fermi–Dirac statistics]]<br>Theory of [[beta decay]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = [[James Grier Miller]] |awards = [[Matteucci Medal]] (1926)</br>[[Nobel Prize for Physics]] (1938)</br>[[Hughes Medal]] (1942)<br>[[Franklin Medal]] (1947)</br>[[Rumford Prize]] (1953) |signature = Enrico Fermi signature.svg |spouse = [[Laura Fermi]] }} Hi '''Enrico Fermi''' ([[Septyembre 29]], [[1901]] – [[Nobyembre 28]], [[1954]]) usa nga [[Italya]]no nga fisisita nga kilalado tungod han iya trabaho han paghimo han syahan nga [[nuclear reactor]], ngan tungod han iya mga amot han pagpadukwag ha [[Quantum mechanics|quantum nga teorya]], [[nuclear mga fisika|nuclear]] ngan [[particle nga fisika]], ngan [[statistical mechanics]]. Hi Fermi ginpremyohan han [[Premyo Nobel ha Fisika]] han 1938 tungod han iya trabaho ha larangan han ''[[induced radioactivity]]''. [[File:Ragazzi di via Panisperna.jpg|thumb|Hi Enrio ngan iya mga mag-aaram]] [[File:Fermi-Szilard Neutronic Reactor - Figure 37.png|thumb|Dibuho tikang ha Fermi–Szilárd "neutronic reactor" nga patente]] [[File:Fermiac.jpg|thumb|An FERMIAC, usa ka analog nga gamit nga inimbento ni Enrico Fermi para igimplementar han pag-aram han pagbalhin hin neutron.]] ==Bibliograpiya== * {{cite book |title=Introduzione alla Fisica Atomica |publisher=N. Zanichelli |location=Bologna |year=1928 |language=Italian |oclc=9653646 |authormask=1}} * {{cite book |title=Fisica per i Licei |publisher=N. Zanichelli |location=Bologna |year=1929 |language=Italian |oclc=9653646 |authormask=1}} * {{cite book |title=Molecole e cristalli |publisher=N. Zanichelli |location=Bologna |year=1934|language=Italian |oclc=19918218 |authormask=1}} * {{cite book |title=Thermodynamics |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=New York |year=1937 |oclc=2379038|authormask=1}} * {{cite book |title=Fisica per Istituti Tecnici |publisher=N. Zanichelli |location=Bologna |year=1938 |language=Italian |oclc= |authormask=1}} * {{cite book |last2=Amaldi |first2=Edoardo |authorlink2=Edoardo Amaldi |title=Fisica per Licei Scientifici |publisher=N. Zanichelli |location=Bologna |year=1938|language=Italian |oclc= |authormask=1}} * {{cite book |title=Elementary particles |url=https://archive.org/details/elementarypartic0000enri |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |year=1951 |oclc=362513 |authormask=1}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Mga pagkukuhaan == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal |last=Alison |first=Samuel King |authorlink=Samuel King Allison |year=1957 |title=Enrico Fermi, 1901–1954 |journal=Biographical Memoir |volume=30 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |pages=125–155 |oclc=11772127 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Amaldi |first=Edoardo |authorlink=Edoardo Amaldi |contribution=Commemoration of the Academy Fellow Enrico Fermi |pages=23–35 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Amaldi |first=Ugo |contribution=Nuclear Physics from the Nineteen Thirties to the Present Day |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |pages=151–176 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=CITEREFAmaldi2001a }} * {{cite book |last=Bertotti |first=Bruno|contribution=Fermi's Coordinates and the Principle of Equivalence |pages=115–125 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Bonolis |first=Luisa |contribution=Enrico Fermi's Scientific Work |pages=314–394 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Compton |first=Arthur |authorlink=Arthur Compton |year=1956 |title=Atomic Quest |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=173307 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Dan |year=1999 |title=Enrico Fermi: And the Revolutions in Modern physics |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Enrico_Fermi.html?id=JK94sqLFsNsC |isbn=0-19-511762-X |oclc=39508200 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Fermi |first=Enrico |contribution=The Future of Nuclear Physics |editor-last=Cronin |editor-first=J.W |year=2004 |title=Fermi Remembered |url=https://archive.org/details/fermiremembered0000unse |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-12111-9 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Fermi |first=Laura |authorlink=Laura Fermi |year=1954 |title=Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi |url=https://archive.org/details/atomsinfamily0000laur |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |oclc=537507 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hawkins |first=David |year=1961 |title=Manhattan District History: Project Y – The Los Alamos Project. Volume I: Inception until August 1945 |publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] |location=Los Alamos |id=LAMS 2532 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hoff |first=Richard |editor-last=Seaborg |editor-first=Glenn T |pages=39–49 |contribution=Production of Eisteinium and Fermium in Nuclear Explosions |editor-link=Glenn T. Seaborg |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100 |date=23 January 1978 |publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] |location=Los Alamos |id=Report LBL-7701 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916204726/http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf |date=16 September 2011 }} * {{cite book |last=Hewlett |first=Richard G. |authorlink=Richard G. Hewlett |last2=Anderson |first2=Oscar E. |title=The New World, 1939–1946 |location=University Park|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1962 |url=http://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf|isbn=0-520-07186-7|oclc=637004643 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book|last=Hewlett|first=Richard G.|last2=Duncan|first2=Francis|title=Atomic Shield, 1947–1952|series=A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park|year=1969|isbn=0-520-07187-5|oclc=3717478|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hey |first=Anthony J. G. |authorlink=Tony Hey |first2=Patrick |last2=Walters |year=2003 |title=The new quantum universe |url=https://archive.org/details/newquantumuniver0000heya |location=Cambridge, U.K. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 978-0-521-56418-2 |oclc=50252084 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Holl |first=Jack M. |last2=Hewlett |authorlink2=Richard G. Hewlett |first2=Richard G. |last3=Harris |first3=Ruth R. |title=Argonne National Laboratory, 1946–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/argonnenationall0000holl |publisher=University of Illinois Press |location=Urbana |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-252-02341-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hucke |first=Matt |first2=Ursula |last2=Bielski |title=Graveyards of Chicago: The People, History, Art, and Lore of Cook County Cemeteries |url=https://archive.org/details/graveyardsofchic0000huck |location=Chicago |publisher=Lake Claremont Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-9642426-4-8 |oclc=42849992 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jacob|first=Maurice|first2=Luciano|last2=Maiani|contribution=The Scientific Legacy of Fermi in Particle Physics |pages=241–270 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Eric M. |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/la-10311-ms.pdf |title="Where is Everybody?", An Account of Fermi's Question |publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] |location=Los Alamos |id=LA-10311-MS |date=March 1985 |oclc=4434691994 |ref=CITEREFJones1985a }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629174738/http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/la-10311-ms.pdf |date=2007-06-29 }} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Vincent |title=Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1985 |oclc=10913875 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Persico|first=Enrico |authorlink=Enrico Persico |contribution=Commemoration of Enrico Fermi |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |pages=36–44 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book | last = Rhodes |first= Richard |authorlink = Richard Rhodes | year = 1986 | title = The Making of the Atomic Bomb | url = https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rich |location=New York | publisher = Simon & Schuster | isbn=978-0-684-81378-3 |oclc=13793436 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Ricci|first=Renato Angelo |contribution=Fermi's Last Lessons |pages=286–313 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Salvini|first=Giorgio |contribution=Enrico Fermi: His Life and Comment on his Work |pages=1–20 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Salvetti|first=Carlo|contribution=The Birth of Nuclear Energy: Fermi's Pile |pages=177–203 |editor-last=Bernardini |editor-first=C. |editor2-first=Luisa |editor2-last=Bonolis |year=2001 |title=Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy |location=Bologna |publisher=Società Italiana di Fisica: Springer |isbn=88-7438-015-1 |oclc=56686431 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Seaborg |first=Glenn T. |authorlink=Glenn T. Seaborg |editor-last=Seaborg |editor-first=Glenn T |pages=1–3 |contribution=Introductory Remarks |editor-link=Glenn T. Seaborg |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of Elements 99 and 100 |date=23 January 1978 |publisher=[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] |location=Los Alamos |id=Report LBL-7701 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916204726/http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92g2p7cd.pdf |date=16 September 2011 }} * {{cite book |last=Segrè |first=Emilio |authorlink=Emilio Segrè |title=Enrico Fermi, Physicist |url=https://archive.org/details/enricofermiphysi0000segr_q1u1 |year=1970 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-74473-6 |oclc=118467 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Snow |first=C. P. |authorlink=C. P. Snow |year=1981 |title=The Physicists: A Generation that Changed the World |publisher=Little Brown |location=Boston |isbn=1-84232-436-5 |oclc=7722354 |ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Von Baeyer |first=H. C. |title=The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science |url=https://archive.org/details/fermisolutioness0000vonb_q9y8 |location=New York |publisher=Random House |year=1993 |isbn=0-679-40031-1 |oclc=27266040 |ref=harv }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * [http://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0044&numPages=51&fp=N "The First Reactor: 40th Anniversary Commemorative Edition"], [[United States Department of Energy]], (December 1982). * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/ Nobel prize page for the 1938 physics' prize] * [http://www.atomicarchive.com/History/firstpile/index.shtml The Story of the First Pile] * [http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/fermi/ Enrico Fermi's Case File] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330180911/http://www.fi.edu/learn/case-files/fermi/ |date=2008-03-30 }} at The Franklin Institute with information about his contributions to theoretical and experimental physics. * [http://www.aps.org/units/fhp/meetings/april10/j1.cfm "Remembering Enrico Fermi"]. Session J1. APS April Meeting 2010, American Physical Society. * [http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/fermi.html Time 100: Enrico Fermi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514074416/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/fermi.html |date=2009-05-14 }} by [[Richard Rhodes]] 29 March 1999 *[http://www.wilsoncenter.org/nuclear-history-documents/ The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project] or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources. {{DEFAULTSORT:Fermi, Enrico}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Fermi, Enrico]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1901]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1954]] a6w13uyrpqurpl7pupl11pi55q6vkzm 0 7298 7785694 7783417 2026-08-27T21:44:26Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785694 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''sine''' (tikang ha [[Kinatsila]]: '''cine''' nga halipot han pulong nga '''cinematografía''') amo an teknika nga nahihimo han pagproyektar hin hulagway o ''fotograma'' hin madagmit nga porma ngan sunod-sunod nga nakahimo han impresyon hin pagkiwa nga ginpapakita hin salida nga video o pelikula o film. An konsepto han sine tinatawag ha [[Iningles]] nga '''film'''. Ini nga pulong naglalakip hin mga salida hin nakiwa nga mga litrato, an larangan han sine komo forma hin arte, ngan an ''motion picture'' nga industriya. Ginhihimo an mga film pinaagi hin pagrekord hin mga hulagway tikang han kalibutan pinaagi hin mga kamera, o paghimo hin mga hulagway nga nagamit hin mga tekniko ha ''animation'' o ''special effect''. An pulong nga "cine" ha Kinatsila (nga ha Winaray "sinehan") amo an tawag gihapon han mga lugar o tyatro nga diin ginpapasalida in mga pelikula. An pulong nga "cine" mismo tikang han [[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]] nga "kiné", nga nangangahulogan nga "kiwa". ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Refbegin|33em}} * {{Cite book|author=Acker, Ally|title=Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema, 1896 to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/reelwomenpioneer00acke|location=New York|publisher=Continuum|year=1991|isbn=0-8264-0499-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Basten, Fred E.|title=Glorious Technicolor: The Movies' Magic Rainbow|url=https://archive.org/details/glorioustechnico0000bast|location=Cranbury, NJ|publisher=AS Barnes & Company|year=1980|isbn=0-498-02317-6}} * {{Cite video |people=Basten, Fred E. (writer); Peter Jones (director and writer); Angela Lansbury (narrator)|date=1998 |title=Glorious Technicolor |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0274530/ |medium=Documentary |publisher=Turner Classic Movies }} * {{Cite book|author=Casetti, Francesco|authorlink=Francesco Casetti|title=Theories of Cinema, 1945–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofcinema0000case|location=Austin, TX|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=0-292-71207-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Cook, Pam|authorlink=Pam Cook|title=The Cinema Book, Third Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/cinemabookedbypa0000unse|location=London|publisher=British Film Institute|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84457-193-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Faber, Liz, & Walters, Helen|title=Animation Unlimited: Innovative Short Films Since 1940|url=https://archive.org/details/animationunlimit0000fabe|location=London|publisher=Laurence King, in association with Harper Design International |year=2003|isbn=1-85669-346-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Hagener, Malte, & Töteberg, Michael|title=Film: An International Bibliography|location=Stuttgart|publisher=Metzler|year=2002|isbn=3-476-01523-8 }} * {{Cite book|author=Hill, John, & Gibson, Pamela Church|title=The Oxford Guide to Film Studies|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-871124-7}} * {{Cite book|author=King, Geoff|title=New Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/newhollywoodcine00king_0|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-231-12759-6}} * {{Cite book|author=Ledoux, Trish, & Ranney, Doug, & [[Fred Patten|Patten, Fred]]|title=Complete Anime Guide: Japanese Animation Film Directory and Resource Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/completeanimegui0000ledo_f8d6|location=Issaquah, WA|publisher=Tiger Mountain Press|year=1997|isbn=0-9649542-5-7}} * {{Cite book|author=Merritt, Greg|title=Celluloid Mavericks: A History of American Independent Film|url=https://archive.org/details/celluloidmaveric00merr|location=New York|publisher=Thunder's Mouth Press|year=2000|isbn=1-56025-232-4 }} * {{Cite book|author=Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey|title=The Oxford History of World Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofw0000geof|location=Oxford; New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=0-19-874242-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Rocchio, Vincent F.|title=Reel Racism: Confronting Hollywood's Construction of Afro-American Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/reelracismconfro0000rocc_y4i2|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=Westview Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8133-6710-7}} * {{Cite journal|author=[[Paul Schrader|Schrader, Paul]]|date=Spring 1972| title = Notes on Film Noir|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_film-comment_spring-1972_8_1/page/8| journal = Film Comment| volume = 8| issue = 1| pages= 8–13| issn=0015-119X }} * {{Cite video |people=Schultz, John (writer and director); James Earl Jones (narrator)|date=1995 |title=The Making of 'Jurassic Park' |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0256908/ |medium=Documentary |publisher=Amblin Entertainment }} * {{Cite book|author=Thackway, Melissa|title=Africa Shoots Back: Alternative Perspectives in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film|url=https://archive.org/details/africashootsback0000thac|location=Bloomington, IL|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2003|isbn=0-85255-576-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Vogel, Amos|authorlink=Amos Vogel|title=[[Film as a Subversive Art]]|location=New York|publisher=Random House|year=1974|isbn=0-394-49078-9 }} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Burton, Gideon O., and Randy Astle, jt. eds. (2007). "Mormons and Film", entire special issue, ''B.Y.U. Studies'' (Brigham Young University), vol. 46 (2007''), no. 2. 336 p., ill. ISSN 0007-0106 * [[George Hickenlooper|Hickenlooper, George]] (1991). ''Reel [sic] Conversations: Candid Interviews with Film's Foremost Directors and Critics'', in series, ''Citadel Press Book[s]''. New York: Carol Publishing Group. xii, 370 p. ISBN 0-8065-1237-7 * [[David Thomson (film critic)|Thomson, David]] (2002). ''[[The New Biographical Dictionary of Film]]''. 4th ed. New York: A.A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-41128-3 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} <!--Links ordered alphabetically--> <!--NEW LINKS SHOULD NOT BE ADDED WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION ON TALK PAGE AND WILL BE DELETED OTHERWISE--> {{Wikinewshas|related '''[[n:Portal:Film|Film news]]'''}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Film }} * [http://www.allmovie.com Allmovie]&nbsp;– Information on films: actors, directors, biographies, reviews, cast and production credits, box office sales, and other movie data. * [http://www.filmsite.org Film Site]&nbsp;– Reviews of classic films * {{dmoz|Arts/Movies/|Movies}} * [http://www.rottentomatoes.com Rottentomatoes.com]&nbsp;– Movie reviews, previews, forums, photos, cast info, and more. * [http://imdb.com/ The Internet Movie Database (IMDb)]&nbsp;– Information on current and historical films and cast listings. [[Kaarangay:Sine| ]] [[Kaarangay:Arte]] g6pmwsykg4f4mo5oweami69hoggglbi 0 7571 7785632 7772482 2026-08-27T21:02:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Mao Zedong |native_name = 毛泽东 |image = |caption = Hi Mao Zedong han 1963 |nationality = Han Chinese |order = Syahan nga [[Mangulo han Partido Komunista han Tsina|Mangulo (Chairman)]] han [[Namumutnga nga Komite han Partido Komunista han Tsina|Namumutnga nga Komite]] han [[Partido Komunista han Tsina]] |deputy = [[Liu Shaoqi]]<br />[[Lin Biao]]<br />[[Zhou Enlai]]<br />[[Hua Guofeng]] |term = Hunyo 19, 1945&nbsp;– Septyembre 9, 1976<br>({{age in years and days|1945|6|19|1976|9|9}}) |predecessor= Iya Kalugaringon (komo Mangulo han Namumutnga nga Politburo) |successor = [[Hua Guofeng]] |order1 = Syahan nga [[Mangulo han Partido Komunista han Tsina|Mangulo (Chairman)]] han [[Namumutnga nga Politburo han Partido Komunista han Tsina|Namumutnga nga Politburo]] han [[Partido Komunista han Tsina]] |term1 = March 20, 1943&nbsp;– September 28, 1956<br>({{age in years and days|1943|3|20|1956|9|28}}) |predecessor1= [[Zhang Wentian]]<br />(as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee General Secretary]]) |successor1= Himself (as Central Committee Chairman) |birth_date = {{birth date|1893|12|26}} |birth_place = [[Shaoshan]], [[Hunan]], [[Qing Dynasty|China]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1976|9|9|1893|12|26}} |death_place = [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]] |resting_place = [[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong|Chairman Mao Memorial Hall]], [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China]] |religion = None (atheist) |spouse = [[Luo Yixiu]] (1907–1910) <br />[[Yang Kaihui]] (1920–1930) <br />[[He Zizhen]] (1930–1937) <br />[[Jiang Qing]] (1939–1976) |signature = |party = [[Communist Party of China]] |order2 = Syahan nga [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|Chairman of the CPC Central Military Commission]] |term2 = August 23, 1945&nbsp;– 1949<br>September 8, 1954&nbsp;– September 9, 1976 |predecessor2 = Position created |successor2 = [[Hua Guofeng]] |order3 = 1st [[Chairperson of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|Chairman of the National Committee Of the CPPCC]] |term3 = September 21, 1949&nbsp;– December 25, 1954<br>'''Honorary Chairman'''<br>December 25, 1954&nbsp;– September 9, 1976 |predecessor3 = Position Created |successor3 = [[Zhou Enlai]] |order4 = 1st [[Chairman of the People's Republic of China]] |premier4 = [[Zhou Enlai]] |deputy4 = [[Zhu De]] |term_start4 = September 27, 1954 |term_end4 = April 27, 1959 |predecessor4 = Position Created |successor4 = [[Liu Shaoqi]] |office5 = Member of the<br>[[National People's Congress]] |term5 = 15 September 1954&nbsp;– 18 April 1959<br />21 December 1964&nbsp;– 9 September 1976 |constituency7 = [[Beijing]] At-large <small>(54–59,64–76)</small> }} Hi '''Mao Zedong''' (ha [[Yinano nga Inintsek]]: ''毛泽东''; [[Minat-an nga Inintsek]]: ''毛澤東''; [[Pinyin]]: ''Máo Zédōng''; [[Wade-giles]]: ''Mao Tse-tung''; [[Disyembre 26]], [[1893]] – [[Septyembre 9]], [[1976]]) usa nga [[Tsina|Intsek]] nga namuno ha [[militar]] ngan [[politika]], nga amo an namuno han [[Partido Komunista han Tsina]] ngadto han ira pagdaog patok han [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) dida han [[Intsek nga Gyera Sibil]], ngan amo an namuno han [[Republika han Katawhan han Tsina]] tikang han pagtukod hini dida han 1949 tubtob han iya kamatay dida han 1976. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Peter |title=Mao |url=https://archive.org/details/mao0000cart |year=1976 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0192731408 |ref=Car76}} * {{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Jung |last2=Halliday |first2=Jon |title=[[Mao: The Unknown Story]] |year=2005 |publisher=Ted Smart |location=London |isbn=978-0224071260 |ref=Cha05}} * {{cite book |last=Dikotter |first=Frank |title=[[Mao's Great Famine|Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62]] |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |location=London |isbn=978-0747595083 |ref=Dik10}} * {{cite book |last=Feigon |first=Lee |title=Mao: A Reinterpretation |url=https://archive.org/details/maoreinterpretat0000feig |year=2002 |publisher=Ivan R. Dee |location=Chicago |isbn=978-1566634588 |ref=Fei02}} * {{cite book |last=Gao |first=Mobo |title=The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |year=2008 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=978-0745327808 |ref=Gao08}} * {{cite book |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Roderick |authorlink1=Roderick MacFarquhar |last2=Schoenhals |first2=Michael |title=Mao's Last Revolution |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0674027480 |ref=Mac08}} * {{cite book |last=Schram |first=Simon |authorlink=Stuart R. Schram |title=Mao Tse-Tung |url=https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |year=1966 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0140208405 |ref=Sch66}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book|last=Becker|first=Jasper|title=Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine|url=https://archive.org/details/hungryghostsmaos0000beck|publisher=Holt Paperbacks|year=1998|isbn=0-8050-5668-8}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Jung Chang|last=Chang|first=Jung|coauthors=Halliday, Jon|title=[[Mao: The Unknown Story]]|publisher=[[Knopf]]|year=2005|isbn=0-679-42271-4}} * Cheek, Timothy, ed. ''Mao Zedong and China's Revolutions: A Brief History with Documents'' (The Bedford Series in History and Culture. NY: Palgrave, 2002). * Cheek, Timothy, ed.''A Critical Introduction to Mao'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010 ISBN 978-0-521-88462-4). *{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Zhisui|authorlink=Li Zhisui|title=[[The Private Life of Chairman Mao]]|publisher=Random House|year=1996|isbn=0-679-76443-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Benjamin Isadore|title=Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1951|isbn=0-674-12251-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Short|first=Philip|title=Mao: A Life|publisher=Owl Books|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HQwoTtJ43_AC&dq=mao+a+life|isbn=0-8050-6638-1|page=761}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Jonathan Spence|last=Spence|first=Jonathan D.|title=Mao Zedong|url=https://archive.org/details/maozedong00spen|publisher=Viking|year=1999|isbn=0-670-88669-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Terrill|first=Ross|title=Mao: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-BKV-727|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1980|isbn=0-8047-2921-2}} * ''Chinese Writers on Writing'' featuring Mao Zedong. Ed. [[Arthur Sze]]. ([[Trinity University (Texas)#Trinity University Press|Trinity University Press]], 2010). ===Mga Annotado nga sinurat=== * [http://www.popupchinese.com/lessons/archive/short-stories/serve-the-people Serve the People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815022602/http://popupchinese.com/lessons/archive/short-stories/serve-the-people |date=2009-08-15 }}, mouseover annotated version of Mao's 1944 speech * [http://www.popupchinese.com/lessons/archive/short-stories/remembering-norman-bethune Remembering Norman Bethune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815022351/http://popupchinese.com/lessons/archive/short-stories/remembering-norman-bethune |date=2009-08-15 }} mouseover annotated version of Mao's 1935 eulogy for the famous Canadian doctor ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|s=Author:Mao Zedong}} ;Kasahiran *[http://www.asiasource.org/society/mao.cfm Asia Source biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510085445/http://www.asiasource.org/society/mao.cfm |date=2000-05-10 }} *[http://www.chinesemao.com/ ChineseMao.com: Extensive resources about Mao Zedong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906033211/http://www.chinesemao.com/ |date=2013-09-06 }} *[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1999/china.50/inside.china/profiles/mao.tsetung/ CNN profile] *[http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/index.html Collected Works of Mao at the Maoist Internationalist Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304061316/http://www.etext.org/Politics/MIM/classics/mao/index.html |date=2008-03-04 }} *[http://art-bin.com/art/omaotoc.html Mao quotations] *[http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/index.htm Mao Zedong Reference Archive at marxists.org] *[http://www.oxfordreference.com/pages/samplep02 Oxford Companion to World Politics: Mao Zedong] *[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDmao.htm Spartacus Educational biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108093439/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/COLDmao.htm |date=2005-01-08 }} *[http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66095/4468893.html Bio of Mao at the official Communist Party of China web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909234651/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/66095/4468893.html |date=2013-09-09 }} ;Komentaryo *[http://chairmanmaozedong.org Discusses the life, military influence and writings of Chairman Mao ZeDong.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305093011/http://www.chairmanmaozedong.org/ |date=2010-03-05 }} *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0906amin.htm What Maoism Has Contributed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317031210/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0906amin.htm |date=2011-03-17 }} *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/jun/02/china.jonathanwatts China must confront dark past, says Mao confidant] *[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2007/jan/18/comment.china Mao was cruel – but also laid the ground for today's China] *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0904hinton.htm On the Role of Mao Zedong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317041036/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0904hinton.htm |date=2011-03-17 }} *[http://artchina.free.fr/items/creasite.php?params=Mao%20Zedong_CATEGORY_0 Propaganda paintings showing Mao as the great leader of China] *[http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,483023,00.html Remembering Mao's Victims] *[http://www.biography.com/video.do?name=politicalfigures&bcpid=1740037438&bclid=1774292646&bctid=1731352871 Mao Tse Tung: Leader, Killer, Icon] *[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/16/opinion/16iht-eddikotter16.html Mao's Great Leap to Famine] *[http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2010/dec/20/finding-facts-about-maos-victims/ Finding the Facts About Mao’s Victims] *[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-margolis/remembering-chinas-great_b_303107.html Remembering China's Great Helmsman] *[http://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward Did Mao Really Kill Millions in the Great Leap Forward?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011135700/https://monthlyreview.org/commentary/did-mao-really-kill-millions-in-the-great-leap-forward/ |date=2019-10-11 }} {{Mga Labaw nga Manguna han Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina}} {{Mga Mangulo han Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina}} {{PKT nga mga Mangulo}} [[Kaarangay:Mao Zedong| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1893]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1976]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Mao Zedong]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Tsina]] [[Kaarangay:Mga manguna han Partido Komunista han Tsina]] [[Kaarangay:Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina]] ps9qugf4s1am9yiqoyujgr5ouoequf1 0 7708 7785664 7782641 2026-08-27T21:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Afonso I | image = D. Afonso Henriques - Compendio de crónicas de reyes (Biblioteca Nacional de España).png | caption = <center>Hi Hadi Afonso dida han ''Compendio de crónicas de reyes del Antiguo Testamento, gentiles, cónsules y emperadores romanos, reyes godos y de los reinos de Castilla, Aragón, Navarra y Portugal'' ({{circa|1312}}–25)</center> | succession = [[Hadi han Portugal]] | reign = {{nowrap|26 Hulyo 1139{{snd}}6 Disyembre 1185}} | coronation = 26 Hulyo 1139 | cor-type = Pag-aklamar | successor = [[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I]] | birth_date = Ginkakadelito: 1106, 1109 o 1111 | birth_place = Ginkakadelito: [[Coimbra]], [[Guimarães]] o [[Viseu]], [[Kondado han Portugal|Portugal]]; [[Tierra de Campos]] o [[Sahagún]], [[Ginhadian han León|León]] | death_date = 6 Disyembre 1185 {{nowrap|(pangidaron 73–79)}} | death_place = [[Coimbra]], [[Portugal ha Kapanahonan Kamutngaan|Portugal]] | spouse = [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda han Saboya]] | issue = [[Urraca of Portugal|Urraca, Reyna han León]]<br />[[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I, Hadi han Portugal]]<br />[[Teresa han Portugal, Kondesa han Flandes|Teresa, Kondesa han Flandes]] | issue-link = #Mga sumurunod nga katulinan | issue-pipe = upod hin iba ... | house = [[Portuges nga Panimalay han Borgonya|Borgonya]] | father = [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal]] | mother = [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal]] | religion = [[Singbahan Katoliko|Katolisismo Romano]] | succession1 = [[Konde han Portugal]] | reign1 = 24 June 1128{{snd}}25 Hulyo 1139 | predecessor1 = [[Teresa han León, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]] | regent1 = | place of burial = [[Monasteryo han Santa Cruz]], [[Coimbra]], Portugal }} Hi '''Alfonso I''' o kun ha Pinortuges '''Afonso I'''<ref group="lower-alpha">O puyde gihapon ''Affonso'' (Kadaan nga [[Pinortuges-Ginalyego]]) o kundi man ''Alphonso'' ([[Pinortuges-Ginalyego nga mga pinulongan|Pinortuges-Ginalyego]]) o kundi man ''Alphonsus'' ([[Linatin]] nga bersyon). Ha Ininggles it ngaran agsob nga ginhahatag nga ''Alphonzo'' o kundi man ''Alphonse'', depende han Kinatsila o kundi man Frinanses nga impluwensya.</ref> ({{IPA-pt|ɐˈfõsu|eu}}; 1106 / 25 Hulyo 1109 / Agosto 1109 / 1111{{snd}}6 Disyembre 1185), nga gin-agnayan "an/nga Malupigon" ({{lang-pt|O Conquistador}}), "an/nga Nagtúkod" ({{lang|pt|O Fundador}}) o "an/nga Harangdon" ({{lang|pt|O Grande}}) han [[Portuges nga katawhan|Portuges]], ngan ''El-Bortukali'' [ha Inarabo البرتقالي] ("an/nga Portuges") ngan ''Ibn-Arrink'' [ha Inarabo ابن الرَّنك o kundi man ابن الرَنْق] ("anak ni Enrique", "Enriquez", "Henriques") han mga [[Moro]] nga iya gin-awayan, amo an syahan nga [[Hadi han Portugal]]. Kilalado gihapon hiyá ha ngaran nga '''Alfonso Enriquez''' o kun ha Pinortuges, '''Afonso Henriques'''. Nakuha niya an paglugaríng han salatan nga bahin han [[Ginhadian han Galicia]], an Kondado han Portugal, tikang han namumuno han Galicia, an [[Hadi han León]], han 1139, nga diin nagtukod hiya hin bag-o nga ginhadian ngan gindoble an kahaluag hini upod han ''[[Reconquista]]'', usá nga panuyo nga iya ginsunod tubtub han iya kamatay han 1185, katapos hin kap-atan-kag-unom ka tuig hin mga gera o pan-gubat patok han mga Moro. ==Tikang ha pagkatawo tubtub han rebelyon: an pagkabata ni Afonso== Hi Afonso amo an anak nira [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal|Enrique han Borgonya]] ngan [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]], an anak ha gawas ni Hadi [[Alfonso VI han León ngan Castilla]] ngan han iya kapadis nga hi Jimena Núñez de Lara.<ref name=Portogallo>{{en}} [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/PORTUGAL.htm#Henriquedied1112#ES Portogallo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319081410/http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/PORTUGAL.htm#Henriquedied1112 |date=2012-03-19 }}</ref><ref name="capet">{{en}} [http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet47.html#ES Capetingi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109152410/http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet47.html#ES |date=2017-11-09 }}</ref><ref name=Enrico>{{de}} [http://www.mittelalter-genealogie.de/mittelalter/koenige/portugal/heinrich_von_burgund_graf_1112.html#ES Enrico di Borgogna genealogie mittelalter]</ref>. Sumala han ''Crónica de Portugal de 1419,'' ni [[Fernão Lopes]], an magigin hadi nga Portuges natawo ha [[Guimarães]], nga hadto nga panahon amo an pinaka-importante nga sentro hin politika han iya mga kag-anak. Ginkarawat ini han kadam'an ha pag-iskolar nga Portuges tubtub han pagproner han 1990 ni Torquato de Sousa Soares nga an Coimbra, an sentro han kondado han Coimbra ngan usá gihapon nga sentro han kan Afonso mga ginikanan, nga amo an lugar nga iya natawhan, nga nagdangat hin dako nga kasina ha Guimarães ngan hin polémico nga barubalyo han hiní nga historyador ngan ni [[José Hermano Saraiva]]. Ha urhe nagproponer hi Almeida Fernandes nga [[Viseu]] an lugar nga natawhan ni Afonso nga ginbase niya didâ han ''[[Chronica Gothorum]]'', nga nagsiring nga natawo hi Afonso han 1109. Iní nga posisyon ginsunod ni [[José Mattoso]] han iya biograpiya han hadì.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=26-27}} Hi Abel Estefânio nagsuhestyon hin lain nga petsa ngan thesis, nga diin nagproponer hiyá nga 1106 an pitsa han pagkatawo ngan an rehiyon han [[Tierra de Campos]] o bisan pa man [[Sahagún]] nga posible nga mga lugar nga nataw'han nga ginbase han mga nasabtan nga mga itineraryo han mga konde Enrique ngan Teresa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Estefânio|first=Abel|date=Hulyo 2010|title=A data de nascimento de Afonso I|url=http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA8/estefanio8002.html|journal=Medievalista|volume=8|language=PT|pages=|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-date=2017-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411011807/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA8/estefanio8002.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Estefânio|first=Abel|date=Enero 2016|title=De novo a data e o local de nascimento de Afonso I|url=http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA19/estefanio1906.html|journal=Medievalista|volume=19|language=PT|pages=|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-date=2019-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025083524/http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/iem/medievalista/MEDIEVALISTA19/estefanio1906.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Naghadî hin dugtong an magpadis nga konde ngan kondesa han Portugal kutub han kamatay ni Enrique han 22 Mayo 1112 han paglikus han [[Astorga, Espanya|Astorga]],{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=34}} ngan katapos hiní nag-usaan paghadì hi Teresa.<ref name="Gerli">[https://books.google.com/books?id=QlpKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA676&lpg=PA676&dq=afonso+i+of+portugal&source=bl&ots=sWxOTr0U1v&sig=HbyK45MU-hykot9JlUwI7jRwtTU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAzgeahUKEwi_xp_5zPvGAhUFWz4KHWWAAh8#v=onepage&q=afonso%20i%20of%20portugal&f=false Gerli, E. Michael. ''Medieval Iberia'', Routledge, 2013] {{ISBN|9781136771613}}</ref> Waray masabtan kun hin-o an magturutdo ni Afonso. Mga urhe nga mga tradisyon, nga posible nagtikáng kan João Soares Coelho (usá nga bastardo nga tulín ni Egas Moniz hin linyea nga binabaye) han mga butnga-nga-ika-13 nga gatostuig ngan ginpahilawig hin mga urhe nga mga susumaton sugad han ''Crónica de Portugal de 1419'', nagsiríng nga an magturutdo hi [[Egas Moniz o Aio|Egas Moniz de Ribadouro]], posible upod hin bulig hin mga ginyakan nga mga paghinumdom nga nagpahanungod han magturutdo han panimalay han Ribadouto. Bisan pa man, mga kontemporaneo nga dokumento, nga tikang han kansilyeriya ni Afonso han iya mga syahan nga tuig nga konde han Portucale, nagpapakita sumala kan José Mattoso nga an posible nga magturutdo ni Afonso Henriques amo an suhag nga bugto nga lalaki ni Egas Moniz nga hi [[Ermígio Moniz]], nga, dugang han pagin maguráng nga bugto han panimalay han Ribadouro, amo an nagin "dapifer" ngan "[[Mayor han Palasyo|majordomus]]" ni Afonso I tikang 1128 tubtub han hiya kamatay han 1135, nga nagpapakita hin pagkahiruhirani niyá ngadto han prinsipe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=João Soares Coelho e a gesta de Egas Moniz. In Portugal Medieval: Novas Interpretações|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda|year=1985|isbn=|location=Lisboa|pages=409–435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=D. Afonso Henriques|last=Mattoso|first=José|publisher=Temas e Debates|year=2007|isbn=978-972-759-911-0|location=Lisboa|pages=35–38}}</ref> Hin panuyo nga makakuha hin darudako nga bahin han panurundon nga Leonés, an iya iroy nga hi Teresa nakig-api kan [[Fernando Pérez de Trava]], an gigamhanan nga konde ha [[ginhadian han Galicia|Galicia]].<ref name="Gerli" /> An Portuges nga mga hadianon dinmiri han alyansa han Galicia ngan Portugal ngan dinmaop hirá hin pag-ugop kan Afonso. An [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Braga|Arsobispo han Braga]] ginkahulop gihapon han pagkagamhanan han Galicia, ngan nabaraka han mga pag-unat ha pansingbahan han iya bag-o nga katipa, an Galyego nga [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Santiago de Compostela|Arsobispo han Santiago de Compostela]], nga hi [[Diego Gelmírez]], nga nag-angkon hin nabilngan kuno nga mga relikya ni [[Santiago, anak ni Sebedeo|Santiago]] ha iya bungto, kumu paagi hin makakuha hin gahom ngan karikohan labaw han iba nga mga katedral ha Rawis Ibérico. Han 1122, inmabot hi Afonso han edad hin napulo-kag-upat, an panuigon hin pagkadumaku-on han ika-12 nga gatostuig. Naghimo hiyá han iya kalugaringon nga [[kabalyero]] ha iya pagbuot didto ha [[Katedral han Zamora]] han 1125, nga gintugotan han iya nanay. Katapos han kampanya militar ni Alfonso VII patok han iya iroy han 1127, nagrebelde hi Afonso patok han iya nanay ngan nagpadayon pagkuha han pagdumara han kondado tikang han reyna. == Konde nga naglulugaríng == Han 1128, harani ha [[Guimarães]], ha [[Pag-awayan han São Mamede]] hi Afonso ngan han iya mga umurogop nanlupig hin mga kasundalohan ha ilarom han iya nanay ngan ni Konde [[Fernando Peres de Trava]] han [[Ginhadian han Galicia|Galicia]]. Ginpa-iwas ni Afonso an iya nanay ngadto ha Galicia, ngan nagkuha han pagdumara han Kondado han Portucale.<ref name=Gerli/> Sugad man, nawara an posibilidad nga mahibalik hin pagdugtong an Portugal (nga tubtub hiní nga panahon gintawag nga Salatan nga Galicia) ngadto hin Ginhadian han Portugal ngan Galicia sugad han una ngan nagin nag-uusaan nga namumuno hi Afonso pagsunod hin mga hangyo hin paglugaríng tikang han singbahan ngan mga hadianon han kondado. Ginlupig gihapon ni Afonso an umangkon han iya nanay nga hi [[Alfonso VII han León]], nga inmulpot pagbulig ha iya dadâ, ngan sugad man nahitalwas niya an nasod tikang han pagdepende hin politika han korona han iya patod nga kanan León. Han 6 Abril 1129, gindikta ni Afonso Henriques an sinurat nga diin nagsangyaw hiyá han iya kalugaringon nga Prinsipe han Portugal. Sunod, hi Afonso binmalhin han iya pakig-away patok han nagpapabilin nga problema han mga Moro ha salatan. Nagin-malinamposon an iya mga kampanya, ngan han 25 July 1139, nakadaog hiyá hin nakakalupig nga pagdaog ha [[Pag-awayan han Ourique]], ngan dayon katapos posible ginpasangyaw hin waray may natipa nga Hadi han mga Portuges han iya mga kasondalohan, nga gintukod an iya pagkapatas hin ranggo han iba nga mga ginhadian han rawis, bisan man kun an syahan nga pagtawag han iya hadianon nga titulo natikang han 1140. An syahan nga katitirok han [[Portuges nga Cortes]] nga nagtirok ha [[Lamego]] (nga diin hahatagan hiya han korona tikang han Arsobispo han Braga, ha pagkumpirma han iya paglugaring) usá nga hinimohimo han ika-17 nga gatostuig ha Pinortuges nga kasaysayan. == Pagin-hadi == Bisan pa man, an paglugaríng o independensya tikang han [[suseraniya]] ni Alfonso VII han León, dirì la butáng nga iya matatagmtamán pinaagi hin militar. An Kondado han Portugal kinahanglan pa nga makilal-an ha diplomasiya han mga hagrani nga mga nasod nga usá nga ginhadian, ngan labaw ha ngatanan han [[Singbahan Katoliko Romano]] ngan han [[Papa]]. Nag-asawa hi Afonso kan [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda han Saboya]], anak nga babaye ni [[Amadeo III, Konde han Saboya]], ngan nagpadará hiyá hin mga embahador ngadto ha Roma basi makigsabot han Papa. Nagmalinamposon hiyá han pagsalikway han suseraniya han iya patod nga hi Alfonso VII han León, ngan nagin vasalyo lugod han papado, sugad han mga hadi han Sicilia ngan Aragón ugsa ha iya. Han 1179 an bula nga ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]'' nagkarawat han bag-o nga hadi nga vasalyo là han papa ngan waray iba. [[Image:Siege of Lisbon - Muslim surrender.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hi Hadi Afonso I ha [[Pagpalibot han Lisboa]].]] Ha Portugal nagpahimo hiyá hin pipira nga mga monasteryo ngan kumbento ngan naghátag hiyá hin mga importante nga mga pribilehiyo hin mga orden nga relihiyoso. Hiyá an nagpatukod han [[Monasteryo han Alcobaça]], nga diin ginpatawag niya an [[Orden han Cister|Orden Cisterciense]] han iya batâ nga hi [[Bernardo han Claraval]] han [[Bourgogne|Borgonya]]. Han 1143, nagsurat hiyá kan [[Papa Inocencio II]] nga nagdeklara hiya han iya kalugaringon ngan han ginhadian nga mga surugoon han singbahan, nga naghurar hin pagpadayon hin pagpa-iwas han mga Moro tikang han Rawis Ibérico. Ha paglaktaw hin bisan hin-o nga hadi han León, nagdeklara hi Afonso han iya kalugaringon nga [[wikt:liege|liege nga tawo]] han papado. Nagpadayon hi Afonso hin paginkilalado pinaagi han iya mga buhat patok han mga Moro, nga naagawan niya an [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]] (kitaa an [[Paglupig han Santarém]]) ngan [[Lisboa]] han 1147 (kitaa [[Pagpalibot han Lisboa]]).<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Alphonso|display=Alphonso s.v. Alphonso I.|first=David|last=Hannay|authorlink=David Hannay (historian)|volume=1|page=733}}</ref> Nalúpig gihapon niya in importante nga bahin han tuna ha salatan han Salog [[Tajo]], bisan pa man, nawad'an iní balik ngadto han mga Moro ha mga sumuronod nga tuig. Ha laín nga bahin, hi Hadi Alfonso VII han León (patod ni Afonso) nagkitâ han naglulugaríng nga namumuno han Portugal nga rebelde là. Masúrong ngan mapaít an pag-awayan ha ira nga duhá ha mga sumurúnod nga túig. Nahibulig hi Afonso hin gyera, nga diin inmúgop hiyá han Aragonés nga hadì, nga kaaway han Castilla. Basi masiguro an alyansa, an iya anak nga hi [[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho]] ginbalato kan [[Dulce han Aragón|Dulce]], an bugto han [[Konde han Barcelona]] ngan Infanta of Aragon. Ha kataposan, katapos han pagdaog ha [[Pag-awayan ha Valdevez]], nagtukod an [[Tratado han Zamora (1143)]] hin kamuráyaw han duhá nga magpatod ngan hin pagkilala han Ginhadián han León nga soberano nga ginhadi-an an Portugal. Han 1169 an lagas na nga Dom Afonso nahulog tikang han iya kabayo didâ hin pag-atubangay harani ha [[Badajoz]] ngan posible nga napiangan, ngan nabihag han mga kasundalohan han hadì han León nga hi [[Fernando II han León|Fernando II]] nga iya gihapon umágad. Tikang hiní nga panahón, waray na mangabayo an Portuges nga hadì, kundi diri sigurado kun tungod ba han pagkapi-ang: sumalâ han urhe nga nahig-araan nga kasaysayan nga Portuges, nahinabô iní kay makinahanglan daw magsurender hin utro hi Afonso kan Fernando II han León o kundi man magkakaada hin gyera han duha nga mga ginhadi-an kun mangabayo hiyá. Napiritan an Portugal pagsurender hin paglukat para ha iyá an haros tanan nga mga nasakop nga mga katunaan ni Afonso ha Galicia (amihan han [[Salog Minho]]) han mga naglabay nga tuig.<ref name="EB1911"/> [[Image:BatalhaOurique.jpg|thumb|left|341x341px|Hi Afonso ha [[Pag-awayan ha Ourique]] nga nagsaksi han Milagro han Krus (ginpitsahan ha tuig 1793 ni Domigos Sequeira)]] Han 1179 ginbaydan an mga pribilehiyo ngan mga pabor nga ginhatag han [[Singbahan Katoliko|Singbahan Katoliko Romano]]. Ha waray pagluluya nga paningkamot hin pira nga mga api, sugad han [[Primate (bishop)|Primado]] nga [[Katoliko Romano nga Arkidiyosesis han Braga|Arsobispo han Braga]] nga hi [[Paio Mendes]], ha korte han papa, ginpasamwak an [[bula papal]] nga ''[[Manifestis Probatum]]'' nga nagkarawat han bag-o nga hadì nga basalyo la han papa. Didâ han bula, ginkilala gihapon ni [[Papa Alejandro III]] hi Afonso nga Hadì ngan an Portugal nga usá nga naglulugaríng nga korona nga mayda katungod nga sumakop hin mga katunaan tikan ghan mga Moro. Upod hiní nga panalangin han santo papa, nadig-on an Portugal hin pagin ginhadi-an. Han 1184, an Almohad nga kalifa nga hi [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] nagtirok hin dako nga puwersa hin [[Almohade nga Kalifato|Almohade]] nga bumulós patok han mg Portuges nga pagsulong nga ginbuhat tikang mahuman in lima-ka-tuig nga kasabotan han 1178 ngan iya ginpalibotan an [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], nga dinadapigan ni [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho]] nga anak ni Afonso. Waray magmalinamposon an Almohade nga pagpalibot han pag-ulpot hin mga sumat nga kinmada hin pagdepensa han syudad an [[arsobispo han Compostela]] ngan hi Fernando II han León ngahaw gihapon upod han iya army. An mga Almohade naghunong han ira pagpalibot ngan han ira pag-atras nahimo nga kapirdihan tungod hin pagpanic dida han ira kampo, nga diin nasamaran an Almohade nga kalifa (sumala hin usá nga bersyon, tungod hin bolt hin [[crossbow]]) ngan namatay dida han tikadto ha [[Sevilla]]. Namatay hin diri maiha hi Afonso, posible tungod hin tigda nga nadangat hin kamatayan, dida han 6 Disyembre 1185. Gintatahuran hi Afonso nga bayani han mga Portuges, tungod han iya personal nga pamatasan ngan tungod nga amo an nagtukod han ira nasod.<ref name="EB1911"/> Mayda mga sumat hin mitiko nga kinahanglan hin 10 ka tawo hin pagdara han iya espada, ngan hi Afonso karuyag makig-away hin personal nga kombate han iba nga mga monarka, kundi waray may naruyag pagkarawat han iya pag-ayat. Ginsusumat gihapon, nga bisan man han iya maupay ngan pasidungganon nga batasan, nga maisog hiya hin kasinahon. Mayda mga ginsaysay nga naghatang hin pananglitan hin usá nga legado han santo papa nga nagdara ha iya hin mensahe tikang kan [[Papa Pascual II]] nga dumiri pagkilala han kan Afonso pag-angkon hin pagin-hadi: an nahinabo tungod kay sunod hini nakatalapas o nakasala hin gutiay nga pagtalapas patok han hadi o kundi man katapos la pagbasa han surat, hi Afonso duro hin kasina ngan hapit niya patayon an representante han santo papa, nga diin pipira nga mga Portucalense nga mga noble ngan mga kasundalohan nagkinahanglan nga pugngan an batan-on nga magigin-hadi. ==Mga sumurunod nga katulinan== [[Paypay:AfonsoI-P.jpg |thumbnail|right|200px|Hi Afonso I han Portugal.]] Han 1146,{{efn|Bisan man kun an ''Annales D. Alfonsi Portugallensium Regis'', nagsusumat nga an pagkasal nira Alfonso ngan Mafalda ginsaurog han 1145, waray anay kutub hin usá ka tuig ha urhe, han Mayo 1146, nga hirá nakada han mga hadianon nga mga karta. An historyador nga hi José Mattoso nagdadapig hin lain nga kasarigan, ''Noticia sobre a Conquista de Santarém'' (Sumat han [[Paglúpig han Santarém]]), nga nasiring nga an syudad nalupig han 15 Mayo 1147, mga waray magtuig katapos han ira kasal. Tungod hadto nga panahon waray mahihimo nga seremonyas hin pagkasal han panahon han [[Kwaresma]], siring ni Mattoso nga an kasal puyde nahinabo han Marso o kundi man han Abril han 1146, posible didâ han Dominggo han Pagkabanhaw nga hadto nga tuig dida han 31 han Marso.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=220}}}} nag-asawa hi Afonso kan [[Mafalda han Saboya, Reyna han Portugal|Mafalda]], anak ni [[Amadeo III, Konde han Saboya]] ngan [[Mahaut han Albon]], ngan an duha nagpakita hin syahan nga mag-upod han Mayo hadto nga tuig nga nagkumpirma hin mga karta nga hadianon.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=220}} Mayda hira han mga sumurunod nga katulinan:{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=226-227}} * Enrique (5 Marso 1147{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1155),{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} gin-ngaranan ha dungog han iya apoy ha amay, hi [[Enrique, Konde han Portugal]], namatay hiya han walo ka tuig pa la an iya edad.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} Bisan man kun bata pa hiya, nagrepresenta hiyá han iya amay hin konseho ha [[Toledo, Espanya|Toledo]] ha edad hin tulo ka tuig;{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} * [[Urraca han Portugal|Urraca]] (1148{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1211{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=79}}), nag-asawa kan Hadi [[Fernando II han León]] ngan amo an amay ni Hadi [[Alfonso IX han León|Alfonso IX]]. Gin-anular an pag-asawa didâ han 1171 o kundi man han 1172 ngan nagretiro hiyá ngadto ha [[Zamora, Espanya|Zamora]], usá han mga villa nga nakaráwat niya nga bahin han iya [[Las arras|''arras'']], ngan ha urhe ha Monasteryo han Santa María ha [[Wamba, Valladolid]] nga diin hiyá ginlubong.;{{Sfn|Arco y Garay|1954|p=168}} * [[Teresa han Portugal, Kondesa han Flandes|Teresa]] (1151{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{snd}}1218{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=80}}), [[Kondesa han Flandes|Kondesa nga konsorte han Flandes]] tungod han iya pag-asawa kan [[Felipe I, Konde han Flanders|Felipe I]]{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=372-373}} ngan [[Taramdan hin mga Borgonyahanon nga mga konsorte|Dukesa nga konsorte han Borgonya]] pinaagi han iya ikaduha nga pag-asawa kan [[Odo III, Duke han Borgonya|Odo III]];{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=79}} * [[Mafalda han Portugal (anak ni Afonso Henriques)|Mafalda]](1153{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{snd}}katapos han 1162). Han Enero 1160, an iya amay ngan hi [[Ramón Berenguer IV, Konde han Barcelona]], nakigsabot han pagpa-asawa kan Mafalda kan Alfonso, an magigin Hadi [[Alfonso II han Aragon]]{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=78}} nga hadto nga panahon mga tulo o upat ka tuig pa la. Katapos han kamatay ni Ramón Berenguer IV han verano han 1162, ginkumbinsi ni Hadi Fernando II han León an balo niya, hi Reyna [[Petronilla han Aragón|Petronilla]], nga igkanselar an mga plano hin pag-asawa han infante kan Mafalda ngan hi Alfonso mag-asawa lugod kan [[Sancha han Castilla, Reyna han Aragón|Sancha,]] an anak nga babaye ni [[Alfonso VII han León]] ngan an iya ikaduha nga asawa nga hi Reyna [[Riquilda han Poland, Reyna han Castilla|Riquilda han Polonya]].{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=287-288 and 290}} Namatay hi Mafalda han iya pagkabata hin waray mahisurat nga pitsa. * Sancho, an magigin Hadi [[Sancho I han Portugal]] (11 Nobyembre 1154{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}}{{snd}}26 Marso 1211). Ginbunyagan hiyá han ngaran nga Martín kay natawo hiya han adlaw nga pyesta han [[Martin han Tours|santo]].;{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=226}} * Juan (1156–25 Agosto 1164);{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=227}} ngan * Sancha (1157{{snd}}14 Pebrero 1166/67), natawo mga napulo ka adlaw ugsa han kamatay han iya iroy, namatay hi Sancha ugsa umabot hin edad nga napulo ka tuig{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp =227 and 383}}{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} han ika-14 han Pebrero sumala han rehistro hin kamatayan ha Monasteryo han Santa Cruz (Coimbra) nga diin hiyá ginlubóng.{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=60}} Ugsa han iya pag-asawa kan Mafalda, hi Hadi Afonso nakapaburod kan Chamoa Gómez,{{Sfn|Rodrigues Oliveira|2010|p=71}} anak nga babaye ni Konde [[Gómez Núñez]] ngan Elvira Pérez, bugto nira [[Fernando Pérez de Traba|Fernando]] ngan [[Bermudo Pérez de Traba]]:{{Sfn|Calderón Medina|2008|pp=42, n. 11}}{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=98, 228 and 320}} han iya suhag nga anak nga lalake. * [[Fernando Afonso han Portugal|Afonso]] (1140{{snd}}1207). Natawo han mga 1140,{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|p=228}} sumala hin mga diri pa la maiha nga mga pag-imbestiga, hiyá an amo la gihapon nga tawo nga agsob tinatawag nga Fernando Afonso nga amo an [[Alférez|''alferes-mor'']] han hadi ngan ha urhe Gran Maestro han [[Kabalyeros Hospitalaryos]]. An iya presensya ha korte syahan nga gintalaan dida han 1159. Han 1169 sinmunod hiyá nga alferes-mor han iya bugto-nga-tunga, hi Pedro Pais da Maia, an lehitimo nga anak han iya nanay ngan Paio Soares da Maia.{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=227-229}}{{Sfn|Calderón Medina|2008|pp=42-43, and notes}} An iya mga anak-ha-gawas kan Elvira Gálter amo hira: * [[Urraca Afonso, Dama han Aveiro|Urraca Afonso]].{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|pp=28 and 64}} Han 1185, gitagaan hiya han an iya amay an villa han [[Avô]], nga diin gintugon nga ini nga villa puyde la ma-ereder han mga anak niya ha iya bana nga hi Pedro Afonso de Ribadouro (nga kilalado gihapon nga Pedro Afonso Viegas), nga apo ni [[Egas Moniz, Aio|Egas Moniz]],{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=64}} nga posible nagpapakita hin lain nga na-una o nagsunod nga pag-asawa. Han 1187, nakigbalyo hiya ngan han iya bugto-nga-tunga, hi Hadi Sancho hiní nga villa para han [[Aveiro, Portugal|Aveiro]]. Namatay hiyá katapos han 1216, an tuig nga naghimo hiyá hin hatag ngadto han Monasteryo han Tarouca. {{Sfn|Sotto Mayor Pizarro|1997|p=457, n. 9 ngan 10, Vol. I}} * Teresa Afonso. Ha pipira nga mga talaan hin katulinan, aada hiyá nga anak ni Elvira Gálter,{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|pp=28, 63}} ngan ha iba nga anak ni Chamoa Gómez. An iya syahan nga pag-asawa kan Sancho Nunes de Barbosa nga diin nagkaada hiyá hin anak nga babaye, hi daughter, Urraca Sanches, nga nag-asawa kan Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, an amay ni Mendo Gonçalves de Sousa nga kilalado nga "Sousaõ".{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=63}} An iya ikaduhá nga bana hi Fernando Martins Bravo, Ginoó han [[Braganza, Portugal|Bragança]] ngan [[Chaves, Portugal|Chaves]], nga waray mga anak tikang hiní nga pag-asawa.{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=63}} Hi Hadi Afonso amo gihapon an amay ni: * [[Pedro Afonso, Maestro han Aviz|Pedro Afonso]] (namatay han 1183), Ginoó han [[Arega]] ngan Pedrógão, alkalde han [[Abrantes]] han 1179, ''alferes'' ni Hadi Afonso I han mga butnga han 1181 ngan 1183, ngan Maestro han [[Orden han Aviz]].{{Sfn|Mattoso|2014|pp=103, 229 ngan 388}}{{Sfn|Caetano de Souza|1735|p=28}} ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title = Sepulcros de la Casa Real de Castilla|last =Arco y Garay|first= Ricardo del|publisher = Instituto Jerónimo Zurita. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|year = 1954|location = Madrid|language=ES|oclc = 11366237|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Astúrias e Portugal. Relações históricas e culturais. Actas do Colóquio 5 a 7 de Dezembro de 2005|last=Baquero Moreno|first= Humberto|publisher= Academia Portuguesa da História|year =2006|isbn= 972-624-164-2|location= Lisbon|pages= 115–141|language=pt|chapter = Portugal e o reino das Astúrias no período de formação|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|url = http://purl.pt/776/4/hg-2593-v/hg-2593-v_item4/hg-2593-v_PDF/hg-2593-v_PDF_24-C-R0150/hg-2593-v_0000_1-800_t24-C-R0150.pdf|title=Historia Genealógica de la Real Casa Portuguesa|last= Caetano de Souza|first=Antonio|publisher= Lisboa Occidental, na oficina de Joseph Antonio da Sylva|year= 1735|isbn= 978-84-8109-908-9|volume = Vol. I|location=Lisbon|language=pt|ref = harv}} *{{Cite book|url=http://jovenesmedievalistas.net/archivo/lorca2008/IVSIMPOSIO.pdf|title = Actas IV Simposio Internacional de Jóvenes Medievalistas, Lorca 2008|last = Calderón Medina|first = Inés|publisher= Universidad de Murcia, Sociedad Española de Estudios Medievales, Ayuntamiento de Lorca, et al|year= 2004|isbn= 978-84-8371-801-8|pages = 39–50|language= es|chapter = La nobleza portuguesa al servicio del rey de León 1157–1187. Pero Pais de Maia y Vasco Fernandes de Soverosa|ref = harv}} * {{cite book|title = D. Afonso Henriques|url = https://archive.org/details/dafonsohenriques0000amar|last=Freitas do Amaral|first =Diogo|publisher = Bertrand|year = 2000|isbn=972-25-1157-2|location=Lisbon|language =pt|ref=harv|authorlink =Diogo de Freitas do Amaral}} * {{cite book|title = D. Afonso Henriques|last=Mattoso|first = José|publisher = Temas e Debates|year = 2014|isbn= 978-972-759-911-0|location=Lisbon|language =pt|ref=harv|orig-year=2007|authorlink =José Mattoso}} * {{cite book|title=The Early History of the House of Savoy: 1000–1233|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofho00prev|last=Previte-Orton|first=C.W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1912|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title= Rainhas medievais de Portugal. Dezassete mulheres, duas dinastias, quatro séculos de História|last=Rodrigues Oliveira|first= Ana|publisher= A esfera dos livros|year= 2010|isbn= 978-989-626-261-7|location = Lisbon|language= PT|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Castilla y León en el siglo XI, estudio del reinado de Fernando I|last = Sánchez Candeira|first = Alfonso|publisher = Real Academia de la Historia|year = 1999|isbn =978-84-8951241-2|editors = Rosa Montero Tejada (edition sponsored by Fundación BBV, Fundación Ramón Areces, Caja Madrid Fundación)|location = Madrid|language=ES|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10216/18023|title = Linhagens Medievais Portuguesas: Genealogias e Estratégias (1279–1325)|last = Sotto Mayor Pizarro|first = José Augusto|publisher=Doctorate thesis, author’s edition|year= 1997|volume= Vol. I|location =Oporto|language = pt|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title = Linajes nobiliarios de León y Castilla: Siglos IX-XIII|last = Torres Sevilla-Quiñones de León|first=Margarita Cecilia|publisher = Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de educación y cultura|year = 1999|isbn = 84-7846-781-5|location= Salamanca|language=es|ref=harv}} {{refend}} {{s-pagtikang}} {{s-hou|[[Portuges nga Panimalay han Borgonya|Panimalay han Borgonya]]||1106, 1109 o kundi man 1111|6 Disyembre|1185|[[Panimalay han Capet]]}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bag-o|rason=Paglugaring tikang han [[Ginhadian han León|León]]}} {{s-ttl|titulo=[[Hadi han Portugal]]|mga tuig=1139–1185}} {{s-aft|sunod=[[Sancho I han Portugal|Sancho I]]}} {{s-reg|iba}} {{s-bef|ugsa=[[Enrique, Konde han Portugal|Enrique]] ngan [[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]]}} {{s-ttl|titulo=[[Konde han Portugal]]|mga tuig=1112–1139|rehente1=[[Teresa, Kondesa han Portugal|Teresa]] |mga tuig1=1112–1126}} {{s-non|rason=Paglugaring}} {{s-pagtapos}} {{Commonscat|Afonso I of Portugal}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afonso 01}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Portugal]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1185]] p4qbo6se52iqkysk8fr90d630k3gdax 0 8375 7785659 7650903 2026-08-27T21:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panimungto | name = Baghdad | official_name = {{lang|ar|بغداد}} {{Transl|ar|DIN|Baġdād}} | native_name = {{lang|ar|بغداد}} | settlement_type = Syudad | image_skyline = فندق بغداد روتانا.jpg | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Iraq | subdivision_type1 = Lalawigan | subdivision_name1 = Gobernadorato han Baghdad | area_total_km2 = 2260.2 | elevation_m = 34 | population_rank = syahan | population_est = 7216040 | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | utc_offset1 = +3 | website = http://www.baghdadgov.com }} An '''Baghdad''' ([[Inarabo]]: بغداد‎, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) in ulohan han Republika han [[Irak]], nganhin igkasipareho it tetoryo ha Governorato han Baghdad. An populasyon han Baghdad han 2011 in ginbabanabanahan nga 7,216,040, nga nahimo nga may-ada pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad han nasod. Ini an gidadakoi nga nasod han Iraq<ref name=population>Estimates of total population differ substantially. The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] gives a 2001 population of 4,950,000, the [[Lancet surveys of casualties of the Iraq War|2006 Lancet Report]] states a population of 7,216,040 in 2011. * [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9109394 "Baghdad"] ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 November 2006. * {{PDFlink|[http://www.thelancet.com/webfiles/images/journals/lancet/s0140673606694919.pdf "Mortality after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: a cross-sectional cluster sample survey"]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}|242&nbsp;KB}}. By Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts. ''[[The Lancet]]'', October 11, 2006 * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/baghdad.htm Baghdad] from GlobalSecurity.org </ref><ref name=largestcities>[http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Iraq.htm "Cities and urban areas in Iraq with population over 100,000"], Mongabay.com</ref>, ngan ikaduha nga gidadakoi nga syudad ha Kalibutan Arabo (nasunod la ha Cairo, Ehipto), ngan ikaduha nga gidadkoi nga syudad ha Katundan nga Asya (sinmunod la ha Tehran, Iran). Nahamutang ha may Salog Tigris, an syudad in gintukod ha ika-8 gatostuig ngan naging ulohan han Kalipo han Abbasid. Ha sulod han gutiay nga panahon tikang ha pagkatukod, an Baghdad in tinmubo ngadto ha us'ka mahinungdanon nga kultural, komersyal, ngan intelektuwal nga sentro han Kalibutan Islamico. Ini in labot ha puy-anan hin pipira nga panguna nga institusyon academica (sugad han Balay han Kabaltok) nga naghatag hin kalibutanon nga reputasyon ha syudad komo an "Sentro han Pag-aram". Ha bug-os nga pag-agi han Hitaas nga Butnga nga Panahon, an Baghdad in gincoconsiderar nga gidadakoi nga syudad ha kalibutan nga may'da ginbabanabanahan nga populasyon nga 1,200,000 nga katawhan<ref>{{cite web| url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history#cite_note-27 |title= List of largest cities throughout history |publisher=Wikipedia}}</ref>. An syudad in ginruba ha mga kamot han Imperyo Mongol ha 1258, nga nagbunga hin pag-ubos nga pinmadayon hin pipira nga mga gatos-tuig tungod han agsob nga mga sakit ngan dirudilain nga mga susronod nga mga imperyo. Han paghatag hin pagkilala han Iraq komo us'ka naglulugaring nga syudad (anay Britanico nga Mandato han Mesopotamia) ha 1938, an Baghdad in hinayhinay nga nakabawi han iya pipira nga mga anay prominente komo us'ka mahinungdadnon nga sentro han kultura Arabo. Ha pagkayana, an syudad in naatubang hin hilarom nga pagkaguba han inprastruktura, tungod han diri la maiha nga ginpapangunahan han Amerikano nga langyaw nga pag-okupa han Marso 2009 ngan an sinmunod nga kahimtang hin sunod-sunod nga gera nga natapos han Disyembre 2011. Han pipira nga tuig nga naglabay, an syudad in makadamo nga nagkarawat hin mga gios han rebelde ngan mga atake han terorista. ==Toponimo== May'da pipira nga magkaribal nga mga pagduso mahiunong ha specifico nga etimolohiya han ngaran Baghdad. An gimahitatapori ngan an pinakahaluag nga pagkarawat ha mga ini in an ngaran in us'ka Butnga nga Pinersyano<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://admin.iraqupdates.net/p_articles.php/article/35631 |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Devfa34z?url=http://www.iraqupdates.com/business-news/security/3-civilians-wounded-in-ied-attack-in-baghdad/2008-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.blackanthem.com/News/Fact_Sheets/Baghdad_Iraq10693.shtml</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://persiangulfstudies.com/en/index.asp?P=NEWS2&Nu=45 |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-date=2013-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104223204/http://www.persiangulfstudies.com/en/index.asp?p=NEWS2 |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://islam.about.com/cs/history/a/aa040703a.htm |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120060746/http://islam.about.com/cs/history/a/aa040703a.htm |url-status= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.iranica.com/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-date=2013-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225162157/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baghdad-iranian-connection-1-pr-Mongol |url-status= }}</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=rezD7rvuf9YC&pg=PA563&dq=%22Baghdad+name+middle+persian%22&hl=en&ei=eJ22Td_1OZSL4gaA_LTQDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CFQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=i-4WhilzYkQC&pg=PA33&dq=%22Baghdad+godgiven%22&hl=en&ei=Ep62TfPrM4i74QaMwsncDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> nga gindugtong nga pulong hiton Bag "diyos" + dād "ginhatag", nga nahuhubad ngadto ha "ginhatag han Diyos" o "kanan Diyos regalo", nga nagawas an Kayanaan nga Persiyano Baɣdād. Ini in mas nagtikang ha Kadaan nga Persiyano.<ref name="Strange pg 10">Guy Le Strange, "Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian", pg 10</ref> An us'ka mas maluya nga tigo in ginkuha ha pinagdugtong nga Pinersiyano nga Bağ "hardin" + dād "baysay", nahuhubad ha "An baysay nga Hardin",<ref name="ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟"/><ref name="Egabat.google.com"/> Mayda liwat nangunguna nga pagduso in an ngaran in nagtikang ha Butnga nga Pinersyano nga Bāgh-dād "An Ginhatag nga Hardin". An ngaran in ugsa-Islamico ngan an mga katikangan in diri sayod, pero ini in nahisumpay ha inmagi nga mga panimungto, nga waray bisan ano nga politikal o komersyal nga gahom, nga naghihimo ini nga haros bag-o nga pagtukod ha panahon han mga Abbasid.<ref name="ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟">{{cite web |url=http://seenjeem.maktoob.com/question?category_id=4&level=L2&question_id=9510 |title=ما معنى اسم مدينة بغداد ومن سماه ؟ |publisher=Seenjeem.maktoob.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27 |archive-date=2012-07-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713093613/http://seenjeem.maktoob.com/question?category_id=4&level=L2&question_id=9510 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Egabat.google.com">{{cite web |url=http://egabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid=6981074380f32f74 |title=ما معنى (بغداد)؟ - تمت الإجابة عنه - Google إجابات |publisher=Egabat.google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27 |archive-date=2013-01-14 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6DeveznDi?url=http://ejabat.google.com/ejabat/thread?tid=6981074380f32f74 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pero an Baghdad, komo us'ka ngaran, in natawag komo Baghdadu ha Assyriano nga cuneiform nga panuratan han ika 9 nga gatos tuig UC, ngan an Babylonon nga mga tisa in nagdadara hin Ginhadianon nga Palutop ni Hadi Nebuchadnezzar (ika-6 nga gatos tuig UC).<ref>http://www.atlastours.net/iraq/baghdad.html</ref> An baryo han Baghdad in mas malaksi nga naghing mahinungdahon han panahon nga gintukod ini han kalipa han Abbasid na hi al-Mansur, nga nagpili ha ngaran nga Madinat al-Salaam o "Syudad han Kamurayaw" para han iya bag-o nga pagtukod. Ini an naging buhatanon nga ngaran ha sinsilyo, pabug-at ngan iba nga buhatanon nga gamit, bisan an kadam-an nga tawo in nagpapadayon ha paggamit ha daan nga ngaran. Han ika-11 nga gatostuig, "Baghdad" an haros gingagamit la nga ngaran para han hini nga bantog-ha-kalibutan nga metropolis. ==Kaagi== ==== Pagkatukod ==== Han 30 Hulyo 762, hi kalipa Al Mansur in nagsugo ha pag-ayad han syudad ngan ini in nahitindog ha ilarom ha pagbantay han Barmacidas.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Times History of the World |publisher=Times Books |location=London |year=2000 |isbn= }}</ref> Gintoohan ni Mansur nga an Baghada in perfecto nga syudad para maging lohan han imperyo Islamico ha ilarom han mga Abasida. Ginhigugma ni Mansur hin duro an lugar nga hiya in nabatian nga sinmiring, "Ini lagi an syudad nga akon igtutukod, kun hain ako maukoy, ngan kun diin an akon mga manurunod in mamumuno pagkasunod".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiet |first=Gastron |title=Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate |url=https://archive.org/details/baghdadmetropoli00wiet |location= |publisher=Univ. of Oklahoma Press |year=1971 |isbn= }}</ref> An kanan syudad pagdako in nabuligan an iya kahimutangan, nga nahatag hin kontrol ha stratehiko ngan aragian han pannegosyo, ha may Tigris. Us'ka rason kun kay-ano an Baghdad in nahatag hin maupay nga lokasyon in kadamo han tubig ngan kamara han klima. May'da tuig ha amihanan ngan salatan nga katubtoban han ganghaan han syudad, nga natugot han ngatanan nga mga panimalay nga magkamay'da hin damo nga suplay, nga urusahon han hiton nga panahon. [[File:Baghdad-Zumurrud-Khaton.jpg|thumb|upright|Lubnganan Zumurrud Khaton ha Baghdad (nahitukod han 1202 AD), ritrato han 1932.]] Nasalipdan han Baghdad an Ctesiphon, an ulohan han Imperyo Persiyano, nga nahamutang han mga 30 km (19 mi) ha timugan. Ha yana an nabilin han Ctesiphon in bungto han Salman Pak, salatan la han Durudako nga Baghdad. An Ctesiphon in nasaliwanan ngan nahitampo ha Seleucia, an syahan nga ulohan han Imperyo Seleucid. An Seleucia in nagsaliwan han syudad han Babylon ha mas uruuna nga panahon. == Mga bugto nga syudad == * [[Amman]], Jordan{{cn|date=December 2011}} * [[Beirut]], Lebanon<ref name="twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2fwww%2ebeirut%2egov%2elb%2fMCMSEN%2fTwinning%2bthe%2bCities%2f&NRNODEGUID=%7b18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7d&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221055403/http://www.beirut.gov.lb/MCMSTest/Menu-Pages/SisterCitiesEN.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRORIGINALURL=%2Fwww.beirut.gov.lb%2FMCMSEN%2FTwinning+the+Cities%2F&NRNODEGUID=%7B18839037-0140-436E-A1AF-7F8F3693C3E6%7D&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest|archivedate=2008-02-21|title=Twinning the Cities|publisher=City of Beirut|accessdate=2008-01-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates{{cn|date=December 2011}} * [[Sana'a]], Yemen<ref>Iraqi capital of Baghdad twinned with North Yemen counterpart of Sanaa [Yemen news items 1989:Twinning]</ref> * [[Nishapur]], Iran<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.neishabourcity.com/shahrdari/index.php |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131814/http://www.neishabourcity.com/shahrdari/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Pyongyang]], North Korea (tikang 21 Septyembre 2011){{cn|date=December 2011}} * [[Basra]], Iraq{{cn|date=December 2011}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ By Desert Ways to Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050402090804/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/ |date=2005-04-02 }}, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins), 1908 (1909 ed) ''(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & {{PDFlink|[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xW684B/1f/desert_ways_to_baghdad.pdf layered PDF]|11.3&nbsp;MB}} format)'' *[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ A Dweller in Mesopotamia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525231213/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/ |date=2005-05-25 }}, being the adventures of an official artist in the [[Garden of Eden]], by Donald Maxwell, 1921 ''(a searchable facsimile at the [[University of Georgia]] Libraries; [[DjVu]] & {{PDFlink|[http://fax.libs.uga.edu/DS49x2xM465D/1f/dweller_in_mesopotamia.pdf layered PDF]|7.53&nbsp;MB}} format)'' *[http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13602365.2012.692603#preview/ Miastoprojekt goes abroad: the transfer of architectural labour from socialist Poland to Iraq (1958–1989)] by Lukasz Stanek, The Journal of Architecture, Volume 17, Issue 3, 2012 Mga libro: *{{cite book |last=Pieri |first=Caecilia |year=2011 |title= Baghdad Arts Deco: Architectural Brickwork, 1920-1950 |url=https://archive.org/details/baghdadartsdecoa0000pier |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |edition=1st |page=160 |isbn=978-9774163562}} *"Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-135" by Ibn Battuta *"Gertrude Bell: the Arabian diaries,1913–1914." by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary. *"Historic cities of the Islamic world."by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. *"Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890–1908." by Cetinsaya, Gokhan. *"Naked in Baghdad." by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint. *"A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson." by Rawlinson, George. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Baghdad}} {{wikivoyage}} {{Wiktionary|Baghdad}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Bagdad (city)}} {{Coord|33.325|44.422|type:city|display=title}} *[http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg Map of Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930101151/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/iraq/baghdadmapb.jpg |date=2009-09-30 }} *[http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Baghdad.html Iraq Image - Baghdad Satellite Observation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911122606/http://www.iraqimage.com/pages/browse/Baghdad.html |date=2007-09-11 }} *[http://www.investpromo.gov.iq/ National Commission for Investment in Iraq] *[http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/map_item.pl?style=plnews&data=/gmtemp/news/ni000001.sid&title=Baghdad,+2003 Interactive map] *[http://countrystudies.us/iraq/42.htm Iraq - Urban Society] *[http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/ - Baghdad government websites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022190928/http://vb.bagdady.com/bagdady551878/ |date=2014-10-22 }} *[http://www.usatoday.com/money/world/2004-03-01-hisham_x.htm Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq] *[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7592 Description of the original layout of Baghdad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212064817/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=7592 |date=2006-02-12 }} *[http://healingiraq.blogspot.com/baghdadethno1.JPG Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad - Healingiraq] *[http://www.iraqieconomy.org/home/bilecon/uae/2004.09.23 UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106135817/http://www.iraqieconomy.org/home/bilecon/uae/2004.09.23 |date=2012-01-06 }} *[http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=ashkouri Man With A Plan: Hisham Ashkouri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921050720/http://www.tufts.edu/home/feature/?p=ashkouri |date=2006-09-21 }} *[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/iraq/090824/behind-baghdads-9-11 Behind Baghdad's 9/11] *[http://www.iauiraq.org/ Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit] Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit [[Kaarangay:Baghdad]] [[Kaarangay:Mga ulohan ha Asya]] stxbq7fjadjtvuirtfjsy78veueoxik 0 8606 7785610 7642402 2026-08-27T20:48:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox Nasod |conventional_long_name = Malaysia |common_name = Malaysia |image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg |alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white lines on the rest of the flag |image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg |symbol_type = Eskudo |alt_coat = Pansagang nga nagpapakita han mga tigaman han mga Malaysiano nga estado upod hin bitoon ngan hin kresente ha igbaw hini ngan hin lema ha ubos nga ginsuportahan hin duha nga tigre |image_map = Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = "Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu"{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=22 Oktubre 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |accessdate=9 Septyembre 2013}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<br />{{small|"An Paghiusa Kusog"}} |national_anthem = ''[[Negaraku]]''<br />{{small|''Nasod ko''}}<center>[[File:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]</center> |capital = [[Kuala Lumpur]]<br />{{small|{{coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|display=inline}}}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Putrajaya]] {{small|(administratibo)}}}}<br />{{small|{{coord|2.9430952|101.699373|region:MY|display=inline}}}} |largest_city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]<br />{{small|{{coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = [[Minalayso nga pinulongan|Minalayo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/FC/Federal%20Consti%20(BI%20text).pdf|title=Federal Constitution [As of 1 November 2010]|publisher=Attorney General's Chamber of Malaysia|accessdate=10 Nobyembre 2017|archive-date=10 Oktubre 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090526/http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/FC/Federal%20Consti%20(BI%20text).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |languages_type = [[Opisyal nga pagsurat]] |languages = [[Minalayo nga abakadahan|Minalayo (Latin) nga abakadahan]] |languages_sub = yes |languages2_type = Ginkilala nga mga pinulongan |languages2 = [[Malaysian nga Ininggles|Ininggles]] |languages2_sub = yes |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 50.1% [[Malaysiano nga Malay|Malay]] | 22.6% [[Malaysiano nga Tsino|Tsino]] | 11.8% [[Orang Asal|Tuminongnong]] | &nbsp;6.7% [[Malaysian Indian|Indyahanon]] | &nbsp;8.8% ibá }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|<ref name="CIA Fact Book">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html |title=Malaysia |publisher=CIA |accessdate=27 Marso 2014 |archive-date=7 Enero 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107064957/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/my.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |religion = {{unbulleted list |{{small|Opisyal:}} | 61.3% [[Islam in Malaysia|Islam]] |{{small|Iba nga mga relihiyon:}} | 19.8% [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Buddhista]] | 9.2% [[Christianity in Malaysia|Kristohanon]] | 6.2% [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Hindu]] | 3.4% iba }} |demonym = [[Mga Malaysiano|Malaysiano]] |government_type = [[Federal nga monarkiya|Federal]] nga [[Sistema hin dominante-nga-partido|dominante nga partido]] nga [[parlamentaryo nga sistema|parlamentaryo]] nga [[monarkiya nga elehido|elehido]] nga [[konstitusyonal nga monarkiya]] |leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] |leader_name1 = [[Abdullah al-Haj]] |leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Malaysia|Primer Ministro]] |leader_name2 = [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]] |leader_title3 = [[Sugbong Primer Ministro han Malaysia|Sugbong Primer Ministro]] |leader_name3 = |legislature = [[Parlamento han Malaysia|Parlamento]] |upper_house = ''[[Dewan Negara]]'' |lower_house = ''[[Dewan Rakyat]]'' |sovereignty_type = [[Paglugaríng]] |sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Reino Unido]] |established_event1 = [[Merdeka nga Adlaw|Paglugaríng]] han [[Federasyon han Malaya]] |established_date1 = 31 Agosto 1957<ref>{{cite book|author=Mackay, Derek |title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–}}</ref> |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Malaysia Day|Federasyon han<br />Malaya, North Borneo,<br />Sarawak]], [[Singgapura ha Malaysia|Singgapura]]}} |established_date2 = 16 Septyembre 1963 |established_event3 = [[Singgapura ha Malaysia|Pagpa-iwas han Singgapura]] |established_date3 = 9 Agosto 1965 |established_event4 = [[Pagpasamwak han ASEAN]] |established_date4 = 8 Agosto 1967 |area_rank = ika-66 |area_magnitude = 1_E+11 |area_km2 = 330,803 |area_sq_mi = 127,720 |percent_water = 0.3 |population_estimate = {{formatnum: {{#expr: (28334.135+1.264*{{Age in days|2010|7|6}}) round 0}}000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en |title=Malaysia Population Clock |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |accessdate=16 Marso 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en |archivedate=5 Disyembre 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} |population_estimate_rank = ika-44 |population_census_year = 2010 |population_census = 28,334,135<ref name="Population">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522234002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |archivedate=22 Mayo 2014 |title=Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=82 |accessdate=4 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = 92 |population_density_sq_mi = 237 |population_density_rank = ika-116 |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP = $922,057 billion |GDP_PPP_rank =26th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = 27,267 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =ika-47 |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal = $296,359 ka bilyon |GDP_nominal_rank =ika-38 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,360 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =ika-66 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 46.2 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 Marso 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = ika-36 |HDI_year = 2016<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.789<!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report | date = 2015 |accessdate=15 Disyembre 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = ika-59 |currency = [[Malaysiano nga ringgit|Ringgit]] (RM) |currency_code = MYR |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy |time_zone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] |utc_offset = +8 |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|diri ginsusunod}} |utc_offset_DST = +8 |drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|walá]] |calling_code = [[+60]] |cctld = [[.my]] }} An '''Malaysia'''{{efn|name=a|Ginluluwás: * Ininggles:<br>{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Malaysia.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|ʒ|ə}} {{respell|mə|LAY|zhə}}<br>{{IPAc-en|audio=Malaysia (4 syllable).ogg|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ|s|i|ə}} {{respell|mə|LAY|see-ə}} * Malay:<br>{{IPA-ms|məlejsiə}}}} (puyde liwat igsurat nga '''Malasya''' o ha Kinatsila: ''Malasia'') usá nga [[federasyon|federal]] nga [[konstitusyonal nga monarkiya]] nga nahamutang ha [[Timugan nga Asya]]. Nahihimo ini hin [[Mga estado ngan federal nga teritoryo han Malaysia|napulo-kag-tulo nga mga estado ngan tulo nga federal nga mga teritoryo]] ngan mayda ini bug-os nga langyab hin tuna nga {{convert|330803|km2|sqmi|-1}} nga ginbulag han [[Salatan nga Tsina nga Dagat]] ngadto hin duhá nga paruparehos hin kadako nga mga rehiyon, [[Peninsular nga Malaysia]] ngan [[Sinirangan nga Malaysia]] (Malaysiano nga Borneo). An Peninsular nga Malaysia mayda tuna ngan dagat nga linea upod han [[Thailand]] ha amihan ngan linea ha dagat upod han [[Singgapura]] ha salatan, han [[Vietnam]] ha dumagsaan, ngan [[Indonesia]] ha katundan. An Sinirangan nga Malaysia nagsasaro hin linea ha tuna ngan dagat upod han [[Brunei]] ngan Indonesia ngan hin linea ha dagat upod han [[Pilipinas]] ngan Vietnam. An pamunuan nga syudad [[Kuala Lumpur]], samtang an [[Putrajaya]] amo an lingkoran han gobyerno federal. Upod hin kamolupyohan nga labaw 30 ka ribo o 30 ka milyon, an Malaysia amo an [[Taramdan hin mga nasod ha kamolupyohan|ika-44 nga nasod hin gidamoi hin kamolupyohan]]. An pinakasalatan nga punto han kontinental nga [[Eurasia]], [[Tanjung Piai]], nahamutang ha Malaysia. Nahamutang ha [[tropics]], an Malaysia usá han 17 nga mga [[megadiverso nga mga nasod]] ha kalibutan, ngan hin dako nga ihap hin mga [[Wildlife han Malaysia|endemico nga mga espesye]]. An pagtikáng han Malaysia didâ han mga Malay nga mga ginhadi-an nga didâ han lugar nga, tikang han ika-18 nga gatostuig, nahiilarom han [[Imperyo Britaniko]]. An syahan nga mga teritoryo nga Britaniko gintawag nga [[Mga Panimungto han mga Estrecho]], nga diin an pagtukod ginsundan han pagkahimo nga mga Britaniko nga protektorado han mga Malay nga mga ginhadi-an. An mga teritoryo ha Peninsular nga Malaysia nahiusa anay han [[Unyon Malayan]] han 1946. Ginliwat ha estruktura an Malaya nga [[Federasyon han Malaya]] han 1948, ngan nagkaada hin paglugaríng han 31 Agosto 1957. Naghiusa an Malaya ngan han [[Kolonya han Korona han Amihan nga Borneo|Amihan nga Borneo]], han [[Kolonya han Korona han Sarawak|Sarawak]], ngan han [[Kolonya han Singgapura|Singgapura]] han 16 Septyembre 1963 nga magin Malaysia. Waray magduhá ka tuig han 1965, ginpaiwas an Singgapura tikang han federasyon.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180 |date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781107507180/page/290 290]|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref> An nasod [[Mga ethniko nga grupo ha Malaysia|multi-ethniko]] ngan [[Kultura han Malaysia|multi-kultural]], nga nagdadara hin dako nga papel ha politika. Mga katunga han kamolupyohan mga ethniko nga [[Malaysiano nga Malay|Malay]], upod hin damo nga mga minoridad hin mga [[Malaysiano nga Tsino]] nga naghihimo gihapon han ikaduha nga gidako-i nga komunidad hin [[Tsino ha Gawas]] han kalibutan, mga [[Malaysiano nga Indyano]], ngan mga [[Orang Asal|tuminongnong nga mga tawo]]. Naghahatag an konstitusyon han kagawasan hin relihiyon, kundi nagkikilala han Islam nga amo an [[nahitukod nga relihiyon]] han estado. An sistema hin gobyerno ginharani hin pagmodelo han [[Westminster nga sistema|Westminster nga sistema parlamentaryo]] ngan han legal nga sistema nahibase ha [[kasahiran nga pamalaod]] (''common law''). An [[mangulo hin estado]] amo an hadì, nga tinatawag nga ''[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]]''. Usá hiya nga [[Pinili nga monarkiya|pinili nga monarka]] nga pinili tikang han mga hereditaryo nga mga [[Mga monarkiya han Malaysia|manguna]] han siyam nga [[mga Malay nga estado]] ha tagsa limá ka tuig. An mangulo han kagamhanan amo an [[Primer Ministro han Malaysia|Primer Ministro]]. An opisyal nga pinulongan han nasod Bahasa Melayu nga tinatawag ha kasahiran nga Minalay o Minelayu o Malay nga pinulongan. Nagpapabilin an Ininggles nga baskog nga ikaduha nga pinulongan. An pagkakarit hin Ininggles ha Malaysia ginhataas nga pagranggo nga ikaduha hin gimaupayi ha Asya sunod han Singgapura ngan an ika-13 nga gimaupayi han kalibutan tikang han 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ef.com/ca/epi/regions/asia/malaysia/|title=EF English Proficiency Index – Malaysia|publisher=Education First|accessdate=6 Septyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110132551/http://www.ef.com/ca/epi/regions/asia/malaysia/|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tikang han paglugaríng hiní, an Malaysia nagkamay-ada hin usá han mga gimaupayi nga mga record ha ekonomiya ha Asya, nga diin an [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] hini nagtutubo hin average nga 6.5% per annum hin haros 50 ka tuig. An ekonomiya nahig-araan nga ginpadalagan han mga unob nga karikohan hini, kundi nagkikinadako ha mga sektor ha siyensya, turismo, komersyo ngan [[Medical nga turismo ha Malaysia|medical nga turismo]]. Usá gihapon iní han mga nagdudukwag nga mga nasod nga dako in ''subsidy'' ha edukasyon ngan ha ''healthcare''. An mga bungtohanon hini mayda katungod nga makakarawat hin waray bayad nga edukasyon nga publiko kutub ha sekondarya nga level hin edukasyon ngan publiko nga tertyaryo nga bayad ha edukasyon gintatagaan hin subsidy tubtub hin kadako nga 90%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/10/18/education-in-malaysia-is-almost-free-idris-jusoh/|title=Cost of education in Malaysia almost free — Idris Jusoh|work=Bernama|publisher=The Borneo Post|date=18 Oktubre 2016|accessdate=6 Septyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110132743/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/10/18/education-in-malaysia-is-almost-free-idris-jusoh/|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An mga basic nga healthcare nga serbisyo ha mga clinic nga ginpapadalagan han gobyerno nga mayda prescription nga gasto [[Malaysiano nga ringgit|RM]]1.<ref>{{cite book|author=B. Khoo|title=Policy Regimes and the Political Economy of Poverty Reduction in Malaysia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=781fYEPHSxAC&pg=PA167|date=24 Oktubre 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-26701-6|pages=167–}}</ref> Mga ''disabled'', mga lagas nga mga bungtohanon ngan mga estudyante ha eskwelehan nga publiko mayda katungod nga makakarawat hin waray bayad nga healthcare. An mga serbisyo hin healthcare hini ginhahataas in pagkita nga usa han mga gimaupayi han kalibutan ngan gintawag han UN Development Programme an sistema hin healthcare han Malaysia nga "usá nga modelo hin iba nga mga nagdudukwag nga mga nasod".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/4-countries-best-health-care-174410416.html|title=4 countries with the best health care in the world 2017|work=International Living|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=6 Enero 2017|accessdate=10 Nobyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110133206/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/4-countries-best-health-care-174410416.html|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1991716983/how-sustainable-is-malaysian-healthcare/2014-04-11|title=Malaysia healthcare|publisher=The Economist|date=11 Abril 2014|accessdate=15 Septyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110132222/http://www.eiu.com/industry/article/1991716983/how-sustainable-is-malaysian-healthcare/2014-04-11|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> An bag-o pa la nga nahinabo ngan bag-o nga malaksi hin pagpadukwag han Malaysia nagpamaupay hin lugar nga kinakadtoan hin mga ribo hin mga migrante nga trabahante tikang ha iba nga dapit han Asya ha mga diri pa la naiha nga mga tuig. An kadam-an hini mga diri dokumentado nga ginpapaningkamotan nga ibanan han gobyerno han Malaysia. An pagtratar ngan pag-crackdown hini han mga migrante nga trabahante agsob nga gin-critisar hin mga grupo hin internasyonal nga mga grupo-hin-pagbantay han mga katungdanan hin katawhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/07/13/malaysia-criticised-migrant-worker-crackdown|title=Malaysia criticised for migrant worker crackdown|work=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Sun|date=13 Hulyo 2017|accessdate=11 Septyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110132943/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2017/07/13/malaysia-criticised-migrant-worker-crackdown|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Yana, an Malaysia mayda [[bag-o nga na-industrialisar nga nasod|bag-o nga na-industrialisar]] nga [[market nga ekonomiya]], nga ginranggo hin ika-4 nga gidako-i ha Timugan nga Asya ngan [[Taramdan hin mga nasod ha GDP (nominal)|ika-38 nga gidako-i ha kalibutan]]. Upod hin GDP per capita nga $9,766 ngan hin HDI nga 0.78 ha yanâ, gintawag an Malaysia uga usá nga tigawas nga ekonomiya (''emerging economy'') han World Bank. Gintatawag gihapon han International Monetary Fund (IMF) an Malaysia nga tigawas ngan nagdudukwag nga nasod (''emerging and developing country'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/updates/top-developing-countries/|title=Top 25 Developed and Developing Countries|publisher=Investopedia|date=28 Septyembre 2016|accessdate=10 Nobyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110133513/https://www.investopedia.com/updates/top-developing-countries/|archivedate=10 Nobyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Usá ini nga nagtukod nga api han [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]], han [[East Asia Summit]], ngan han [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. An Malaysia api gihapon han [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], han [[Komonwelt hin mga Nasod|Commonwealth of Nations]], ngan han [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Han 2017, an mga bungtohanon nga Malaysian mayda [[Mga panginahanglanon hin visa para hin mga Malaysiano nga mga bungtohanon|waray-kinahanglan-hin-visa o kundi man visa-ha-pag-ulpot nga pagkadto]] hin 164 ka mga nasod ngan teritoryo, nga diin an [[Malaysiano nga pasaporte]] an ika-5 nga gigamhani ha kalibotan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Singapore-Malaysia-Brunei-top-ASEAN-citizenship-quality-ranking|title=Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei top ASEAN citizenship quality ranking|author=Justina Lee|publisher=Nikkei Asian Review|date=14 Septyembre 2017|accessdate=15 Septyembre 2017|archive-date=2018-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326225210/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Singapore-Malaysia-Brunei-top-ASEAN-citizenship-quality-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php|title=Global Passport Power Rank|publisher=Passport Index| date = 2017|accessdate=15 Septyembre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915064602/https://www.passportindex.org/byRank.php|archivedate=15 Septyembre 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Mga administratiba nga pagbahin-bahin== [[Paypay:Malaysia states named.png|600px|right|Mapa han Malaysia]] An Malaysia mayda napulo kag tulo (13) nga mga estado o negeri (11 ha peninsula nga Malaysia ngan 2 ha Borneo nga Malaysia) ngan 3 nga mga teritoryo federal. === Mga Estado (Negeri) ha [[Peninsular nga Malaysia|Katundan nga Malaysia]], ha Peninsula han Malaya === * Mga Estado (An mga kapital han mga estado ada ha parentesis): ** [[Paypay:Flag of Johor.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Sultanato]] han '''[[Johor]]''' ([[Johor Bahru]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Kedah.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Kedah]]''' ([[Alor Setar]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Kelantan.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Kelantan]]''' ([[Kota Bharu]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Pahang.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Pahang]]''' ([[Kuantan]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Perak.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Perak]]''' ([[Ipoh]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Selangor.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Selangor]]''' ([[Shah Alam]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Terengganu.svg|22x20px|border]] Sultanato han '''[[Terengganu]]''' ([[Kuala Terengganu]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Negeri Sembilan.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Yang di-Pertuan Besar|Elehido nga Monarkiya]] han '''[[Negeri Sembilan]]''' ([[Seremban]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Perlis.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Mga Raja ha mga Malay|Ginhadi-an]] han '''[[Perlis]]''' ([[Kangar]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Malacca.svg|22x20px|border]] '''[[Melaka]]''' ([[Bandar Melaka]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Penang (Malaysia).svg|22x20px|border]] '''[[Penang|Pulau Pinang]]''' ([[Georgetown, Penang|Georgetown]]) * [[Teritoryo Federal (Malaysia)|Mga Teritoryo Federal]]: ** Federal nga Teritoryo han '''[[Putrajaya]]''' (federal nga kapital hin [[Lista hin mga nasod nga damo in mga kapital|administrasyon]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.svg|22x20px|border]] Federal nga Teritoryo han '''[[Kuala Lumpur]]''' ([[Parlamento han Malaysia|lehislatibo]] nga kapital) === [[Sinirangan nga Malaysia]], ha Borneo === * Mga Estado (An mga kapital han Estado ha sakob han parentesis): ** [[Paypay:Flag of Sabah.svg|22x20px|border]] '''[[Sabah]]''' ([[Kota Kinabalu]]) ** [[Paypay:Flag of Sarawak.svg|22x20px|border]] '''[[Sarawak]]''' ([[Kuching]]) * Teritoryo Federal: ** [[Paypay:Flag of Labuan.svg|22x20px|border]] Federal nga Teritoryo han '''[[Labuan]]''' ([[Bandar Labuan]]) Tigamni: An Sabah gin-aawayan han [[Pilipinas]] ngan Malaysia kon hin-o an angay nga tag-iya hini. ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} {{Commons category|Malaysia}} {{ASEAN}} {{Timugan nga Asya}} {{Asya}} [[Kaarangay:Malaysia| ]] qri2heryhq528i62lcsklf5setxxph8 0 8635 7785634 7783398 2026-08-27T21:05:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 7 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785634 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb]] An '''Islam''' in usa nga monoteistico nga relihiyon nga ginsusumat han Qur’an, usa ka texto nga gincoconsiderar han iya mga manurunod nga yinaknan nga pulong han Diyos (Inarabo: الله‎ Allāh), ngan han iya mga tinutdo ngan normatibo nga ehemplo (gintatawag nga Sunnah ngan ginbubug-osan han Hadith) ni Muhammad, nga gincoconsiderar nira nga kataposan nga manaragna han Diyos. An manurunod hin Islam in gintatawag nga Muslim. An mga muslim in natoo nga an Diyos in usa ngan diri maikokompara ngan an iya panuyoan in pagkaada in para hin pagsingba ha Diyos.<ref>See: * {{Cite quran|51|56|style=ref}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |quote=''For Muslims, God is unique and without equal.'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in natoo nga an Islam in completo ngan panngatanan nga bersyon han syahan nga panoo nga ginsumat ha dirudilain nga panahon ngan lugar hadto pa, lakip an pamaagi kan Abraham, Moses ngan Jesus, kun diin ira gincoconsiderar nga mga propeta.<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in nagmimintinar nga an mga kasanhi nga mga mensahe ngan rebelasyon in parte nasaliwanan o nakurakot ha pag-agi han panahon,<ref name="Distorted">See: * Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it. * Esposito (1998), pp.6,12* Esposito (2002b), pp.4–5* F. E. Peters (2003), p.9* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch }}* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh }}</ref> pero gincoconsiderar nga an Qur'an in waray kasasaliwani ngan kataposan nga bersyon han Diyos.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 9780826499448| last = Bennett| first = Clinton| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101]}}</ref> An mga konsepto han relihiyon ngan buruhaton in naglalakip han lima nga harigi han Islam, kun diin an panguna nga mga konsepto ngan buruhaton nga pagsingba, ngan pagsunod han balaod Islamico, in naupod hin haros ngatanan nga aspeto han kinabuhi ngan katiringban, nga nahatag hin mga sagdon ha dirudilain nga mga himangrawon sugad han pagbabangko ngan kaupayan, ngadto ha pakikipaggera ngan an kalikopan.<ref>Esposito (2002b), p.17</ref><ref>See: * Esposito (2002b), pp.111,112,118* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online }}</ref> Ginbabanabanahan nga 75-90% han mga Muslim in Sunni ngan 10-20% in Shia.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html%20 |date= 24 Disyembre 2018 }} "Sunnis account for over 75% of all muslims" - retrieved 8 Disyembre 2011</ref> Mga 13% han mga Muslim in nag-uukoy ha Indonesia, an gidakoi nga nasod Muslim,<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17">Miller (2009), pp.8,17</ref> 25% ha Salatan nga Asya<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17"/>, 20% ha Butnga Sinirangan<ref>See:* Esposito (2002b), p.21* Esposito (2004), pp.2,43 * Miller (2009), pp.9,19</ref>, 2% ha Butnga nga Asya, 4% ha nagsasalin nga nasod ha Timugan Asya, 15% ha Sub-saharan Africa. Dagko nga komunidad in mabibilngan ha Tsina ngan Rusya, ngan mga bahin han Europa. Nga may-ada labaw ha 1.5 bilyon nga mga manurunod o labaw 22% han kanan kalibutan populasyon han tuig 2009<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate= 8 Disyembre 2010|archive-date= 10 Marso 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310142438/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, An Islam an ikaduha nga pinakadako ngan usa ha mga malaksi-tumubo nga mga relihiyon ha kalibutan.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |title=The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions |publisher=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=14 Mayo 2007 |accessdate= 16 Mayo 2010 |archive-date= 21 Mayo 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Islam-Today">*{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html |title=Islam Today |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] (2000) |quote=''Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's fastest growing religion and will soon be the world's largest...'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god.html |title=No God But God |work=Thomas W. Lippman |quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is a unique religion based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.'' |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/understanding-islam.html |title=Understanding Islam |work=Susan Headden |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |work= |publisher=[[Adherents.com]] |date= |accessdate= 3 Hulyo 2007 |archive-date= 20 Abril 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064041/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga sinurat=== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ===Mga libro ngan peryodiko=== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite journal| last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: AnI Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=14 | issue=1 | date = 2003 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | url=https://archive.org/details/islamtodayshorti0000ahme_p3n1 | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=2.00 | date = 1999 | isbn=978-1-86064-257-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-8264-9944-8| last = Bennett| first = Clinton |authorlink= Clinton Bennett| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101] | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | url=https://archive.org/details/islamicethicsofl0000unse | publisher=University of South Carolina press | date = 2003 | isbn=1-57003-471-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/matteroffateconc0000cohe | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn=0-19-513398-6 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | date = 2005 | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink = John Esposito | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo_e0l3 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2010 | edition=4th | isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998 | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John|coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon | date = 2000a | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-513526-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | date = 2000b | title=Oxford History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo_h9s9 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed0000espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-515713-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2003 | isbn=0-19-512558-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | edition=3rd Rev Upd | isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse0005fara | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 1994 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar| title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | edition=7th | isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/jihadoriginofhol0000fire | publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | isbn=0-19-512580-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | date = 2001 | oclc=52901690 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0008gold | publisher=Westview Press | date = 2005 | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | url=https://archive.org/details/womenreligionina0000unse_t8y4 | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-8018-8370-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Haddad | first= Yvonne Yazbeck |title= Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2002 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 | url=https://archive.org/details/firstdynastyofis0000hawt| publisher=Routledge | date = 2000 | isbn=0-415-24073-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | date = 2006 | isbn=978-1-55369-842-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hofmann|first1=Murad|title=Islam and Qur'an|url=https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm|edition=| date = 2007|publisher=|location=|isbn=978-1-59008-047-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | date = 1977a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29136-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 | date = 1977b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0000hour_d0t2 | date = 2003 | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | url=https://archive.org/details/counselingameric0000kobe | publisher=Praeger Publishers | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-313-32472-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | url=https://archive.org/details/shiismresistance0000unse | publisher=Westview Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis| title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | date = 1984 | isbn=0-7102-0462-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=The Arabs in History | url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-19-285258-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi_o6l1 | publisher=Scribner | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=0-521-64696-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415274074| publisher= Routledge | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-27408-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/comparativelawin0000mens | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-521-85859-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy |date=October 2009 | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | title = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | accessdate = 24 Septyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) | publisher=HarperCollins | date = 1994| isbn=0-06-067700-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Nigosian | first = Solomon Alexander | title=Islam: its history, teaching, and practices| url= https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo_j9b3 | publisher= [[Indiana University Press]]| date = 2004| isbn= | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal| last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1900-04_16_3/page/129 | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date= Abril 1900 | volume=16 | issue=3 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn=90-04-10314-7 | doi=10.1086/369367 | page=129 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Peters | first=F. E.| title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe | publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-691-11553-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=H. U. |title=Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE | url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofisla0000rahm_d9k3 | publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | edition=3rd | date = 1999 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book| last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp | publisher=Routledge | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | date = 1998 | isbn=0-19-511915-0 | authorlink=Abdulaziz Sachedina | ref=harv}} * Siljander, Mark D. and John David Mann. ''A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide''. First ed. New York: Harper One, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143828-8 * {{Cite book| last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=978-0-19-515649-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba | publisher=Suny press| date = 1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/sufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7| publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998| isbn=0-19-512058-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics | url=https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-34106-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/weberislam0001turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 1998 | isbn=0-415-17458-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000wain_x5k7 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-521-53906-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | url=https://archive.org/details/formativeperiodo0000watt | publisher=University Press Edinburgh| date = 1973 | isbn=0-85224-245-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | date = 1974 | isbn=0-19-881078-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | date = 2002 | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | isbn=90-04-12066-1 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ====Mga ensayklopedya==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | date = 2005 | isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Gabriel Oussani|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| date = 1910|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | date = 2000 | edition=6th | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| date = 2001 | edition=1st| isbn=0-8028-2414-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2005 | edition=1st | isbn=0-19-522393-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor1-first=P.J. | editor1-last=Bearman | editor1-link=Peri Bearman | editor2-first=Th. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor3-first =C. E. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor4-first=E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor5-first=W. P. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Salamone Frank|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals|publisher=Routledge|edition=1st| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-415-94180-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | publisher=AltaMira Press | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0759101906 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. ISBN 0-87123-553-6 * {{Cite book| last=Akyol | first=Mustafa | authorlink=Mustafa Akyol | title=Islam Without Extremes | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | edition=1st | date = 2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07086-6}} * {{Cite book| last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. xiii, 145 p. ISBN 0-8221-0139-4 * Hourani, Albert (1991). ''Islam in European Thought''. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. ISBN 0-521-42120-9; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0 * {{Cite book| last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | date = 1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}} * A. Khanbaghi (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. ISBN 0-915677-55-5 * {{Cite book| last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | url=https://archive.org/details/jewishdiscoveryo0000unse | publisher=Syracuse University | date = 1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | date = 1974 | isbn=90-04-03813-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}} * {{Cite book| last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamvo0000naje | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2001 | ref=Harv | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book| last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo_j9b3 | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=0-226-70281-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title=Muslim Calvinism | publisher=Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam | date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-90-5170-995-7}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno| title=What 1.3&nbsp;Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "[[World Values Survey]]". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University | publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York| date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-60692-731-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author) | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofisl0000walk | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | date = 1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=Islam |commons=Category:Islam |b=Subject:Islam |n=Category:Islam |q=Islam |s=Portal:Islam |v=Islam |voy=Islam |species=no |d=Q432 |m=no|mw=no}} ;Mga pagkukuhaan nga akademiko * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ |date= 29 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam Encyclopedia of Islam (Overview of World Religions)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2004 }} * [http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ Ethical Democracy Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212113155/http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ |date= 12 Disyembre 2011 }} views on Islam, other ethical systems and democracy ;Mga pagkukuhaan ha aada-nga-linya * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.friesian.com/islam.htm Islam], article at Friesian.com * [http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4459.html Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies], article at Repec/Ideas, [[University of Connecticut]] and IZA, Bonn, on Islam and global value change * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Islam Islam], article at Citizendium ;Mga direktorya *[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826072931/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 |date= 26 Agosto 2020 }} at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm |date= 26 Marso 2009 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[http://islam.uga.edu/ Islam and Islamic Studies Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101104156/http://islam.uga.edu/ |date=2012-01-01 }} from Dr. Alan Godlas, Professor, [[University of Georgia]] [[Kaarangay:Islam| ]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] 36h3i07kyl302t5km7gaozea5rh9hdm 0 8664 7785600 7782412 2026-08-27T20:42:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Shanghai | official_name = Bungto han Shanghai · 上海市 | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Bungto <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Pudong Skyline, Shanghai, PRC.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Panlantaw ha kalangitan han [[Pudong]] | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = ShanghaiBundpic2.jpg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = An Bund ha Puxi | image_map1 = China Shanghai.svg | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = Lokasyon han Bungto han Shanghai ha sulod han Tsina | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = | footnotes = }} An '''Shanghai''' (Tsino: 上海) amo an gidadako-i nga siyudad han [[Kanan Katawhan Republika han Tsina]]. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book | author=Danielson, Eric N. | title=Discover Shanghai| location=Singapore | publisher=Marshall Cavendish| year=2010}} *{{cite book | author=Danielson, Eric N. | title=Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta| url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaiyangzide0001unse | location=Singapore | publisher=Marshall Cavendish/Times Editions | year=2004 | isbn=981-232-597-2}} *{{cite book | author=Elvin, Mark | title="Market Towns and Waterways: The County of Shanghai from 1480 to 1910," in The City in Late Imperial China, ed. by G. William Skinner | location=Stanford | publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] | year=1977}} *{{cite book | author=Johnson, Linda Cooke | title=Shanghai: From Market Town to Treaty Port | url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaifrommark0000john | location=Stanford | publisher=Stanford University Press | year=1995}} *{{cite book | author=Johnson, Linda Cooke| title=Cities of Jiangnan in Late Imperial China | url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofjiangnan0000unse| location=Albany | publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) | year=1993 | isbn=0-7914-1424-8}} *{{cite book | author=Horesh, Niv| title=Shanghai's Bund and Beyond | url=https://archive.org/details/shanghaisbundbey0000hore| location=New Haven| publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | year=2009}} *{{cite book | author=Erh,Deke and Johnston, Tess | title=Shanghai Art Deco | location=Hong Kong| publisher=Old China Hand Press | year=2007}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=Shanghai|commons=上海|v=no|species=no|n=Category:Shanghai|q=no|b=no|s=no|voy=Shanghai}} * [http://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/index.html Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502144753/https://www.shanghai.gov.cn/shanghai/node17256/index.html |date=2008-05-02 }} [[Kaarangay:Shanghai]] sjl6flrqer2m9ayj32xdlih02efcnzn 0 8822 7785590 7783403 2026-08-27T20:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name=''República Argentina''{{spaces|2}}<small>{{es icon}}</small> |common_name=Argentina |conventional_long_name=Republika Argentina<ref>Article 35 of the {{Cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|title=Constitution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122155248/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|archivedate= 22 Nobyembre 2007|access-date= 19 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live}} gives equal recognition to "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and authorises the use of "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws</ref> |image_flag=Flag_of_Argentina.svg |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |image_map=Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg |map_caption=Orthographic projection of Argentina, including (in light green) the Argentine claims in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. |national_motto=''En unión y libertad''<br />"Ha Pagkaurusa ngan Kagawasan"</small> |national_anthem=''[[Himno Nacional Argention|Himno Nacional Argentino]]'' |official_languages=[[Kinatsila]] |capital=[[Buenos Aires]] |largest_city=capital |ethnic_groups=86.4% [[Europeo nga Argentino|Europeo]] (kaurugan [[Italyano nga Argentino|Italyano]] ngan [[Espanyol nga pag-ukoy ha Argentina|Espanyol]]), 8% [[Mestizo]], 4% [[Arabo nga Argentino|Arabo]] ngan [[Asyano nga Argentino|Sinirangan nga Asyano]], 1.6% [[Amerindian]] <ref name=statesmen/><ref name=encuesta/> |latd=34|latm=36|latNS=S|longd=58|longm=23|longEW=W |government_type=[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] |leader_title1=[[President of Argentina|President]] |leader_name1=[[Don Javier Gerardo Milei]] |leader_title2=[[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]] |leader_name2=[[Victoria Villarruel]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers]] | leader_name3 = [[Nicolás Posse]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Martín Menem]] |leader_title5=[[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]] |leader_name5=[[Carlos Rosenkrantz]] |sovereignty_type=[[Independence]] |sovereignty_note=from Spain |established_event1=[[May Revolution]] |established_date1=25 Mayo 1810 |established_event2=[[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]] |established_date2=9 Hulyo 1816 |area_rank=8th |area_magnitude=1_E12 |area_km2=2766890 |area_sq_mi=1068302 |percent_water=1.1 |population_estimate = 40,134,425<ref name="pop2009" /> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_estimate_rank = 33rd |population_census = 36,260,130 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 15 |population_density_sq_mi = 38 |population_density_rank = 168th |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP = $566.922 billion<ref name=imf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=10&pr.y=18|title=Argentina|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate= 1 Oktubre 2009}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank=23rd |GDP_PPP_per_capita=$14,125<ref name=imf/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=57th |GDP_nominal=$301.331 billion<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_rank=31st |GDP_nominal_year=2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita=$7,508<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=66th |Gini=49<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate= 1 Septyembre 2009|archive-date= 13 Hunyo 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_year=2006 |Gini_category=<span style="color:#e0584e;">high</span> |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{Increase}} 0.866<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009]. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 Oktubre 2009.</ref> |HDI_rank = 49th |HDI_category=<span style="color:#090;">high</span> |currency=[[Argentine peso|Peso]] |currency_code=ARS |time_zone=[[Time in Argentina|ART]] |utc_offset=-3 <!-- |time_zone_DST=ART |utc_offset_DST=-2 DST Suspended so far...--> |demonym=Argentine, Argentinian, Argentinean |drives_on=right (trains ride on the left) |cctld=[[.ar]] |calling_code=[[+54]] }} [[Paypay:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]]] An '''Argentina''' (kaluwas "ar-hen-TI-na"; puyde liwat igsurat ha Winaray nga '''Arhentina'''), nga tinatawag hin opisyal nga '''Republika Argentina''' (puyde liwat '''Republika nga Arhentihanon'''; ha [[Kinatsila]] '''''República Argentina'''''), usa nga nasod ha [[Salatan nga Amerika]] o América del Sur, nga nahimo komo usa nga federasyon hin 23 nga mga lalawigan ngan hin usa nga naglulugaring nga syudad o syudad nga may autonomo. Amo ini an ikaduha nga gidako-i nga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika ngan ika-walo ha kalibutan hin kahaluag hin katunaan ngan amo an gidakoi ha mga nasod nga nayakan hin Kinatsila, bisan man kon an [[Mehiko]], [[Colombia]] ngan [[Espanya]] darudako pa hin katawhan o populasyon. An kahaluag hini ha kontinente amo in 2,766,890 ka kilometro, butnga han kabugkiran han Andes ha katundan ngan han salatan nga Kalawdan Atlantico ha sidlangan ngan salatan. An Argentina ginsasapitan han [[Paraguay]] ngan [[Bolivia]] ha amihanan, han [[Brasil]] ngan [[Uruguay]] ha dumagsaan o amihanan-sidlangan, ngan [[Chile]] ha katundan ngan salatan. An Argentina nag-angkon liwat hin 969,464 ka kilometro han [[Antarctica]], nga tinatawag nga Antartica nga Argentina, nga naglalakip gihapon han mga pag-angkon han Chile (Teritoryo Antarctico Chileno) ngan han [[Reino Unido]] (Teritoryo Antarctico Britanico); an ngatanan nga mga pag-angkon mahitungod han Antarctica ginsuspendir han [[Tratado Antarctico]] han 1961. ==Mga probinsya han Argentina== An mga probinsya o lalawigan han Argentina, upod an ira mga kahaluag ngan katawhan amo an mga nasunod: {| class="toccolours" style="float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:100%; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; " |- align=center style="background:lavender; font-weight:bold;" ! !! Probinsya!! Kapital !! Katawhan<br /><small>(est. 2008)</small> !! Kahaluag<br /><small>(en km²)</small> !! <small>GSP/PBG ha tagsa kapita<ref>Estimación elaborada por la consultora Abeceb, a septiembre de 2008, en base a indicadores de ingresos, productivos y fiscales (nacionales como provinciales), a precios corrientes. [http://www.google.com.ar/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diadenegocios.com%2Farchivos%2F200809%2Feconomias%2520pciales.doc&ei=BihGSczHOIaeeo31rdoI&usg=AFQjCNFjVRrLTt-Mugm3-fJFx4cg-rwbXw&sig2=YGwheRcMxThoqfMO8AsBWw Informe completo].</ref><br />(U$S, 2008, est.)</small> !! Mapa |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left colspan="2" |'''[[Buenos Aires|Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires]]'''<ref>An Syudad han Buenos Aires usa nga entidad ha ikaduha nga grado konstitusyonal pero diri ini gin-organisa sugad hin lalawigan kondi sugad hin ispisyal nga rehimen (Syudad Autonoma), sugad hin kalugaringon nga probinsya.</ref> || 3.042.581 || 203 || 23.309 || style="background:#F5F5F5;" rowspan=50 | [[Paypay:Argentina politico sin capitales.svg|235px|link=]] |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|link=|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Provincia de Buenos Aires|Provincia<br />de Buenos Aires]]''' || align=left | [[La Plata]] || 15.052.177 || 307.571 || 7.310 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Catamarca.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Catamarca (probinsya)|Catamarca]]''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle<br />de Catamarca]] || 388.416 || 102.602 || 6.009 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chaco.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chaco (probinsya)|Chaco]]''' || align=left| [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] || 1.052.185 || 99.633 || 2.015 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chubut]]''' || align=left| [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] || 460.684 || 224.686 || 15.422 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Córdoba 2014.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]]''' || align=left| [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] || 3.340.041 || 165.321 || 6.477 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Corrientes.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Corrientes (probinsya)|Corrientes]]''' || align=left| [[Corrientes, Corrientes|Corrientes]] || 1.013.443 || 88.199 || 4.001 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Entre Ríos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Entre Ríos (probinsya)|Entre Ríos]]''' || align=left| [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]] || 1.255.787 || 78.781 || 5.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Formosa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Formosa (probinsya)|Formosa]]''' || align=left| [[Formosa, Formosa|Formosa]] || 539.883 || 72.066 || 2.879 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Jujuy.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Jujuy (probinsya)|Jujuy]]''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de Jujuy|San Salvador<br />de Jujuy]] || 679.975 || 53.219 || 3.755 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Pampa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[La Pampa (probinsya)|La Pampa]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]] || 333.550 || 143.440 || 5.987 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Rioja.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]]''' || align=left| [[La Rioja (syudad ha Argentina)|La Rioja]] || 341.207 || 89.680 || 4.162 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Mendoza.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Mendoza (probinsya)|Mendoza]]''' || align=left| [[Mendoza, Mendoza|Mendoza]] || 1.729.660 || 148.827 || 9.079 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Misiones]]''' || align=left| [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]] || 1.077.987 || 29.801 || 3.751 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Neuquen.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Neuquén (probinsya)|Neuquén]]''' || align=left| [[Neuquén, Neuquén|Neuquén]] || 547.742 || 94.078 || 26.273 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Río Negro.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Río Negro (probinsya)|Río Negro]]''' || align=left| [[Viedma, Río Negro|Viedma]] || 597.476 || 203.013 || 8.247 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]''' || align=left| [[Salta, Salta|Salta]] || 1.224.022 || 155.488 || 4.220 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Flag of the San Juan Province.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Juan (probinsya)|San Juan]]''' || align=left| [[San Juan, San Juan|San Juan]] || 695.640 || 89.651 || 5.642 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de San Luis.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Luis (probinsya)|San Luis]]''' || align=left| [[San Luis, San Luís|San Luis]] || 437.544 || 76.748 || 5.580 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Cruz.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Cruz (probinsya)|Santa Cruz]]''' || align=left| [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Río Gallegos]] || 225.920 || 243.943 || 30.496 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Fe.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Fe (probinsya)|Santa Fe]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Fe, Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] || 3.242.551 || 133.007 || 8.423 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santiago del Estero (probinsya)|Santiago del Estero]]''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]] || 865.546 || 136.351 || 3.003 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]]''' || align=left| [[Ushuaia]] || 126.212<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas">Diri gin-upod an 980.874 ka km² han Antártida Argentina ngan an las Islas del Atlántico Sur nga okupada han Reino Unido, nga diin an Argentina mayda reclama hin soberaniya, nga nabug-os an kahaluag nga 3.761.274 ka km².</ref> || 21.478 || 20.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tucumán.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tucumán (probinsya)|Tucumán]]''' || align=left| [[San Miguel de Tucumán|San Miguel<br />de Tucumán]] || 1.475.384 || 22.524 || 3.937 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="3" | [[Paypay:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px|border]] '''Bug-os nga Nasod ''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''39.745.613'''<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas" /> || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''2.780.400''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''8.269''' |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ;Legal nga mga dokumento {{refbegin}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 Agosto 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Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=Abril 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=8 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081005/http://www.mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? 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Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA| date = 2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse/page/n3 3]–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/magicalreelshist0000king_l8g8|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London| date = 2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|url=https://archive.org/details/centralsouthamer0000kopk|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA| date = 2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA| date = 2014|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofargentin0000lewi|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA| date = 1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|url=https://archive.org/details/monitoringworlde0000madd|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris| date = 1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/worldeconomymill0000angu|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=| date = 2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|url=https://archive.org/details/defenseindustrie0000mald|publisher=Praeger| date = 1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina0000mccl|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA| date = 2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaygeograph0000mcki|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands| date = 1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, California| date = 2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam| date = 2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina| date = 1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina15161980000rock_m1i9|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| date = 1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|url=https://archive.org/details/regulationofboxi0000rodr|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA| date = 2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|url=https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint0000unse|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint0000unse/page/15 15]–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina| date = 1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|url=https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa| date = 1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}} ;Gobyerno * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}} ;Biyahe ngan turismo * {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}} * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}} ;Bawbaw nga paglantaw * {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}} * {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}} * {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}} * {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}} * {{osmrelation-inline|286393}} * {{Wikipedia books link|Argentina}} * {{Wikiatlas|Argentina}} [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Argentina (Argentinidae)]] p8bxs10fap596q2ghqva90amet7d6ai 0 8834 7785644 7783407 2026-08-27T21:11:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Ayam | fossil_range = Late [[Pleistocene]]&nbsp;– Recent | status = DOM | image = Yorkie and Shih Tzu.JPG | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Yorkshire Terrier (wala) ngan Shih Tzu (to-o) | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | subregnum = [[Eumetazoa]] | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | subclassis = [[Theria]] | ordo = [[Carnivora]] | subordo = [[Caniformia]] | familia = [[Canidae]] | subfamilia = [[Caninae]] | tribus = [[Canini]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=David |coauthors=Claudio Sillero-Zubiri |title=The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat0000unse_u7d3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat0000unse_u7d3/page/45 45]–46 |isbn=0198515561}}</ref> | genus = ''[[Canis]]'' | species = ''[[Gray Wolf|C. lupus]]'' | subspecies = '''''C. l. familiaris''''' | trinomial = ''Canis lupus familiaris'' | synonyms = *''Canis familiaris''<br /> * ''Canis familiaris domesticus'' }} An '''Ayam''' o '''idó''' (Iningles:Dog) (Pambansa:Aso) <ref>Ha pira nga dapit ha Leyte, Biliran, ug Samar, an pulong nga ''idó'' o bis pangani ''idô'' amo in ginagamit nga pulong imbes nga ''ayam''. Kitaa pananglitan an '''Waray-English Dictionary''' ni George Dewey Tramp pakli 203 Dunwoody Press, Maryland, USA 1996</ref> (''Canis lupus familiaris'') amo an usa ka klase nga [[mammal]] nga kauropod ha pamilya [[Canidae]]. Ginaataman ini nga hayop han mga tawo ha maiha na nga matahon. An mga ayam nagagamitan han katawhan ha damo nga butang sugad ha trabaho, pagbantay ha panimalay nga alaga. Damo naayon pag-alaga hin ayam kay makisasangkayon hira nga namamati ha tawo. ==Etymolohiya== An '''ayam''' amo an Winaray, Hiligaynon, ngan Bikolano san hayop na gintatawag naman ha Tagalog ngan Ilokano na "aso". Sa iba na parte han [[Samar]] ngan [[Leyte]] ug bisan sa Bikol "ido" an gamit na termino para sa ayam. An bata nga ayam amo an gintatawag nga "tiyô" o "idô" ha Winaray. Posible na usa la an gintikangan han termino na Winaray na "ido" ngan han Cebuano ''iro'' ug an Tausog na "iru' ", ngan sa Hawaiian " ʻīlio ". ==Taxonomiya== Sadton 1753, iguin-lista ni [[Carl Linnaeus]] sa mga klase san ''[[quadruped]]'' na pamilyar ha iya an ''canis'', an Latin na termino san ayam. Kaupod na mga specie sini na gin-tala ni Linnaeus an ''[[fox]]'' (na gin-ngaranan niya na ''Canis vulpes''), [[Canis lupus |lobo]] (''Canis lupus''), ngan an ayam (''Canis canis''). San mga sumunod na mga edition, gin-tanggal ni Linnaeus an ''Canis canis'' ngan gin-pahilaba an lista niya san genus ''Canis'', ngan sadton 1758 kaupod san listahan an ''fox'', mga lobo, ngan [[Canis aureus|jackals]] ngan daramo na ngaran san ayam, sugad san ''aegyptius'', ''aquaticus'', ngan ''mustelinus''. Kaupod liwat sini an duha na sikat na ngaran san ayam bilang usa na specie: an ''Canis domesticus'' ngan ''Canis familiaris''.<ref>{{Cite book| last = Linnaeus| first = Carolus| authorlink = Carolus Linnaeus| title = Systema naturae per regna tria naturae:secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis.| publisher=Holmiae (Laurentii Salvii)| date = 1758| page = 38| url = http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726931| accessdate =8 Septyembre 2008| volume = 1| edition = 10th}}</ref> ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite book|author=Miklósi, Adám |title=Dog Behaviour, Evolution, and Cognition|url=http://books.google.com/?id=KnVEIrVNGhIC| date = 2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929585-2|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.001.0001}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=World Atlas of Dog Breeds |type=Hardcover |edition=1 Septyembre 2005 |first1=Dominique |last1=De Vito |pages=960 pages |location=Neptune City, NJ; Lanham, MD |type=Print |date= Marso 1995 |publisher=TFH Publications, Inc. |edition=6th |date=1 Septyembre 2005 |isbn=0793806569 |id=ISBN 978-0793806560}} *{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World |edition=5th |first1=Bonnie |last1=Wilcox |first2=Chris |last2=Walkowicz |isbn=0793812844 |id=ISBN 9780793812844 |location=Neptune City, NJ; Lanham, MD |type=Print |pages=912 |date= Marso 1995 |publisher=TFH Publications}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=dog|species=Canis lupus familiaris|v=no|s=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dog|q=Dogs|b=Dog Care}} * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Canis_lupus_familiaris Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography] for ''Canis lupus familiaris'' * [http://www.fci.be/ Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) – World Canine Organisation] * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/article/184/ Dogs in the Ancient World], an article on the history of dogs * View the [http://www.ensembl.org/Canis_familiaris/Info/Index dog genome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213145734/http://www.ensembl.org/Canis_familiaris/Info/Index |date= 13 Disyembre 2013 }} on [[Ensembl]] {{Wikispecies|Canis lupus familiaris}} [[Kaarangay:Hinoptan nga mga hayop]] dlfa7dtr96r3oj41ej323o90p4224e3 0 8847 7785604 7784038 2026-08-27T20:44:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = {{lang|es|República de Cuba}} |conventional_long_name = Republika han Cuba |common_name = Cuba |image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Cuba.svg |symbol_type = Eskudo |image_map = Cuba (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <br>{{native phrase|es|"¡Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"¡Iroy nga Tuna o Kamatayan, magdadaog hi kitá!!"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |date=2015 |accessdate=Pebrero 14, 2017 |archive-date= 26 Septyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<br>{{•}}<br>"{{lang|es|[[Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!|¡Trabajadores del mundo, únanse!]]}}"<br />{{small|"¡Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!"}} | national_anthem = ''[[La Bayamesa]]''<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{small|''An Bayamesa''&nbsp;}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |accessdate=Septyembre 7, 2009}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br /><center>[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]</center> |official_languages = [[Kinatsila nga yinaknan|Kinatsila]] |demonym = Cubano |ethnic_groups = 65.05% [[Europeo nga etniko nga grupo|Europeo]] ([[Espanyol nga katawhan|Espanyol]], [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]], iba), 10.08% [[Afro-Cubano|Afrikano]] ([[Yoruba nga katawhan|Yoruba]], [[Igbo nga katawyan|Igbo]], iba), 23.84% [[Mulatto]] & [[Mestizo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official 2002 Cuban Census |url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 14 Abril 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414135412/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |capital = [[La Habana]] |latd=23 |latm=8 |latNS=N |longd=82 |longm=23 |longEW=W |largest_city = La Habana |government_type = [[Sosyalista nga Republika]],<br />[[Usa-nga-partido nga estado|Usa-nga-partido]] nga [[estado komunista]] |leader_title1 = [[Konseho han Estado han Cuba|Presidente]] |leader_name1 = [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] |leader_title2 = [[Konsehon hin mga Ministro han Cuba|Premier]] |leader_name2 = [[Manuel Marrero Cruz]] |area_rank = ika-105 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area = 110,861 |area_km2 = 110,861 |area_sq_mi = 42,803 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = waray bale |population_estimate = 11,423,952<ref name="CIApop">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2008 |population_estimate_rank = ika-73 |population_census = 11,177,743 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 102 |population_density_km2 = 102 |population_density_sq_mi = 264 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ika-97 |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP = $108.2 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba">{{Citation|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|title= Cuba|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 6 Abril 2009|archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500<ref name=CIAfactbookCuba /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal = $55.18 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,830<ref name="CIApop"/><ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 38.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2000 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba grapples with growing inequality |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |accessdate=21 Hulyo 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-date=17 Septyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917130622/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.775 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of publication--> | HDI_change = paghitaas <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990–2014|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=15 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-68<!--Please see talk page before adding a reference here again--> |sovereignty_type = [[Independensya]] |sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] |established_event1 = Gindeklara^c |established_event2 = Gindeklara in Republika |established_event3 = [[Cubano nga Rebolusyon]] |established_date1 = Oktubre 10, 1868 |established_date2 = Mayo 20, 1902<br /> tikang han [[Estados Unidos]] |established_date3 = Enero 1, 1959 |currency = [[Cubano nga peso]] <!--kludge to deal with fact that template expects only one currency per country:-->(<code>[[ISO 4217|CUP]]</code>)<br />[[Cubano nga nababalhin nga peso|Nababalhin nga peso]] ^d |currency_code = CUC |time_zone = |utc_offset = -5 |time_zone_DST = (Natikang hit Marso 11; natapos hit Nobyembre 4) |utc_offset_DST = -4 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.cu]] |calling_code = 53 |footnotes = ^a Sugad han naipakita dida han obverso nga bahin han 1992 nga coin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonic.net/~figgins/cuba/coin.gif |title=1992 coin |author=Sonic.net| accessdate= 26 Septyembre 2006}}</ref> (Tigamni nga an Kinatsila nga pulong "Patria" usa nga binabayi nga pulong ngan puyde ini maihubad ha Winaray nga "Duyan" o "Lugar nga Natawhan" or "Iroy nga Tuna".)<br />^bAn [[Konstitusyon han Cuba]] nasiring nga an "''Cuba usa nga independyente ngan soberano nga sosyalista nga estado [Artikulo 1] ngan an ngaran han Cubano nga estado amo an Republika han Cuba [Artikuko 2]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|title=The Cuban constitution|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|author=Government of Cuba|archive-date= 17 Mayo 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085739/http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kagamit han "sosyalista nga republika" agod maipahayag an estilo hin pan-gobyernohan ha Cuba haros uniforme, bisan man kon in mga porma hin gobyerno waray unibersal nga ginkakasabotan nga tipolohya. Pananglitan, Atlapedia<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/cuba.htm |author=Atlapedia|title=Cuba}}</ref> nagdedeskribir hini nga "Unitaryo nga Sosyalista nga Republika"; An ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Cuba|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|archive-date= 7 Mayo 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507181811/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|url-status=dead}}</ref> diri nagamit han pulong nga "unitaryo" sugad hit kadam-an nga mga barasahon.<br />^c Ha pagtikang han [[Napulo ka Tuig nga Gyera]].<br />^d Tikang han 1993 tubtob 2004 an [[dolyar han Estados Unidos|U.S. dollar]] gin-gamit upod han peso tubtob han pagsalyo-a han dolyar han nababalhin nga peso. }} An '''Republika han Cuba''' (ha [[Kinatsila]]: '''República de Cuba''') usa nga nasod ha Dagat han Antillas o Dagat Caribe. Ini nga nasod naglalakip han [[Isla han Cuba]], nga amo an gidako-i ngan ikaduha nga gidamo-i hin tawo nga isla han [[Antillas Mayores]], an [[Isla de la Juventud]], ngan pipira nga mga gudti-gudti nga mga puro o isla nga hagrani. [[La Habana]] an gidakoi nga syudad ngan amo an kapital han nasod. An [[Santiago de Cuba]] ngan [[Camagüey]] mga importante liwat nga mga Cubano nga syudad. Mga kilalado liwat nga mga gurugudti nga mga bungto amo an: [[Baracoa]] (nga amo an syahan nga gin-ukyan han Espanyoles ha Cuba), [[Trinidad, Cuba|Trinidad]] (usa nga [[UNESCO nga sityo hin herensya han kalibutan]] ), ngan [[Bayamo]]. An Cuba mayda populasyon nga 11 ka ribo o milyon nga tawo ngan amo an gidamoi hin populasyon nga islahanon nga nasod ha Caribe. An katawhan hini, kultura, ngan mga kustumbre tikang hin mga dirudilain nga mga pinanguhaan sugad han: an mga tuminongnong nga mga [[Taíno]] ngan [[Ciboney]] nga mga tawo; an panahon han [[Espanyol nga Imperyo|pagkolonisar han Espanya]]; an pagdara han [[Pag-uripon ha Espanyol nga Bag-o nga Kalibutan nga mga kolonya|Africano nga mga uripon]]; ngan an kaharani hini han [[Estados Unidos]]. An ngaran nga ''Cuba'' tikang han Taíno nga yinaknan ngan bisan man kon an iksakto nga kahulogan diri klaro, puyde ini mahubad nga "an lugar nga diin an mabinungahon nga tuna damo" (''cubao'' ha orihinal nga Taíno)<ref>www.alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html</ref>, o kundi man an "dako nga lugar" (''coabana'').<ref>members.dandy.net/~orocobix/terms1.htm</ref> An nasodnon nga bukad amo an "[[Hedychium coronarium|flor de mariposa]]" (Bukad han Alibangbang) ngan an nasodnon nga tamsi amo an ''Tocororo'' o an [[Cubano nga Trogon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2 |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002259/http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2%20 |url-status= }}</ref> ==Administratibo nga pagbahinbahin== An Cuba mayda napulo kag upat (14) nga mga lalawigan o probinsya ngan usa nga ispisyal nga munisipalidad (an [[Isla de la Juventud]]). Ini han una mga kabahin hin unom nga darudako nga mga lalawigan: Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey ngan Oriente. An mga yana nga mga pagbahin-bahin baga hin sugad han mga probinsya militar han panahon han Mga Gyera hin Paglugaring ha Cuba, nga diin an mga lugar nga gidako-i hin samok ginbahin-bahin. {| align=center |colspan=4|{{Mapa han Mga Lalawigan han Cuba|Map=Cuba Provinces-map.png|width=500px}} |- |align=right|'''1''' |colspan=3|[[Isla de la Juventud]] (''Puro han Kabatan-on'' o ''Puro han Pagkabata'') |- |align=right|'''2''' |[[Pinar del Río (probinsya)|Pinar del Río]] |align=right|'''9''' |[[Ciego de Ávila (probinsya)|Ciego de Ávila]] |- |align=right|'''3''' |[[La Habana (probinsya)|La Habana]] (''An Habana'') |align=right|'''10''' |[[Camagüey (probinsya)|Camagüey]] |- |align=right|'''4''' |[[La Habana|Ciudad de la Habana]] (''Syudad han Habana'') |align=right|'''11''' |[[Las Tunas (probinsya)|Las Tunas]] |- |align=right|'''5''' |[[Matanzas (probinsya)|Matanzas]] |align=right| '''12''' |[[Granma (probinsya)|Granma]] |- |align=right|'''6''' |[[Cienfuegos (probinsya)|Cienfuegos]] |align=right|'''13''' |[[Holguín (probinsya)|Holguín]] |- |align=right|'''7''' |[[Villa Clara (probinsya)|Villa Clara]] |align=right|'''14''' |[[Santiago de Cuba (probinsya)|Santiago de Cuba]] |- |align=right|'''8''' |[[Sancti Spíritus (probinsya)|Sancti Spíritus]] |align=right|'''15''' |[[Guantánamo (probinsya)|Guantánamo]] |- |} An mga lalawigan ginbahin-bahin pa ngadto hin usa ka gatos kapitoan (170) nga mga [[Mga Munisipyo han Cuba|munisipyo]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} :{{Cite journal |last= Albornoz |first= Sara Carrillo de | date = 2006 |title= On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 333 |page= 464 |jstor= 40700096 |ref= harv |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464}} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2001 |chapter= Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/pdfs/alvarez.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;11 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 305–322 |isbn= 0-9649082-0-4 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2004 |title= Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Department of Food and Resource Economics, [[University of Florida]] |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508181213/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf |date=2018-05-08 }} :{{Cite book |last= Baklanoff |first= Eric N. |date= 1998 |chapter= Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/31baklanoff.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 260–272 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |editor1-last= Chomsky |editor1-first= Aviva |editor1-link= Aviva Chomsky |editor2-last= Carr |editor2-first= Barry |editor3-last= Smorkaloff |editor3-first= Pamela Maria | date = 2004 |title= The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics |url= https://archive.org/details/cubareaderhistor0000unse |location= Durham,&nbsp;NC |publisher= [[Duke University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8223-3197-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Corbett |first= Ben |date= 2002 |title= This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives |url= https://archive.org/details/thisiscubaoutlaw0000corb |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8133-3826-2 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Crespo |first1= Nicolás |last2= Negrón Díaz |first2= Santos |date= 1997 |chapter= Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/pdfs/crespo.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;7 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 150–161 |isbn= 0-9649082-6-3 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |authorlink= Jorge I. Dominguez |date= 1978 |title= Cuba: Order and Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorderrevolut0000domn |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-17925-7 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 1989 |title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy |url= https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-89325-2 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez1989 }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 2003 |title= A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution |url= http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_constitution.PDF |location= Coral Gables,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, [[University of Miami]] |isbn= 978-1-932385-04-5 |accessdate= 19 Agosto 2012 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez2003 }} :{{Cite book |last= Espino |first= María Dolores |date= 2000 |chapter= Cuban Tourism During the Special Period |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/pdfs/espino.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;10 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= |isbn= 0-9649082-8-X |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite journal |last= Falk |first= Pamela S. |date= 1988 |title= Washing and Havana |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-quarterly_winter-1988_12_5/page/64 |journal= [[The Wilson Quarterly]] |volume= 12 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–74 |jstor= 40257732 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Feinsilver |first= Julie M. |date= 1989 |title= Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1989_24_2/page/n4 |journal= Latin American Research Review |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–34 |jstor= 2503679 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |date= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4 |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero |authorlink= Piero Gleijeses |date= 1994 |title= 'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965 |url= http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |journal= [[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations|Diplomatic History]] |volume= 18 |issue= 2 |pages= 207–237 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x |access-date= 12 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 17 Enero 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013342/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |url-status= dead }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965 |journal= [[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |volume= 28 |issue= 1 |pages= 159–195 |jstor= 157991 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1996 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00012670}} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1997 |title= The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence |journal= Journal of Latin American Studies |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages= 45–88 |jstor= 158071 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1997 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x96004646}} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2002 |title= Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-2647-8 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2002 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2010 |chapter= Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980 |title= ''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] & [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;II: Crises and Détente |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |pages= 327–348 |isbn= 978-0-521-83720-0 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2010 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2013 |title= Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-1-4696-0968-3 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2013 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gott |first= Richard |authorlink= Richard Gott |date= 2004 |title= Cuba: A New History |url= https://archive.org/details/cubanewhistory0000gott |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-10411-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |authorlink= Irving Louis Horowitz |date= 1988 |title= Cuban Communism |url= https://archive.org/details/cubancommunism0000unse_b5h3 |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= Transaction Books |isbn= 0-88738-672-5 |ref= harv }} <!-- :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |year= 2000 |title= ''In [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] and Jaime Suchlicki,&nbsp;eds.,'' Cuban Communism |edition= 10th |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn= 978-0-7658-0765-6 |ref= CITEREFHorowitz2000 }} Using the 10th edition, since that's that one that Google Books has and so that is used for convenience links. --> :{{Cite journal |last= Luxenberg |first= Alan H. | date = 1988 |title= Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets? |journal= [[University of Miami|Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume= 30 |issue= 1 |pages= 37–71 |jstor= 165789 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | date = 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |url= https://archive.org/details/centuryofwarpoli00kolk |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-56584-191-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= McAlister |first= Lyle N. |date= 1984 |title= Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 |url= https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal |location= Minneapolis,&nbsp;MN |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8166-1216-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pedraza |first= Silvia |date= 2007 |title= Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus |url= https://archive.org/details/politicaldisaffe0000pedr |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-86787-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pérez-López |first= Jorge F. |date= 1996 |chapter= Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/pdfs/23perlopez.fm.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;6 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |location= Washington,&nbsp;DC |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 124–144 |isbn= 0-9649082-5-5 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Ramazani |first= Rouhollah K. |date= 1975 |title= The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz |url= https://archive.org/details/persiangulfstrai0000rama |location= Alphen aan den Rijn |publisher= Sijthoff & Noordhoff |isbn= 90-286-0069-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last1= Roberg |first1= Jeffrey L. |last2= Kuttruff |first2= Alyson |date= 2007 |title= Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2007-08_29_3/page/779 |journal= [[Human Rights Quarterly]] |volume= 29 |issue= 3 |pages= 779–795 |jstor= 20072822 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2007.0033 }} :{{Cite book |last= Roy |first= Joaquín |date= 2000 |title= Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000royj |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= [[University of Florida Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8130-1760-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scheina |first= Robert L. | date = 2003 |title= Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 |location= Dulles,&nbsp;VA |publisher= Brassey's |isbn= 978-1-57488-449-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scott |first= Rebecca J. |authorlink= Rebecca J. Scott |date= 2000 |origyear= 1985 |title= Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/slaveemancipatio0000scot_y7e3 |location= Pittsburgh,&nbsp;PA |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8229-5735-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Smith |first= Wayne S. |authorlink= Wayne Smith (diplomat) |date= 1996 |title= Cuba's Long Reform |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_foreign-affairs_march-april-1996_75_2/page/n144 |journal= [[Foreign Affairs]] |volume= 75 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–112 |jstor= 20047491 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Kirby |last2= Llorens |first2= Hugo |date= 1998 |chapter= Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/30smith.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 247–259 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Sweig |first= Julia E. |authorlink= Julia E. Sweig | date = 2004 |origyear= 2002 |title= Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground |edition= New |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-01612-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh |authorlink= Hugh Thomas (writer) |date= 1997 |title= The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 |url= https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn= 978-0-684-81063-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh |date= 1998 |origyear= 1971 |title= Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorpursuitoff0000thom |edition= updated |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Da Capo Press]] |isbn= 978-0-306-80827-2 |ref= CITEREFThomas1998 }} :{{Cite book |last= Westad |first= Odd Arne |authorlink= Odd Arne Westad |date= 2012 |title= Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847921987 |location= London |publisher= [[The Bodley Head]] |isbn= 978-1-84792-197-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Whiteford |first1= Linda M. |last2= Branch |first2=Laurence G. | date = 2008 |title=Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution |location= Lanham, MD |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 978-0-7425-5994-3 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Wright |first= Irene Aloha |date= 1916 |title= The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586 |url= http://openlibrary.org/works/OL143127W/The_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]] |ref= harv }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Cuba}} * [http://www.cubagob.cu/ingles/default.htm Government of Cuba] * {{Wikiatlas|Cuba}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cuba}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|cu|Cuba}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830044824/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm |date= 30 Agosto 2008 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Cuba}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm Cuba profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/cuba.jpg Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508101554/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23083/welcome-to-cuba Welcome To Cuba] – slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine * [http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba fotopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809000828/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba |date= 9 Agosto 2010 }}, Selected photos of Cuba *{{Cite web |title=Latin American Studies: United States-Cuba Relations |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba.htm |ref=harv}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CU Key Development Forecasts for Cuba] from [[International Futures]] * Salim Lamrani, an interview with [[Ricardo Alarcón]], President of the Cuban Parliament, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_b_1356275.html Cuba Meets the Challenges of the 21st Century, Part I]" ([http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_1_b_1380163.html II], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/-ricardo-alarcon_b_1389348.html III], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_2_b_1397980.html IV], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_3_b_1428680.html V]) ''Huffington Post'', Spring, 2012 [[Kaarangay:Cuba| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ngan teritoryo ha Caribe]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] i9hctq4mi93rkod56p076eyzojuxxxc 0 8955 7785700 7783711 2026-08-27T21:47:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785700 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pi-unrolled-720.gif|right|375 px|thumb|Kun 1 an diyametro han lidong, an balor han sirkumperensiya amo an π]] An '''pi''' o '''π''' amo an sukol [[matematika]], nga makukuha tikang ha ratio han sirkumperensiya ngadto ha diyametro han usa ka lidong. An balor hini amo hapit ha numero ihap 3.14159. ==Mga pabaro== ;Pinanbasaran {{Reflist|20em}} ;Mga reperensya {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Arndt|first=Jörg|last2=Haenel|first2=Christoph|title=Pi Unleashed|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3-540-66572-4 <!--isbn only volume 1-->|url=http://books.google.com/?id=QwwcmweJCDQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}} English translation by Catriona and David Lischka. * {{cite book|last=Ayers|first=Frank|title=Calculus|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=1964|isbn=978-0-070-02653-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Berggren|first=Lennart|last2=Borwein|first2=Jonathan|author2-link=Jonathan Borwein|last3=Borwein|first3=Peter|author3-link=Peter Borwein|title=Pi: a Source Book|url=https://archive.org/details/pisourcebook0000unse_n4v4|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1997|isbn=978-0-387-20571-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Beckmann|first=Peter|title=History of Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpisymbo00beck|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=1989|origyear=1974|isbn=978-0-88029-418-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Borwein|first=Jonathan|author1-link=|last2=Borwein|first2=Peter|author2-link=|title=Pi and the AGM: a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity|url=https://archive.org/details/piagmstudyinanal0000borw|publisher=Wiley|year=1987|isbn=978-0-471-31515-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Carl B.|last2=Merzbach|first2=Uta C.|year=1991|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|edition=2|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-54397-8|ref=harv}}<!-- Year from ISBN. Original citatation was just to Boyer. Possible that edition is wrong and therefore page is wrong. Editions: Boyer 1968, Boyer/Merzbach 1989, Boyer/Merzbach 1991, Merzbach/Boyer 2010, Merzbach/Boyer 2011. Verify second: Hui and 3072-sided polygon is on cited page 202 of 1991 edition; page 228 of 1968 edition. Google snippet has a hit for 3.1456 on page 168 for 1991, but does not show the number. --> * {{cite book|last=Bronshteĭn|first=Ilia|last2=Semendiaev|first2=K. A.|title=A Guide Book to Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/guidebooktomathe0000bron_o8p0|publisher=H. Deutsch|year=1971|isbn= 978-3-871-44095-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Eymard|first=Pierre|last2=Lafon|first2=Jean Pierre|title=The Number Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/numberpi0000eyma|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8218-3246-2|ref=harv}}, English translation by Stephen Wilson. * {{cite book|last=Joseph|first=George Gheverghese|title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-691-13526-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=c-xT0KNJp0cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false%7C|ref=harv|accessdate=2013-06-05}}<!-- This ISBN is for the third edition from 2011! --> * {{cite book|last=Posamentier|first=Alfred S.|last2=Lehmann|first2=Ingmar|title=Pi: A Biography of the World's Most Mysterious Number|url=https://archive.org/details/pi00alfr_0|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=2004|isbn=978-1-59102-200-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Reitwiesner|first=George|title=An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places|journal=Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation|year=1950|volume=4|issue= 29|pages=11–15|doi=10.2307/2002695|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Roy|first=Ranjan|title=The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1990-12_63_5/page/291|journal=Mathematics Magazine|volume=63|issue=5|year=1990|pages=291–306|doi=10.2307/2690896|ref=harv }} * {{cite journal|last=Schepler|first=H. C.|title=The Chronology of Pi|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_january-february-1950_23_3/page/165|journal=Mathematics Magazine|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|year=1950|volume=23|issue=3|pages=165–170 (Jan/Feb), 216–228 (Mar/Apr), and 279–283 (May/Jun)|doi=10.2307/3029284|ref=harv }}. [<!-- http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029284 -->http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3029284 issue 3 Jan/Feb], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029832 issue 4 Mar/Apr], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3029000 issue 5 May/Jun] {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blatner|first=David|title=The Joy of Pi|publisher=Walker & Company|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8027-7562-7|doi= }} * [[Jonathan Borwein|Borwein, Jonathan]] and [[Peter Borwein|Borwein, Peter]], "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions", ''SIAM Review'', '''26'''(1984) 351–365 * Borwein, Jonathan, Borwein, Peter, and [[David H. Bailey|Bailey, David H.]], ''Ramanujan, Modular Equations, and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi", ''The American Mathematical Monthly'', '''96'''(1989) 201–219 * [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, David V.]] and [[Chudnovsky brothers|Chudnovsky, Gregory V.]], "Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan", in ''Ramanujan Revisited'' (G.E. Andrews et al. Eds), Academic Press, 1988, pp 375–396, 468–472 * Cox, David A., "The Arithmetic-Geometric Mean of Gauss", ''L' Ensignement Mathematique'', '''30'''(1984) 275–330 * [[Jean-Paul Delahaye|Delahaye, Jean-Paul]], "Le Fascinant Nombre Pi", Paris: Bibliothèque Pour la Science (1997) ISBN 2902918259 * Engels, Hermann, "Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''4'''(1977) 137–140 * [[Leonhard Euler|Euler, Leonhard]], "On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series", in ''Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite. Book I'', translated from the Latin by J. D. Blanton, Springer-Verlag, 1964, pp 137–153 * Heath, T. L., ''The Works of Archimedes'', Cambridge, 1897; reprinted in ''The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes'', Dover, 1953, pp 91–98 * [[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]], "De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa", ''Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I'', Leiden 1724, pp 384–388 * [[Lam Lay Yong|Lay-Yong, Lam]] and Tian-Se, Ang, "Circle Measurements in Ancient China", ''Historia Mathematica'' '''13'''(1986) 325–340 * [[Ferdinand von Lindemann|Lindemann, Ferdinand]], [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 "Ueber die Zahl pi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122054610/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=PPN235181684_0020&DMDID=DMDLOG_0031&L=1 |date=2015-01-22 }}, ''Mathematische Annalen'' '''20'''(1882) 213–225 * Matar, K. Mukunda, and Rajagonal, C., "On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle" (Appendix by K. Balagangadharan). ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' '''20'''(1944) 77–82 * [[Ivan M. Niven|Niven, Ivan]], "A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'', '''53''':7 (July 1947), 507 * [[Srinivasa Ramanujan|Ramanujan, Srinivasa]], "Modular Equations and Approximations to π", ''Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics'', '''XLV''', 1914, 350–372. Reprinted in G.H. Hardy, P.V. Seshu Aiyar, and B. M. Wilson (eds), ''Srinivasa Ramanujan: Collected Papers'', 1927 (reprinted 2000), pp 23–29 * [[William Shanks|Shanks, William]], ''Contributions to Mathematics {{sic|Comprising|hide=y}} Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals'', 1853, pp. i–xvi, 10 * [[Daniel Shanks|Shanks, Daniel]] and [[John Wrench|Wrench, John William]], "Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals", ''Mathematics of Computation'' '''16'''(1962) 76–99 * Tropfke, Johannes, ''Geschichte Der Elementar-Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung'' (''The history of elementary mathematics''), BiblioBazaar, 2009 (reprint), ISBN 978-1-113-08573-3 * [[François Viète|Viete, Francois]], ''Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII. F. Viete, Opera Mathematica'' (reprint), Georg Olms Verlag, 1970, pp 398–401, 436–446 * [[Stan Wagon|Wagon, Stan]], "Is Pi Normal?", ''The Mathematical Intelligencer'', '''7''':3(1985) 65–67 * [[John Wallis|Wallis, John]], ''Arithmetica Infinitorum, sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum, aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata'', Oxford 1655–6. Reprinted in vol. 1 (pp 357–478) of ''Opera Mathematica'', Oxford 1693 * Zebrowski, Ernest, ''A History of the Circle: Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe'', Rutgers University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-8135-2898-4 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pi}} * {{dmoz|Science/Math/Recreations/Specific_Numbers/Pi/Digits/|Digits of Pi}} * [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Pi.html "Pi"] at Wolfram Mathworld * [http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Representations+of+Pi Representations of Pi] at [[Wolfram Alpha]] * [http://www.subidiom.com/pi Pi Search Engine]: 2 billion searchable digits of {{pi}}, {{math|{{sqrt|2}}}}, and {{math|''e''}} * {{cite web|last=Eaves|first=Laurence|title={{pi}} – Pi|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/pi.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]|authorlink=Laurence Eaves|year=2009|access-date=2015-01-22|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706021225/http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/pi.htm|url-status=}} * {{cite web|last=Grime|first=Dr. James|title=Pi is Beautiful – Numberphile|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=NPoj8lk9Fo4|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|year=2014}} 3x2rnlevn7rmtfu72znp7y3od3nhe74 0 8962 7785573 7782349 2026-08-27T20:23:46Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name= Ininggles |nativename = English |pronunciation={{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ɪ|ʃ}}{{sfn|Oxford Learner's Dictionary|2015|loc=Entry: [http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/pronunciation/english/english_1 English – Pronunciation]}} |region= [[English-speaking world|Pankalibotan]] |speakers=360{{ndash}}400{{nbsp}}ka milyon |date=2006 |ref={{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |speakers2=[[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 400{{nbsp}}ka milyon;<br />komo [[pinulongan nga langyaw]]: 600–700 ka milyon{{sfn|Crystal|2006|pp=424–426}} |familycolor =Indo-Europeo |fam2=[[Germanic languages|Germanic]] |fam3=[[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] |fam4=[[Anglo-Frisian languages|Anglo-Frisian]] |fam5=[[Anglic languages|Anglic]] |ancestor=[[Old English]] |ancestor2=[[Middle English]] |ancestor3=[[Early Modern English]] |script={{plainlist| * [[Latin script]] ([[Ininglis nga abakadahan]]) * [[Ininglis nga Braille]], [[Nahiusa nga Ininglis nga Braille]] }} |nation={{plainlist| * [[Taramdan hin mga teritoryal nga entidad nga diin opisyal nga pinulongan an Ininglis|67 nga nasod]] * [[Taramdan hin mga teritoryal nga entidad nga diin opisyal nga pinulongan an Ininglis|27 nga diri-soberano nga mga entidad]]<br /> {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; |title= Various organisations| * [[United Nations]] * [[European Union]] * [[Komonwelt hin mga Nasod|Commonwealth of Nations]] * [[Council of Europe]] * [[International Criminal Court|ICC]] * [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] * [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] * [[NATO]] * [[WTO]] * [[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] * [[Organization of American States|OAS]] * [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] * [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]] * [[OPEC]] * [[GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development]] * [[Pacific Islands Forum|PIF]] * [[UKUSA Agreement]] * [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] * [[ASEAN Economic Community]] * [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] *[[Caribbean Community|CARICOM]] * [[Turkic Council]] * [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]] }} }} |iso1=en |iso2=eng |iso3=eng |lingua=52-ABA |map=Detailed SVG map of the Anglophone world.svg |mapcaption= {{legend|#045a8d|Anglosphere}} {{legend|#439dd4|Co-opisyal nga pinulongan hin minoriya}} {{legend|#9bbae1|Diri opisyal nga pinulongan hin > 20%}} |notice=IPA |sign=[[Manually coded English]]<br />(multiple systems) |glotto=stan1293 |glottorefname=Standard English }} An '''Ininglis''', nga puyde liwat igwinaray an ngaran nga '''Ininggles''' o '''Iningles''' (tuminongnong nga ngaran: ''English'' o kun bug-oson ''English language'') usá nga [[Katundan nga Germanico nga pinulongan]] nga ginyakán anay han [[Anglo-Saxon England|sayó nga medieval nga Inglaterra]] ngan yanâ amo an [[Taramdan hin mga pinulongan ha ihap hin mga tuminongnong nga nayakan|ikatulo nga ginyayakan hin hirayo nga tuminongnong nga pinulongan]] ha kalibutan, sunod han [[Standard nga Tsinino]] ngan [[Kinatsila]]. Gin-ngaranan iní para han [[mga Angle]] (''Angles''), usá han mga Germaniko nga tribo nga nanbalhin ngadto ha [[Inglaterra]], ginkuha an ngaran tikang han [[Angeln|Anglia (Angeln)]] nga rawis ha [[Dagat Baltico]]. Harani ini nga nahanungod han [[mga Frisian nga pinulongan]], kundi an pagpurulongan hiní na-impluwensya hin dako hin iba nga [[Mga Germanico nga pinulongan]], labi na han [[Daan nga Norse|Norse]] (usá nga [[Amihan nga Germanico nga mga pinulongan|Amihan nga Germanico nga pinulongan]]), pati gihapon han [[Linatin]] ngan [[mga Romanse nga pinulongan]], labi na gud han [[Frinanses]].<ref name="Wolff">{{Cite book |last=Finkenstaedt |first=Thomas |author2=Dieter Wolff |title=Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon |publisher=C. Winter | date = 1973 |isbn=3-533-02253-6}}</ref> [[File:EN English Language Symbol ISO 639-1 IETF Language Tag Icon.svg|thumb|upright|EN ([[ISO 639]]-1)]] {{InterWiki|code=en}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ===Bibliograpiya=== <!-- The entries in the bibliography are in alphabetical order. Comments show names of named references --> {{refbegin|30em}} <!-- Ammon2006 --> * {{Cite journal |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |title=Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |date=2006 |isbn=3-11-018418-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C |ref=harv}} <!-- Ammon2008 author's website says chapter date is 2005; book's revised edition was published in 2008 --> * {{Cite book |last=Ammon |first=Ulrich |chapter=Pluricentric and Divided Languages |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich N. |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft |volume=2 |edition=2nd completely revised and extended edition |publisher=de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019425-8 |url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/19739 |accessdate=19 Disyembre 2014 |series=Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2 |pages=1536–1543 |ref=harv}} <!-- Baugh2002 --> * {{Cite book |last=Baugh |first=Albert C. |author2=Thomas Cable |title=A History of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=Routledge |date=2002 |isbn=0-415-28099-0|ref=Baugh}} <!-- Blench1999 --> * {{Cite book |last1=Blench |first1=R.|last2=Spriggs |first2=Matthew |title=Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses |pages=285–286 |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-11761-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=DWMHhfXxLaIC&pg=PA286 }} <!-- Bryson1990 --> * {{Cite book |last=Bryson|first=Bill|authorlink=Bill Bryson |title=[[The Mother Tongue]] - English And How It Got That Way: |publisher=Penguin|date=1990 |isbn=0-14-014305-X}} <!-- Bragg2004 --> * {{Cite book |last=Bragg |first=Melvyn |authorlink=Melvyn Bragg |title=[[The Adventure of English]]: The Biography of a Language |publisher=Arcade Publishing |date=2004 |isbn=1-55970-710-0}} <!-- Cheshire1991 --> * {{Cite book |last=Cheshire |first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Cheshire |title=English Around The World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives |url=https://archive.org/details/englisharoundwor0000unse |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1991 |doi=10.2277/0521395658 |isbn=0-521-39565-8 }} <!-- Crystal1997a should probably be replaced by references to second edition --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |authorlink=David Crystal |date=1997a |title=English as a Global Language |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-53032-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |ref=Crystal1997a}} <!-- Crystal 1997b This is not the same as the 2003 second edition, it is a revised paperback edition of the first edition, and should probably be replaced by references to second edition --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1997b |isbn=0-521-55967-7 |ref=Crystal1997b}} <!-- CrystalEncyclopedia2003 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David|title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000crys_v1y6 |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-53033-4}} <!-- CrystalGlobalLanguage2003 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal |first=David |author-link=David Crystal |title=English as a Global Language |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=69 |date=2003 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d6jPAKxTHRYC |isbn=978-0-521-53032-3}} <!-- CrystalStories2004 --> * {{Cite book |last=Crystal|first=David|title=The Stories of English|url=https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish0000crys|publisher=Allen Lane|date=2004|isbn=0-7139-9752-4}} <!-- Dunton-Downer2010 --> * {{Cite book |last=Dunton-Downer |first=Leslie |title=The English is Coming!: How One Language is Sweeping the World |url=http://books.simonandschuster.com/The-English-is-Coming!/Leslie-Dunton-Downer/9781439176696 |accessdate=19 Disyembre 2014 |date=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-7669-6 |id= |quote= |laysummary=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/24/entertainment/la-et-book-20101224 |laysource=Los Angeles Times |laydate=19 Disyembre 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halliday |first=MAK |title=An Introduction to Functional Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/investigatingeng0000wrig |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Edward Arnold |date=1994 |isbn=0-340-55782-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Hayford |first=Harrison |authorlink = Harrison M. Hayford|author2=Howard P. Vincent |title=Reader and Writer |url=https://archive.org/details/readerandwriter030101mbp |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |date=1954 }} {{Cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/details/readerandwriter030101mbp |title=Internet Archive: Free Download: Reader And Writer |publisher=Archive.org |date=10 Marso 2001 |accessdate=2 Enero 2010}} * {{Cite book |first=Anthony |last=Howatt |title=A History of English Language Teaching |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |isbn=0-19-442185-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=g2e7iw_F-ZcC |ref=refHowatt2004}} <!-- HuddlestonPullum2002 --> * {{Cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoffrey K. |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgegrammar0000hudd |date=15 Abril 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43146-0|authormask=|trans_title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate= |ref=harv}} * Kenyon, John Samuel and Knott, Thomas Albert, ''A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English'', G & C Merriam Company, Springfield, Mass, USA, 1953. * {{Cite book |first=Roger |last=Lass |editor-first=Roger |editor-last=Lass |title=The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |date=1999 |chapter=Phonology and Morphology |pages=56–186}} * {{Cite book |first=Alamin |last=Mazrui |title=The Power of Babel: Language & Governance in the African Experience |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1998 |isbn=0-85255-807-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=6lQTPxdYx8kC |ref=refMazrui1998}} * {{Cite book |last=McArthur |first=T. (ed.) |title=The Oxford Companion to the English Language |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00mcar |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992 |isbn=0-19-214183-X}} * {{Cite book |last=McCrum |first=Robert|author2=Robert MacNeil |author3=William Cran |title=[[The Story of English]]|edition=1st|location=New York|publisher=Viking|date=1986|isbn=0-670-80467-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Nation |first=I.S.P. |authorlink1= Paul Nation |date=2001|title=Learning Vocabulary in Another Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sKqx8k8gYTkC|page=477|isbn=0-521-80498-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Plotkin |first=Vulf |title=The Language System of English |publisher=BrownWalker Press |date=2006 |isbn=1-58112-993-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Orrin |title=Old English and Its Closest Relatives |url=https://archive.org/details/oldenglishitsclo0000robi |publisher=Stanford Univ. Press |date=1992 |isbn=0-8047-2221-8}} * {{Cite book |first=Edgar |last=Schneider |title=Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2007 |isbn=0-521-83140-7 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QIE6zGSd8okC |ref=refSchneider2007}} * {{Cite book |first=Ronald |last=Wardhaugh |title=An Introduction to Sociolinguistics |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |date=2006 |isbn=1-4051-3559-X |url=http://books.google.com/?id=0J2VOzNYtKQC |ref=refWardhaugh2006}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Partridge, A. C. ''Tudor to Augustan English: a Study in Syntax and Style, from Caxton to Johnson'', in series, ''The Language Library''. London: A. Deutsch, 1969. 242 p. SBN 233-96092-9 * [[:en:Category:English language tests]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sisterlinks|commons=Category:English language|b=Subject:English language|v=Topic:English Language|n=no|s=no|species=no|voy=no|d=Q1860|wikt=Category:English language}} * [http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/ |date=2011-04-29 }} – hear and compare how the same 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world * [https://www.britishcouncil.ph/ British Council Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505021115/https://www.britishcouncil.ph/ |date=2016-05-05 }} * [http://www.tesol.ph/ TESOL Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402170304/http://www.tesol.ph/ |date=2015-04-02 }} ;Mga pagpurulungan * [http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php Collection of English bilingual dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301142208/http://dicts.info/dictlist1.php |date=2016-03-01 }} * [http://www.dict.org/ dict.org] * [http://www.prefixsuffix.com/ English language word roots, prefixes and suffixes (affixes) dictionary] * [http://www.m-w.com/ Merriam-Webster's online dictionary] * [http://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/ Macquarie Dictionary Online] [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] 9w9e4j796lf2kfljysbe9hpt6ucaafj 0 8994 7785690 7783414 2026-08-27T21:41:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panimungto <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Los Angeles | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = syudad <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = New LA Infobox Pic Montage 5.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = L.A., the City of Angels,<ref>{{cite news|title=Atlanta works on its sales pitch: Convention bureau's chief sticks to basics in marketing the city|last=Stafford|first=Leon|work=The Atlanta Journal - Constitution|date=7 Enero 2010|page=1|url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l:1103602102&start=4|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011|archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126202604/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l%3A1103602102&start=4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Angeltown,<ref>{{cite news|title=A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick|last=Smith|first=Jack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 Oktubre 1989|page=1|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-12/news/vw-168_1_los-angeles|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> La-La Land<ref>{{cite web | url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/03/la-la-land-now-the-dictionary-definition-of-los-angeles.html | title = 'La-La Land,' now the dictionary definition of Los Angeles | publisher = Los Angeles Times | date = 25 Marso 2011 | accessdate = 29 Septyembre 2011}}</ref> | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Estados Unidos | subdivision_type1 = Estado | subdivision_name1 = California | subdivision_type2 = Condado | subdivision_name2 = [[Condado han Los Angeles, California|Condado han Los Angeles]] <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://www.lacity.org/ lacity.org] | footnotes = }} An '''Los Angeles''' nga may-ada populasyon ha 2010 Senso han Estados Unidos nga 3,792,621, in may-ada gidamoi nga katawhan nga syudad ha California, Estados Unidos ngan ikaduha ha gidamoi nga populasyon ha Estados Unidos, kahuman an Syudad han New York. May-ada in kahaluag nga 468.67 milya kwadrado (1,213.8 km2), ngan namumutang ha Salatan nga California. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ;General * {{cite book | author=[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] | publisher=Peregrine Smith | title = Southern California: An Island on the Land | url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi | edition = 9th | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-87905-007-8}} * {{cite book | author=[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]] | title = [[It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own]]: A New History of the American West | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-8061-2567-1}} * {{cite book | author =[[David Rieff]] | title = Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World | url =https://archive.org/details/losangelescapita0000rief | publisher = Touchstone | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-671-79210-7}} * {{cite book | author=[[Peter Theroux]] | title = Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City | url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete | publisher=Norton | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-393-31394-9}} * {{cite book | author=[[Paul Glover]] | title = Los Angeles: A History of the Future | publisher=Greenplanners | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-9622911-0-4}} * {{cite book | author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt | title = Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-520-20530-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin | editor = Jim Heimann | title = Los Angeles: Portrait of a City | publisher = [[Taschen]] America | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-3-8365-0291-7}} ;Architecture and urban theory * {{cite book | author=[[Reyner Banham]] | title = Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies | url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | place = Berkeley | date = 2009 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-520-26015-3}} * {{cite book | author=[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] | title = [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] | publisher=Verso | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84467-568-5}} * {{cite book | author=Robert M. Fogelson | title = The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 | url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1 | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-520-08230-4}} * {{cite book | author=Norman M. Klein | title = The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei | publisher=Verso | date = 1997 | isbn = 978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book | author = Sam Hall Kaplan | title = L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles | publisher = Hennessey and Ingalls | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book | author = Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander | title = Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 | url = https://archive.org/details/overdrivelaconst0000unse | publisher = Getty Publications | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-60606-128-2}} ;Race relations * {{cite book|author=Rodolfo Acuña|authorlink=Rodolfo Acuña|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|accessdate=30 Septyembre 2011| date = 1996|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3}} * {{cite book | author=Lynell George | title = No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels | url=https://archive.org/details/nocrystalstairaf0000geor | publisher=Verso | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book | title = L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present | author = Josh Sides | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-520-24830-4}} * {{cite book | title = Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. | url = https://archive.org/details/murderatsleepyla0000paga | author = Eduardo Obregón Pagán | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance | url = https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit | author = R. J. Smith | date = 2007 | publisher = PublicAffairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-521-4}} ;LGBT * {{cite book | title = Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians | url = https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill | author = [[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons | date = 2006 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-02288-X}} * {{cite book | title = Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics | url = https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure | author = Daniel Hurewitz | publisher = University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2007 | isbn = 0-520-24925-9}} ;Environment * {{cite book | author=[[Marc Reisner]] | title = [[Cadillac Desert|Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water]] | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-14-017824-1}} * {{cite book |title = Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles |url = https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco | author = Chip Jacobs and William Kelly | publisher = Outlook Hardcover | date = 2008 | isbn = 1-58567-860-0 }} ;Arte ngan literatura * {{cite book | editor = David L. Ulin | title = Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology | url = https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse | publisher=[[Library of America]] | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-931082-27-3}} * {{cite book | title = Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s | author = Cécile Whiting | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-520-25634-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Los Angeles|voy=Los Angeles}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} * {{Official website|www.lacity.org}} * [http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 Los Angeles Then and Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709164512/http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 |date=2014-07-09 }}&nbsp;– slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' {{California}} [[Kaarangay:Los Angeles, California]] [[Kaarangay:California]] q8eifulavj5p22iojyxt21903lpa3p1 0 9319 7785688 7749384 2026-08-27T21:40:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italyano nga comune |name= Milan |official_name= ''Comune di Milano'' |native_name= ''Milano'' |nickname= ''An Moral nga Ulohan han Italya''<ref name="britannica.com"/> |image_skyline= |imagesize= 300px |image_alt= |image_caption= Tikang ha igbaw, tipa-tuo: [[Porta Nuova (Milan)|Porta Nuova nga Distrito hin Negosyo]], [[Katedral han Milan]], [[San Siro nga Stadio]], [[Parco Sempione]] upod han [[Arco hin Kalinaw]] nga napaluyo, [[Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II]] |image_flag= Flag of Milan.svg |image_shield= CoA Città di Milano.svg |shield_alt= |image_map= |map_alt= |map_caption= |pushpin_label_position= |pushpin_map_alt= |latd= 45 |latm= 27 |lats= 51 |latNS= N |longd= 09 |longm= 11 |longs= 25 |longEW= E |coordinates_type= |coordinates_display= |coordinates_footnotes= |region= [[Lombardiya]] |province= [[Milan (lalawigan)|Milan]] (MI) |frazioni= |mayor_party= |mayor= [[Giuliano Pisapia]] <br> (Independyente—[[Wala nga Ekolohiya nga Kagawasan]]) |established_title= Gin-ukyan han mga [[Celt]] |established_date= komo [[Mediolanum]] [[circa|c.]] 396 [[Ugsa kan Cristo|UC]] |area_footnotes= |area_total_km2= 181.76 |population_footnotes=<ref>Katawhan han syudad (i.e. kanan ''[[comune]]'' o munisipyo) tikang han [http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622080908/http://www.demo.istat.it/index_e.html |date=2017-06-22 }} [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]].</ref> |population_total= 1342337 |population_as_of= 30 Nobyembre 2011 |pop_density_footnotes= |population_demonym= Milanees/Milanese |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m= 120 |twin1= |twin1_country= |saint= [[Ambrosio]] |day= 7 Disyembre |postal_code= 20100, 20121–20162 |area_code= 02 |gdp_per capita= $175,252 |website= {{Official website|http://www.comune.milano.it}} |footnotes= }} An '''Milan''' (ha {{lang-it|Milano}} {{IPA-it|miˈlaːno||It-Milano.ogg}}; {{lang-lmo|link=no|Milan}} {{IPA-lmo|miˈlãː|}} ([[Milanese nga diyalekto|Milanese nga variant]]))<ref>{{Cite book |title= Dizionario di toponomastica. Storia e significato dei nomi geografici italiani | date = 1990 |publisher=UTET |location= Torino}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://explo-re.com/milan-map/ |title= Milan map | date = 2017 |work= explo-re.com |access-date= 2 Disyembre 2017 |archive-date= 1 Septyembre 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170901021618/http://explo-re.com/milan-map/ |url-status= }}</ref>;ha Sidlangan nga Linombardo: ''Milà''; ha [[Kinatsila]]: ''Milán''; ha [[Linatin]]: ''Mediolanum'') amo an kapital o pamunuan han [[Lombardiya]] ngan an [[Talaan hin mga syudad ha Italya ha molupyo|ikaduhá]] nga gidamo-i hin molupyo nga syudad ha [[Italya]] sunod han [[Roma]], nga an syudad mismo mayda 1,362,695 nga molupyo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT|url=http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen|website=demo.istat.it|publisher=[[Istat]]|accessdate=2 Disyembre 2017|archive-date= 5 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805223649/http://www.demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> samtang an [[Metropolitan nga Syudad han Milan|probinsya-nga-level nga munisipyo]] mayda 3,229,000 ka molupyo.<ref name="demo.istat.it">{{Cite web|url=http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen/index.html|title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT|author=|date=|publisher=istat.it|access-date= 2 Disyembre 2017|archive-date= 16 Hulyo 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716065929/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2017gen/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> An nagpipinadayon nga paghinimo nga [[urban nga langyab]] hini (nga naabot labaw han mga katubtuban han [[Metropolitano nga Syudad han Milan]]) mayda ginbanabana nga kadamo hin molupyo nga labaw hin 5,270,000 {{convert|1,891|km2|abbr=off}},<ref name=Demographia/> nga nagranggo hin ika-4 dida han Unyon Europeo. An haruhaluag nga [[metropolitano nga langyab han Milan]], nga kilalado nga [[Darudako nga Milan]], usa nga polisentrico nga metropolitano nga rehiyon nga naglalakip upod han butnga nga Lombardiya ngan sinidrangan nga Piemonte nga nag-iihap hin ginbanabana nga bug-os nga molupyo nga 8,173,176, nga naghihimo hini nga amo an [[Talaan hin mga metropolitano nga langyab ha Italya|gidakoi nga metropolitano nga langyab ha Italya]].<ref name="OECD">{{Cite web|title=OECD Territorial Reviews: Milan, Italy|url=http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/0406051e.pdf?expires=1507932227&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=B5BA963FD86510E20FCA2F7A657C1811|publisher=[[OECD]]|accessdate=13 Oktubre 2017}}</ref><ref name="Campagna">{{Cite book|last1=Campagna et al.|first1=Michele|title=Planning Support Tools: Policy Analysis, Implementation and Evaluation. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Informatics and Urban and Regional Planning INPUT2012|date=2012|publisher=[[FrancoAngeli]]|location=Milan|isbn=9788856875973|pages=1853–1856|accessdate=13 Oktubre 2017}}</ref><ref name="Politecnico">{{Cite web|title=Osservatorio sulla città metropolitana di Milano. Rapporto 2016|url=http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/si09/contentData/view/OssCittaMetropolitana_2%20Report_Completo016.pdf?id=CNT-05-00000004C7944&ct=application/pdf|publisher=[[Polytechnic University of Milan]]|accessdate=13 Oktubre 2017|archive-date=26 Septyembre 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926114435/http://www.group.intesasanpaolo.com/scriptIsir0/si09/contentData/view/OssCittaMetropolitana_2%20Report_Completo016.pdf?id=CNT-05-00000004C7944&ct=application%2Fpdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Salet">{{Cite book|last1=Salet|first1=Willem|last2=Thornley|first2=Andy|last3=Kreukels|first3=Anton|title=Metropolitan governance and spatial planning : comparative case studies of European city-regions|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000unse_j4u8|date=2003|publisher=Spon Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0415274494|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000unse_j4u8/page/265 265]}}</ref> [[Paypay:Milano, Duomo with Milan Cathedral and Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, 2016.jpg|thumb]] ==Mga hulagway== <br><gallery class=center caption="Milan - Milano"> Milano Italy Duomo-Milan-01.jpg Mailand-218-Dom-auf dem Dach-Fialen-1985-gje.jpg Mailand-220-Dom-Fialen-1985-gje.jpg Mailand-228-Dom-Wasserspeier-1985-gje.jpg Mailand-254-Fort innen-1985-gje.jpg Mailand-262-Kirchentuer-Basketballkorb-1985-gje.jpg Mailand-272-Galleria beim Dom-1985-gje.jpg </gallery> ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} {{Lalawigan han Milan}} {{Turók}} {{Commons category|Milan}} [[Kaarangay:Milan]] [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad ha Italya]] 3qze1kq0xzgwo3w5k6kq93u3zh0uouh 0 10246 7785633 7783426 2026-08-27T21:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Mumbai | native_name = मुंबई | native_name_lang = | other_name = Bombay | settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]<!-- mumbai is a mother city, so it is metropolis. If the page includes surrounding places, then it can be mentioned as metropolitan area]]--> | image_skyline = | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = Skyscrapers lit up at night. A clock tower with a square base and an octagonal top. A wide building with central and surrounding domes. Wide skyscrapers at night. A brown arch with boats nearby. | image_caption = Clockwise from top: [[Cuffe Parade]] skyline, the [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal Hotel]], [[Nariman Point]] and the [[Gateway of India]] | nickname =City of Seven Islands, City of Dreams,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Seven Islands |url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/geo/7islands.html |publisher=The Mumbai Pages |date=16 Hulyo 1995 |accessdate=27 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> Gateway of India, Hollywood of India | map_alt = Mumbai is on the west coast of India, about one third of the way down to the southern tip. It is in the west side of the Maharashtra province, which covers roughly the second quarter of the west coast (counting from the north), and heads inland roughly twice as far as its coastline. | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Maharashtra | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | latd = 18 | latm = 58 | lats = 30 | latNS = N | longd = 72 | longm = 49 | longs = 33 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = inline,title | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]] | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />[[Mumbai Suburban District|Mumbai Suburban]] | subdivision_type3 = Former name | subdivision_name3 = Bombay | subdivision_type4 = Native Language | subdivision_name4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | established_title = First settled | established_date = 1507 | founder = | named_for = [[Mumbadevi]] | government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]] | governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai|MCGM]] | leader_party = [[Shiv Sena|SS]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Mumbai|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Snehal Ambekar]] | leader_title2 = [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal commissioner]] | leader_name2 = Sitaram Kunte<ref>{{cite news|title=Sitaram Kunte new commissioner of Mumbai civic body|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_sitaram-kunte-new-commissioner-of-mumbai-civic-body_1682754|accessdate=16 Hulyo 2012|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=30 Abril 2012|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|location=Mumbai, India}}</ref> | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="projectsecoa1">{{cite web |url=http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |title=Mumbai metropolitan area |language=it |publisher=Projectsecoa.eu |accessdate=14 Marso 2013 |archive-date=6 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082759/http://www.projectsecoa.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = | area_total_km2 = 603 | area_metro_km2 = 4355<ref name="projectsecoa1"/>{{sfn|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010|p=286}} | area_metro_sq_mi = 1681.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 14 | population_total = 12478447 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|1st]] | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 18414288 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|1st]]) | population_metro = 20748395 | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Census India">{{cite web|title=Census India Agglomerations|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|accessdate=30 Enero 2014}}</ref> | population_demonym = [[Mumbaikar]] | population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=17 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-22]] | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|ZIP code(s)]] | postal_code = 400 001 to 400 107 | registration_plate = MH 01–02–03–47 | website = {{URL|www.mcgm.gov.in}} | footnotes = }} An '''Mumbai''' (nga agsob tawagon liwat nga '''Bombay''') amo an kapital han estado han [[Maharashtra]] han [[Indya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Baptista |first=Elsie Wilhelmina |title=The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein | date = 1967 |publisher=Bombay East Indian Association |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bates |first=Crispin | date = 2003 |title=Community, Empire and Migration: South Asians in Diaspora |isbn=978-81-250-2482-8 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan|last1=Brunn|first1=Stanley|last2= Williams|first2=Jack Francis|first3= Donald|last3= Zeigler|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.| date = 2003|edition=Third|ref=bru|isbn=0-06-381225-8}} * {{Cite book|title=International Telecommunications Law [2008] |volume=II |last= Campbell |first=Dennis| date = 2008|isbn=1-4357-1699-X |ref=in08}} * {{Cite book|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=Office of the Registrar General (India)| date = 1962|volume=5|ref=cent}} * {{Cite book|last1=Carsten|first1= F. L.|title=The New Cambridge Modern History (The ascendancy of France 1648–88) |volume=V |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |isbn=978-0-521-04544-5 | date = 1961 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Asha Kuthari |title=Mahesh Dattani: An Introduction |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&dq=Mahesh+Dattani++By+Asha+Kuthari+Chaudhuri |accessdate=26 Abril 2009 |series=Contemporary Indian Writers in English | date = 2005 |publisher=Foundation Books |isbn=81-7596-260-7 |chapter=Introduction: Modern Indian Drama |chapterurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=-jxGSsKqfHgC&pg=PA10-IA6 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|title=The Port of Bombay: a brief history|last= Chittar|first= Shantaram D.|publisher=[[Bombay Port Trust]]| date = 1973 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Datta |first1=Kavita |first2=Gareth A. |last2=Jones | date = 1999 |title=Housing and finance in developing countries |isbn=978-0-415-17242-4 |publisher=Routledge |edition=illustrated |series=Volume 7 of Routledge studies in development and society |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=History of Bombay, 1661–1708|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] | date = 1973 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Bombay, the city of dreams: a history of the first city in India|last=David|first=M. D.|publisher=Himalaya Publishing House | date = 1995 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Davis |first=Mike |authorlink=Mike Davis (scholar) |title=Planet of Slums [" Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global "] |publisher=La Découverte |location=Paris | date = 2006 |isbn=978-2-7071-4915-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Bombay: The Cities Within|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaycitieswith0000dwiv|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sharada|authorlink1=Sharada Dwivedi|last2=Mehrotra|first2=Rahul|publisher=Eminence Designs| date = 2001 |ref=harv|isbn=81-85028-80-X}} * {{Cite book|title=Environment and urbanization|volume=v. 14, no. 1|publisher=International Institute for Environment and Development|date=April 2002|url=http://books.google.com/?id=0DBhYWmqpDoC&printsec=frontcover|isbn=978-1-84369-223-2|accessdate=29 Agosto 2009|ref=n450}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5p2WAlJQ2?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/escts.pdf|archivedate=16 Abril 2010|accessdate=28 Agosto 2009|title=Executive Summary on Comprehensive Transportation Study for MMR|publisher=MMRDA|ref=exe|url-status=live}} * {{Cite book|last= Farooqui|first=Amar|title=Opium city: the making of early Victorian Bombay|publisher=Three Essays Press | date = 2006 |isbn=978-81-88789-32-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Fortescue|first=J. 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Publishers | date = 2001 |isbn=978-1-85065-471-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ganti |first1=Tejaswini |title=Bollywood: a guidebook to popular Hindi cinema |url=http://books.google.com/?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3 | date = 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-28854-1 |chapter=Introduction |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|title=Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|series=Maharashtra State Gazetteers|volume=v. 27, no. 1| date = 1960|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|ref=bom}} * {{Cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Amalananda|title=An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology|publisher=Brill| date = 1990 |ref=harv|isbn=81-215-0088-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Guha| date = 2007|first1=Ramachandra|authorlink1=Ramachandra Guha|title=[[India after Gandhi]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |ref=harv|isbn=0-06-019881-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Hansen|first=Thomas Blom| date = 2001|title=Wages of violence: naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|isbn=978-0-691-08840-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&printsec=frontcover|publisher=Princeton University Press|accessdate=16 Agosto 2009|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Huda |first=Anwar | date = 2004 |title=The Art and Science of Cinema |isbn=978-81-269-0348-1 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=JIwxhDGO-mUC&printsec=frontcover |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |accessdate=11 Hunyo 2008 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K. |title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00jhas | date = 2005 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=81-7436-378-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Marketing in the 21st Century: New world marketing |last=Keillor |first=Bruce David |publisher=Praeger |volume=1 |isbn=0-275-99276-4 | date = 2007 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kelsey |first=Jane |title=Serving Whose Interests?: The Political Economy of Trade in Services Agreements |url=https://archive.org/details/servingwhoseinte0000kels | date = 2008 |isbn=978-0-415-44821-5 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Muslims in the Deccan: a historical survey|last=Khalidi |first=Omar|publisher=Global Media Publications |isbn=978-81-88869-13-8 | date = 2006 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Politics in India |last=Kothari |first= Rajni|authorlink=Rajni Kothari | date = 1970 |publisher=Orient Longman}} * {{Cite book|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Bala|title=Environmental Management: Text And Cases|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9788120333291_2ed|isbn=978-81-203-3329-1 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kumari|first=Asha|title=Hinduism and Buddhism| date = 1990 |publisher=Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan|isbn=81-7124-060-7| ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Lok Sabha debates| date = 1998 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |location=New Delhi |ref=lsd}} * {{Cite book|last1=Machado|first1=José Pedro|title=Dicionário Onomástico Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa |language=Portuguese |chapter=Bombaim|work=Editorial Confluência|volume=I| date = 1984 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Suketu|title= Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found|url=https://archive.org/details/maximumcitybomba00meht| date = 2004|publisher=Alfred A Knopf|isbn= 0-375-40372-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Metropolitan planning and management in the developing world: spatial decentralization policy in Bombay and Cairo|publisher=United Nations Centre for Human Settlements| date = 1993|isbn=978-92-1-131233-1|ref=UNB}} * {{Cite book|title=The Rise of Muslim Power in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442 |last=Misra |first=Satish Chandra |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers | date = 1982 |ref=misra}} * {{Cite book|last1=Morris |first1=Jan |last2=Winchester |first2=Simon |title=Stones of empire: the buildings of the Raj |url=https://archive.org/details/stonesofempirebu0000morr_i9l5 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2005 |origyear=1983 |edition=reissue, illustrated |isbn=978-0-19-280596-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|url=http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|title=Mumbai Plan|publisher=Department of Relief and Rehabilitation ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|ref=plan|accessdate=29 Abril 2009|archive-date=10 Marso 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last= Naravane|first=M. S.| date = 2007|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj |url= https://archive.org/details/battlesofhonoura0000nara|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3 |publisher=APH Publishing |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Brien |first=Derek |title=The Mumbai Factfile |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-302947-2 | date = 2003 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|url = http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf|format = PDF, 1.18 [[Megabyte|MB]]|title = Office of the Commissioner of Police, Mumbai|publisher = [[Mumbai Police]]|accessdate = 15 Hunyo 2009|ref = mp|archive-date = 11 Hulyo 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090711160718/http://www.mumbaipolice.org/right_of_information/Right_of_Information.pdf|url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Patel|editor1-first=Sujata|editor2-last=Masselos|editor2-first=Jim|title=Bombay and Mumbai. The City in Transition|url=https://archive.org/details/bombaymumbaicity0000unse_v9j7|chapter=Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics and Populism| date = 2003|publisher=The Oxford University Press|location=Delhi, India|isbn=0-19-567711-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | date = 2005 |chapterurl=http://www.lingref.com/isb/4/141ISB4.PDF |last=Pai |first=Pushpa |editor=Cohen, James; McAlister, Kara T.; Rolstad, Kellie; MacSwan, Jeff |title=Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism |chapter=Multilingualism, Multiculturalism and Education: Case Study of Mumbai City |publisher=Cascadilla Press |pages=1794–1806 |ref=harv }} * {{Cite book|title=The mangroves in Salsette Island near Bombay|last1=Patil|first1=R.P.|publisher=Proceedings of the Symposium on Mangrove Forest | date = 1957 |location=Calcutta |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Aditi Phadnis]] |title=Business Standard Political Profiles: Of Cabals and Kings |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|url = http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5mLpSbYyu?url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/Population%20and%20Employment%20profile%20of%20MMR.pdf|archivedate = 28 Disyembre 2009|format = PDF|title = Population and Employment profile of Mumbai Metropolitan Region|publisher = [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA)|accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2010|ref = pemmr|url-status = live}} * {{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]| date = 1999|volume=65|ref=proc}} * {{Cite book|last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh | date = 2006 |title=India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005 |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Rohli|first1=Robert V.|last2=Vega|first2=Anthony J.|title=Climatology|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers | date = 2007 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-0-7637-3828-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=History of Medieval India|last1=Saini|first1=A.K.|last2=Chand|last3=Hukam|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn= 978-81-261-2313-1|ref=maratha}} * {{Cite book|title=Maharashtra|last=Singh|first=K. S.|author2=B. V. Bhanu |author3=B. R. Bhatnagar |author4=Anthropological Survey of India |author5=D. K. Bose |author6=V. S. Kulkarni |author7=J. Sreenath |publisher=Popular Prakashan|volume=XXX|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0| date = 2004|ref=prabhu}} * {{Cite book|title=Researches in Indo-Portuguese history|volume=2|publisher=Publication Scheme| date = 1998|last=Shirodkar |first=Prakashchandra P.|isbn=978-81-86782-15-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Mumbai vision 2015: agenda for urban renewal|last1=Swaminathan |first1=R. |first2=Jaya |last2=Goyal |publisher=Macmillan India in association with Observer Research Foundation | date = 2006 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=The children of Israel: the Bene Israel of Bombay |last=Strizower |first=Schifra|publisher=B. Blackwell | date = 1971 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=The Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island|series=Gazetteers of the Bombay Presidency|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|volume=2| date = 1978|ref=bi}} * {{cite web|url = http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|format = PDF|title = The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888|publisher = State Election Commissioner ([[Government of Maharashtra]])|accessdate = 3 Mayo 2009|ref = mumact|archive-date = 5 Hulyo 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070705222724/http://stateelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/THE%20MUMBAI%20MUNICIPAL%20CORPORATION%20ACT_1888.pdf|url-status = dead}} * {{cite book|first1=Mathew |last1=Kurian |first2=Patricia |last2=McCarney|title=Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method| date = 2010|publisher=Springer|ref={{sfnref|Peri-urban water and sanitation services policy, planning and method|2010}}|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9048194253}} * {{Cite book|last=Vilanilam |first=John V. |edition=illustrated | date = 2005 |title=Mass communication in India: a sociological perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/masscommunicatio0000vila |isbn=978-0-7619-3372-4 |publisher=SAGE |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Wasko |first1=Janet |title=How Hollywood works |url=https://archive.org/details/howhollywoodwork0000wask | date = 2003 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=0-7619-6814-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=WMO bulletin|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]| date = 2000|volume=49|ref=wmo}} * {{Cite book|title= An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change|last=Yimene|first=Ababu Minda|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag| date = 2004|isbn=3-86537-206-6|ref=yakg}} * {{Cite book|last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=A. C. | date = 1996 |origyear=1939 |title=A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson |isbn=978-0-7007-0321-0 |publisher=Routledge |edition=2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Zakakria|first1=Rafiq|last2=Indian National Congress|title=100 glorious years: Indian National Congress, 1885–1985|publisher=Reception Committee, Congress Centenary Session| date = 1985|ref=cng|authorlink2=Indian National Congress}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Mumbai}} * [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028225646/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ |date=2017-10-28 }} * [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |date=2009-03-10 }} [[Kaarangay:Mumbai]] [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad ngan bungto han Indya]] t6zz36551icb335r0nfqduf0egp89zp 0 10276 7785660 7643109 2026-08-27T21:21:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Delhi | official_name = National Capital Territory of Delhi | native_name = दिल्ली<br/>ਦਿੱਲੀ | other_name = | settlement_type = Metropolis | image_skyline = Delhi Montage.jpg | image_caption = From top clockwise: [[Lotus Temple|Lotus temple]], [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]],[[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham temple]] and [[India Gate]]. | image_flag = | image_seal = | pushpin_map = India | mapsize = 250px | map_caption = Location of Delhi in India. | coordinates_region = US-DC | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of India|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[North India]] | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Governors and Lieutenant-Governors of states of India|Lt. Governor]] | leader_name = [[Najeeb Jung]] | leader_title1 = {{nowrap|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]}} | leader_name1 = ([[President's rule|President's Rule]]) | leader_title2 = [[Legislative Assembly of Delhi|Legislature]] | leader_name2 = [[Unicameral]] (70 seats) | leader_title3 = [[16th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]] | leader_name3 = [[List of Lok Sabha constituencies in Delhi|7]] | leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]] | leader_name4 = [[Delhi High Court]] | established_title1 = Settled | established_date1 = 6th century B.C., 3000 B.C. (from legend) | established_title2 = Incorporated | established_date2 = 1857 | established_title3 = Capital formation | established_date3 = 1911 | established_title4 = Established | established_date4 = 1 Pebrero 1992 | named_for = | parts_type = Districts | parts_style = para | p1 = [[List of districts of Delhi|11]] | seat_type = Capital | seat = [[New Delhi]] | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_metro_km2 = 46208 | area_total_km2 = 1484.0 | area_total_sq_mi = 573.0 | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="Census India 2011">{{ Cite web|title=Cities with population of 1 Lakh and Above|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=30 Enero 2014}}</ref> | population_total = 11007835 | population_urban = 16314838 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|2nd]]) | population_metro = 21753486 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|2nd]] | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="Delhiuapop2011">{{Cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf |title= Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above| date = 2011|work= Provisional population totals, census of India 2011|format=PDF|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=26 Enero 2012}}</ref> | population_demonym = Delhiite, Dehlvi, Delhiwala | population_density_sq_mi = 29259.12 | blank1_name = Ethnicity | blank1_info = [[Indian people|Indian]] | blank2_name = Official Languages | blank2_info = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu/Hindi]] | blank3_name = | blank3_info = | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +5.30 | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]] | postal_code = [http://pincodes.info/in/Delhi/New-Delhi/New-Delhi/ 110001]-110098, 1100xx | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 11]] | latd = 28 | latm = 36 | lats = 36 | latNS = N | longd = 77 | longm = 13 | longs = 48 | longEW = E | coordinates_display = Y | elevation_ft = 0–409 | elevation_m = 0–125 | website = [http://delhi.gov.in/ Delhi.gov.in] }} An '''Delhi''' nga opisyal ginkikilala nga '''Nasodnon nga teritoryo kapital han Delhi''' amo an usa ka unyon teritoryo han nasod han [[Indya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/ES2005-06.htm Economic Survey of Delhi 2005–2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215014054/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/ES2005-06.htm |date= 15 Pebrero 2016 }}. Planning Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 Pebrero 2007 * {{Cite book|last1 = Dalrymple|given1 = W| date = 2003|edition = 1|title=City of Djinns |url = https://archive.org/details/cityofdjinnsyear0000dalr_f7j0|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-200100-4}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Dalrymple|given1 = W| date = 2003|edition = 1|title=Vidhya Society, (2009). Vidhya Society (NGO) is a leading charitable organization of Uttar Pradesh (India) established under society registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion of World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay www.vidhyasociety.com |url = https://archive.org/details/cityofdjinnsyear0000dalr_f7j0|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-200100-4}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Prager|given1 = D| date = 2013|edition = 1|title=Delirious Delhi |url = https://archive.org/details/deliriousdelhiin0000prae|publisher=Arcade Publishing |isbn=978-1-61145-832-9}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Brown|given1 = L| date = 2011|edition = 5|title=Lonely Planet Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741794601|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74179-460-1}} * {{Cite book|last1 = Rowe|given1 = P|surname2= Coster|given2= P| date = 2004|title=Delhi (Great Cities of the World)|url = https://archive.org/details/delhi0000rowe|publisher= World Almanac Library|isbn = 978-0-8368-5197-7}} * {{Cite news|title=Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape|author=Four-part series on Delhi|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=30 Mayo 2012 |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/30/metrocity-journal-delhis-changing-landscape/}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Delhi}} * {{Official website|http://delhi.gov.in/}} * {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/India/Delhi|Delhi}} * [http://allpincodes.com/pincodeof/india/delhi/ Pincodes of Delhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229085449/http://allpincodes.com/pincodeof/india/delhi/ |date= 29 Disyembre 2014 }} {{Geographic location | Centre = Delhi | North = Haryana | East = Uttar Pradesh | South = [[Haryana]] | West = Haryana }} [[Kaarangay:Delhi]] [[Kaarangay:Mga estado ngan teritoryo unyon han nasod han Indya]] g110jd28jfc1igbin0t7q92cytfxczh 0 11402 7785669 7783563 2026-08-27T21:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 8 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name=Istanbul | native_name=''İstanbul'' | native_name_lang=tr | settlement_type=Munisipyo metropolitano | official_name=Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5j.jpg | image_caption=Clockwise from top: View of [[Golden Horn]] between [[Galata]] and [[Sarayburnu|Seraglio Point]] including the [[Historic Areas of Istanbul|historic areas]]; [[Maiden's Tower]]; a [[Istanbul nostalgic tramways|nostalgic tram]] on [[İstiklal Avenue]]; [[Levent]] business district with [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]; [[Ortaköy Mosque]] in front of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]]; and [[Hagia Sophia]]. | image_alt=See caption | imagesize=300px | image_blank_emblem= | blank_emblem_type=Tatak han Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | blank_emblem_size=110px | pushpin_map=Turkey | pushpin_map_caption=Namumutang ha Turkiya | pushpin_map_alt=Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water | pushpin_mapsize=300px | latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N | longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E | coordinates_region=TR | subdivision_type=Country | subdivision_name=[[Turkey]] | subdivision_type1=[[Geographical regions of Turkey|Region]] | subdivision_name1=[[Marmara Region|Marmara]] | subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]] | subdivision_name2=[[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] | leader_party=[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] | leader_title=Mayor | leader_name=[[Ekrem İmamoğlu]] | established_title=Established | established_date= | established_title1=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Byzantium]] | established_date1=c. 660 BC{{efn|name=byz-date}} | established_title2=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Constantinople]] | established_date2=330 AD | established_title3=&nbsp;-&nbsp;Istanbul | established_date3=1930 (officially){{efn|name=name-1930|The name of the city was officially changed to its present name of Istanbul in 1930, but the name has been in use since even before the 1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Ottoman conquest]].}} | parts_type=Districts | parts=[[List of districts of Istanbul|39]] | area_metro_km2=5461 | area_metro_mi2=2063 | area_metro_footnotes={{efn|name=city-area}} | population_total=14,025,646 | population_as_of=31 Disyembre 2015 | population_footnotes=<ref name=citypolution.de>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities|quote=The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|website=www.citytpopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=31 Disyembre 2014|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=1 Abril 2015|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref name="Population of Turkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015|date=31 Disyembre 2015|accessdate=28 Enero 2016}}</ref> | population_rank=[[List of cities in Turkey|1st in Turkey]]<br>[[List of cities proper by population|6th in the world]] | population_density_km2= | population_demonym=Istanbulite(s)<br/>([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''İstanbullu(lar)'') | timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset=+2 | timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST=+3 | postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] | postal_code=34000 to 34850 | area_code=0212 <small>(European side)</small> <br/>0216 <small>(Asian side)</small> | registration_plate= 34 | website={{URL|http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality}} }} An '''Istanbul''' (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ o /ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ o /ɪˈstænbʊl/; Tinurkiya: İstanbul [isˈtɑnbuɫ]), ha kasaysayan kilala gihapon komo Constantinople ngan Byzantium, amo an may gidadakoi nga populasyon nga syudad ha Turkey ngan han mao nga nasod sentro han ekonomiya, kultura ngan kasaysayan. An Istanbul usa nga transcontinental nga syudad ha Eurasia, namumutang ha may Estrecho han Bosphorus (nga nagbubulag han Europa ngan Asya) ha butnga han [[Dagat Marmara]] ngan [[Itom nga Dagat]]. An sentro han pankomersyohan ngan pankasaysayan in namumutang ha may Europeo nga dapit ngan (1/3) kat-tulo han iya populasyon in namumutang naman ha may Asyano nga bahin.<ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref> An syudad in sentro han pagdudumara han Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (nga cotermino han Lalawigan han Istanbul), kun diin may-ada populasyon nga 14.7 milyones nga molupyo.<ref name=citypolution.de/> An Istanbul in usa ha kanan kalibutan may pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad ngan nagraranggo liwat hin kanan kalibutan ika-7 ha may pinakadamo nga molupyo ngan gidadakoi nga syudad han Europa. [[Paypay:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg|950px|center|syudad han Istanbul]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin|27em}} *{{Cite book|last=ʻAner|first=Nadav|date=2005|editor-last=Pergola|editor-first=Sergio Della|editor2-last=Gilboa|editor2-first=Amos|editor3-last=Ṭal|editor3-first=Rami|title=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-229-346-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Athanasopulos|first=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law| date = 2001|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Constantine and Eusebius|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn|date=1981|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718|date=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315|accessdate=11 Abril 2013|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=1|quote=Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brink-Danan|first=Marcy|title=Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance| date = 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=New Anthropologies of Europe|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-0-253-35690-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|title=Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911|url=https://archive.org/details/imageimperialism0000brum| date = 2000|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Cantor|first=Norman F.|title=Civilization of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm|date=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092553-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-08239-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula| date = 2006|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-975-395-899-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan|date=1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|location=Lewiston, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88946-207-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Connell|first=John| date = 2010|title=Medical Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/medicaltourism0000conn|series=CAB Books|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Dahmus|first=Joseph|date=1995|title=A History of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.| date = 2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Sélincourt|first=Aubery|title=The Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero|series=Penguin Classics|editor-last=Marincola|editor-first=John M|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-044908-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Souza|first=Philip|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-96854-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Dumper|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|title=The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofasia0000duri| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-14981-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Efe|first1=Recep|last2=Cürebal|first2=Isa|chapter=Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|date=2011|editor-last=Brunn|editor-first=Stanley D|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-90-481-9919-8|pages=715–34|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923|url=https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink| date = 2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02396-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=Istanbul: The Imperial City| date = 1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-85972-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara|url=https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4|date=2000|publisher=Companion Guides|location=Woodbridge, Eng.|isbn=978-1-900639-31-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture| date = 2011|publisher=WIT Press|location=Southampton, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84564-506-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Georgacas|first=Demetrius John | date = 1947 |title=The Names of Constantinople |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=78 |pages=347–67 |doi=10.2307/283503 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |jstor=283503|ref=harv }} *{{Cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia| date = 2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|series=Comprehensive Grammars|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Eng.|isbn=978-0-415-21761-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Göktürk|editor-first=Deniz|editor2-last=Soysal|editor2-first=Levent|editor3-last=Türeli|editor3-first=İpek| date = 2010|title=Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?|url=https://archive.org/details/orientingistanbu0000unse|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-58011-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-12772-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gül|first=Murat|title=The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City| date = 2012|publisher=IB.Tauris|location=London|edition=Revised Paperback Edition|isbn=978-1780763743|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Harter|first=Jim|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings| date = 2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=Peter M.|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K. S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|volume=1A| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|edition=illustrated, reprint|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest| date = 1986|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-06921-3|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Kapucu|first1=Naim|last2=Palabiyik|first2=Hamit|title=Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age|series=USAK Publications|volume=17|publisher=USAK|location=Ankara| date = 2008|isbn=978-605-4030-01-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp|date=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-20954-0|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Keyder|editor-first=Çağlar| date = 1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|url=https://archive.org/details/istanbulbetweeng0000unse|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=King|first=Charles| date = 2014|title=Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/midnightatperapa0000king_g1k2|publisher=Norton & Cy|location=|isbn=9780393089141-|ref=}} *{{Cite book|last1=Klimczuk|first1=Stephen|last2=Warner|first2=Gerald|date=2009|title=Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Knieling|first1=Jörg|last2=Othengrafen|first2=Frank|title=Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning|series=Urban and Regional Planning and Development|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|location=Surrey, Eng.|isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5| date = 2009|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Köksal|editor-first=Özlem|title=World Film Locations: Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/worldfilmlocatio0000unse_k7t7|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, Eng.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84150-567-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Köse|first=Yavuz|editor-last=Atabaki|editor-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Brockett|editor2-first=Gavin|chapter=Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)|title=Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-521-12805-6|pages=91–114|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.| date = 1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkmoderniza0000unse|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-07070-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-09677-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Lister|first=Richard P.|title=The Travels of Herodotus| date = 1979|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|location=London|isbn=978-0-86033-081-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce Alan|last2=Ágoston|first2=Gábor| date = 2009|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Social Development|date=October 2010|publisher=Stanford University|location=Stanford, Calif.|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|accessdate=5 Hulyo 2012|format=pdf|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |date=2012-09-15 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |access-date=11 Enero 2015 |archive-date=15 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |url-status=unfit }} *{{Cite book|last1=Mossberger|first1=Karen|last2=Clarke|first2=Susan E.|last3=John|first3=Peter|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2|series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-536786-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|title=Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci|date=1991|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-14050-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|contribution= From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye|editor-last=ölcer|editor-first=Nazan|title=From Byzantion to Istanbul|publisher=SSM|location=Istanbul| date = 2010|isbn=978-605-4348-04-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa| date = 2010|title=Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform|url=https://archive.org/details/publicsentinelne0000unse|publisher=World Bank Publications|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Istanbul, Turkey|series=OECD Territorial Reviews| date = 2008|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-04371-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Oxford Business Group| date = 2009|title=The Report: Turkey 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-902339-13-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Papathanassis|first=Alexis|date=2011|title=The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/longtailoftouris0000unse|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Quantic|first=Roy| date = 2008|title=Climatology for Airline Pilots|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-470-69847-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reisman|first=Arnold|title=Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis|date=2006|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Roebuck|first=Carl|title=Ionian Trade and Colonization|url=https://archive.org/details/ioniantradecolon0000carl| date = 1959|series=Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89005-528-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom|date=2006|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, N.C.|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Rôzen|first=Mînnā|title=A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566| date = 2002|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-90-04-12530-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Sanal|first=Aslihan|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Michael M. J.|editor2-last=Dumit|editor2-first=Joseph|date=2011|title=New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/neworganswithinu0000sana|series=Experimental Futures|edition=illustrated|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|title=Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" | date = 2005|publisher=Oldenbourg|location=München|language=German|isbn=978-3-486-57713-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel K.|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|volume=2| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V|location=Delft, the Neth.| date = 2004|isbn=978-90-5972-041-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=New York|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-334-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Tigrek|first1=Sahnaz|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül| date = 2011|editor-last=Kibaroğlu|editor-first=Ayșegül|editor2-last=Scheumann|editor2-first=Waltina|editor3-last=Kramer|editor3-first=Annika|title=Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation|chapter=Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-3-642-19635-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor=Time Out Guides|title=Time Out Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|date=2010|isbn=978-1-84670-115-3|ref={{sfnRef|Time Out Guides|2010}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York| date = 2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=978-4-431-99266-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-044512-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wedel|first=Heidi| date = 2000|editor1-last=Ibrahim|editor1-first=Ferhad|editor2-last=Gürbey|editor2-first=Gülistan|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–93|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Martin|title=Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe|series=Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment|publisher=Mansell|location=Los Altos, Calif.| date = 1984|isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Istanbul}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality] * [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ Official website of the Istanbul Governorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ |date=2006-12-22 }} * [http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005] * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072848/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx |date=2015-07-04 }} * [http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222203756/http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ |date=2012-02-22 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad, bungto ngan baryo ha Turkeya]] [[Kaarangay:Istanbul]] 3avr0icxb9jxccge0m1fgi6e0s28t2p 0 13678 7785683 7783316 2026-08-27T21:37:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785683 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''katungod pantawo''' amo an kinahanglanon nga katungod ngan katalwasan nga mayda ngatanan nga tawo. Pananglitan ha katungod pantawo, upod dinhi an katungod sibil ngan pulitika, sugad han katungod mabuhi ngan matalwas, katalwasan makapagyakan, ngan patas ha atubangan han balaod; ngan pansosyodad, pankultura ug pagpakabuhi nga mga katungod, kaupod dinhi an katungod magbulig ha kahiaraan o kultura, an katungod makakaon, katungod makapagpakabuhi, ngan katungod makapag-aram. :"Ngatanan nga tawo natawo nga talwas ug pareho ha dignidad ngan katungod. Mayda hira panhunahuna ug pamurootboot nga dapat magbuhat ha igkasitawo hin may hinongdan nga pagkamagburugto. ::--Artikulo 1 han '''Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod''' nga ginpadig-on han [[Nagkaurusa nga mga Nasod]]-- ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Sangkalibutan Nga Pag-Asoy Bahin Han Kanan Tawo Mga Katungod]] * [[:en:Human Rights Day|Human Rights Day]] - [[Disyembre 10]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Mga libro=== * {{Cite book |last= Beitz |first= Charles R. |title= The idea of human rights | date = 2009 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0-19-957245-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Moyn |first= Samuel |title= [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674064348 The last utopia: human rights in history] | date = 2010 |publisher= Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge, Mass. |isbn= 978-0-674-06434-8 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Donnelly |first= Jack |title= Universal human rights in theory and practice |url= https://archive.org/details/universalhumanri0000donn | date = 2003 |publisher= Cornell University Press |location= Ithaca |isbn= 978-0-8014-8776-7 |edition= 2nd |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ball |last2= Gready |first= Olivia |title= The no-nonsense guide to human rights |url= https://archive.org/details/nononsenseguidet0000ball | date = 2006 |work= New Internationalist |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-904456-45-2 |first2= Paul |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Freeman |first= Michael |title= Human rights : an interdisciplinary approach |url= https://archive.org/details/humanrightsinter0000free_2002 | date = 2002 |publisher= Polity Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-7456-2355-9 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Doebbler |first= Curtis F. J |title= Introduction to international human rights law. | date = 2006 |publisher= Cd Publishing |isbn= 978-0-9743570-2-7 |ref= harv }} * Keys, Barbara J. (2014). ''Reclaiming American Virtue: The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. * {{Cite book |last= Shaw |first= Malcolm |title= International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000shaw_i0o6 | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Leiden |isbn= 978-0-511-45559-9 |edition= 6th |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Ishay |first= Micheline R. |title= The history of human rights : from ancient times to the globalization era |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofhumanri0000isha_l5h5 | date = 2008 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, Calif. |isbn= 0-520-25641-7 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |title= Principles of Public International Law |url= https://archive.org/details/principlesofpubl0000brow_z1a3 |publisher= OUP |last= Brownlie |first= Ian |edition= 6th | date = 2003 |isbn= 0-19-955683-0 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |title= A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url= https://archive.org/details/worldmadenewelea00glen | date = 2001 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-679-46310-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Sepúlveda |last2= van Banning |last3= Gudmundsdóttir |last4= Chamoun |last5= van Genugten |first1= Magdalena |first2= Theo |first3= Gudrún |first4= Christine |first5= Willem J.M. |title= Human rights reference handbook | date = 2004 |publisher= University of Peace |location= Ciudad Colon, Costa Rica |isbn= 9977-925-18-6 |edition= 3rd ed. rev. |ref= {{SfnRef|Sepúlveda et al.|2004}} }}[http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328001040/http://www.hrea.org/erc/Library/display_doc.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.upeace.org%2Ffiles%2Fhuman%2520rights%2520reference%2520handbook.pdf&external=N |date= 28 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite book |last= Ignatieff |first= Michael |title= Human rights as politics and idolatry |url= https://archive.org/details/humanrightsaspol0000igna | date = 2001 |publisher= Princeton University Press |location= Princeton, N.J. |isbn= 0-691-08893-4 |edition= 3. print. |ref= harv }} ===Mga artikulo=== * {{Cite journal |title= Ships Passing in the Night: The Current State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2005-08_27_3/page/n6 |last= Alston |first= Philip |date= Agosto 2005 |volume= 27 |issue= 3 |pages= 755–829 |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2005.0030 |ref= harv |journal= Human Rights Quarterly }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.springerlink.com/content/bbgl735nwh725y05/ |title= Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights and the religious relativism of human rights |last= Endsjø |first= Dag Øistein |journal= Human Rights Review | date = 2005 |volume= 6:2 |pages= 102–10 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1007/s12142-005-1020-1 |issue= 2 }}{{Dead link|date= Disyembre 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite journal |url= http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |title= The Rule of Law in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |last= Glendon |first= Mary Ann |journal= Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights |date= Abril 2004 |volume= 2 |page= 5 |ref= harv |access-date= 24 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 20 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014500/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/jihr/v2/5/#note1 |url-status= dead }} ===Online=== * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Nickel |first= James | date = 2010 |edition= Fall 2010 |url= http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights-human/ |ref= harv }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title= Human Rights |encyclopedia= The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |last= Fagan |first= Andrew | date = 2005 |url= http://www.iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/ |issn= 2161-0002 |ref= harv }} ===Miscellaneous=== * {{Cite speech |title= On the Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights |first= Eleanor |last= Roosevelt |event= Third regular session of the United Nations General Assembly |location= Paris, France |date= 9 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/eleanorrooseveltdeclarationhumanrights.htm |ref= harv }} * {{Cite journal |title= Universal Declaration of Human Rights |publisher= UN General Assembly |date= 10 Disyembre 1948 |url= http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b3712c.html |id= 217 A (III) |ref= {{SfnRef|UDHR|1948}} |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}} }} ==Mga sumpay sa gawas== * [http://www.amnesty.org/ Amnesty International] * [http://hroniki.info/ Katungod pantawo - Rusya] * [http://www.hrichina.org/ Katungod pantawo - Tsina] {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.un.org/rights/ United Nations: Human Rights] * [http://www.hrbaportal.org UN Practitioner's Portal on HRBA Programming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114002756/https://hrbaportal.org/ |date= 14 Nobyembre 2019 }} UN centralised webportal on the Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Programming * [http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies Simple Guide to the UN Treaty Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212156/http://www.ishr.ch/guides-to-the-un-system/simple-guide-to-treaty-bodies |date= 1 Oktubre 2013 }} (International Service for Human Rights) * [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices] U.S. Department of State. * [http://ictj.org/ International Center for Transitional Justice (ICTJ)] * [http://www.iidh.org The International Institute of Human Rights] * [http://www.ihrlaw.org IHRLaw.org] International Human Rights Law – comprehensive online resources and news * {{dmoz|Society/Issues/Human_Rights_and_Liberties}} 8xg8o5kgmu5z54bpn7uwwps2t59stdb 0 13881 7785666 7782401 2026-08-27T21:27:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch |name =Gaius Julius Caesar |title=[[Roman dictator|Dictator]] of the [[Roman Republic]] |image= |caption =The "Tusculum portrait", believed to have been made in Caesar's lifetime.<ref>[[Paul Zanker]], ''Roman Art'' (Getty Publications, 2010), p. 65.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title = Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age| last=Green| first=Peter| publisher = University of California Press | date = 1993| pages = 665| isbn=978-0520083493 }}</ref> |full name =Gaius Julius Caesar |reign =October 49 BC –<br />15 March 44 BC (as dictator and/or consul) |consort =[[Cornelia Cinna minor]] 84 – 69 BC <br />[[Pompeia (wife of Julius Caesar)|Pompeia]] 68 – 63 BC <br />[[Calpurnia Pisonis]] 59 – 44 BC |issue=[[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia Caesaris]] c. 73 – 54 BC<br />[[Caesarion]] 47 – 30 BC<br />[[Augustus]] 63 BC – 14 AD (grand-nephew, posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44 BC) |royal house =[[Julio-Claudian Dynasty|Julio-Claudian]] |father =[[Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul)|Gaius Julius Cæsar]] |mother =[[Aurelia Cotta]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/julius-caesar.htm |title=Julius Caesar |publisher=Roman-colosseum.info |accessdate=8 Enero 2012 |archive-date=19 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119005539/http://roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/julius-caesar.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |birth_date = July 100 BC |birth_place =[[Subura]], Rome |death_date =15 March 44 BC (aged 55) |death_place =[[Theater of Pompey#Curia, assassination of Caesar|Curia of Pompey]], Rome |place of burial= }} Hi '''Gaius Julius Caesar''' o '''Cayo Julio César''' (ha Linatin: '''Gaius Iulius Caesar''') (13 Hulyo 100 BC - 15 Marso 44 BC) amo an usa ka naglabay nga mayur han kasundaluhan ngan politiko han mga Romano. Dako an iya naibulig ha pagliwan tikang ha Republika Romano, ngadto ha paging Imperyo Romano. [[File:Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC).JPG|thumb]] [[File:C. Julius-Caesar (British Museum).gif|thumb]] [[File:Rimini083.jpg|thumb]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Primarya nga ginkuhaan=== ====kalugaringon nga sinurat==== {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/caesarx.html Forum Romanum Index to Caesar's works online] in Latin and translation * [http://www.freewebs.com/omniamundamundis/cae.htm omnia munda mundis] Hypertext of Caesar's De Bello Gallico * {{gutenberg author|id=Julius+Caesar | name=Julius Caesar}} {{Refend}} ====Hadton mga historyano nga pinanurat==== {{Refbegin}} * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html Appian, Book 13] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/37*.html Cassius Dio, Books&nbsp;37–44] (English translation) * [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/antony.html Plutarch on Antony] (English translation, Dryden edition) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html Plutarch: The Life of Julius Caesar] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html Plutarch: The Life of Mark Antony] (English translation) * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html Suetonius: The Life of Julius Caesar]. (Latin and English, cross-linked: the English translation by J.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Rolfe) * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html Suetonius: The Life of Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201204752/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html |date=2011-02-01 }} (J.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Rolfe English translation, modified) {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga kinuhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|author=Canfora, Luciano|title=Julius Caesar: The People's Dictator|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]| date = 2006|isbn=0-7486-1936-4}} *{{Cite book|title=Julius Caesar |url=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesar00free |author=Freeman, Philip |publisher=Simon and Schuster | date = 2008|isbn=0-7432-8953-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Fuller|first=J. F. C.|title=Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant| date = 1965|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Adrian Goldsworthy|Goldsworthy, Adrian]]|title=Caesar: Life of a Colossus|url=https://archive.org/details/caesarlifeofcolo00gold|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]| date = 2006|isbn=0-300-12048-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael_Grant_(author)|title=Julius Caesar|url=https://archive.org/details/juliuscaesar0000gran_k2z5| date = 1969|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Twelve Caesars|url=https://archive.org/details/twelvecaesars00suet_1| date = 1979|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|isbn=0-14-044072-0}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Tom Holland (author)|Holland, Tom]] |title=[[Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic]]|publisher=Anchor Books| date = 2003|isbn=1-4000-7897-0}} *{{Cite book|author=Jiménez, Ramon L.|title=Caesar Against Rome: The Great Roman Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/caesaragainstrom0000jime|publisher=Praeger| date = 2000|isbn=0-275-96620-8}} *{{Cite book|author=Kleiner, Diana E. E.|title=Cleopatra and Rome|url=https://archive.org/details/cleopatrarome00dian|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-674-01905-9}} *{{Cite book|author=Meier, Christian|title=Caesar: A Biography|publisher=Fontana Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-00-686349-3}} *{{Cite book|author=Weinstock, Stefan|title=Divus Julius|url=https://archive.org/details/divusjulius0000stef|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1971|isbn=978-0-19-814287-4}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Iulius Caesar}} *[http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html C. Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104084830/http://www.livius.org/caa-can/caesar/caesar00.html |date=2015-11-04 }} Jona Lendering's in‑depth history of Caesar (Livius. Org) *[http://virgil.org/caesar/ Guide to online resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024215/http://virgil.org/caesar/ |date=2010-01-11 }} *[http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html History of Julius Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405144437/http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/caesar.html |date=2008-04-05 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caesar_julius.shtml Julius Caesar] at [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ BBC History] *Grey, D. [http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Assassination+of+Caesar The Assassination of Caesar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601163617/http://cliojournal.wikispaces.com/The+Assassination+of+Caesar |date=2013-06-01 }}, Clio History Journal, 2009. {{Clear}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Caesar, Julius}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 100 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 44 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Julius Caesar| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 4yppf29qdsy0ch4uyrez8mouwgq2utx 0 14621 7785623 7783459 2026-08-27T20:56:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = Charles Darwin |birth_name=Charles Robert Darwin |image = Charles Darwin seated crop.jpg |alt=Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern. |caption = Darwin, edad 45 han tuig 1854, ha panahon han ginbubuhat niya pakadto han publikasyon han ''[[On the Origin of Species|{{nowrap|On the Origin of Species}}]]'' |birth_date = {{birth date|1809|2|12|df=y}} |birth_place = [[The Mount, Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1882|4|19|1809|2|12|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Down House]], [[Downe]], [[Kent]], United Kingdom |residence = England |citizenship = [[British Citizenship|British]] |nationality = [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] |ethnicity = English |fields = [[natural history|Naturalist]] |workplaces = [[Geological Society of London]] |alma_mater = (tertiary education):<br> [[University of Edinburgh]] (medicine) <br />[[University of Cambridge]] (ordinary Bachelor of Arts) |doctoral_advisor = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |academic_advisors = [[John Stevens Henslow]]<br />[[Adam Sedgwick]] |doctoral_students = <!--there were no PhDs in Cambridge at the time--> |notable_students = |known_for = ''[[The Voyage of the Beagle]]''<br>''[[On the Origin of Species]]''<br>[[evolution]] by <br>[[natural selection]],<br>[[common descent]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Alexander von Humboldt]]<br>[[John Herschel]]<br>[[Charles Lyell]] |influenced = [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]<br>[[Thomas Henry Huxley]]<br>[[George Romanes]]<br>[[Ernst Haeckel]]<br>[[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|Sir John Lubbock]] |awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1853)<br>[[Wollaston Medal]] (1859)<br>[[Copley Medal]] (1864) |signature = Charles Darwin Signature.svg |signature_alt = "Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C" |footnotes = |spouse = [[Emma Darwin]] (1839-1896) }} Hi '''Charles Robert Darwin''' (12 Pebrero 1809 – 19 Abril 1882) amo an usa ka Ingles nga naturalista syentipiko nga nagpahimatuod ngan naglatag hin mga kasarigan nga ngatanan nga kinabuhi nagtikang ha kapareho nga tinikangan (ebolusyon), pamaagi han tinatawag niya nga pagpili natural. ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite news | last = Anonymous | date = 1882 | title =Obituary: Death Of Chas. Darwin | periodical =[[The New York Times]] | issue =21 Abril 1882 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html | accessdate =30 Oktubre 2008 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Balfour | first =J. H. | authorlink = John Hutton Balfour | date = 11 Mayo 1882 | title = [[s:Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh/Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin|Obituary Notice of Charles Robert Darwin]] | journal=[[Transactions & Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh]] | issue = 14 | pages = 284–298|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bannister | first =Robert C. | date = 1989 | title = Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought. | url = https://archive.org/details/socialdarwinisms0000robe_l5m0 | location = Philadelphia | publisher=Temple University Press | isbn =0-87722-566-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bowler | first = Peter J. | date = 2003 | title = Evolution: The History of an Idea | url = https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8 | edition = 3rd | publisher=University of California Press | isbn = 0-520-23693-9|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | authorlink = Janet Browne | date = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | url = https://archive.org/details/charlesdarwin0000jane | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | date = 2002 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place | publication-place = London | publisher=Jonathan Cape | isbn = 0-7126-6837-3|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1835 | title = Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow | publication-place = Cambridge | publisher=[privately printed] | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1837 | title =Notebook B: (Transmutation of species) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR121 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1 | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | date = 1839 | title=Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. | location= London | publisher=Henry Colburn | volume=III | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1842 | publication-date = 1909 | contribution =Pencil Sketch of 1842 | contribution-url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link = Francis Darwin | title =The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | isbn = 0-548-79998-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | author-link= | date = 1845 | title= Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition | location= London | publisher=John Murray | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = Darwin | first = Charles | last2 = Wallace | first2 = Alfred Russel | author2-link = Alfred Russel Wallace | date = 1858 | title =[[On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection]] | edition = | series = Zoology 3 | publication-place = | journal=Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London | pages = 46–50 | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1858.tb02500.x|ref=harv | volume = 3 | issue = 9}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1859 | title =On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | author-link = | date = 1868 | title = The variation of animals and plants under domestication | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 1-4191-8660-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1871 | title =The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex | edition =1st | publication-place = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-8014-2085-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1872 | title = The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | edition = 6th | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =1 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv | isbn = 1-4353-9386-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1887 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = Francis | editor-link =Francis Darwin | title = The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter | location = London | publisher=John Murray | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-404-08417-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text | location = London | publisher=Collins | accessdate =28 Septyembre 2013|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Darwin | first = Charles | date = 2006 | contribution =Journal | contribution-url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&pageseq=1 | editor-last =van Wyhe | editor-first = John | title =Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809–1881) | publisher=Darwin Online | id =CUL-DAR158.1–76 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html | accessdate =20 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | authorlink = Adrian Desmond | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 1991 | title = Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/darwin0000desm | location = London | publisher=Michael Joseph, Penguin Group | isbn = 0-7181-3430-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Desmond | first = Adrian | author-link = | last2 = Moore | first2 = James | author2-link = James Moore (biographer) | last3=Browne | first3=Janet | date = 2004 | title = [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] | publication-place = Oxford, England | publisher=Oxford University Press | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/7176|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Dobzhansky | first = Theodosius | author-link = Theodosius Dobzhansky | date= Marso 1973 | title = Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_american-biology-teacher_1973-03_35_3/page/n14 | journal = The American Biology Teacher | volume = 35 | pages = 125–129 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/4444260 | issue = 3 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Eldredge | first = Niles | author-link = Niles Eldredge | date = 2006 | title = Confessions of a Darwinist | periodical = The Virginia Quarterly Review | issue = Spring 2006 | pages = 32–53 | url = http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | accessdate = 4 Nobyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110620/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/ | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = FitzRoy | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Fitzroy | date = 1839 | title = Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, Volume II | publication-place = London | publisher=Henry Colburn | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | author-link = R. B. Freeman | date = 1977 | title = The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist | publication-place = Folkestone | publisher=Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =4 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn = 0-208-01658-9}} *{{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = R. B. | title = Charles Darwin: A companion | publisher = [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] | date = 2007 | edition =2nd online | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A27b&viewtype=text&pageseq=114 | pp = 107, 109 | accessdate=25 Disyembre 2014|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1980 | title =The red notebook of Charles Darwin | journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) | series =Historical Series | issue = 7 (24 April) | pages =1–164 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=1 | accessdate =11 Enero 2009|ref=harv }} * {{Cite journal | last =Herbert | first = Sandra | date = 1991 | title =Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author | journal=British Journal for the History of Science | issue = 24 | pages =159–192 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | doi =10.1017/S0007087400027060 | volume =24 }} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | author-link = Richard Keynes | date = 2000 | title = Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-46569-9}} * {{Cite book | last= Keynes | first= Richard | date = 2001 | title=Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =24 Oktubre 2008|ref=harv | isbn= 0-521-23503-0}} * {{Cite web |last = Kotzin |first = Daniel | date = 2004 |title = Point-Counterpoint: Social Darwinism |publisher = Columbia American History Online |url = http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 19 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072856/http://caho-test.cc.columbia.edu/pcp/14008.html |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|authorlink=Edward Larson|title=Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionremarka00lars|publisher=Modern Library| date = 2004|isbn=0-679-64288-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Leff | first = David | date = 2000 | title = AboutDarwin.com | url = http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | edition = 2000–2008 | accessdate = 30 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 28 Agosto 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Leifchild | date=19 Nobyembre 1859 | title =Review of 'Origin' | periodical =[[Athenaeum (magazine)|Athenaeum]] | issue = 1673 | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&pageseq=1 | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Miles | first = Sara Joan | date = 2001 | title =Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design | journal=Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith | volume = 53 | pages =196–201 | url =http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James |author-link = James Moore (biographer) | date = 2005 |title = Darwin – A 'Devil's Chaplain'? |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |format = PDF |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 27 Pebrero 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news |last = Moore |first = James | date = 2006 |title = Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin |series = Speaking of Faith (Radio Program) |publisher = American Public Media |url = http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |accessdate = 22 Nobyembre 2008 |ref = harv |archive-date = 22 Disyembre 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml |url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Owen | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Owen | date = 1840 | editor-last = Darwin | editor-first = C. R. | title = Fossil Mammalia Part 1 | series =The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle | location = London | publisher=Smith Elder and Co|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Paul | first =Diane B. | date = 2003 | contribution =Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics | editor-last = Hodge | editor-first = Jonathan | editor2-last = Radick | editor2-first = Gregory | title =The Cambridge Companion to Darwin | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_m2l7 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages =[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_m2l7/page/214 214]–239 | isbn = 0-521-77730-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Smith | first = Charles H. | title = Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay | date = 1999 | url = http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | accessdate = 7 Disyembre 2008 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2008-12-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020823/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal | last = Sulloway | first =Frank J. | author-link =Frank Sulloway | date = 1982 | title =Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend | journal=Journal of the History of Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages =1–53 |format=PDF | url =http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf | accessdate =9 Disyembre 2008 | doi = 10.1007/BF00132004|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Sweet | first = William | title = Herbert Spencer | publisher=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2004 | url = http://www.iep.utm.edu/spencer/ | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 1997 | title =Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right? | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html | accessdate =22 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Wilkins | first = John S. | date = 2008 | contribution =Darwin | editor-last = Tucker | editor-first = Aviezer | title =A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography | url = https://archive.org/details/companiontophilo0000unse_j7f1 | series =Blackwell Companions to Philosophy | pages =[https://archive.org/details/companiontophilo0000unse_j7f1/page/405 405]–415 | publication-place =Chichester | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | isbn =1-4051-4908-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue =2| pages = 177–205 | date = 27 Marso 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url= http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | accessdate =7 Pebrero 2008|ref=harv }} * {{Cite web | last =van Wyhe | first = John | date = 2008 | title =Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch | publisher=Darwin Online | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html | accessdate =17 Nobyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =van Wyhe | first =John | publication-date =1 Septyembre 2008 | date = 2008b | title =Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution | publication-place =London | publisher=Andre Deutsch Ltd | isbn =0-233-00251-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last =von Sydow | first = Momme | date = 2005 | contribution =Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science | contribution-url =http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf | editor-last = Knight | editor-first =David M. | editor2-last = Eddy | editor2-first =Matthew D. | title =Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900 | location = Burlington | publisher=Ashgate | pages =141–156 | isbn =0-7546-3996-7 | accessdate =16 Disyembre 2008|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Yates | first = Simon | date = 2003 | title =The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood | publisher=[[TalkOrigins Archive]] | url =http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html | accessdate =15 Disyembre 2006|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|s=Charles Robert Darwin|author=yes|wikt=no|species_author=Charles Robert Darwin}} {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=yes |viaf= 27063124 |label=Charles Darwin }} * [[The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online]] – [http://darwin-online.org.uk/ Darwin Online]; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews * [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/ Darwin Correspondence Project] Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest ** Darwin-Hooker letters, images and text jointly published at [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Cambridge Digital Library] and [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters Darwin Correspondence Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711123808/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwin-hooker-letters |date= 11 Hulyo 2014 }} * {{gutenberg author| id=Charles+Darwin| name=Charles Darwin}}; public domain * [http://darwin.amnh.org/ Darwin Manuscript Project] * [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&author=charles+darwin&status=all&action=Search Works by Charles Darwin in audio format] from [[LibriVox]] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/natural_science/topics/3696/ Video and radio clips] [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/History/People/Darwin,_Charles/}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95637}} * {{NRA|P7461}} * [http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html A Pictorial Biography of Charles Darwin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705135038/http://www.thesecondevolution.com/darwin_intro.html |date= 5 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/darwin_nazism.htm Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist] * [http://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I Google Map of Charles Darwin’s Voyage of the Beagle 1832-1836] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125153030/https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.kAz5eIDk_Q1I |date= 25 Enero 2015 }} * [http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/darwinvolcano.html Darwin's Volcano] – a short video discussing Darwin and Agassiz' coral reef formation debate * {{Cite EB1911| wstitle=Darwin, Charles Robert}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/interactive/2009/feb/12/charles-darwin '' The life and times of Charles Darwin'', an audio slideshow, The Guardian, Thursday 12 February 2009,] (3 min 20 sec). * [http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ Darwin's Brave New World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622123730/http://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/showcases/charlesdarwin/ |date=2013-06-22 }} – A 3 part drama-documentary exploring Charles Darwin and the significant contributions of his colleagues Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley and Alfred Russel Wallace also featuring interviews with [[Richard Dawkins]], David Suzuki, Jared Diamond * [http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosdarwinE/darwin.html A naturalist's voyage around the world] Account of the ''Beagle'' voyage using animation, in English from [[French National Centre for Scientific Research|Centre national de la recherche scientifique]] * {{Cite book|last=''Anonymous''|others=Illustrated by [[s:Author:Frederick Waddy|Waddy, Frederick]]|title=Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cartoon_portraits_and_biographical_sketches_of_men_of_the_day/C._R._Darwin,_F.R.S.|accessdate=28 Disyembre 2010| date = 1873|publisher=Tinsley Brothers|location=London|pages=6–7}} * View books owned and annotated by [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary Charles Darwin] at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library. * [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss Digitised Darwin Manuscripts] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Darwin, Charles}} [[Kaarangay:Charles Darwin| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Darwin, Charles]] pay9yn528dd6w42barkxiy15lqes564 0 14624 7785583 7784364 2026-08-27T20:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785583 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Imperyo Bizantino''' o Sinirangan Imperyo Romano, nga kilala han mangurukoy hini nga an Imperyo Romano, an Imperyo han mga Romano ([[Griniyego]]:Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía), o Romais (Ῥωμαΐς Rhōmaís), amo an nagsunod han Imperyo Romano han Butnga nga mga Panahon, nga nagpapalibot ha kapital hini nga [[Constantinople]] (han una Bizantium, yana Istanbul), ngan gindudumara han mga imperador nga namana tikang han mga imperador Romano. ==Mga reperensya== === Syahan nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=15–16| date = 1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cinnamus|first=Ioannes|authorlink=John Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/deedsofjohnmanue0000kinn|location=New York and West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-231-04080-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius of Caesaria|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}} * {{Cite book|author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|authorlink=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|title= Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|publisher=Penguin Classics| date = 1963|isbn=0-14-044124-7|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Komnene|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnene|title=The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|date=1928|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION |date=2020-04-13 }} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Seeck|editor-first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum; accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin|publisher=Weidmann| date = 1876|url=http://archive.org/details/notitiadignitat00silvgoog|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} === Segundaryo nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2000|pages=170–243|isbn=90-04-11442-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|author1-link=Helene Ahrweiler|author2-link=Angeliki Laiou|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoninterna0000unse|chapter=Preface|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks| date = 1998|isbn=0-88402-247-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.| date = 1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. 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R.|title=Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia|url=https://archive.org/details/icondevotionsacr0000tara|location=London|publisher=Reaktion| date = 2004|isbn=1-86189-118-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=[[Byzantine Philosophy]]| date = 2003|location=Indianapolis|publisher=Hackett|isbn=0-87220-563-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Teall|first=John L.| date = 1967|title=The Age of Constantine Change and Continuity in Administration and Economy|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=21|pages=11–36|jstor=1291256|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Timberlake|first=Alan|title=A Reference Grammar of Russian|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-521-77292-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=0-8047-2420-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000trea|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1997|isbn=0-8047-2630-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Treadgold|first=Warren|title=The Byzantine Revival, 780–842|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinerevival0000warr|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-8047-1896-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Troianos|first=Spyros|last2=Velissaropoulou-Karakosta|first2=Julia|title=Ιστορία δικαίου από την αρχαία στην νεώτερη Ελλάδα ["History of law from ancient to modern Greece"]|location=Athens|publisher=Sakkoulas| date = 1997|isbn=960-232-594-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vasiliev|first=Alexander Alexandrovich|authorlink=Alexander Vasiliev (historian)|title=History of the Byzantine Empire| date = 1928–1935|location=Madison|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|url=http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG0832.HTM|isbn=0-299-80925-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Versteegh|first=Cornelis H. M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking| date = 1977|isbn=90-04-04855-3|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/siegescomparativ0000wats| date = 1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-94034-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Weitzmann|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Weitzmann|title=The Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/icon0000unse_w3g2| date = 1982|location=London|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=0-237-45645-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=Herbert George|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwo00welluoft|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1922|isbn=0-06-492674-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Whittow|first=Mark|title=The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-520-20496-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|authorlink=Christopher Wickham|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980|location=New York|publisher=Viking| date = 2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Robert Lee| date = 1948|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|journal=Speculum|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–34|jstor=2853672|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum| date = 1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|isbn=1-4021-8954-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ahrweiler|first1=Hélène|last2=Aymard|first2=Maurice|title=Les Européens| date = 2000|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann|isbn=2-7056-6409-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter|title=Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)| date = 2007|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-85703-1}} * Baboula, Evanthia, Byzantium, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book | author= Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/188784|title=The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000hald| date = 2001|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|isbn=0-7524-1795-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol.&nbsp;IV: The Byzantine Empire| date = 1966|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Byzantine Literature, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinecivilis0000stev| date = 1966|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)]] Limited|isbn=1-56619-574-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|origyear=1929| date = 1990|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-06164-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineporph0000toyn|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1972|isbn=0-19-215253-X}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} {{refend|2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikisource portal}} {{wiktionary|Byzantine}} * {{In Our Time|Byzantine Empire|p00547j9|Byzantine_Empire}} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/ De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043304/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ |date= 13 Septyembre 2020 }}. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date= 18 Hulyo 2016 }} by Lars Brownworth of [[The Stony Brook School]]; audio lectures. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html NYTimes review]. * [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). * [http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ Byzantine & Christian Museum] === Mga pag-aram hin Bizantino, pagkukuhaan ngan bibliograpiya === * Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Byzantine studies homepage] at [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Links to various online resources. * [http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107172532/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html |date= 7 Nobyembre 2011 }}. Online sourcebook. * [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Hosted by the [[University of Vienna]]; in English. * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. * [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture]. * [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)] 9kxnz3jlytxdte50yd5eklwz1yaa5w7 0 14625 7785612 7782426 2026-08-27T20:49:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Osmanli-nisani.svg|thumb|right|200px|]] An '''Imperyo Otomano/Ottoman''' o '''Estado Otomano/Ottoman''', nga kilala liwat ha yana nga Imperyo Turkiyanon o Turkiya, amo an usa ka imperyo nga nagtikang han tuig 1299 ngadto ha Nobyembre 1, 1922 (ha paging monarkiya imperyo) o Hulyo 24, 1923 (de jure, ha paging estado). Nasundan ini han Republika han Turkiya, nga opisyal nga natukod han Oktubre 29, 1923. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} *Barkey, Karen. ''Empire of Difference: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective.'' (2008) 357pp [http://www.amazon.com/Empire-Difference-Ottomans-Comparative-Perspective/dp/0521715334/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1240307430&sr=1-7 Amazon.com], excerpt and text search * Davison, Roderic H. ''Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856–1876'' (New York: Gordian Press, 1973) * Deringil, Selim. ''The well-protected domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909'' (London: IB Tauris, 1998) * Findley, Carter V. ''Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, 1789–1922'' (Princeton University Press, 1980) * Faroqhi, Suraiya N. ''The Cambridge History of Turkey'' (Volume 3, 2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Turkey-3/dp/0521620953/ excerpt and text search], essays by scholars * Faroqhi, Suraiya N. and Kate Fleet, eds. ''The Cambridge History of Turkey'' (Volume 2 2012) essays by scholars *Finkel, Caroline. ''Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923''. John Murray, 2005. ISBN 0-7195-5513-2. [http://www.amazon.com/Osmans-Dream-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0465023967/ ], excerpt and text search * Fleet, Kate, ed. '' The Cambridge History of Turkey'' (Volume 1, 2009) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Turkey-1/dp/0521620937/ excerpt and text search], essays by scholars *Goodwin, Jason. ''Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire'' (2003) [http://www.amazon.com/Lords-Horizons-History-Ottoman-Empire/dp/0312420668/ excerpt and text search] *Imber, Colin. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0-333-61386-4. *[[Halil İnalcık|Inalcik, Halil]] and Quataert, Donald, ed. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914.'' 1995. 1026 pp. *Imber, Colin. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002) ISBN 0-333-61386-4. * Inalcik, Halil. ''The Ottoman Empire: 1300–1600'' (Hachette UK, 2013) *Inalcik, Halil, and Quataert, Donald, ed. ''An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914.'' 1995. 1026 pp. * Itzkowitz, Norman. ''Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition, University of Chicago Press, 1980) ISBN 0-226-38806-9 * Kasaba, Reşat, ed. ''The Cambridge History of Turkey'' (vol 4 2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Cambridge-History-Turkey-4/dp/0521620961/ excerpt and text search vol 4] comprehensive coverage by scholars of 20th century * Kinross, Patrick Balfour Baron, and John Patrick Douglas Balfour Kinross. ''The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire'' (Morrow, 1977) *McCarthy, Justin. ''The Ottoman Turks: An Introductory History to 1923'' 1997 [http://www.questia.com/read/58745078 Questia.com], online edition * McMeekin, Sean. ''The Berlin-Baghdad Express: The Ottoman Empire and Germany's Bid for World Power'' (2010) * Nicolle, David. ''Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774'' (Osprey Publishing, 1983) * Palmer, Alan.. ''The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire''. (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1992) 306 p., maps. ISBN 0-87131-754-0 *Pamuk, Sevket. ''A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire.'' 1999. 276 pp. *Quataert, Donald. ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' (2005), standard scholarly survey [http://www.amazon.com/Ottoman-1700-1922-Approaches-European-History/dp/0521547822/ excerpt and text search] ISBN 0-521-54782-2. *Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 1,'' 1977. * Sicker, Martin. ''The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna'' (Praeger Publishers, 2000) [http://www.questia.com/read/28606454/the-islamic-world-in-ascendancy-from-the-arab-conquests online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081702/https://www.questia.com/read/28606454/the-islamic-world-in-ascendancy-from-the-arab-conquests |date=2015-01-14 }} * Sicker, Martin. ''The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire'' (Praeger, 2001) [http://www.questia.com/read/101155225/the-islamic-world-in-decline-from-the-treaty-of-karlowitz online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114082159/https://www.questia.com/read/101155225/the-islamic-world-in-decline-from-the-treaty-of-karlowitz |date=2015-01-14 }} *Somel, Selcuk Aksin. ''Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire.'' (2003). 399 pp. *Stone, Norman "Turkey in the Russian Mirror" pages 86–100 from ''Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy'' edited by Mark & Ljubica Erickson, Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 2004 ISBN 0-297-84913-1. *{{Cite book | last1=Uyar | first1=Mesut | last2=Erickson | first2=Edward | title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk | url=https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo0000uyar | year=2009 | isbn=978-0-275-98876-0 }} *{{EB1911}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Ottoman Empire|wikt=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|b=World History/Middle Eastern Empires}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} *[http://courses.washington.edu/otap/ Ottoman Text Archive Project – University of Washington] *[http://www.shapell.org/journeys.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century American Travelers to the Holy Land in the 19th Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523113237/http://www.shapell.org/journeys.aspx?american-travelers-to-the-holy-land-in-the-19th-century |date=2013-05-23 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation *[http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/ottemp.html The Ottoman Empire: Resources – University of Michigan] *[http://www.turizm.net/turkey/history/ottoman.html The Ottoman Empire: A Chronological Outline] *[http://www.theottomans.org/ Information about Ottomans] *[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11770/ Turkey in Asia]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, 1920 [[Kaarangay:Imperyo Otomano| ]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya]] 86vyp05dl89om8al50kp0rtnr90feoc 0 14629 7785594 7783076 2026-08-27T20:39:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Leonardo da Vinci | image = Leonardo da Vinci - Self-Portrait - WGA12798.jpg | caption = [[Self-portrait (Leonardo da Vinci)|Self-portrait in red chalk]], circa 1512 to 1515<ref group="nb">This drawing in red chalk is widely (though not universally) accepted as an original [[self-portrait]]. The main reason for hesitation in accepting it as a portrait of Leonardo is that, to modern eyes, the subject appears to be of a greater age than Leonardo ever achieved. It is possible that Leonardo drew this picture of himself deliberately aged, specifically for Raphael's portrait of him in [[The School of Athens]].</ref> [[Royal Library of Turin]] | birth_name = Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci | birth_date = {{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y }} | birth_place = [[Vinci, Italy]], near [[Florence]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1519|5|2|1452|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Amboise]], France | nationality = Italian | field = Many and diverse fields of the arts and sciences | movement = [[High Renaissance]] | works = ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'', ''[[Vitruvian Man|The Vitruvian Man]]'' | signature = Firma de Leonardo Da VInci.svg }} Hi '''Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci''' o '''Leonardo da Vinci''' (15 Abril, 1452 – 2 Mayo, 1519) amo an usa ka makarit nga Italyano. Usa hiya nga syentipiko, matematiko, inhinyero, imbentor, anatomista, pintor, skultor, arkitekto, botanista, musikero ngan manunurat. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|group="nb"}} {{reflist|25em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000aras| publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-56852-198-7}} * {{cite book | author = Michael Baxandall | title = Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy | url = https://archive.org/details/paintingexperien00baxa | year = 1974 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-881329-5}} * {{cite book | author = Fred Bérence | title = Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre | publisher = Somogy | year = 1965 | id = Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965}} * {{cite book | author = Luciano Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | publisher = Scala}} * {{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion the Western Art | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_r1z5| publisher = U.S.: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-866203-3}} * {{cite book | author = Gene A. Brucker| title = Renaissance Florence | url = https://archive.org/details/renaissanceflore00bruc| publisher = Wiley and Sons| year = 1969 | isbn = 0-471-11370-0}} * {{cite book | author = Fritjof Capra | title = The Science of Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr | publisher = Doubleday | location = U.S. | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-385-51390-6}} * {{cite book | author = Cennino Cennini | title = Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui | publisher = BiblioBazaar | location = U.S. | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-103-39032-8}} * {{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000leon| publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-008649-8}} * {{cite book | author = Simona Cremante | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor | publisher = Giunti | year = 2005 | isbn = 88-09-03891-6 (hardback)}} * {{cite book | author = Frederich Hartt| title = A History of Italian Renaissance Art | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofitalian0000hart_h8b7| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-500-23136-2}} * {{cite book | author = Michael H. Hart | title = [[The 100]] | publisher = Carol Publishing Group | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8065-1350-0 (paperback)}} * {{cite book | author = Martin Kemp| title = Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo00kemp| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280644-0}} * {{cite book| author = Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo | title = Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems| url = https://archive.org/details/technologicalcon0000unse | work = | publisher = Birkhauser| year = 2004| isbn = 3-7643-6940-X}} * {{cite book | author = John N. Lupia| title = The Secret Revealed: How to Look at [[Italian Renaissance Painting]] | publisher = Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17 | issn = 1075-2110}} * {{cite book | author = Andrew Martindale| title = The Rise of the Artist | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart_a6t2| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-500-56006-4}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | url = https://archive.org/details/machiavellileona0000mast | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-268-01433-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | url = https://archive.org/details/fortuneisriverle0000mast | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-452-28090-7}} * {{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Charles Nicholl | title = Leonardo da Vinci, The Flights of the Mind | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci00char | publisher = Penguin | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-029681-6}} * {{cite book | author = Sherwin B. Nuland| title = Leonardo Da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000nula| publisher = Phoenix Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7538-1269-X}} * {{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0-224-60462-7}} * {{cite book | author =Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips | title = The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man | url =https://archive.org/details/everythingdavinc0000phil | publisher = Adams Media | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59869-101-5}} * {{cite book | author = Ilan Rachum| title = The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'' | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780706408577| publisher = Octopus | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7064-0857-8}} * {{cite book | author = [[Jean Paul Richter]] | title = The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/notebooksofleona01leon | publisher = Dover | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-486-22572-0}} volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5000 the original 1883 edition]. * {{cite book | author = Marco Rosci| title = Leonardo | publisher = Bay Books Pty Ltd| year = 1977 | isbn = 0-85835-176-5}} * {{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | url = https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernsci0000ross| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0-631-22711-3}} * {{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000unse_r9r4 | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} * {{cite book |author = Theophilus | title = On Divers Arts |url = https://archive.org/details/ondiversartstrea00theo | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location=U.S. |year = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-226-79482-2}} * {{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo0000leon | publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} * {{cite book | author = [[Giorgio Vasari]]| title = Lives of the Artists'' | url = https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa_e8b4| publisher = Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965| year = 1568 | isbn = 0-14-044164-6}} * {{Cite book | first = Hugh Ross | last = Williamson | title = Lorenzo the Magnificent | url = https://archive.org/details/lorenzomagnifice0000ross | year = 1974 | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 0-7181-1204-0}} * {{cite book | author = Emanuel Winternitz | title=Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint | year=1982 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=U.S. | isbn=978-0-300-02631-3}} * {{cite book | author = Alessandro Vezzosi | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000vezz | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd, London | year = 1997 (English translation) | isbn = 0-500-30081-X}} * {{cite book | author = Frank Zollner | title = Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings | publisher = Taschen | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-8228-1734-1 (hardback)}} [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan]. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Leonardo da Vinci}} * {{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} * [http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ Leonardo da Vinci and ''the Virgin of the Rocks'', A different point of view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703103754/http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ |date=2018-07-03 }} * {{gutenberg author|Leonardo_da_Vinci}} * {{gutenberg|no=7785|name=Leonardo da Vinci'' by Maurice Walter Brockwell'}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks] * [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/ Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings] * [http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/ Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html Da Vinci Decoded] Article from ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626075636/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 |date=2008-06-26 }} * [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism] * [http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1.php The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science] * [http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ Selected 'prophecies' from Volume II of the notebooks (translated)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506203820/http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ |date=2016-05-06 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//15thCentury/Leonardo/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203249/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/15thCentury/Leonardo/ |date=2012-05-15 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Leonardo da Vinci in .jpg and .tiff format. * [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist] The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629053406/http://news.yahoo.com/famous-leonardo-self-portrait-critical-condition-144805263.html Yahoo news, Leonardo's Self-portrait in critical condition] {{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo Da Vinci}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1452]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1519]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Pintura|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Arte|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Leonardo da Vinci]] 51kzj3muxf0pvmg70xsmil9ts1tlise 0 14753 7785697 7782374 2026-08-27T21:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch | name =Genghis Khan | title = Supremo nga [[Khan (título)|Khan]] han [[mga Mongol]] | image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg | caption = | reign = Spring 1206 – August 1227 | coronation = Spring 1206 in [[Kurultai|khurultai]] at the [[Onon River]], Mongolia | othertitles = [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Khagan]]<br />[[Temple name]]: {{zh|t=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|first=t}}<br />[[Posthumous name]]: Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu<br />(法天啟運聖武皇帝) | full name = [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|right|26px]]Genghis Khan <br />[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongol]]: Чингис хаан <br>''Chinggis Khaan''<br>[[Mongol script]] (right): <br>''Chinggis Khagan''{{#tag:ref|{{zh|t=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}<br> '''[[Birth name]]''': <br /> Temujin {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; <br>{{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}} ''Temujin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ||Temujin.ogg}}; <br>{{lang-xng|''Temujin''}};<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 1959 |title= |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=5 |pages=239 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=29 Hulyo 2011 }}</ref> <br>{{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}|group="note"}} | successor = [[Ögedei Khan]] | consort = [[Börte|Börte Üjin]]<br />[[Khulan (wife of Chinggis Khaan)|Khulan]]<br />[[Yesugen]]<br />[[Yesui]]<br />others | issue = [[Jochi]]<br />[[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]<br />[[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]]<br />[[Tolui]]<br />Others | royal house = [[Borjigin]] | father = [[Yesügei]] | mother = [[Oulen]] | birth_date = probably 1162<ref name="birth">Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan was born in 1155, while the ''Yuanshi'' (元史, ''History of the [[Yuan dynasty]]'' records his year of birth as 1162. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the ''[[Altan Tobci]]'', Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.</ref> | birth_place = [[Khentii Mountains]], Mongolia | death_date = August 1227<ref>{{Cite book|first=Paul|last=Ratchnevsky|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]| date = 1991|isbn= 0-631-16785-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul/page/142 142]|quote=It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree.}}</ref> (aged 65) }} Hi '''Genghis Khan''' (c. 1155/1162/1167 - Agosto 18, 1227) nga natawo ha ngaran nga '''Temujin''' usa nga makarit nga pinuno han militar nga ginurusa an mga Mongol nga tribu ngan hiya an nagtukod han Imperyo Mongol. An mga khan, nga nagsunod ha iya, ginhimo an Mongolia nga gidadako-i nga imperyo ha kalibutan. Hi Genghis Khan amo an lolo ni [[Kublai Khan]], nga naging siyahan nga emperador han Dinastiya Yuan han [[Tsina]]. Hasta yana waray maaram kun ngain ginlubong hi Genghis Khan. ==Mga kasarigan== <references group="note"/> {{Mga kasarigan|2}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book |last=Ratchnevsky |first=Paul |others= tr. & ed. Thomas Nivison Haining |title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken] |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul | date = 1992, c1991 |publisher=B. Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., US |isbn=0-631-16785-4}} * Man, John (2004). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection''. Bantam Press, London. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9. ==Dugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Peter |title=The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempiregeng0000bren | date = 1976 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicholson |location=London |isbn=0-297-77137-X }} * {{Cite book |last=Bretschneider |first=Emilii |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia |series=Trübner's Oriental Series | date = 1888, repr. 2001 | location=London | publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd) |isbn=81-215-1003-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Cable |first=Mildred |coauthors=Francesca French |title=The Gobi Desert | date = 1943 |publisher=Landsborough Publications |location=London}} * {{Cite book | last = Chapin | first = David | date = 2012 | title = Long Lines: Ten of the World's Longest Continuous Family Lineages | publisher = VirtualBookWorm.com | location = College Station, Texas | isbn = 978-1-60264-933 }} * {{Cite book |last=Charney |first=Israel W. (ed.) |title=Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review | date = 1994 |publisher=Facts on File Publications |location=New York}}<!-- Volume number?--> * {{Cite book |last=De Hartog |first=Leo |title=Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World| date = 1988 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. |location=London}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=De Gengis Khan à [[Kubilai Khan|Qoubilaï Khan]] : la grande chevauchée [[Mongols|mongole]] |series=Campagnes & stratégies | date = 2002 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=2-7178-4537-2}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=La Russie et les Turco-Mongols : 15 siècles de guerre | date = 2007 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7178-5429-9}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Genghis Khan |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia |publisher=World Almanac Education Group | date = 2005 |url=http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113174030/http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archivedate=13 Enero 2006 |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |url-status=dead }} Via the [[Internet Archive]]'s copy of the [[History Channel]] Web site. * {{Cite web |last=Smitha |first=Frank E | title=Genghis Khan and the Mongols |work=Macrohistory and World Report | url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm | accessdate=30 Hunyo 2005}} * {{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Paul (adaptor) |title=Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by [[Francis Woodman Cleaves]] |series=Asian Culture Series | date = 1998 |publisher=Cheng & Tsui Co. |location=Boston |isbn=0-88727-299-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Mongols, Huns & Vikings'' |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolshunsvikin0000kenn | date = 2002 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-35292-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire) | date = 2006 |publisher=Vostochnaia literatura |location=Moscow |isbn=5-02-018521-3}} {{ru icon}} (summary in English) * {{Cite journal |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire' |journal=Ab Imperio |volume=7 |issue=1 | date = 2006 |pages =89–118 |id=5-89423-110-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Harold |authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men | date = 1927 |publisher=R. M. McBride & company |location=New York |unused_data=a|url=http://archive.org/details/genghiskhantheem035122mbp}} * {{Cite book |last=Lister |first=R. P. |title=Genghis Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan0000list | date = 2000 [c1969] |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8154-1052-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj | date = 2004 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=London; New York |isbn=0-593-05044-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Gobi: Tracking the Desert |url=https://archive.org/details/gobi00john | date = 1997, 1998, 1999 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press |location=London; New Haven, Conn |isbn=0-7538-0161-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Henry Desmond |title=The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China | date = 1950 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |location=Baltimore}} * {{Cite web |last=May |first=Timothy |title=Mongol Arms | date = 2001 |work=Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols |publisher=San Antonio College History Department |url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |archive-date=18 Mayo 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=David |authorlink=David Morgan (historian) |title=The Mongols |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi |series=The Peoples of Europe | date = 1986 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-17563-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=J.J. | title=History of the Mongol Conquests'' | date = 1972, repr. 2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-8122-1766-7}} * Stevens, Keith. {{PDFlink|[http://web.archive.org/web/20080625210646/http://ideas.union.edu/articles/files/22_Stevens_Heirs_to_Discord.pdf "Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamukha, Toghrul, and Temüjin"]|72.1&nbsp;KB}} Retrieved 22 Mayo 2008. * {{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Stanley |title=In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads | date = 2001 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-653027-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400 |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo0000turn | date = 2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-523-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Valentino |first=Benjamin A. |title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale | date = 2004 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-3965-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=[[Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World]] [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/weatherford-2004-genghis-khan-making.html (review)] | date = 2004 |publisher=Crown |location=New York |isbn=0-609-61062-7}} * {{Cite journal | author=Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith | title= The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols | journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics | date = 2003 | volume= 72| issue=3 | pages= 717–721; | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.web.pdf | doi = 10.1086/367774 | format=&nbsp;– ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Mongols&as_publication=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&as_ylo=2003&as_yhi=2003&btnG=Search Scholar search]} | pmid=12592608 | pmc=1180246}} {{Dead link|date=February 2009}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaon=== * {{Cite book |last=Juvaynī |first=Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 |title=Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā] |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1997 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=0-295-97654-3 }} ** {{Cite book |title=History of the World-Conqueror |last=Juvaini |first='ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=361 |url=http://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp |accessdate=2012-04-16 }} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] |series=The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII |others=Sheila S. Blair (ed.) | date = 1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-727627-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh) |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]: Persian heritage series |others=tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle | date = 1971 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109217551 |isbn=0-231-03351-6}} * {{Cite book |title=The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi] |url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofm0002unse |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7 |others=tr. [[Igor de Rachewiltz]] | date = 2004 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=90-04-13159-0}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Genghis Khan}} * {{In Our Time|Genghis Khan|b00773mr|Genghis_Khan}} *[http://www.epinions.com/content_399273397892 Book Review of Genghis Khan by Leo De Hartog] *[http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] *Welcome to [http://www.coldsiberia.org/ The Realm of the Mongols] *Parts of this biography were taken from the [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mntoc.html Area Handbook series at the Library of Congress] *[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Estimates of Mongol warfare casualties] *[http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ Genghis Khan on the Web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813232348/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ |date=2004-08-13 }} (directory of some 250 resources) *[http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html Mongol Arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |date=2008-05-18 }} *[http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 Genghis Khan's leadership approach – LeaderValues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112072759/http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 |date=2012-01-12 }} *[http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/1994/01/inspirations-of-historians.html#rashid-ad-din-juwayni ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni] A History of the World-Conqueror Ghengis Genghis Khan, [[Ata al-Mulk Juvayni]] and [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Genghis Khan}} [[Kaarangay:Genghis Khan| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han ika-12 nga gatostuig]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1227]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] ltbp3jcmmcvlras01anijf9gtwn1087 0 14757 7785668 7782422 2026-08-27T21:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = | caption = Monroe in ''[[The Prince and the Showgirl]]'' (1957) | birth_name = Norma Jeane Mortenson <!--Please do not change; this is the spelling on her birth certificate--> | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1926|6|1}} | birth_place = [[Los Angeles]], California, {{nowrap|United States}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1962|8|5|1926|6|1}} | death_place = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]], California, United States | death_cause = [[Barbiturate]] overdose | nationality = [[Americans|American]] | restingplace = [[Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery]], [[Westwood, Los Angeles]] | other_names = Norma Jeane Baker<br>Norma Jeane Dougherty<!--name after marriage to James Dougherty--><br>Norma Jeane DiMaggio<!--official name after marriage to Joe DiMaggio; on her official U.S. passport--><br>Marilyn Monroe Miller<!--went by that name after her marrage to Arthur Miller that occurred after her legal 1956 name change - Source: http://www.marilyncollector.com/legend/faq.html--> | occupation = Actress, model, singer, film producer | years_active = 1947–1962 | notable_works = ''[[Niagara (1953 film)|Niagara]]'', ''[[Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (film)|Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]]'', ''[[River of No Return]]'', ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]'', ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'', ''[[The Misfits (film)|The Misfits]]'' | religion = [[Pentecostal]] (1926–1956),<br>[[Judaism]] (1956–1962) | spouse = {{marriage|[[James Dougherty (police officer)|James Dougherty]]|1942|1946}} (divorced)<br>{{marriage|[[Joe DiMaggio]]|1954|1954}} (divorced)<br>{{marriage|[[Arthur Miller]]|1956|1961}} (divorced) | signature = Marilyn Monroe Signature.svg <!--COMMENT: Please, NO MORE DOCTOR WHO or "The Doctor" or "Bow-tied stranger" edits. Please don't vandalize this article by adding this fictional information. Thanks.--> }} [[File:Marilyn Monroe photo pose Seven Year Itch.jpg|thumb|]] Hi '''Marilyn Monroe''', natawo nga Norma Jean Baker han Hunyo 1, 1926, amo an usa ka Amerikana nga aktres, magkaranta ngan modelo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Churchwell |first=Sarah |title=The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe |url=https://archive.org/details/manylivesofmaril00chur |publisher=Metropolitan Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-8050-7818-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Clayton |first=Marie |title=Marilyn Monroe: Unseen Archives |url=https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroeuns00mari |publisher=Barnes & Noble Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=0-7607-4673-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Mike |title=Marilyn: The Ultimate Book |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-DZB-699 |publisher=MQ Publications |year=2004 |id=ASIN B000FL52LG}} * {{Cite journal | last=Kouvaros | first=George | title="The Misfits": What Happened Around the Camera | journal=Film Quarterly | volume=55 | issue=4 | pages=28–33 | publisher=University of California Press | doi=10.1525/fq.2002.55.4.28 | id= | jstor=1213933}} * {{Cite book |last=Gilmore |first=John |title=Inside Marilyn Monroe, A Memoir |url=https://archive.org/details/insidemarilynmon0000gavi |publisher=Ferine Books, Los Angeles |year=2007 |isbn=0-9788968-0-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Goode |first=James |title=The Making of "The Misfits" |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmisfits0000good |publisher=Limelight Editions, New York |year=1986 |isbn=0-87910-065-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Guiles |first=Fred Lawrence |title=Norma Jean: The Life of Marilyn Monroe |publisher=Paragon House Publishers |year=1993 |isbn=1-55778-583-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Warren G. |title=Clark Gable, A Biography |publisher=Aurum Press, London |year=2002 |isbn=1-85410-904-9}} * Jacke, Andreas: Marilyn Monroe und die Psychoanalyse. Psychosozial Verlag, Gießen 2005, ISBN 978-3-89806-398-2, ISBN 3-89806-398-4 * {{Cite book |last=Jewell | first=Richard B. |author2=Harbin, Vernon |title=The RKO Story |publisher=Octopus Books, London |year=1982 |isbn=0-7064-1285-0}} * Meaker, M. J. ''Sudden Endings: 13 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides'' Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, NY: 1964 p.&nbsp;26–45: "Marilyn and Norma Jean: Marilyn Monroe" * {{Cite book |last=Mecacci | first=Luciano |title=Freudian Slips: The Casualties of Psychoanalysis from the Wolf Man to Marilyn Monroe|url=https://archive.org/details/freudianslipscas0000meca |publisher=Vagabondd Voices, Sulaisiadar 'san Rudha (Scotland)|year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9560560-1-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Monroe |first=Marilyn |author2=Hecht, Ben |title=My Story |publisher=Cooper Square Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-8154-1102-2 |url=http://benhechtbooks.net/ben_hecht__marilyn_monroe |accessdate=August 5, 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316061558/http://benhechtbooks.net/ben_hecht__marilyn_monroe |date=March 16, 2011 }} * {{Cite book |last=Olivier |first=Laurence |title=Confessions of an Actor |url=https://archive.org/details/confessionsofact00oliv |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=1982 |isbn=0-14-006888-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Riese |first=Randall |author2=Hitchens, Neal |title=The Unabridged Marilyn |url=https://archive.org/details/unabridgedmarily0000ries_f5o8 |publisher=Corgi Books, London |year=1988 |isbn=0-552-99308-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Jane |title=An Autobiography | publisher=Arrow Books, London | year=1986 | isbn=0-09-949590-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Server | first=Lee | title=Robert Mitchum, Baby I Don't Care | url=https://archive.org/details/robertmitchumbab0000serv | publisher=St. Martin's Press, New York | year=2001 | isbn=0-571-20994-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Spoto | first=Donald | title=Marilyn Monroe: The Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/marilynmonroe00dona | publisher=Cooper Square Press| year=2001 | isbn=0-8154-1183-9}} * {{Cite book | last=Staggs | first=Sam | title=All About "All About Eve" | url=https://archive.org/details/allaboutallabout0000stag_p8y2 | publisher=St. Martin's Griffin, New York| year=2000 | isbn=0-312-27315-0}} * {{Cite book | last=Summers | first=Anthony | title=Goddess, The Secret Lives of Marilyn Monroe | url=https://archive.org/details/goddesssecretliv0000summ_v9t3 | publisher=Guild Publishing, London | year=1985 | isbn=0-575-03641-9}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Marilyn Monroe}} {{Wikiquote|Marilyn Monroe}} * {{IMDb name|0000054}} * {{Playmate|marilyn-monroe|Marilyn Monroe}} * {{tcmdb name|id=134087|name=Marilyn Monroe}} * {{Amg name|50065}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-55651}} * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=725 Marilyn Monroe] at [[Find A Grave]] * Galleries: [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27452/marilyn-monroe-life-and-times/ Marilyn Monroe: Life and Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619203125/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/27452/marilyn-monroe-life-and-times |date=2010-06-19 }} & [http://life.time.com/icons/marilyn-monroe-early-photos-los-angeles-1950/#1 Early Photos, 1950] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301121811/http://life.time.com/icons/marilyn-monroe-early-photos-los-angeles-1950/#1 |date=2014-03-01 }} —[[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] * "[http://books.google.com/books?id=eUkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=twopage&q&f=false What Really Killed Marilyn]", article by [[Clare Boothe Luce]] for Life, August 7, 1964. * [http://altscreen.com/06/27/2011/marilyn-monroe-retrospective-at-bamcinematek/ "Marilyn!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053230/http://altscreen.com/06/27/2011/marilyn-monroe-retrospective-at-bamcinematek/ |date=2013-09-21 }}, essay by Dan Callahan for ''Alt Screen'' on the occasion of a [http://www.bam.org/view.aspx?pid=3316 retrospective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712234346/http://www.bam.org/view.aspx?pid=3316 |date=2012-07-12 }} at BAMcinématek {{DEFAULTSORT:Monroe, Marilyn}} [[Kaarangay:Marilyn Monroe| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1926]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1962]] pdbaiztjdab7xsu2fql324f8ute9zq3 0 15060 7785685 7782305 2026-08-27T21:38:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |bgcolour = silver |name = Satyajit Ray |image = SatyajitRay.jpg |caption = A portrait of Satyajit Ray |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|5|2}} |birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1992|4|23|1921|5|2}} |death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]] |occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter, writer, music director, lyricist |years_active = 1950–1991 |spouse = {{married|[[Bijoya Ray|Bijoya Das]] |1949|1992}} | signature = Satyajit Ray Signature.jpg | signature_alt = Satyajit Ray signature in English | signature_size = }} Hi '''Satyajit Ray''' (2 Mayo 1921–23 Abril 1992) usa ka Bengali Indyan nga direktor han mga salidamovie director. Natawo hiya ha [[Kolkata]]. An iya pamilya mga sikat ha arte nga pagsurat. Hi Ray nagaram ha Kolehiyo Presidency ngan ha Unibersidad han Visva-Bharati. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== <!-- alphabetical order please --> {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|editor=Biswas, M| date = 2006|title=Apu and after: Revisiting Ray's cinema|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-1-905422-25-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Cooper|given1=D| date = 2000|title=The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Tradition and Modernity|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/052162/0260/sample/0521620260WSN01.pdf|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-62980-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Dasgupta|given1=C| date = 1996|title=The cinema of Satyajit Ray|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-024780-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ganguly|given1=S| date = 2001|title=Satyajit Ray: In search of the modern|publisher=Indialog|isbn=81-87981-04-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Y|given1=Ishaghpour| date = 2002|title=Satyajit Ray, l'Orient et l'Occident|volume=Volume 24 of Les essais|publisher=Différence|isbn=2-7291-1401-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=S| date = 1983|title=The Genius of Satyajit Ray|journal=India Today|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Nandy|given1=A| date = 1995|chapter=Satyajit Ray's Secret Guide to Exquisite Murders|title=The Savage Freud and Other Essays on Possible and Retrievable Selves|url=https://archive.org/details/savagefreudother00nand|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04410-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Nyce|given1=B| date = 1988|title=Satyajit Ray: A Study of His Films|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitraystudy0000nyce|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-92666-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 1993|edition=3|title=Our films, their films|url=https://archive.org/details/ourfilmstheirfil0000rays|publisher=Asia Book Corp of Amer|isbn=0-86311-317-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 1994|title=My Years with Apu|url=https://archive.org/details/snj.myyearswithapu0000saty|publisher=Viking|isbn=0-670-86215-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ray|given1=S| date = 2005|title=Speaking of films|url=https://archive.org/details/speakingoffilms0000rays|publisher=Penguin India|isbn=0-14-400026-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=A| date = 2003|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-86064-965-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Robinson|given1=| date = 2005|title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=1-84511-074-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Rushdie|given1=S|year=199|title=Imaginary Homelands|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginaryhomelan00rush_0|publisher=Penguin|isbn=0-14-014036-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Santas|given1=Constantin| date = 2002|title=Responding to film: A Text Guide for Students of Cinema Art|url=https://archive.org/details/respondingtofilm0000sant|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=0-8304-1580-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Seton|given1=Marie|authorlink=Marie Seton| date = 1971|title=Satyajit Ray: Portrait of a director|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitofdirect0000seto|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-16815-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Wood|given1=R| date = 1972|title=The Apu trilogy|publisher=November Books Ltd|isbn=0-85631-003-4|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Satyajit Ray|b=no|n=no|q=Satyajit Ray|s=no|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=q8873}} {{Contains Indic text}} * [http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/karamchedu.html Experiencing Ray's "The Apu Trilogy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612030511/http://satyajitray.ucsc.edu/articles/karamchedu.html |date=2010-06-12 }} * [http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/ Satyajit Ray Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010161329/http://www.satyajitray.org.uk/ |date=2008-10-10 }} * [http://www.satyajitray.org/ SatyajitRay.org] * {{IMDb name|6249|Satyajit Ray}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |title=Satyajit Ray: A Vision of Cinema |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104143026/http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-connecting-august2005-westindia-satyajit-ray.htm |archivedate=4 Enero 2006 |access-date=29 Hulyo 2012 |url-status=live }} article by [[W. Andrew Robinson]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Satyajit}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1921]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1992]] [[Kaarangay:Satyajit Ray| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Ray, Satyajit]] [[Kaarangay:Indya|Ray, Satyajit]] 5vlxg3h71q3e2qg811isu4jjx413xdo 0 15068 7785574 7783438 2026-08-27T20:24:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Genji emaki 01003 002.jpg|thumb]] '''An Susumaton han Genji''' amo an buhat klasikal nga literatura Hapones ni [[Murasaki Shikibu]] ha katimpranuhan han napulo kag-usa knga siglo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2719274 | last = Bargen | first = Doris G | title = Spirit Possession in the Context of Dramatic Expressions of Gender Conflict: The Aoi Episode of the ''Genji monogatari'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1988-06_48_1/page/95 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 48 | pages = 95–130 |date= Hunyo 1988 | issue=1 | jstor = 2719274}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2719245 | last = Bargen | first = Doris G | title = The Search for Things Past in the ''Genji monogatari'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1991-06_51_1/page/199 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 51 | pages = 199–232 |date= Hunyo 1991 | issue=1 | jstor = 2719245}} *{{Cite book | last = Bargen | first = Doris G | title = A Woman's Weapon : Spirit possession in the Tale of Genji | url = https://archive.org/details/womansweaponspir0000barg | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi Press | date = 1997 | location = Honolulu, Hi }} *{{Cite book | last = Bowring | first = Richard John | title = Murasaki shikibu, The Tale of Genji | url = https://archive.org/details/murasakishikibut0000bowr_j4b3 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1988 | location = Cambridge ; New York }} *{{Cite book|last= Bryan|first= J. Ingram |title= The Literature of Japan| date = 1930 |publisher= Henry Holt and Company |place= New York}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2658495 | last = Childs | first = Margaret H | title = The value of vulnerability: Sexual coercion and the nature of love in japanese court of literature | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-asian-studies_1999-11_58_4/page/1059 | journal = Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 58 | pages = 1059–1080 | date = 1999 | issue=4 | jstor = 2658495}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/489291 | last = Chisholm | first = Julianne Kaui | title = The Steel-belted Radial of Karma: The End of Genji | journal = The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese | volume = 28 | pages = 183–93 |date= Nobyembre 1994 | issue=2 | jstor = 489291}} *{{Cite book | last = D'Etcheverry | first = Charo B | title = Love after The Tale of Genji : Rewriting the World of the Shining Prince | url = https://archive.org/details/loveaftertaleofg0000detc | publisher = Harvard University Press | date = 2007 | location = Cambridge, Mass }} *{{Cite book | last = Field | first = Norma | title = The Splendor of Longing in the Tale of Genji | url = https://archive.org/details/splendoroflongin0000fiel | publisher = Princeton University Press | date = 1987 | location = Princeton, N.J }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2384742 | last = Friday | first = Karl | title = Teeth and Claws. Provincial Warriors and the Heian Court | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_summer-1988_43_2/page/153 | journal = Monumenta Nipponica | volume = 43 | pages = 153–85 | date = Summer 1988 | issue=2 | jstor = 2384742}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2384070 | last = Gatten | first = Aileen | title = A Wisp of Smoke. Scent and Character in the ''Tale of Genji'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_spring-1977_32_1/page/35 | journal = Monumenta Nipponica | volume = 32 | pages = 35–48 | date = Spring 1977 | issue=1 | jstor = 2384070}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2718998 | last = Gatten | first = Aileen | title = The Order of the Early Chapters in the ''Genji monogatari'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1981-06_41_1/page/5 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 41 | pages = 5–46 |date= Hunyo 1981 | issue=1 | jstor = 2718998}} *{{Cite journal | last = Gatten | first = Aileen | title = Weird Ladies: Narrative Strategy in the ''Genji monogatari'' | journal = The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese | volume = 21 | pages = 29–48 |date= Abril 1986 | issue=1}} *{{Cite book | last = Goff | first = Janet Emily | title = Noh Drama and the Tale of Genji : The Art of Allusion in Fifteen Classical Plays | url = https://archive.org/details/nohdramataleofge0000goff | publisher = Princeton University Press | date = 1991 | location = Princeton, N.J }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1353/cls.0.0010 | last = Henitiuk | first = Valerie | title = Going to Bed with Waley: How Murasaki Shikibu Does and Does Not Become World Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-literature-studies_2008_45_1/page/40 | journal = Comparative Literature Studies | volume = 45 | pages = 40–61 | date = 2008 | issue=1 | authorlink = Valerie Henitiuk}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.0022-3840.1997.00029.x | last = Hirota | first = Akiko | title = ''The Tale of Genji'': From Heian Classic to Heisei Comic | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-popular-culture_fall-1997_31_2/page/29 | journal = Journal of Popular Culture | volume = 31 | pages = 29–68 | date = Fall 1997 | issue=2}} *{{Cite book | last = Kamens | first = Edward B | title = Approaches to Teaching Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji | publisher = Modern Language Association of America | date = 1993 | location = New York }} *{{Cite book|last= Kato|first= Shuichi |title= A History of Japanese Literature: The First Thousand Years |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofjapanes03shui| date = 1979 |publisher= Kodansha International, Ltd| place= New York| isbn= 0-87011-491-3 |others= David Chibbett }} *{{Cite journal | last = Knapp | first = Bettina L | title = Lady Murasaki Shikibu's the ''Tale of Genji'': Search for the Mother | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_symposium_spring-1992_46_1/page/34 | journal = Symposium | volume = 46 | pages = 34–48 | date = Spring 1992 | issue=1 | doi=10.1080/00397709.1992.10733759}} *Kornicki, P. F., "Unsuitable Books for Women? "Genji Monogatari" and "Ise Monogatari" in Late Seventeenth-Century Japan", ''Monumenta Nipponica'', Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer, 2005), pp.&nbsp;147–193, Sophia University, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25066367 JSTOR] *{{Cite book|title= Introduction to Classic Japanese Literature| editor= Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai| date = 1970 |publisher= Greenwood Printing|isbn= 0-8371-3118-9}} *{{Cite journal | last = McCormick | first = Melissa | title = Genji Goes West: The 1510 "Genji Album" and the Visualization of Court and Capital | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_art-bulletin_2003-03_85_1/page/54 | journal = The Art Bulletin | volume = 85 | pages = 54–85 | date = 2003 | doi = 10.2307/3177327 | jstor = 3177327 }} *{{Cite journal | last = McCullough | first = William H | title = Japanese Marriage Institutions in the Heian Period | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1967_27/page/103 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 27 | pages = 103–167 | date = 1967 | doi = 10.2307/2718385 | jstor = 2718385 }} *{{Cite book | last = Morris | first = Ivan I | title = The World of the Shining Prince: Court Life in Ancient Japan | publisher = Kodansha International | date = 1964 | location = New York }} *{{Cite book | last = Morris | first = Ivan I | title = The Tale of Genji Scroll [Genji monogatari emaki] | publisher = Kodansha International | date = 1971 | location = Tokyo }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2385102 | last = Mostow | first = Joshua S | title = Painted Poems, Forgotten Words. Poem-Pictures and Classical Japanese Literature | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_autumn-1992_47_3/page/323 | journal = Monumenta Nipponica | volume = 47 | pages = 323–346 | date = Autumn 1992 | issue=3 | jstor = 2385102}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/489628 | last = Mostow | first = Joshua S | title = "Picturing" in ''The Tale of Genji'' | journal = The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese | volume = 33 | pages = 1–25 |date= Abril 1999 | issue=1 | jstor = 489628}} *{{Cite book | last = Murase | first = Miyeko | title = Iconography of the ''Tale of Genji'' : ''Genji monogatari ekotoba'' | publisher = Weatherhill | date = 1983 | location = New York }} *{{Cite book | last = Murase | first = Miyeko | title = The Tale of Genji : Legends and Paintings | publisher = G. Braziller | date = 2001 | location = New York }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2385292 | last = Nickerson | first = Peter | title = The Meaning of Matrilocality. Kinship, Property, and Politics in Mid-Heian | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_winter-1993_48_4/page/429 | journal = Monumenta Nipponica | volume = 48 | pages = 429–67 | date = Winter 1993 | issue=4 | jstor = 2385292}} * {{NKBD}} *{{Cite book | last = Okada | first = H. Richard | title = Figures of Resistance : Language, Poetry, and Narrating in the Tale of Genji and Other Mid-Heian Texts | url = https://archive.org/details/figuresofresista0000okad | publisher = Duke University Press | date = 1991 | location = Durham }} *{{Cite book | last = Pekarik | first = Andrew | title = Ukifune : Love in the tale of genji | publisher = Columbia University Press | date = 1982 | location = New York }} *{{Cite book | last = Puette | first = William J | title = Guide to the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu | url = https://archive.org/details/guidetotaleofgen00puet | publisher = C.E. Tuttle | date = 1983 | location = Rutland, Vt }} *{{Cite book | last = Rowley | first = Gillian Gaye | title = Yosano Akiko and the Tale of Genji | url = https://archive.org/details/yosanoakikotaleo0000rowl | publisher = Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan | date = 2000 | location = . Ann Arbor, MI }} *{{Cite book | last = Seidensticker | first = Edward G. | authorlink = Edward Seidensticker | title = The Tale of Genji | volume = 1 | date = 1976 | publisher = Turtle Publishing | isbn = 978-4-8053-0919-3 }} *{{Cite book | last = Seidensticker | first = Edward G. | authorlink = Edward Seidensticker | title = The Tale of Genji | volume = 2 | date = 1976 | publisher = Turtle Publishing | isbn = 978-4-8053-0920-9 }} *Sestili Daniele (1996). ''Musica e danza del principe Genji. Le arti dello spettacolo nell’antico Giappone''. Lucca: LIM, *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2718974 | last = Shirane | first = Haruo | title = The Aesthetics of Power: Politics in the ''Tale of Genji'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1985-12_45_2/page/615 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 45 | pages = 615–47 |date= Disyembre 1985 | issue=2 | jstor = 2718974}} *{{Cite book | last = Shirane | first = Haruo | title = The Bridge of Dreams : A Poetics of the Tale of Genji | url = https://archive.org/details/bridgeofdreamspo0000haru | publisher = Stanford University Press | date = 1987 | location = Stanford, Calif. }} *{{Cite book | last = Shirane | first = Haruo | title = Envisioning the Tale of Genji: Media, Gender, and Cultural Production | publisher = Columbia University Press | date = 2008 | location = New York }} *{{Cite book | last = Stevenson and Ho | first = Barbara and Cynthia O | title = Crossing the Bridge : Comparative Essays on Medieval European and Heian Japanese Women Writers | url = https://archive.org/details/crossingbridgeco00barb | publisher = Palgrave | date = New York | location = 2000 }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2668318 | last = Tyler | first = Royall | title = "I Am I": Genji and Murasaki | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_monumenta-nipponica_winter-1999_54_4/page/435 | journal = Monumenta Nipponica | volume = 54 | pages = 435–480 | date = 1999 | issue=4 | jstor = 2668318}} *{{Cite book | last = Tyler | first = Royall | title = The Tale of Genji | publisher = Viking | date = 2001 | location = New York }} *{{Cite journal | last = Tyler | first = Royall | title = Marriage, Rank and Rape in ''The Tale of Genji'' | journal = Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context | volume = 7 | url = http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue7/tyler.html |date= Marso 2002}} *{{Cite journal | last = Tyler | first = Royall and Susan | title = The Possession of Ukifune | journal = Asiatica Venetiana | volume = 5 | pages = 177–209 | date = 2002 }} *{{Cite journal | last = Tyler | first = Royall | title = Rivalry, Triumph, Folly, Revenge: A Plot Line through the ''Tale of Genji'' | journal = Journal of Japanese Studies | volume = 29 | pages = 251–87 | date = 2003 | issue=2}} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/488941 | last = Ury | first = Marian | title = A Heian Note on the Supernatural | journal = The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese | volume = 22 | pages = 189–94 | date = 1988 | issue=2 | jstor = 488941}} * {{Cite book | last = Lawrence | first = Hollendaisde | title = Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 14: Genji Monogatari 1 | publisher = [[Iwanami Shoten Publishing|Iwanami Shoten]] | date = 1958 | location = [[Tokyo|Tōkyō]] | language = Japanese | isbn = 4-00-060014-1 }} *{{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2652721 | last = Yoda | first = Tomiko | title = Fractured Dialogues: ''Mono no aware'' and Poetic Communication in the ''Tale of Genji'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_harvard-journal-of-asiatic-studies_1999-12_59_2/page/523 | journal = Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies | volume = 59 | pages = 523–57 |date= Disyembre 1999 | issue=2 | jstor = 2652721}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} * [http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/headers/2245.xml ''The Tale of Genji -- Oxford Text Archive''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033600/http://ota.ahds.ac.uk/headers/2245.xml |date= 6 Marso 2017 }} A complete English translation of the work, free for non-commercial use, Edward G. Seidensticker's translation. * [http://lcweb4.loc.gov/service/asian/asian0001/2005/2005html/20050415toc.html ''The Tale of Genji, 1654''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206005537/http://lcweb4.loc.gov/service/asian/asian0001/2005/2005html/20050415toc.html |date= 6 Pebrero 2010 }} [[Library of Congress]], Asian Division. The edition in the Library of Congress is a complete and well-preserved set including the complete main text (54 volumes) of Tale of Genji, also Meyasu (3 volumes, commentary on key words and phrases in the text, Keizu (genealogy), Yamaji no tsuyu (a sequel to the work by a later author), and Hikiuta (index).<!-- Good EL -- provides a unique resource that we can't duplicate in this WP article, and is relevant specifically to this topic --> <!-- Temporarily remove link to spam * [http://www.globusz.com/ebooks/Genji/00000010.htm ''The Tale of Genji'' 1976 Seidensticker translation] Online text of complete 1976 Seidensticker translation without the notes and with numerous typos. (The illustrations included in the Knopf edition of this translation are reproduced at the UNESCO heritage site below.) --> * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19264 ''Japanese Literature - Including Selections from Genji Monogatari and Classical Poetry and Drama of Japan''] Contains the 1882 Suematsu translation of the first 17 chapters of ''The Tale of Genji'', with an introduction and notes. * [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/genji/index.html The Texts of ''Genji Monogatari''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925185256/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/japanese/genji/index.html |date=2012-09-25 }} Original text, romanized version, and modern Japanese translation of ''The Tale of Genji'' at the University of Virginia Library. * [http://webworld.unesco.org/genji/en/index.shtml ''Tale of the Genji'' woodcuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216011506/http://webworld.unesco.org/genji/en/index.shtml |date= 16 Pebrero 2016 }} Woodcut illustrations and accompanying excerpts at the UNESCO Global Heritage Pavilion. * [http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/asian377/studentspring99/asian377e/genji/ The Picture Scroll of ''The Tale of Genji''] Some scans of the ''Genji Monogatari Emaki'' (''Tale of Genji Scroll''). Only about half of the images are from the twelfth-century scroll; they are the darker colored, more faded images. * [http://www.taleofgenji.org/ ''The Tale of Genji''] A photographic guide to ''The Tale of Genji''. * [http://jclab.wordpress.com/2007/05/11/the-tale-of-genji-audiobooks/ ''The Tale of Genji Audiobooks''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103000314/https://jclab.wordpress.com/2007/05/11/the-tale-of-genji-audiobooks/ |date= 3 Enero 2016 }} Japanese reading of 7 of 54 chapters from the original text, mp3 files. * [http://www.coinnews.net/2008/06/25/japan-finance-minister-announces-kyoto-and-shimane-commemorative-coin-designs-4211/ Japan Finance Minister Announces Kyoto Coin Design with ''The Tale of Genji'' Theme] The Kyoto Prefecture commemorative coin set for release in October 2008 features a scene from ''The Tale of Genji''. *[http://www.isekatagami.com/en.genjil.html/ Carving of Picture Scroll of ''Genji monogatari''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306112136/http://isekatagami.com/en.genjil.html |date= 6 Marso 2016 }} Paper carvings by Noda Kazuko reproducing the 18 extant illustrations of the 13th-century ''Genji monogatari emaki''. *[http://www.ohmigallery.com/ Ohmi Gallery] A nice collection of Ukiyo-e and Shin-hanga, including illustrations of ''The Tale of Genji'' by such artists as Ebina Masao and Utagawa Kunisada. *[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~arth17/Genji.index.html ''Tale of Genji Scroll'' 18th century anonymous artist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019221618/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~arth17/Genji.index.html |date= 19 Oktubre 2017 }} Available at Darmouth College, it covers the first 16 chapters of the tale. *[http://www.miyatamasayuki-kiri-e.jp/miyatamasayuki_homepage/kiri_e_world_folder/newsite/ ''The Tale of Genji'' by Miyata Masayuki]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Paper cuts by renowned artist Miyata Masayuki. *[[World Digital Library]] presentation of [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.2930 源氏物語 ''Genji monogatari: Volume One, Kiritsubo''.] [[Library of Congress]]. Primary source moveable type book. 1596-1615, first printed edition of the world's first great novel. [[Kaarangay:An Susumaton han Genji]] ll0k2abwbfvbgc3lrz8mo10fnllx89d 0 15072 7785665 7782251 2026-08-27T21:26:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Kwame Nkrumah |image = Kwame Nkrumah on a Soviet stamp (80th anniversary of his birth) 1989 CPA 6101.jpg |imagesize = |caption = |order = 3rd |office = Chairman of the Organization of African Unity |term_start = 21 Oktubre 1965 |term_end = 24 Pebrero 1966 |predecessor = |successor = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] |order2 = 1st [[President of Ghana]] |term_start2 = 1 Hulyo 1960 |term_end2 = 24 Pebrero 1966 |predecessor2 = [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel|The 5th Earl of Listowel]]<br/><small>as [[Governor-General of Ghana|Governor-General]]</small> |successor2 = [[Joseph Arthur Ankrah]]<br /><small>as Chairman of the [[National Liberation Council]]</small> |order3 = 1st |office3 = Prime Minister of Ghana |term_start3 = 6 Marso 1957 |term_end3 = 1 Hulyo 1960 |monarch3 = [[Elizabeth II]] |governor-general3=[[Charles Noble Arden-Clarke|Sir Charles Arden-Clarke]]<small> until 24 Hunyo 1957</small><br /> [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel|Lord Listowel]]<small> 24 Hunyo 1957 - 1 Hulyo 1960</small> |predecessor3 = ''Office Established'' |successor3 = Himself<br/> as [[President of Ghana]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1909|9|21|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Nkroful]], [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1972|04|27|1909|09|21|df=yes}} |death_place = [[Bucharest]], [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] |nationality = [[British subject|British]], Ghanaian |party = [[Convention People's Party]] |spouse = [[Fathia Nkrumah|Fathia Rizk]] |children = Francis, [[Gamal Nkrumah|Gamal]], [[Samia Nkrumah|Samia]] and Sekou |profession = [[Lecturer]] |religion = [[Roman Catholicism]] }} Hi '''Dr. Kwame Nkrumah''' (natawo nga Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma, Septyembre 21, 1909 – Abril 27, 1972) usa nga pinuno pulitiko nga Afrikano. Nakilala hiya nga syahan nga Primo Ministro (nga naging Pangulo) han [[Ghana]], ngan an iya paghingyap nga magkamayda hin nagkaurusa nga Aprikano nga kontinente. Han 6 Marso 1957, pagkatapos han napulo nga tuig ha pagkompanya para han paglugaring han [[Ghana]], napili hi Nkrumah ha poder, ngan an [[Ghana]] natalwas tikang ha pamumuno han Britanya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Birmingham |first=David |title=Kwame Nkrumah: The Father of African Nationalism |url=https://archive.org/details/kwamenkrumahfath0000birm |location=Athens |publisher=Ohio University Press | date = 1998 |isbn=0-8214-1242-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah |publisher=James Currey |location=Oxford, UK |origyear=1973 | date = 2007 |isbn=978-1-84701-010-0 }} * [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], "[http://www.governmentattic.org/docs/DIA_AnalysisKwameNkrumahOfGhana1966.pdf Supplement, Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana]", 12-January-1966. * {{Cite book |last=James |first=C. L. R. |title=Nkrumah and the Ghana Revolution |location=London |publisher=Allison & Busby | date = 1977 |isbn=0-85031-461-5 }} * {{Cite journal |last= Mazrui |first= Ali |authorlink= Ali Mazrui | date = 1966 |title= Nkrumah: The Leninist Czar |journal= [[Transition Magazine|Transition]] |issue= 26 |pages= 8–17 |jstor= 2934320 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book |last=Mwakikagile |first=Godfrey |title=Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era |url=https://archive.org/details/nyerereafricaend0000mwak |edition=Third |location=Pretoria, South Africa |publisher=New Africa Press | date = 2006 |chapter=Nyerere and Nkrumah: Towards African Unity |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nyerereafricaend0000mwak/page/347 347]–355 |isbn=0-9802534-1-1 }} * {{Cite book |last=Poe |first=D. Zizwe |title=Kwame Nkrumah's Contribution to Pan-African Agency |location=New York |publisher=Routledge | date = 2003 |isbn=0-203-50537-9 }} * {{Cite journal |journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]] |location=USA |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=71nrBoK-ilEC&pg=PA138 |title=Kwame Nkrumah: the Fall of a Messiah |author=Sanders, Charles L. |date= Septyembre 1966 }} * {{Cite book |last=Tuchscherer |first=Konrad |chapter=Kwame Francis Nwia Kofie Nkrumah |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Dictators |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7 |editor-first=Frank J |editor-last=Coppa |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang | date = 2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000unse_z3j7/page/n242 217]–20 |isbn=0-8204-5010-3 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q8620| display=Kwame Nkrumah}} *[[Http://ghana-net.com/nkroful-kwame-nkrumah-museum.html?m|Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Museum at Nkroful, Western Region]] *[[Http://ghana-net.com/kwame-nkrumah-memorial-park.html Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra]] * [http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia Dr. Kwame Nkrumah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181831/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 |date= 12 Pebrero 2009 }} * [http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Operation%Cold%Chop&page=viewListing&lid=287&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia ''Operation Cold Chop'': The Fall Of Kwame Nkrumah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222153413/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Operation%25Cold%25Chop&page=viewListing&lid=287&Itemid=36 |date=2025-02-22 }} * [http://www.vibeghana.com/ Dr Kwame Nkrumah] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_kwamenkrumah.html Excerpt from ''Commanding Heights'' by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw] * [http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah Timeline of events related to the overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190754/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ The Kwame Nkrumah Lectures at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181711/http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ |date= 27 Hunyo 2008 }} * [http://www.nkrumah.net/ Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site] * [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090925/ghana-honors-nkrumah-statue-moammar-gadhafi Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah] by ''[[The Global Post]]'' * [http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech Dr Kwame Nkrumah's Midnight Speech on the day of Ghana's independence&nbsp;– 6 March 1957.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044033/http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech |date=13 Pebrero 2009 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Kwame Nkrumah}} *[[Http://ghana-net.com/nkroful-kwame-nkrumah-museum.html Nkrumah Mausoleum and Museum at Nkroful, Western Region]] *[http://ghana-net.com/KWAME_NKUMRAH_MEMORIAL_PARK.aspx Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419033853/http://ghana-net.com/KWAME_NKUMRAH_MEMORIAL_PARK.aspx |date= 19 Abril 2010 }} *[http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia Dr. Kwame Nkrumah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212181831/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Kwame%20Nkrumah&page=viewListing&lid=10&Itemid=36 |date= 12 Pebrero 2009 }} *[http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Operation%Cold%Chop&page=viewListing&lid=287&Itemid=36 Ghana-pedia ''Operation Cold Chop'': The Fall Of Kwame Nkrumah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222153413/http://www.ghana-pedia.org/org/index.php?option=com_directory&listing=Operation%Cold%Chop&page=viewListing&lid=287&Itemid=36 |date=2025-02-22 }} *[http://www.vibeghana.com Dr Kwame Nkrumah] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/prof_kwamenkrumah.html Excerpt from ''Commanding Heights'' by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw] *[http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah Timeline of events related to the overthrow of Kwame Nkruma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190754/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/entity.jsp?entity=kwame_nkrumah |date=2007-09-27 }} *[http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ The Kwame Nkrumah Lectures at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627181711/http://www.teachinginghana.com/index.php/2007/11/12/kwame-nkrumah-lectures-part-2/ |date= 27 Hunyo 2008 }} *[http://www.nkrumah.net/ Kwame Nkrumah Information and Resource Site] *[http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/ghana/090925/ghana-honors-nkrumah-statue-moammar-gadhafi Ghana re-evaluates Nkrumah] by ''[[The Global Post]]'' *[http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech Dr Kwame Nkrumah's Midnight Speech on the day of Ghana's independence&nbsp;– 6 March 1957 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213044033/http://ghanaconscious.ghanathink.org/podcasts/2007/03/6th-march-1957-midnight-speech |date=13 Pebrero 2009 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nkrumah, Kwame}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1909]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1972]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Nkrumah, Kwame]] [[Kaarangay:Ghana|Nkrumah, Kwame]] [[Kaarangay:Kwame Nkrumah| ]] ibt1thmuj1siwrgpvc4rx9p3p3wxr7v 0 15073 7785657 7782315 2026-08-27T21:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Aleman nga Reich | native_name = ''Deutsches Reich'' (1933–1943)<br />''Großdeutsches Reich'' (1943–1945) | common_name = Alemanya | continent = Europa | country = Alemanya | era = [[Interwar period]]/[[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]] | event_start = [[Machtergreifung]] | year_start =1933 | date_start = 30 Enero | event1 = [[Gleichschaltung]] | date_event1 = 27 Pebrero 1933 | event2 = [[Anschluss]] | date_event2 = 12 Marso 1938 | event3 = [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]] | date_event3 = 1 Septyembre 1939 | event4 = [[Kamatayan ni Adolf Hitler]] | date_event4 = 30 Abril 1945 | event_end = [[German Instrument of Surrender|Surrender of Germany]] | year_end = 1945 | date_end = 8 Mayo | legislature = [[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]] | house1 = [[Reichsrat (Germany)|Reichsrat]] | type_house1 = State council | p1 = Weimar Republic | flag_p1 =Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg | p2 = Federal State of Austria | flag_p2 = Flag of Austria.svg | s1 = Flensburg Government | flag_s1 = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg | image_flag = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg <!-- Do not replace with NSDAP flag, as the two are not identical. NSDAP flag is symmetrical, this one isn't. --> | flag = Flag of Germany#Nazi Germany | flag_type = Flag (1935–45) | image_coat = Reichsadler.svg | coa_size = 100px | symbol_type = Emblem (1935–45) | symbol = Coat of arms of Germany#Nazi Germany | image_map2 = World War II in Europe, 1942.svg | image_map2_caption = Europe at the height of Axis success (1941–1942) {{plainlist | style = padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left; | * {{Legend|#313131|[[Greater Germany]]{{efn|name=annexed}}}} * {{Legend|#555555|[[German-occupied Europe|Areas under German and/or Axis occupation]]}} * {{Legend|#818181|German [[Axis powers|allies]],{{efn|name=annexed}} [[Co-belligerence#Finland as co-belligerent with Germany in World War Two|co-belligerents]], and [[Puppet state#Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|puppet states]]{{efn|name=annexed}}}} * {{Legend|#c75e5e|[[Soviet Union]] (Allied-held)}} * {{Legend|#658a6f|[[Western Allies|Western Allied-held]]}} * {{Legend|#ffffff|[[Neutrality (international relations)|Neutral countries]]}} }} | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{plainlist | * ''[[Das Lied der Deutschen]]''<br>''{{small|Awit han mga Aleman}}'' * ''[[Horst-Wessel-Lied]]''<br>''{{small|Horst Wessel nga Awit}}''<br /><center>[[File:Песня Хорста Весселя.ogg]]</center> }} | capital = Berlin | largest_city = capital | common_languages = Inaleman | government_type = [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[single-party state]]<br />[[Totalitarian dictatorship]] | title_leader = [[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]] / [[Führer]] | leader1 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] | year_leader1 = 1933–1934 | leader2 = [[Adolf Hitler]]{{efn|name=vacant}} | year_leader2 = 1934–1945 | leader3 = [[Karl Dönitz]] | year_leader3 = 1945 | title_deputy = [[List of Chancellors of Germany|Chancellor]] | deputy1= [[Adolf Hitler]] | year_deputy1 = 1933–1945 | deputy2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | year_deputy2 = 1945 | deputy3 = [[Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk]] | year_deputy3 = 1945 (as leading minister) | stat_area1 = 633786 | stat_pop1 = 69314000 | stat_year1 = 1939 | ref_area1 ={{efn|name=statistics}} | ref_pop1 = {{sfn|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006|p=34}} | currency = [[Reichsmark]] (ℛℳ) |today = {{flag|Austria}}<br/>{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br/>{{flag|Germany}}<br/>{{flag|Poland}}<br/>{{flag|Russia}} | footnotes = }} An '''Alemanya (nga) Nazi''' o kundi man '''Nazi nga Alemanya''' amo an impormal nga ngaran nga ginhatag ha Alemanya han 1933 ngadto ha 1945. Amo ini an panahon nga kan [[Adolf Hitler]] partido [[Nazi]] amo an nagkakapot ha [[Alemanya]]. ==Kasaysayan== ===Gintikangan=== Nagkuri oraora an ekonomiya han Alemanya kahuman san ''World War I'', tungod san san maga baraydan sini sa ''reparations'' na kinahanglan nira bayaran sigun san ''1919 [[Treaty of Versailles]]''. Nag-imprinta an gobyerno sin kwarta pambayad sa kanra ''war debt'' na nagresulta san ''[[hyperinflation]]'' ngan ginsundan naman san paghitaas san mga presyo san mga paraliton, ''economic chaos'', ngan mga ''food riots''.{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=103–108}} San wara pakabayad an gobyerno san reparations sadton Enero 1923, Gin-okupahan san mga Pranses na sundalo an mga industrial na lugar san Alemanya sa ligid san [[Ruhr]]. Nagresulta ini san darako na ''civil unrest''.{{sfn|Evans|2003|pp=186–187}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|20em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite web | url = http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/agreement-between-the-governments-of-the-united-kingdom-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-union-of-soviet-socialist-republics-and-the-provisional-government-of-the-french-republic-on-certain-add/ | title = Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany | date = 20 Septyembre 1945 | publisher = dipublico.com | ref = {{sfnRef|Allied Agreement|1945}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Antill | first = Peter | title = Berlin 1945: End of the Thousand Year Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/berlin1945endoft0000anti | date = 2005 | publisher = Osprey | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 1-84176-915-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | authorlink = Antony Beevor | title = [[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]] | date = 2002 | publisher = Viking-Penguin Books | location = London | isbn = 978-0-670-03041-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Beevor | first = Antony | title = [[The Second World War (book)|The Second World War]] | date = 2012 | publisher = Little, Brown | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-316-02374-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bendersky | first = Joseph W. | title = A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0003bend | date = 2007| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 978-0-7425-5363-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Berben | first = Paul | title = Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History | url = https://archive.org/details/dachau19331945of0000berb | date = 1975 | publisher = Norfolk Press | location = London | isbn = 0-85211-009-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Berghahn | first = Volker R. | authorlink = Volker Berghahn | chapter = Germans and Poles, 1871–1945 | title = Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences | url = https://archive.org/details/germanyeasterneu0000unse_t5e4 | series = Yearbook of European Studies | publisher = Rodopi | location = Amsterdam; Atlanta | date = 1999 | isbn = 90-420-0688-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last1 = Beyer | first1 = John C. | last2 = Schneider | first2 = Stephen A. | title = Forced Labour under the Third Reich&nbsp;– Part 1 | publisher = Nathan Associates | url = http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 12 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Beyer & Schneider}} | archive-date = 9 Mayo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130509054212/http://www.nathaninc.com/sites/default/files/Pub%20PDFs/Forced%20Labor%20Under%20the%20Third%20Reich,%20Part%20One.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Biddiscombe | first = Perry | title = Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-history_spring-2001_34_3/page/611 | journal = Journal of Social History | date = 2001 | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 611–647 | doi = 10.1353/jsh.2001.0002 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Boczek | first = Bolesław Adam | title = International Law: A Dictionary | url = https://archive.org/details/internationallaw0000bocz | date = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 0-8108-5078-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Braun | first = Hans-Joachim | title = Aero-Engine Production in the Third Reich | journal = History of Technology | date = 1992 | volume = 14 | pages = 1–15 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last1 = Busse | first1 = Reinhard | last2 = Riesberg | first2 = Annette | title = Health Care Systems In Transition: Germany | date = 2004 | publisher = WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies | location = Copenhagen | format = PDF | url = http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | accessdate = 15 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv | archive-date = 2020-03-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200321225609/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/80703/E85472.pdf | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | title = Children during the Holocaust | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005142 | accessdate = 24 Abril 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Children}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Clark | first = Christopher M. | authorlink = Chris Clark (historian) | title = Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 | url = https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri | date = 2006 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = London | isbn = 978-0-674-02385-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Closmann | first = Charles | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Legalizing a ''Volksgemeinschaft'': Nazi Germany's Reich Nature Protection Law of 1935 | date = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | editor1-last = Constable | editor1-first = George | title = Fists of Steel | series = The Third Reich | date = 1988 | publisher = Time-Life Books | location = Alexandria, VA | isbn = 0-8094-6966-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Conway | first = John S | authorlink = John S. Conway (historian) | title = The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, 1933–1945 | date = 2001 | publisher = Regent College Publishing | location = Vancouver | isbn = 1-57383-080-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Cuomo | first = Glenn R. | title = National Socialist Cultural Policy | date = 1995 | publisher = Palgrave MacMillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-09094-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Dachau | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214 | accessdate = 14 Hulyo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Dachau}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Davies | first = Norman | authorlink = Norman Davies | title = Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw | url = https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo0000davi_l9z3 | date = 2003 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | isbn = 0-670-03284-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Davis | first = Richard G. | title = German Rail Yards and Cities: U.S. Bombing Policy 1944–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_air-power-history_summer-1995_42_2/page/46 | journal = Air Power History | date = 1995 | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 46–63 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | title = Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with Respect to Germany and Supplementary Statements | journal = American Journal of International Law | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | date= Hulyo 1945 | pages = 171–178 | jstor = 221392 | doi = 10.2307/2213921 | ref = {{sfnRef|Berlin Declaration|1945}} }} * {{Cite book | last = DeGregori | first = Thomas R. | title = [[Bountiful Harvest|Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety, and the Environment]] | publisher = Cato Institute | location = Washington | date = 2002 | isbn = 1-930865-31-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = DeLong | first = J. Bradford | authorlink = J. Bradford DeLong | title = Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century. XV. Nazis and Soviets | date= Pebrero 1997 | publisher = University of California at Berkeley | work = econ161.berkeley.edu | url = http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511190923/http://econ161.berkeley.edu/TCEH/Slouch_Purge15.html | accessdate = 21 Abril 2013 | archivedate = 11 Mayo 2008 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Dorland | first = Michael | title = Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France | publisher = University Press of New England | series = Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series | location = Waltham, Mass | date = 2009 | isbn = 1-58465-784-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Douglas | first = R.M | title = Orderly and Humane: The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War | url = https://archive.org/details/orderlyhumaneexp0000doug | date = 2012 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | isbn = 978-0-300-16660-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | title = Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN | volume = 3 | date = 2004 | publisher = Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe | location = Warsaw | language = Polish | isbn = 83-01-14179-4 | ref = {{sfnRef|Powszechna PWN|2004}} }} * {{Cite web | title = "Euthanasie" im Nationalsozialismus | date = 2012 | work = Das Bundesarchiv | publisher = Government of Germany | language = German | url = http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | accessdate = 19 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Bundesarchiv}} | archive-date = 21 Oktubre 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131021060807/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/benutzung/zeitbezug/nationalsozialismus/00303/index.html.de | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | authorlink = Richard J. Evans | title = [[The Coming of the Third Reich]] | date = 2003 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-303469-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | date = 2005 | title = The Third Reich in Power | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn =978-0-14-303790-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | date = 2008 | title = The Third Reich at War | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_0 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-14-311671-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Evans | first = Richard J. | title = Cosmopolitan Islanders: British Historians and the European Continent | url = https://archive.org/details/cosmopolitanisla0000evan | date = 2009 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-19998-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Farago | first = Ladislas | authorlink = Ladislas Farago | date = 1972 | origyear = 1942 | title = German Psychological Warfare | publisher = Arno Press | location = New York | series = International Propaganda and Communications |isbn = 978-0-405-04747-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | authorlink = Joachim Fest | title = Plotting Hitler's Death: The German Resistance to Hitler 1933–1945 | date = 1996 | publisher = Weidenfield & Nicolson | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Flint | first = Colin | title = To Explain or Understand Evil: Comparing Hermeneutic and Rational Choice Approaches to the Analysis of Nazism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-quarterly_1998-06_79_2/page/466 | journal = Social Science Quarterly | date= Hunyo 1998 | volume = 79 | issue = 2 | pages = 466–474 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | jstor = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Freeman | first = Michael J. | title = Atlas of Nazi Germany: A Political, Economic, and Social Anatomy of the Third Reich | date = 1995 | publisher = Longman | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-0-582-23924-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Friedländer | first = Saul | authorlink = Saul Friedländer | title = Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyjews10000frie | date = 2009 | publisher = Harper Perennial | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-06-135027-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Fritzsche | first = Peter | title = Life and Death in the Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/lifedeathinthird0000frit | date = 2008 | publisher = Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, MA | isbn = 978-0-674-03465-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Gellately | first = Robert | title = Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany | date = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-08684-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Gellately | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Gellately | title = Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler; Sabine Schleiermacher | journal = Central European History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | date = 1996 | pages = 270–274 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1017/S0008938900013170}} * {{Cite book | author = Germany (West) Presse- und Informationsamt | title = Germany Reports. With an introduction by Konrad Adenauer | date = 1961 | publisher = F. Steiner | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | oclc = 5092689 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Germany Reports''|1961}} }} * {{Cite book | author = Germany (West). Statistisches Bundesamt | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50 | date = 1958 | publisher = Verlag W. Kohlhammer | language = German | location = Wiesbaden | oclc = 7363969 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste'', 1939/50}} }} * {{Cite web | title = Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt des Deutschen Reichs. § 1 |trans_title = Law Regarding the Head of State of the German Empire. § 1 | date = 1 Agosto 1934 | language = German | publisher = documentArchiv.de | url = http://www.documentarchiv.de/ns/stobrhpt.html | ref = {{sfnRef|Gesetz über das Staatsoberhaupt|1934}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Gill | first = Anton | authorlink = Anton Gill | title = An Honourable Defeat: A History of the German Resistance to Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/honourabledefeat0000gill_s8m1 | date = 1994 | publisher = Heinemann | location = London | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Glantz | first = David M. | authorlink = David Glantz | title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler | url = https://archive.org/details/whentitansclashe00glan_0 | publisher = University Press of Kansas | location = Lawrence, KS | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Goeschel | first = Christian | title = Suicide in Nazi Germany | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-953256-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen | title = [[Hitler's Willing Executioners|Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust]] | date = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | author = Government of West Germany | journal = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland | date = 1960 | publisher = W. Kohlhammer | language = German | location = Stuttgart | jstor = | url = | ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|1960}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Grunberger | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Grunberger | date = 1971 | title = The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/12yearreichsoc00grun | publisher = Holt Rinehart and Winston | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-03-076435-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hagemann | first = Karen | authorlink = Karen Hagemann | title = Mobilizing Women for War: The History, Historiography, and Memory of German Women's War Service in the Two World Wars | journal = Journal of Military History | date= Oktubre 2011 | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 1055–1094 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Hahn | first1 = Hans Henning | last2 = Hahnova | first2 = Eva | title = Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte | date = 2010 | publisher = Paderborn | location = Munich; Vienna | isbn = 978-3-506-77044-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hanauske-Abel | first = Hartmut M. | title = Not a slippery slope or sudden subversion: German medicine and National Socialism in 1933 | journal = BMJ | date = 7 Disyembre 1996 | volume = 313 | issue = 7070 | pages = 1453–1463 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1453 | url = http://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | ref = harv | access-date = 14 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 17 Abril 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021728/https://www.ippnw.org/pdf/mgs/3-hanauske-abel.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Haar | first = Ingo | authorlink = Ingo Haar | editor1-last = Ehmer | editor1-first = Josef | title = Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste:&nbsp;– Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme | work = Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" : Aspekte und Erkenntnisse zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft | date = 2009 | publisher = Springer | language = German | location = | isbn = 978-3-531-16152-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Heinemann | first1 = Isabel | last2 = Oberkrome | first2 = Willi | last3 = Schleiermacher | first3 = Sabine | last4 = Wagner | first4 = Patrick | title = Nauka, planowanie, wypędzenia : Generalny Plan Wschodni narodowych socjalistów : katalog wystawy Niemieckiej Współnoty Badawczej | date = 2006 | publisher = Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | language = Polish | url = http://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf | format = PDF | location = Bonn | isbn = | ref = {{sfnRef|Heinemann et al|2006}} }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402074959/https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_magazin/wissenschaft_oeffentlichkeit/ausstellungen/generalplan_ost/generalplan_ost_katalog_pl_120131.pdf |date=2019-04-02 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hildebrand | first = Klaus | authorlink = Klaus Hildebrand | title = The Third Reich | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdreich0000hild | date = 1984 | publisher = George Allen & Unwin | location = Boston | isbn = 0-04-943032-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hitchcock | first = William I. | title = The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent, 1945 to the Present | url = https://archive.org/details/struggleforeurop0000hitc | date = 2004 | publisher = Anchor | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-385-49799-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hoffmann | first = Peter | title = The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945 | origyear = 1977 | date = 1996 | publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press | location = Montreal | isbn = 0-7735-1531-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hosking | first = Geoffrey A. | authorlink = Geoffrey Hosking | title = Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union | url = https://archive.org/details/rulersvictimsrus00hosk | date = 2006 | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-674-02178-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hubert | first = Michael | title = Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 | date = 1998 | publisher = Steiner, Franz Verlag | language = German | location = Stuttgart | isbn = 3-515-07392-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Kammerer | first1 = Willi | last2 = Kammerer | first2 = Anja | title = Narben bleiben: die Arbeit der Suchdienste&nbsp;– 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg | date = 2005 | publisher = Dienststelle | location = Berlin | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | authorlink = Ian Kershaw | date = 2000 | edition = 4th | title = The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation | url = https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship00kers | publisher = Arnold | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-76028-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book |last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich |url = https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_s7n6 | date = 2001 | origyear = 1987 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 0-19-280206-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = Hitler: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerbiography0000kers | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | location = New York | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-393-06757-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kershaw | first = Ian | title = The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 | url = https://archive.org/details/endhitlersgerman0000kers_i7u7 | date = 2012 | origyear = 2011 publisher = Penguin | location = London | isbn = 978-0-14-101421-0 | edition = Paperback | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Khatyn: Genocide Policy | publisher = Khatyn State Memorial Complex | url = http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/ | accessdate = 11 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Khatyn State Memorial Complex}} | archive-date = 26 Disyembre 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060712/http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/%20 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | title = Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004 | publisher = Spitzenorganisation der Filmwirtschaft e. V | format = PDF | url = http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | language = German | accessdate = 10 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|SPIO, Department of Statistics}} | archive-date = 4 Pebrero 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204111257/http://www.spio.de/media_content/610.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Kitchen | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Kitchen | title = A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng0000kitc | date = 2006 | publisher = Blackwell | location = Malden, MA | isbn = 978-1-4051-0040-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Koldehoff | first = Stefan | title = Keine deutsche Opferarithmetik | date = 29 Nobyembre 2006 | publisher = [[Deutschlandfunk]] | language = German | url = http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560/ | accessdate = 29 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Kressel | first = Neil J. | title = Mass Hate: The Global Rise Of Genocide And Terror | url = https://archive.org/details/masshateglobalri0000kres | date = 2002 | publisher = Plenum Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-8133-3951-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Lakotta | first = Beate | title = Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren | journal = [[Der Spiegel]] | date= Marso 2005 | volume = | issue = 2 | pages = 218–221 | publisher = Spiegel-Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German | jstor = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | ref = harv | access-date = 14 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 17 Abril 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021755/https://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Lauryssens | first = Stan | authorlink = Stan Lauryssens | title = The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoinventedth0000laur | date = 1999 | publisher = Sutton | location = Stroud |isbn = 978-0-7509-1866-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite news | title = Leni Riefenstahl | date=10 Septyembre 2003 | work = [[The Daily Telegraph]] | publisher = [[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] | location = [[London]] | issn = 0307-1235 | oclc = 49632006 | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1440991/Leni-Riefenstahl.html?pageNum=3 | accessdate = 10 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''The Daily Telegraph'', 2003}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewis | first = Brenda Ralph | title = Hitler Youth: the Hitlerjugend in War and Peace 1933–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthhitle0000lewi | date = 2000 | publisher = MBI | location = Osceola, WI | isbn = 0-7603-0946-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | last = Libionka | first = Dariusz | title = The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945 | work = The Reaction of the Churches in Nazi Occupied Europe | publisher = Yad Vashem | format = PDF | url = http://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | accessdate = 26 Agosto 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Libionka, ''The Catholic Church in Poland''}} | archive-date = 2020-04-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200417021806/https://www.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/christian_world/libionka.pdf | url-status = }} * {{Cite journal | last = Longerich | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Longerich | title = Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime | at = 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942 | publisher = Emory University | location = Atlanta | date = 2003 | url = http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090709111759/http://www.hdot.org/en/trial/defense/pl1/17 | archivedate = 9 Hulyo 2009 | accessdate = 31 Hulyo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Longerich, Chapter 17|2003}} | url-status = unfit }} * {{Cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | title = Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews | url = https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper0000long | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-19-280436-5 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Longerich | first = Peter | date = 2012 | title = Heinrich Himmler: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmler0000long | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-959232-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Lukas | first = Richard C. | authorlink = Richard C. Lukas | title = Did the Children Cry?: Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945 | origyear = 1994 | date = 2001 | publisher = Hippocrene | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7818-0870-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Manvell | first1 = Roger | author1-link = Roger Manvell | last2 = Fraenkel | first2 = Heinrich | author2-link = Heinrich Fraenkel | title = Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo | url = https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlers0000manv | date = 2007 | origyear = 1965 | publisher = Greenhill; Skyhorse | location = London; New York | isbn = 978-1-60239-178-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Manvell | first = Roger | title = Goering | publisher = Skyhorse | location = London | date = 2011 | origyear = 1962 | isbn = 978-1-61608-109-6 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Martin | first = Bernd | title = Japan and Germany in the Modern World | date = 2005 | origyear = 1995 | publisher = Berghahn Books | location = New York; Oxford | isbn = 978-1-84545-047-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Mazower | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Mazower | title = Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirehow0000mazo | date = 2008 | publisher = Penguin | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-1-59420-188-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = McElligott | first1 = Anthony | last2 = Kirk | first2 = Tim | last3 = Kershaw | first3 = Ian | title = Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw | date = 2003 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | isbn = 0-7190-6732-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Melvin | first = Mungo | authorlink = Mungo Melvin | title = Manstein: Hitler's Greatest General | url = https://archive.org/details/mansteinhitlersg0000melv_j4h5 | date = 2010 | publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicholson | location = London | isbn = 978-0-297-84561-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = McNab | first = Chris | title = The Third Reich | publisher = Amber Books | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-906626-51-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web | title = The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939 | work = Modern History Sourcebook | publisher = Fordham University | url = http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html | accessdate = 18 Abril 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939}} | archive-date = 2014-11-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141114231303/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1939pact.html | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = Nakosteen | first = Mehdi Khan | title = The History and Philosophy of Education | url = https://archive.org/details/historyphilosoph0000nako | date = 1965 | publisher = Ronald Press | location = New York | oclc = 175403 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Martin Niemöller | work = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/414633/Martin-Niemoller | accessdate = 25 Agosto 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Encyclopedia Britannica, ''Martin Niemöller''}} }} * {{Cite web | title = NS-Zwangsarbeit: "Verbotener Umgang" | date = 1942 | publisher = Stadtarchiv Göttingen Cordula Tollmien Projekt NS-Zwangsarbeiter | language = German | url = http://www.zwangsarbeit-in-goettingen.de/texte/verbotenerumgang.htm | ref = {{SfnRef|Nazi forced labour|1942}} }} * {{Cite book | last = Nicholas | first = Lynn H. | authorlink = Lynn H. Nicholas | title = Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web | url = https://archive.org/details/cruelworldchildr0000nich_w2v0 | date = 2006 | publisher = Vintage | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-679-77663-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Niewyk | first1 = Donald L. | last2 = Nicosia | first2 = Francis R. | title = The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew | date = 2000 | publisher = Columbia University Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-231-11200-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = ''NS-Frauenwarte'': Paper of the National Socialist Women's League | publisher = Heidelberg University Library | url = http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/Englisch/helios/digi/nsfrauenwarte.html | accessdate = 8 Mayo 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Heidelberg University Library}} }} * {{Cite book | last= Overmans | first = Rüdiger | title = Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg | date = 2000 | origyear = 1999 | publisher = R. Oldenbourg | location = München | language = German | series = Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte | isbn = 978-3-486-56531-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Overmans | first = Rűdiger | title = Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung | journal = Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik | date = 1994 | volume = 16 | issue = | pages = 51–63 | ref =harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Overy | origyear = 1995 | date = 2006 | title = Why The Allies Won | url = https://archive.org/details/whyallieswon0000over_z0p1 | publisher = Random House | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84595-065-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia | url = https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-393-02030-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Overy | first = Richard | title = The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 | publisher = Viking | location = New York | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-698-15138-3| ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Panayi | first = Panikos | title = Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance: The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabruck, 1939–49 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_2005-07_40_3/page/483 | journal = Journal of Contemporary History | date = 2005 | volume = 40 | issue = 3 | pages = 483–502 | jstor = 30036339 | ref = harv | doi = 10.1177/0022009405054568}} * {{Cite book | last = Pauley | first = Bruce F. | title = Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinmuss02edpaul_m6u1 | date = 2003 | origyear = 1997 | series = European History Series | publisher = Harlan Davidson | location = Wheeling, IL | isbn = 978-0-88295-993-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Pilisuk | first1 = Marc | last2 = Rountree | first2 = Jennifer Achord | title = Who Benefits from Global Violence and War: Uncovering a Destructive System | url = https://archive.org/details/whobenefitsfromg0000pili | date = 2008 | publisher = Praeger Security International | location = Westport, CT | isbn = 978-0-275-99435-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Pine | first = Lisa | date = 2011 | origyear = 2010 | title = Education in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/educationinnazig0000pine | publisher = Berg | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-1-84520-265-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland | work = ushmm.org | publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | url = http://www.ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | accessdate = 15 Disyembre 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Holocaust Memorial Museum: Poles}} | archive-date = 14 Hulyo 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193743/https://ushmm.org/education/resource/poles/poles.php | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite journal | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | authorlink = Robert N. Proctor | title = Nazi Medicine and Public Health Policy | journal = Dimensions: A Journal of Holocaust Studies | date = 1996 | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | url = http://archive.adl.org/Braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp | accessdate = 12 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv | archive-date = 7 Hunyo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130607042928/http://archive.adl.org/braun/dim_14_1_nazi_med.asp | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book | last = Proctor | first = Robert N. | title = The Nazi War on Cancer | url = https://archive.org/details/naziwaroncancer00proc | publisher = Princeton University Press | date = 1999 | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 0-691-07051-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | title = Refugees: Save Us! Save Us! | date = 9 Hulyo 1979 | journal = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] | publisher = Time Warner | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085534/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920455-2,00.html | accessdate = 28 Abril 2013 | archivedate = 24 Abril 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Time'', 9 Hulyo 1979}} | url-status = live }} * {{Cite book | last = Rhodes | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Rhodes | title = Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/mastersofdeathss0000rich | location = New York | publisher = Vintage Books | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-375-70822-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | authorlink = Rudolph Rummel | title = Death by Government | url = https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431 | date = 1994 | publisher = Transaction | location = New Brunswick, NJ | isbn = 978-1-56000-145-4 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Rupp | first = Leila J. | authorlink = Leila J. Rupp | date = 1978 | title = Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, N.J. | isbn = 978-0-691-04649-5 | oclc=3379930 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Scobie | first = Alexander | title = Hitler's State Architecture: The Impact of Classical Antiquity | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersstatearch0000scob | date = 1990 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | location = University Park | isbn = 0-271-00691-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | authorlink = Gitta Sereny | date = 1996 | origyear = 1995 | title = Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth | url = https://archive.org/details/albertspeerhisba00sere | publisher = Random House | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-679-76812-8 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Sereny | first = Gitta | date= Nobyembre 1999 | title = Stolen Children | journal = Talk | publisher = Jewish Virtual Library | url = https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/children.html | accessdate = 1 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Shigemitsu | first = Dandō | title = Criminal Law of Japan: The General Part | date = 1997 | publisher = Wayne State University | location = Detroit | isbn = 0-8377-0653-X | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Shirer | first = William L. | authorlink = William L. Shirer | title = [[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich]] | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | date = 1960 | isbn = 978-0-671-62420-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Smith | first = J. W. | authorlink = J. W. Smith | title = The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment | url = https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5 | date = 1994 | publisher = Institute for Economic Democracy | location = Cambria, California | isbn = 0-9624423-2-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Smith | first1 = Joseph | last2 = Davis | first2 = Simon | title = The A to Z of the Cold War | url = https://archive.org/details/atozofcoldwar0000smit | date = 2005 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | isbn = 0-8108-5384-1 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Snyder | first = Timothy | authorlink = Timothy D. Snyder | title = Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin | url = https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd | date = 2010 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-00239-9 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web | title = Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang | date = 1942 | work = Documents for National Socialism | publisher = NS-Archiv | language = German | url = http://www.ns-archiv.de/imt/ps3001-ps3200/3040-ps.php | ref = {{SfnRef|Special treatment|1942}} }} * {{Cite web | last = Sontheimer | first = Michael | title = Germany's Nazi Past: Why Germans Can Never Escape Hitler's Shadow | date = 10 Marso 2005 | work = Spiegel Online | publisher = | url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany-s-nazi-past-why-germans-can-never-escape-hitler-s-shadow-a-345720.html | accessdate = 11 Mayo 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | authorlink = Albert Speer | origyear = 1969 | date = 1971 | title = [[Inside the Third Reich]] | publisher = Avon | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-380-00071-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite web| title = Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland| date = 2006| publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt| language = German| url = http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926002255/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Publikationen/Querschnittsveroeffentlichungen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Downloads/Jahrbuch2006Inland,property=file.pdf| archivedate = 26 Septyembre 2007| accessdate = 17 Marso 2012| page = 34| ref = {{sfnRef|Statistisches Jahrbuch|2006}}| url-status = live}} * {{Cite book | last = Steiner | first = Zara | title = The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 | url = https://archive.org/details/triumphofdarkeur0000stei | date = 2011 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-921200-2 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Stephenson | first = Jill | title = Women in Nazi Germany | date = 2001 | publisher = Longman | location = London | isbn = 978-0-58241-836-3 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Stolfi | first = Russel | title = Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941) | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1982-03_54_1/page/27 | journal = [[Journal of Modern History]] | date= Marso 1982 | volume = 54 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–46 | doi = 10.1086/244076 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web | url = http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | date = 13 Nobyembre 1998 | title = Strafgesetzbuch, StGB | publisher = IUSCOMP Comparative Law Society | ref = {{sfnRef|''Strafgesetzbuch'', section 86a}} | access-date = 2015-01-14 | archive-date = 2001-04-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010426054458/http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/StGB.htm#86a | url-status = }} * {{Cite book | last = Walk | first = Joseph | title = Das Sonderrecht für die Juden im NS-Staat: Eine Sammlung der gesetzlichen Maßnahmen und Rechtlinien, Inhalt und Bedeutung | edition = 2nd | date = 1996 | publisher = Müller Verlag | location = Heidelberg | language = German | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Weinberg | first = Gerhard L. | authorlink = Gerhard Weinberg | title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II | date = 2005 | origyear = 1994 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; Oxford | isbn = 978-0-521-85316-3 | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite web | title = Introduction to the Holocaust | publisher = [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] | url = http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143| accessdate =12 Mayo 2013 }} * {{Cite book | last = Price | first = Alfred | title = Targeting the Reich: Allied Photographic Reconnaissance over Europe, 1939–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/targetingreichal0000dral | date = 2003 | publisher = Military Book Club | location = London | isbn = 0-7394-3496-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tooze | first = Adam | authorlink = Adam Tooze | title = [[The Wages of Destruction|The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy]] | date = 2006 | publisher = Allen Lane | location = London; New York | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | title = The Green and the Brown: A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany | url = https://archive.org/details/greenbrownhistor0000ueko | date = 2006 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-84819-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Uekötter | first = Frank | editor1-last = Brüggemeier | editor1-first = Franz-Josef | editor2-last = Cioc | editor2-first = Mark | editor3-last = Zeller | editor3-first = Thomas | title = How Green Were the Nazis?: Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich | chapter = Polycentrism in Full Swing: Air Pollution Control in Nazi Germany | date = 2005 | publisher = Ohio University Press | location = Athens | isbn = | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Umbreit | first = Hans | editor1-last = Kroener | editor1-first = Bernhard | editor2-last = Müller | editor2-first = Rolf-Dieter | editor3-last = Umbreit | editor3-first = Hans | title = Germany and the Second World War, Vol. 5. Organization and Mobilization in the German Sphere of Power. Part 2: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1942–1944/5 | chapter = Hitler's Europe: The German Sphere of Power | date = 2003 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford; New York | isbn = 978-0-19-820873-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = van Wie | first = Paul D. | title = Image, History and Politics: The Coinage of Modern Europe | date = 1999 | publisher = University Press of America | location = Lanham, Md | isbn = 978-0-7618-1221-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | authorlink = Adrian Weale | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | url = https://archive.org/details/armyofevilhistor0000weal | date = 2010 | publisher = Penguin Group | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Wedekind | first = Michael | editor1-last = Haar | editor1-first = Ingo | editor2-last = Fahlbusch | editor2-first = Michael | title = German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing (1920–1945) | url = https://archive.org/details/germanscholarset0000unse | chapter = The Sword of Science: German Scholars and National Socialist Annexation Policies in Slovenia and Northern Italy | date = 2005 | publisher = Berghahn | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57181-435-7 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite journal | journal = Wirtschaft und Statistik | date= Oktubre 1956 | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland | location = Wiesbaden | language = German | jstor = | url = | ref = {{sfnRef|''Wirtschaft und Statistik''|1956}} }} * {{Cite journal | last = Zeitlin | first = Jonathan | title = Flexibility and Mass Production at War: Aircraft Manufacture in Britain, the United States, and Germany, 1939–1945 | journal = Technology and Culture | date = 1955 | volume = 36 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–79 | jstor = 3106341 |ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/3106341}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Germany|commons=Category:National Socialism}} * {{Wikiatlas|Germany}} * [http://www.thirdreichruins.com/index.htm Third Reich in Ruins] (Photos) * [http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html Lebendiges Museum Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803144223/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/index.html |date= 3 Agosto 2014 }} {{de icon}} * [http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/ww2era.htm#Speech Nazi Propaganda: 1933–1945] {{en icon}} 2wjpqj4w1lqoi1u4cqlk8x67p0d41yw 0 15095 7785689 7783387 2026-08-27T21:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb]] An '''Hadton Ehipto''' usa nga han-una nga sibilisasyon ha sidlangan Amihanan Aprika nga napundok didto ha uruubos han Salog [[Nilo]], nga amo yanan an kabag-uhan nga Ehipto. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |author=Aldred, Cyril |title=Akhenaten, King of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London, England | date = 1988 |pages= |isbn=0-500-05048-1 |doi=}} * {{Cite book |author=Allen, James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |url=https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-77483-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Badawy | first=Alexander | title=A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley, California | date = 1968 | isbn=0-520-00057-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Billard|first=Jules B.|title=Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.| date = 1978}} * {{Cite book|first =J|last=Cerny|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000&nbsp;BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK| date = 1975|isbn=0-521-08691-4}} * {{Cite book|title= Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar |last=Clarke |first=Somers |publisher=Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of ''Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft'' originally published by Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, London, (1930)| location=New York, New York | date = 1990 |isbn=0-486-26485-8 |author2=R. Engelbach}} * {{Cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title = Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |publisher= Thames and Hudson |location=London, England| date = 1994 |isbn=0-500-05074-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan | date = 2001 |page= 273|isbn=0-472-08833-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd | date = 1991 |location=Buckinghamshire, UK |isbn=0-7478-0128-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Dodson, Aidan|author2=Hilton, Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London, England| date = 2004|isbn=0-500-05128-3}} * {{Cite book | last=El-Daly | first=Okasha | title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium | location=London, England | publisher=UCL Press | date = 2005 | isbn=1-84472-062-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Filer, Joyce |title=Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/disease00file |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas | date = 1996 |isbn=0-292-72498-5}} * {{Cite book | last=Gardiner | first=Sir Alan | title=[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]] | publisher=Griffith Institute | location=Oxford, England | date = 1957 | isbn=0-900416-35-1}} * {{Cite journal | last=Hayes | first= W. C. | title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217 | journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|JNES]] | edition=No. 4 |date= Oktubre 1964 | pages=217–272 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | doi=10.1086/371778}} * {{Cite book | authors=Imhausen, Annette; [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, Eleanor]], [[Joseph Dauben|Dauben, Joseph W.]], [[Kim Plofker|Plofker, Kim]] & Berggren, J. Lennart | editor-last=Katz | editor-first=V. J., Jr. | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | date = 2007 | isbn=0-691-11485-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=T.G.H.|title=The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan| date = 2005 |isbn=0-472-03137-6}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp, Barry]]|title=Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization|publisher=Routledge| date = 1991|location=London, England|isbn=0-415-06346-9}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim |first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1975|location=London, England |isbn=0-520-02899-6}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1980 | location=Berkeley, California| isbn=}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | title= Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1995a |isbn=0-521-44849-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages | title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East | editor-last=Sasson | editor-first=J. M. | volume=4 | publisher=Charles Scribner | place=New York, New York | date = 1995b | pages=2137–2150 | isbn=1-56563-607-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and Coptic | title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9 | editor-last=Woodward | editor-first=Roger D. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge, UK | date = 2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160 160]–192 | isbn=0-521-56256-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Lucas |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianm0000luca |location=London, England | date = 1962 |publisher=Edward Arnold Publishers|isbn=1-85417-046-5}} * {{Cite journal | last=Mallory-Greenough | first=Leanne M. | title=The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels | journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | location=London, England | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | date = 2002 | volume=88 | pages=67–93 | doi=10.2307/3822337 | jstor=3822337}} * {{Cite book| date = 1998|author=Manuelian, Peter Der|title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse|location=Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany|publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|isbn=3-89508-913-3}} * {{Cite book |author=McDowell, A. G. |title=Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England | date = 1999|isbn=0-19-814998-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Meskell, Lynn |title=Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture) |publisher=Berg Publishers |location=Oxford, England| date = 2004|isbn=1-85973-867-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Midant-Reynes | first=Béatrix | title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida | location=Oxford, England | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | date = 2000 | isbn=0-631-21787-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Paul T. |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-45257-0 |author-separator=, }} * {{Cite book |author=Oakes, Lorna |title=Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York, New York | date = 2003|isbn=0-7607-4943-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=The Art of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 2000 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-00376-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=[[Kim Ryholt|Ryholt, Kim]]|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period |date= Enero 1997 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark|publisher=Museum Tusculanum |isbn=87-7289-421-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Scheel |first=Bernd |title=Egyptian Metalworking and Tools |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |location=Haverfordwest, Great Britain | date = 1989|isbn=0-7478-0001-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-280458-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Siliotti, Alberto |title=The Discovery of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Book Sales, Inc |location=Edison, New Jersey | date = 1998|isbn=0-7858-1360-8}} * {{Cite book | last=Strouhal | first=Eugen | title=Life in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofancientegy0000stro | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | location=Norman, Oklahoma | date = 1989 | isbn=0-8061-2475-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Tyldesley, Joyce A. |title=Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh |url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld |publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth, England| date = 2001|pages= [https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76 76]–77|isbn=0-14-028097-9}} * {{Cite journal | last=Vittman | first=G. | title=Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch | journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes | location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University | date = 1991 | volume=81 | pages=197–227}} * {{Cite book |author=Walbank, Frank William |authorlink = F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1984 |isbn=0-521-23445-X}} * {{Cite book |author=Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva |title=The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianbookofde0000unse |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco, California | date = 1994 |isbn=0-8118-0767-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.| date = 2000|title=The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk|location=London, England|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-05100-3}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|author=[[John Baines|Baines, John]] and [[Jaromir Malek]]|title=The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt|edition=revised|publisher=Facts on File| date = 2000|isbn=0-8160-4036-2}} * {{Cite book | last = Bard | first = KA | title = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415185899 | publisher = Routledge | location = NY, NY | date = 1999|isbn=0-415-18589-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3|publisher=Blackwell Books|language=German| date = 1992|isbn=0-631-19396-0}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Helck|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor1-link=Wolfgang Helck|editor2-last=Otto|editor2-first=Eberhard|title=Lexikon der Ägyptologie|url=https://archive.org/details/lexikondergyptol00helc|publisher=O. Harrassowitz| date = 1972–1992|isbn=3-447-01441-5}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Mark Lehner|Lehner, Mark]]|title=The Complete Pyramids|url=https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson| date = 1997|isbn=0-500-05084-8}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_t6r2|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-510234-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R.H.|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson| date = 2003|isbn=0-500-05120-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Egypt|b=Ancient History/Egypt|s=Wikisource:Ancient Egypt|commons=Category:Ancient Egypt}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ BBC History: Egyptians]—provides a reliable general overview and further links * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/ Ancient History Encyclopedia] on Egypt * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1 Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy] A site that shows the history of Egyptian [[metalworking]] * ''Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt'', [http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Art History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm |date= 2 Hunyo 2008 }}. * [http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ Ancient Egypt]—maintained by the [[British Museum]], this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Digital Egypt for Universities.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080018/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2010-04-16 }} Outstanding scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics. * [http://www.ancient-egypt-priests.com/ Priests of Ancient Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191750/http://ancient-egypt-priests.com/ |date=2014-12-16 }} In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German. * [http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt Ancient Egypt] * [http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women] by Dr Joann Fletcher ablu0oi09di17rxu8niw67unwithagl 0 15124 7785656 7782351 2026-08-27T21:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Archimerdes of Syracuse<br>(Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης) | image = Domenico Fetti - Portrait of a Scholar - WGA07862.jpg | caption = ''Archimedes'' by [[Domenico Fetti|Fetti]] (1620) | birth_date = ''c''. 287&nbsp;BC | birth_place = [[Syracuse, Sicily]]<br />[[Magna Graecia]] | death_date = ''c''. 212&nbsp;BC (aged around 75) | death_place = Syracuse | cause of death = Killed By Roman Soldiers at the battle of Syracuse | residence = [[Syracuse, Sicily]] | ethnicity = [[Greek people|Greek]] | field = [[Mathematics]], [[physics]], [[engineering]], [[astronomy]], [[invention]] | known_for = [[Archimedes' principle]], [[Archimedes' screw]], [[Fluid statics|hydrostatics]], [[lever]]s, [[Archimedes' use of infinitesimals|infinitesimals]] }} Hi '''Archimedes''' (puyde liwat igsurat an iya ngaran nga '''Arquimedes''' o '''Arkhimedes''') (287 BC-212 BC) usa nga syentipiko nga Griyego. Usa hya nga imbentor, astronomo, matematiko. Natawo hiya ha bungto han [[Siracusa]] ha [[Sicilia]] nga yana amo an [[Italya]]. Ginsesering nga hiya an usa ha giuupayi nga syentipiko ngan matematiko han hadto nga panahon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Paugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book |last=[[Carl Benjamin Boyer|Boyer, Carl Benjamin]]|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|year=1991|publisher= Wiley|location= New York|isbn=0-471-54397-7}} *{{cite book|last=Clagett|first=Marshall|authorlink=Marshall Clagett|title=Archimedes in the Middle Ages|location=Madison, WI|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|volume= 5 vols|year=1964-1984}} *{{cite book |last=[[Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis|Dijksterhuis, E.J.]] |title=Archimedes|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedes0000dijk_m6s3 |year=1987 |publisher= Princeton University Press, Princeton|isbn=0-691-08421-1}} Republished translation of the 1938 study of Archimedes and his works by an historian of science. *{{cite book |last=Gow |first=Mary |title=Archimedes: Mathematical Genius of the Ancient World|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesmathem0000gowm |year=2005|publisher=Enslow Publishers, Inc |isbn=0-7660-2502-0}} *{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Heather |title=Archimedes: The Father of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedesfather00hasa |year= 2005|publisher=Rosen Central |isbn=978-1-4042-0774-5}} *{{cite book |author=[[T. L. Heath|Heath, T.L.]]|title=Works of Archimedes|url=https://archive.org/details/worksofarchimede0000arch|year=1897 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-42084-1}} Complete works of Archimedes in English. *{{cite book |last=Netz, Reviel and Noel, William |title=The Archimedes Codex|year=2007|publisher=Orion Publishing Group|isbn= 0-297-64547-1}} *{{cite book |last=[[Clifford A. Pickover|Pickover, Clifford A.]]|title =Archimedes to Hawking: Laws of Science and the Great Minds Behind Them|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedestohawk0000pick_k4t0|year=2008 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-533611-5}} *{{cite book |last=Simms, Dennis L. |title=Archimedes the Engineer|year=1995 |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd |isbn=0-7201-2284-8}} *{{cite book |last=Stein, Sherman |title=Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka?|url=https://archive.org/details/archimedeswhatdi00stei |year=1999 |publisher= Mathematical Association of America|isbn=0-88385-718-9}} ==''An mga iginbuhat ni Archimedes'' aada-ha-linya== *Text in Classical Greek: [http://www.wilbourhall.org PDF scans of Heiberg's edition of the Works of Archimedes, now in the public domain] *In English translation: [http://www.archive.org/details/worksofarchimede029517mbp ''The Works of Archimedes''], trans. T.L. Heath; supplemented by [http://books.google.com/books?id=suYGAAAAYAAJ ''The Method of Mechanical Theorems''], trans. L.G. Robinson ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Archimedes}} {{In Our Time|Archimedes|b00773bv|Archimedes}} *[http://www.archimedespalimpsest.org/ The Archimedes Palimpsest project at The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland] *[http://mathdb.org/articles/archimedes/e_archimedes.htm The Mathematical Achievements and Methodologies of Archimedes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209152520/http://mathdb.org/articles/archimedes/e_archimedes.htm |date=2004-12-09 }} *{{MathPages|id=home/kmath038/kmath038|title=Archimedes and the Square Root of 3}} *{{MathPages|id=home/kmath343/kmath343|title=Archimedes on Spheres and Cylinders}} *[http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/bbc_archive/mirrors_sailors_sakas.jpg Photograph of the Sakkas experiment in 1973] *[http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/steamCannon/ArchimedesSteamCannon.html Testing the Archimedes steam cannon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329220142/http://web.mit.edu/2.009/www/experiments/steamCannon/ArchimedesSteamCannon.html |date=2010-03-29 }} *[http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Archimedes.html Stamps of Archimedes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018152403/http://www.stampsbook.org/subject/Archimedes.html |date=2010-10-18 }} *[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2050631/Eureka-1-000-year-old-text-Greek-maths-genius-Archimedes-goes-display.html Eureka! 1,000-year-old text by Greek maths genius Archimedes goes on display] ''[[Daily Mail]]'', October 18, 2011. {{DEFAULTSORT:Archimedes}} [[Kaarangay:Archimedes| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 287 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 212 UC]] 7wo6mfv3gz991n7i76jcom6ivteeeh2 0 15125 7785658 7783434 2026-08-27T21:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scholar | region = [[Greater Khorasan|Greater Khorāsān]] under the [[Samanid|Samanid Empire]] (<small>19 years in [[Bukhara]]</small>);<br />[[Khwarezm|Khwārazm]] under the Samanids (<small>13 years in [[Konye-Urgench|Gorgānj]]</small>);<br />[[Gorgan|Jorjān]] under the [[Ziyarid dynasty|Ziyarids]]: <small>1012-14 AD</small>;<br />[[Persia]] under the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyids]] (<small>[[Ray, Iran|Ray]]: for 1 year; [[Hamadan|Hamadān]]: for 9 years; [[Isfahan|Isfahān]]: for 13 years; died in 1037 AD in Hamadān.</small>)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-ii |title=D. Gutas, 1987, '&#39;AVICENNA ii. Biography'&#39;, Encyclopaedia Iranica |publisher=Iranicaonline.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-07}}</ref> | era = Medieval era ([[Islamic Golden Age]]) | image = IbnSina-Dushanbe.jpg | caption = Avicenna's statue in [[Dushanbe]], [[Tajikistan]] | name = Ibn Sīnā (ابن سینا)<br /><small>Pūr Sīnā (پور سینا)</small><br /><small>Avicenna</small> | fullname = Abū 'Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā | other_names = Sharaf al-Mulk, Hujjat al-Haq, Sheikh al-Rayees | birth_date = c. 980 | birth_place = Afshana, near [[Bukhara]] (capital of [[Samanid Empire]]), in present day [[Uzbekistan]] | death_date = December 10, {{death year and age|1037|980}} | death_place = [[Hamadan]], [[Persia]] | nationality = [[Persian people|Persian]] | Religion = [[Muslim]]<ref name="Janssens91">{{Cite book| publisher = Leuven University Press| isbn = 978-90-6186-476-9| last = Janssens| first = Jules L.| title = An annotated bibliography on Ibn Sînâ (1970-1989): including Arabic and Persian publications and Turkish and Russian references | year = 1991 | pages=89–90}} excerpt: "[Dimitri Gutas's ''Avicenna's maḏhab''] convincingly demonstrates that I.S. was a sunnî-Ḥanafî." [http://books.google.ca/books?id=3KizrKA5YJ8C&pg=PA90&lpg=PA89&dq=ibn+sina+hanafi&source=bl&ots=RWb5VAGHA4&sig=ZRBh96ucZNIraZlNQotllhxCF_k&hl=en&ei=F8WuTLm6MJDEsAPjn9GnDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ibn%20sina%20hanafi&f=false]</ref><ref name="Aisha Khan"/> | main_interests = [[Medicine]], [[philosophy]], [[logic]], [[Islamic theology]] ([[kalam]]), [[physics]], [[Persian poetry|poetry]], [[science]] | notable_ideas = Father of modern [[medicine]]; pioneer of [[aromatherapy]] | major_works = ''[[The Book of Healing]]'', ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' | influences = the [[Qur'an]], [[Muhammad]], [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]], [[Hippocrates]], [[Sushruta]], [[Charaka]], [[Aristotle]], [[Galen]], [[Plotinus]], [[Neoplatonism]], [[Indian mathematics]], [[Wasil ibn Ata]], [[al-Kindi]], [[al-Farabi]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]], [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|Biruni]], [[John Philoponus]] | influenced = [[Abu Rayhan Biruni|Biruni]], [[al-Ghazali]], [[Omar Khayyám]], [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|Fakhruddin al-Razi]], [[Abubacer]], [[Averroes]], [[Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi]], [[Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī|Tusi]], [[Ibn al-Nafis]], [[Scholasticism]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], [[Giambattista Benedetti]], [[William Harvey]], [[Maimonides]], [[Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani]] }} [[File:Avicenna-miniatur.jpg|thumb|right|]] '''Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Sīnā Balkhi'''', kilala nga '''Abu Ali Sina Balkhi''' ([[Tinurkiya]]: İbni Sina) ([[Pinersyan]]: ابوعلی سینا بلخى) o Ibn Sina ([[Inarabo]]: ابن سینا‎) agsob tawagon ha [[iningles]] nga [[linatin]] nga ngaran '''Avicenna''' ngan ha Kinatsila '''Avicena''' (Grineyego: Aβιτζιανός, ''Abitzianos''),(c. 980 - 1037) usa ka malarang nga Turók<ref>Ravil Bukharaev, Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons, Palgrave Macmillan, 16 Eyl 2000, p.95</ref><ref>Theodore Craig Levin, The Hundred Thousand Fools of God: Musical Travels in Central Asia (And Queens, New York), Indiana University Press, 1996, p.40</ref> ngan nangunguna nga mantarambal ngan pilosopo ha iya panahon. Usa liwat hiya nga astronomo, kemiko, heolohista, lohiko, paleontolohista, matematiko, pisiko, maniriday, psycholohista, syentipiko ngan manturutdo. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Dugang nga barasahon == {{refbegin|2}} === Mga ensayklopedyahanon nga mga artikulo === * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Flannery | first = Michael | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | title = Avicenna | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45755/Avicenna | ref = harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Goichon | first = A.-M. | authorlink = A.-M. Goichon | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia of Islam]] | publisher = [[Brill Publishers]] | title = IBN SINA, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn b. 'Abd Allah b. Sina, known in the West as Avicenna | url = http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/art/ei-is.htm | year = 1999 | ref = harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Mahdi | first = M. | authorlink = M. Mahdi | coauthors = D. Gutas, Sh. B. Abed, M. E. Marmura, F. Rahman, G. Saliba, O. Wright, B. Musallam, M. Achena, S. Van Riet, U. Weisser | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | title = Avicenna | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-index | year = 1987 | ref = harv }} *{{CathEncy|wstitle=Avicenna}} *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Avicenna|title=Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (Avicenna)}} * {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey et al | last = Ragep | first = Sally P. | title=Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | year = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 570–2 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.pdf PDF version]) * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/avicenna/ Avicenna] entry by Sajjad H. Rizvi in the ''[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' === Primarya nga literatura === * {{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Brigham Young University| isbn = 0-934893-77-2| last = Avicenna| others = Michael E. Marmura (trans.)| title = The Metaphysics of The Healing| url = https://archive.org/details/metaphysicsofhea0000avic| series = A parallel English-Arabic text translation| year = 2005}} *{{Cite book | publisher = Great Books of the Islamic World | isbn = 978-1-871031-67-6 | last = Avicenna | others = Laleh Bakhtiar (ed.), Oskar Cameron Gruner (trans.), Mazhar H. Shah (trans.) | title = The Canon of Medicine (al-Qānūn fī'l-ṭibb), vol. 1 | year = 1999 | ref=harv}} * Avicenne: ''Réfutation de l'astrologie''. Edition et traduction du texte arabe, introduction, notes et lexique par Yahya Michot. Préface d'Elizabeth Teissier (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2006) ISBN 2-84161-304-6. * For a list of other extant works, [[C. Brockelmann]]'s ''Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur'' (Weimar, 1898), vol. i. pp.&nbsp;452–458. (XV. W.; G. W. T.) * For Ibn Sina's life, see [[Ibn Khallikan]]'s ''Biographical Dictionary'', translated by [[de Slane]] (1842); [[F. Wüstenfeld]]'s ''Geschichte der arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher'' (Göttingen, 1840). * Madelung, Wilferd and Toby Mayer (ed. and tr.), Struggling with the Philosopher: A Refutation of Avicenna's Metaphysics. A New Arabic Edition and English Translation of [[Muhammad al-Shahrastani|Shahrastani]]'s Kitab al-Musara'a. === Sekondarya nga literatura === * {{cite book | first = Soheil M. | last = Afnan | authorlink = Soheil Muhsin Afnan | title = Avicenna: His Life and Works | url = https://archive.org/details/avicennahislifea033070mbp | year = 1958 | publisher = G. Allen & Unwin | location = London | oclc = 31478971 | ref = harv }} ** This is, on the whole, an informed and good account of the life and accomplishments of one of the greatest influences on the development of thought both Eastern and Western. [...] It is not as philosophically thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A. M. Goichon, or L. Gardet, but it is probably the best essay in English on this important thinker of the Middle Ages. (Julius R. Weinberg, ''The Philosophical Review'', Vol. 69, No. 2, Apr. 1960, pp.&nbsp;255–259) * {{cite book | title = Avicenna | url = https://archive.org/details/avicenna00good | first = Lenn E. | last = Goodman | authorlink = Lenn Evan Goodman | year = 2006 | publisher = Cornell University Press | edition = Updated | isbn = 0-415-01929-X | ref = harv }} ** This is a distinguished work which stands out from, and above, many of the books and articles which have ben written in this century on Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā) (A.D. 980&ndash;1037). It has two main features on which its distinction as a major contribution to Avicennan studies may be said to rest: the first is its clarity and readability; the second is the comparative approach adopted by the author [...]. (Ian Richard Netton, ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'', Third Series, Vol. 4, No. 2, July 1994, pp.&nbsp;263&ndash;264) * {{Cite journal| volume = 5-6| pages = pp. 323–36| last = Gutas| first = Dimitri| title = Avicenna's maḏhab, with an Appendix on the question of his date of birth| journal = Quaderni di Studi Arabi| year = 1987}} * Y. T. Langermann (ed.), ''Avicenna and his Legacy. A Golden Age of Science and Philosophy'', Brepols Publishers, 2010, ISBN 978-2-503-52753-6 * For a new understanding of his early career, based on a newly discovered text, see also: Michot, Yahya, ''Ibn Sînâ: Lettre au vizir Abû Sa'd''. ''Editio princeps'' d'après le manuscrit de Bursa, traduction de l'arabe, introduction, notes et lexique (Beirut-Paris: Albouraq, 2000) ISBN 2-84161-150-7. * {{cite book | title = Avicenna | language = German | first = Gotthard | last = Strohmaier | authorlink = Gotthard Strohmaier | publisher = Beck C. H. | year = 2006 | isbn = 3-406-54134-8 }} ** This German publication is both one of the most comprehensive general introductions to the life and works of the philosopher and physician Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037) and an extensive and careful survey of his contribution to the history of science. Its author is a renowned expert in Greek and Arabic medicine who has paid considerable attention to Avicenna in his recent studies [...]. (Amos Bertolacci, ''Isis'', Vol. 96, No. 4, December 2005, p.&nbsp;649) *{{cite book|author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title=Resalah Judiya of Ibn Sina (First edition 1971), Literary Research Unit, CCRIH, [[Aligarh Muslim University]], [[Aligarh]]; (Second edition 1981) Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi; (Fourth edition 1999), Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Govt. of India, New Delhi}} *{{cite book|author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title=AI-Advia al-Qalbia of Ibn Sina|year = 1996 |publisher= Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh}} *{{cite book|author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title=Ilmul Amraz of Ibn Sina (First edition 1969), Tibbi Academy, Delhi (Second edition 1990), (Third edition 1994), Tibbi Academy, Aligarh}} *{{cite encyclopedia|author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title=Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen|year = 1986 |publisher= Publication Division, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh}} *{{Citation|publisher = Pablīkeshan Dīvīzan, Muslim Yūnīvarsiṭī|publication-place = ʻAlīgaṛh|author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|url = http://openlibrary.org/books/OL1374509M/Qānūn-i_ibn-i_Sīnā_aur_us_ke_shārḥīn_va_mutarajimīn|title = Qānūn-i ibn-i Sīnā aur us ke shārḥīn va mutarajimīn|publication-date = 1986}} *{{cite encyclopedia|author=Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman|title=Qanun Ibn Sina and its Translation and Commentators (Persian Translation; 203pp)|year = 2004 |publisher= Society for the Appreciation of Cultural Works and Dignitaries, Tehran, Iran}} * Shaikh al Rais Ibn Sina (Special number) 1958-59, Ed. Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, Tibbia College Magazine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, [[India]]. === Medisina === * [[Edward Granville Browne|Edward G. Browne]], ''Islamic Medicine'', 2002, Goodword Pub., ISBN 81-87570-19-9 * [[Sprengel]], ''Histoire de la Medicine'' (1815){{Page needed|date=June 2011}} === Pilosopiya === * Amos Bertolacci, ''The Reception of Aristotle's Metaphysics in Avicenna's Kitab al-Sifa'. A Milestone of Western Metaphysical Thought'' (Leiden: Brill 2006) * [[Dimitri Gutas]], ''Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna's Philosophical Works'' (Leiden: Brill 1988) * Michot, Jean R., ''La destinée de l'homme selon Avicenne'' (Louvain: Aedibus Peeters, 1986) ISBN 978-90-6831-071-9. {{Language icon|fr}} * [[Nader El-Bizri]], ''The Phenomenological Quest between Avicenna and Heidegger'' (Binghamton, N.Y.: Global Publications SUNY, 2000) * Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna and Essentialism," ''Review of Metaphysics'', Vol. 54 (June 2001), pp.&nbsp;753–778 * Nader El-Bizri, "Avicenna's ''De Anima'' between Aristotle and Husserl," in ''The Passions of the Soul in the Metamorphosis of Becoming'', ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003), pp.&nbsp;67–89 * Nader El-Bizri, "Being and Necessity: A Phenomenological Investigation of Avicenna's Metaphysics and Cosmology," in ''Islamic Philosophy and Occidental Phenomenology on the Perennial Issue of Microcosm and Macrocosm'', ed. Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006), pp.&nbsp;243–261 * [[Reisman, David C.]] (ed.), "Before and After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group" (Leiden: Brill 2003) {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == * [http://www.ontology.co/avicenna.htm Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) on the Subject and the Object of Metaphysics] with a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography {{Commonscat|Avicenna}} *{{In Our Time|Avicenna|b00855lt|Avicenna}} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//03Medieval/IbnSina/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516184153/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//03Medieval/IbnSina/ |date=2012-05-16 }} High resolution images of works by Avicenna in .jpg and .tiff format. {{DEFAULTSORT:Avicenna}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 980]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1037]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Medisina]] 9j0sr2acp0kh48w9zk044s1wt7qawxy 0 15126 7785663 7783048 2026-08-27T21:25:32Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Nicolaus Copernicus | image = Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg | image_size = | caption = Portrait, 1580, [[Toruń]] Old Town City Hall | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1473|2|19}} | birth_place = [[Toruń|Thorn]] (Toruń), [[Royal Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1543|5|24|1473|2|19}} | death_place = [[Frombork|Frauenburg]] (Frombork), [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]], Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland | field = [[matematika]], [[astronomiya]], [[Balaud Kanoniko|balaud kanoniko]], medicine, economics | alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków University]]<br>[[Bologna University]]<br>[[University of Padua]]<br>[[University of Ferrara]] | known_for = [[Heliocentrism]]<br>[[Monetae cudendae ratio|Copernicus' Law]] | influences = | societies = | prizes = | religion = Roman Catholic | footnotes = | signature= Nicolaus Copernicus signature (podpis Mikołaja Kopernika).svg }} Hi '''Nicolaus Copernicus''' o '''Nicolás Copérnico''' (ha Pinolako: '''Mikołaj Kopernik'''; ha Inaleman: ''Nikolaus Kopernikus'') (19 Pebrero 1473 – 24 Mayo 1543) amo an gisyasyahani nga astronomo nga nagpasamwak nga an adlaw amo an aada ha butnga han sistema solar. Hiya nagtipa han mga nabaruan han iya panahon nga an kalibutan amo an butnga han kalangitan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | title = The World of Copernicus | author=Armitage, Angus | publisher=Mentor Books | date= 1951 | isbn= | location= New York, NY | ref= Reference-Armitage-1951}} * {{cite book |author=Armitage, Angus |title=Copernicus, the founder of modern astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusfounde0000armi |publisher=Dorset Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-88029-553-6}} * {{cite book|ref=harv | title=The development of mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8 | last=Bell | first=Eric Temple | authorlink=Eric Temple Bell | publisher=Dover Publications | date=1992 | origyear=1940 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-486-27239-9}} * {{cite book | title = The Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth, 1473–1973'' | author=Bieńkowska, Barbara | publisher=Springer | date = 1973 | isbn = 90-277-0353-1}} *{{cite book|author=Marian Biskup|title=Regesta Copernicana: (calendar of Copernicus' papers).|language=Polish|date=1973|publisher=Ossolineum}} *{{cite book|author=Martin Carrier|title=Nikolaus Kopernikus|date=2001|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-47577-1}} * {{cite book | title= The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth | author=Coyne, George V., S.J. | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 340–59)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Coyne-2005}} * {{cite book |last=Danielson |first=Dennis Richard |title=The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcopernicang00dani |publisher=Walker & Company |location=New York |date=2006 |ref=harv |isbn=0-8027-1530-3 }} * [[Norman Davies|Davies, Norman]], ''[[God's Playground|God's Playground: A History of Poland]]'', 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-04327-9. * Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], 1969, pp.&nbsp;3–16. * {{cite book | title= A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler | last= Dreyer | first= John Louis Emil | authorlink= J. L. E. Dreyer | publisher=Dover Publications | date= 1953 | origyear= 1905 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft | location= New York, NY | ref=Reference-Dreyer-1953}} * {{cite book | title= The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial | author=Fantoli, Annibale | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Fantoli-2005}} * {{cite book | title = The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History | url = https://archive.org/details/galileoaffair00uisi | author=Finocchiaro, Maurice A. | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1989 | location = Berkeley, California | isbn = 0-520-06662-6 | ref = Reference-Finocchiaro-1989}} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Gagne-2005">{{cite web |title = Texts from ''The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History'' edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro |author = Gagné, Marc |publisher = West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy |date = 2005 |accessdate = 15 Enero 2008 |url = http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archivedate = 30 Septyembre 2007 |url-status = dead }} (Extracts from [[#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989|Finocchiaro (1989)]]) *{{cite book|author1=Pierre Gassendi|author2=Olivier Thill|title=The Life of Copernicus 1473–1543|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofcopernicus0000pier|date=September 2002|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59160-193-7}} * {{cite book | title = The Book Nobody Read | author=[[Owen Gingerich|Gingerich, Owen]] | publisher=William Heinemann | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-434-01315-3 | location = London | ref = Reference-Gingerich-2004}} * {{cite book |last=Goddu |first=André |title=Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |ref=harv |isbn=978-90-04-18107-6 }} * {{cite book | title = The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500–1800 | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofscientific0000unse_d7c7 | author=Goodman, David C. |author2=Russell, Colin A. | publisher=Hodder Arnold H&S | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-340-55861-X}} * {{cite book |last= Heath |first= Sir Thomas |authorlink= T.L. Heath |title= Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus ; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes |url= http://www.archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft |date= 1913 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= London |ref= Reference-Heath-1913}} *{{cite book|author=Alan W. Hirshfeld|title=Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos|date=1 Mayo 2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-7133-7}} * {{cite book | title = Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo | author=Heilbron, John L. | others = In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 279–322)]] | date = 2005 | ref = Reference-Heilbron-2005}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Hoskin|title=The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeconcise0000unse_m7d0|date=18 Marso 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57600-0}} * {{cite book|author=Lonnie Johnson|title=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716|date=28 Septyembre 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-802607-5}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Sleepwalkers]]: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe | last=Koestler | first=Arthur | author-link=Arthur Koestler | publisher=Grosset & Dunlap | date = 1963 | origyear = 1959 | isbn = 0-448-00159-4 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Koestler-1963}} Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) * {{cite book|author=Arthur Koestler|title=The Sleepwalkers|date=1968|publisher=Macmillan}} * {{cite book | title = Nicolaus Copernicus zum 500. Geburtstag | author=Koeppen, Hans et al. | publisher=Böhlau Verlag | date = 1973 | isbn = 3-412-83573-0}} * {{cite book | title = The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli | author=[[Alexandre Koyré|Koyré, Alexandre]] | publisher=Cornell University Press | date = 1973 | isbn = 0-8014-0504-1 | location = Ithaca, NY | ref = Reference-Koyre-1973}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought]] | author=[[Thomas Kuhn|Kuhn, Thomas]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1957 | oclc = 535467 | location = Cambridge, MA | ref = Reference-Kuhn-1957}} * {{Cite journal | last = Lindberg | first = David C. | author-link = David C. Lindberg | last2 = Numbers | first2 = Ronald L. | author2-link = Ronald L. Numbers | title = Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1986-09_55_3/page/338 | journal=Church History | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–354 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1986 | doi = 10.2307/3166822 | postscript = . | jstor = 3166822}} * {{cite book | title= From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy | url= https://archive.org/details/fromeudoxustoein0000lint | author=Linton, Christopher M. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date= 2004 | location= Cambridge | isbn= 978-0-521-82750-8 | ref=Reference-Linton-2004}} * {{cite book|author=Carlo Malagola|title=Della vita e delle opere di Antonio Urceo detto Codro: studi e ricerch|url=https://archive.org/details/dellavitaedelle02malagoog|date=1878|publisher=Fava e Garagnani}} * {{cite book| title= Manetho Ptolemy [[Tetrabiblos]] | author1= Manetho | author2= Ptolemy | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by W.G.Waddell and F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Waddell&Robbins-1964 }} * {{cite book | title = The Church and Galileo | url = https://archive.org/details/churchgalileo0000unse | author=McMullin, Ernan, ed. | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press | date = 2005 | location = Notre Dame, IN | isbn = 0-268-03483-4 | ref = Reference-McMullin-2005}} * [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz, Czesław]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969, ISBN 0-520-04477-0. * [[Stephen Mizwa|Mizwa, Stephen]], ''Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543–1943'', Kessinger Publishing, 1943. * {{cite book |author=Moore, Patrick |title=The great astronomical revolution 1543–1687 and the Space Age epilogue |url=https://archive.org/details/greatastronomica0000moor_z2t2 |date=1994 |publisher=Albion |isbn=978-1-898563-18-1}} * {{cite book| title= Tetrabiblos | last= Ptolemy | first= Claudius | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Robbins-1964 }} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Rabin-2005">{{cite web | title = ''Copernicus'' | author=Rabin, Sheila | publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2005 edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) | date = 2005 | accessdate =26 Mayo 2008 | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/copernicus/}} * {{cite book |author=Repcheck, Jack |title=Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=0-7432-8951-X }} * {{cite book | title = Copernicus and his Successors | url = https://archive.org/details/copernicushissuc0000rose | author=Rosen, Edward | publisher=Hambledon Press | date = 1995 | isbn = 1-85285-071-X | location = London | ref = Reference-Rosen-1995}} * {{cite book | title = Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; [[The Letter against Werner]]; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus | author=Rosen, Edward (translator) | publisher=Dover Publications | edition = Second Edition, revised | date = 2004 | origyear = 1939 | isbn = 0-486-43605-5 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Rosen-2004}} * {{cite book | title = Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians | author=[[Jeffrey Burton Russell|Russell, Jeffrey Burton]] | publisher=Praeger | date = 1997 | origyear = 1991 | isbn = 0-275-95904-X | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Russell-1997}} *{{cite book|title=The Review of the Polish Academy of Sciences|date=1973|publisher="Ossolineum", the Polish Academy of Sciences Press}} *{{cite book|author=Josh Sakolsky|title=Copernicus And Modern Astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusmodern0000sako|date=1 Oktubre 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0305-1}} * {{cite book| title= The Crime of Galileo | url= https://archive.org/details/crimeofgalileo0000unse | first=Giorgio | last=de Santillana | authorlink= Giorgio de Santillana | origyear= 1955 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date= 1976 | type=Midway reprint | location = Chicago, Ill | isbn= 0-226-73481-1 | ref= Reference-Santillana-1976}} * {{cite book | title = East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000–1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl | author=Sedlar, Jean W. | publisher=University of Washington Press | isbn = 0-295-97290-4 | date = 1994}} *{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Somervill|title=Nicolaus Copernicus: Father Of Modern Astronomy|date=1 Enero 2005|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0812-8}} *{{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795|url=https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston|date=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Lord of Uraniborg | first= Victor E. | last= Thoren | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-521-35158-8 | location = Cambridge | ref = thoren-1990}} (A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist [[Tycho Brahe]].) *{{cite book|author=Manfred Weissenbacher|title=Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpowerho0002weis|date=September 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35626-1}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Nicolaus Copernicus}} ;Primarya nga Kuruhaan *{{gutenberg author| id=Nicolaus+Copernicus | name=Nicolaus Copernicus}} *[http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153447/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html |date=2005-07-28 }} – Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University *{{pl icon}} [http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 Polish translations of letters written by Copernicus in Latin or German] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018072646/http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 |date=2015-10-18 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721202608/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ |date=2013-07-21 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus in .jpg and .tiff format. ;Kasahiran *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Copernicus}} *[http://www.visittorun.pl/index.php?strona=6 Copernicus in Torun] *[http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/ Nicolaus Copernicus Thorunensis] by the [http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/project/ Copernican Academic Portal] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009151823/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm |date=2004-10-09 }} *Portraits of Copernicus: [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9913250/ Copernicus's face reconstructed]; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183826/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html |date=2007-09-27 }}; [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} *[http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html Copernicus and Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121212438/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html |date=2009-01-21 }} – Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10340 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4405958.stm 'Body of Copernicus' identified] – BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull *[http://www.skyscript.co.uk/copernicus.html Copernicus and Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222040257/http://www.skyscript.co.uk/copernicus.html |date=2008-12-22 }} *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205031910/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm |date=2009-02-05 }} *Parallax and the Earth's orbit [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograpde/parallax.gif] *Copernicus's model for Mars [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f08.jpg] *Retrograde Motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/02f27.jpg] *Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f04.jpg] *Geometry of Maximum Elongation [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f07.jpg] *Copernican Model [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} ;Mahitungod han ''De Revolutionibus'' *[http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus] *[http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314004048/http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full |date=2009-03-14 }} – Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University *[http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html The front page of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090048/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html |date=2006-06-18 }} *[http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html The text of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306173547/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html |date=2015-03-06 }} *[http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html A java applet about Retrograde Motion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227150804/http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html |date=2009-02-27 }} *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/CALCOLATORE%20DI%20ANTIKYTHERA.htm The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)] *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/ISTRUZIONI.htm Pastore Giovanni, ''Antikythera e i Regoli calcolatori'', Rome, 2006, privately published] ;Legasiya *{{it icon}} [http://www.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/italiano/sto1_08.html Copernicus in Bologna] – in Italian *[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read] – Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. [[NPR]] *[http://www.bede.org.uk/copernicus.htm Copernicus and his Revolutions] – A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus *[http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition] ;Mga premyo * [http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html Nicolaus Copernicus Prize, founded by the City of Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425004549/http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html |date=2009-04-25 }}, awarded since 1995 ;Aleman-Polako nga pagburubligay *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} German-Polish "Copernicus Prize" awarded to German and Polish scientists ([http://www.dfg.de/en/funded_projects/prizewinners/copernicus_award/index.html DFG website]) ([http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award FNP website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004146/http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award |date=2012-10-08 }}) *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.buero-kopernikus.org/en/home/31/0/0 Büro Kopernikus – An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation] *{{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.bkherne.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=272 German-Polish school project on Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090910/http://www.bkherne.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=272 |date=2014-04-07 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Copernicus, Nicolaus}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1473]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1543]] [[Kaarangay:Nicolaus Copernicus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] 6lz908sds1ckgcpfmsudtic5a3m5nj6 0 15127 7785635 7783456 2026-08-27T21:05:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thomas Edison | image = Thomas_Edison2.jpg | imagesize = 220px | caption = <div style="font-size: 90%">"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration."<br />– Thomas Alva Edison, [[Harper's Magazine|Harper's Monthly]] (September 1932 edition)</div> | birth_name = Thomas Alva Edison | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1847|02|11}} | birth_place = [[Milan, Ohio]], U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1931|10|18|1847|02|11}} | death_place = [[West Orange, New Jersey]], U.S. | occupation = Inventor, businessman | education = School dropout | nationality = [[American people|American]] | spouse = {{marriage|Mary Stilwell |1871|1884}}<br />{{marriage|Mina Miller |1886|1931}} | religion = [[Deism|Deist]] | partner = | children = Marion Estelle Edison (1873–1965)<br />Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (1876–1935)<br />William Leslie Edison (1878–1937)<br />[[Madeleine Edison]] (1888–1979)<br />[[Charles Edison]] (1890–1969)<br />[[Theodore Miller Edison]] (1898–1992) | parents =Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (1804–1896)<br />Nancy Matthews Elliott (1810–1871) | relatives = [[Lewis Miller (philanthropist)|Lewis Miller]] (father-in-law) | signature = Thomas Alva Edison Signature.svg | website = | footnotes = }} [[File:A day with Thomas A. Edison.webm|thumb|thumbtime=1|upright=1.1|''A Day with Thomas Edison'' (1922)]] Hi '''Thomas Alva Edison''' (Pebrero 11, 1847 – Oktubre 18, 1931) usa nga amerikano nga imbentor, syentipiko, ngan negosyante nga naghimo hin mga butang nga dako it impluwensya ha kinabuhi ha bug-os nga kalibutan upon an phonograpo ngan bumbilya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |title=The Florida Life of Thomas Edison |url=https://archive.org/details/floridalifeoftho0000albi |first=Michele Wehrwein. |last=Albion|year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8130-3259-7 |publisher=University Press of Florida |location=Gainesville}} * {{Cite book |title=The Search for Thomas Edison's Boyhood Home |first=Glen J. |last=Adams |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4116-1361-4}} * {{Cite book |first=Ernst |last=Angel |title=Edison. Sein Leben und Erfinden |location=Berlin |publisher=Ernst Angel Verlag |year=1926}} * {{Cite book |title=Edison: Inventing the Century |url=https://archive.org/details/edisoninventingc0000bald |first=Neil |last=Baldwin |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-226-03571-0}} * {{Cite book |title=Edison: The man who made the future |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonmanwhomade0000clar_n1x4 |first=Ronald William |last=Clark |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-354-04093-8 |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |location=London: Macdonald & Jane's}} * {{Cite book |title=A Streak of Luck |url=https://archive.org/details/streakofluckcono00cono |first=Robert |last=Conot |publisher=Seaview Books |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87223-521-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Fleet Fire: Thomas Edison and the Pioneers of the Electric Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/billionaireshell00davi |first=L. J.|last=Davis |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-385-47927-1}} * {{Cite book |title=Edison and the Electric Chair |url=https://archive.org/details/boltoffate0000tuck |first=Mark |last=Essig |isbn=978-0-7509-3680-4 |year=2004 |publisher=Sutton |location=Stroud}} * {{Cite book |first=Mark |last=Essig |title=Edison & the Electric Chair: A Story of Light and Death |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonelectricch0000essi |location=New York |publisher=Walker & Company |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8027-1406-0}} * {{Cite book |first=Paul |last=Israel |title=Edison: A Life of Invention |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonlifeofinve0000isra_l4c0 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-471-52942-2}} * {{Cite book |first=Jill |last=Jonnes |title=Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World |url=https://archive.org/details/empiresoflighted00jonn |location= New York |publisher=Random House |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-375-50739-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Josephson |first=Matthew |title=Edison |url=https://archive.org/details/edisonbiography00jose |year=1959 |publisher=McGraw Hill |isbn=978-0-07-033046-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Koenigsberg |first=Allen |title=Edison Cylinder Records, 1889-1912 |year=1987 |publisher=APM Press |isbn=0-937612-07-3}} * {{Cite book |title=Working at Inventing: Thomas A. Edison and the Menlo Park Experience |url=https://archive.org/details/workingatinventi0000unse |author=Pretzer, William S. (ed). |publisher=Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village |location=Dearborn, Michigan |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-933728-33-2}} * {{Cite book |title=The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/wizardofmenlopar0000stro |first=Randall E. |last=Stross |publisher=Crown |year=2007 |isbn=1-4000-4762-5}} {{Refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{commons}} {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource|Author:Thomas Edison}} ;Mga lokasyon * [http://www.menloparkmuseum.com/ Menlo Park Museum and Edison Memorial Tower] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601215151/http://www.menloparkmuseum.com/ |date=2007-06-01 }} * [http://www.nps.gov/edis/index.htm Thomas Edison National Historical Park] (National Park Service) * [http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/ Edison exhibit and Menlo Park Laboratory at Henry Ford Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424080435/http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/edison/ |date=2006-04-24 }} * [http://www.edisonmuseum.org/ Edison Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124144352/http://www.edisonmuseum.org/ |date=2010-11-24 }} * [http://www.phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm Edison Depot Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021007230636/http://phmuseum.org/depot/depot.htm |date=2002-10-07 }} * [http://www.tomedison.org/ Edison Birthplace Museum] * [http://www.edisonhouse.org/ Thomas Edison House] ;Impormasyon nga medya * {{In Our Time|Thomas Edison|b00wdjr8|Thomas_Edison}} * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=KgwY2SdRJ_4 Interview with Thomas Edison in 1931] * [http://ariwatch.com/VS/TheDiaryOfThomasEdison.htm The Diary of Thomas Edison] * {{gutenberg author| id=Thomas+A.+Edison | name=Thomas Edison}} * [http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/american_originals_iv/sections/thomas_edison_patent.html Edison's patent application for the light bulb] at the National Archives. * {{IMDb name|id=0249379|name=Thomas Edison}} * [http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0104? January 4, 1903: Edison Fries an Elephant to Prove His Point] – [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] article about Edison's "macabre form of a series of animal electrocutions using AC." * [http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/25edison/25edison.htm ''The Invention Factory: Thomas Edison's Laboratories''] * {{Gutenberg|no=820|name=Edison, His Life and Inventions ''by Frank Lewis Dyer and Thomas Commerford Martin''}} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.49442|name="Story of Thomas Alva Edison"}} * [http://edison.rutgers.edu/ Rutgers: Edison Papers] * [http://www.edisonian.com/ Edisonian Museum Antique Electrics] * "[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/ Edison's Miracle of Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204032415/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/ |date=2016-12-04 }}" * [http://www.thomasedison.org Edison Innovation Foundation] – [[Non-profit foundation]] supporting the legacy of Thomas Edison. * {{Find a Grave|grid=1630|name=Thomas Alva Edison}} * [http://www.hfha.org/HenryFord.htm#Ford-Edison-Firestone-Burroughs The Illustrious Vagabonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221063324/http://www.hfha.org/HenryFord.htm#Ford-Edison-Firestone-Burroughs |date=2010-12-21 }} * [http://books.google.com/books?id=vuQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA614&dq=Popular+Mechanics+1931+curtiss&hl=en&ei=sZj0TNiVFcPXngeTp8W2CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Mechanics%201931%20curtiss&f=true "The World's Greatest Inventor", October 1931, Popular Mechanics] detailed, illustrated article * 14 minutes "instructional" film with fictional elements [https://archive.org/details/filmcollectief-01-661 The boyhood of Thomas Edison] from 1964, produced by Coronet, published by ''archive.org'' *[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/63449-1/Neil+Baldwin.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Neil Baldwin on ''Edison: Inventing the Century'', March 19, 1995.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616004804/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/63449-1/Neil+Baldwin.aspx |date=June 16, 2012 }} *[http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/178806-1/Jill+Jonnes.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Jill Jonnes on ''Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse and the Race to Electrify the World'', October 26, 2003.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115122520/http://booknotes.org/Watch/178806-1/Jill+Jonnes.aspx |date=November 15, 2011 }} * {{YouTube|id=IfFIeUgt_7Q|title="A Day with Thomas A. Edison" - 1922 - A rare and great documentary silent film}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edison, Thomas}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1847]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1931]] [[Kaarangay:Thomas Edison| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Edison, Thomas]] olb90q99hfyys55khi1dqsu8yc2wxxa 0 15130 7785631 7782388 2026-08-27T21:01:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist<!-- NOTE This article uses British English spelling --> |name = Michael Faraday |image = Michael Faraday sitting crop.jpg |caption = Michael Faraday |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1791|9|22}} |birth_place = [[Newington Butts]], England |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1867|8|25|1791|9|22}} |death_place = [[Hampton Court]], Middlesex, England |residence = United Kingdom |nationality = [[British people|British]] |ethnicity = |fields = [[Physics]] and [[Chemistry]] |workplaces = [[Royal Institution]] |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = <!--he did not obtain a PhD--> |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = [[Faraday's law of induction]]</br>[[Electrochemistry]]</br>[[Faraday effect]]</br>[[Faraday cage]]</br>[[Faraday constant]]</br>[[Faraday cup]]</br>[[Faraday's laws of electrolysis]]</br>[[Faraday paradox]]</br>[[Faraday rotator]]</br>[[Faraday-efficiency effect]]</br>[[Faraday wave]]</br>[[Faraday Wheel|Faraday wheel]]</br>[[Lines of force]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = [[Humphry Davy]]</br>[[William Thomas Brande]] |influenced = |awards = [[Royal Medal]] (1835 & 1846)</br>[[Copley Medal]] (1832 & 1838)</br>[[Rumford Medal]] (1846) |religion = [[Sandemanian]] |signature = Michael Faraday signature.svg |footnotes = }} Hi '''Michael Faraday''' (22 Setyembre 1791 – 25 Agosto 1867) amo an usa ka Ingles nga kemika ngan pisika nga dako an nahatag ha kaaradman matungod han electromagnetismo ngan electrokimika. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== * {{Cite book|ref=Cantor| author=Cantor, Geoffrey | title = Michael Faraday, Sandemanian and Scientist |url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradaysa0000cant| year = 1991 | publisher=Macmillian | isbn = 0-333-58802-9}} *{{Cite book|ref=Hamilton| author=Hamilton, James | title = A Life of Discovery: Michael Faraday, Giant of the Scientific Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofdiscovery00jame| year = 2004 | location = New York | isbn = 1-4000-6016-8 | publisher=[[Random House]]}} *{{cite book|ref=Thomas|author=Thomas, J.M.|title=Michael Faraday and The Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place (PBK)|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GN70U1tTe_EC&pg=PA17|year= 1991|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0145-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Thompson| author=Thompson, Silvanus | title = Michael Faraday, His Life and Work | year = 1901 | publisher=[[Cassell and Company]] | place = London | isbn = 1-4179-7036-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=HKf5g3qYYz8C&printsec=frontcover}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga biograpiya=== * {{Cite book| author=[[Henry Bence Jones|Bence Jones, Henry]] | title = The Life and Letters of Faraday| year = 1870 | publisher=J. B. Lippincott and Company | location = Philadelphia | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YzuCdNmu5soC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday }} * {{Cite book| author=Gladstone, J. H. | title = Michael Faraday | year = 1872 | publisher=Macmillan | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/?id=pbs4AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Faraday}} * {{Cite book| author=Hamilton, James | title = Faraday: The Life | url=https://archive.org/details/faradaylife0000hami | year = 2002 | location = London | publisher=Harper Collins | isbn = 0-00-716376-2}} * {{Cite book| author=Hirshfeld, Alan W. | title = The Electric Life of Michael Faraday | url=https://archive.org/details/electriclifeofmi0000hirs | year = 2006 | publisher=[[Walker and Company]] | isbn = 978-0-8027-1470-1 }} * {{Cite book| author=Tyndall, John | title = Faraday as a Discoverer | year = 1868 | publisher=[[Longmans, Green, and Company]] | location = London | edition = | url = http://www.archive.org/details/faradayasdiscove00tyndrich}} * {{Cite book| author=[[L. Pearce Williams|Williams, L. Pearce]] | title = Michael Faraday: A Biography | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradaybi00will| year = 1965 | publisher=Basic Books | location = New York }} * The British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association (1931). ''Faraday''. R. & R. Clark, Ltd., Edinburgh, 1931. * {{Cite book| author=Agassi, Joseph | title = Faraday as a Natural Philosopher | url=https://archive.org/details/faradayasnatural0000agas | year = 1971 | publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | location = Chicago | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=Ames, Joseph Sweetman (Ed.) | title = The Discovery of Induced Electric Currents | volume = 2 | year = c. 1900 | publisher=[[American Book Company (1890)]] | location = New York | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=[[David Gooding|Gooding, David]] (Ed.) | title = Faraday Rediscovered: Essays on the Life and Work of Michael Faraday, 1791–1867 | year = 1985 | publisher=Macmillan/Stockton | location = London/New York | isbn = }} * {{Cite book| author=[[John Meurig Thomas|Thomas, John Meurig]] | title = Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaradayro0000thom| year = 1991 | publisher=Hilger| location = Bristol | isbn = 0-7503-0145-7}} * {{Cite book| author=[[Colin A. Russell|Russell, Colin A.]] (Ed. [[Owen Gingerich]]) | title = Michael Faraday: Physics and Faith (Oxford Portraits in Science Series) | url=https://archive.org/details/michaelfaraday00coli| year = 2000 | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | location = New York | isbn = 0-19-511763-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikisource author}} {{Commons|Michael Faraday}} {{Wikiquote}} ===Mga biograpiya=== * [http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp Biography at The Royal Institution of Great Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040312015850/http://www.rigb.org/rimain/heritage/faradaypage.jsp |date=2004-03-12 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1225 Faraday as a Discoverer by John Tyndall, Project Gutenberg] (downloads) * [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1991/PSCF6-91Eichman.html The Christian Character of Michael Faraday] * [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm Michael Faraday on the British twenty-pound banknote] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213071452/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money1.htm |date=2011-12-13 }} * [https://archive.org/details/lifediscoverieso00crowrich The Life and Discoveries of Michael Faraday] by J. A. Crowther, London: [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]], 1920 ===Mga lain=== * [http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Abstract/1992/10000/Michael_Faraday_and_His_Contribution_to_Anesthesia.27.aspx Michael Faraday's announcement of ether as an anaesthetic in 1818] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522040512/http://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/Abstract/1992/10000/Michael_Faraday_and_His_Contribution_to_Anesthesia.27.aspx |date=2011-05-22 }} * [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaymotor/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's 1821 Motor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915140700/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaymotor/index.html |date=2010-09-15 }} [[National High Magnetic Field Laboratory]] * [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaypail/index.html Interactive Java Tutorial on Faraday's Ice Pail Experiment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615154326/http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/faradaypail/index.html |date=2010-06-15 }} National High Magnetic Field Laboratory * {{dmoz|Science/Physics/History/People/Faraday,_Michael/}} * {{gutenberg author | id=Michael_Faraday | name=Michael Faraday}} (downloads) * [http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss Video Podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516234558/http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/video/index.rss |date=2006-05-16 }} with Sir [[John Cadogan]] talking about Benzene since Faraday * [https://archive.org/details/lettersoffaraday00fararich The letters of Faraday and Schoenbein 1836–1862. With notes, comments and references to contemporary letters (1899)] full download [https://archive.org/download/lettersoffaraday00fararich/lettersoffaraday00fararich.pdf PDF] *[http://www.trinitybuoywharf.com/life-on-the-river/history.php A Short History of Trinity Buoy Wharf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621092623/http://www.trinitybuoywharf.com/life-on-the-river/history.php |date=2013-06-21 }} at the [[Trinity Buoy Wharf]] website *[http://www.newmodelschool.co.uk/faraday Faraday School, located on Trinity Buoy Wharf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902233139/http://www.newmodelschool.co.uk/faraday |date=2011-09-02 }} at the New Model School Company Limited's website *[http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/electric_motor_generator.html Michael Faraday: The Invention of the Electric Motor and Electric Generator] {{DEFAULTSORT:Faraday, Michael}} [[Kaarangay:Michael Faraday| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1791]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1867]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Faraday, Michael]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Faraday, Michael]] 6c96sazt67od8myn5o1d9r04agn2u5n 0 15180 7785640 6275749 2026-08-27T21:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox syentipiko |name = Dmitri Mendeleev |image = DIMendeleevCab.jpg |caption = Dmitri Mendeleev han 1897 |birth_date = {{birth date|1834|2|8|df=yes}} |birth_place = Verhnie Aremzyani, [[Imperyo Ruso]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1907|2|2|1834|2|8|df=yes}} |death_place = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Imperyo Ruso]] |nationality = [[Mga Ruso|Ruso]] |fields = [[Kimika]], pisika ngan harani nga mga larangan |workplaces = |alma_mater = [[Unibersidad han San Petersburgo]] |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = Dmitri Petrovich Konovalov, Valery Gemilian, Alexander Baykov |known_for = Pagimbento han [[Tabla Peryodica]] han mga elemento kimikal |influences = |influenced = |religion = [[Sinirangan nga Singbahan Ortodoxo]] |signature = <!--(filename only)--> }} Hi '''Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev''' (ginrinoman liwat nga Mendeleev o Mendeleef; Rinuso: Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев (8 Pebrero 1834 – 2 Pebrero 1907), in usa ka Rusyano nga kimiko ngan imbentor. Hiya an gindudunggan komo an naghimo han syahan nga bersyon han [[Taramdan Peryodiko han mga Elemento]]. Ha paggamit han tabla, iya gintigo an mga kinaiya han mga elemento nga waray pa katatad-i. ==Unhan nga bahin han kinabuhi== Hi Mendeleev in natawo ha baryo han Verhnie Aremzyani, harani ha Tobolsk, kanda Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev ngan Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (née Kornilieva). An iya lolo na hi Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, in usa ka padi han [[Singbahan Ortodoxo Ruso]] tikang ha rehiyon Tver. Hi Ivan, lakip an iya mga kabugtoan, in kinmarawat hin bag-o nga apelyido samtang nagaattender ha semininaryo panteyolohico. Hi Mendeleev in gintatahapan nga puto ha mga 11, 13, 14 o 17 nga magburugto; nagdidirudilain base han mga hurobhurob. Ha edad nga 13, hi Mendeleev in nagattender han Gymnasium ha Tobolsk. Han 1849, ha panahon han nagkukuri an pamilya ni Mendeleev, binmalhin hira ha San Petersburgo, kun diin sinmulod hiya ha Panguna nga Instituto han Panutduan ha 1850. Kahuman makagradwar, an sakit nga tuberculosis in hinungdan han pagbalhin niya ngadto ha Rawis Crimea ha amihanan nga baybayon han Itom nga Dagat ha 1855. Samtang didto, hiya in naging maestro han syensya ha Gymnasium Simferopol №1. Binmalik hiya nga mayda maupay nga kalibsogan ha San Petersburgo han 1857. ==Urhi nga bahin han kinabuhi== ==Taramdan peryodiko== ==Komemorasyon== ==Iba nga naabot== ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | first = Michael | last = Gordin | authorlink = Michael Gordin | title = A Well-Ordered Thing: Dmitrii Mendeleev and the Shadow of the Periodic Table | url = https://archive.org/details/wellorderedthing00gord | publisher=Basic Books | location = New York | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-465-02775-X }} * {{cite book | first = Dmitry Ivanovich | last = Mendeleyev | last2 = Jensen | first2 =William B. | title = Mendeleev on the Periodic Law: Selected Writings, 1869–1905 | url = https://archive.org/details/mendeleevonperio0000mend | location = Mineola, New York | publisher=[[Dover Publications]] | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-486-44571-2 }} * {{cite book | first = Paul | last = Strathern | authorlink = Paul Strathern | title = Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest For the Elements | url = https://archive.org/details/mendeleyevsdream0000stra_p5d3 | location = New York | publisher=[[St Martins Press]] | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-241-14065-X }} * {{cite book | last = Mendeleev | first = Dmitrii Ivanovich | title = Principles of Chemistry | url=http://www.archive.org/details/principlesofchem00menduoft | publisher=Collier | location = New York | year = 1901 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Дмитрий Иванович Менделеев|Dmitri Mendeleev}} {{Wikisource author|Dmitri Mendeleev}} *[http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/EA/MENDELEEVann.HTML Original Periodic Table], annotated. *[http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/pop/04periodic/meyer1.html Mendeleev's first draft version of the Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219230614/http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/pop/04periodic/meyer1.html |date=2014-02-19 }}, 17 February 1869. *[http://www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/millennium/m1/sacks.html "Everything in its Place"], essay by Oliver Sacks * {{worldcat id|lccn-n81-37129}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mendeleev, Dmitri}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Kimika]] [[Kaarangay:Dmitri Mendeleev| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1834]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1907]] 1ai4qgh2nr3fmbj4xue4tn3h97pune0 0 15189 7785601 7783455 2026-08-27T20:42:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |name = James Watt |image = Watt James von Breda.jpg |image_size = 220px |caption = Portrait of James Watt (1736-1819)<br />by [[Carl Frederik von Breda]] |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1736|1|19}} |birth_place = [[Greenock]], [[Renfrewshire (historic)|Renfrewshire]], Scotland |death_date = {{Death date and age|1819|8|25|1736|1|19|df=y}}<ref name=deathdate>Although a number of otherwise reputable sources give his date of death as 19 August 1819, all contemporary accounts report him dying on 25 August and being buried on 2 September. The date 19 August originates from the biography ''The Life of James Watt'' (1858, p. 521) by James Patrick Muirhead. It draws its (supposed) legitimacy from the fact that Muirhead was a nephew of Watt and therefore should have been well-informed. In the Muirhead papers, the 25 August date is mentioned elsewhere. The latter date is also given in contemporary newspaper reports (for example, page 3 of ''[[The Times]]'' of 28 August) as well as by an abstract of and codicil to Watt's last will. (In the pertinent burial register of St. Mary’s Church (Birmingham-Handsworth) Watt's date of death is not mentioned.)</ref> |death_place = [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]], [[Birmingham]], England |residence = [[Glasgow]] then [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]], Great Britain |nationality = [[Scottish people|Scottish]] |citizenship = [[Kingdom of Great Britain|United Kingdom]] |fields = [[Mechanical engineer]] |workplaces = [[University of Glasgow]]<br />[[Boulton and Watt]] |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = [[Steam engine|Improving the steam engine]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |awards = |religion = [[Church of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Carnegie|first=Andrew|title=James Watt|publisher=The Minerva Group, Inc.|page=215|isbn=0-89875-578-6, 9780898755787|url=http://www.jameswatt.info/andrew-carnegie/9-watt-in-old-age.html}}</ref> |signature = James Watt Signature.svg |footnotes = }} Hi '''James Watt''' (19 Enero 1736 – 25 Agosto 1819) hya an usa ka scotano nga imbentor ngan inhenyero mekanikal ngan an pagpaupay han [[de asu nga makina]] naghatag hin dagko nga pagbabag-o mahitungod han Rebolusyon Industyal ha Ginhadian han Gran Britanya ngan ha kalibutan. [[File:Loughborough Beam Engine - geograph.org.uk - 2734519.jpg|thumb]] ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *"Some Unpublished Letters of James Watt" in ''Journal of [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]]'' (London, 1915). *[[Andrew Carnegie|Carnegie, Andrew]], ''James Watt'' University Press of the Pacific (2001) (Reprinted from the 1913 ed.), ISBN 0-89875-578-6. * {{cite book | author = Dickinson, H. W. | title = James Watt: Craftsman and Engineer | year = 1935 | location = | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = }} * H. W. Dickinson and [[Hugh Pembroke Vowles]] ''James Watt and the Industrial Revolution'' (published in 1943, new edition 1948 and reprinted in 1949. Also published in Spanish and Portuguese (1944) by the [[British Council]]) *Hills, Rev. Dr. Richard L., ''James Watt, Vol 1, His time in Scotland, 1736-1774'' (2002); Vol 2, ''The years of toil, 1775-1785''; Vol 3 ''Triumph through adversity 1785-1819.'' Landmark Publishing Ltd, ISBN 1-84306-045-0. * {{cite book | author = Hulse David K. | title = The early development of the steam engine | year = 1999 | publisher = TEE Publishing | location = Leamington Spa, UK | isbn = 1-85761-107-1 | pages = 127–152}} * {{cite book | author = Hulse David K. | title = The development of rotary motion by steam power | url = https://archive.org/details/developmentofrot0000davi | publisher = TEE Publishing Ltd. | location = Leamington, UK | year = 2001 | isbn = 1-85761-119-5}} *Marsden, Ben. ''Watt's Perfect Engine'' Columbia University Press (New York, 2002) ISBN 0-231-13172-0. *Thomas H. Marshall (1925), ''James Watt'', [http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/chapter3.html Chapter 3: Mathematical Instrument Maker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221105312/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/ |date=2005-12-21 }}, from [http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam Steam Engine Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212142412/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/ |date=2005-12-12 }} of [[University of Rochester]] Department of History. *Thomas H. Marshall (1925) [http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/ ''James Watt''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221105312/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/ |date=2005-12-21 }}, [[University of Rochester]] Department of History. * {{cite book | author = Muirhead, James Patrick | title = Origin and Progress of the Mechanical Inventions of James Watt | publisher = John Murray | location = London | year = 1854 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=9lspAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Origin+and+Progress+of+the+Mechanical+Inventions+of+James+Watt.}} * {{cite book | author = Muirhead, James Patrick | title = The Life of James Watt | publisher = John Murray | location = London | year = 1858 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=zUE6AAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+life+of+James+Watt+with+selections+from+his+correspondence}} *Roll, Erich (1930). ''An Early Experiment in Industrial Organisation : being a History of the Firm of Boulton & Watt.'' 1775-1805. Longmans, Green and Co. *[[Samuel Smiles]], ''Lives of the Engineers'', (London, 1861–62, new edition, five volumes, 1905). ;Nahihisumpay nga mga himangrawon * {{cite book | author = Schofield, Robert E. | title = The Lunar Society, A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth Century England | url = https://archive.org/details/lunarsocietyofbi0000scho | year = 1963 | location = | publisher = Clarendon Press | isbn = }} * {{cite book | author = Uglow, Jenny | authorlink = Jenny Uglow | title = The Lunar Men | url = https://archive.org/details/lunarmenfivefrie00uglo | year = 2002 | location = London | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | isbn = }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|James Watt}} *[http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/ James Watt by Andrew Carnegie (1905)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222003739/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/ |date=2005-12-22 }} *[http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/ James Watt by Thomas H. Marshall (1925)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051221105312/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/marshall/ |date=2005-12-21 }} *[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Lib-Central-Archives-and-Heritage%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092751138&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper Archives of Soho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031120629/http://birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Lib-Central-Archives-and-Heritage%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092751138&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |date=2011-10-31 }} at Birmingham Central Library. *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml BBC History: James Watt] *[http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308154827/http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=2006-03-08 }} *[http://crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo='ad1583') Cornwall Record Office Boulton and Watt letters]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106174825/http://crocat.cornwall.gov.uk/dserve/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=Overview.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%27ad1583%27%29 |date=2017-11-06 }} *[http://www.electricscotland.com/history/men/james_watt.htm Significant Scots - James Watt] *{{cite web|url=http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/ch8.html|title=Chapter 8: The Record of the Steam Engine|publisher=www.history.rochester.edu|accessdate=2009-07-06|archive-date=2009-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708035056/http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/carnegie/ch8.html|url-status=dead}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Watt, James}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1736]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1819]] sgz14cj0jhbsdmhb3pieycsfzuron8b 0 15208 7785572 7782396 2026-08-27T20:23:17Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = [[Ancient philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE |image = Aristotle Altemps Inv8575.jpg |caption = Marble bust of Aristotle. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original by [[Lysippus]] c. 330 BC. The alabaster mantle is modern. |name ={{lang|grc|Ἀριστοτέλης}}, ''Aristotélēs'' |birth_date =384 BC<br />[[Stageira]], [[Chalcidice]] |death_date =322 BC (age 61 or 62)<br />[[Euboea]] |nationality = [[Greeks|Greek]] |school_tradition = [[Peripatetic school]]<br />[[Aristotelianism]] |main_interests = [[Physics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Poetry]], [[Theatre]], [[Music]], [[Rhetoric]], [[Politics]], [[Government]], [[Ethics]], [[Biology]], [[Zoology]] |notable_ideas = [[Golden mean (philosophy)|Golden mean]], [[Reason]], [[Logic]], [[Syllogism]], Passion |influences = [[Parmenides]], [[Socrates]], [[Plato]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Democritus]] |influenced = Virtually all [[Western philosophy]] that came after his works; [[Alexander the Great]], [[Avicenna]], [[Averroes]], [[Maimonides]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[Duns Scotus]], [[Ptolemy]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]], [[Galileo]], and most of [[Islamic philosophy]], [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[science]] and '''[[List of writers influenced by Aristotle|more...]]'''. }} Hi '''Aristóteles''' o '''Aristotle''' (Griniyego: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC), hya amo an usa ka Griyego nga pilosopo, tinun-an ni [[Platón]] ngan magturutdo kan [[Alejandro nga Harangdon]]. Nagsurat hiya hin durudilaiin nga butang sugad han pisiko, metapisiko, siday, teatro, musika, lohika, retorika, politika, kagamhan, etiko, biyolohiya, ngan zoolohiya. ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|60em}} *[[J. L. Ackrill|Ackrill J. L.]] (2010). Essays on Plato and Aristotle, Oxford University Press, USA. *{{cite book|last=Ackrill|first=J. L.|title=Aristotle the Philosopher|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlephiloso0000ackr|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1981}} *{{Cite book|last=Adler |first=Mortimer J. | authorlink = Mortimer Adler |title=[[Aristotle for Everybody]] |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1978}} A popular exposition for the general reader. * {{cite book|last= Ammonius |editor1-last=Cohen|editor1-first=S. Marc|editor2-last=Matthews|editor2-first=Gareth B|title= On Aristotle's Categories|url= https://archive.org/details/onaristotlescate0000ammo |location= Ithaca, NY|publisher= Cornell University Press|year= 1991|isbn= 0-8014-2688-X}} *{{cite book|last=Aristotle|title=The Works of Aristotle Translated into English Under the Editorship of WD Ross, 12 vols|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1908-1952}} *Bakalis Nikolaos. (2005). Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4843-5 *Barnes J. (1995). The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, Cambridge University Press. *{{Cite book |last=Bocheński |first=I. M. |title=Ancient Formal Logic |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientformallog0000jose |publisher=North-Holland Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |year=1951}} *Bolotin, David (1998). ''An Approach to Aristotle's Physics: With Particular Attention to the Role of His Manner of Writing.'' Albany: SUNY Press. A contribution to our understanding of how to read Aristotle's scientific works. *[[Myles Burnyeat|Burnyeat, M. F.]] ''et al.'' (1979). Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle's Metaphysics. Oxford: Sub-faculty of Philosophy. *{{cite book|editor1-last=Cantor|editor1-first=Norman F.|editor2-first=Peter L.|editor2-last=Klein|title=Ancient Thought: Plato and Aristotle|volume=1|series=Monuments of Western Thought|location=Waltham, Mass|publisher=Blaisdell Publishing Co.|year=1969}} *Chappell, V. (1973). Aristotle's Conception of Matter, Journal of Philosophy 70: 679–696. *Code, Alan. (1995). Potentiality in Aristotle's Science and Metaphysics, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 76. *{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=John|title=Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000ferg|location=New York|publisher=Twayne Publishers|year=1972}} *Frede, Michael. (1987). Essays in Ancient Philosophy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. *{{cite book|last=Fuller|first=B.A.G.|authorlink=Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould_Fuller|series=History of Greek Philosophy|volume=3 |title=Aristotle|location=London|publisher=Cape|year=1923}} *Gill, Mary Louise. (1989). Aristotle on Substance: The Paradox of Unity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. *{{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=W. K. C. |title=A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. 6 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1981}} *Halper, Edward C. (2007). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 1: Books Alpha — Delta'', Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-21-6. *Halper, Edward C. (2005). ''One and Many in Aristotle's Metaphysics, Volume 2: The Central Books'', Parmenides Publishing, ISBN 978-1-930972-05-6. *[[Terence Irwin|Irwin, T. H.]] (1988). [http://www.cyjack.com/cognition/Aristotle%27s%20first%20principles.pdf Aristotle's First Principles]. Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-824290-5. *{{cite book|last=Jaeger|first=Werner|title=Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development|editor-first=Richard|editor-last=Robinson|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1948}} * [[Alberto Jori|Jori, Alberto]]. (2003). ''Aristotele'', Milano: Bruno Mondadori Editore (Prize 2003 of the "[[International Academy of the History of Science]]") ISBN 88-424-9737-1. *{{cite book|editor-last=Kiernan|editor-first=Thomas P.|title=Aristotle Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/aristotlediction0000thom_e4y2|location=New York|publisher=Philosophical Library|year=1962}} *Knight, Kelvin. (2007). ''Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre'', Polity Press. *Lewis, Frank A. (1991). ''Substance and Predication in Aristotle''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *[[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]] (1968). ''Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought''. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., ISBN 0-521-09456-9. *Lord, Carnes. (1984). Introduction to ''The Politics'', by Aristotle. Chicago: Chicago University Press. *Loux, Michael J. (1991). Primary Ousia: An Essay on Aristotle's Metaphysics Ζ and Η. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. *{{cite book|last=McKeon|first=Richard|title=Introduction to Aristotle|edition=2d|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1973}} *{{cite journal|last=Owen|first=G. E. L. |year=1965c |title=The Platonism of Aristotle|journal=Proceedings of the British Academy|volume=50|pages=125–150}} [Reprinted in J. Barnes, M. Schofield, and R. R. K. Sorabji, eds.(1975). ''Articles on Aristotle'' Vol 1. Science. London: Duckworth 14–34.] *Pangle, Lorraine Smith (2003). ''Aristotle and the Philosophy of Friendship''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aristotle's conception of the deepest human relationship viewed in the light of the history of philosophic thought on friendship. *{{cite book|last=Plato|title=The Worlds of Plato and Aristotle|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofplatoari0000plat_u4z1|editor1-first=Harold Joseph|editor1-last=Allen|editor2-first=James B|editor2-last=Wilbur|location=Buffalo|publisher=Prometheus Books|year=1979}} *Reeve, C. D. C. (2000). Substantial Knowledge: Aristotle's Metaphysics. Indianapolis: Hackett. * {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Lynn E. | title=Aristotle's Syllogistic |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-042-806 |publisher=Charles C Thomas Publisher |location=Springfield |year=1968}} * {{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Sir David | authorlink = W. D. Ross |title=Aristotle |publisher=Routledge | edition = 6th |location=London |year=1995}} A classic overview by one of Aristotle's most prominent English translators, in print since 1923. *Scaltsas, T. (1994). Substances and Universals in Aristotle's Metaphysics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. *Strauss, Leo (1964). "On Aristotle's ''Politics''", in ''The City and Man'', Chicago; Rand McNally. * {{Cite book |last=Swanson |first=Judith |title=The Public and the Private in Aristotle's Political Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/publicprivateina00swan |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |year=1992}} * {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Henry Osborn |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060211201625/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |archivedate=2006-02-11 |title=Greek Biology and Medicine |year=1922 |chapter=Chapter 3: Aristotle's Biology |chapterurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060327222953/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/0051.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211201625/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/medicine/index.html |date=2006-02-11 }} * {{Cite book |last=Veatch |first=Henry B. | authorlink = Henry Babcock Veatch |title=Aristotle: A Contemporary Appreciation |publisher=Indiana U. Press |location=Bloomington |year=1974}} For the general reader. *{{cite book|last=Woods|first=M. J.|year=1991b|chapter=Universals and Particular Forms in Aristotle's Metaphysics|series=Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy|title=Aristotle and the Later Tradition|volume=Suppl|pages=41–56}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Aristotle}} *{{IEP|aristotl}} (general article) *Scholarly surveys of focused topics from the ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'': articles on [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/ Aristotle], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotelianism-renaissance/ Aristotle in the Renaissance], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-biology/ Biology], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-causality/ Causality], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-commentators/ Commentators on Aristotle], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/ Ethics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/ Logic], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-mathematics/ Mathematics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/ Metaphysics], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-natphil/ Natural philosophy], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-noncontradiction/ Non-contradiction], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-politics/ Political theory], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/ Psychology], [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/ Rhetoric] *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01713a.htm The Catholic Encyclopedia] (general article) *{{ws|[[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book V#Aristotle|''Life of Aristotle'']], translated by [[Robert Drew Hicks]] (1925)}} *{{OL author|OL22105A}} '''Mga katitirok han binuhat''' *[http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html Massachusetts Institute of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106124653/http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/index-Aristotle.html |date=2011-01-06 }} – primarily in English *[http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/a#a2747 Project Gutenberg] – English texts *[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/perscoll?.submit=Change&collection=Any&type=text&lang=Any&lookup=Aristotle Tufts University] – at the [[Perseus Project]], in both English and Greek *[http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ University of Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219203137/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/ |date=2009-02-19 }} – primarily in English *[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/philosophes/Aristote/table.htm P. Remacle's collection] – [[Greek language|Greek]] with French translation *The 11-volume 1837 Bekker edition of ''Aristotle's Works'' in Greek ([http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124034819/http://isnature.org/Files/Aristotle/ |date=2022-11-24 }}|[http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ DJVU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050816192647/http://grid.ceth.rutgers.edu/ancient/greek/aristotle_greek/ |date=2005-08-16 }}) * Bekker's Prussian Academy of Sciences edition of the complete works of Aristotle at Archive.org: [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera01arisrich volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera02arisrich volume 2], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera03arisrich volume 3], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera04arisrich volume 4], [http://www.archive.org/details/aristotelisopera05arisrich volume 5] '''Lain''' *[http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=timeline%20of%20aristotle&_maptype=0 Timeline of Aristotle's life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220051552/http://www.concharto.org/search/eventsearch.htm?_tag=timeline%20of%20aristotle&_maptype=0 |date=2012-02-20 }} *{{PlanetMath|urlname=Aristotle|title=Aristotle}} * {{worldcat id|lccn-n79-4182}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aristoteles}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 384 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 322 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Aristoteles]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] 5po5ezet21u34hybb5oel6gbd59dcnn 0 15210 7785591 7784191 2026-08-27T20:37:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint | name=Augustine of Hippo| birth_date={{Birth date|354|11|13|df=y}} | death_date={{Death date and age|430|8|28|354|11|13|df=y}} | feast_day=August 28 ([[Western Christianity]])<br />June 15 ([[Eastern Christianity]])<br />November 4 ([[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]]) | venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<br />[[Assyrian Church of the East]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<br />[[Lutheranism]]<br />[[Aglipayan Church]] | image=Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg | imagesize=250px | caption=Portrait by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], 17th century | birth_place=[[Thagaste]], [[Numidia]] (now [[Souk Ahras]], [[Algeria]]) | death_place=[[Hippo Regius]], [[Numidia]] (now modern-day [[Annaba]], Algeria) | titles=Bishop, Philosopher, Theologian | attributes=child; dove; pen; shell, pierced heart, holding book with a small church, bishop's staff, miter | patronage=[[Brewery|brewers]]; [[Printer (publisher)|printers]]; [[theologians]]<br />[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]; [[Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]; | influences= [[Saint Monica]], [[Plotinus]], [[Ambrose]], [[Anthony the Great]], [[Saint Paul]], [[Cyprian]], [[Plato]] | influenced= [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Calvin]], [[Martin Luther]], [[René Descartes]], [[Cornelius Jansen]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Antonio Negri]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Saint Bonaventure]], [[Benedict XVI]], [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], [[R. C. Sproul]] | [[Tanza, Cavite]] Ida, [[Philippines]]; [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]; [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]; [[Superior, Wisconsin]]; [[Tucson, Arizona]]; [[Avilés|Avilés, Spain]]; [[John Calvin]] | major_works=''[[Confessions of St. Augustine]]''<br />''[[City of God (book)|City of God]]''<br />''[[On Christian Doctrine]]'' | major_shrine=[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]], Italy }} Hi '''Agustin han Hipona''' o '''Augustine han Hippo''' ([[Linatin]]: ''Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis'') (Nobyembre 13, 354 – Agosto 28, 430), obispo han Hippo Regius, kilala liwat nga San Agustin, hiya amo an usa ka Berber nga pilosopo ngan teyolohiyano. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == *{{cite book|title=Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation|year=1978|publisher=Newman Press|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|title=The Essential Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialaugusti00augu_0|year=1974|publisher=Hackett|location=Indianapolis|edition=2nd|editor=Vernon Joseph Bourke}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine and the Trinity | authorlink = Lewis Ayres | author = Ayres, Lewis | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-83886-3 }} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Augustine's Quest of Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinsquestof0000unse|year=1945|publisher=Bruce|location=Milwaukee}} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Wisdom From St. Augustine|year=1984|publisher=Center for Thomistic Studies|location=Houston}} *{{cite journal |author= Brachtendorf J | issue=1997 |title= Cicero and Augustine on the Passions|journal= Revue des Études Augustiniennes |volume= 43|pages= 289–308 |id= {{hdl|2042/23075}} }} * {{cite book | title = Augustine of Hippo | url = https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo00pete_0 | authorlink = Peter Brown (historian)| author = Brown, Peter | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-520-00186-9 }} *{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Cormac | title=St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality | journal=Communio | year=1990 | volume=IV | issue=17 | publisher= | url=http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | doi= | pages=545–565 | access-date=2012-07-30 | archive-date=2021-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133313/http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | url-status=dead }} *{{cite book | last = Burnaby | first = John | title = Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine | url = https://archive.org/details/amordeistudyofre0003burn |year=1938| publisher = The Canterbury Press Norwich | isbn = 1-85311-022-1 }} *{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Mary T.|authorlink=Mary T. Clark|title=Augustine| year=1994|publisher=Geoffrey Chapman|isbn=978-0-225-66681-6}} *{{cite book|last=Deane|first=Herbert A.|title=The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalsociali0000dean|year=1963|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=Augustinian Trinitarianism and Existential Theology | journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1979 | volume=III | pages=111–159}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=What is Augustinian "Sapientia"?| journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1988 | volume=XII | pages=61–67}} * {{cite book |author=Fitzgerald, Allan D., O.S.A., General Editor |title=Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinethrough0000unse |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. | location = Grand Rapids | year=1999 | isbn = 0-8028-3843-X}} * Ferguson, Everett, ''Christianity in relation to Jews, Greeks, and Romans'', Taylor & Francis (1999), ISBN 0-8153-3069-3 *{{cite book|last=Gilson|first=Etienne|authorlink=Étienne Gilson|title=The Christian Philosophy of St. Augustine|year=1960|publisher=Random House|location=New York|others=L. E. M. Lynch, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Lawless|first=George P.|title=Augustine of Hippo and His Monastic Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo0000lawl|year=1987|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=LeMoine|editor1-first=Fannie|editor2-first=Christopher|editor2-last=Kleinhenz|series=Garland Medieval Casebooks|volume=9|title=Saint Augustine the Bishop: A Book of Essays|location=New York|publisher=Garland|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Lubin|first=Augustino|title=Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini - chorographica et topographica descriptio|location=Paris|year=1659|url=http://www.cassiciaco.it/ITA/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |date=2005-03-21 }} * {{cite book | last = Mackey | first = Louis|authorlink=Louis H Mackey | title = Faith Order Understanding: Natural Theology in the Augustinian Tradition | publisher = PIMS | location = Totonto | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-88844-421-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Thought | url = https://archive.org/details/zdanh_test_031_storyofthought00brya | publisher = The Quality Paperback Bookclub | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-4455-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Philosophy: The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph00mage | publisher = DK Pub | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-7994-X }} *{{cite book|title=Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark|year=1972|publisher=Anchor|location=Garden City, NY|editor=Markus, R. A.}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine0000matt | author = Matthews, Gareth B. | publisher = Blackwell | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-631-23348-2}} *{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Ronald H|title=The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/lightofmind0000nash|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Wiener | editor-first = Philip | title = Dictionary of the History of Ideas | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-684-13293-1 | volume = 3 | chapter = Platonism in the Renaissance | chapterurl = http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64 | last = Nelson | first = John Charles | pages = 510–15 (vol. 3) | quote = ''(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...) '' }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824201435/http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist%2FuvaBook%2Ftei%2FDicHist3.xml%3Bchunk.id%3Ddv3-64 |date=2020-08-24 }} *{{cite book|last=O'Daly|first=Gerard|title=Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesphilos0000odal|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} * {{cite book | last = O'Donnell | first = James | authorlink=James J. O'Donnell |title = Augustine: A New Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt | publisher = ECCO | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-06-053537-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|authorlink=Elaine Pagels|title=Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72232-7}} * {{cite book |author=Plumer, Eric Antone, |title=Augustine's Commentary on Galatians |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinescommen0007augu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 | isbn = 0-19-924439-1}} * {{cite book | title = Saint Augustine the Algerian | author = Pollman, Karla | publisher = Edition Ruprecht | location = Göttingen | year = 2007|isbn=3-89744-209-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Pottier|first=René|title=Saint Augustin le Berbère |publisher=Fernand Lanore|year=2006|isbn=2-85157-282-2|language=French}} * ''Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament'' (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35. * {{cite book | last = Ruickbie | first = Leo | authorlink=Leo Ruickbie|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic/page/57 57]–8|title = Witchcraft out of the Shadows | url = https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic | publisher = Robert Hale | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7090-7567-7 }} *{{cite book|last=Starnes|first=Colin| authorlink=Colin Starnes|title=Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I-IX|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesconver0000star|year=1990|publisher=Wilfred Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario}} * {{cite book | last = Tanquerey | first = Adolphe| authorlink=Adolphe Tanquerey | title = The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on [[Ascetical theology|Ascetical]] and Mystical Theology | publisher = Tan Books & Publishers | location = Rockford, IL | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89555-659-6|pages=37)}} * {{cite book |title= S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia |last= Trapè |first= A. |location= Rome|publisher= Città Nuova |year=1990 | series = Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 | volume = I - Natura e Grazia | page = 422 | isbn= 88-311-3402-7}} * {{cite book | last = von Heyking | first = John | title = Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World | url = https://archive.org/details/augustinepolitic0000heyk | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8262-1349-9 }} * {{cite book |author=Weiskotten, Herbert T. |title=The Life of Saint Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama |publisher= Evolution Publishing | location = Merchantville, NJ | year=2008 | isbn = 1-889758-90-6}} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A.| first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-8232-1105-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A. | first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Rule | publisher = Augustinian Press | location = Villanova | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-941491-06-4 }} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Augustinus}} ;Kasahiran * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html "St. Augustine, Bishop and Confessor, Doctor of the Church"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life and Writings of St. Augustine of Hippo: Bishop & Doctor of the Christian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814235413/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html |date=2014-08-14 }} * [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/ Augustine of Hippo] edited by [[James J. O'Donnell]] – texts, translations, introductions, commentaries, etc. * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo/Augustine's_Theory_of_Knowledge Augustine's theory of knowledge] * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html St. Augustine page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804043726/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html |date=2012-08-04 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm "The Life of St. Austin, or Augustine, Doctor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001836/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm |date=2012-08-04 }} from the Caxton translation of the ''Golden Legend'' * [http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctor-gratiae.html David Lindsay: Saint Augustine - Doctor Gratiae] ;Bibliograpiya * [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php Augustine of Hippo] at EarlyChurch.org.uk – extensive bibliography and on-line articles * {{worldcat id|lccn-n80-126290}} ;Mga iginbuhat ni Agustin * [http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/ St. Augustine] at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM Aurelius Augustinus] at "IntraText Digital Library" – texts in several languages, with concordance and frequency list * [http://www.augustinus.it Augustinus.it] – Latin and Italian texts * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0354-0430-_Augustinus,_Sanctus.html Sanctus Augustinus] at Documenta Catholica Omnia – Linatin * [http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html City of God, Confessions, Enchiridion, Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192235/http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html |date=2021-03-09 }} audio books * {{cite book |author= Saint Augustine |title= The Happy Life; Answer to Sceptics; Divine Providence and the Problem of Evil; Soliloquies |url= http://books.google.ru/books?id=u4EJZWrmqgkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= [[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location= USA |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8132-1551-8 }} ;Biograpiya ngan kritisismo * {{sep entry|augustine|Saint Augustine|Michael Mendelson}} * [http://www.augnet.org/ Order of St Augustine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060610111127/http://www.augnet.org/ |date=2006-06-10 }} * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx Blessed Augustine of Hippo: His Place in the Orthodox Church] * [http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ Augustine's World: An Introduction to His Speculative Philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110934/http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ |date=2010-05-28 }} by [[Donald Burt]], OSA, member of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Order]], [[Villanova University]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Agustin han Hipona}} [[Kaarangay:Singbahan Katoliko Romano]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 354]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 430]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] ghd0hyj36xxeagugq65tvz0w6vvxpls 0 15211 7785627 7782405 2026-08-27T20:58:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | name = Confucius<br>{{linktext|孔|子}} | region = [[Chinese philosophy]] | era = [[Ancient philosophy]] | image = Confucius Tang Dynasty.jpg | caption = A portrait of Confucius by the [[Tang Dynasty]] artist [[Wu Daozi]] (680–740) | birth_date = 551 BC | birth_place = Zou, [[Lu (state)|Lu state]] | death_date = 479 BC (aged 71–72) | death_place = Lu State | nationality = [[China|Chinese]] | school_tradition = Founder of [[Confucianism]] | main_interests = [[Moral philosophy]], [[Social philosophy]], [[Ethics]] | influences = [[I Ching]], [[Book of Rites]] | influenced = Many [[Chinese philosophy|Chinese philosophers]], particularly [[Mencius]], [[Xun Zi]], the [[Neotaoism|Neotaoist]]s and the [[Neoconfucianism|Neoconfucian]]s; [[François Quesnay]]; [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]]; [[Robert Cummings Neville]]; [[Ezra Pound]] | notable_ideas = [[Confucianism]] }} {{infobox chinese |c=孔夫子 |p=Kǒng fūzǐ |l="Master Kong" |w=K'ung fu-tzu |gr=Koong futzyy |y=Hung² fu¹-tzi² |wuu=Khon fu-tzy |poj=Khóng hu-chú |h=Kung³ fu¹-zu³ |mc=K^húwng pju-tsí |oc-bs=&#42;Kʰˤongʔ pa tsəʔ |c2=孔丘 |l2=(given name) |p2=Kǒng Qiū |w2=K'ung Ch'iu |gr2=Koong Chiou |y2=Hung² Yau¹ |h2=Kung³ Hiu¹ |poj2=Khóng Khiu |wuu2=Khon Chieu |mc2=K^húwng K^hjuw |oc-bs2=&#42;Kʰˤongʔ Kʷʰə }} Hi '''Confucius''' ([[Inintsik]]: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu)(28 Setyembre, 551 BC – 479 BC) usa nga Tsino nga maghurunahuna ngan pilosopo sosyal, nga an mga tinutdo nya ngan pilosopo hilarom nga sumulod ha panhunahuna ngan kinabuhi han mga Tsino, Koreano, Hapeones, Taiwanes, ngan Vietnamis. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ;Hard copy * {{cite book | last=Bonevac | first=Daniel | last2=Phillips | first2=Stephen | title=Introduction to world philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontowo0000bone | date = 2009 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-515231-9 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Creel | first=Herrlee Glessner | title=Confucius: The man and the myth | url=https://archive.org/details/confuciusmanmyth0000cree | date = 1949 | publisher=John Day Company| location=New York | authorlink=Herrlee Glessner Creel | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last=Dubs | first=Homer H. | title=The political career of Confucius | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date = 1946 | volume=66 | issue=4 | authorlink=Homer H. Dubs | jstor=596405 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Hobson | first=John M. | title=The Eastern origins of Western civilisation | url=https://archive.org/details/easternoriginsof0000hobs | date = 2004 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-54724-5 | edition=Reprinted | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Chin | first=Ann-ping | title=The authentic Confucius: A life of thought and politics | url=https://archive.org/details/authenticconfuci00chin | date = 2007 | publisher=Scribner | location=New York | isbn=978-0-7432-4618-7 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Kong | first=Demao | last2=Ke | first2=Lan | last3=Roberts | first3=Rosemary | title=The house of Confucius | date = 1988 | publisher=Hodder & Stoughton | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-41279-4 | edition=Translated | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Parker | first=John | title=Windows into China: The Jesuits and their books, 1580–1730 | url=https://archive.org/details/windowsintochina00park | date = 1977 | publisher=Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston | location=Boston | isbn=0-89073-050-4 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Phan | first=Peter C. | title=Catholicism and interreligious dialogue | url=https://archive.org/details/catholicisminter0000unse | date = 2012 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location=New York | isbn=978-0-19-982787-9 | chapter=Catholicism and Confucianism: An intercultural and interreligious dialogue | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Rainey | first=Lee Dian | title=Confucius & Confucianism: The essentials | date = 2010 | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | location=Oxford | isbn=978-1-4051-8841-8 | ref=harv}} * {{cite journal | last=Riegel | first=Jeffrey K. | title=Poetry and the legend of Confucius's exile | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date = 1986 | volume=106 | issue=1 | jstor=602359 | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Yao | first=Xinzhong | title=Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape | publisher=Sussex Academic Press | location=Brighton | date = 1997 | isbn=1-898723-76-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BN47m0BHtLkC | ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=Yao | first=Xinzhong | title=An Introduction to Confucianism | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge | date = 2000 | isbn=0-521-64430-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C | ref=harv}} ;Aada-ha-linya * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Ahmad | first=Mirza Tahir | title=Confucianism|url=http://www.alislam.org/library/books/revelation/part_2_section_3.html | publisher=Ahmadiyya Muslim Community | year=n.d. | accessdate=7 Nobyembre 2010}} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last1=Baxter | first1=William H. | last2=Sagart | first2=Laurent | title=Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction | url=http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 | date=20 Pebrero 2011 | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=25 Abril 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064509/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 | title=Confucius descendents say DNA testing plan lacks wisdom | publisher=Bandao | date=21 Agosto 2007 | ref={{harvid|Bandao|2007}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=7 Hulyo 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707013208/http://eng.bandao.cn/newsdetail.asp?id=4644 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-02/02/content_800011.htm | title=Confucius family tree to record female kin | publisher=China Daily | date=2 Pebrero 2007 | ref={{harvid|China Daily|2007}}}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-09/24/content_8733256.htm | title=Confucius' Family Tree Recorded biggest | publisher=China Daily | date=24 Septyembre 2009 | ref={{harvid|China Daily|2009}}}} * {{cite web | title=Confucius family tree revision ends with 2 mln descendants | url=http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml | publisher=China Economic Net | date=4 Enero 2009 | ref={{harvid|China Economic Net|2009}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=1 Nobyembre 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101092536/http://en.ce.cn/National/culture/200901/04/t20090104_17866318.shtml | url-status= }} * {{cite web | url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/culture/171840.htm | title=DNA Testing Adopted to Identify Confucius Descendants | publisher=China Internet Information Center | date=19 Hunyo 2006 | ref={{harvid|China Internet Information Center|2006}}}} * {{cite web | url=http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html | title=DNA test to clear up Confucius confusion | publisher=Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China | date=18 Hunyo 2006 | ref={{harvid|Ministry of Commerce of the PRC|2006}} | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=7 Hulyo 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707040804/http://ye2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/chinanews/200606/20060602462372.html | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Riegel | first=Jeffrey | title=Confucius | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2012/entries/confucius/ | work=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date = 2012 | publisher=Stanford University}} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Qiu | first=Jane | url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ | title=Inheriting Confucius | publisher=Seed Magazine | date=13 Agosto 2008 | access-date=31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date=22 Hulyo 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722140229/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/inheriting_confucius/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | ref=harv | last=Yan | first=Liang | title=Updated Confucius family tree has two million members | url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-02/16/content_7616027.htm | publisher=Xinhua | date=16 Pebrero 2008}} * {{cite news | ref=harv | last=Zhou | first=Jing| title=New Confucius Genealogy out next year | url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/features/content_16696029.htm | date=31 Oktubre 2008 | publisher =China Internet Information Center}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * [[Jonathan Clements|Clements, Jonathan]] (2008). ''Confucius: A Biography''. Stroud, Gloucestershire, England: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7509-4775-6. * Confucius (1997). ''Lun yu'', (in English ''The Analects of Confucius''). Translation and notes by Simon Leys. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-04019-4. * Confucius (2003). ''Confucius: Analects—With Selections from Traditional Commentaries''. Translated by E. Slingerland. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. (Original work published c. 551–479 BC) ISBN 0-87220-635-1. *[[Herrlee Glessner Creel|Creel, Herrlee Glessner]] (1949). ''Confucius and the Chinese Way''. New York: Harper. *{{cite book|last=Creel|first=Herrlee Glessner|authorlink=Herrlee Glessner Creel|title=Chinese Thought from Confucius to Mao Tse-tung|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-DKJ-060| date = 1953|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}} * Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005). "Confucianism: An Overview". In ''Encyclopedia of Religion'' (Vol. C, pp 1890–1905). Detroit: MacMillan Reference USA. *{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Raymond|title=Confucius|url=https://archive.org/details/confucius0000daws| date = 1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-287536-1}} *{{cite book|last=Fingarette|first=Hebert|title=Confucius : the secular as sacred|url=https://archive.org/details/confuciussecular00fing| date = 1998|publisher=Waveland Press|location=Long Grove, Ill.|isbn=1-57766-010-2}} *{{cite book|last=Ssu-ma Ch'ien|title=Records of the Historian|url=https://archive.org/details/recordsofhistori0000szum_i5a5| date = 1974|publisher=Commercial Press|location=Hong Kong|others=Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang, trans}} * Van Norden, B.W., ed. (2001). ''Confucius and the Analects: New Essays''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513396-X. * Van Norden, B.W., trans. (2006). ''Mengzi'', in [[Philip J. Ivanhoe]] & B.W. Van Norden, ''Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy''. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN 0-87220-780-3. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|v=no|n=no|s=Author:Confucius|b=Saylor.org's Ancient Civilizations of the World/Confucius and Confucianism}} * {{IEP|confuciu|Confucius}} * {{In Our Time|Confucius|p00547k8|Confucius}} * [http://www.confucius.org/ Multilingual web site on Confucius and the Analects] * {{sep entry|confucius|Confucius|Jeffrey Riegel}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=Confucius | name=Confucius}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=3104}} * [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4094 Confucian Analects] (Project Gutenberg release of James Legge's Translation) * [http://www.wfu.edu/~moran/zhexuejialu/Analects_PEM.html Core philosophical passages] in the ''Analects of Confucius''. [[Kaarangay:Confucius| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 551 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 479 UC]] 18tszwg689tequju6lao6vr7z1jof9a 0 15214 7785620 7783420 2026-08-27T20:55:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = Western Philosophy | era = [[17th-century philosophy]] | color = #B0C4DE | image = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg | image_size = 245px | caption = Portrait after [[Frans Hals]], 1648<ref>Russell Shorto. ''Descartes' Bones.'' (Doubleday, 2008) p. 218; see also The Louvre, Atlas Database, http://cartelen.louvre.fr</ref> | name = René Descartes | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1596|03|31}} | birth_place = [[La Haye en Touraine]], Touraine (present-day [[Descartes, Indre-et-Loire|Descartes]], Indre-et-Loire), [[Kingdom of France|France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|03|31}} | death_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] | nationality = [[French people|French]] | school_tradition = [[Cartesianism]], [[Rationalism]], [[Foundationalism]] | religion = Roman Catholic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm |title=René Descartes |publisher=Newadvent.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-30 |quote=...preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority.}}</ref> | main_interests = [[Metaphysics]], [[Epistemology]], [[Mathematics]] | influences = [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]], [[Ghazali]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Marenbon |first=John |authorlink=John Marenbon |title=Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction |page=174 |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2007 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133/ |ISBN=978-0-415-28112-6}} ISBN 978-0-415-28113-3</ref> [[Averroes]], [[Avicenna]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[St. Augustine]], [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], [[William of Ockham|Ockham]], [[Francisco Suárez|Suarez]], [[Marin Mersenne|Mersenne]], [[Sextus Empiricus]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Duns Scotus]] {{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} | influenced = Most philosophers after including: [[Michel Aflaq|Aflaq]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Antoine Arnauld|Arnauld]], [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]], [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]], [[John Locke|Locke]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Henry More|More]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Léon Brunschvicg|Brunschvicg]], [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Jason Stanley|Stanley]], [[Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop]], [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] | notable_ideas = [[Cogito ergo sum]], [[Methodic Doubt|method of doubt]], [[Cartesian coordinate system]], [[Cartesian dualism]], [[ontological argument]] for the existence of Christian God; [[Folium of Descartes]] | signature = Firma Descartes.svg }} Hi '''René Descartes''' (31 Marso 1596 – 11 Pebrero 1650), agsob liwat tawagon nga Renatus Cartesius (Linatin), usa hya nga Franses nga pilosopo, matematiko, syentipiko ngan manunurat nga nag-ukoy haros han iya kalagas nga kinabuhi ha [[Nederlandes]]. Ginagnayan hiya nga "Amay han Kabag-ohan nga Pilosoiya" ngan kadam-an han Katundan nga pilosopiya, mga baton ha iya mga sinurat, nga kutob yana tim-os nga ginaadman. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Tinirok nga binuhatan === {{refbegin}} *1983. ''Oeuvres de Descartes'' in 11 vols. Adam, Charles, and Tannery, Paul, eds. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin. This work is traditionally cited with the initials ''AT'' (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus ''ATVII'' refers to ''Oeuvres de Descartes'' volume 7. === Tinirok nga Iningles nga paghubad === *1955. ''The Philosophical Works'', E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans. Dover Publications. This work is traditionally cited with the initials ''HR'' (for Haldane and Ross) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus ''HRII'' refers to volume 2 of this edition. *1988. ''The Philosophical Writings Of Descartes'' in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press. === Uusa nga binuhatan === [[File:Principia philosophiae.tif|thumb|''Principia philosophiae'', 1685]] *1618. ''Compendium Musicae''. *1628. ''[[Rules for the Direction of the Mind]]''. *1637. ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'' ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to ''Dioptrique'', ''Des Météores'' and ''La Géométrie''. Original in French, because intended for a wider public. *1637. ''[[La Géométrie]]''. Smith, David E., and Lantham, M. L., trans., 1954. ''The Geometry of René Descartes''. Dover. *1641. ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]''. Cottingham, J., trans., 1996. Cambridge University Press. Latin original. Alternative English title: ''Metaphysical Meditations''. Includes six ''Objections and Replies''. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional ''Objection and Reply'' and a ''Letter to Dinet''. [http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827231748/http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html |date=2006-08-27 }} *1644. ''Les Principes de la philosophie''. Miller, V. R. and R. P., trans., 1983. ''Principles of Philosophy''. Reidel. *1647. ''Comments on a Certain Broadsheet''. *1647. ''[[The Description of the Human Body]]''. *1648. ''Conversation with Burman''. *1649. ''[[Passions of the Soul]]''. Voss, S. H., trans., 1989. Indianapolis: Hackett. Dedicated to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia. === Sekondarya nga literatura === *{{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Carl|date=1985|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000boye|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02391-3}} *{{cite book|last=Carriero|first=John| date = 2008|title=Between Two Worlds|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13561-8}} *{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Desmond|authorlink=Desmond Clarke| date = 2006|title=Descartes: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesbiograp0000clar|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-82301-3}} *{{cite book|last=Costabel|first=Pierre| date = 1987|title=René Descartes – Exercices pour les éléments des solides |location=Paris|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=2-13-040099-X}} *{{cite book|last=Cottingham|first=John | date = 1992|title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36696-8}} *{{cite book|last=Duncan|first=Steven M.| date = 2008|title=The Proof of the External World: Cartesian Theism and the Possibility of Knowledge|location=Cambridge |publisher=James Clarke & Co|id=ISBN 978-0-227-17267-4 http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm}} *Farrell, John. "Demons of Descartes and Hobbes." ''Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau'' (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7. *{{cite book|last=Garber|first=Daniel|date=1992|title=Descartes' Metaphysical Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesmetaphy0000garb|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-28219-8}} *{{cite book|last=Garber|first=Daniel|coauthors=Michael Ayers|date=1998|title=The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_w9c8|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-53721-5}} *{{cite book|last=Gaukroger|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Gaukroger|date=1995|title=Descartes: An Intellectual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesintelle0000gauk|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-823994-7}} *Giuseppe Leone, [Il quarto centenario dalla nascita di Cartesio (1596)], Una "ragione" per l'Europa Unita, in "Ricorditi di me...", su Lecco 2000, Aprile 1996. *{{cite book|last=Grayling|first=A.C.|date=2005|title=Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius|url=https://archive.org/details/descarteslifetim0000gray|location=New York|publisher=Walker Publishing Co., Inc.|isbn=0-8027-1501-X}} *Gillespie, A. (2006). Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.'[http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618050955/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf |date=2010-06-18 }} Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781. *[[Martin Heidegger]] [1938] (2002) ''The Age of the World Picture'' in [http://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&pg=PA66 ''Off the beaten track''] *{{cite book|last=Keeling|first=S. V.|date=1968|title=Descartes|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-096-056|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|id=ISBN}} *{{cite book|last=Melchert|first=Norman|date=2002|title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=0-19-517510-7}} *Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), ''Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007'''' *{{cite book|last=Ozaki|first=Makoto| date = 1991|title=Kartenspiel, oder Kommentar zu den Meditationen des Herrn Descartes|location=Berlin |publisher=Klein Verlag.|isbn=3-927199-01-X}} *Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, ''Vindicación del cartesianismo radical'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010. *{{cite book|last=Schäfer|first=Rainer| date = 2006|title=Zweifel und Sein – Der Ursprung des modernen Selbstbewusstseins in Descartes' cogito| location=Wuerzburg|publisher=Koenigshausen&Neumann|isbn= 3-8260-3202-0}} *Serfati, M., 2005, "Geometria" in [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness]], ed., ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics''. Elsevier: 1–22. *{{cite book|last=Sorrell|first=Tom| date = 1987|title=Descartes|url=https://archive.org/details/descartes0000sore|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press.|isbn=0-19-287636-8}} *{{cite book |last=Vrooman |first=Jack Rochford |title=René Descartes: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/renedescartesbio00vroo |publisher=Putnam Press |date=1970 }} *{{cite journal |first1=Richard A. |last1=Watson |authorlink1=Richard Watson (philosopher) |title=René Descartes |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |date=31 Marso 2012 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes |accessdate=31 Marso 2012 }} *{{cite book|last=Naaman-Zauderer|first=Noa|date=2010|title=Descartes' Deontological Turn: Reason, Will and Virtue in the Later Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesdeo_naam_2010_000_10456381|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76330-1}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|René Descartes}} '''Bidyo''' *[https://youtube.com/watch?v=44h9QuWcJYk ''Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on "Men of ideas"''] * {{Find a Grave|8404}} '''Kasahiran''' {{Div col|cols=2}} *[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html Detailed biography of Descartes] *{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/René Descartes|René Descartes]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416151301/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} *[http://www.earlymoderntexts.com More easily readable versions of ''Meditations'', ''Objections and Replies'', ''Principles of Philosophy'', ''Discourse on the Method'', Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth, and ''Passions of the Soul''.] *[http://www.freewebs.com/dqsdnlj/d.html 1984 John Cottingham translation of ''Meditations'' and ''Objections and Replies''.] *[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangfrench/20/ René Descartes (1596–1650)] Published in ''Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition'' (1996) *[http://www.laphilosophie.fr/livres-de-Descartes-texte-integral.html Original texts of René Descartes in French] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830120821/http://www.laphilosophie.fr/livres-de-Descartes-texte-integral.html |date=2011-08-30 }} at La Philosophie *[http://www.archive.org/details/descartesphiloso010838mbp Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith] at [[archive.org]] *[http://www.archive.org/details/studiesincartes00smitgoog Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith] at [[archive.org]] *[http://www.archive.org/details/philosophicalwor005524mbp The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934)] at [[archive.org]] *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-61201}} *{{IMSLP|id=Descartes, René}} *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/ René Descartes (1596—1650): Overview(IEP)] *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/descmind/ René Descartes:The Mind-Body Distinction(IEP)] *[http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/cartesianskepticism.html Cartesian skepticism(DEP)] {{Div col end}} '''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''' {{Div col|cols=2}} *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/ René Descartes] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ Descartes' Epistemology] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ethics/ Descartes' Ethics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/ Descartes' Life and Works] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/ Descartes' Modal Metaphysics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/ Descartes' Ontological Argument] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/ Descartes and the Pineal Gland] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-physics/ Descartes' Physics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas/ Descartes' Theory of Ideas] {{Div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Descartes, Rene}} [[Kaarangay:René Descartes| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1596]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1650]] ogu3cvwl6lyk8xpj6hmc4ijo7t50o18 0 15224 7785686 6288335 2026-08-27T21:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox theologian |name = Martin Luther |image =Martin_Luther,_1529.jpg |caption = Luther in 1533 by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]] |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1483|11|10}} |birth_place = [[Eisleben]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1546|2|18|1483|11|10}} |death_place = [[Eisleben]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] |titles = Monk, Priest, Theologian, Professor |spouse = [[Katharina von Bora]] |parents = Hans and Margarethe Luther (née Lindemann) |children = Hans (Johannes), [[Elisabeth Luther|Elisabeth]], [[Magdalena Luther|Magdalena]], Martin, [[Paul Luther|Paul]], Margarethe |nationality = [[Germans|German]] | main_interests = | notable_ideas = | notableworks = [[The Ninety-Five Theses]], [[Luther's Large Catechism]],<br /> [[Luther's Small Catechism]], [[On the Freedom of a Christian]] | influences = [[Pablo nga Apostol]], [[Augustine of Hippo]] | influenced = [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Lutheranism]], [[John Calvin]], [[Karl Barth]] |signature = Martin Luther Signature.svg }} Hi '''Martin Luther''' (Nobyembre 10, 1483 [[Eisleben]] - Pebrero 18, 1546 [[Eisleben]]) hiya an usa ka mongha ngan teolohiyano han [[Kristiyanismo]] ngan ha uruurhi nagtukod han Singbahan Lutheran, nga syahan nga singbahan han Protestanismo, bulag tikang han Romano Katoliko. ==Mga pagkukuhaan== * {{cite book |author = [[Martin Brecht]] |title=Luther. |url = https://archive.org/details/martinluther0003brec |author2=tr. James L. Schaaf, |publisher=Philadelphia: Fortress Press |year=1985–93 }} *{{cite book |author = Michael A. Mullett |title=Martin Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/martinluther0000mull |publisher=London: Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415261685 }} *{{cite book |author = Michael A. Mullett (1986) |title=Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/luther0000mull |publisher=Methuen & Co (Lancashire Pamphlets) |year=1986 |isbn=0415109329 }} * {{cite book |author = Derek Wilson |title = Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther |url = https://archive.org/details/outofstormlifele0000wils |publisher = London: Hutchinson |year = 2007 |isbn = 9780091800017 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Atkinson, James (1968). ''Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism'', in series, ''Pelican Book[s].'' Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. 352 p. * Erikson, Erik H. (1958). ''Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History''. New York: W. W. Norton. * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/martinluthersele00luth|last=Dillenberger |first=John |authorlink=John Dillenberger |author2= |year=1961 |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY|oclc=165808}} * Friedenthal, Richard (1970). ''Luther, His Life and Times''. Trans. from the German by John Nowell. First American ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. viii, 566 p. ''N.B''.: Trans. of the author's ''Luther, sein Leben und seine Zeit''. * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings|last=Lull |first=Timothy |authorlink=Timothy Lull |author2= |year=1989 |publisher=Fortress |location=Minneapolis |isbn=0-8006-3680-5}} * Kolb, Robert – Dingel, Irene – Batka, Ľubomír (eds.): ''The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther’s Theology.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-960470-8. * Luther, M. ''The Bondage of the Will.'' Eds. [[J. I. Packer]] and [[O. R. Johnson]]. Old Tappan, N.J.: Revell, 1957. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/bondage-of-the-will/oclc/22724565?referer=brief_results OCLC 22724565]. * Luther, Martin (1974). ''Selected Political Writings'', ed. and with an introd. by J. M. Porter. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN 0-8006-1079-2 * ''Luther's Works'', 55 vols. Eds. [[H. T. Lehman]] and [[Jaroslav Pelikan|J. Pelikan]]. St Louis Missouri, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1955–86. Also on CD-ROM. Minneapolis and St Louis: Fortress Press and Concordia Publishing House, 2002. * Maritain, Jacques (1941). ''Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau''. New York: C. Scriber's Sons. N.B.: Reprint of the ed. published by Muhlenberg Press. * Nettl, Paul (1948). ''Luther and Music'', trans. by Frida Best and Ralph Wood. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967, cop. 1948. vii, 174 p. * [[Johann Michael Reu|Reu, Johann Michael]] (1917). ''Thirty-five Years of Luther Research''. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House. * Schalk, Carl F. (1988). ''Luther on Music: Paradigms of Praise''. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. ISBN 0-570-01337-2 * Stang, William (1883). ''The Life of Martin Luther''. Eighth ed. New York: Pustet & Co. ''N.B''.: This is a work of Roman Catholic polemical nature. * Warren Washburn Florer, Ph.D (1912, 2012). [http://books.google.com/books?id=yRDiAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Luther's Use of the Pre-Lutheran Versions of the Bible: Article 1''], George Wahr, The Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. Reprint 2012: [[BiblioBazaar|Nabu Press]], ISBN 1278818197 ISBN 9781278818191 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{Wikisource author-inline}} * {{commons-inline}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{gutenberg author|id=Luther,_Martin}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=1342}} * {{PRDL|8}} * {{MutopiaComposer|LutherM}} * [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/181244-1/Martin+Marty.aspx ''Booknotes'' interview with Martin Marty on ''Martin Luther'', April 11, 2004.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115141157/http://booknotes.org/Watch/181244-1/Martin+Marty.aspx |date=November 15, 2011 }} * [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id328043192 Commentarius in psalmos Davidis] Manuscript of Luther's first lecture as Professor of Theology at the University of Wittenberg, digital version at the Saxon State and University Library, Dresden (SLUB) *{{IEP|luther|"Martin Luther"}} *Martin Luther Collection: Early works attributed to Martin Luther, (285 titles). From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress] {{DEFAULTSORT:Luther, Martin}} [[Kaarangay:Martin Luther| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1483]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1546]] c7u2ak2uiqyl0k06z9zj0ywuaydo39d 0 15229 7785693 7783899 2026-08-27T21:43:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = Western philosophy |era = [[Ancient philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE |image = Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg |caption = Plato: copy of portrait bust by [[Silanion]] |name = Platón (Πλάτων) |birth_date = c. 428&ndash;427 BC<ref>[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Plato.html St-Andrews.ac.uk], [[St. Andrews University]]</ref> |birth_place = [[Atenas]] |death_date = c. 348&ndash;347 BC (edad mga 80) |death_place = Atenas |nationality = [[Griyego|Griyego]] |school_tradition= [[Platonismo]] |main_interests = [[Rhetoric]], [[art]], [[literature]], [[epistemology]], [[justice]], [[virtue]], [[politics]], [[education]], [[family]], [[militarism]] |influences = [[Socrates]], [[Homer]], [[Hesiod]], [[Aristophanes]], [[Aesop]], [[Protagoras]], [[Parmenides]], [[Pythagoras]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Orphism (religion)|Orphism]] |influenced = Most of subsequent [[western philosophy]], including [[Aristotle]], [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Neoplatonism]], [[Cicero]], [[Plutarch]], [[Stoicism]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Machiavelli]], [[René Descartes|Descartes]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[John Stuart Mill|Mill]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Martin Heidegger|Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt]], [[Hans-Georg Gadamer|Gadamer]], [[Imam Khomeini]], [[Bertrand Russell|Russell]] and countless other [[philosopher]]s and [[theologian]]s |notable_ideas = [[Platonic realism]] }} Hi '''Platón''' o '''Plato''' (Grineyego: Πλάτων, Plátōn) (428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), usa nga klasikal nga pilosopo Griyego, matematiko, manunurat han diyalogo pilosopikal, ngan nagtujod han Akademiya ha [[Atenas]], nga gisyasyahani nga institusyon han hataas nga pag-aram ha kalibutan han katundan. ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Primarya nga ginkuhaan (Greko ngan Romano)=== <div class="references-small"> * [[Apuleius]], ''De Dogmate Platonis'', I. ''See original text in [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/apuleius/apuleius.dog1.shtml Latin Library]''. * [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Wasps]]''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0043:line=1 Perseus program]''. * [[Aristotle]], ''[[Metaphysics (Aristotle)|Metaphysics]]. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0051:book=1:section=980a Perseus program]''. * [[Cicero]], ''De Divinatione'', I. ''See original text in [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/divinatione1.shtml Latin library]''. *{{ws|[[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book III|''Life of Plato'']], translated by [[Robert Drew Hicks]] (1925)}} * {{Cite wikisource|wslink=Charmides (Plato)|title=Charmides|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0175:text=Charm.:section=153a Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|title=Gorgias|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0177:text=Gorg.:section=447a Perseus program]''. * Plato, ''Parmenides''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0173:text=Parm.:section=126a Perseus program]''. * {{Cite wikisource|title=The Republic|author=Plato|others=Trans. [[Benjamin Jowett]]}} See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168 Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|author=[[Plutarch]]|plaintitle=Lives|wslink=Lives (Dryden translation)|others=Trans. [[John Dryden]]|chapter=Pericles| date = 1683|origyear=written in the late 1st century}}. See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0181:text=Per.:chapter=39:section=1 Perseus program]. * {{Cite wikisource|title=History of the Peloponnesian War|author=[[Thucydides]]|others=Trans. [[Richard Crawley]]}} V, VIII. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0199 Perseus program]''. * [[Xenophon]], ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia]]''. ''See original text in [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0207:book=1:chapter=1:section=1 Perseus program]''. </div> ===Segundarya nga ginkuhaan=== <div class="references-small"> * {{Cite book|last=Browne|first=Sir Thomas|title=Pseudodoxia Epidemica |url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/pseudodoxia/pseudo412.html#b26| date = 1646-1672|unused_data=IV.xii}} * {{Cite book|last=Guthrie|first=W.K.C.|title=A History of Greek Philosophy: Volume 4, Plato: The Man and His Dialogues: Earlier Period | date = 1986 | publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-31101-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Kahn|first=Charles H.|title=Plato and the socratic dialogue: The Philosophical Use of a Literary Form | date = 2004 | publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-64830-0| chapter=The Framework}} * {{Cite book|last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=The Concept of Irony | date = 1992 | publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-691-02072-3|chapter=Plato}} * {{Cite book|last=Nails|first=Debra|title=A Companion to Plato edited by Hugh H. Benson |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoplato0000unse| date = 2006 | publisher=Blackwell Publishing| isbn=1-4051-1521-1|chapter=The Life of Plato of Athens}} * {{Cite book|last=Nails|first=Debra|title=The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofplatopro0000nail| date = 2002 | publisher=Hackett Publishing| isbn=0-87220-564-9|chapter=Ariston/Perictione}} * {{Cite book|last=Nietzsche|first=Friedrich Wilhelm|title=Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe (in German) | date = 1967 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn=3-11-013912-X|chapter=Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen}} * {{Cite journal|last=Notopoulos|first=A.|title=The Name of Plato|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_classical-philology_1939-04_34_2/page/135|journal=Classical Philology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=135–145|date = Abril 1939|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/362227}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica| date = 2002}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume XVI (in Greek)| date = 1952}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&page_num=1&user_list=LIST&searchstr=Plato&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=25&db=REAL|title=Plato|encyclopedia=Suda|date=2012|access-date= 31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date= 19 Agosto 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819230613/http://www.stoa.org/sol-bin/search.pl?search_method=QUERY&login=guest&enlogin=guest&page_num=1&user_list=LIST&searchstr=Plato&field=hw_eng&num_per_page=25&db=REAL|url-status=}} * {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology| date = 1870|url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html|chapter=Plato}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124060246/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2725.html |date= 24 Enero 2015 }} * {{Cite book|last=Tarán|first=Leonardo|title=Collected Papers 1962-1999 | date = 2001 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn= 90-04-12304-0. }} * {{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Alfred Edward|title=Plato: The Man and his Work |url=https://archive.org/details/platomanhiswork0000tayl_h9f9| date = 2001 | publisher=Courier Dover Publications| isbn=0-486-41605-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilamowitz-Moellendorff|first=Ulrich von|title=Plato: his Life and Work (translated in Greek by Xenophon Armyros) | date = 2005 (first edition 1917) | publisher=Kaktos| isbn=960-382-664-2}} </div> ==Dugang nga barasahon== * [[Ed. R. E. Allen|Allen, R. E.]] (2006). ''Studies in Plato's Metaphysics II''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-18-6 * [[David Ambuel|Ambuel, David]] (2006). ''Image and Paradigm in Plato's Sophist''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 97819309720049 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}} * Bakalis, Nikolaos (2005). ''Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments'', Trafford Publishing ISBN 1-4120-4843-5 * {{Cite book| last=Barrow| first=Robin| date = 2007| title=Plato: Continuum Library of Educational Thought| url=https://archive.org/details/plato0000robi| publisher=Continuum| isbn=0-8264-8408-5}} * Cadame, Claude (1999). ''Indigenous and Modern Perspectives on Tribal Initiation Rites: Education According to Plato'', pp.&nbsp;278–312, in Padilla, Mark William (editor), [http://books.google.com/books?id=-0JVScga2oYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=rites+of+passage+in+ancient+greece "Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"], [[Bucknell University]] Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8387-5418-X * {{Cite book | author=Cooper, John M. & Hutchinson, D. S. (Eds.) | title=Plato: Complete Works | publisher=[[Hackett Publishing Company]], Inc | date = 1997 | isbn=0-87220-349-2}} * [[J. Angelo Corlett|Corlett, J. Angelo]] (2005). ''Interpreting Plato's Dialogues''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-02-5 * {{Cite book | author=Durant, Will | title=The Story of Philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph0000unse | publisher=Simon & Schuster | date = 1926 | isbn=0-671-69500-2}} * [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida, Jacques]] (1972). ''La dissémination'', Paris: Seuil. (esp. cap.: ''La Pharmacie de Platon'', 69-199) ISBN 2-02-001958-2 * {{Cite book|author=Field, G.C. (Guy Cromwell)|title=The Philosophy of Plato|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofplat0000fiel|edition=2nd ed. with an appendix by R. C. Cross.|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1969|isbn=0-19-888040-5}} * Fine, Gail (2000). ''Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology'' Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-875206-7 * {{Cite book|author=Garvey, James |title=Twenty Greatest Philosophy Books |url=https://archive.org/details/twentygreatestph00garv |publisher=Continuum | date = 2006, |isbn=0-8264-9053-0}} * [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] (1986). ''A History of Greek Philosophy (Plato - The Man & His Dialogues - Earlier Period)'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31101-2 * [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] (1986). ''A History of Greek Philosophy (Later Plato & the Academy)'' Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-31102-0 * Havelock, Eric (2005). ''Preface to Plato (History of the Greek Mind)'', Belknap Press, ISBN 0-674-69906-8 * {{Cite book | author=Hamilton, Edith & Cairns, Huntington (Eds.) | title=The Collected Dialogues of Plato, Including the Letters | url=https://archive.org/details/collecteddialogu00tred | publisher=Princeton Univ. Press | date = 1961 | isbn=0-691-09718-6}} *Irwin, Terence (1995). ''Plato's Ethics'', Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN 0-19-508645-7 * {{Cite book | author=Jackson, Roy | title=Plato: A Beginner's Guide | location=London | publisher=Hoder & Stroughton | date = 2001 | isbn=0-340-80385-1}} * {{Cite book | author=Kochin, Michael S. | title=Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought | publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press | date = 2002 | isbn=0-521-80852-9}} * {{Cite book | author=Kraut, Richard (Ed.) | title=The Cambridge Companion to Plato | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521436106 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-521-43610-9}} * {{Cite book | author=Krämer, Hans Joachim | title=Plato and the Foundations of Metaphysics | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T2k6edyBklwC | publisher=SUNY Press | date = 1990 | isbn=0-7914-0433-1}} * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1954), Journal de l'analogiste, Paris, Éditions Julliard; Reedited 1979, Paris, Grasset. Foreword by [[Julien Gracq]] * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1963), ''Le couple'', Paris, Grasset. Translated as ''Aspects of Love in Western Society'' in 1965, with a foreword by Jonathan Griffin London, Thames and Hudson. * [[Suzanne Lilar|Lilar, Suzanne]] (1967) ''A propos de Sartre et de l'amour '', Paris, Grasset. * {{Cite book | author=Lundberg, Phillip | title=Tallyho - The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty,Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno & Sophist | publisher=Authorhouse | date = 2005 | isbn=1-4184-4977-6}} * {{Cite book | author=Melchert, Norman | title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy | url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm | publisher=McGraw Hill | date = 2002 | isbn=0-19-517510-7}} * {{Cite book | author=Meinwald, Constance Chu | title=Plato's Parmenides | url=https://archive.org/details/platosparmenides0000mein | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1991 | isbn=0-19-506445-3 }} * [[Mitchell Miller|Miller, Mitchell]] (2004). ''The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-16-2 * [[Richard D. Mohr|Mohr, Richard D.]] (2006). ''God and Forms in Plato - and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-01-8 * Moore, Edward (2007). ''Plato''. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks. ISBN 978-1-84760-047-9 * Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=n3MeQikAp00C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0 "Genres in Dialogue: Plato and the Construct of Philosophy"], Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48264-X * {{Cite book | author=Reale, Giovanni | title=A History of Ancient Philosophy: Plato and Aristotle | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QfvRZSlJd3MC | publisher=SUNY Press | date = 1990 | isbn=0-7914-0516-8 }} * {{Cite book | author=Reale, Giovanni | title=Toward a New Interpretation of Plato | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xmsGAAAACAAJ | publisher=CUA Press | date = 1997 | isbn=0-8132-0847-5 }} * {{Cite book | author=Sallis, John | title=Being and Logos: Reading the Platonic Dialogues | url=https://archive.org/details/beinglogosreadin0000sall | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=0-253-21071-2 |authorlink=John Sallis }} * {{Cite book | author=Sallis, John | title=Chorology: On Beginning in Plato's "Timaeus" | url=https://archive.org/details/chorologyonbegin0000sall | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 1999 | isbn=0-253-21308-8 |authorlink=John Sallis }} * [[Kenneth M. Sayre|Sayre, Kenneth M.]] (2006). ''Plato's Late Ontology: A Riddle Resolved''. Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-09-4 * [[T. K. Seung|Seung, T. K.]] (1996). ''Plato Rediscovered: Human Value and Social Order''. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-8112-2 * Stewart, John. (2010). ''Kierkegaard and the Greek World - Socrates and Plato''. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-6981-4 * {{Cite book | author=Szlezak, Thomas A. | title=Reading Plato | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x34szlJIRIgC | publisher=Routledge | date = 1999 | isbn=0-415-18984-5 }} * Taylor, A. E. (2001). ''Plato: The Man and His Work'', Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-41605-4 * [[Gregory Vlastos|Vlastos, Gregory]] (1981). ''Platonic Studies'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-10021-7 * [[Gregory Vlastos|Vlastos, Gregory]] (2006). ''Plato's Universe - with a new Introducution by Luc Brisson'', Parmenides Publishing. ISBN 978-1-930972-13-1 * Zuckert, Catherine (2009). ''Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues'', The University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-99335-5 * [[Oxford University Press]] publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the ''[[Oxford Classical Texts]]'' series, and some translations in the ''Clarendon Plato Series''. * [[Harvard University Press]] publishes the hardbound series ''[[Loeb Classical Library#Plato|Loeb Classical Library]]'', containing Plato's works in [[Greek language|Greek]], with English translations on facing pages. * [[Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)|Thomas Taylor]] has translated Plato's complete works. * {{Cite book | author=Smith, William. | title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | publisher=University of Michigan/Online version | date = 1867 &mdash; original }} *''Aspects of antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies'' by M.I. Finley, issued 1969 by The Viking Press, Inc. *''Interpreting Plato: The Dialogues as Drama'' by James A. Arieti, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-8476-7662-5 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Plato}} *Mga binuhat nga aada-ha-linya: **{{PerseusAuthor|Plato}} - Greek & English hyperlinked text **[http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=166&Itemid=99999999 Works of Plato (Jowett, 1892)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103231715/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle%3D166&Itemid=99999999 |date=2014-01-03 }} **{{gutenberg author | id=Plato | name=Plato}} ***[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=688 Spurious and doubtful works] at [[Project Gutenberg]] **[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/plato/default.asp Plato complete works, annotated and searchable, at ELPENOR] **[http://librivox.org/euthyphro-by-plato/ Euthyphro] [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://librivox.org/ion-by-plato/ Ion] [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://librivox.org/apology-of-socrates-by-plato/ The Apology of Socrates] {{gr icon}}, [[LibriVox]] recording **[http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/tetral.htm Quick Links to Plato's Dialogues (English, Greek, French, Spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713113602/http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/tetral.htm |date=2011-07-13 }} **[http://www.archive.org/details/DIALOGUES-OF-PLATO-BJ-V2-3ED The Dialogues of Plato -5 vols (mp3) tr. by B. Jowett] at [[archive.org]] *Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato/ Plato] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-ethics/ Plato's Ethics] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-friendship/ Friendship and Eros] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/ Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-utopia/ Plato on Utopia] **[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-rhetoric/ Rhetoric and Poetry] *Mga iba nga artikulo: **[http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/guthrie-plato.asp Excerpt from W.K.C. Guthrie, ''A History of Greek Philosophy, vol. IV, Plato: the man and his dialogues, earlier period'', Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 8-38] **[http://plato-dialogues.org/plato.htm Website on Plato and his works: Plato and his dialogues by Bernard Suzanne] **[http://www.sfo.com/~eameece/rrr.html Reflections on Reality and its Reflection: comparison of Plato and Bergson; do forms exist?] **[http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Quotes/plato.htm "Plato and Totalitarianism: A Documentary Study"] **{{CathEncy|wstitle=Plato and Platonism}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080126175146/http://www.filozofie.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=34 Online library "Vox Philosophiae"] *Komprehensibo nga hinalikwat nga materyales: **[http://campus.belmont.edu/philosophy/Book.pdf Approaching Plato: A Guide to the Early and Middle Dialogues] ** {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-139459}} *Lain nga ginkuhaan: * [http://www.conoscenza.rai.it/site/it-IT/?ContentID=850&Guid=d0e858c408994cdb8db858e320e6bece Interview with Mario Vegetti on Plato's political thought. The interview, available in full on video, both in Italian and English, is included in the series Multi-Media Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307191835/http://www.conoscenza.rai.it/site/it-IT/?ContentID=850&Guid=d0e858c408994cdb8db858e320e6bece |date= 7 Marso 2012 }}. {{DEFAULTSORT:Plato}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 420 nga dekada UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 340 nga dekada UC]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] [[Kaarangay:Platon]] f75h2kafsvih17n71ffl5t5g1sxg12q 0 15232 7785596 7783446 2026-08-27T20:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher <!-- Philosopher Category --> |region = [[Western philosophy]] |era = [[Ancient philosophy]] |color = #B0C4DE <!-- Image and Caption --> |image = Socrates Louvre.jpg |caption = Socrates <!-- Information --> |name = Socrates ({{lang|grc|Σωκράτης}}) |birth_date = c. 469 / 470 BC<ref name="enc1911" /> |birth_place = [[Deme]] Alopece, Athens |death_date = 399 BC (age approx. 71) <!--PLEASE SEE TALK BEFORE CHANGING DATE--> |death_place = Athens |school_tradition = [[Greek philosophy|Classical Greek]] |main_interests = [[Epistemology]], [[ethics]] |nationality = [[Greeks|Greek]] |Influenced_by =[[Parmenides]] |influenced = Most subsequent [[Western philosophy]]; more specifically, [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Aristippus]], [[Antisthenes]] |notable_ideas = [[Socratic method]], [[irony#Socratic irony|Socratic irony]] }} Hi '''Sokrates''' o '''Socrates''' c. 469 BC–399 BC usa nga klasikal nga Griyego nga pilosopo. Gintatahuran hiya nga usa ha mga nagtukod han pilosopiya han katundan. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Mga reperensya == <div class="references-small" > * {{cite book | last = Brun | first = Jean | title = Socrate | publisher = Presses universitaires de France |date=1978 (sixth edition) | pages = 39–40 | isbn = 2-13-035620-6 }} {{Language icon|fr|French}} * Coppens, Philip, [http://www.philipcoppens.com/socrates.html "Socrates, that’s the question"] Feature Articles&nbsp;– Biographies, PhilipCoppens.com. * {{cite book | last = May | first = Hope | title = On Socrates | url = https://archive.org/details/onsocrates00mayh | publisher = Wadsworth | location = Belmont, California | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-534-57604-4}} * {{cite book | last = Ong | first = Walter | title = Orality and Literacy | url = https://archive.org/details/oralityliteracyt0000ongw_z5h1 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-415-28129-6 }} * Kagan, Donald. The Fall of the Athenian Empire. First. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1987. * [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.1.1 Description of Greece]''. W. H. S. Jones (translator). [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). Vol. 1. Books I–II: ISBN 0-674-99104-4. Vol. 4. Books VIII.22–X: ISBN 0-674-99328-4. * [[Thucydides]]; ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War|The Peloponnesian War]]''. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910.[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+toc &nbsp;] * {{cite book | last = Vlastos | first = Gregory | title = Socrates, Ironist and Moral Philosopher | url = https://archive.org/details/socratesironistm00vlas_0 | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-8014-9787-6 }} </div> == Dugang nga barasahon == <div class="references-small" > * Bernas, Richard, cond. ''Socrate''. By Erik Satie. LTM/Boutique, 2006 * Bruell, C. (1994). “On Plato’s Political Philosophy”, ''Review of Politics'', 56: 261-82. * Bruell, C. (1999). ''On the Socratic Education: An Introduction to the Shorter Platonic Dialogues'', Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. * Grube, G.M.A.(2002). "Plato, Five Dialogues". Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. * Hanson, V.D. (2001). "Socrates Dies at Delium, 424 B.C.", ''What If? 2'', Robert Cowley, editor, G.P. Putnam's Sons, NY. * [[Kieran Egan (educationist)|Egan, K.]] ''[[The Educated Mind|The educated mind : how cognitive tools shape our understanding]]''. (1997) University of Chicago Press, Chicago. ISBN 0-226-19036-6 p.&nbsp;137-144 * {{cite book | last = Kierkegaard | first = Søren | title = The Concept of Irony: with Constant Reference to Socrates | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | year = 1968 | isbn = 978-0-253-20111-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Levinson | first = Paul | title = The Plot to Save Socrates | url = https://archive.org/details/plottosavesocrat0000levi | publisher = Tor Books | location = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 0-7653-1197-6 }} * Luce, J.V. (1992). ''An Introduction to Greek Philosophy'', Thames & Hudson, NY. * [[Jacques Maritain|Maritain, J.]] (1930, 1991). ''Introduction to Philosophy'', Christian Classics, Inc., Westminster, MD. * {{cite book | last = Robinson | first = R | title = Plato's Earlier Dialectic | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0019824777 | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1953 | isbn = 978-0-19-824777-7 }} [http://www.ditext.com/robinson/dia2.html Ch. 2: "Elenchus"], [http://www.ditext.com/robinson/dia3.html Ch. 3: "Elenchus: Direct and Indirect"] * Taylor, C.C.W., [[R. M. Hare|Hare, R.M.]] & [[Jonathan Barnes|Barnes, J.]] (1998). ''Greek Philosophers&nbsp;– Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle'', Oxford University Press, NY. * Taylor, C.C.W. (2001). ''Socrates: A very short introduction''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. </div> == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Socrates}} *{{In Our Time|Socrates|b007zp21|Socrates}} *{{sep entry|socrates|Socrates|Debra Nails}} *[http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SOCRATES.HTM Greek Philosophy: Socrates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070713223845/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/GREECE/SOCRATES.HTM |date=2007-07-13 }} *{{ws|[[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[s:Lives of the Eminent Philosophers/Book II#Socrates|''Life of Socrates'']], translated by [[Robert Drew Hicks]] (1925)}} *[http://www.amengansie.com/sacrates.html Original Fresque of Socrates in Archaeological Museum of Ephesus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203192601/http://www.amengansie.com/sacrates.html |date=2008-12-03 }} *[http://www.allphilosophers.com/index.html Socrates Narrates Plato's The Republic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117035713/http://allphilosophers.com/index.html |date=2007-11-17 }} *[[s:Apology|Apology of Socrates]], by Plato. *[[Project Gutenberg]] e-texts on Socrates, amongst others: **[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=93 The Dialogues of Plato] (see also Wikipedia articles on [[:Category:Dialogues of Plato|Dialogues by Plato]]) **[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=543 The writings of Xenophon], such as the ''Memorablia'' and ''Hellenica''. **[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=965 The satirical plays by Aristophanes] **[http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=2747 Aristotle's writings] **[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/4683 Voltaire's ''Socrates''] *[http://librivox.org/euthyphro-by-plato/ A free audiobook of the Socratic dialogue ''Euthyphro''] at [http://www.librivox.org LibriVox] *[http://www.socraticmethod.net Socratic Method Research Portal] *[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2808374571100926940&hl=en&fs=true Video on Socratic method] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103712/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2808374571100926940&hl=en&fs=true |date=2011-06-29 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Socrates}} [[Kaarangay:Socrates| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 470 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 399 UC]] mlptwos5joo9bk2qhkkihmnj1mgnxax 0 15245 7785617 7783458 2026-08-27T20:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Jorge Luis Borges | image = Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern.jpg | alt = Jorge Luis Borges in 1951 | caption = Borges in 1951, by Grete Stern | language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | birth_name = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|8|24}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}} | death_place = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | occupation = Writer, poet, critic, librarian |nationality = [[Argentine]] | influences = [[Spinoza]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson]], [[Thomas de Quincey|De Quincey]], [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Luís de Camões|Camões]], [[Francisco de Quevedo|Quevedo]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]], [[Paul Valéry]], [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]], [[Plato]], [[Virgil]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Giovanni Papini|Papini]], [[Heraclitus]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Euclides da Cunha]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Macedonio Fernández]], [[One Thousand and One Nights]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares|Casares]], [[Rafael Cansinos-Assens]], [[William Blake]], [[Ambrose Bierce]] | influenced = [[César Aira]], [[Paul Auster]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Jean Baudrillard]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Roberto Bolaño]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Italo Calvino]], [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Philip K. Dick]], [[Umberto Eco]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Danilo Kis]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Georges Perec]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[José Saramago]],<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bfaf51ba-e05a-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html#axzz1L3wH1OFW FT.com "Small Talk: José Saramago"]. "Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions."</ref> [[W. G. Sebald]], [[Enrique Vila-Matas]], [[Gene Wolfe]], [[William Gibson]], [[David Foster Wallace]], [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], [[Harlan Ellison]], [[Kyle Muntz]], [[John Barth]], [[Jeff VanderMeer]], [[Peter LaSalle]]}} Hi '''Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo''' (24 Agosto 1899 – 14 Hunyo 1986) usa nga Arhentino nga manunurat ngan maniniday nga natawo ha [[Buenos Aires]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Meaning of Experience in the Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/meaningofexperie0071aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-8204-0595-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/proseofjorgeluis0000aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1984 | isbn = 0-8204-0130-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = The Aleph Weaver: Biblical, Kabbalistic and Judaic Elements in Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/alephweaverbibli0000aize | publisher = Scripta Humanistica | location = Potomac | date = 1984 | isbn = 0-916379-12-4 }} *{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = Borges and His Successors | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeshissuccess00unse | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-8262-0712-X }} *{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Borges and the Kabbalah | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeskaballahot0000alaz | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-521-30684-1 }} *{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Critical Essays on Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/criticalessayson00alaz | publisher = G.K. Hall | location = Boston | date = 1987 | isbn = 0-8161-8829-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Balderston | first = Daniel | title = Out of Context | url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontext0000dani | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | date = 1993 | isbn = 0-8223-1316-2 }} *{{cite book | last = Barnstone | first = Willis | title = With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos Aires | url = https://archive.org/details/withborgesonordi0000barn | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | date = 1993 | isbn = 0-252-01888-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Barrenechea | first = Ana María | title= Borges the Labyrinth Maker. Edited and Translated by Robert Lima | publisher = New York University Press | location = New York City | date = 1965 LC 65-10764 }} *{{cite book | last = Bell-Villada | first = Gene | title = Borges and His Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction0000bell | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | location = Chapel Hill | date = 1981 | isbn = 0-8078-1458-X }} *{{cite book | last = Bioy Casares | first = Adolfo | title = Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/borges0000bioy | publisher = Destino Ediciones | location = City | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-950-732-085-9 }} *{{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00bloo | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | location = New York | date = 1986 | isbn = 0-87754-721-1 }} *{{cite book | last = Bulacio | first = Cristina | first2=Donato |last2=Grima | title = Dos Miradas sobre Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/dosmiradassobreb0000bula | publisher = Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone | location = Buenos Aires | date = 1998 | isbn = 950-554-266-6 }} Illustrated by [[Donato Grima]]. *Burgin, Richard (1969) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', Holt Rhinehart Winston *Burgin, Richard (1998) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', University Press of Mississippi *{{cite book | last = De Behar | first = Block | title = Borges, the Passion of an Endless Quotation | url = https://archive.org/details/borgespassionofe0000bloc_y9s0 | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany | date = 2003 | isbn = 1-4175-2020-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Borges Tradition | url = https://archive.org/details/borgestradition0000unse | publisher = Constable in association with the Anglo-Argentine Society | location = London | date = 1995 | isbn = 0-09-473840-8 }} *{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Lesson of the Master | url = https://archive.org/details/lessonofmasteron0000digi | publisher = Continuum | location = London | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-8264-6110-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Dunham | first = Lowell | title = The Cardinal Points of Borges | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | location = Norman | date = 1971 | isbn = 0-8061-0983-1 }} *{{cite book | last = Fishburn | first = Evelyn | title = Borges and Europe Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeseuroperevi0000unse | publisher = Univ of London | location = City | date = 2002 | isbn = 1-900039-21-4 }} *{{cite book | last = Frisch | first = Mark | title = You Might Be Able to Get There from Here | url = https://archive.org/details/youmightbeableto0000fris | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Madison | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-8386-4044-3 }} *{{cite book | last = Kristal | first = Efraín | title = Invisible Work | publisher = Vanderbilt University Press | location = Nashville | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-585-40803-3 }} *Laín Corona, Guillermo. "Borges and Cervantes: Truth and Falsehood in the Narration”. ''Neophilologus'', 93 (2009): 421-37. *Laín Corona, Guillermo. "Teoría y práctica de la metáfora en torno a ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'', de Borges”. ''Cuadernos de Aleph. Revista de literatura hispánica'', 2 (2007): 79-93. http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024915/http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf |date=2012-01-05 }} * {{cite journal | last=Lima | first=Robert | title=Borges and the Esoteric | journal=Crítica hispánica | date = 1993 | volume=15 | series=Special issue | issue=2 | accessdate=30 Marso 2014 | publisher=Duquesne University | issn=0278-7261}} *{{cite book | last = Lindstrom | first = Naomi | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborgess00lind | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-8057-8327-X }} *{{cite book | last = Manguel | first = Alberto | title = With Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.withborges0001mang | publisher = Telegram | location = City | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84659-005-4 }} *Manovich, Lev, [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-manovich-excerpt.pdf New Media from Borges to HTML, 2003] *{{cite book | last = McMurray | first = George | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00mcmu | publisher = Ungar | location = New York | date = 1980 | isbn = 0-8044-2608-2 }} *{{cite book | last = Molloy | first = Sylvia | title = Signs of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/signsofborges00moll | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | date = 1994 | isbn = 0-8223-1406-1 }} * Murray, Janet H., [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-murray-excerpt.pdf Inventing the Medium, 2003] *{{cite book | last = Núñez-Faraco | first = Humberto | title = Borges and Dante | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-03910-511-3 }} *{{cite book | last = Racz | first = Gregary | title = Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) as Writer and Social Critic | publisher = Edwin Mellen Press | location = Lewiston | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-7734-6904-4 }} *{{cite book | last = Rodríguez | first = Monegal | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00rodr | publisher = Dutton | location = New York | date = 1978 | isbn = 0-525-13748-3 }} *{{cite book | last = Rodríguez-Luis | first = Julio | title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic | url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryprax0000rodr | publisher = Garland | location = New York | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-8153-0101-4 }} *{{cite book | last = Sarlo | first = Beatriz | title = Jorge Luis Borges: a Writer on the Edge | publisher = Verso | location = London | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84467-588-3 }} *{{cite book | last = Shaw | first = Donald | title = Borges' Narrative Strategy | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesnarratives0000shaw | publisher = Francis Cairns | location = Liverpool | date = 1992 | isbn = 0-905205-84-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Stabb | first = Martin | title = Borges Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesrevisited00stab | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-8057-8263-X }} *{{cite book | last = Sturrock | first = John | title = Paper Tigers | url = https://archive.org/details/papertigersideal0000stur | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | date = 1977 | isbn = 0-19-815746-0 }} *{{cite book | last = Todorov | first = Tzvetan | title = Introduction à la littérature fantastique | publisher = Seuil | location = Paris | date = 1970 }} *{{cite book | last = Toro | first = Alfonso | title = Jorge Luis Borges | publisher = Vervuert | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1999 | isbn = 3-89354-217-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Volek | first = Emil | title = ''"Aquiles y la Tortuga: Arte, imaginación y realidad según Borges". In:'' Cuatro claves para la modernidad. Analisis semiótico de textos hispánicos. | location = Madrid | date = 1984 }} *{{cite book | last = Waisman | first = Sergio | title = Borges and Translation | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg Pa. | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-8387-5592-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Edwin | title = Borges: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeslife0000will | publisher = Viking | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-670-88579-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Wilson | first = Jason | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges0000wils_g4b1 | publisher = Reaktion Books | location = London | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-86189-286-7 }} *{{cite book | last = Woscoboinik | first = Julio | title = The Secret of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/secretofborgesps0000wosc | publisher = University Press of America | location = Washington | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-7618-1238-5 }} *{{cite book | last = Mualem | first = Shlomy | title = Borges and Plato: A Game with Shifting Mirrors | publisher = Iberoamericana/Vervuert | location = Madrid and Frankfurt | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-8484895954 }} ===Mga dokumentaryo=== *{{Cite video | people = [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]] (Writer/Director) | title = [[Harto The Borges]] | medium = Feature Documentary | publisher = Patagonia Film Group, US | location = USA | date = 1999 }} *{{Cite video | people = [[Ricardo Wullicher]] (Director) | date = 1978 | title = Borges para millones | location = Argentina | medium = Feature Documentary }} *{{Cite video | people = [[David Wheatley (director)|David Wheatley]] (Director) | title = Profile Of A Writer: Borges and I | url = http://ubu.com/film/borges_portrait.html | medium = Feature Documentary | publisher = ''[[Arena (TV series)|Arena]]'' | date = 1983 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=88919448}} {{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|b=no|n=no|d=Q909|voy=no|species=no|mw=no}} *{{Dmoz|Arts/Literature/Authors/B/Borges%2C_Jorge_Luis/}} *{{OL_author|OL18928A}} *{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges| title=Jorge Luis Borges, The Art of Fiction No. 39| work=Paris Review| date=Winter–Spring 1967| author=Ronald Christ }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076182 BBC Radio 4 discussion programme] from [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In our time'']]. (Audio 45 mins) *[http://www.themodernword.com/borges/index.html Jorge Luis Borges at The Modern Word] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130011634/http://themodernword.com/borges/index.html |date=2010-11-30 }} *[http://www.borges.pitt.edu/ Borges Center, University of Pittsburgh]. *[http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }} * [http://www.fundacionborges.com.ar/ International Foundation Jorge Luis Borges] {{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Jorge Luis}} [[Kaarangay:Jorge Luis Borges| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1899]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1986]] 6km8babbm4ur96bbvsgn0wccigqvahu 0 15253 7785603 7782419 2026-08-27T20:43:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | name = Homeros ({{lang|grc|Ὅμηρος}}</span> ''{{transl|grc|ISO|Homēros}}'') | image = Homer British Museum.jpg | caption = Idealized portrayal of Homer dating to the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic period]]. [[British Museum]]. | birth_date = ca. 8th century BC | influences = [[Rhapsode|rhapsodic]] [[oral poetry]] | influenced = [[Classics]] ([[Western canon]]) | nationality = [[Greeks|Greek]] }} Hi '''Homeros''' (Kahadto nga Griniyego: '''Ὅμηρος''', ''Hómēros''; Ininglis: '''Homer'''; Kinatsila: '''Homero''') an ngaran han maniniday nga Griyego nga nagsurat han mga siday epilo nga [[Iliad]] ngan an [[Odyssey]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pinili nga bibliograpiya== ===Mga edisyon=== ;Mga teksto ha Homeros nga Griyego * [[Demetrius Chalcondyles]] ''editio princeps'', Florence, 1488 * the [[Aldine editions]] (1504 and 1517) * Th. Ridel, Strasbourg, c. 1572, 1588 and 1592. * Wolf (Halle, 1794–1795; Leipzig, 1804 1807) * Spitzner (Gotha, 1832–1836) * Bekker (Berlin, 1843; Bonn, 1858) * La Roche (''Odyssey'', 1867–1868; ''Iliad'', 1873–1876, both at Leipzig) * Ludwich (''Odyssey'', Leipzig, 1889–1891; ''Iliad'', 2 vols., 1901 and 1907) * W. Leaf (''Iliad'', London, 1886–1888; 2nd ed. 1900-1902) * [[William Walter Merry]] and [[James Riddell (scholar)|James Riddell]] (''Odyssey'' i–xii., 2nd ed., Oxford, 1886) * Monro (''Odyssey'' xiii.–xxiv. with appendices, Oxford, 1901) * Monro and Allen (''Iliad''), and Allen (''Odyssey'', 1908, Oxford). * D.B. Monro and T.W. Allen 1917-1920, ''Homeri Opera'' (5 volumes: ''Iliad'' = 3rd edition, ''Odyssey'' = 2nd edition), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814528-4, ISBN 0-19-814529-2, ISBN 0-19-814531-4, ISBN 0-19-814532-2, ISBN 0-19-814534-9 * H. van Thiel 1991, ''Homeri Odyssea'', Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09458-4, 1996, ''Homeri Ilias'', Hildesheim. ISBN 3-487-09459-2 * M.L. West 1998–2000, ''Homeri Ilias'' (2 volumes), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71431-9, ISBN 3-598-71435-1 * P. von der Mühll 1993, ''Homeri Odyssea'', Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-71432-7 ===Interlinear translations=== * ''The Iliad of Homer a Parsed Interlinear'', Handheldclassics.com (2008) Text ISBN 978-1-60725-298-6 ===Mga ginhubad ha Ingles=== * [[Augustus Taber Murray]] (1866–1940) ** ''Homer: Iliad'', 2 vols., revised by William F. Wyatt, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Harvard University Press (1999). ** ''Homer: Odyssey'', 2 vols., revised by George E. Dimock, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Harvard University Press (1995). * [[Robert Fitzgerald]] (1910–1985) ** ''The Iliad'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2004) ISBN 0-374-52905-1 ** ''The Odyssey'', Farrar, Straus and Giroux (1998) ISBN 0-374-52574-9 * [[Robert Fagles]] (1933–2008) ** ''The Iliad'', Penguin Classics (1998) ISBN 0-14-027536-3 ** ''The Odyssey'', Penguin Classics (1999) ISBN 0-14-026886-3 * [[Stanley Lombardo]] (b. 1943) ** ''Iliad'', [[Hackett Publishing Company]] (1997) ISBN 0-87220-352-2 ** ''Odyssey'', [[Hackett Publishing Company]] (2000) ISBN 0-87220-484-7 ** ''Iliad'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-08-3 ** ''Odyssey'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-06-7 ** ''The Essential Homer'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-12-1 ** ''The Essential Iliad'', (Audiobook) Parmenides (2006) ISBN 1-930972-10-5 *[[Barry B. Powell]] (b. 1942) **"Iliad", Oxford University Press (2013) ISBN 978-0199326105 **"Odyssey", Oxford University PressI (2014) ISBN 978-0199360314 **"Homer's Iliad and Odyssey: The Essential Books", Oxford University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0199394074 * [[Samuel Butler (novelist)|Samuel Butler]] (1835–1902) ** ''The Iliad'', Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-04-1 ** ''The Odyssey'', Red and Black Publishers (2008) ISBN 978-1-934941-05-8 * [[Herbert Jordan]] (b. 1938) ** ''Iliad'', University of Oklahoma Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-8061-3974-6 (soft cover) ===Kasahiran nga mga buhat ni Homeros=== * {{Cite book | first=Pierre | last=Carlier | title=Homère | language=French | publisher=Les éditions Fayard | location=Paris | date = 1999 | ISBN=2-213-60381-2}} * {{Cite book | first=Jacqueline | last=de Romilly | authorlink=Jacqueline de Romilly | title=Homère | location=Paris | publisher=[[Presses Universitaires de France]] | edition=5th | date = 2005 | ISBN=2-13-054830-X}} * {{Cite book | editor-first=Robert | editor-last=Fowler | title=The Cambridge Companion to Homer | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2004 | ISBN=0-521-01246-5}} * {{Cite book | first1=J. | last1=Latacz | authorlink=Joachim Latacz | first2=Kevin, Tr. | last2=Windle | first3=Rosh, Tr. | last3=Ireland | date = 2004 | title=Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery | url=https://archive.org/details/troyhomertowards0000lata | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | ISBN=0-19-926308-6}} In German, 5th updated and expanded edition, Leipzig, 2005. In Spanish, 2003, ISBN 84-233-3487-2. In modern Greek, 2005, ISBN 960-16-1557-1. * {{Cite EB1911 | title=Homer | url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabrit13chisrich#page/626/mode/1up | first=David Binning | last=Monro | authorlink=David Binning Monro | volume=12| pages=626-639 | no-icon=1}} * {{Cite book | editor1-first=Ian | editor1-last=Morris | editor2-first=Barry B. | editor2-last=Powell | date = 1997 | title=A New Companion to Homer | url=https://archive.org/details/newcompaniontoho0000unse_p1j1 | location=Leiden | publisher=Brill | ISBN=90-04-09989-1}} * {{Cite book | first=Barry B. | last=Powell | date = 2007 | title=Homer | edition=2nd | location=Malden, MA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell | ISBN=978-1-4051-5325-6}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Pierre | last=Vidal-Naquet | authorlink=Pierre Vidal-Naquet | title=Le monde d'Homère | language=French | location=Paris | publisher=Perrin | date = 2000 | ISBN=2-262-01181-8}} * {{Cite book|first=A.J.B.|last=Wace|authorlink=Alan Wace|author2=F.H. Stubbings| date = 1962|title=A Companion to Homer|location=London|isbn=0-333-07113-1|publisher=Macmillan}} ===Influential readings and interpretations=== * {{Cite book | first=Erich | last=Auerbach | authorlink=Erich Auerbach | date = 1953 | title=[[Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature]] | location=Princeton | publisher=Princeton University Press | chapter=Chapter 1 | ISBN=0-691-11336-X}} (orig. publ. in German, 1946, Bern) * {{Cite book | first=Irene J.F. | last=de Jong | date = 2004 | title=Narrators and Focalizers: the Presentation of the Story in the Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/narratorsfocaliz0000jong | edition=2nd | location=London | publisher=Bristol Classical Press | ISBN=1-85399-658-0}} * {{Cite book | first=Mark W. | last=Edwards | date = 1987 | title=Homer, Poet of the Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/homerpoetofiliad0000edwa | location=Baltimore | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | ISBN=0-8018-3329-9}} * {{Cite book | first=Bernard | last=Fenik | date = 1974 | title=Studies in the Odyssey | url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301458026 | location=Wiesbaden | publisher=Steiner | series=Hermes, Einzelschriften 30}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Finley | first=Moses | authorlink=Moses Finley | title=The World of Odysseus | url=https://archive.org/details/worldofodysseus0000finl_x7g8 | publisher=[[New York Review of Books]] | location=New York | date = 2002 | isbn=978-1-59017-017-5}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Gregory | last=Nagy | authorlink=Gregory Nagy | title=The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry | url=https://archive.org/details/bestofachaeansco0000nagy | publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | location=[[Baltimore]]; [[London]] | date = 1979}} * {{Cite book| ref=harv | last=Nagy | first=Gregory | title=Homer: the Preclassic | date = 2010 | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley | isbn=9780520950245}} ===Mga komentaryo=== * ''Iliad'': ** P.V. Jones (ed.) 2003, ''Homer's Iliad. A Commentary on Three Translations'', London. ISBN 1-85399-657-2 ** [[G. S. Kirk]] (gen. ed.) 1985–1993, ''The Iliad: A Commentary'' (6 volumes), Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-28171-7, ISBN 0-521-28172-5, ISBN 0-521-28173-3, ISBN 0-521-28174-1, ISBN 0-521-31208-6, ISBN 0-521-31209-4 ** [[Joachim Latacz|J. Latacz]] (gen. ed.) 2002–, ''Homers Ilias. Gesamtkommentar. Auf der Grundlage der Ausgabe von Ameis-Hentze-Cauer (1868–1913)'' (6 volumes published so far, of an estimated 15), Munich/Leipzig. ISBN 3-598-74307-6, ISBN 3-598-74304-1 ** N. Postlethwaite (ed.) 2000, ''Homer's Iliad: A Commentary on the Translation of Richmond Lattimore'', Exeter. ISBN 0-85989-684-6 ** M.W. Willcock (ed.) 1976, ''A Companion to the Iliad'', Chicago. ISBN 0-226-89855-5 * ''Odyssey'': ** A. Heubeck (gen. ed.) 1990–1993, ''A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey'' (3 volumes; orig. publ. 1981–1987 in Italian), Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814747-3, ISBN 0-19-872144-7, ISBN 0-19-814953-0 ** P. Jones (ed.) 1988, ''Homer's Odyssey: A Commentary based on the English Translation of Richmond Lattimore'', Bristol. ISBN 1-85399-038-8 ** I.J.F. de Jong (ed.) 2001, ''A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey'', Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-46844-2 ===Pagpepetsa han mga siday ni Homeros=== * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Richard | last=Janko | date = 1982 | title=Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: Diachronic Development in Epic Diction | series=Cambridge Classical Studies | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | ISBN=0-521-23869-2}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Carl Darling | last=Buck | title=The Greek Dialects | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1928}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Evelyn-White | first=Hugh Gerard (tr.) | title=Hesiod, the Homeric hymns and Homerica | url=https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym00hesiuoft | series=The Loeb Classical Library | location=London; New York | publisher=Heinemann; MacMillen | date = 1914}} * {{Cite book|last=Ford|first=Andrew|title=Homer : the poetry of the past|url=https://archive.org/details/homerpoetryofpas00ford| date = 1992|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=0-8014-2700-2}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | last=Graziosi | first=Barbara | title=Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic | location=[[Cambridge]] | publisher=Cambridge University Press | series=Cambridge Classical Studies | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|last=Kirk|first=G.S.|title=The Songs of Homer|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-ADQ-019| date = 1962|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first1=Henry George | last1=Liddell | authorlink=Henry Liddell | first2=Robert | last2=Scott | title=A Greek-English Lexicon | url=https://archive.org/details/b31364949_0002 | edition=Revised | publisher=Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library | location=Oxford | date = 1940}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=Gilbert | last=Murray | authorlink=Gilbert Murray| title=The Rise of the Greek Epic | url=https://archive.org/details/riseofgreekepic0000murr | location=New York | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1960 | edition=Galaxy Books}} * {{Cite book|last=Schein|first=Seth L.|title=The mortal hero : an introduction to Homer's Iliad|url=https://archive.org/details/mortalhero00seth| date = 1984|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-05128-9}} * {{Cite book | title=Homer: The Iliad | url=https://archive.org/details/homeriliadlandma00mssi | author= Silk, Michael | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | location=[[Cambridge]] | date = 1987 | isbn=0-521-83233-0}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | editor-first=William | editor-last=Smith | title=A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology | volume=Vol. I, II & III | location=London | date = 1876 | publisher=John Murray}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource author}} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/h#a705 Works by Homer] at [[Project Gutenberg]]. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n78-95639}} * {{Cite book | author1=Homer | author2=Murray, A.T. | title=The Iliad with an English Translation | location=London; New York | publisher=William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive | volume=I, Books I-XII | url=https://archive.org/details/iliadmurray01homeuoft | language=Ancient Greek, English}} * [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ The Chicago Homer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004181122/http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/homer/ |date=2014-10-04 }} * {{Cite web | first=Stephen (reader) | last=Daitz | title=Homer, Iliad, Book I, lines 1-52 | url=http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/iliad1.htm | publisher=Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL) | access-date=2012-07-29 | archive-date=2011-05-11 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193759/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/iliad1.htm | url-status=dead }} * {{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Malcolm |title=CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey |publisher=Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive |url=http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |date=4 Mayo 2001 |accessdate=2014-11-07 |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908005656/http://www.leeds.ac.uk/classics/resources/poetics/poet-hom.htm |url-status=unfit }} * {{Cite web | first=Paola | last=Bassino | title=Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources | website=Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history | url=https://livingpoets.dur.ac.uk/w/Homer:_A_Guide_to_Selected_Sources | publisher=Durham University | date = 2014 | accessdate=18 Nobyembre 2014}} [[Kaarangay:Homer| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] qsyc5up7o3sxcq06g0ar85prmwrux16 0 17193 7785637 7783057 2026-08-27T21:07:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |nationality=[[Turkey|Turkish]] |image=Ataturk1930s.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=Atatürk in 1930's |birth_date=19 Mayo 1881 <small>([[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life#Birth date|Conventional]]. This date was adopted by the president himself for official purposes in the absence of precise knowledge concerning the real date.)</small> |birth_place=[[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (present-day [[Thessaloniki]], Greece) |death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|10|1881|5|19}} |death_place=[[Dolmabahçe Palace]]<br />[[Istanbul]], Turkey |restingplace=[[Anıtkabir]]<br />[[Ankara]], Turkey |signature=Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.svg |party=[[Committee of Union and Progress]], [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] |spouse=[[Lâtife Uşaklıgil]] (1923–25) |order=[[List of Presidents of Turkey|1st]] [[President of Turkey|President of the Republic of Turkey]] |term=29 Oktubre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|10|29|1938|11|10}}) |successor=[[İsmet İnönü]] |primeminister=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]]<br />[[İsmet İnönü]]<br />[[Celâl Bayar]] |order2=[[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|1st Prime Minister of Turkey]] |term2=3 Mayo 1920 – 24 Enero 1921<br />({{age in years and days|1920|5|3|1921|1|24}}) |successor2=[[Fevzi Çakmak]] |order3=[[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey|1st Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey]] |term3=24 Abril 1920 – 29 Oktubre 1923<br />({{age in years and days|1920|4|24|1923|11|29}}) |successor3=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]] |order4=[[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|1st Leader of the Republican People's Party]] |term4=9 Septyembre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|9|9|1938|11|10}}) |successor4=[[İsmet İnönü]] <!--Military service--> |allegiance={{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1893-1919)<br /> {{flag|Turkey}} (1921-1923) |branch=Army |rank=[[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]] ([[Field Marshal]]) |unit= |commands=[[19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|19th Division]] – [[XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|16th Corps]] – [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]] – [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]] – [[Yildirim Army Group]] – [[commander-in-chief]] of [[Turkish Army#History|Army]] of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] |battles=[[Battle of Tobruk (1911)|Tobruk]] – [[Landing at Anzac Cove|Anzac Cove]] – [[Battle of Chunuk Bair|Chunuk Bair]] – [[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]] – [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]] – [[Battle of Bitlis|Bitlis]] – [[Battle of Sakarya|Sakarya]] – [[Battle of Dumlupınar|Dumlupınar]] |awards=[[List of awards of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|List (24 medals)]] |footnotes=<div style="float: left;">[[Paypay:timeline icon.svg|50px|External Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Batakan:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Graphical Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Detailed Chronology]]</div> }} '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881-1938) amo an naging siyahan nga mangulo han [[Turkeya|Republika han Turkeya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} ;Mga imprenta *{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Feroz|title=The Making of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmoderntu00ahma|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-415-07835-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Harold Courtenay|title=Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|location=Freeport, NY| date = 1972|isbn=978-0-8369-6962-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Atillasoy|first=Yüksel|title=Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkfirstpres0000atil|publisher=Woodside House|location=Woodside, NY| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-9712353-4-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk|url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb_d2o8|publisher=Arrow|location=London| date = 1988|isbn=978-0-09-953950-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Barlas|first=Dilek|title=Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=New York| date = 1998|isbn=978-90-04-10855-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William L|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-8133-4048-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Doğan|first=Çağatay Emre|title=Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory|location=Ankara|publisher=Middle East Technical University| date = 2003|oclc=54431696|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=[[Political Order in Changing Societies]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.; London| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-300-11620-5}} *{{Cite book|last=İğdemir|first=Uluğ|coauthors=Mango, Andrew (translation)|title=Atatürk|publisher=Turkish National Commission for UNESCO|location=Ankara| date = 1963|oclc=75604149|pages=165–170}} *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|authorlink=Afet İnan|title=Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler|publisher=Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları|location=Istanbul| date = 2007|isbn=9944-88-140-1 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (1) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}|language=Turkish}}<!-- published in July 2007, not yet on Worldcat. possibly newest edition for {{OCLC|79910449}}--> *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|coauthors=Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif|title=Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları|location=Ankara|publisher=AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi| date = 1998|isbn=978-975-16-1276-2|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/atatrkrebirthofn0000patr|publisher=Phoenix Press| date = 2003|location=London|isbn=978-1-84212-599-1|oclc=55516821}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow| date = 1979|location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkmoderniza0000unse| date = 1983|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0-86531-986-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Lengyel|first=Emil|title=They Called Him Atatürk|publisher=The John Day Co|location=New York| date = 1962|oclc=1337444}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr|origyear=1999|edition=Paperback| date = 2002|publisher=Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc|location=Woodstock, NY|isbn=1-58567-334-X}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Atatürk|publisher=John Murray|location=London| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7195-6592-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Saikal|first=Amin|coauthors=Schnabel, Albrecht|title=Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges|location=Tokyo|publisher=United Nations University Press| date = 2003|isbn=978-92-808-1085-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qFhU3kWXLvEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ataturk+and+islam}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Stanford Jay|authorlink=Stanford J. Shaw|coauthors=Shaw, Ezel Kural|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York| date = 1976–1977|isbn=978-0-521-21280-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Spangnolo|first=John|title=The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani| date = 1992|publisher=Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College|location=Oxford|oclc=80503960|isbn=978-0-86372-164-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Tunçay|first=Mete|title=Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920|location=Ankara|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi| date = 1972|oclc=1926301|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Tüfekçi|first=Gürbüz D|title=Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy|location=Ankara|publisher=Pan Matbaacılık| date = 1981|oclc=54074541}} *{{Cite book|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|title=The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp|publisher=Longman|location=London ; New York| date = 1987|isbn=978-0-582-49380-3}} *{{Cite book|last=Webster|first=Donald Everett|title=The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation| date = 1973|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-404-56333-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|title=Turkey: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeymodernhist0000zrch|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London; New York| date = 2004|isbn=978-1-85043-399-6}} ;Journals *{{Cite journal|last=Eastham|first=J. K.|journal=The Economic Journal|title=The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1964|month=March|pages=132–136|volume=74|issue=298|issn=0013-0133|doi=10.2307/2228117|jstor=2228117}} *{{Cite journal|last=Emrence|first=Cem|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|title=Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panaromic Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2003-10_39_4/page/67|location=London|publisher=F. Cass.| date = 2003|pages=67–80|volume=39|issue=4|issn=0026-3206|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301787}} *{{Cite journal|last=Omur|first=Aslı|journal=Turkish Times| date = 2002|month=December|title=Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women|volume=13|issue=312|issn=1043-0164|url=http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2007|archive-date=7 Oktubre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232154/http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite journal|last=Özelli|first=M. Tunç|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|title=The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1974-01_5_1/page/77|issn=0020-7438|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|volume=5|issue=1|pages=77–92|month=January| date = 1974|jstor=162345}}<!-- jstor is not accessible to everyone --> *{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Norman|journal=The National Interest|authorlink=Norman Stone|title=Talking Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-interest_fall-2000_61/page/66|location=New York|publisher=National Affairs, Inc| date = 2000|pages=66|volume=61|issn=0884-9382}} *{{Cite journal|last=Volkan|first=Vamik D.|journal=Psychoanalytic Study of Society|title=Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader|publisher=Psychohistory Press|location=New York| date = 1981|volume=9|issn=0079-7294|pages=221–255|oclc=60448681}} *{{Cite journal|last=Wolf-Gazo|first=Ernest|journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey|title=John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission|publisher=American Studies Association of Turkey|location=Ankara, Turkey| date = 1996|volume=3|issn=1300-6606|pages=15–42|url=http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|access-date=2012-07-31|archive-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327060825/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite news|title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|url=http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|work=TP Editors|pages=7–8|accessdate=29 Abril 2008|archive-date=30 Abril 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430154105/http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|url-status=}} *{{Cite news|title=The Burial of Atatürk|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|work=Time Magazine|pages=37–39|date=23 Nobyembre 1953|accessdate=7 Agosto 2007|archive-date=23 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823204249/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|url-status=dead}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk}} *[http://bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html Memorial room in Bitola (Monastir)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091504/http://www.bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html |date=2009-06-14 }} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.651784|name=Incredible Turk (1958)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal}} [[Kaarangay:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1881]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1938]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] tf8wg447eext1mz6inbkwch8etfevzq 0 17197 7785571 7761516 2026-08-27T20:23:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|monarch |title=Rex Francorum (''[[King of the Franks]]'') <br> Rex Longobardorum (''[[King of the Lombards]]'') <br> Imperator Romanorum (''[[Carolingian Empire|Emperor of the Romans]]'') |image=Charlemagne denier Mayence 812 814.jpg |image_size=225 |caption= A coin of Charlemagne with the inscription ''KAROLVS IMP AVG'' ("Carolus Imperator Augustus") |reign=768–814 |coronation=[[Noyon]], 9 October 768<br>[[Pavia]], 10 July 774<br>Rome, 25 December 800 |cor-type=HRE |full name= |predecessor=[[Pepin the Short]] |successor=[[Louis the Pious]] |royal house=[[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] |father=[[Pepin the Short]] |mother=[[Bertrada of Laon]] |birth_date=2 April 742 (Unsure) |birth_place=[[Liège (city)|Liège]] |death_date=28 January 814 (aged around 71) |death_place=[[Aachen]] |place of burial=[[Aachen Cathedral]] |}} {{Infobox saint |name=Blessed Carolus Magnus |birth_date= |baptized_date= |death_date= |feast_day=28 January ([[Aachen]] and [[Osnabrück]]) |venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church (Germany and France) |image= Karl der große.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=[[Reliquary]] of Blessed Charles Augustus |birth_place= |death_place= |titles= |beatified_date=814 |beatified_place=[[Aachen]] |beatified_by=a court bishop, later confirmed by [[Pope Benedict XIV]]<ref name=Thurs188-189>{{cite book | editor-last=Thurston | editor-first=Herbert J, S.J. | editor2-first=Donald | editor2-last=Atwater | first=Alban | last=Butler | authorlink=Alban Butler | title=Butler’s Lives of the Saints | series=Christian Classics | publisher=Thomas Moore Publishers | location=Allen, Texas | year=1995 | volume=Vol. 1 | pages=188–189 | isbn=0-87061-045-7}}</ref> |canonized_date= 1166 |canonized_place= |canonized_by=[[Antipope Paschal III]]<ref name=Thurs188-189/> |attributes=[[Fleur-de-lis]]; [[Coat of arms of Germany|German Eagle]] |patronage=Lovers (both licit and illicit), schoolchildren, the Kings of [[List of French monarchs|France]] and [[List of German monarchs|Germany]], men on horseback, men on the scaffold, [[crusaders]] |major_shrine=[[Aachen Cathedral]] |suppressed_date= |issues= }} Hi '''Carlomagno''' o '''Charlemagne''' (ca. 742 o 747 - 28 Enero, 814) amo an naging hadi han mga Franko nga nagpatikang han [[Baraan nga Imperyo Romano]]. Ginkoronahan hiya nga imperador ha 800. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== <!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> {{Refbegin|2}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-256627/Charlemagne Charlemagne: Biographies and general studies], from ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', full-article, latest edition. *{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Barbero|first=Alessandro|title=Charlemagne: Father of a Continent|url=https://archive.org/details/charlemagnefathe0000barb|year=2004|others=trans. Allan Cameron|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-23943-1}} *{{cite book|last=Becher|first=Matthias|title=Charlemagne|url=https://archive.org/details/charlemagne0000bech|year=2003|others=trans. David S. Bachrach|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=0-300-09796-4}} *{{cite book | ref=harv | first=Roger | last=Collins | title=The Basques | url=https://archive.org/details/basques0000coll | location=New York | publisher=Basil Blackwell Inc | year=1987 | origyear=1986 }} *{{cite book | ref=harv | title=Charlemagne | url=https://archive.org/details/charlemagne0000coll | first=Roger | last=Collins | location=Toronto | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1998}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | title=Visigothic Spain, 409-711 | first=Roger | last=Collins | location=Malden, MA; Oxford | publisher=Blackwell Pub. | year=2004 | series=History of Spain}} *{{cite book | ref=harv | title=Amerikanuak: Basques in the New World | first=William A | last=Douglass | first2=Jon | last2=Bilbao | location=Reno; Las Vegas | publisher=University of Nevada Press | year=2005 | series=The Basque series }} *{{cite book | ref=harv | author=Einhard, putative | year=741-829 | title=Annales Regni Francorum (Annales Laurissenses Maiores) | work=Medieval Latin | publisher=The Latin Library | url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/annalesregnifrancorum.html }} *{{cite book | ref=harv | author=Einhard | authorlink=Einhard | title=The Life of Charlemagne | year=1999 | origyear=1880 | others=trans. Samuel Epes Turner | editor-first=Paul | editor-last=Halsall | location=New York | publisher=Harper & Brothers; Medieval Sourcebook, Fordham University | url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514190052/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/einhard.html |date=2008-05-14 }} *{{cite book|last=Ganshof|first=F. L.|authorlink=François-Louis Ganshof|title=The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History|url=https://archive.org/details/carolingiansfran0000gans|year=1971|others=trans. Janet Sondheimer|publisher=Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|isbn=0-8014-0635-8}} *{{cite book | ref=harv | last=James | first=David | coauthors=Ibn al-Qūṭiyya | title=Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments | location=London and New York | publisher=Routledge | year=2009}} *{{cite book|last=Langston|first=Aileen Lewers|coauthors=and J. Orton Buck, Jr (eds.)|title=Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants|year=1974|publisher=Genealogical Pub. Co.|location=Baltimore}} *{{cite book| ref=harv | last=McKitterick|first=R.|authorlink=Rosamond McKitterick|title=Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK}} *{{cite journal|last=Molina Figueras |first=Joan |year=2004 |title= Arnau de Montrodon y la catedral de San Carlomagno: sobre la imagen y el culto al emperador carolingio en Gerona |language=Spanish |journal=Anuario de Estudios Medievales |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages= 417–454}} *{{cite book| ref=harv | last=Oman|first=Charles|authorlink=Charles Oman|title=The Dark Ages, 476–918| url=https://archive.org/details/b24868577_0002 |year=1914|edition=6th ed.|publisher=Rivingtons|location=London}} *{{cite book|last=Painter|first=Sidney|authorlink=Sidney Painter|title=A History of the Middle Ages, 284-1500|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea00pain|year=1953|publisher=Knopf|location=New York}} *{{cite book | ref=harv | title=Mohammed and Charlemagne | first=Henri | last=Pirenne | authorlink=Henri Pirenne | edition=Dover | location=Mineola, N.Y. | publisher=Dover Publications | year=2001 | origyear=1937 posthumous}} *{{cite book| ref=harv | last=Riché | first=Pierre | year=1993 | title=The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe | url=https://archive.org/details/carolingiansfami0000rich | series=Middle Ages Series | location=Philadelphia | publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn=0-8122-1342-4}} *{{cite book | ref=harv | first=Charles Edward | last=Russell | title=Charlemagne, first of the moderns | url=https://archive.org/details/charlemagnefirst0000russ | year=1930 | location=Boston and New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co. }} *{{cite book|last=Santosuosso|first=Antonio|authorlink=Antonio Santosuosso|title=Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/barbariansmaraud0000sant_p1u4|year=2004|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colo.|isbn=0-8133-9153-9}} *{{cite book|last=Scholz|first=Bernhard Walter|coauthors=with Barbara Rogers|title=Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/carolingianchron0000scho|year=1970|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor|isbn=0-472-08790-8}} Comprises the ''Annales regni Francorum'' and ''The History of the Sons of Louis the Pious'' *{{cite book|last=Sypeck|first=Jeff|title=Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800|url=https://archive.org/details/becomingcharlema0000sype|year=2006|publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0-06-079706-1}} *{{cite book|last=Tierney|first=Brian|title=The Crisis of Church and State 1050–1300|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofchurchst0000tier_j3c7|year=1964|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=0-8020-6701-8}} *{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Derek|title=Charlemagne: The Great Adventure|url=https://archive.org/details/charlemagnegreat0000wils|year=2005|publisher=Hutchinson|location=London|isbn=0-09-179461-7}} {{Refend}} ==[[#toc|<span style="color:black;">Mga sumpay ha gawas</span>]]== {{Commonscat|Carolus Magnus}} * {{cite web | url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ein.html | title=Einhardi Vita Karoli Magni | author=Einhard | work=[[Medieval Latin]] | publisher=[[The Latin Library]]}} * {{cite web | first=Marco | last=Bakker | title=Charlemagne | date=2003-2011 | publisher=Reportret | url=http://www.reportret.info/gallery/charlemagne1.html}} *[http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_charlemagne.html The Sword of Charlemagne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111122928/http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_charlemagne.html |date=2014-11-11 }} (myArmoury.com article) * {{cite web | first=Melissa | last=Snell | title=Charlemagne Picture Gallery | url=http://www.historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-Picture-Gallery/index_t.htm | publisher=About.com | work=Medieval History | year=2011 | access-date=2012-07-31 | archive-date=2014-02-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221205835/http://historymedren.about.com/od/carolingianempire/ig/Charlemagne-Picture-Gallery/index_t.htm | url-status= }} *[http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B|%7D%7B|%7D137.248.186.134%7B|%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B|%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B|%7DE306.jpg%22 Charter given by Charlemagne] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304085535/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba-cgi/kleioc/00101KlLBA/exec/apply2/width/%226109%22/height/%226109%22/url/%22http:%7B%7C%7D%7B%7C%7D137.248.186.134%7B%7C%7Dlba-cgi-local%7B%7C%7Dpic.sh%7B-%7Djpg%7B%7C%7DE306.jpg%22 |date=2021-03-04 }} for [[St. Emmeram's Abbey]] showing the Emperor's seal, 22.2.794 . Taken from the collections of the [http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/pages/ Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113200910/http://lba.hist.uni-marburg.de/lba/pages/ |date=2009-01-13 }} at [[Marburg University]] [[Kaarangay:Carlomagno| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 742]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 814]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] ba4bju4rmsoymus0k3nsq8ywfo1k4j7 0 17201 7785585 7785114 2026-08-27T20:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rome-Capitole-StatueConstantin.jpg|thumb|240px]] Hi '''Constantino I''' (Pebrero 27, 272 – Mayo 22, 337) usa ka emperador han Imperyo Romano kutob ha iya kamatay. Ginhimo niya an syudad nga Byzantium (yana [[Istanbul]], [[Turkeya]]) nga kapital han bug-os na Imperyo Romano. [[Paypay:2009-04-13 ConstantineTheGreat York.jpg|thumb]] [[Paypay:Constantine multiple CdM Beistegui 233.jpg|thumb]] [[Paypay:Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 1000 002.jpg|thumb]] [[Paypay:Constantine burning Arian books.jpg|thumb]] == Mga reperensya == === Kadaan nga kuruhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * [[Athanasius|Athanasius of Alexandria]]. :* ''Apologia conta Arianos'' (''Defence against the Arians'') ''ca''. 349. ::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Apologia Contra Arianos''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2808.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 14 August 2009. :* ''Epistola de Decretis Nicaenae Synodi'' (''Letter on the Decrees of the Council of Nicaea'') ''ca''. 352. ::* Newman, John Henry, trans. ''De Decretis''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2809.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 28 September 2009. :* ''Historia Arianorum'' (''History of the Arians'') ''ca''. 357. ::* Atkinson, M., and Archibald Robertson, trans. ''Historia Arianorum''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 4. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2815.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 14 August 2009. * [[Aurelius Victor|Sextus Aurelius Victor]], ''Liber de Caesaribus'' (''Book on the Caesars'') ''ca''. 361. * ''Codex Theodosianus'' (''Theodosian Code'') 439. :* Mommsen, T. and Paul M. Meyer, eds. ''Theodosiani libri XVI cum Constitutionibus Sirmondianis et Leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes''² (in Latin). Berlin: Weidmann, [1905] 1954. Complied by Nicholas Palmer, revised by Tony Honoré for Oxford Text Archive, 1984. Prepared for online use by R.W.B. Salway, 1999. Preface, books 1–8. Online at [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm University College London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826174516/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/texts/cthinfo.htm |date=2009-08-26 }} and the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html University of Grenoble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618051844/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Constitutiones/codtheod.html |date=2010-06-18 }}. Retrieved 25 August 2009. :* Unknown edition (in Latin). Online at [http://ancientrome.ru/ius/library/codex/theod/ AncientRome.ru]. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * ''Codex Justinianus'' (''Justinianic Code'' or ''Code of Justinian''). :* Scott, Samuel P., trans. ''The Code of Justinian'', in ''The Civil Law''. 17 vols. 1932. Online at the [http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps.htm Constitution Society]. Retrieved 14 August 2009. :* Krueger, Paul, ed. ''Codex Justinianus'' (in Latin). 2 vols. Berlin, 1954. Online at the [http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ University of Grenoble] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060912/http://web.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/ |date=2012-08-31 }}. Retrieved 28 September 2009. * ''[[Epitome de Caesaribus]]'' (''Epitome on the Caesars'') ''ca''. 395. :* Banchich, Thomas M., trans. ''A Booklet About the Style of Life and the Manners of the Imperatores''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 1. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2009. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311020340/http://www.roman-emperors.org/epitome.htm |date=2022-03-11 }}. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * ''[[De Rebus Bellicis]]'' (''On Military Matters'') fourth/fifth century. * [[Eunapius]], ''History from Dexippus'' first edition ''ca''. 390, second edition ''ca''. 415. [Fragmentary] * [[Eusebius of Caesarea]]. :* ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') first seven books ''ca''. 300, eighth and ninth book ''ca''. 313, tenth book ''ca''. 315, epilogue ''ca''. 325. ::* Williamson, G.A., trans. ''Church History''. London: Penguin, 1989. ISBN 0-14-044535-8 ::* McGiffert, Arthur Cushman, trans. ''Church History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2501.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 28 September 2009. :* ''Oratio de Laudibus Constantini'' (''Oration in Praise of Constantine'', sometimes the ''Tricennial Oration'') 336. ::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Oration in Praise of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 16 August 2009. :* ''Vita Constantini'' (''The Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine'') ''ca''. 336–39. ::* Richardson, Ernest Cushing, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 1. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2502.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 9 June 2009. ::* ''Life of the Blessed Emperor Constantine''. 2009. Reprint of Bagster edition [1845]. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-93-0. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE8] ::* Cameron, Averil and Stuart Hall, trans. ''Life of Constantine''. 1999. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-814924-7. * [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]], ''Breviarium ab Urbe Condita'' (''Abbreviated History from the City's Founding'') ''ca''. 369. :* Watson, John Henry, trans. ''Justin, Cornelius Nepos and Eutropius''. London: George Bell & Sons, 1886. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm Tertullian]. Retrieved 28 September 2009. * [[Festus (historian)|Rufus Festus]], ''Breviarium Festi'' (''The Abbreviated History of Festus'') ''ca''. 370. :* Banchich, Thomas M., and Jennifer A. Meka, trans. ''Breviarium of the Accomplishments of the Roman People''. ''Canisius College Translated Texts'' 2. Buffalo, NY: Canisius College, 2001. Online at [http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304140028/http://www.roman-emperors.org/festus.htm |date=2022-03-04 }}. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * [[Jerome]], ''[[Chronicon (Jerome)|Chronicon]]'' (''Chronicle'') ''ca''. 380. :* Pearse, Roger, ''et al''., trans. ''The Chronicle of St. Jerome'', in ''Early Church Fathers: Additional Texts''. Tertullian, 2005. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_00_eintro.htm Tertullian]. Retrieved 14 August 2009. * [[Jordanes]], ''[[Getica|De origine actibusque Getarum]]'' [''Getica''] (''The Origin and Deeds of the Goths'') ''ca''. 551. :* [[Charles Christopher Mierow|Mierow, Charles C.]], trans. ''The Origins and Deeds of the Goths''. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1915. ::* Online at the [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html University of Calgary]. Retrieved 28 September 2009. ::* ''The Gothic History of Jordanes''. 2006. Reprint of 1915 edition. Evolution Publishing. ISBN 978-1-889758-77-0. [http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE2] * [[Lactantius]], ''Liber De Mortibus Persecutorum'' (''Book on the Deaths of the Persecutors'') ''ca''. 313–15. :* Fletcher, William, trans. ''Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died''. From ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'', Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0705.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 9 June 2009. * [[Libanius]], ''Orationes'' (''Orations'') ''ca''. 362–65. * [[Saint Optatus|Optatus]], ''Libri VII de Schismate Donatistarum'' (''Seven Books on the Schism of the Donatists'') first edition ''ca''. 365–67, second edition ''ca''. 385. :* Vassall-Phillips, O.R., trans. ''The Work of St. Optatus Against the Donatists''. London: Longmans, Green, & Co., 1917. Transcribed at tertullian.org by Roger Pearse, 2006. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/optatus_00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Retrieved 9 June 2009. :* Edwards, Mark, trans. ''Optatus: Against the Donatists''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997. * ''Origo Constantini Imperiatoris'' (''The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine'') ''ca''. 340–90. :* Rolfe, J.C., trans. ''Excerpta Valesiana'', in vol. 3 of Rolfe's translation of Ammianus Marcellinus' ''History''. Loeb ed. London: Heinemann, 1952. Online at [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Excerpta_Valesiana/1*.html LacusCurtius]. Retrieved 16 August 2009. * [[Paulus Orosius|Orosius]], ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII'' (''Seven Books of History Against the Pagans'') ''ca''. 417. * ''[[Panegyrici Latini|XII Panegyrici Latini]]'' (''Twelve Latin Panegyircs'') relevant panegyrics dated 289, 291, 297, 298, 307, 310, 311, 313 and 321. * [[Philostorgius]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 433. :* Walford, Edward, trans. ''Epitome of the Ecclesiastical History of Philostorgius, Compiled by Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople''. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/philostorgius.htm Tertullian]. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * [[Praxagoras of Athens]], ''Historia'' (''History of Constantine the Great'') ''ca''. 337. [Fragmentary] * [[Socrates of Constantinople]] (Socrates Scholasticus), ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 443. :* Zenos, A.C., trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2601.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 14 August 2009. * [[Sozomen]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 445. :* [[Chester D. Hartranft|Hartranft, Chester D.]] ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2602.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * [[Theodoret]], ''Historia Ecclesiastica'' (''Church History'') ''ca''. 448. :* Jackson, Blomfield, trans. ''Ecclesiastical History''. From ''Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers'', Second Series, Vol. 3. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1892. Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Online at [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2702.htm New Advent]. Retrieved 15 August 2009. * [[Zosimus]], ''Historia Nova'' (''New History'') ''ca''. 500. :* Unknown, trans. ''The History of Count Zosimus''. London: Green and Champlin, 1814. Online at [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Tertullian]. Retrieved 15 August 2009.{{#tag:ref|This translation is not very good. The pagination is broken in several places, there are many typographical errors (including several replacements of "Julian" with "Jovian" and "Constantine" with "Constantius"). It is nonetheless the only translation of the ''Historia Nova'' in the public domain.<ref>Roger Pearse, "[http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/zosimus00_intro.htm Preface to the online edition of Zosimus' ''New History'']". 19 November 2002, rev. 20 August 2003. Retrieved 15 August 2009.</ref>|group=notes}}<ref>This list of primary sources is based principally on the summary in Odahl, 2–11 and further lists in Odahl, 372–76. See also Bruno Bleckmann, "Sources for the History of Constantine" (CC), "Sources for the History of Constantine," in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine'', trans. Noel Lenski, ed. Noel Lenski (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 14–31; and Noel Lenski, ed. ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 411–17.</ref> {{Refend}} === Kinayanaan nga kuruhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * Alföldi, Andrew. ''The Conversion of Constantine and Pagan Rome''. Translated by Harold Mattingly. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1948. * [[Perry Anderson|Anderson, Perry]]. ''Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism''. London: Verso, 1981 [1974]. ISBN 0-86091-709-6 * Arjava, Antii. ''Women and Law in Late Antiquity''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815233-7 * Armstrong, Gregory T. "Church and State Relations: The Changes Wrought by Constantine." ''Journal of Bible and Religion'' 32 (1964): 1–7. * Armstrong, Gregory T. "Constantine's Churches: Symbol and Structure." ''The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians'' 33 (1974): 5–16. * [[Timothy Barnes|Barnes, Timothy D.]] "Lactantius and Constantine." ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 63 (1973): 29–46. * Barnes, Timothy D. ''Constantine and Eusebius''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1 * Barnes, Timothy D. ''The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-7837-2221-4 * Barnes, Timothy D. "Constantine and the Christians of Persia." ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 75 (1985): 126–136. * Bowman, Alan K. "Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy." In ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire'', edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 67–89. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8 * [[Averil Cameron|Cameron, Averil]]. "The Reign of Constantine, A.D. 306–337." In ''The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire'', edited by Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, and Peter Garnsey, 90–109. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-30199-8 * Cameron, Averil and Stuart G. Hall. ''Life of Constantine''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-814917-4 Paperback ISBN 0-19-814924-7 * Carrié, Jean-Michel & Rousselle, Aline. ''L'Empire Romain en mutation- des Sévères à Constantin, 192–337''. Paris: Seuil, 1999. ISBN 2-02-025819-6 * Christol, M. & Nony, D. ''Rome et son Empire''. Paris: Hachette, 2003. ISBN 2-01-145542-1 * [[Simon Corcoran|Corcoran, Simon]]. ''The Empire of the Tetrarchs: Imperial Pronouncements and Government, AD 284–324''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-815304-X * Curran, John. ''Pagan City and Christian Capital''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000. Hardcover ISBN 0-19-815278-7 Paperback ISBN 0-19-925420-6 * Dagron, Gilbert. ''Naissance d'une Capitale: Constantinople et ses instititutions de 330 a 451''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1984. ISBN 2-13-038902-3 * Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma. ''The Making of A Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome''. London: Cornell University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8014-3594-3 * Downey, Glanville. "Education in the Christian Roman Empire: Christian and Pagan Theories under Constantine and His Successors." ''Speculum'' 32 (1957): 48–61. * Drake, H. A. "What Eusebius Knew: The Genesis of the "Vita Constantini"." ''Classical Philology'' 83 (1988): 20–38. * Drake, H. A. "Constantine and Consensus." ''Church History'' 64 (1995): 1–15. * Drake, H. A. "Lambs into Lions: Explaining Early Christian Intolerance." ''Past & Present'' 153 (1996): 3–36. * Drake, H. A. ''Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance''. Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2000. 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''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 41 (1987): 493–507 {{Refend}} == Mga kasarigan == {{Reflist|2}} {{reflist|group=notes}} == Dugang nga barasahon == * {{cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|title=Constantine the Great and the Christian Church|year=1930|publisher=Milford|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Burckhardt|first=Jacob|title=The Age of Constantine the Great|year=1949|publisher=Routledge|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The later Roman empire : AD 284–430|year=1993|publisher=Fontana Press|location=London|isbn=0-00-686172-5}} * {{cite book|editor-last=Eadie|editor-first=John W.|title=The conversion of Constantine|year=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|location=New York|isbn=0-03-083645-X}} * {{cite book|last=Pelikán|first=Jaroslav|title=The excellent empire : the fall of Rome and the triumph of the church|url=https://archive.org/details/excellentempiref0001peli|year=1987|publisher=Harper & Row|location=San Francisco|isbn=0-06-254636-8}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Constantinus I Magnus}} * {{Cite web | url = http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html | title = Constantine the Great, the Reorganisation of the Empire and the Triumph of the Church | first = John B | last = Firth | format = BTM | access-date = 2012-07-31 | archive-date = 2012-03-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120315132325/http://www.third-millennium-library.com/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/CONSTANTINE_THE_GREAT/constantine_DOOR.html | url-status = dead }} * Letters of Constantine: [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_1.html Book 1], [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_2.html Book 2], & [http://www.seanmultimedia.com/Pie_Constantine_The_Great_Letters_3.html Book 3] * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9109633/Constantine-I Encyclopaedia Britannica, Constantine I] * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date=2016-07-18 }} by [[Lars Brownworth]] of [[Stony Brook School]] (grades 7–12). 40 minute audio lecture on Constantine. * [http://88.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CO/CONSTANTINE_I_.htm Constantine I] in the 1911 [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] * [http://www.constantinethegreatcoins.com/ Constantine the Great] A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations. * [http://rg.ancients.info/constantine/ House of Constantine bronze coins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508213138/http://rg.ancients.info/constantine/ |date=2020-05-08 }} Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107180713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/i_love_ny/history/romans/ BBC North Yorkshire's site on Roman York, Yorkshire and Constantine the Great] * This [http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364 list of Roman laws of the fourth century] shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity. * [http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/constantine-the-great Constantine's time in York on the 'History of York'] {{DEFAULTSORT:Constantine 01}} [[Kaarangay:Constantino nga Harangdon| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 272]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 337]] bl0fsz4bdry7yio8vf0ie4gp5xhfa9s 0 17216 7785613 7748879 2026-08-27T20:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Bengali | altname = Bangla | nativename = '''{{lang|bn|বাংলা}}''' ''{{transl|bn|Bangla}}'' | image = বাংলা.svg | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = An pulong nga "Bangla" ha [[Bengali alphabet]] | region = [[Bengal]] | states = [[Bangladesh]] ngan [[India]] (Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and [[Barak Valley|South Assam]]) | ethnicity = [[Bengali people]] | speakers = {{sigfig|206|2}} milyon | date = 2010 | ref = <ref name="NE100">{{cite web |url= http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |title= Världens 100 största språk 2010 |work= [[Nationalencyklopedin]] |trans_title= The world's 100 largest languages in 2010 |date= 2010 |accessdate= 12 Pebrero 2014 |language= sv |archive-date= 2014-10-06 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155303/http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010 |url-status= }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone (Magadhan)|Eastern Zone (Magadhan)]] | fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]] | dia1 = [[Bengali dialects]] |ancestor =[[Abahatta]] |ancestor2=Old Bengali | script = [[Bengali alphabet]] <br>[[Bengali Braille]] | nation = {{BAN|Bangladesh}}<br>{{IND|India}} in the following [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]]:<br /> *[[West Bengal]] *[[Tripura]] *[[Assam]] (''[[Barak Valley]]'') *[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<ref name="andamandt">{{cite web|url=http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm|title=Profile: A&N Islands at a Glance|work=Andaman District|publisher=[[National Informatics Center]]|accessdate=2008-05-27|archive-date=2011-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213201339/http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="police">{{cite web|url=http://police.and.nic.in/andaman.htm|title=Andaman District|work=Andaman & Nicobar Police|publisher=National Informatics Center|accessdate=2008-05-27|archive-date=2014-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924101135/http://police.and.nic.in/andaman.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Jharkhand]] (secondary) | agency = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangla Academy]] <br />{{flagicon|India}} [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi|West Bengal Bangla Academy]] | iso1 = bn | iso2 = ben | iso3 = ben |glotto=beng1280 |glottorefname=Bengali | lingua = [http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/master/OL-SITE%201999-2000%20MASTER%20ONE%20Sectors%205-Zones%2055-59.pdf <code>59-AAF-u</code>] | map2 = Bengalispeaking region.png | mapcaption2 = Bengali speaking area in [[South Asia]] | map =Bengali-world.svg | mapcaption = Bengali speaking area around the world {{Legend|#0000FF|Bengali with native speakers holds sole official and national language status}} {{Legend|#0080FF|Bengali with native speakers holds one of the official languages status}} {{Legend|#78C0FF|Large diaspora of Bengali speakers (100,000+)}} {{Legend|#B3D9FF|Smaller diaspora of Bengali speakers (10,000+)}} | notice = Indic | notice2 = IPA }} {{Contains Bangla text}} An '''Binengali''', '''Bengali''' o '''Bangla''' usa nga Indo-Aryan nga yinakanan han sidlangan Indyan nga subcontinente, nga nagtikang ha mga Magadhi Prakrit ngan Sanskrit nga yinaknan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal | last=Alam | first=M | date = 2000 | title=Bhasha Shourôbh: Bêkorôn O Rôchona (The Fragrance of Language: Grammar and Rhetoric) | publisher=S. N. Printers, Dhaka | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite book | last=Ali | first=Shaheen Sardar | last2=Rehman | first2=Javaid | date=2001 | title=Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives | url=https://archive.org/details/indigenouspeople0000alis | publisher=Routledge | isbn=0-7007-1159-7 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite journal | author=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh | date = 2003 | title=Banglapedia, the national encyclopedia of Bangladesh | publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite book | last=Baxter | first=C | date = 1997 | title=Bangladesh, From a Nation to a State | url=https://archive.org/details/bangladeshfromna0000unse | publisher=Westview Press | isbn=0-8133-3632-5 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite book | last=Bhattacharya | first=T | date=2000 | chapter=Bengali | title=Encyclopedia of World's Languages: Past and Present (Facts About the World's Languages) | publisher=WW Wilson, New York | editor=Gary, J. and Rubino. C. | url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf | isbn=0-8242-0970-2 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} | =http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625045854/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf |date=2006-06-25 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf |access-date=2015-02-01 |archive-date=2006-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625045854/http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf |url-status= }}. * {{Cite book | last=Bonazzi | first=Eros | date = 2008 | chapter=Bengali | title=Dizionario Bengali | publisher=Avallardi (Italy) | isbn=978-88-7887-168-7 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite journal | last=Cardona | first=G | last2=Jain | first2=D | date = 2003 | title=The Indo-Aryan languages | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon, London | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * Chakraborty, Byomkes, A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, K.P. Bagchi & Co., Kolkata, 1994, ISBN 81-7074-128-9 [[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] * {{Cite journal | last=Chatterji | first=SK | date = 1921 | title=Bengali Phonetics | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010179X | volume=2 | pages=1 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. 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Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite book | last=Tagore | first=Rabindranath | last2=Das | first2=Sisir Kumar | date = 1996 | title =The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore | url=https://archive.org/details/englishwritingso0000tago | publisher=Sahitya Akademi | isbn=81-260-0094-5 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * {{Cite book | last=Wilson | first=A.J | last2=Dalton | first2=D | date = 1982 | title =The States of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. Essays in Honour of W. H. Morris-Jones | publisher=University of Hawaii Press | isbn=0-8248-1183-6 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. * Shaw, Rameswar : sadharan Bhasabigna O Bangal Bhasa, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1997 * Haldar, Narayan : Bengali Bhasa Prsanga : Banan Kathan Likhanriti, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 2007 * {{Cite book | last=Bonazzi | first=E | date = 2008 | title=Grammatica Bengali | publisher=Librera Bonomo Editrice, Bologna | isbn=978-88-6071-017-8 | ref=harv | postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}} }}. {{refend}} {{Col-end}} ==External links== {{InterWiki|code=bn}} {{Commons category}} {{Wiktionary category}} {{Wikivoyage|Bengali}} {{Wikisource}} * [http://ekushey.org/?page/shadhinota Ekushey – Free Bengali Unicode Solutions.] * [http://www.banglaacademy.org.bd/ Bangla Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113185021/http://www.banglaacademy.org.bd/ |date=2011-01-13 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html The South Asian Literary Recordings Project, The Library of Congress. Bengali Authors.] * [http://www.ildc.in/Bangla/Bindex.aspx Bengali computing resources at TDIL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206084211/http://ildc.in/Bangla/Bindex.aspx |date=2015-02-06 }} * [http://www.blls.sg Bangla Language and Literary Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302055529/http://blls.sg/ |date=2014-03-02 }} *[http://amrabangladeshi.com/all-bangladeshi-newspaper-list-online/ All Bangla Newspaper link ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424015539/http://amrabangladeshi.com/all-bangladeshi-newspaper-list-online |date=2013-04-24 }} * [http://www.bdword.com/bengali-to-english-dictionary/ Bengali – English Online Dictionary at BDword] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201231908/http://www.bdword.com/bengali-to-english-dictionary |date=2015-02-01 }} [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] 3sfvv9blfbr1x7dz751biivottrqnu5 0 17223 7785675 7783448 2026-08-27T21:33:21Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785675 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Rome Colosseum inscription 2.jpg|thumb]] An '''Linatin''' (tuminongnong nga ngaran ''lingua Latīna'') usa nga Italyano nga pinulongan nga gingagamit tikang pa han-una<ref>{{Cite book|title=A companion to Latin studies |url=https://archive.org/details/acompaniontolat00sandgoog |last=Sandys |first=John Edwin |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |pages=[https://archive.org/details/acompaniontolat00sandgoog/page/811 811]–812 |location=Chicago | date = 1910}}</ref> ha Latium ngan Hadto nga Roma. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Mga reperensya== *{{Cite book|title=Vox Latina – a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/voxlatinaguideto0000alle_g6w2 |last=Allen |first=William Sidney |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-22049-1 |location=Cambridge | date = 2004}} *{{Cite book|title=The Foundations of Latin |last=Baldi |first=Philip |publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]] |location=Berlin | date = 2002}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/alatingrammar11benngoog |last=Bennett |first=Charles E. |publisher=[[Allyn & Bacon]] |isbn=1-176-19706-1 |location=Chicago | date = 1908}} *{{Cite book|title=A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary |url=https://archive.org/details/grammarofoscanum00buckuoft |last=Buck |first=Carl Darling |publisher=Ginn & Company |location=Boston | date = 1904}} *{{Cite book|title=Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance |url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinlatinof00clarrich |last=Clark |first=Victor Selden |publisher=The New Era Printing Company |location=Lancaster | date = 1900}} *{{Cite book|title=The Alphabet – a Key to the History of Mankind |url=https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0000davi_s0c6 |last=Diringer |first=David |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] Publishers Private Ltd. |isbn=81-215-0748-0 |location=New Delhi | date = 1996 |origyear=1947}} *{{Cite book|title=Vulgar Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/vulgarlatin0000herm |last1=Herman |first1=József |last2=Wright |first2=Roger (Translator)|publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University Press]] |isbn=0-271-02000-8 |location=University Park, PA | date = 2000}} *{{Cite book|title=A History of the French Language |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrenchl0000urba_d8o2 |last1=Holmes |first1=Urban Tigner |last2=Schultz |first2=Alexander Herman |publisher=Biblio-Moser |isbn=0-8196-0191-8 |location=New York | date = 1938}} *{{Cite book|title=A Natural History of Latin |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000jans_x0l7 |last=Janson |first=Tore |authorlink=Tore Janson |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-926309-4 |location=Oxford | date = 2004}} *{{Cite book|title=A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools |url=https://archive.org/details/amanuallatinwor01jenkgoog |last=Jenks |first=Paul Rockwell |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company|D.C. Heath & Co.]] |location=New York | date = 1911}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin Grammar |last=Palmer |first=Frank Robert |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=81-206-1306-6 |location=Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England; New York City, U.S.A. | date = 1984}} *{{Cite book|title=New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin |last=Sihler |first=Andrew L. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York | date = 2008}} *{{Cite book|title=The Romance Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/romancelanguages0000mart |contribution=Latin |last=Vincent |first=N. |editor1-last=Harris |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Vincent |editor2-first=N. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-520829-3 |location=Oxford | date = 1990}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin, or the Empire of a Sign: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries |last1=Waquet |first1=Françoise |last2=Howe |first2=John (Translator) |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |isbn=1-85984-402-2 | date = 2003}} *{{Cite book|title=Latin: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/wheelockslatin0006whee |edition=6th |last=Wheelock |first=Frederic |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=0-06-078423-7 | date = 2005}} *{{Cite book|title=European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages |last=Curtius |first=Ernst |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-15700-9 | date = 2013}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|display=Latin language |b=Latin |commons=Category:Latin language |d=Q397 |wikt=Latin |n=no |q=la: |s=la: |species=no |v=Latin stream |voy=Latin phrasebook}} {{InterWiki|code=la}} ===Language tools=== *{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?lang=la |title=Latin Dictionary Headword Search |work=Perseus Hopper |publisher=Tufts University}} Searches Lewis & Short's ''A Latin Dictionary'' and Lewis's ''An Elementary Latin Dictionary''. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-latin-dictionary.com/ |title=Online Latin Dictionary with Conjugator and Declension tool |publisher=Olivetti Media Communication}} Search online Latin-English and English-Latin Dictionary with complete declension or conjugation. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?lang=la |title=Latin Word Study Tool |work=Perseus Hopper |publisher=Tufts University}} Identifies the grammatical functions of words entered. *{{Cite web |url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/ |title=Latin Inflector |last=Aversa |first=Alan |publisher=University of Arizona |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044836/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/ |url-status= }} Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered, using Perseus. *{{Cite web|url=http://www.verbix.com/languages/latin.shtml |title=Latin Verb Conjugator |publisher=Verbix}} Displays complete conjugations of verbs entered in first-person present singular form. *{{Cite web |url=http://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina |title=Online Latin Verb Conjugator |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2016-05-18 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518085747/http://stranica.net63.net/verba_latina |url-status=dead }} Displays conjugation of verbs entered in their infinitive form. *{{Cite web |url=http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe |title=Latin Words |last=Whittaker |first=William |publisher=Notre Dame Archives |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2006-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618211448/http://lysy2.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe |url-status=dead }} Identifies Latin words entered. Translates English words entered. *{{Cite web|url=http://alpheios.net/ |title=Alpheios Greek and Latin Tools |publisher=[[Alpheios Project]]}} Combines dictionaries, grammars, morphological analyzers, and inflection tables in a browser addon. *{{dmoz|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/L/Latin/|Latin Dictionaries}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2sIDAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=A new abridgment of Ainsworth's Dictionary, English and Latin, for the use of Grammar Schools |last=Dymock |first=John |edition=4th |publisher=Hutchison & Brookman |location=Glasgow | date = 1830}} *[http://genedict.net/ Genedict.net], genealogic dictionary and register of historical terms ===Mga kurso=== *[http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/latin.html Online Latin Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616033041/http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/latin.html |date=2013-06-16 }}, Rosetta *[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Online_resources_for_Latin Online Resources for Latin], Nova Roma *[http://learn101.org/latin.php Learn Latin Grammar, Vocabulary and audio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919182612/http://learn101.org/latin.php |date=2012-09-19 }} *[http://frcoulter.com/latin/links.html Latin Links and Resources], Compiled by Fr. Gary Coulter *{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/janualinguae/latin |title=Latin Language Course on YouTube and audiobooks |last=der Millner |first=Evan |authorlink=Evan der Millner |work=Latinum |publisher=Molendinarius | date = 2007 |accessdate=2 Pebrero 2012}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.cherryh.com/www/latin1.htm |title=Latin 1: the Easy Way |last=Cherryh |first=CJ |authorlink=C. J. Cherryh | date = 1999 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf |title=Simplicissimus |last=Byrne |first=Carol |publisher=[[Latin Mass Society of England and Wales]] |date=1999 |accessdate=20 Abril 2011 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044833/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/latin/simplicissimus.pdf |url-status= }} (a course in [[Ecclesiastical Latin]]) *{{Cite web |url=http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Ludus/lud_port.html |title=Ludus Latinus Cursus linguae latinae |work=Bibliotheca Augustiana |last=Harsch |first=Ulrich |publisher=University of Applied Sciences |language=Latin |location=Augsburg |date=1996–2010 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=2010-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220133124/http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Ludus/lud_port.html |url-status= }} *[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/default.htm Beginners' Latin] on [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)]] *[http://latinpodcast.podbean.com/ Latin Language for Beginners Podcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830021334/http://latinpodcast.podbean.com/ |date=2014-08-30 }} ===Gramatika ngan pag-aram=== *{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/index.html |title=Latin Language (Lingua Latina) |publisher=[[Orbis Latinus]] |last=Batzarov |first=Zdravko | date = 2000 |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=15 Nobyembre 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115054832/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/index.html |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15665 |title=New Latin Grammar |last=Bennett |first=Charles E. |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]] |edition=2nd |isbn=1-176-19706-1 | date = 2005 |origyear=1908}} *{{Cite book|title=A student's Latin Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/studentslatingra00grif |last=Griffin |first=Robin |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-38587-3 | date = 1992}} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |title=Latin Online: Series Introduction |last1=Lehmann |first1=Winifred P. |last2=Slocum |first2=Jonathan |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |accessdate=13 Mayo 2014 |archive-date=29 Abril 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429221355/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/latol-0-X.html |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/ |title=The World of Comparative and Historical Linguistics (A Historical Survey of the Romance Languages) |last=Wilkinson |first=Hugh Everard |work=Page on Park |publisher=NTT Communications |accessdate=24 Hunyo 2010 |archive-date=1 Mayo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100652/http://www6.ocn.ne.jp/~wil/ |url-status=dead }} ===Phonetics=== *{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A657272 |title=Latin Pronunciation – a Beginner's Guide |publisher=H2G2, BBC |date=3 Disyembre 2001 |accessdate=17 Pebrero 2010}} *{{Cite web|url=http://la.raycui.com/ |title=Phonetica Latinae – How to Pronounce Latin |last=Cui |first=Ray | date = 2005 |accessdate=25 Hunyo 2010}} ===Latin language news and audio=== *[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/ Ephemeris], online Latin newspaper *[http://yle.fi/radio1/tiede/nuntii_latini/ Nuntii Latini], from Finnish YLE Radio 1 *[http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ News in Latin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618130408/http://www.radiobremen.de/nachrichten/latein/ |date=2010-06-18 }}, Radio Bremen *[http://www.haverford.edu/classics/audio/ Classics Podcasts in Latin and Ancient Greek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129091342/http://www.haverford.edu/classics/audio/ |date=2015-01-29 }}, Haverford College *[https://sites.google.com/site/janualinguae/latin Latinum Latin Language Course and Latin Language YouTube Index]; [http://latinum.org.uk/ Alternative URL] ===Pinulongan Latin aada-ha-linya nga kommunidad=== *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_academies/latinitatis/index.htm Pontificia Academia Latinitatis] (Pontifical Academy for Latin) (language regulator in the Catholic Church) *[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/latinitas/documents/index_en.htm Opus Fundatum Latinitas] (Latinitas Foundation) {{la icon}} {{en icon}} *[http://www.alcuinus.net/GLL/ Grex Latine Loquentium] (Flock of Those Speaking Latin) *[http://www.circuluslatinusinterretialis.co.uk/ Circulus Latinus Interretialis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520083843/http://circuluslatinusinterretialis.co.uk/ |date=2013-05-20 }} (Internet Latin Circle) *[http://schola.ning.com/ Latinum Schola] [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] sf25lblf92x6tdwf1epynprsvnfmf18 0 17234 7785649 7753055 2026-08-27T21:14:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = George Frideric Handel | image = George Frideric Handel by Balthasar Denner.jpg | image_size = | caption = Portrait of Handel, {{nowrap|by [[Balthasar Denner]]}} ({{circa|1726–1728}}) | alt = | birth_date = 23 February 1685 [[Old Style and New Style dates|(O.S.)]] | birth_place = [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], [[Duchy of Magdeburg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] | birth_name = Georg Friedrich Händel | death_date = 14 April 1759 | death_place = London, England | notable_works = [[List of compositions by George Frideric Handel|List of compositions]] | signature = George Frideric Handel Signature.svg }} Hi '''George Frideric Handel''' (ha Inaleman: '''Georg Friedrich Händel''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhɛndəl}})) (Pebrero 23 1685 – Abril 14 1759) usa nga [[Alemanya|Aleman]]-[[Inglaterra|Ingles]] nga [[Barroco nga musika|Barroco]] nga kompositor, nga kilalado tungod han iya mga [[opera]], [[oratorio]], ngan [[concerto grosso|concerti grossi]]. An iya kinabuhi ngan musika puyde masiring nga "cosmopolitano": natawo hiya ha Alemanya, nag-aram ha Italya, ngan han dako nga bahin han iya kinabuhi nag-ukoy ha Inglaterra. Natawo hiya ha [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] ha [[Dukado han Magdeburg]], ngan nag-ukoy hiya ha Inglaterra han 1712, ngan gin-naturalisar hiya nga suheto han korona Britanika han Enero 22 1727.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/parliamentary_publications_and_archives/parliamentary_archives/handel_and_naturalisation.cfm British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel]</ref> Upod han iya mga sinurat amo an ''[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]'', ''[[Water Music (Handel)|Water Music]]'', ngan ''[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]''. Dako an pagdara ha iya han mga tekniko han mga harangdon nga kompositor han Italyano nga Barroco nga panahon, pati gihapon han Ingles nga kompositor nga hi [[Henry Purcell]]. An musika ni Handel nagin kilalado hin damo nga mga kompositor, ngan upod ha ira amo hira [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], ngan [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]. ==Galeriya hin mga ritrato== <gallery> File:Georg_Friedrich_Händel_3.jpg File:Retrato_de_Handel.jpg File:Haendel.jpg File:GeorgIvonGroßbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg </gallery> == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ;Mga pagkukuhaan * {{Cite journal|first=Gerald|last=Abraham|title=Handel: a symposium|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_S0-BSN-405|year=1954|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book|first=Donald|last=Burrows|author-link=Donald Burrows (musicologist)|title=Handel|url=https://archive.org/details/handel0000burr|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-19-816470-X |ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book|first=Donald|last=Burrows|title=The Cambridge Companion to Handel|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_c6b8|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|isbn=0-521-45613-4 |ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} *Bukofzer, Manfred F., ''Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach'', Read Books, UK, 2008 ISBN 1443726192 ISBN 9781443726191 * Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "Early Reception of Handel's Oratorios, 1732–1784: Narrative – Studies – Documents" (PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 2004), available through [http://proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/ UMI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306003703/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/ |date=2010-03-06 }}. * Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "[http://ml.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/gcp070? Handel at a Crossroads: His 1737–1738 and 1738–1739 Seasons Re-Examined]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}", ''Music & Letters'' 90/4 (November 2009), 599–635. * Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "[http://em.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/cap106?i.jkey=Tz66pLM8Tg9PduD&keytype=ref Handel, Hogarth, Goupy: Artistic intersections in Handelian biography]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}", ''Early Music'' 37/4 (November 2009), 577–596. * Chrissochoidis, Ilias. "[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayIssue?jid=ECM&volumeId=7&issueId=02&iid=7849452 'hee-haw ... llelujah': Handel among the Vauxhall Asses (1732)]", ''Eighteenth-Century Music'' 7/2 (September 2010), 221–262. * {{cite book|last1=Dean|first1=Winton|authorlink1=Winton Dean|first2=John Merrill|last2=Knapp|authorlink2=J. Merrill Knapp|title=Handel's Operas, 1704–1726|volume=1|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1987|isbn=0-19-816441-6|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Winton |url=http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM |title=Handel's Operas, 1726–1741 |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2006 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926214736/http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM |date=2009-09-26 }} * {{cite book |last=Deutsch |first=Otto Erich |authorlink=Otto Erich Deutsch |title=Handel: A Documentary Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut |year=1955 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Dent|first=Edward Joseph|authorlink=Edward Joseph Dent|title=Handel|year=2004|publisher=R A Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1-4191-2275-4|ref=harv}} * Frosch, W. A., [http://gfhandel.org/frosch.htm ''The "case" of George Frideric Handel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806222903/http://gfhandel.org/frosch.htm |date=2007-08-06 }}, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989; 321:765–769, 14 September 1989. [http://content.nejm.org/content/vol321/issue11/index.shtml content.nejm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105151810/http://content.nejm.org/content/vol321/issue11/index.shtml |date=2009-01-05 }} * Harris, Ellen T. (general editor) ''The librettos of Handel's operas: a collection of seventy librettos documenting Handel's operatic career'' New York: Garland, 1989. ISBN 0-8240-3862-2 * Harris, Ellen T. ''Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas'' Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00617-8 * {{citation|last=Hicks|first=Anthony|authorlink=Anthony Hicks|year=2013|work=[[Grove Music Online]]|title=Handel, George Frideric|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|ref=harv}} {{Subscription required}} *Hicks, Anthony, (1998), "Handel, George Frederick" in [[Stanley Sadie]], (Ed.), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', Vol. Two, pp. 614—626. London: MacMillan Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-333-73432-7 ISBN 1-56159-228-5 * [[Christopher Hogwood|Hogwood, Christopher]]. ''Handel.'' London: Thames and Hudson, 1984. ISBN 0-500-01355-1 * Keates, Jonathan. ''Handel, the man and his music.'' London: V. Gollancz, 1985. ISBN 0-575-03573-0 * {{cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Keates|authorlink=Jonathan Keates|title=Handel: The Man and His Music|url=https://archive.org/details/handelmanhismusi0000keat_o6l4|location=New York|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1985|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Larsen |first=J.P. |year=1972 |title=Handel's Messiah |location=London |publisher=Adams and Charles Black Limited |ref=harv}} * {{ill|de|Silke Leopold{{!}}Leopold, Silke|Silke Leopold}}. ''{{Lang|de|Händel die Opern}}'' [[Bärenreiter]] 2009, ISBN 978-3-7618-1991-3 * {{cite book |last=McGeary| first=Thomas |title= The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain|location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2013|isbn=978-1-107-00988-2}} * [[Hugo Anthony Meynell|Meynell, Hugo]]. ''The Art of Handel's Operas'', The Edwin Mellen Press (1986) ISBN 0-88946-425-1 * {{cite book |title=Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759 |last=National Portrait Gallery|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|first=Percy Marshall|last=Young|authorlink=Percy M. Young|title=Handel|location=New York|publisher=David White Company|year=1966|ref=harv}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{BBC composer page|handel|Handel}} * {{cite journal|last=Howell|first=Ian|title=How to Handle Spelling Händel|url=http://blog.counterpointspublishing.com/2011/02/how-to-handle-spelling-handel/|journal=The Countertenor Voice|issue=February 2011|ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Howell|first=Ian|title=Guiding Handel's Legacy: An Interview with Handel House Museum Director Sarah Bardwell|url=http://blog.counterpointspublishing.com/2011/05/1721/|journal=The Countertenor Voice|issue=May 2011|ref=harv}} {{Sister project links|wikt=no|b=no|s=Author:George Frideric Handel|commons=Category:Georg Friedrich Händel|n=no|v=no}} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/9089 Edward Dent's Handel biography from Project Gutenberg] * {{gutenberg author|id=George_Frideric_Handel_(1685–1759)|name=George Frideric Handel}} * [http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM The second volume of Winton Dean for "Handel's Operas" covering the years 1726–1741] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926214736/http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM |date=2009-09-26 }} * [http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel Friedrich Chrysander's Handel biography (in German)] * [http://www.haendel.haendelhaus.de/en/Biography/Biographic_Details/ Biographical details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920150108/http://www.haendel.haendelhaus.de/en/Biography/Biographic_Details |date=2013-09-20 }} web site * Handel Houses: ** [http://www.handelhouse.org The Handel House Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010615174748/http://www.handelhouse.org/ |date=2001-06-15 }} ** [http://www.haendelhaus.de/en The Händel-Haus in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130722/http://www.haendelhaus.de/en/ |date=2008-12-05 }} * [http://ichriss.ccarh.org/HRD/ Handel Reference Database] === Scores and recordings === * {{IMSLP|id=Handel, George Frideric|cname=George Frideric Handel}}: includes Complete Works Edition (''{{Lang|de|Ausgabe der Deutschen Händelgesellschaft}}'') * {{ChoralWiki}} * [http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HandelGF&preview=1 The Mutopia Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917234257/http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HandelGF&preview=1 |date=2009-09-17 }} provides free downloading of sheet music and MIDI files for some of Handel's works. * Free typeset [http://cantorion.org/musicsearch/composer/handel/ sheet music] of Handel's works from ''Cantorion.org'' * [http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query=Handel+George+Frideric&queryType=%40attr+1%3D1 Handel cylinder recordings], from the [[Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library. * [http://www.free-scores.com/Download-PDF-Sheet-Music-George-Frideric-Handel.htm Handel's Sheet Music] by free-scores.com * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/handel.htm George Frideric Handel – MIDI files] {{DEFAULTSORT:Handel, George Frideric}} [[Kaarangay:George Frideric Handel| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1685]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1759]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Handel, George Frideric]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Handel, George Frideric]] [[Kaarangay:Alemanya|Handel, George Frideric]] [[Kaarangay:Reino Unido|Handel, George Frideric]] 41mhlgr5qhm6hapfmcacc2hj0wg0sxd 0 17241 7785671 7652516 2026-08-27T21:31:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785671 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ruština_ve_světě.svg|frameless|right|upright=1.25]] An '''Rinuso''' usa nga [[Sidlangan Slavic]] nga [[yinaknan]]. Bahin ini han Indo-Europehanon yinaknana nga banay. Amo ini an gidadamoi nga gingagamit nga yinakanan han mga pinolongan Slavic. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} # Bibliograpiya ===Ha Ingles=== * {{Cite book|author=[[Comrie, Bernard]], Gerald Stone, Maria Polinsky|title=The Russian Language in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/russianlanguagei00comr|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1996|isbn=0-19-824066-X}} * {{Cite book|title= Introduction to the Phonological History of the Slavic Languages|url= https://archive.org/details/introductiontoph0000carl|author=Carleton, T.R.|year=1991|publisher=Slavica Press|location= Columbus, Ohio}} * {{Cite book|author=Cubberley, P.|title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction|edition=1st|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-521-79641-5}} * {{cite book | last = Sussex | first = Roland | authorlink = Roland Sussex | coauthors = Cubberley, Paul | title = The Slavic languages | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 2006 | location = [[Cambridge]] | isbn =978-0-521-22315-7 | ref=harv }} * {{cite book |last=Timberlake |first=Alan |authorlink = |title=A Reference Grammar of Russian |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-77292-1 |ref=harv |postscript=<!--None--> |url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1166093 }} * {{cite book | last = Timberlake | first = Alan | chapter = Russian | title = The Slavonic languages | publisher = Routledge | editor1-last= Comrie | editor1-first = Bernard | editor2-last= Corbett | editor2-first = Greville G | year = 1993 | location = London, New York | pages = 827–886 | isbn = 0-415-04755-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Wade|first=Terence|editor1-last=Holman |editor-first=Michael|title=A Comprehensive Russian Grammar|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=0-631-20757-0}} ===Ha Ruso=== * [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/tema02.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 571 - 572 14 - 31 октября 2013. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сжимающееся русскоязычие. Демографические изменения - не на пользу русскому языку] * [http://www.civisbook.ru/files/File/russkij_yazyk.pdf Русский язык на рубеже XX-ХХI веков] — М.: Центр социального прогнозирования и маркетинга, 2012. — 482 стр. Аннотация книги в [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0571/biblio01.php РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА РУБЕЖЕ XX-ХХI ВЕКОВ] * [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0329/tema04.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 329 - 330 14 - 27 апреля 2008. К. Гаврилов. Е. Козиевская. Е. Яценко. Тема номера: русский язык на постсоветских просторах. Где есть потребность в изучении русского языка] * [http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0251/tema05.php журнал «Демоскоп Weekly» № 251 - 252 19 июня - 20 августа 2006. А. Арефьев. Тема номера: сколько людей говорят и будут говорить по-русски? Будет ли русский в числе мировых языков в будущем?] * Жуковская Л. П. (отв. ред.) Древнерусский литературный язык и его отношение к старославянскому. — М.: «Наука», 1987. * Иванов В. В. Историческая грамматика русского языка. — М.: «Просвещение», 1990. * Новиков Л. А. Современный русский язык: для высшей школы. -— М.: Лань, 2003. * Филин Ф. П. [http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/filin-82.htm О словарном составе языка Великорусского народа.] // Вопросы языкознания. — М., 1982, № 5. — С. 18—28 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Russian language|Russian derivation|wikt=Category:Russian language|voy=Russian phrasebook}} {{InterWiki|code=ru}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|Appendix:Russian Swadesh list}} *{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Slavic/Russian|Russian Language}} *[https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-russian-course.php USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course] *[http://www.spanishenglish.com/translate_to_russian.html Free English to Russian Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203142300/http://www.spanishenglish.com/translate_to_russian.html |date=2013-12-03 }} *[https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLF2F566484C119BF4 Russian - YouTube]: playlist of (mostly half-hour-long) video lessons from Dallas Schools Television *[http://wikitranslate.org/wiki/Russian Free Online Russian Language WikiTranslate Video Course] *[http://www.ruscorpora.ru/ Национальный корпус русского языка] National Corpus of the Russian Language {{ru icon}} *[http://www.ruslang.ru/ Russian Language Institute] Language regulator of the Russian language {{ru icon}} [[Kaarangay:Yinaknan]] 02ncacr3jsyzevl2a70ovx8bp00gt76 0 17265 7785661 7782340 2026-08-27T21:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785661 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:BuddhaTwang.jpg|thumb|Estatuwa ni Buddha]] An '''budismo''' usa nga banay hin mga pagtoo ngan paggios, nga ginkikilala han kadam-an nga usa ka relihiyon, basi ha mga tutdo ni [[Siddhartha Gautama]], nga ginkikilala nga "An Buddha", nga natawo ha yana nga Nepal. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite journal|last=Ajahn Sucitto| authorlink = Ajahn Sucitto| date = 2010|title=Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching|url=https://archive.org/details/turningwheeloftr0000suci|publisher=Shambhala|postscript={{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book|author=Armstrong, Karen|title=Buddha|url=https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms| date = 2001|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-303436-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/buddha00arms/page/187 187]}} *{{Cite book|author=Bareau, André|title='Les Sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule|publisher=École Française d'Extrême-Orient|location=Saigon| date = 1955|isbn=}} * Bechert, Heinz & Richard Gombrich (ed.) (1984). ''The World of Buddhism'', Thames & Hudson. * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | date = 1993 | title =The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}} * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | date = 1998 | title =Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth? | journal =Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, Volume 21, Number 1, 1998 | url =https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8869/2776}} * {{Cite book | author =Buswell, Robert E. (ed.) | title =Encyclopedia of Buddhism| url =https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbu0000unse_j9t4 |publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-02-865718-9}} * {{Cite book | author =Coogan, Michael D. (ed.) | title=The Illustrated Guide to World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|isbn=1-84483-125-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cousins|first=L. S.|title=The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|volume=Series 3|issue=6.1|pages=57–63| date = 1996|url=http://indology.info/papers/cousins/|accessdate= 11 Hulyo 2007|doi=10.1017/S1356186300014760|archive-date= 20 Disyembre 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220043745/http://indology.info/papers/cousins/|url-status=dead}}; reprinted in Williams, ''Buddhism'', volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C." *{{Cite book | last =Davidson | first =Ronald M. | date = 2003 | title =Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement | url =https://archive.org/details/indianesotericbu0000davi | publisher =Columbia University Press | location =New York | isbn =0-231-12619-0}} *{{Cite book | author =de Give, Bernard | title=Les rapports de l'Inde et de l'Occident des origines au règne d'Asoka| publisher =Les Indes savants| date = 2006|isbn=2-84654-036-5}} *{{Cite book | author =Donath, Dorothy C.|title=Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day| url =https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona|publisher=Julian Press | date = 1971 | isbn =0-07-017533-0}} *{{Cite journal | last =Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse| date = 2011|title=What Makes You Not a Buddhist|publisher=Shambhala, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *[[Ainslie Embree|Embree, Ainslie T.]] (ed.), Stephen N. Hay (ed.), Wm. Theodore de Bary (ed.), A.L. Bashram, R.N. Dandekar, Peter Hardy, J.B. Harrison, V. Raghavan, Royal Weiler, and Andrew Yarrow (1958; 2nd ed. 1988). ''Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800'' (vol. 1). NY: Columbia U. Press. ISBN 0-231-06651-1. *{{Cite book | last =Gethin | first =Rupert | title =Foundations of Buddhism| url =https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe |publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1998|isbn=0-19-289223-1|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite journal | last =Goldstein | first =Joseph | date = 2002|title=One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism| url =https://archive.org/details/onedharmaemergin00gold |publisher=HarperCollins|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * [[Daniel Goleman|Goleman, Daniel]] (2008). ''Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama''. Bantam. Kindle Edition. * Gombrich, Richard F. (1988; 6th reprint, 2002). ''Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-07585-8. * {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | date = 1997 | title =How Buddhism Began | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal}} * {{Cite book | author =[[Henepola Gunaratana|Gunaratana, Bhante Henepola]]|title=Mindfulness in Plain English| url =https://archive.org/details/mindfulnessi_guna_2002_000_10545944|publisher=Wisdom Publications| date = 2002|isbn=0-86171-321-4}} Also available on this websites: [http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm saigon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016172534/http://www.saigon.com/~anson/ebud/mfneng/mind0.htm |date= 16 Oktubre 2006 }} [http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html urbandharma.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201190256/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma4/mpe.html |date= 1 Disyembre 2020 }} [http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php vipassana.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217022341/http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/mindfulness_in_plain_english.php |date= 17 Disyembre 2020 }} * Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang. ''Introduction to Buddhism'': An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life, [[Tharpa Publications]] (2nd. ed., 2001, US ed. 2008) ISBN 978-0-9789067-7-1 * {{Cite book|author=Harvey, Peter|title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobu00harv_0|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|isbn=0-521-31333-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Hawkins, Bradley K.|title=The Pocket Idiots Guide: Buddhism|url=https://archive.org/details/pocketidiotsguid0000hawk|publisher=Laurence King (Penguin, Alpha)| date = 1999|isbn=0-02-864459-X}} * Hill, John E. (2009) ''Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE''. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1. * {{Cite book|author=Indian Books Centre|title=Bibliotheca Indo Buddhica Series, Delhi}} * {{Citation | last =Jong | first =J.W. de | date = 1993 | title =The Beginnings of Buddhism | journal =The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 26, no. 2}} * {{Cite book | author =Juergensmeyer, Mark | title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions| url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0 |series=Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-19-513798-9}} * {{Cite journal | last =Keown | first =Damien| date = 2000|title=Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * Keown, Damien and Charles S Prebish (eds.) (2004). ''Encyclopedia of Buddhism'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 978-0-415-31414-5. * {{Cite book | author =Kohn, Michael H. (trans.) | title=The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen| url =https://archive.org/details/shambhaladiction0000unse |publisher=Shambhala| date = 1991|isbn=0-87773-520-4}} * {{Cite journal | last=Lama Surya Das| date = 1997|title=Awakening the Buddha Within| url=https://archive.org/details/awakeningbuddhaw0000sury|publisher=Broadway Books, Kindle Edition|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | author =Lamotte, Étienne (trans. from French)|others=trans. Sara Boin|title=Teaching of Vimalakirti| url =https://archive.org/details/teachingofvimala0000tien|publisher=Pali Text Society|location=London| date = 1976|isbn=0-7100-8540-0|nopp=true|page=XCIII}} * {{Citation | last =Lopez | first =Donald S. | date = 1995 | title =Buddhism in Practice | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn=0-691-04442-2 | url =http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic787480.files/Lopez-Buddhism%20in%20Practice.pdf}} * {{Cite journal | last =Lopez | first =Donald S.| date = 2001 | title =The Story of Buddhism | url =https://archive.org/details/storyofbuddhismc0000lope | publisher =HarperCollins | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book | author =Lowenstein, Tom|title=The Vision of the Buddha| url =https://archive.org/details/visionofbuddha0000lowe_d7j6|publisher=Duncan Baird Publishers| date = 1996|isbn=1-903296-91-9}} * {{Citation | last =Matthews | first =Bruce | date = 1986 | title =Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism. In: Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), "Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments" | publisher =SUNY}} *Morgan, Kenneth W. (ed), ''The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists'', Ronald Press, New York, 1956; reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi; distributed by Wisdom Books *{{Cite book | author =Nattier, Jan | title =A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)| url =https://archive.org/details/fewgoodmenbodhis0000natt |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press| date = 2003|isbn=0-8248-2607-8}} * {{Citation | last =Norman | first =K.R. | date = 1997 | title =A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994 | publisher =School ofOriental and African Studies (University of London) | url =http://ahandfulofleaves.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/a-philological-approach-to-buddhism_norman_tbf_1997.pdf}} *{{Cite journal | last =Pinburn | first=Sidney| date = 2001|title=The Dalai Lama: Policy of Kindness| url =https://archive.org/details/dalailamapolicy00pibu |publisher=Snow Lion|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} *{{Cite book | author =Ranjini | title=Jewels of the Doctrine|work=Buddhist Stories of the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=0-7914-0490-0}} *Robinson, Richard H. and Willard L. Johnson (1970; 3rd ed., 1982). ''The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction'' (Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing). ISBN 0-534-01027-X. *{{Cite book | author =Ito, Shinjo|title=Shinjo:Reflections| url =https://archive.org/details/shinjoreflection0000itos|publisher=Somerset Hall Press| date = 2009|isbn=1-935244-00-0}} *{{Cite book | author =Sinha, H.P.|title=Bhāratīya Darshan kī rūprekhā (Features of Indian Philosophy)|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas Publ.| date = 1993|isbn=81-208-2144-0}} *{{Cite book | title =A Concise History of Buddhism|author=Skilton, Andrew| date = 1997|publisher=Windhorse Publications|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GEKd4iqH3C0C&dq=history+of+buddhism|isbn=0-904766-92-6}} *{{Cite book | author =Smith, Huston|title=Buddhism: A Concise Introduction| url =https://archive.org/details/buddhismconcisei00smit|author2=Phillip Novak|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-06-073067-3}} *{{Cite book|author=[[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]]|title=Refuge: An Introduction to the Buddha, Dhamma, & Sangha (3rd ed., rev.)|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/refuge.html#goi| date = 2001}} * {{Cite journal | ref =Hanh_74|author=[[Thich Nhat Hanh]]|title=The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching| url =https://archive.org/details/heartofbuddhaste00nhat|publisher=Broadway Books| date = 1974|isbn=0-7679-0369-2}} * {{Cite book | author =[[Robert A. F. Thurman|Thurman, Robert A. F.]] (translator)|title=Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti: Mahayana Scripture| url =https://archive.org/details/holyteachingofvi00vima|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-271-00601-3}} * {{Cite book | ref =Rahula_74|author=[[Walpola Rahula]]|title=What the Buddha Taught| url =https://archive.org/details/whatbuddhataught00walp|publisher=Grove Press| date = 1974|isbn=955-9219-19-7}} * {{Citation | last =Schmithausen | first =Lambert | date = 1981 | title =On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199-250}} * {{Citation | last =Schmithausen | first =Lambert | date = 1986 | title =Critical Response. In: Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), "Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments" | publisher =SUNY}} * {{Citation | last =Vetter | first =Tilmann | date = 1988 | title =The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism | publisher =BRILL}} *{{Cite journal | last =Walpola Rahula | date = 2007 | title =What the Buddha Taught | publisher =Grove Press. Kindle Edition | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Citation | last =Warder | first =A.K. | authorlink=A. K. Warder | date = 2000 | title=Indian Buddhism | place=Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | postscript =<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{Inconsistent citations}}}} * {{Cite book | ref =White_74 | author =White, Kenneth | title=The Role of Bodhicitta in Buddhist Enlightenment Including a Translation into English of Bodhicitta-sastra, Benkemmitsu-nikyoron, and Sammaya-kaijo|publisher=The Edwin Mellen Press| date = 2005}} ISBN 0-7734-5985-5. * {{Cite book | author =Williams, Paul | title =Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations | url =https://archive.org/details/mahayanabuddhism0000will | publisher =Routledge | location =London| date = 1989|isbn=0-415-02537-0}} * Williams, Paul (ed.) (2005). ''Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies'', 8 volumes, Routledge, London & New York. * Williams, Paul with Anthony Tribe (2000). ''Buddhist Thought'' (London: Routledge). ISBN 0-415-20701-0. Retrieved 29 Nobyembre 2008 from [http://books.google.com/books?id=v0Rpvycf1t0C "Google Books"]. * {{Cite book|author=Yamamoto, Kosho (translation), revised and edited by Dr. Tony Page|title=The [[Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra]]|publisher=(Nirvana Publications 1999-2000)}} * {{Cite book|ref=Yin_98|author=[[Yin Shun]], Yeung H. Wing (translator)|title=The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master|publisher=Wisdom Publications| date = 1998}} ISBN 0-86171-133-5. * Zürcher, E. (1972). ''The Buddhist Conquest of China''. Leiden. E. J. Brill. First published in 1959. {{Refend}} ===Aada-ha-linya=== {{refbegin}} *{{Cite web|author=Berzin, Alexander| authorlink= Alexander Berzin (scholar)|work=Berzin Archives|title=Historical Sketch of Buddhism and Islam in Afghanistan|date= Nobyembre 2001|url=http://www.berzinarchives.com/islam/history_afghanistan_buddhism.html}} *{{Cite web|author=[http://www.weiwuwei.8k.com/ Wei, Wei Wu]|work=Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London|publisher=[http://www.sentientpublications.com/authors/weiwuwei.php Sentient Publications]|title=Why Lazarus Laughed: The Essential Doctrine Zen-Advaita-Tantra| date = 1960|url=http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php|accessdate= 10 Nobyembre 2010|archive-date= 23 Disyembre 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223120609/http://www.sentientpublications.com/catalog/lazarus.php|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite web|ref=Dhammananda_64|author=[[K. Sri Dhammananda|Dhammananda, K. Sri]]|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf|format=PDF|title=What Buddhists Believe|work=| date = 2002|accessdate= 10 Nobyembre 2010|archive-date= 8 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808001534/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/whatbelieve.pdf|url-status=unfit}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Buddhism}} {{Commons category|Buddhism}} {{Wikiversity|Buddha oracle# Buddhism}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/mudithacom/home/buddhism_qanda Frequently Asked Questions About Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320094453/https://sites.google.com/site/mudithacom/home/buddhism_qanda |date= 20 Marso 2015 }} *[[:dmoz:Society/Religion and Spirituality/Buddhism|Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism]] at Open Directory Project *{{Cite web|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html|title=Buddhism&nbsp;— objects, art and history|work=Asia|accessdate= 6 Disyembre 2007|archive-date= 6 Enero 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106085643/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/asia/asia_features/buddhism/index.html|url-status=dead}} *[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/index.htm Buddhist texts at Sacred Texts.com] *[http://www.what-Buddha-taught.net/ Buddhism in various languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041702/http://what-buddha-taught.net/ |date= 28 Septyembre 2007 }} *[http://www.patheos.com/Topics/Future-of-World-Religions/Buddhism.html The Future of Buddhism series], from ''[[Patheos]]'' *{{Cite web|url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/emptiness.html|title=Emptiness|author=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|authorlink=Thanissaro Bhikkhu|publisher=[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/ A Theravada Library]|accessdate= 19 Disyembre 2012}} [[Kaarangay:Budismo]] avuamntmlvkz0rmw83lstjrevyqmom3 0 17269 7785652 7783165 2026-08-27T21:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785652 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Johann Sebastian Bach.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Johann Sebastian Bach''' (natawo Eisenach, 25 Marso 1685; namatay Leipzig, 28 Hulyo 1750) amo an giuupayi nga kompositor han iya panahon. Usa hiya nga Aleman nga kompositor ngan organista. Nagukoy hiya ha urhi nga parte han panahon han Barroco. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=Malcolm |title=Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/bach0000boyd_r9y5 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-514222-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Bach's World |url=https://archive.org/details/bachsworld0000chia |first=Jan |last=Chiapusso |authorlink=Jan Chiapusso |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Scarborough, Ontario |year=1968 |isbn=0-253-10520-X}} * {{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Hans T. |last2=Mendel |first2=Arthur |last3=Wolff |first3=Christoph |authorlink2=Arthur Mendel |authorlink3=Christoph Wolff |lastauthoramp=y |year=1998 |title=The New Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=0-393-31956-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Donington |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Donington |title=Baroque Music: Style and Performance: A Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/baroquemusicstyl00robe |year=1982 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-393-30052-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Geck |first=Martin |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck |location=Orlando |publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-15-100648-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of an Era |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb0000geir |first=Karl |last=Geiringer |authorlink=Karl Geiringer |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=1966 |isbn=0-19-500554-6}} * {{Cite book |title=Worship Wars in Early Lutheranism: Choir, Congregation, and Three Centuries of Conflict |first=Joseph |last=Herl |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-515439-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Herz |first=Gerhard |year=1985 |title=Essays on J.S. Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysonjsbach0000herz |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=UMI Research Press |isbn=978-0835719896}} * {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Richard |title=The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/creativedevelopm0000jone |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-19-816440-8}} * {{Cite book |title=Beethoven im eigenen Wort |last=Kerst |first=Friedrich |language=de |year=1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenimeige01kersgoog |publisher=Schuster & Loeffler |location=Berlin}} * {{Cite book |title=Basically Bach: A 300th Birthday Celebration |url=https://archive.org/details/basicallybach3000000kupf |first=Herbert |last=Kupferberg |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] Book Company |year=1985 |isbn=0-07-035646-7}} * {{Cite book |title=Luther's Liturgical Music |url=https://archive.org/details/luthersliturgica0000leav |first=Robin A. |last=Leaver |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-8028-3221-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Russell H. |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: An Introduction to His Life and Works |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00mile |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1962 |oclc=600065}} * {{Cite book |title=Beethoven: the Universal Composer |url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenunivers0000morr_z1g5 |last=Morris |first=Edmund |authorlink=Edmund Morris (writer) |year=2005 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=0-06-075974-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Rich |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Rich |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: Play by Play |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb0000rich |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-06-263547-6}} * {{Cite book |last1=Schenk |first1=Erich |last2=Winston |first2=Richard |last3=Winston |first3=Clara |lastauthoramp=y |title=Mozart and his times |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1959 |oclc=602180}} * {{Cite book |last=Schulenberg |first=David |title=The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-97400-3}} * {{Cite book |title=J. S. Bach |volume=Volume 1 |last=Schweitzer |first=Albert |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1935 |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachvolume1002520mbp |authorlink=Albert Schweitzer}} * {{Cite book |title=Stories Behind the World's Great Music |last=Spaeth |first=Sigmund |year=1937 |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindthe010040mbp |publisher=Whittlesey House |location=New York |authorlink=Sigmund Spaeth}} * {{Cite book |last=Spitta |first=Philipp |authorlink=Philipp Spitta |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750 |volume=Volume 2 |location=London |publisher=[[Novello & Co]] |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb02spituoft}} * {{Cite book |title=George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover's Guide to His Life, His Faith & the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios |last=Van Til |first=Marian |year=2007 |publisher=WordPower Publishing |location=Youngstown, NY |isbn=0-9794785-0-2}} * {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Williams |title=The Life of Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbach0000will |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-53374-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |authorlink=Christoph Wolff |title=Bach: Essays on his Life and Music |url=https://archive.org/details/bachessaysonhisl0000wolf |year=1991 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-05926-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-816534-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |year=1983 |title=The New Grove Bach Family |url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovebachfami0000unse |location=London |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |isbn=0-333-34350-6}} == Dugang nga barasahon == * {{Cite book |last=Baron |first=Carol K. |title=Bach's Changing World: Voices in the Community |url=https://archive.org/details/bachschangingwor0000unse |location=Rochester, NY |publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=1-58046-190-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Dörffel |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Dörffel |title=Thematisches Verzeichnis der Instrumentalwerke von Joh. Seb. Bach |language=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=[[Edition Peters|C.F. Peters]] |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/thematischesverz00dr}} ''N.B''.: First published in 1867; superseded, for scholarly purposes, by [[Wolfgang Schmieder]]'s complete thematic catalog, but useful as a handy reference tool for only the instrumental works of Bach and as a partial alternative to Schmieder's work. * {{Cite book |last=Eidam |first=Klaus |title=The True Life of J. S. Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/truelifeofjsbach0000eida |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-01861-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=John Eliot |authorlink=John Eliot Gardiner |title=Music in the Castle of Heaven: A Portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/musicincastleofh0000john |year=2013 |location=London |publisher=[[Allen Lane (imprint)|Allen Lane]] |isbn=978-0-7139-9662-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Hofstadter |first=Douglas |authorlink=Douglas Hofstadter |title=[[Gödel, Escher, Bach |Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-465-02656-7}} * {{Cite book |first=André |last=Pirro |authorlink=André Pirro |title=The Aesthetic of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/aestheticofjohan0000pirr |origyear=1907 |year=2014 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-3290-7}} * {{Cite book |title=J.S. Bach as Organist: His Instruments, Music, and Performance Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachasorganist0000unse |last1=Stauffer |first1=George B. |last2=May |first2=Ernest |lastauthoramp=y |location=Bloomington |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-253-33181-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Peter |title=J.S. Bach: A Life in Music |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachlifeinmusi0000will |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-521-87074-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * [http://www.classicalmusicdb.com/composers/view/5 List of Works by Johann Sebastian Bach] at the Classical Music DB * [http://www.jsbach.org/ The J.S. Bach Home Page – JSBach.org], by [[Jan Hanford]]—extensive information on Bach and his works; huge and growing database of user-contributed recordings and reviews * [http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ J.S. Bach bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206234331/http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ |date=2006-02-06 }}, by Yo Tomita of Queen's Belfast—especially useful to scholars * [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ Bach-Cantatas.com], by Aryeh Oron—information on the cantatas as well as other works * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/bachindex.html Canons and Fugues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505102859/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/bachindex.html |date=2009-05-05 }}, by Timothy A. Smith—various information on these contrapuntal works * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc.html Fugues of the Well-Tempered Clavier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103013435/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc.html |date=2005-01-03 }}: Interactive scores calibrated to recordings by David Korevaar and analysis by Tim Smith. * [http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/wolff/ Bach manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924044132/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/wolff/ |date=2012-09-24 }} – video lectures by [[Christoph Wolff]] on the Bach family's hidden manuscripts archive ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|v=no}} {{wikisourcelang|de|Johann Sebastian Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * [http://www.jsbach.org/ J.S. Bach Home Page], by Jan Hanford—extensive information on Bach and his works; database of recordings and user reviews * [http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ Bach Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206234331/http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ |date=2006-02-06 }}, by Yo Tomita of Queen's University Belfast—especially useful to scholars * [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ Bach Cantatas Website], by Aryeh Oron—information on the cantatas as well as other works * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-21425}} * [http://www.academia.edu/5210832/18th_Century_Quotes_on_J.S._Bach_s_Temperament 18th Century Quotes on J.S. Bach's Temperament]—Bach's tuning and temperament '''Mga score''' * {{Cantorion|composers/72/Johann_Sebastian_Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * {{ChoralWiki}} * {{IMSLP|id=Bach, Johann Sebastian|cname=Johann Sebastian Bach}}—the ''{{lang|de|Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe}}'' volumes split up into individual works, plus other editions '''Mga recording''' <!-- Please do not put here sites which contain one media file only --> * [http://allofbach.com/en/ All of Bach] website with a growing number of recordings by the [[Netherlands Bach Society]] and guest musicians * [http://www.blockmrecords.org/bach/index.htm The complete organ works of Bach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810092257/http://www.blockmrecords.org/bach/index.htm |date=2016-08-10 }} performed by [[James Kibbie]] on German Baroque organs * {{BBC composer page|bach|J.S. Bach}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bach, Johann Sebastian}} [[Kaarangay:Johann Sebastian Bach| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1685]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1750]] maarsz5vvmr7etvalgp8p77xl4q9l8y 0 17270 7785602 7784825 2026-08-27T20:43:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785602 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic flag.svg|thumb]] An '''Pamulay Olimpiko''' usa nga [[Paugnat-ha-Kusog|paugnatay-hin-kusog]] nga nanhihitabo ha iba-iba nga [[syudad]] kada upat ka [[tuig]]. {| class="wikitable" !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! colspan="6" rowspan="9" | |- ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos de Branu |- !1896 |I edición |Atenes |Grecia |- !1900 |II edición |París |Francia |- !1904 |III edición |Saint Louis |Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !''1906'' |''Xuegos Intercalaos'' |''Atenes'' | ''Grecia'' |- !1908 |IV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu |- !1912 |V edición |Estocolmu |Suecia |- !1916 |VI edición |Berlín |Alemaña |- | colspan="4" |<small>Suspendíos pola Primer Guerra Mundial</small> ! rowspan="7" | !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! rowspan="53" | |- !1920 |VII edición |Amberes |Bélxica ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu |- !1924 |VIII edición |París |Francia !1924 |I edición |Chamonix | Francia |- !1928 |IX edición |Ámsterdam |Países Baxos !1928 |II edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1932 |X edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1932 |III edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1936 |XI edición |Berlín |Alemaña !1936 |IV edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- !1940 |XII edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1940 |V edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1944 |XIII edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! !1944 |VI edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1948 |XIV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! rowspan="19" | !1948 |VII edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1952 |XV edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1952 |VIII edición |Oslu | Noruega |- !1956 |XVI edición |Melbourne |Australia !1956 |IX edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- !1960 |XVII edición |Roma |Italia !1960 |X edición |Squaw Valley | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1964 |XVIII edición |Tokiu |Xapón !1964 |XI edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1968 |XIX edición |Ciudá de Méxicu |Méxicu !1968 |XII edición |Grenoble | Francia |- !1972 |XX edición |Múnich |Alemaña !1972 |XIII edición |Sapporo | Xapón |- !1976 |XXI edición |Montréal |Canadá !1976 |XIV edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1980 |XXII edición |Moscú |XRSS !1980 |XV edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1984 |XXIII edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1984 |XVI edición |Sarayevu | Bosnia y Herzegovina |- !1988 |XXIV edición |Seúl |Corea del Sur !1988 |XVII edición |Calgary | Canadá |- !1992 |XXV edición |Barcelona |España !1992 |XVIII edición |Albertville | Francia |- !1996 |XXVI edición |Atlanta |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1994 |XIX edición |Lillehammer | Noruega |- !2000 |XXVII edición |Sydney |Australia !1998 |XX edición |Nagano | Xapón |- !2004 |XXVIII edición |Atenes |Grecia !2002 |XXI edición |Salt Lake City | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !2008 |XXIX edición |Beixín |China !2006 |XXII edición |Torino | Italia |- !2012 |XXX edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu !2010 |XXIII edición |Vancouver | Canadá |- !2016 |XXXI edición |Rio de Janeiro |Brasil !2014 |XXIV edición |Sochi | Rusia |- !2020 |XXXII edición |Tokiu |Xapón |} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite web|last=Beaster-Jones|first=Jayson|title=Commodification|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314281.001.0001/acref-9780195314281-e-1827.|work=The Grove Dictionary of American Music|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=15 Marso 2014| date = 2013}} * {{Cite book|last=Brownell|first=Susan|chapter=Introduction: Bodies before Boas, Sport before the Laughter Left|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1}} * {{Cite book | title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement | last1 = Buchanon | first1 = Ian | last2 = Mallon | first2 = Bill | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8108-5574-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC&pg=PR101&dq=commercialization+of+the+olympic+games | accessdate =20 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Burkert | first = Walter | authorlink = Walter Burkert | date = 1983 | title = Homo Necans | url = https://archive.org/details/homonecansanthro0000burk | chapter = Pelops at Olympia | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-05875-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=CBC Sports|title=Olympic Inukshuk Irks Inuit Leader|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympic-inukshuk-irks-inuit-leader-1.548870|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|date=26 Abril 2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Karen Coody|title=Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900759110891|date=2008|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0759110892}} * {{Cite book | title = Global entertainment media | last = Cooper-Chen | first = Anne | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, New Jersey | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8058-5168-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=1Su8jRiVVdoC&pg=PA228&dq=tv+influence+on+olympic+games#PPA230,M1 | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Coubertin | first1 = Pierre de | authorlink = Pierre de Coubertin | last2 = Philemon | first2 = Timoleon J. | last3 = Politis | first3 = N.G. | last4 = Anninos | first4 = Charalambos | title = The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 | work = The Olympic Games in 1896 – Second Part | publisher = Charles Beck | format = PDF | location = Athens | date = 1897 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |date=27 Mayo 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crowther | first = Nigel B. | date = 2007 | chapter = The Ancient Olympic Games | title = Sport in Ancient Times | url = https://archive.org/details/sportinancientti0000crow_y8b3 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-275-98739-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Architecture of Greece | last = Darling | first = Janina K. | date = 2004 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-0-313-32152-8 | chapter = Panathenaic Stadium, Athens | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4F-v35--l_gC&dq=Panathenaic+Stadium,+Averoff,+Constantine | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Amber R.|title=Hauntings: Representations of Vancouver's disappeared women|date=2009|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf|accessdate=30 Marso 2010|format=Doctoral thesis}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407203347/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf |date=2014-04-07 }} * {{Cite book | last = Eassom | first = Simon | date = 1994 | title = Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology | publisher = The Centre for Olympic Studies | location = Ontario | isbn = 978-0-7714-1697-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement | last1 = Findling | first1 = John E. | last2 = Pelle | first2 = Kimberly D. | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport CT | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-313-32278-5 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA283&dq=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics | accessdate =30 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gershon | first = Richard A. | title = Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies | date = 2000 | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, NJ | isbn = 978-0-8058-3002-6 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC&pg=PA17&dq=1998+winter+olympics | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Golden | first = Mark | date = 2009 | chapter = Helpers, Horses, and Heroes | title = Greek Sport and Social Status | url = https://archive.org/details/greeksportsocial0000gold | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-71869-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Government of Canda|title=The Four Host First Nations – Canada 2010|url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=Canada's Games|date=23 Disyembre 2009|archive-date=21 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221110257/http://canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Girginov | first1 = Vassil | last2 = Parry | first2 = Jim | date = 2005 | title = The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher = Routledge | location = | isbn = 978-0-415-34604-7 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Gord|title=The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalistre0000hill|date=2012|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55152-444-3}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | title = Olympic Charter | author = International Olympic Committee | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =19 Septyembre 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/2011072307003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | archivedate = 23 Hulyo 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Olympic Charter|2007}} }} * {{Cite web|last=International Olympic Committee|title=All Games since 1896|url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games|accessdate=20 Pebrero 2013}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Krüger | first1 = Arnd | last2 = Murray | first2 = William J. | date = 2003 | title = The Nazi Olympics: sport, politics and appeasement in the 1930s | publisher = University of Illinois Press | isbn = 978-0-252-02815-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Jeff|title=Hyper-Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots 'Til Tuesday|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|date=24 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214413/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lindsay|first=Hillary Bain|title=Stolen Games: 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Has Become the Battle Cry for Indigenous Resistance to the Vancouver Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=4 Abril 2007|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102601/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Franklin|title=Vancouver Activists Greet Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony with People's Summit, Protest|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/2/12/olympics|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=Democracy Now!|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Manuel|first=Arthur|title=Vancouver Olympics Can't Hide Canada's Dismal Record on Indigenous Peoples|url=http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Georgia Straight|date=25 Enero 2010|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080659/http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = Rome 1960 | url = https://archive.org/details/rome1960olympics00mara | last = Maraniss | first = David | date = 2008 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4165-3407-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matthews | first = George R. | date = 2005 | title = America's first Olympics: the St. Louis games of 1904 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-8262-1588-8 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&lpg=PP1&dq=America's%20first%20Olympics%3A%20the%20St.%20Louis%20games%20of%201904&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=liverpool&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Heather Andrews|title=Olympic committee blunders with Inuit-inspired logo|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=CPI&userGroupName=sfu_z39&tabID=T004&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA191264469&&docId=GALE{{!}}A191264469&docType=GALE&role=|work=Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date= Mayo 2005}} * {{Cite news|last=National Geographic|title=Olympic Logo No 'Friend' to Some|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/photogalleries/100212-vancouver-2010-winter-olympics-logo-ilanaaq/#/vancouver-english-bay-inukshuk_12792_600x450.jpg|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=National Geographic|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Nuytten|first=Jesse|title=Olympic Emblem Design Meaningful to Canadians|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Epoch Times|date=29 Abril 2005|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085425/http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|chapter=Indigenous Peoples and Canadian-Hosted Olympic Games|title=Aboriginal Peoples and Sport in Canada|date=2012|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=9780774824231|editor=Janice Forsyth and Audrey R. Giles}} * {{Cite journal|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|title='No Olympics on stolen native land': contesting Olympic narratives and asserting indigenous rights within the discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games|journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics|date=2010|volume=13|issue=1|pages=143–156|doi=10.1080/17430430903377987}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5gKmnnDyw?url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archivedate = 26 Abril 2009 | title = The Olympic Games in Antiquity | author = Olympic Museum | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news|last=Paley|first=Dawn|title='No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Resonates Across Canada|url=http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|accessdate=30 Marso 2014|date=16 Marso 2010|agency=The Media Co-op|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085106/http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Parezo|first=Nancy J.|chapter=A 'Special Olympics': Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pausanias | authorlink = Pausanias (geographer) | others = translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerud | title = Description of Greece | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 | chapter = Elis 1 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=book%3D%235 | volume= Vol. 2 | date = 1 Enero 1926 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = W. Heinemann | location = London | oclc= 10818363 | isbn = 978-0-674-99207-8 | accessdate =9 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Peavy|first=Linda|chapter=Leaving the Whites…Far Behind Them: The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|author2=Ursula Smith|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pindar | authorlink = Pindar | others = translated by William H. Race | title = Olympian Odes | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&query=head%3D%231 | chapter = Olympian 10 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 | date = 1997 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-99564-2 | accessdate =25 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Doping:Athletes and Drugs | last = Porterfield | first = Jason | date = 2008 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4042-1917-5 | page = 15 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YXWa6ll5GxoC&pg=PA15&dq=Hans-Gunnar+Liljenwall, | accessdate = 30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite news|last=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report, The|title=No Olympics on Stolen Native Land|url=http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report|date=25 Hulyo 2010|archive-date=8 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408025637/http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Richardson | first = N.J. | date = 1992 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor=Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K. | isbn = 978-0-521-23347-7 | chapter = Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nqbz8Emo3PIC&pg=PA223 | accessdate =2 Pebrero 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Mega-Events and Modernity | last = Roche | first = Maurice | publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | location = New York | date = 2000 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=aldh2YTO7XQC&printsec=copyright&dq=spartakiads+and+the+olympics | isbn = 978-0-415-15711-7 | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Rolbin-Ghanie|first=Maya|title='It's All About The Land': Native Resistance to the Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=1 Marso 2008|archive-date=27 Hulyo 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034649/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shachar | first = Ayelet | date = 2011 | title = Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent | url = https://archive.org/details/yale-law-journal_2011-06_120_8/page/2088 | journal = Yale Law Journal | volume = 120 | issue = 8 | pages = 2088–2139 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Olympics at the Millennium | last1 = Schaffer | first1 = Kay | last2 = Smith | first2 = Sidonie | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Jersey | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2819-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC&printsec=copyright&dq=olympics | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Schantz|first=Otto J.|chapter=Pierre de Coubertin's Concepts of Race, Nation, and Civilization|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | title = The Commercialisation of sport | last = Slack | first = Trevor | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7146-8078-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Kd7ieYncwxIC&pg=PA192&dq=television+and+the+olympic+games | accessdate =31 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Spivey | first = Nigel Jonathan | date = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-280433-4 | chapter = Olympia: the Origins | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=Aboriginal Population, City of Vancouver - 2001 Census|url=http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/socialplanning/initiatives/aboriginal/images/demographics.jpg|accessdate=31 Marso 2010| date = 2001}} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 1999 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-77751-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 2000 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | edition = 2 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | isbn = 978-0-292-70373-5 | oclc = 10759486 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC | accessdate =6 Hunyo 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Sport and leisure cultures | last = Tomlinson | first = Alan | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis MN | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8166-3382-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=JphFoBnq2R8C&pg=PA14&dq=olympic+games+television+ratings | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|title=Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|work=Canadian NewsWire|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date=27 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=13 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144945/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal | last = Weiler | first = Ingomar | date = 2004 | title = The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin | journal = European Review | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Wonders|first=Karen|title=Development: Human Rights Abuse|url=http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=First Nations - Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026085724/http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|url-status=}} * {{Cite book | title = Social Issues in Sport | last = Woods | first = Ron | publisher = Human Kinetics | location = Champaign IL | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Krclca7m_z0C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=television+ratings+decline+olympic+games+torino | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofol0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 2004 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 | chapter = The Beginnings | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival | url = https://archive.org/details/modernolympicsst0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 1996 | location = Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Ian | authorlink = | title = Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0 | date = 2001 | publisher = Scarecrow Presz | location = Lanham | isbn = 978-0-8108-4054-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kamper | first = Erich | authorlink = |author2=Mallon, Bill | title = The Golden Book of the Olympic Games | date = 1992 | publisher = Vallardi & Associati | location = Milan | isbn = 978-88-85202-35-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Preuss | first = Holger | authorlink = |author2=Marcia Semitiel García | title = The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/economicsofstagi0000preu_j6y4 | date = 2005 | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | location = | isbn = 978-1-84376-893-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Simson | first = Vyv | authorlink = |author2=Jennings, Andrew | title = Dishonored Games: Corruption, Money, and Greed at the Olympics | url = https://archive.org/details/dishonoredgamesc0000sims | date = 1992 | publisher = S.P.I. Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56171-199-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | authorlink = David Wallechinsky | title = The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Athens 2004 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookof00wall | date = 2004 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-32-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | title = The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookofwi0000wall_2006 | date = 2005 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-45-9 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{official website|http://www.olympic.org/}} * [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html New York Times Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics] * [http://www.insidethegames.biz/ insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games] * [http://www.aroundtherings.com/ ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Olympics] * [http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/ GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)] * [http://www.databaseolympics.com/index.htm Database Olympics] * [http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 History of Olympics to the Present Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313013906/http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 |date= 13 Marso 2013 }} * [http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en Dicolympic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929095743/http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en |date= 29 Septyembre 2008 }} – Dictionary about the Games from Olympia to Sochi 2014 * [http://www.olympicgameswinners.com/ Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times] * [http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com Days left until the next Olympic Games | The Olympic Games Countdown | 2012 | Sochi 2014 | Rio 2016 | PyeongChang 2018 | Istanbul, Tokyo or Madrid 2020?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428231147/http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com/ |date= 28 Abril 2022 }} * [http://www.olympics-records.com/ Olympic and Asian games records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420084550/http://www.olympics-records.com/ |date= 20 Abril 2018 }} [[Kaarangay:Paugnat-ha-Kusog]] aaryj0o8lm8d2h3njmnm7gije6hxkx3 0 17331 7785598 7782352 2026-08-27T20:41:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Andy Warhol | image = Andy Warhol by Jack Mitchell.jpg | imagesize = 260px | caption = Andy Warhol, upod hi Archie, ni Jack Mitchell, 1973 | birth_name = Andrew Varchola, Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1928|8|6}}. Baptized 28 Agosto 1928 | birth_place = [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | nationality = [[American nationality law|American]] | field = [[Printmaking]], painting, cinema, photography | training = [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] ([[Carnegie Mellon University]]) | movement = [[Pop art]] | works = ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'' (1966 film)<br />''[[Exploding Plastic Inevitable]]'' (1966 event)<br />''[[Campbell's Soup Cans]]'' (1962 painting) | signature = Andy Warhol signature.svg | death_date = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1987|2|22|1928|8|6}} | death_place = [[New York City|New York City, New York]], U.S. | burial_place = St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Church Cemetery }} Hi '''Andy Warhol''' (natawo Andrew Warhola, Agosto 6, 1928 - Pebrero 22, 1987) usa nga sikat nga Amerikano nga artista han urhi nga katunga han ika 20 siglo. Natawo hiya ha [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * "A symposium on Pop Art". ''Arts Magazine'', April 1963, pp.&nbsp;36–45. The symposium was held in 1962, at [[The Museum of Modern Art]], and published in this issue the following year. * {{Cite book| first = Victor | last = Bockris | title = Warhol: The Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/warholbiography0000bock | location = New York | publisher=Da Capo Press | date = 1997 | isbn = 0-306-81272-X}} * Celant, Germano. ''Andy Warhal: A Fatory''. Kunstmuseum Wolfsbug, 1999. ISBN 3-7757-0773-5 * {{Cite book| first = Bob | last = Colacello | title = Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up | url = https://archive.org/details/holyterrorandywa0000cola | location = New York | publisher=HarperCollins | date = 1990 |isbn=0-06-016419-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Danto| first=Arthur C. |url=http://www.amazon.com/Warhol-Icons-America-Arthur-Danto/dp/0300135556/ref=tmm_hrd_title_0?ie=UTF8&qid=1351456153&sr=1-1#reader_0300135556 |title=Andy Warhol| date = 2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-13555-8}} * {{Cite book| first=Jane D. |last=Dillenberger |title=The Religious Art of Andy Warhol |url=http://books.google.com/?id=KemglT-1jSIC |location=New York City |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] | date = 2001 |isbn=0-8264-1334-X}} * Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and [[José Esteban Muñoz]] eds. (1996). ''Pop Out: Queer Warhol.'' Durham: Duke University Press. * {{Cite book| first = Hal | last = Foster| title = The Return of the Real| url = https://archive.org/details/returnofrealavan0000fost_j3t3 | publisher=An October Book, MIT Press | date = 1996}} * {{Cite book| first = Gary | last = Garrels | title = The Work of Andy Warhol: Discussions in Contemporary Culture, no. 3.| location = Beacon NY | publisher=Dia Art Foundation | date = 1989}} * {{Cite book| first = Fred Lawrence | last = Guiles | title = Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol | url = https://archive.org/details/loneratballlifeo0000guil | location = New York | publisher=Bantam | date = 1989 | isbn = 0-593-01540-1}} * James, James, "Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author", in ''Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the 1960s'' (1989), pp.&nbsp;58–84. Princeton: Princeton University Press. * {{Cite book| first = Wayne | last = Koestenbaum | authorlink = Wayne Koestenbaum | title = Andy Warhol | url = https://archive.org/details/andywarhol00koes | location = New York | publisher=Penguin | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-670-03000-7}} * [[Rosalind Krauss|Krauss, Rosalind E.]] "Warhol's Abstract Spectacle". In ''Abstraction, Gesture, Ecriture: Paintings from the Daros Collection''. New York: Scalo, 1999, pp.&nbsp;123–33. * Lippard, Lucy R., ''Pop Art'', Thames and Hudson, 1970 (1985 reprint), ISBN 0-500-20052-1 * {{Cite book |first1=Marco |last1=Livingstone |author2=Dan Cameron |author3=[[Royal Academy]] |title=Pop art: an international perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/popartinternatio0000unse |publisher=Rizzoli |location=New York | date = 1992 |isbn=0-8478-1475-0}} * {{Cite book |first = Annette | last = Michelson | title = Andy Warhol (October Files)| location = Cambridge MA | publisher=The MIT Press | date = 2001}} * Scherman, Tony & Dalton, David, ''POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol'', HarperCollins, New York, N.Y. 2009 * Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996). ''Bike Boys, Drag Queens, & Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture, and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema.'' Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. * {{Cite book | first = Steven | last = Watson | title = Factory Made: Warhol and the 1960s | location = New York | publisher = Pantheon | date = 2003 | url = http://www.factorymade.org/ | isbn = 0-679-42372-9 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829002918/http://www.factorymade.org/ |date=2010-08-29 }} * {{cite book|last=Warhol|first=Andy|url=http://www.amazon.com/The-Philosophy-Andy-Warhol-Again/dp/0156717204/ref=pd_sim_b_3#reader_0156717204|title=The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: (From A to B and Back Again)| date = 1975|publisher=Hardcore Brace Jovanovich|isbn=0-15-189050-1}} * {{cite book |first1=Andy |last1=Warhol |author2=Pat Hacket |title=POPism: The Warhol Sixties|url=https://archive.org/details/popismwarhol60s0000warh | date = 1980|publisher=Hardcore Brace Jovanovich|isbn=0-15-173095-4}} * {{cite book|last=Warhol|first=Andy|title=The Andy Warhol Diaries|url=https://archive.org/details/andywarholdiarie00warh| date = 1989|publisher=Warner Books|author2=Pat Hackett }} * {{Cite book| first = John | last = Yau|authorlink = John Yau |title = In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol| url = https://archive.org/details/inrealmofappeara0000yauj |location = Hopewell, NJ| publisher=Ecco Press| date = 1993 | isbn = 0-88001-298-6}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons|Andy Warhol}} *[http://www.tccweb.org/prominentcarpathorusyns.htm Andy Warhol, (1928-1987) - The Carpathian Connection] * [http://www.warholfoundation.org/ Warhol Foundation] in New York City * [http://www.warhol.org/ Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh] * [http://www.warhol.org/collection/archives Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection] * [http://www.contemporaryartdaily.com/tag/andy-warhol/ Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol] * [http://www.ubu.com/sound/warhol.html The work of Andy Warhol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203033018/http://www.ubu.com/sound/warhol.html |date=2021-02-03 }} spoken about by [[David Cronenberg]] on [[UbuWeb]] * {{cite web |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 |title=Andy Warhol |publisher=[[Museum of Modern Art]] |location=New York City | date = 2007 |accessdate=23 Enero 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122213755/http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O%3AAD%3AE%3A6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1 |archivedate=22 Enero 2009 |deadurl=dead }} * [http://www.warholstars.org/ Warholstars]: Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars * [http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1994/?id=212 Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206022109/http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1994/?id=212 |date=2013-12-06 }} * {{Cite journal |first=Stephen |last=Berens |title=Responses to Warhol Retrospective at MOCA |journal=X-TRA |volume=5 |issue=1; Fall 2002 |publisher=Project X Foundation for Art and Criticism |location=Los Angeles |url=http://x-traonline.org/past_articles.php?articleID=157 |accessdate=23 Enero 2009 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172858/http://x-traonline.org/past_articles.php?articleID=157 |url-status= }} * [http://www.warholcity.com/ The Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art—city of origin] * {{IMDb name|912238}} * [http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/warhol-the-computer/ Warhol & The Computer] * [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46784,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,in-pictures-andy-warhol-exhibition-in-paris Warhol in Paris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903053913/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/46784,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,in-pictures-andy-warhol-exhibition-in-paris |date=2011-09-03 }}—slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]'' * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=3oqUd8utr14 Andy Warhol makes a [[digital painting]] of [[Debbie Harry]] at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985] * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/andy-warhol/a-documentary-film/44 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film] by [[Ric Burns]] for [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] * [http://www.moreeuw.com/histoire-art/andy-warhol.htm Andy Warhol] * [http://channel.louisiana.dk/video/peter-jensen-lonely-side-glamorous-life Designer Peter Jensen takes you on a tour of the early drawings of Andy Warhol]. Video by [[Louisiana Channel]], Denmark, 2013. *[http://nga.gov.au/InternationalPrints/Tyler/Default.cfm?MnuID=3&ArtistIRN=12079&List=True&CREIRN=12079&ORDER_SELECT=13&VIEW_SELECT=5&GrpNam=13&TNOTES=TRUE Andy Warhol in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection] * [http://www.fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique482 Andy Warhol: Film, Video and TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103205229/http://www.fundaciotapies.org/site/spip.php?rubrique482 |date=2014-11-03 }} Fundació Antoni Tàpies {{DEFAULTSORT:Warhol, Andy}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1928]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1987]] [[Kaarangay:Andy Warhol| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Warhol, Andy]] [[Kaarangay:Arte|Warhol, Andy]] evgas2hk57ml0p55u1zx4jo07ztjuk8 0 17466 7785650 7783697 2026-08-27T21:15:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Cook | image = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg | caption = James Cook, portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}, [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]] | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|7 November|1728|27 October}} | birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], (in present-day [[Middlesbrough]]) Yorkshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}} | death_place = Hawaii | education = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]] | occupation = Explorer, navigator, cartographer | title = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | spouse = Elizabeth Batts | parents = James Cook, Grace Pace | children = James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook | nationality = British | signature = James Cook Signature.svg | website = }} Hi '''Kapitan James Cook''', (Oktubre 27, 1728 - Pebrero 14, 1779) usa nga Inglis nga eksplorador, navigador ngan cartograpo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Bibliograpiya === *{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=John Cawte|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|authorlink=John Cawte Beaglehole|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|date=1974|isbn=0-7136-1382-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Collingridge|first=Vanessa|authorlink=Vanessa Collingridge|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll|date=February 2003|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-09-188898-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-06259-7|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Robin|title=Captain James Cook and his times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4|publisher=Taylor & Francis|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery|date=1999|publisher=Sasquatch Books|isbn=1-57061-215-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sl57oHrVXGoC|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Horwitz|title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before|url=https://archive.org/details/intoblueboldlygo0000horw|date=October 2003|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-6455-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|date=1994|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|authorlink=Richard Hough|isbn=0-340-82556-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t9u3|last=Kemp|first=Peter|first2=I. C. B. |last2=Dear|date=2005|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-860616-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|date=1788|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035955/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/ |date=2012-04-26 }} *{{cite book|authorlink=Frank McLynn|last=McLynn|first=Frank|date=2011|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11421-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Moorhead|first=Alan|date=1966|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840|url=https://archive.org/details/fatalimpactaccou0000moor|publisher=H Hamilton|isbn=0-241-90757-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|authorlink=Gananath Obeyesekere|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1992|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/apotheosisofcapt0000obey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-05752-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789982012584|publisher=Princeton University Press|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1997|isbn=978-0-691-05752-1|quote=With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb|first=Nigel|last=Rigby|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Pieter|date=2002|publisher=National Maritime Museum, London UK|isbn=0-948065-43-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Robson|first=John|date=2004|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=0-7593-1011-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768|first=John|last=Robson|date=2009|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742231099|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Islands of history|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Marshall David|last=Sahlins|authorlink= Marshall David Sahlins|date=1985|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example|url=https://archive.org/details/hownativesthinka0000sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|last=Sahlins|first=Marshall David|date=1995|isbn=978-0-226-73368-5}} *{{cite book|title=The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000bake|last=Sidney|first=John Baker|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|date=1981|isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=James Cook Maritime Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/jamescookmaritim0000stam|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press|last=Stamp|first= Tom and Cordelia|date=1978|location=Whitby|isbn=0-905355-04-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Bryan|title=[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]|publisher=Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England|isbn=0-393-02018-5|date=2001|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=A. R.|title=Historic Heraldry of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn|date=1972|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-85033-022-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71|first=W. J. L.|last=Wharton|date=1893|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ |date=2012-03-22 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=Aughton|first=Peter|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage|publisher=Cassell & Co.|date=2002|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36236-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Philip|title=James Cook: The Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-043647-2|quote=Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Forster|editor-first=Georg|title=A Voyage Round the World|editor-link=Georg Forster|date=1986|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7|ref=harv|quote=Published first 1777 as: ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''}} *{{Citation | last1=Hawkesworth | first1=John | authorlink1=John Hawkesworth (book editor) | last2=Byron | first2=John | authorlink2=John Byron | last3=Wallis | first3=Samuel | authorlink3=Samuel Wallis | last4=Carteret | first4=Philip | authorlink4=Philip Carteret | last5=Cook | first5=James | authorlink5=James Cook | last6=Banks | first6=Joseph | authorlink6=Joseph Banks | title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq | publication-date=1773 | publisher=London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell | accessdate=1 Enero 2015 }}, [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I], [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II-III] *{{cite book |authorlink=Andrew Kippis|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog|publisher=[[George Newnes]], London & [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York|date=1904|ref=harv}} *Richardson, Brian. (2005) ''Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World'' University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0. *Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) ''Captain Cook: His Artists — His Voyages'' The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney *Thomas, Nicholas ''The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook''. Walker & Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 (2003) *{{cite journal|last=Villiers |first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Villiers|date=Summer 1956–57|title=James Cook, Seaman|journal=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–16}} *Villiers, Alan John, ''Captain James Cook'' Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape (1983) *{{cite book|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Glyndwr|editor-link=Glyndwr Williams|title=Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society|location=London}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no |lcheading=Cook, James, 1728–1779 }} {{Commons|James Cook|James Cook}} {{Commons category|James Cook|Category:James Cook}} {{Wikisource|Author:James Cook|Author:James Cook}} *[http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ Captain Cook Society]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019234215/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }} *[http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax] ===Biographical dictionaries=== *[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm 'Cook, James (1728–1779)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 1, [[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]], 1966, pp.&nbsp;243–4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043105/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm |date=2009-03-09 }} *[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1817 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] *{{DNZB|title=James Cook biography|id=1C25|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]'' ===Journals=== *[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329203108/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ |date=2006-03-29 }}, as kept by James Cook&nbsp;– digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]] *[http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project]: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. *[http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at the [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre] *{{gutenberg author| id=James+Cook | name=James Cook}} *{{librivox author|James+Cook}} *[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Log book of Cook's second voyage]: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library ===Collections and museums=== *[http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000346/http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ |date=2011-11-20 }} Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. *[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023173221/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 |date=2013-10-23 }} *{{NRA|P6407}} *[http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm James Cook Birthplace Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }} *[http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm Cook's manuscript maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031025752/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm |date=2013-10-31 }} of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1728]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1779]] [[Kaarangay:James Cook| ]] agofv7m7i9gs5kqmncxrb6iq4m4ijh6 0 17470 7785588 7649032 2026-08-27T20:35:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Marco Polo | image = Marco Polo - costume tartare.jpg | caption = Polo wearing a Tatar outfit, date of print unknown | birth_date = {{birth date|1254|9|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = Venice, [[Republic of Venice]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1324|1|8|1254|9|15|df=yes}} | death_place = Venice, [[Republic of Venice]] | body_discovered = | death_cause = | resting_place = [[San Lorenzo, Venice|Church of San Lorenzo]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|45.4373|12.3455|type:landmark_region:IT|display=inline}} | residence = | nationality = Venetian | known_for = ''[[The Travels of Marco Polo]]'' | occupation = Merchant | religion = [[Catholicism]] | spouse = Donata Badoer | children = Fantina, Bellela and Moretta | parents = Mother: Nicole Anna Defuseh<br />Father: [[Niccolò Polo]] }} Hi '''Marco Polo''' (1254 - Enero 8, 1324) amo an usa nga Italyano nga negosyante ngan eksplorador. Usa hiya ha gisyasyahani nga mga Europeo nga kumadto ha Sidlangan Asya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist|group="Note"|colwidth=30em}} {{reflist|colwidth=20em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{citation|last=Basil|first=Lubbock|title=The Colonial Clippers|publisher=Read Books| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-4437-7119-1|ref=CITEREFLubbock2008}} * {{citation|last=Bergreen|first=Laurence|authorlink=Laurence Bergreen|title=Marco Polo: From Venice to Xanadu| date = 2007|publisher=Quercus|location=London|isbn=978-1-84724-345-4|ref=CITEREFBergreen2007}} * {{citation|last=Bram|first=Leon L.|first2=Phillips|last2=Robert S.|first3=Norma H.|last3=Dickey|title=Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Funk & Wagnalls]]|location=New York| date = 1983|isbn=978-0-8343-0051-4|ref=CITEREFBram1983}} (Article republished in 2006 World Almanac Books, available online from [http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219550 History.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412181453/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=219550 |date=2009-04-12 }}) * {{Citation | last=Brook | first=Timothy | authorlink = Timothy Brook | url=http://books.google.com/?id=b80ePdTYWXoC&pg=PA24&dq=Marco+Polo+Korcula#v=onepage&q=Marco%20Polo%20Korcula&f=false | title=The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties | date = 2010 | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=0-674-04602-1}} * {{Citation|last=Burgan|first=Michael|title=Marco Polo: Marco Polo and the silk road to China| date = 2002|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3aPF0rgdslUC&dq=Marco+Polo:+Marco+Polo+and+the+silk+road+to+China&printsec=frontcover&q=Korcula|publisher=Compass Point Books|location=Mankato|isbn=978-0-7565-0180-8|ref=CITEREFBurgan2002}} * {{citation|last=Edwards|first=Mike|title= Marco Polo, Part 1|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|location=Washington, D.C.| date = 2005|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0105/feature1/index.html|ref=CITEREFEdwards}} * {{citation | last = Falchetta | first = Piero | authorlink = Piero_Falchetta | title = Fra Mauro's World Map | location = [[Turnhout]] | publisher=[[Brepols]] | date = 2006 | url = | isbn = 2-503-51726-9|ref=CITEREFFalchetta2006}} * {{Citation|last=Landström|first=Björn |title=Columbus: the story of Don Cristóbal Colón, Admiral of the Ocean |publisher=Macmillan|location=New York City| date = 1967}} * Marco Polo. (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 Agosto 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/468139/Marco-Polo * {{CathEncy|wstitle=Marco Polo}} * {{Citation|title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica Macropedia|edition=15|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc]]|isbn=978-0-85229-787-2|contribution=Marco Polo|volume=9| date = 2002|ref=CITEREFBritannica2002}} * {{Citation |contribution=Marco Polo | date = 1915 |title=[[Nordisk familjebok]] |edition=Uggleupplagan |language=Swedish |contribution-url=https://runeberg.org/nfca/0687.html |ref=CITEREFBerg1915}} * {{citation|last=McKay|first=John|last2=Hill|first2=Bennet|last3=Buckler|first3=John|title=A History of Western Society|edition=Eighth| date = 2006|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Company]]|isbn=0-618-52266-2|page=506|ref=CITEREFMcKayHillBuckler2006}} * {{Citation | last=Nicol | first=Donald M. | url= | title=Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations | date = 1992| publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-42894-7}} * {{citation|last=Parker|first=John|authorlink=John Parker (author)|contribution=Marco Polo|location=United States|title=[[World Book Encyclopedia|The World Book Encyclopedia]]|publisher=World Book, Inc.| date = 2004|volume=15|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-7166-0104-3|ref=CITEREFParker2004}} * {{citation|last=Power|first=Eileen Edna |title=Medieval People|publisher=BiblioBazaar| date = 2007|isbn=978-1-4264-6777-6|ref=CITEREFPower2007}} * [[Olivier Weber]], ''Le grand festin de l’Orient''; Robert Laffont, 2004 * {{citation|last=Winchester|first=Simon|authorlink=Simon Winchester|title=The Man Who Loved China: Joseph Needham and the Making of a Masterpiece|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|date=6 Mayo 2008|isbn=978-0-06-088459-8|ref=CITEREFWinchester2008}} * {{citation|last=Wood|first=Frances|authorlink=Frances Wood|title=Did Marco Polo Go To China?|publisher=Westview Press| date = 1998|isbn=0-8133-8999-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yMRVjwNIqW0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Did+Marco+Polo+Go+to+China%3F&q=}} * {{citation|last1=Yule|first1=Henry|authorlink1=Henry Yule|last2=Cordier|first2=Henri|authorlink2=Henri Cordier|title=The Travels Of Marco Polo|publisher=Dover Publications|location=Mineola| date = 1923|isbn=978-0-486-27586-4|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo|ref=CITEREFYuleCordier1923}} {{Refend}} * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=x9tEAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Betlehem&f=false Marco Polo, ''Marci Poli Veneti de Regionibus Orientalibus'', Simon Grynaeus Johannes Huttichius, ''Novus Orbis Regionum ac Insularum Veteribus Incognitarum,'' Basel, 1532, pp.350-418.] ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=Daftary|first=Farhad|title=The Assassin legends: myths of the Ismaʻilis|url=https://archive.org/details/assassinlegendsm0000daft|edition=2|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]| date = 1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/assassinlegendsm0000daft/page/213 213]|isbn=978-1-85043-705-5|ref=CITEREFDaftary1994}} * {{cite book|title=In Xanadu|url=https://archive.org/details/inxanaduquest00will|author= [[William Dalrymple (historian)|Dalrymple, William]]| date = 1989}} *{{cite book|last=Hart|first=H. Henry|authorlink=Henry Hart (author)|title=Marco Polo, Venetian Adventurer|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| date = 1948|ref=CITEREFHart1948}} *{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VovVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Travels of Marco Polo|author=Marco Polo|author=Marsden, William (Editor)| date = 1918|publisher=J.M. Dent & Sons|edition=|location=London|isbn=|page=461|accessdate=29 Mayo 2011}}(Original from the University of Wisconsin – Madison) * {{cite book|authors=Translated and edited by Moule, A.C & Pelliot, Paul| title=Marco Polo: The Description of the World|date=1938|publisher= George Routledge & Sons|location= London|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptionofwor01polo}} 2 Volumes. *{{cite book|last=Otfinoski|first=Steven|title=Marco Polo: to China and back|url=https://archive.org/details/marcopolotochina0000otfi| date = 2003|publisher=Benchmark Books|location=New York|isbn=0-7614-1480-0|ref=CITEREFOtfinoski2003}} * {{cite book|authors=Polo, Marco & [[Rustichello of Pisa]]|title=The Travels of Marco Polo - Volume 1 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/10636 |publisher=Project Gutenberg |date=1 Enero 2004 |accessdate=2 Abril 2011}} * {{cite book|authors=Polo, Marco & [[Rustichello of Pisa]]|title=The Travels of Marco Polo - Volume 2|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/12410 |publisher=Project Gutenberg |date=1 Mayo 2004 |accessdate=2 Abril 2011}} * [[Olivier Weber]], ''Sur les routes de la soie'' (On the Silk Roads) (with [[Reza Deghati|Reza]], Hoëbeke,2007 * {{cite book|title=Daughter of Xanadu|url=https://archive.org/details/daughterofxanadu00yang|last=Yang|first=Dori Jones|authorlink=Dori Jones Yang|publisher=Delacorte Press Books for Young Readers|date=11 Enero 2011|isbn=978-0-385-73923-8}} (Young Adult novel) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Marco Polo}} {{Wikisource author}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline|On the trail of Marco Polo}} * [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=202977755949863934429.0004a0e409e231721ea1d&msa=0&ll=33.137551,79.628906&spn=83.996751,142.910156 Google Map of the Travels of Marco Polo]{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{dmoz|Society/History/By_Topic/Exploration/Explorers/Polo,_Marco/|Marco Polo}} *{{Imdb character|0026847}} *[http://www.innvenice.com/Marco-Polo.htm Marco Polo's house in Venice, near the church of San Giovanni Grisostomo] *[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/07/01/sights_n_sounds/media.2.2.html National Geographic Marco Polo: Journey from Venice to China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103144538/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/07/01/sights_n_sounds/media.2.2.html |date=2008-01-03 }} *{{gutenberg author| id=Marco+Polo | name=Marco Polo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polo, Marco}} [[Kaarangay:Marco Polo| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1254]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1324]] 703vbr5ix10uf71srieejamoezbdg3v 0 17478 7785651 7782372 2026-08-27T21:15:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Akira Kurosawa<br>黒澤 明 | image = Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg | caption = Akira Kurosawa on the set of ''Seven Samurai'' in 1953 | parents = Isamu Kurosawa<br/>Shima Kurosawa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|3|23}} | birth_place = [[Shinagawa]], [[Tokyo]], Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|9|6|1910|3|23}} | death_place = [[Setagaya]], Tokyo, Japan | death_cause = [[Stroke]] | occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[screenwriter]], [[film producer|producer]], [[Film editing|editor]] | years_active = 1936–1993 | spouse = [[Yōko Yaguchi]] (1945–1985) (her death) | children = [[Kazuko Kurosawa]]<br>Hisao Kurosawa | relatives = Yu Kurosawa (singer, granddaughter), Takayuki Kato (actor, grandson) }} Hi '''Akira Kurosawa''' (黒澤 明 o 黒沢 明, ''Kurosawa Akira'', 23 Marso 1910 – 6 Septyembre 1998) usa nga Hapon nga direkor, tighimo, tigsurat ngan editor han mga kasalidahan.[[Toshiro Mifune]] ==Filmograpiya== ===Komo manunurat=== * 1941 Uma (Horse) [uncredited as writer] * 1942 Seishun no kiryu (Wind Currents of Youth) * 1942 Tsubasa no gaika (The Triumphant Song of the Wings) * 1944 Dohyosai (Wrestling-Ring Festival) * 1945 Appare Ishin Tasuke (Bravo! Ishin Tasuke) * 1947 Yottsu no koi no monogatari (Four Love Stories) [one segment] * 1947 Ginrei no hate (To the End of the Snow-Capped Mountains; aka Snow Trail) * 1948 Shozo (The Portrait) * 1949 Jigoku no kifujin (The Lady from Hell) * 1949 Jyakoman to Tetsu (Jakoman and Tetsu) * 1950 Akatsuki no dasso (Escape at Dawn) * 1950 Jiruba no Tetsu (Tetsu of Jilba) * 1950 Tateshi danpei (Fencing Master) * 1951 Ai to nikushimi no kanata e (Beyond Love and Hate) * 1951 Kedamono no yado (The Den of Beasts) * 1952 Araki Sauemon – Ketto kagiya no tsuji (Sauemon Araki – Duel at Key-Maker’s Corner; aka Vendetta for a Samurai) * 1952 Sengoku burai (Vagabonds in a Country at War; aka Sword for Hire) * 1953 Fukeyo harukaze (Blow! Spring Wind; aka My Wonderful Yellow Car) * 1955 Kieta chutai (Vanished Enlisted Man) * 1955 Asunaro monogatari (Hiba Arborvitae Story; aka Tomorrow I’ll Be a Fire Tree) * 1957 Nichiro senso shori no hishi – Tekichu odan sanbyaku ri (Three Hundred Miles Through Enemy Lines; aka Advance Patrol) * 1959 Sengoku gunto-den (The Story of Robbers of the Civil Wars; aka Saga of the Vagabonds) * 1985 Runaway Train * 2000 [[After the Rain (film)|Ame Agaru (After the Rain)]] * 2000 [[Dora-heita]] (Alley Cat) * 2002 Umi wa miteita (The Sea is Watching) ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ===Mga Pagkukuhaan=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{audie-bock-directors}} * {{cite book|last=Desser|first=David|title=Eros Plus Massacre|url=https://archive.org/details/erosplusmassacre00davi|year=1988|publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-20469-0|ref=CITEREFDesser}} * {{cite video|title=Dodes'ka-den (Criterion Collection Spine #465)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFDodeskaden}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite video|title=Drunken Angel|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFDrunken Angel}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Fellini|first=Federico|title=Federico Fellini: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/federicofellini00fede|editor=Bert Cardullo |year=2006|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-885-1 |ref=CITEREFFellini}} * {{cite book|last=Galbraith|first=Stuart, IV|title=The Emperor and the Wolf: The Lives and Films of Akira Kurosawa and Toshiro Mifune|url=https://archive.org/details/emperorwolf00galb|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber, Inc|isbn=0-571-19982-8|ref=CITEREFGalbraith}} * {{cite book|last=Godard|first=Jean-Luc|editor=Tom Milne|title=Godard on Godard|url=https://archive.org/details/godardongodardcr0000goda|year=1972|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=0-306-80259-7|ref=CITEREFGodard}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} *{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Akira Kurosawa and Intertextual Cinema| url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000good|year=1993|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-4661-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1993}} *{{cite book| last=Goodwin|first=James|title=Perspectives on Akira Kurosawa|year=|publisher=G. K. Hall & Co.|isbn=0-8161-1993-7|ref=CITEREFGoodwin1994}} * {{cite book|last=High|first=Peter B.|title=The Imperial Screen: Japanese Film Culture in the Fifteen Years' War, 1931–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialscreenja0000high|year=2003|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-18134-0|ref=CITEREFHigh}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|others=Translated by [[Audie E. Bock]]|title=Something Like an Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/somethinglikeaut0000kuro|year=1983|publisher=Vintage Books|isbn=0-394-71439-3|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1983}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|title=Yume wa tensai de aru (A Dream Is a Genius)|year=1999|publisher=Bungei Shunjū|isbn=4-16-355570-6|ref=CITEREFKurosawa1999}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Kurosawa|first=Akira|editor=Bert Cardullo|title=Akira Kurosawa: Interviews|url=https://archive.org/details/akirakurosawaint0000kuro|year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-57806-996-3 |ref=CITEREFKurosawa2008}} * {{cite video|title=Kurosawa: The Last Emperor |publisher=Channel Four (UK)/Exterminating Angel Productions|date=1999|type=[[DVD-R]]|ref=CITEREFKurosawa: The Last Emperor}} * {{cite video|title=Kurosawa|date=2000|publisher=[[WNET]], [[BBC]] and [[NHK]]|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFKurosawa (WNET)}} * {{cite book|last=Martinez|first=Delores P.|title=Remaking Kurosawa: Translations and Permutations in Global Cinema|year=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-29358-5 |ref=CITEREFMartinez}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Voices from the Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesfromjapane0000mell|year=1975|publisher=Liveright Publishing Corporation|isbn=0-87140-604-7|ref=CITEREFMellen1975}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=The Waves at Genji's Door|url=https://archive.org/details/wavesatgenjisdoo0000mell|year=1976|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=0-394-49799-6|ref=CITEREFMellen1976}} * {{cite book|last=Mellen|first=Joan|title=Seven Samurai (BFI Classics)|url=https://archive.org/details/sevensamurai0000mell|year=2002|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=0-85170-915-X|ref=CITEREFMellen2002}} * {{cite book|last=Morrison|first=James|title=Roman Polanski (Contemporary Film Directors)|url=https://archive.org/details/romanpolanski0000morr|year=2007|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-07446-7|ref=CITEREFMorrison}} * {{cite book|last=Nogami|first=Teruyo|title=Waiting on the Weather|year=2006|publisher=Stone Bridge Press|isbn=978-1-933330-09-9|ref=CITEREFNogami}} * {{cite book|last=Peckinpah|first=Sam|title=Sam Peckinpah: Interviews |url=https://archive.org/details/sampeckinpahinte0000peck|editor=Kevin J. Hayes |year=2008|publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=1-934110-64-7 |ref=CITEREFPeckinpah}}{{clarify|reason=This source not referenced from article text; |date=October 2013}} * {{cite book|last=Prince|first=Stephen|title=The Warrior's Camera: The Cinema of Akira Kurosawa|edition=2nd, revised |year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 0-691-01046-3 |ref=CITEREFPrince}} * {{cite video|title=Rashomon|date=2002|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFRashomon}} * {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Our Films Their Films|url=https://archive.org/details/hyderabadsocialc0000subb|year=2007|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=81-250-1565-5|ref=CITEREFRay}} * {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Richie|title=The Films of Akira Kurosawa, Third Edition, Expanded and Updated|url=https://archive.org/details/filmsofakirakuro0000rich_r0c1|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-22037-4|ref=CITEREFRichie1999}} * {{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|title=A Hundred Years of Japanese Film|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsofja0000rich|year=2001|publisher=Kodansha International |isbn=4-7700-2682-X|ref=CITEREFRichie2001}} * {{cite video|title=Seven Samurai: 3-disc Remastered Edition (Criterion Collection Spine #2)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFSeven Samurai}} * {{cite book|last=Sato|first=Tadao|title=Currents in Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/currentsinjapane0000sato|year=1987|publisher=Kodansha International Ltd.|isbn=0-87011-815-3|ref=CITEREFSato}} * {{cite video|title=Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope |date=2006|publisher=Twentieth-Century Fox Home Entertainment |type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFStar Wars}} * {{cite book|last=Tirard|first=Laurent|title=Moviemakers' Master Class: Private Lessons from the World's Foremost Directors|url=https://archive.org/details/moviemakersmaste0000tira|year=2002|publisher=Faber and Faber Ltd.|isbn=0-571-21102-X|ref=CITEREFTirard}} * {{cite video|title=Yojimbo: Remastered Edition (Criterion Collection Spine #52)|publisher=Criterion|type=[[DVD]]|ref=CITEREFYojimbo}} * {{cite book|last=Yoshimoto|first=Mitsuhiro|title=Kurosawa: Film Studies and Japanese Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/kurosawafilmstud0000yosh|year=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2519-5|ref=CITEREFYoshimoto}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} *{{IMDb name|41}} *{{tcmdb name|106389}} *[http://www.criterion.com/explore/3-akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa] at the [[Criterion Collection]] *[http://akirakurosawa.info/ Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion] *[http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194325/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html |date=2010-07-04 }} *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html Great Performances: Kurosawa (PBS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html |date=2007-01-24 }} *[http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/cine_director_query.pl?6724 CineFiles: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (Kurosawa search)] *[http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024014317/http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html |date=2008-10-24 }} {{ja icon}} *{{jmdb name|0121190}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/illustratedjapanesevocabulary/film/kurosawa Several trailers] *[http://www.anaheim.edu/schools-and-institutes/akira-kurosawa-school-of-film Anaheim University Akira Kurosawa School of Film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721032348/http://anaheim.edu/schools-and-institutes/akira-kurosawa-school-of-film |date=2014-07-21 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Akira Kurosawa}} *{{IMDb name|41}} *{{tcmdb name|106389}} *[http://www.criterion.com/explore/3-akira-kurosawa Akira Kurosawa] at the [[Criterion Collection]] *[http://akirakurosawa.info/ Akira Kurosawa: News, Information and Discussion] *[http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194325/http://archive.sensesofcinema.com/contents/directors/02/kurosawa.html |date=2010-07-04 }} *[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html Great Performances: Kurosawa (PBS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070124063349/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/shows/kurosawa/kurosawa.html |date=2007-01-24 }} *[http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/cine_director_query.pl?6724 CineFiles: Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (Kurosawa search)] *[http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html Akira Kurosawa at Japanese celebrity's grave guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024014317/http://www.horror-house.jp/cat2/19101998.html |date=2008-10-24 }} {{ja icon}} *{{jmdb name|0121190}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/illustratedjapanesevocabulary/film/kurosawa Several trailers] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurosawa, Akira}} [[Kaarangay:Akira Kurosawa| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1910]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1998]] ts1w8q1sf2a3ig56tuwkg2xzgja03wn 0 17485 7785646 7783530 2026-08-27T21:12:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |name=Juana han Arko<br>Juana de Arco<br>Joan of Arc<br>Jeanne d'Arc |birth_date= ca. 1412 |death_date=30 May 1431 (aged 19) |feast_day=30 May |parents= Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle de Vouthon |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]] |image=Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption=Painting, ca. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the only known direct portrait has not survived. (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, AE II 2490) |birth_place=[[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], [[Duchy of Bar]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171425/http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |death_place=[[Rouen]], France <br>(then [[The Dual-Monarchy of England and France|controlled by England]]) |titles=Santa |beatified_date=18 April 1909 |beatified_place=[[Notre Dame de Paris]] |beatified_by=[[Papa Pío X]] |canonized_date=16 May 1920 |canonized_place=[[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome |canonized_by=[[Papa Benedicto XV]] |patronage= France [[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|22px]]; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the [[WAVES]] (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service); and [[Women's Army Corps]] }} Hi '''Santa Juana han Arko''' (ha Frinanses: '''Jeanne d'Arc'''; ha Kinatsila: ''Juana de Arco''; ha Ininglis: ''Joan of Arc'') (1412 – 30 Mayo 1431) amo an usa ka nasodnon nga bayani han [[Fransya]] ngan usa ka santa Katolika. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |year=1999 |isbn=0-7509-1805-5 |oclc=42957383 |authorlink=Kelly DeVries}} * {{Cite book|first=Richard C. |last=Famiglietti|title=Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 1392–1420|url=https://archive.org/details/royalintriguecri0000fami |publisher=AMS Press|location=New York |series=AMS studies in the Middle Ages, 9 |year=1987|isbn=0-404-61439-6}}<!-- Was "Pernoud and Clin". --> * {{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=Bristol |isbn=0-7139-0857-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Oliphant |first=Mrs. (Margaret) |title=Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death |isbn=978-1404310865 |series=Heroes of the Nations |date=June 2002 (Web page: November 2003) |origyear=1896 |publisher=IndyPublish.com |url=http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html}} * {{cite book |title=Joan of Arc: Her Story |last=Pernoud |first=Régine |coauthors=Marie-Véronique Clin |others=translated and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler |year=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=9780312214425 |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312214421/#reader-link |oclc=39890535}}<!-- Added, but references may actually refer to Famiglietti. --> ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Biographies *{{Cite book|author=Anon|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=http://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|others=trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |date=2011-07-09 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |access-date=2020-12-30 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Jeanne d'Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjeannedar0000wpba|editor=Barrett, W.P.|publisher=Gotham house|location=New York|year=1932|oclc=1314152}} *{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Polly Schoyer|title=Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondmyth00poll|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-397-32422-7|oclc=20319268}} *{{Cite book|last=de Quincey|first=Thomas|title=The English Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7mjnc10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000debo|publisher=Boydell Press,|location=London|year=2002|isbn=0-85115-880-3|oclc=48680250}} *{{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|title=The Life of Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19488|authorlink=Anatole France}} *{{Cite book|last=Gower|first=Ronald Sutherland|title=Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Heimann|first=Nora|title=Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcinfrenc0000heim|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-5085-5}} *{{Cite book|last1=Heimann|first1=Nora|last2=Coyle|first2=Laura|title=Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherimag0000heim|publisher=Corcoran Gallery of Art in association with D Giles Limited|location=Washington, DC|year=2006|isbn=1-904832-19-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc|publisher=ED. Artus Bertrand|location=Paris|year=1817|oclc=8443774|url=http://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=L`ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS|editor=Smith, Audin|location=Paris|year=1821|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|title=Le procès de condamnation et le procès de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. L'histoire en appel.|publisher=Éditions Denoël|location=Paris|year=1959|oclc=1823703|others=trans. Oursel, Raymond}} *{{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|url=https://archive.org/details/forfearoffirejoa0000melt|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-51982-1|oclc=46240234|authorlink=Françoise Meltzer}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00pern|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|location=New York|year=1955|oclc=1338471|others=trans. J.M. Cohen}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=[[Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses]]|publisher=Scarborough House|location=London|year=1994|isbn=0-8128-1260-3|oclc=31535658|others=trans. E. Hymans}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=Jeanne d'Arc: La Reconquête de la France|url=https://archive.org/details/jeannedarc0000rgin|publisher=Gallimard|year=1995|isbn=2-07-040230-4|oclc=39883861|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|last2=Clin|first2=Marie-Véronique|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-312-22730-2|oclc=39890535|others=trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams}} *{{Cite book|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite la Pucelle. Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu'on a pu réunir et accompagnés de notes et d'éclaircissements.|editor=Quicherat, Jules-Étienne-Joseph|publisher=Johnson|location=New York|year=1965|volume=1–5|oclc=728420|language=French|origyear=1841–1849}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book |author=Romm F. |title=Загадки Орлеанской девы |trans_title=Mysteries of The Maid of Orleans |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |year=2008 |publisher=ENAS |location=Moscow |language=Russian }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |date=2012-03-10 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |access-date=2012-07-31 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald|title=Joan : the mysterious life of a heretic who became a saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanmysteriousli00spot|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|location=San Francisco|year=2007|isbn=0-06-081517-5|oclc=84655969}} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Joan of Arc : being the verbatim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc0000wssc|publisher=Folio Society|location=London|year=1956|oclc=1182797|others=trans. Scot, W.S.}} {{Refend}} {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Nahisusumpay nga mga kasaysayan *{{Cite book|last=Allmand|first=C.|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300&nbsp;– 1450|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1988|isbn=0-521-31923-4 }} *{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=H.W.C|title=Medieval Europe|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/mdvlp10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Guizot|first=François Pierre Guillaume|title=A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times|volume=3|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt}} *{{Cite book|author1-link=John Henry Haaren|last1=Haaren|first1=John Henry|last2=Poland|first2=A.B.|title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages|url=http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Lacroix|first=Paul|title=Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10940/10940.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Lingard|first=John|title=The History of England|url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Capricorn Books|location=New York|year=1965|others=trans. W.B. Wells}} *{{Cite book|last=Pollard|first=A.F.|title=The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/hstng10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Power|first=Eileen Edna|title=Medieval People|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13144/13144.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Vauchez|first=André|title=Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sainthoodinlater0000vauc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-44559-0|others=trans. Jean Birrell}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Jeanne d'Arc}} <!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value. ---> *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm "Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)]—1919 version of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' *[http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ Archive of Joan of Arc materials] *[http://www.medailles-jeannedarc.fr Médailles Jeanne d’Arc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828225811/http://www.medailles-jeannedarc.fr/ |date=2018-08-28 }}, Exonumia: Medallions devoted to Joan of Arc *[http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdjoan.htm Garden of Praise&nbsp;– Joan of Arc] *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=295 Catholic Online Saints] *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106457/Saint-Joan-of-Arc "Joan of Arc"]—''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' article *[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/musee.jeannedarc/indexanglais.htm Site of the Joan of Arc Museum] in Rouen, France. *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/10/AR2008101001919.html?hpid=features1&hpv=national "A Stirring Icon of Girl Power: A Father and a Daughter Follow the Trail of Joan of Arc"]—Article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' by Steve Hendrix, 12 Oct 2008. *[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=115658726523943724797.00047c4d04ab4d36b169f&t=h&z=11 Joan of Arc's Loire Valley Battles] on [[Google Maps]] [[Kaarangay:Juana han Arko| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1410 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1431]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] klh32ro6eym2fmp4ifw2wuznl2gnq4d 0 17489 7785674 7783741 2026-08-27T21:32:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name =Martin Luther King, Jr. |birth_name = Michael King, Jr. |birth_date = {{birth date|1929|1|15|mf=y}} |birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States}} |death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1968|4|4|1929|1|15}} |death_place = {{nowrap|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]], United States}} |image = Martin Luther King Jr NYWTS.jpg |signature = Martin Luther King Jr Signature2.svg |parents = [[Martin Luther King, Sr.]]<br>[[Alberta Williams King]] |spouse = [[Coretta Scott King]] (m. 1953–68) |children = [[Yolanda King|Yolanda Denise-King]] (deceased)<br>[[Martin Luther King III]]<br>[[Dexter Scott King]]<br />[[Bernice King|Bernice Albertine King]] |nationality = [[Americans|American]] |movement = [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968)|African-American Civil Rights Movement]], [[Peace movement]] |organization = [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference|Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)]] |monuments = [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial]] |alma_mater = [[Morehouse College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]])<br> [[Crozer Theological Seminary]] ([[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]])<br> [[Boston University]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]) |awards = [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (1964), [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1977, posthumous), [[Congressional Gold Medal]] (2004, posthumous) |religion = [[Baptist]] ([[Progressive National Baptist Convention]]) |influences = [[Jesus]], [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], [[Benjamin Mays]], [[Hosea Williams]], [[Bayard Rustin]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Howard Thurman]], [[Leo Tolstoy]] |influenced = }} Hi '''Martin Luther King, Jr.''' (Enero 15, 1929 – Abril 4, 1968), usa nga Amerkano nga tawo han singbahan, aktibista ngan prominente nga lider han Afrikano-Amerikano nga gios katungod sibil. ==Bibliograpiya== * ''[[Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story]]'' (1958) ISBN 978-0-06-250490-6 * ''The Measure of a Man'' (1959) ISBN 978-0-8006-0877-4 * ''[[Strength to Love]]'' (1963) ISBN 978-0-8006-9740-2 * ''[[Why We Can't Wait]]'' (1964) ISBN 978-0-8070-0112-7 * ''[[Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?]]'' (1967) ISBN 978-0-8070-0571-2 * ''[[Conscience for Change|The Trumpet of Conscience]]'' (1968) ISBN 978-0-8070-0170-7 * ''A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.'' (1986) ISBN 978-0-06-250931-4 * ''The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.'' (1998), ed. Clayborne Carson ISBN 978-0-446-67650-2 * ''"All Labor Has Dignity"'' (2011) ed. [[Michael Honey]] ISBN 978-0-8070-8600-1 * ''"Thou, Dear God": Prayers That Open Hearts and Spirits'' Collection of Dr. King's prayers. (2011), ed. Dr. [[Lewis Baldwin]] ISBN 978-0-8070-8603-2 * ''MLK: A Celebration in Word and Image'' Photographed by [[Bob Adelman]], introduced by Charles Johnson ISBN 978-0-8070-0316-9 ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Mga pagkukuhaan=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Ralph Abernathy|last=Abernathy|first=Ralph|title=And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: An Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber|publisher=Harper & Row|year=1989|isbn=0-06-016192-2}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Taylor Branch|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=At Canaan's Edge: America In the King Years, 1965–1968|url=https://archive.org/details/atcanaansedgeame00bran|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2006|isbn=0-684-85712-X}} * {{cite book| last= Cohen| first= Adam Seth |first2= Elizabeth|last2=Taylor| publisher= Back Bay|year=2000|isbn= 0-316-83489-0|title= Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation| url= https://archive.org/details/americanpharaohm00adam|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |title=Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Life |last=Frady |first=Marshall |authorlink=Marshall Frady |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-303648-7 |url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.html?id=dOR4QpEE0g8C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=David Garrow|last=Garrow|first=David J.|title=The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr|url=https://archive.org/details/fbimartinlutherk0000garr|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1981|isbn=0-14-006486-9}} * Garrow, David. ''Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference'' (1989). Pulitzer Prize. ISBN 978-0-06-056692-0 * "James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randy Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. [[David Garrow]]'s ''We Shall Overcome, Volume II'' (Carlson Publishing Company, 1989). * {{cite book| title= The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement| url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780742544093| last= Glisson| first=Susan M.| isbn=0-7425-4409-5 | publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Bobby and J. Edger|url=https://archive.org/details/bobbyjedgarhisto00hers|last=Herst|first=Burton|year=2007|publisher=Carroll & Graf|isbn=0-7867-1982-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Thomas F.|title=From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice|url=https://archive.org/details/from-civil-rights-to-human-rights--martin-luther-king-jr-and-the-struggle-for-economic-justice-_2007|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8122-3969-0|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title=Autobiography | url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king | first=Martin Luther | last=King, Jr. | editor-last=Carson | editor-first=Clayborne | page=[https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofm00king/page/6 6] | publisher=Warner Books | year=1998| isbn=0-446-52412-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | last=King, Jr. | first=Martin Luther | first2=Clayborne |last2=Carson|first3=Peter|last3=Holloran |first4=Ralph|last4=Luker |first5=Penny A. |last5=Russell| title=The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr | url=https://archive.org/details/papersofmartinlu00king_1 | publisher=University of California Press| year=1992| isbn=0-520-07950-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last= Kotz|first=Nick| isbn=0-618-08825-3|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Books|year=2005|title=Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America|url= https://archive.org/details/judgmentdayslynd0000kotz|ref=harv}} * {{cite book| title =Debating the Civil Rights Movement, 1945–1968 | url =https://archive.org/details/debatingcivilrig2ndelaws | last= Lawson|first=Steven F.|first2=Charles M.|last2=Payne|first3=James T.|last3=Patterson| isbn= 0-7425-5109-1 | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|ref=harv}} * {{cite book | title= Against the Vietnam War: Writings by Activists| last= Robbins|first= Mary Susannah | isbn=0-7425-5914-9 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield|year= 2007|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr |last= Washington| first= James M. | year=1991 | publisher= HarperCollins|isbn= 0-06-064691-8|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ===Padugang nga barasahon=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Ayton|first=Mel|title=A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray And The Murder Of Martin Luther King Jr|publisher=Archebooks Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1-59507-075-3}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Taylor Branch|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/partingwatersame00bran_0|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1988|isbn=0-671-46097-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Branch|first=Taylor|title=Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965|url=https://archive.org/details/pillaroffireamer00bran|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1998|isbn=0-684-80819-6}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Coretta Scott King|last=King|first=Coretta Scott|title=My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifewithmartin00king_2|publisher=Henry Holth & Co|origyear=1969|year=1993|isbn=0-8050-2445-X}} * Kirk, John A., ed. ''Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates'' (2007). pp.&nbsp;224 * Schulke, Flip; McPhee, Penelope. ''King Remembered'', Foreword by Jesse Jackson (1986). ISBN 978-1-4039-9654-1 * Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta. ''Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality.'' Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012. ISBN 0-8130-3723-9. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Martin Luther King}} {{Refbegin}} *[http://www.thekingcenter.org The King Center] *[http://www.auctr.edu/mlkcollection/ "Martin Luther King Jr. Collection"], Morehouse College, RWWL *[http://www.kinginstitute.info/ The Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project] *[http://www.thekinglegacy.org The King Legacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808092509/http://thekinglegacy.org/ |date=2012-08-08 }}, a publishing partnership between [[Beacon Press]] and the Estate of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. *[http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html Martin Luther King Jr., "A New Sense of Direction (1968)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425144822/http://www.cceia.org/resources/articles_papers_reports/4960.html |date=2010-04-25 }} *[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/mlk/ "Martin Luther King Jr."], ''The Seattle Times'' *[http://www.ep.tc/mlk/ 1956 Comic Book: ''Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story''] *[http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y Kirk, John A., "Martin Luther King, Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224184100/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1009&sug=y |date=2009-12-24 }}, ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'' *[http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia_contents "Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829224452/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia_contents |date=2009-08-29 }}, online encyclopedia, chronology and document library, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. *[http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1426 "Martin Luther King, Jr."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616100939/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1426 |date=2010-06-16 }}, ''Encyclopedia of Alabama'' *{{C-SPAN|martinlutherking}} *{{IMDb name|0455052}} *{{gutenberg author|id=Martin+Luther+Jr.+King|name=Martin Luther King, Jr.}} *{{Worldcat id|lccn-n79-84324}} {{Refend}} ;Mga hulagway {{Refbegin}} * [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34872/mlk-before-he-won-the-nobel "Martin Luther King Jr.: Peacemaker"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118161156/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34872/mlk-before-he-won-the-nobel |date=2010-01-18 }}, slideshow by [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]] * [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/26879,news-comment,news-politics,the-life-of-martin-luther-king-the-civil-rights-leaders-life-in-pictures The Life and Death of Martin Luther King] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616113203/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/26879,news-comment,news-politics,the-life-of-martin-luther-king-the-civil-rights-leaders-life-in-pictures |date=2011-06-16 }}, slideshow by ''[[The First Post]]'' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060110072033/http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2006/martin_luther_king/ Photo Essay: "The Last Days of Martin Luther King, Jr."], ''Time'' {{Refend}} ;Speeches and interviews {{Refbegin}} *[http://saidatsouthern.com/martin-luther-king-mp3/ Audio from April 1961 King, "The Church on the Frontier of Racial Tensions"], speech at Southern Seminary *[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/18/dr_martin_luther_king_jr_1929 "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929–1968"], one hour documentary report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' *[http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/king/ "Martin Luther King, Jr. Historic Speeches and Interviews"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728122629/http://www.dalnet.lib.mi.us/king/ |date=2013-07-28 }} *[http://www.archive.org/movies/movies-details-db.php?collection=open_mind&amp;collectionid=openmind_ep727 The New Negro], King interviewed by [[J. Waites Waring]] *[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html "Interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161318/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mlk/sfeature/sf_video_pop_02_tr_qry.html |date=2013-07-28 }}, PBS *[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm "Beyond Vietnam" speech text and audio] *[http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/multimedia_contents King Institute Encyclopedia multimedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407151205/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/multimedia_contents |date=2010-04-07 }} *[http://www.therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=4731 Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019155053/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=4731 |date=2017-10-19 }}, sermon at the Ebenezer Baptist Church on April 30, 1967 (audio of speech with video 23:31) {{Refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:King, Martin Luther, Jr.}} [[Kaarangay:Martin Luther King, Jr.| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1929]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1968]] ppbjq437e22jktk4eszysj5knt5xk1z 0 17502 7785582 7783722 2026-08-27T20:29:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb]] An mga '''Krusada''' amo an sagunson nga gintutugotan han relihiyon nga kampanya militar han mga Latin nga Kristiyano nga Europa. An panuyuan han mga krusada amo an pagbawi han Baraan nga katunaan nga ginaragwayan ha harani 200 ka tuig, ha butnga han 1095 ngan 1291. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|60em}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesauthorit0000asbr | date = 2011 |publisher=Ecco |isbn= 978-0-06-078729-5 }} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-518905-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Barber, Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2 |publisher=Routledge |location=London | date = 1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Bernard of Clairvaux |authorlink=Bernard of Clairvaux |title=In Praise of the New Knighthood |url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofnewkni0000bern |publisher=Cistercian Publications | date = 2000 |isbn=978-0879071202}} * {{Cite journal |author=Brand, Charles M. |title=The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1962-04_37_2/page/167 |journal=Speculum |volume=37 |date= Abril 1962 |pages=167–181|jstor=2849946 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/2849946}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bréhier, Louis |title=Crusades |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia'' | date = 1908 |volume=4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bull, Marcus |title=Origins |encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=15–34|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |title=The pursuit of the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich |last=Cohn| first = Norman| date = 1970 |publisher = |isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title= The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-701-685|last= Daniel | first = Norman | date = 1979 |publisher = Longman Group Limited |isbn=0-582-78088-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Europe&nbsp;– A History |last=Davies| first = Norman| date = 1997 |publisher = Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-6633-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author= Dickson, Gary |title=The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2008}} * {{Cite book |author=Edington, Susan B. and Lambert, Sarah |title=Gendering the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/genderingcrusade0000unse |location= New York|publisher= Columbia University Press | date = 2002}} * {{Cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |url= http://www.amazon.ca/What-Everyone-Needs-about-Islam/dp/0195157133 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam }} * {{Cite book |last=Findley| first=Carter Vaughan | date = 2005| title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516770-8|location=New York|ref=harv}} * Harris, Jonathan (2014), ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * {{Cite book |title= Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy|last= Heng | first = Geraldine | date = 2004 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12526-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand| first=Carole | date = 1999| title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Hindley, Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy | date = 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |publisher=Carrol & Graf |isbn=0-7867-1344-5|location=New York}} * {{Cite book |author=Hodgson, Natasha |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/womencrusadingho0000hodg |publisher=Boydell | date = 2007}} * {{Cite journal |author=Holt, P. M. |title=Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1983_46_2/page/235 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 | date = 1983 |pages=235–239 |jstor=615389 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00078824 }} * {{Cite book |author= Jackson, Peter |title=The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |title= ''Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque |url= https://archive.org/details/westernrepresent0000kahf |last= Kahf | first = Mohja | date = 1999|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-74337-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Kolbaba, T. M. | date = 2000 |title=The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelistser0000kolb |publisher=University of Illinois }} * {{Cite book|author=Lewis, Richard D. |title=Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf|url=https://archive.org/details/finlandculturall0000lewi | date = 2005|publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-49-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Lock, Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-39312-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=Madden, Thomas F. |title=The New Concise History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd | date = 2005 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |location= Lanham, MD |isbn= 978-0-7425-3822-1}} *{{Cite book | last = Marshall | first = Christopher | title = Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1994 | isbn = 9780521477420|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author=Mayer, Hans Eberhard |title=The Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades0000maye_x9b7 |edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | date = 1988|isbn=0-19-873097-7 }} * {{Cite journal |author=Munro, Dana Carleton |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1906-01_11_2/page/231 |journal = American Historical Review |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |date= Enero 1906 |pages= 231–242 |jstor=1834642 |doi=10.2307/1834642 }} * {{Cite book |author=Nelson, Laura N. |title=The Byzantine Perspective of the First Crusade}} <!-- MA thesis&nbsp;– replace see [https://www.worldcat.org/title/byzantine-perspective-of-the-first-crusade-a-reexamination-of-alleged-treachery-and-betrayal/oclc/166885957&referer=brief_results] here --> * {{Cite journal |author=Nicholson, Helen |title=Women on the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_1997-12_23_4/page/n38 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=23 |issue=4 | date = 1997 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4 |page=335}} * {{Cite book |author= Nicolle, David |title=Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades | date = 2007}} * {{Cite book |author=Nicolle, David |title=The First Crusade 1066–99: Conquest of the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico |series=Campaign |publisher=Osprey |location=Wellingborough, UK | date = 2003|isbn=1-84176-515-5}} * {{Cite book|author= Nicolle, David|title=The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The Betrayal of Byzantium | date = 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing }} * {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Pringle, Denys |title=Architecture in Latin East|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=155–175|isbn=0-19-280312-3}} * {{Cite book |author=Owen, Roy Douglas Davis |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanorofaquitai0000owen |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date = 1993}} * {{Cite book |title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last = Retso | first = Jan | date = 2003 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Riley-Smith | first = Jonathan | title = The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 | url = https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile | publisher = Archon Books | location = Hamden | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780208013484|ref=harv }} * {{Cite book |author= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The Atlas of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File | date = 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2186-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/00book837650140 |edition=Second |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT | date = 2005 |isbn=0-300-10128-7}} * {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The First Crusaders 1096–1131 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1997}} * Rose, Karen (2009) "The Order of the Knights Templar" * {{Cite book |author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002stev | date = 1951 |edition= reprinted 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * {{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemendless0000sinc |last=Sinclair| first = Andrew| date = 1995 |publisher = Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Strayer, Joseph Reese | date = 1992 |title=The Albigensian Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00stra |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06476-2}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Strayer, Joseph R. |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M |title=The Crusades of Louis IX |pages=487–521}} * {{Cite book |title= Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|url= https://archive.org/details/saracensislaminm0000tola|last= Tolan | first = John Victor| date = 2002 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12333-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1= Tolan|first1=John|last2=Veinstein|first2= Gilles|last3=Henry|first3=Laurens | date = 2013 |title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History.|url= https://archive.org/details/europeislamicwor0000tola|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandcrusades10000tyer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL | date = 1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }} * {{Cite book|author= Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00vasi_0| date = 1952|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press }} * {{Cite journal |author=Villegas-Aristizábal, L. | date = 2009 |title=Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180 |journal=Crusades |issue=8 |pages=63–129}} * {{Cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |authorlink= Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritanceofrom0000wick |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Zacour, Norman P. |title=The Children's Crusade |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W. |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |pages=325–342|url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&isize=M }} {{refend}} '''Dugang nga barasahon''' ::'''Mga pahiuna''' * {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Andrea, Alfred J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Crusades | date = 2003|isbn= 0-313-31659-7|oclc= 52030565}} * {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005|isbn= 0-195-18905-1|oclc=60964496}} * {{Cite book |author= France, John |title=Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 |url= https://archive.org/details/westernwarfarein0000fran_i8l8 | date = 1999 |isbn=0-801-48607-6 |OCLC=40179990}} * Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000) * Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. (1986) * Phillips, Jonathan. ''Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades'' (2010) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. ''The Atlas of the Crusades'' (1991) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam'' (2011) ::'''Pina-urog nga pag-aram''' * Boas, Adrian J. ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule'' (2001) * Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches.'' (2003) * Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom.'' (2003) * Florean, Dana. "East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade." ''Language & Intercultural Communication,'' 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.&nbsp;144–151 * Folda, Jaroslav. ''Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre'' (2005) * France, John. ''Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade'' (1996) * Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0 * Hillenbrand, Car. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999) * Housley, Norman. ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992) * James, Douglas. "Christians and the First Crusade." ''History Review'' (Dec 2005), Issue 53 * Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. ''Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean.'' (2003) * Maalouf, Amin. ''Crusades Through Arab Eyes'' (1989) * Madden, Thomas F. ''et al.'', eds. ''Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict'' (2010) * Peters, Edward. ''Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229'' (1971) * Powell, James M. ''Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221,'' (1986) * Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden. ''The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople'' (2nd ed. 1999) * Riley-Smith, Jonathan.''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. (1986) * Runciman, Steven. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East'' (1952) [https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc vol 2 online free]; ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'' (1954); the classic 20th century history * Setton, Kenneth ed., ''A History of the Crusades''. (1969–1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press : Includes: [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne ''The first hundred years''] (2nd ed. 1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusTwo ''The later Crusades, 1189–1311''] (1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusThree ''The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries''] (1975); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFour ''The art and architecture of the crusader states''] (1977); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFive ''The impact of the Crusades on the Near East''] (1985); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusSix ''The impact of the Crusades on Europe''] (1989) * Smail, R. C. "Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century" ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' Vol. 10, No. 2. (1951), pp.&nbsp;133–149. * Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2010) * Tyerman, Christopher. ''England and the Crusades, 1095–1588.'' (1988) ::'''Historiograpiya''' * Constable, Giles. "The Historiography of the Crusades" in Angeliki E. Laiou, ed. ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (2001) [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf Extract online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703012414/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf |date= 3 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite book |author=Housley, Norman |authorlink= Norman Housley |title=Contesting the Crusades |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=1-4051-1189-5|url=http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Crusades-Norman-Housley/dp/1405111895/ }} * Illston, James Michael. '''An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered'' (MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2009) [http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2915 full text online] * Madden, Thomas F. ed. ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'' (2002) * Maier, C.T. "The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey" ''Journal of medieval history'' 2004. * Powell, James M. "The Crusades in Recent Research," '' The Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/catholic_historical_review/v095/95.2.powell.html in Project MUSE] * Rubenstein, Jay. "In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay," ''Historically Speaking'' (2011) 12#2 pp 25-27 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v012/12.2.rubenstein.html in Project MUSE] * von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. "Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades" in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235718826_Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Researchgate], [https://www.academia.edu/399540/Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Academia.edu] ::'''Panguna nga pagkukuhaan''' * [[Malcolm Barber|Barber, Malcolm]], Bate, Keith (2010). ''Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries'' (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd) * Bird, Jessalynn, et al. eds. ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Crusade-Christendom-Middle-Ages-Jessalynn-ebook/dp/B00B4FJPGA/ excerpts] * Housley, Norman, ed. ''Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580'' (1996) * Krey, August C. ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants'' (1958) * Shaw, M. R. B. ed.''Chronicles of the Crusades'' (1963) * Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville. ''Chronicles of the Crusades'' ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|Crusade}} {{Commons category|Crusades}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} * [http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ The Crusades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010122301/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2010 }}, a virtual college course through [[Boise State University]] ed. by E. L. Knox. * [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html Crusades: A Guide to Online Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206053422/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html |date= 6 Disyembre 2013 }}, Paul Crawford, 1999. * [http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/sscle/ The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East]—an international organization of professional Crusade scholars * [http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]—contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades 95pxnn0hb9phe7vhzwsc0j8rkqgzg63 0 17513 7785630 7783070 2026-08-27T21:00:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztecempirelocation.png|thumb]] An pulong nga '''Aztec''' amo an natudlok ha grupo etniko ha butnga nga Mehiko, labi na an grupo han mga Nahuatl it yinaknan nga nakaagom hin kusog politikal ngan militar ha dako nga parte han Mesoamerika han ika 14, ika 15 ngan ika 16 siglo, panahon nga gintatawag nga Urhi nga pagkatapos han panahon Klasiko han Mesoamerikano kaagi. Agsob an pulong nga "Aztec" natudlok gud la ha mga tawo han Tenochtitlan, nga nakabutang ha isla ha Sapa o Danaw Texcoco, nga gintatawag it ira kalugaringon nga Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}<!-- BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list. --> :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances |authorlink=Frances Berdan| date = 1982|title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology|location=New York|publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]]|isbn=0-03-055736-4 |oclc=7795704}} :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances F. |authorlink=Frances Berdan |coauthors=[[Richard E. Blanton]], [[Elizabeth Hill Boone]], Mary G. Hodge, [[Michael E. Smith]], and Emily Umberger | date = 1996 |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=0-88402-211-0 |oclc=27035231}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 1989 |title=Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=79 part 2 |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=0-87169-792-0 |oclc=20141678}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinredblac0000boon |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-70876-9 |oclc=40939882}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1982 |title=Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/quetzalcoatliron0000carr |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-09487-1 |oclc=0226094871}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1999 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsacrificea0000carr |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=0-8070-4642-6 |oclc=41368255}} :Carrasco, Pedro (1999) ''The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan''. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3144-6. :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 1: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin |url=https://archive.org/details/codexchimalpahin0001chim |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=225 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2921-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 2: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (continued) |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=226 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8061-2950-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Clendinnen, Inga |authorlink=Inga Clendinnen | date = 1991 |title=Aztecs: An Interpretation|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsinterpreta00clen |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-40093-7 |oclc=22451031}} :{{Cite book |author=Davies, Nigel |authorlink=Nigel Davies (historian)| date = 1973 |title=The Aztecs: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecshistory0000davi_d2o4 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12404-9 |oclc=805418}} :{{Cite book |author=Díaz del Castillo, Bernal |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo | date = 1963 |origyear=1632 |title=[[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|The Conquest of New Spain]] |edition=6th printing (1973)|others=[[J. M. Cohen]] (trans.) |series=Penguin Classics|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth, England|isbn=0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán | date = 1971 |origyear=1574–79 |title=Book of the Gods and Rites ''and'' The Ancient Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgodsritesa0000dura |others=Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and [[Doris Heyden]], with a Foreword by [[Miguel León-Portilla]] |edition=translation of ''Libro de los dioses y ritos'' and ''El calendario antiguo'', 1st English |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=102 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-0889-4 |oclc=149976}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán|origyear=c.1581 | date = 1994 |title=The History of the Indies of New Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindieso0000dura |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans., annot., and introd.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 210 |edition=Translation of ''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme'', 1st English|location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2649-3 |oclc=29565779}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie| date = 1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1095-4 |oclc=19353576}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie | date = 1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition |title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapterurl=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |editor=[[Elizabeth Hill Boone]] and Tom Cubbins (eds.) |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |location=Washington D.C. |pages=233–263 |isbn=0-88402-239-0 |oclc=34354931 |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |date= 21 Pebrero 2007 }} : Graulich, Michel (1997) ''Myths of Ancient Mexico''. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2910-7. : Gruzinski, Serge (1992). ''The Aztecs: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2821-3. :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross| date = 1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AJE-553|series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=171 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1911-X |oclc=11469622}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecwarfareimpe0000hass |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=188 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2121-1 |oclc=17106411}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/warsocietyinanci0000hass |location=Berkeley|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07734-2 |oclc=25007991}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig | date = 2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/timehistorybelie0000hass |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-73139-6 |oclc=44167649}} :{{Cite journal |author=Kaufman, Terrence |authorlink=Terrence Kaufman | date = 2001 |title=The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |version=Revised March 2001 |publisher=Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica |accessdate= |archive-date= 19 Enero 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |url-status=dead }} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.) |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1992 |origyear=1959 |title=The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/brokenspearsa00leon |others=[[Ángel María Garibay K.]] (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.)|edition=Expanded and updated edition|publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-5501-8}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1963 |title=Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind |edition=translation and adaptation of: ''La filosofía náhuatl'', 1st [1990] pbk reprint|series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=67|others=Jack Emory Davis (trans.) |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2295-1 |oclc=23373512}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 2002 |title=Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardinodesaha0000leon |others=Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) |edition=Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología ©1999, UNAM. |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=0-8061-3364-3 |oclc=47990042}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] and UCLA Latin American Center Publications|location= Stanford and Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1992 |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/nahuasafterconqu0000lock |location=Stanford, California |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0-8047-1927-6 |oclc=24283718|ref=CITEREFLockhart1992}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |author2=ed. and trans. | date = 1993 |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |series=Repertorium Columbianum |volume=1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07875-6 |oclc=24703159}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{nah icon}} :{{Cite book |author=López Austin, Alfredo |authorlink=Alfredo López Austin | date = 1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series|others=translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |location=Niwot |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |isbn=0-87081-445-1 |oclc=36178551}} : López Luján, Leonardo (2005) ''The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan''. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. ISBN 0-8263-2958-6. :{{Cite book |author=Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo |authorlink=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma | date = 1988 |title=The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan |url=https://archive.org/details/greattempleofazt0000mato_p3a0 |series=New Aspects of Antiquity series |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans.)|location=New York |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-500-39024-X |oclc=17968786}} : Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1988) ''The Great Temple of the Aztecs''. Thames and Hudson, New York. ISBN 0-500-39024-X. :{{Cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |author2=[[Karl Taube]] | date = 1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317}} :{{Cite journal |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. |date= Hunyo 1983 |title=Counting Skulls: Comment on the Aztec Cannibalism Theory of Harner-Harris |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=pp.403–406 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |doi=10.1525/aa.1983.85.2.02a00130 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294}} :{{Cite book |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. | date = 1990 |title=Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecmedicinehea0000orti |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=0-8135-1562-9|oclc=20798977}} :{{Cite book |author=Prescott, William H. |authorlink=William H. Prescott | date = 1843 |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html |format=online reproduction, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Brothers |oclc=2458166}} :{{Cite book |author=Restall, Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Restall | date = 2004 |title=[[Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest]] |edition=1st pbk edition|location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-517611-1 |oclc=56695639}} :{{Cite book |author=Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando |authorlink=Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón | date = 1984 |origyear=1629 |title=Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions and Customs That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629 |url=https://archive.org/details/treatiseonheathe0000ruiz |edition=original reproduction and translation of: ''Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España'', first English |others=translated & edited by [[J. Richard Andrews]] and [[Ross Hassig]] |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=164 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1832-6 |oclc=10046127}} {{nah icon}} {{en icon}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1950–82 |origyear=ca. 1540–85 |title=[[Florentine Codex|Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain]], 13 vols. in 12 |edition=translation of ''Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España'' |others=[[Charles E. Dibble]] and [[Arthur J. O. Anderson|Arthur J.O. Anderson]] (eds., trans., notes and illus.) |series=vols. I-XII |location=Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City |publisher=[[School of American Research]] and the [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=0-87480-082-X |oclc=276351}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1997 |origyear=ca.1558–61 |title=[[Primeros Memoriales]] |others=[[Thelma D. Sullivan]] (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with [[H.B. Nicholson]], [[Arthur J.O. Anderson]], [[Charles E. Dibble]], [[Eloise Quiñones Keber]], and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indians series |volume=200, {{nowrap|part 2}} |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2909-9 |oclc=35848992}} :{{Cite book |author=Schroeder, Susan |authorlink=Susan Schroeder | date = 1991 |title=Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1182-9 |oclc=21976206}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith | date = 1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online facsimile |journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=pp.153–186 |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=[[American Society for Ethnohistory]] |doi=10.2307/482619|issn=0014-1801 |oclc=145142543|ref=CITEREFSmith1984}} :{{Cite book |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 1997|title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0002smit |edition=first |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=0-631-23015-7 |oclc=48579073|ref=CITEREFSmith1997}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|date= Mayo 2005 |title=City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Emesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-05-CitySize.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=pp.403–434 |location=Beverley Hills, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |issn=0096-1442 |oclc=1798556 |accessdate= |doi=10.1177/0096144204274396}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. and [1] |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 2001 |title=The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20|pages=245–284 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0372}} :{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Smith, Michael E, "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire", ''Scientific American''.]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} :{{Cite book|author=Soustelle, Jacques|authorlink=Jacques Soustelle| date = 1961|title=Daily Life of the Aztecs:On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeofaztec0000sous_i7z0|others=Patrick O’Brian (Trans.)|location=London|publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=1-84212-508-7 |oclc=50217224}} :{{Cite book |author=Taube, Karl A. |authorlink=Karl Taube | date = 1993 |title=Aztec and Maya Myths |edition=4th University of Texas printing |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-78130-X |oclc=29124568}} :{{Cite book |author=Townsend, Richard F. | date = 2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd edition, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7 |oclc=43337963}} :{{Cite book |author=Zantwijk,Rudolph van | date = 1985|title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-1677-3 |oclc=11261299 }} ;;Panguna nga pagkukuhaan : Berdan, Frances F. and Patricia Reiff Anawalt (1997) ''The Essential [[Codex Mendoza]]''. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-20454-9. : [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés, Hernan]] (1987) ''Letters from Mexico''. New Ed. edition. Translated by [[Anthony Pagden]]. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0-300-03724-4. : [[Bernal Diaz del Castillo|Díaz del Castillo, Bernal]] (1963) ''The Conquest of New Spain''. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Penguin, New York. ISBN 0-14-044123-9. : Díaz, Gisele and Alan Rogers (1993) ''The [[Codex Borgia]]: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript''. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-27569-8. : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1971) ''Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar''. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ASIN B000M4OVSG. ISBN 0-8061-1201-8 (1977 Ed. edition). : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1994) ''The History of the Indies of New Spain''. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2649-3. : Garganigo ''et al.'', (2008) ''Huellas de las Literaturas Hispanoamerica''. 3 edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. (Note, this source in Spanish). ISBN 0-13-195846-1. : Zorita, Alonso de (1963) ''Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain''. Translated by Benjamin Keen. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. ASIN B000INWUNE. ISBN 0-8061-2679-5 (1994 paperback). {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource1911Enc|Aztecs}} {{Commons category|Aztec}} * [http://mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ Aztecs at Mexicolore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728095835/http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ |date=2013-07-28 }}: constantly updated educational site specifically on the Aztecs, for serious students of all ages. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027042348/http://geocities.com/architecture_aztec_america Aztec Architecture] * [http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/maaztec.html Aztecs / Nahuatl / Tenochtitlan]: Ancient Mesoamerica resources at [[University of Minnesota Duluth]] * [http://www.history-aztec.com Aztec history, culture and religion] B. Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (tr. by A. P. Maudsley, 1928, repr. 1965) * [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/table2.htm Demographic Disaster in Mexico 1519-1595] at the Department of History at the [[University of Minnesota]] * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azbib.html Michael E. Smith's student bibliography on the Aztecs]. *{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Article: "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/tlahuica.html Tlahuica Culture Home Page (an Aztec group from Morelos, Mexico)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030227.shtml "The Aztecs-looking behind the myths"] on [[BBC Radio 4]]’s [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In Our Time'']] featuring Alan Knight, Adrian Locke and Elizabeth Graham * [http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm Pre-columbian Aztec Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219221511/http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm |date= 19 Pebrero 2010 }}: photographs of Aztec tools and weapons 61cnemze4ac50yxvnpj89q1ew21am3t 0 17516 7785581 7783055 2026-08-27T20:28:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Hundred Years' War |image = [[File:Hundred Years' War montage.jpg|300px|Hundred Years' War]] |caption = {{nowrap|Clockwise, from top left: [[John of Bohemia]] at the [[Battle of Crécy]],}}<br />{{nowrap|English and Franco-Castilian fleets at the [[Battle of La Rochelle]],}}<br />[[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and the English army at the [[Battle of Agincourt]],<br />[[Joan of Arc]] rallies French forces at the [[Siege of Orléans]] |date = 1337–1453 (116 years) |place = France, the [[Low Countries]], England, Spain |result = '''[[Hundred Years' War (1337–60)|Edwardian War]]''' (1337–1360):<br> English victory <br> '''[[Hundred Years' War (1369–89)|Caroline War]]''' (1369–1389): <br> French victory '''[[Hundred Years' War (1415–53)|Lancastrian War]]''' (1415–1453): <br>French victory; House of Valois maintains the throne of France |territory = England gains the [[Pale of Calais]] but loses all other continental territory |combatant1=[[File:Blason France moderne.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of France|France]]<br/>[[File:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] |combatant2=[[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of England|England]]<br/>[[File:Blason fr Bourgogne.svg|22px]] [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] |strength1 = |strength2 = |casualties1 = High |casualties2 = High |notes = }} An '''Uskagatos ka Tuig nga Gyera''' amo an ginaragwayan han Fransya ngan Inglatera ha urhi nga [[Panahon han Kabutngaan]]. Nagpadayon ini ha 116 ka tuig tikang 1337 ngadto ha 1453. An gyera nagtikang kay hi Charles IV han Fransya namatay ha 1328 nga waray anak nga lalaki ngan hi Edward III han Inglatera natuo nga mayda hiya katungod nga mamana an korona han Fransya tikang ha iya iroy. An Fransya diri naayon hin langyaw nga hadi, hi Philip VI han Fransya nagyakan nga hiya dapat an maging hadi kay it babaye diri puydi makapagpamana hin katungod maghadi nga ighahatag ha ira mga anak. An duha nga nasod nag-away tungod ini nga diri pagkaarasya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Backman|first=Clifford R|title=The Worlds of Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofmedieval00back|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York| date = 2003|isbn=0-1953-3527-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Robert|title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -1225|url=https://archive.org/details/englandundernorm00bart_0| date = 2000|editor=J.M.Roberts|publisher=OUP|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-925101-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brissaud|first=Jean|editor-last=Garner|editor-first=James W. Tr|title=History of French Public Law|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrenchp00bris_0|series=The Continental Legal History series. 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Ed|url=https://archive.org/details/besieged100great0000davi|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Santa Barbara California|isbn=0-19-521930-9| date = 2003 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com|title=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=21 Septyembre 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last= Favier|first= Jean|title=La Guerre de Cent Ans|url= https://archive.org/details/laguerredecentan0000favi|publisher= Fayard| date = 1980|isbn=978-2-213-00898-1|location=Paris |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Friar|first=Stephen|title=The Sutton Companion to Local History|url=https://archive.org/details/suttoncompaniont0000fria_r5x6|publisher=Sutton| date = 2004|location=Sparkford, England|isbn=0-7509-2723-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Froissart|first=Jean|editor=Macaulay; George Campbell|others=John Bourchier Translator; Lord Berners Translator|title=The Chronicles of Froissart|publisher=Macmillan and Son|location=London| date = 1895|url=http://archive.org/stream/chroniclesfrois00macagoog#page/n176/mode/2up|accessdate=24 Septyembre 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web|last=Gormley|first=Larry|url=http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/archive/hundredyearswar.cfm?CFID=12106913&CFTOKEN=48989585&jsessionid=463076a37003e50bfe0063343a5d3c64687b|title=eHistory:The Hundred Years War: Overview|publisher=Ohio State University| date = 2007|accessdate=20 Septyembre 2012 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite web|last=Griffiths|first=R.A| date = 2004 |title=Henry VI (1421–1471) ''in'' Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; online edn, Sept 2010; Subscription required|publisher= Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/12/101012953/|accessdate=9 Oktubre 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Grummitt|first=David|title=The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558|publisher=The Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-84383-398-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Charles|last=Guignebert|title= A Short History of the French People. Vol 1.|others=F. G. Richmond Translator| publisher=Macmilan Company|location =New York| date = 1930|url= http://www.questia.com/read/98573239}} * {{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Robin|title=Studies in History 71: Valois Guyenne|url=https://archive.org/details/valoisguyennestu0000harr|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge, Surrey| date = 1994|isbn=0-86193-226-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Hattendorf|editor1-first=John B|editor2-last=Unger|editor2-first=Richard W|title=War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|publisher=The Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge| date = 2003|isbn=0-85115-903-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first1=Urban T|last1=Holmes, Jr|first2= Alexander H|last2= Schutz|title= A History of the French Language, Revised ed|location=Columbus, OH|publisher= Harold L. Hedrick|url=http://www.questia.com/read/82238646| date = 1948 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite paper|last=Jones|first=Robert|title= Re-thinking the origins of the Irish Hobelar|publisher=Cardiff School of History and Archaeology|location=Cardiff|url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/resources/CHP%202008.1%20Jones.pdf| date = 2008|accessdate=8 Abril 2013|ref=harv}} * Lambert, Craig L. "Edward III’s siege of Calais: A reappraisal," ''Journal of Medieval History'' (2011) 37#3 pp 231–342 * {{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Cristopher|title=This Sceptred Isle:55BC-1901|url=https://archive.org/details/thissceptredisle0000leec|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-140-26133-8|location=London| date = 1998 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Emmanuel Le Roy|last= Ladurie|others=Alan Sheridan Translator|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VT9rIMQFt2MC&pg=PA32&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title= The French peasantry, 1450–1660|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and LA| date = 1987|isbn= 0-520-05523-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Ben|title=Imagining Peace: History of Early English Pacifist Ideas |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginingpeacehi0000lowe|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park PA| date = 1997|isbn=0271016892 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Ian|last=Mortimer|title=The Fears of Henry IV: the Life of England's Self-Made King|url=https://archive.org/details/fearsofhenryivli0000mort|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-844-13529-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Robin|last= Neillands|title=The Hundred Years War, Revised ed.|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000neil|location=London|publisher= Routledge| date = 1990|isbn= 0-415-26131-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=The Fall of English France 1449–53|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Colchester, Essex| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84908-616-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ormrod|first=W Mark|title=Edward III|publisher=Yale University Press|location=London| date = 2001|isbn=978-0-30-011910-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Le Patourel|first=John|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Michael|title=Feudal Empires:Norman and Plantagenet|publisher=Hambledon Continuum| date = 1984|location=London|isbn=0-907628-22-2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aGlLTOOeBG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=treaty+of+br%C3%A9tigny&source=bl&ots=gT0ExAQS42&sig=EnglcrqXyhO7etEuonGwmC8D9gQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HyNiUP6vOqWr0QWfvYCQAw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=paris&f=false|accessdate=26 Septyembre 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Powicke|first=Michael|title=Military Obligation in Medieval England|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-BHZ-162|publisher=OUP|location=Oxford| date = 1962|isbn=0-198-20695-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Preston|first1=Richard|first2=Sydney F. |last2=Wise |first3=Herman O. |last3=Werner|title= Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society. 5th Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/meninarmshistory0000pres_x3u4| date = 1991|location=Beverley MA|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc|isbn=0-03-033428-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=English Monarchs: Edward I|authorlink=Michael Prestwich|publisher=University of California|location=Berkeley and LA| date = 1988|isbn=0-520-06266-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377|url=https://archive.org/details/threeedwardswars0000pres_g5j1|publisher=Routledge|location=London| date = 2003|isbn=0-203-60713-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=Plantagenet England|url=https://archive.org/details/plantagenetengla00pres_0|editor=J.M.Roberts|publisher=OUP|location=Oxford| date = 2005|isbn=978-0-19-922687-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Previte-Orton|first=C.W|title=The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge| date = 1978|isbn=0-521-20963-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first=Clifford J|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford| date = 2010|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sumption|first=Jonathan|title=The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0002sump|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location = Philadelphia| date = 1991|isbn=0-8122-1655-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Turchin|first=Peter|title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall|publisher= Princeton University| date = 2003|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-11669-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Vauchéz|editor-first=Andre|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle ages. Volume 1|publisher=James Clark|location=Cambridge| date = 2000|isbn=1-57958-282-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=de Venette|first=Jean|editor1-last=Newall|editor1-first=Richard A|title=The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Translated by Jean Birdsall|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1953|location=New York |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Wagner|first=John A|title=Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport CT| date = 2006|isbn=0-313-32736-X |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|first= Bruce|last= Webster|title= The Wars of the Roses|url= https://archive.org/details/warsofroses0000webs|publisher= UCL Press|location=London| date = 1998|isbn=1-85728-493-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Derek|title=The Plantagenets. The Kings that made Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/plantagenetsking0000wils|publisher=Quercus|location=London| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-85738-004-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Hundred Years' War}} * [http://www.lebrelblanco.com/15.htm The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre] * [http://www.maisonstclaire.org/timeline/timeline.html Timeline of the Hundred Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190111/http://www.maisonstclaire.org/timeline/timeline.html |date=2013-09-27 }} * [http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/hundred_years_war.html The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson], University of Kansas Emeritus * [http://www.hyw.com The Hundred Years' War information and game] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913074800/http%3A//www.hyw.com/ |date=2002-09-13 }} * [http://www.yecompaynyeofcheualrye.com/ The Company Of Chivalry: Re-enactment Society at the time of the 100 Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828202302/http://www.yecompaynyeofcheualrye.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * Jean Froissart, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html "On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804224552/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html |date=2011-08-04 }} from the [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] * [http://www.medievalsoldier.org/index.php Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218112948/http://www.medievalsoldier.org/index.php |date=2015-02-18 }} fi5vpwsqs5wg14v3wp1hvp7lxeszz1x 0 17517 7785605 7783098 2026-08-27T20:45:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Mongol Empire | native_name = ''Ikh Mongol Uls'' | common_name = Mongolian Empires | continent=Eurasia |country=Great Eurasian Steppe, modern Mongolia |status=Empire | image_flag = <!--Discuss on the talk page before adding a flag image. This article cannot use fictional or anachronistic flags, and any addition must be well-cited by verifiable third-party reliable sources.--> | flag = | flag_type = | image_map = Mongol Empire map 2.gif | caption = Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294. | capital = {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap | {{smaller|1206–35{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Avarga]] | {{smaller|1235–60{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Karakorum]]&thinsp;<ref group="note">Founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260.</ref> | ''{{resize|75%|1260–1368{{nbsp|2}}}}{{smaller|[[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]}}''&thinsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref group="note">Following the death of [[Möngke Khan]] in 1259, no one city served as capital. Dadu (Khanbaliq), modern-day [[Beijing]], was the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] capital between 1271 and 1368.</ref>}} }} | common_languages = {{hlist |[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] |[[Iranian languages|Iranian]]}} | religion = {{hlist |[[Tengrism]] |[[Buddhism]] |<br/>[[Islam]] |[[Christianity]]}} | government_type = [[Elective monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Great Khan]] | year_leader1=1206–1227 |leader1=Genghis Khan | year_leader2=1229–1241 |leader2=Ögedei Khan | year_leader3=1246–1248 |leader3=Güyük Khan | year_leader4=1251–1259 |leader4=Möngke Khan | year_leader5=1260–1294 |leader5=Kublai Khan | year_leader6=1333–1370 |leader6=[[Toghan Temür|Toghan Temür Khan]] | legislature = ''[[Kurultai]]'' | event_start={{nowrap|[[Genghis Khan]] proclaims<br/>the "Great Mongolian State"}} |year_start=1206 | event1=Death of Genghis Khan |date_event1=1227 | event2=''[[Pax Mongolica]]'' |date_event2=1210–1350 | event3=Empire fragments |date_event3=1260–1264 | event_end=Fall of [[Yuan dynasty]] |year_end=1368 | event_post={{nowrap|Collapse of the<br/>[[Chagatai Khanate]]}} |date_post=1687 |stat_area1 = 33000000 |stat_year1 = 1279 | currency = Various&thinsp;<ref group="note">Including coins such as [[dirham]]s and paper currencies based on silver (''[[sukhe]]'') or silk, or the later [[Chao (currency)|Chao]] currency of the [[Yuan dynasty]].</ref> | p1=Khamag Mongol |flag_p1=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p2=Tatar confederation |flag_p2=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p3=Khwarazmian Empire{{!}}{{nowrap|Khwarazmian Empire}} |flag_p3=Khwarezmian Empire 1190 - 1220 (AD).PNG | p4=Kara-Khitan Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Kara-Khitan Khanate}} |flag_p4=KaraKhitaiAD1200.png | p5=Jīn Dynasty |flag_p5=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p6=Song Dynasty |flag_p6=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p7=Western Xia |flag_p7=Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png | p8=Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p8=Abbasids850.png | p9=Nizari Ismaili state |flag_p9=Alamut.png | p10=Kievan Rus' |flag_p10=Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png | p11=Volga Bulgaria |flag_p11=VolgaBulgaria1200.png | p12=Cumania |flag_p12=State of Cuman-Kipchak (13.) tr.png | p13=Alania |flag_p13= | p14=Kingdom of Dali |flag_p14=Map of China 1142.jpg | p15=Kimek Khanate |flag_p15=Қимақтар.png | p16=Sultanate of Rum |flag_p16=Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg | s1=Chagatai Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Chagatai Khanate}} |flag_s1=ChagataiKhanate1300.png | s2=Golden Horde |flag_s2=GoldenHorde1300.png | s3=Ilkhanate |flag_s3=Ilkhanate in 1256–1353.PNG | s4=Yuan Dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Yuan Dynasty}} |flag_s4=Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png | s5=Mongolian Khaganate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mongolian Khaganate}} |flag_s5=Mongolia_XVI.png | s6=Timurid dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Timurid dynasty}} |flag_s6=TimuridEmpire1400.png | s7=Anatolian Beyliks{{!}}{{nowrap|Anatolian Beyliks}} |flag_s7= | s8=Mamluk Sultanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mamluk Sultanate}} |flag_s8= | s9=Grand Duchy of Lithuania{{!}}{{nowrap|Grand Duchy of Lithuania}} |flag_s9=Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg | s10=Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385){{!}}{{nowrap|Kingdom of Poland}} |flag_s10=Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg | today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title=40 countries |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{flag|Armenia}} |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{flag|Belarus}} |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{flag|Bulgaria}} |{{flag|China}} |{{flag|Croatia}} |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{flag|Georgia}} |{{flag|Hong Kong}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Iran}} |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{flag|Kazakhstan}} |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Lithuania}} |{{flag|Macau}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Moldova}} |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{flag|North Korea}} |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{flag|Poland}} |{{flag|Romania}} |{{flag|Russia}} |{{flag|Serbia}} |{{flag|Slovenia}} |{{flag|South Korea}} |{{flag|Syria}} |{{flag|Tajikistan}} |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{flag|Uzbekistan}} }} |{{flag|Vietnam}} }} An '''Imperyo Mongol''' amo an imperyo ha ika 13 ngan ika 14 siglo nga it teritoryo naunat tikang ha Asya pakadto ha Sidlangan Europa. Amo ini an gidadakoi nga sunodsunod nga imperyo ha kaagi han kalibutan; nga nagtikang ha pagtarampo han mga tribo Mongol ngan Turkiya ha kabag-ohan nga Mongolia, nga dumako tungod hin mga pagsakop, kahuman hi [[Genghis Khan]] natawag nga tagapamuno han tanan nga Mongo ha 1206. Ha gihahataasi nga ginabut han mga Mongol, naunat ini tikang ha Danube ngado ha Dagat han Hapoon ngan tikang ha Artiko pakadto ha Camboja, nga ha tanan mayda 33.0 ka ribo o milyones km² (ha 1279), katlima (1/5) han tuna han Kalibutan, nga nasakop han 100 ka ribo adto nga panahon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Mga pagkukuhaan === * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259 |isbn=978-0520055278| date = 1987|publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia| date = 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60270-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Amitai-Preiss, Reuven|title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit| date = 1995|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46226-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Atwood, Christopher P.|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo| date = 2004|location=New York, USA|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-4671-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Barfield, Thomas Jefferson| date = 1992|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-55786-324-9|title=The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0318-1|last=Burgan|first=Michael|title=Empire of the Mongols|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofmongols0000burg_h9c4| date = 2005|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Diamond, Jared |authorlink=Jared Diamond| date = 1997|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa0000diam |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|location=New York, USA|isbn=978-0393317558}} * {{Cite book |author=Finlay, Robert|title=The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimartcultur0000finl|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0-520-24468-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Foltz, Richard C.|authorlink=Richard Foltz |title=Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofsilkr0000rich|location=New York, USA|publisher=St. Martin's Press| date = 1999|isbn=0-312-23338-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Franke, Herbert|editors=Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King|title=Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|volume=6|work=The Cambridge History of China|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA| date = 1994 |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Grousset, Rene|authorlink=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (translated from French by Naomi Walford).|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA |publisher=Rutgers University Press| date = 1970}} * {{Cite book |author=Halperin, Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1985|isbn=0-253-20445-3|location=Bloomington, Indiana, USA}} * {{Cite book|author=Howorth, Henry H.|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part I: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks|location=New York, USA|publisher=Burt Frankin| date = 1965 (reprint of London edition, 1876)}} * {{Cite book |author=Hull, Mary.|title=The Mongol Empire (World History Series)|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempire00hull| date = 1997|publisher=Greenhaven Press|ISBN=978-1560063124}} * {{Cite journal |author=Jackson, Peter|title=The dissolution of the Mongol Empire|journal=[[Central Asiatic Journal]]|volume=XXXII| date = 1978|pages=208–351}} * {{Cite book |last=Jackson| first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History| date = 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|isbn=0-521-54329-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (historian)|location=Harlow, UK; New York, USA |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolswest122110000jack | date = 2005|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36896-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Lane, George|title=Daily life in the Mongol empire|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmongo0000lane| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33226-5|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Genghis Khan: Life, death and resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj_u0e8|isbn=978-0-312-36624-7| date = 2004|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Kublai Khan: from Xanadu to superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/kublaikhanfromxa0000manj|publisher=Bantam Books| date = 2007 |isbn=978-0-553-81718-8}} * {{Cite journal |author=Morgan, David|authorlink=David Morgan (historian)|title=The Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean: Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204|editors=Arbel, B.; et al. |journal=[[Mediterranean Historical Review]]|volume=4|issue=1|date= Hunyo 1989 |page=204 |doi=10.1080/09518968908569567|issn=0951-8967|publisher=Routledge|location=Tel Aviv, Illinois, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Morgan, David|title=The Mongols|edition=2nd| date = 2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Prawdin, Michael (pseudonym for Charol, Michael)|authorlink=Michael Prawdin|date=1940/1961|publisher=Collier-Macmillan Canada|title=Mongol Empire |isbn=1-4128-0519-8|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Ratchnevsky, Paul|editor=Haining, Thomas Nivison (translator)|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| date = 1993|isbn=978-0631189497|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul}} * {{Cite book |author=Rossabi, Morris|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/chinaamongequals0000unse|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1983|isbn=0-520-04383-9|location=Berkeley, California, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6191-6|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia| date = 2010|location=Lanham, Maryland, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7|last=Saunders|first=John Joseph|title=The history of the Mongol conquests| date = 2001|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Rybatzki, Volker|title=The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History|isbn=978-0933070578| date = 2009|publisher=Indiana University}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-596-7 |editors=Rogers, Clifford J.; [[Kelly DeVries|DeVries, Kelly]]; France, John |title=[[Journal of Medieval Military History]]|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK |volume=8 |date= Nobyembre 2010|chapter=Numbers in Mongol Warfare|author=Sverdrup, Carl |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/?id=4jHEwSc2gEMC&pg=PA109&dq=devries+mongols#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book |author=Vladimortsov, Boris|title=The Life of Chingis Khan|publisher=B. Blom| date = 1969}} * {{Cite book |author=Weatherford, Jack| date = 2004 |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmaki00jack|location=New York, USA |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80964-4}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Brent, Peter. ''The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy''. Book Club Associates, London. 1976. * {{Cite book|last1=Buell|given1=Paul D.| date = 2003|title=Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|isbn=0-8108-4571-7}} * May, Timothy. "The Mongol Art of War." Westholme Publishing, Yardley. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59416-046-2 / ISBN 1-59416-046-5 * May, Timothy. ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2012) 319 pages * Rossabi, Morris. ''The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0199840892 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mongol Empire}} * [http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] * [http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire The Mongol Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905104711/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire |date=2012-09-05 }} * [http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html Mongols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082004/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html |date= 9 Mayo 2005 }} * [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/ The Mongols in World History] * [http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm The Mongol Empire for students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012315/http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm |date= 27 Nobyembre 2020 }} * [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm Paradoxplace Insight Pages on the Mongol Emperors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915123046/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm |date= 15 Septyembre 2017 }} * [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols] * [http://steppes.proboards23.com/index.cgi?board=board18&action=print&thread=1167258099 Mongol invasion of Rus (pictures)] * [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Worldwide Death Toll] * [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=758258 Mongol Empire Google Earth]{{Dead link|date= Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} n016km8itwjcambyk34x77fbkoyr7pb 0 17524 7785606 7782347 2026-08-27T20:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785606 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CivilWarUSAColl.png|thumb]] An '''Gera Sibil Amerikanhon''' (1861-1865), amo an usa ka gyera sibil ha [[Estados Unidos]]. Napulo kag-us (11) nga Salatan Uripon nga Estado nagpasabot hin pagbulag ha [[Estados Unidos]] ngan nagtukod hin [[Estados Confederados han Amerika]]. Ginunhan ni [[Jefferson Davis]], ginaway nira an Pederal nga gobyerno, nga ginsusuportahan han ngatanan nga talwas nga estado ngan lima ka uripon nga estado ha amihanan. ==Mga reperensya== '''Mga pabaro''' {{Mga kasarigan}} '''Bibliograpiya''' {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Ahlstrom|first= Sydney E.|title= A Religious History of the American People |publisher= Yale University Press| date = 1972 |location= New Haven, Connecticut|isbn= 978-0-300-01762-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{Cite book|ref= harv|last= Anderson|first= Bern|title= By Sea And By River: The naval history of the Civil War|publisher= Da Capo Press| date = 1989|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-306-80367-3|url= http://books.google.com/?id=hoCK_yzA8xkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book|last1= Asante|first1=Molefi Kete |last2= Mazama|first2=Ama|title=Encyclopedia of Black Studies|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA82| date = 2004|location=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4|edition=1}} * Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, ''Why the South Lost the Civil War'' (1986) influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion'' (1988) * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Bestor |first=Arthur | date = 1964 |title=The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1964-01_69_2/page/327 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=327–52 |jstor=1844986 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Bolton|first= Charles C.|title=Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi |publisher=Duke University Press | date = 1993 |location= Durham, North Carolina|isbn= 978-0-8223-1468-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uZnssLpum0UC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Poor+Whites+of+the+Antebellum+South:+Tenants+and+Laborers+in+Central+North+Carolina+and+Northeast+Mississippi#v=onepage&q=Poor%20Whites%20of%20the%20Antebellum%20South%3A%20Tenants%20and%20Laborers%20in%20Central%20North%20Carolina%20and%20Northeast%20Mississippi&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Brunell |first1= Miriam|last2=Paris |first2= Leslie|title=The Girls' History and Culture Reader: The Nineteenth Century |publisher= University of Illinois Press| date = 2011|location= Urbana, Illinois |isbn=978-0-252-07765-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bYE0DuIxkHIC&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Canney |first1= Donald L. |title=Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65 |publisher=Naval Institute Press | date = 1998 |location= Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-519-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o_fB_SD5QhIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref={{sfnRef|Catton 1960}} | last= Catton | first= Bruce | title=The Civil War | date = 1960 | publisher= American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin | location=New York|isbn=978-0-8281-0305-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Chambers|first1= John W.|last2=Anderson|first2=Fred|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-507198-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Coffman |first= Edward M.|title=The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 |publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1988|location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-504555-0|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Old_Army.html?id=0uXGuamukc0C}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Stand in the Day of Battle: The Imperiled Union : 1861–1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/standindayofbatt00davi | date = 1983 | publisher= Doubleday | location= Garden City, New York |isbn= 978-0-385-14895-5 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America | date = 2003 | publisher= Free Press | location= New York |isbn=978-0-7432-3499-3 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Donald | first1= David | last2= Baker | first2= Jean H. | last3= Holt | first3= Michael F. | title= The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarreconstr0000dona | date = 2001 | publisher= W. W. Norton & Company | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-393-97427-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Eicher | first= David J. | title= The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich | date = 2001| publisher= Simon & Schuster | location= New York |isbn=978-0-684-84944-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Fehrenbacher|first= Don E.|title= Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective|publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1981 |location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-502883-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3KYFlabs2hQC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Fellman| first1= Michael | last2= Gordon | first2= Lesley J. | last3= Sunderland | first3= Daniel E. | title= This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath | url= https://archive.org/details/thisterriblewarc0000fell_y1x1 | date = 2007 |edition = 2 | publisher= Pearson | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-321-38960-2 }} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rQSYk-LWTxcC |title=Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War |first=Eric |last=Foner | date = 1981 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-502926-0 |accessdate=20 Abril 2012}} * {{Cite book|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|url=http://books.google.com/?id=earytjxi6pEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2010|publisher= W. W. Norton & Co. |location= New York |isbn=978-0-393-34066-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Foote| first= Shelby | title= [[The Civil War: A Narrative|The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville]] | date = 1974 | publisher= Vintage Books | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-74623-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Frank |first1=Joseph Allan|last2=Reaves |first2=George A.|title=Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh|url=http://books.google.com/?id=J_GlcVOb374C&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2003|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher= University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07126-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Fuller |first=Howard J. |title=Clad in Iron – The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power| url= https://archive.org/details/cladiniron0000full |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press| date = 2008 |isbn=978-1-59114-297-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Gallagher |first1=Gary W. |title=The Confederate War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QHNEtpvEB30C&pg=PA57| date = 1999|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16056-9}} * Gara, Larry. 1964. ''The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox'' in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. (originally published in Civil War History, X, No. 3, Sept 1964) * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Gibson|first= Arrell M.|title= Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1981 |location= Norman, Oklahoma|isbn=978-0-8061-1758-4 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=HiP-sWiqYL4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last=Green|first=Fletcher M.|title=Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776–1860: A Study in the Evolution of Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A5c0LKovqJUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2008|publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-58477-928-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Guelzo|first1= Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XcgqWAt1kZUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-536780-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Guelzo| first= Allen C.| title= Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction| url= https://archive.org/details/fatefullightning0000guel | date = 2012 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-984328-2}} * {{Cite journal |first=J. David |last= Hacker |date= Disyembre 2011 | title=A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead | journal=Civil War History | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=307–348 | bibcode= | doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 |pmid= 22512048 | url=//muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.4.hacker.html}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Heidler| first1= David S. |first2= Jeanne T. |last2= Heidler |first3= David J. |last3= Coles | title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070665_4 | date = 2002 | publisher= ABC-CLIO | location= Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-382-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Herring |first= George C. |title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 |publisher= Oxford University Press| date = 2011 |location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-976553-9 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=Richard |last=Hofstadter |title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=44 |issue=1 | date = 1938 |pages=50–55 |jstor=1840850 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Holt | first= Michael F. | title= The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/fateoftheircount0000holt | date = 2005 | publisher= Hill and Wang | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-8090-4439-9}} * {{Cite book|last1= Holzer|first1=Harold|last2=Gabbard |first2=Sara Vaughn |title=Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLbkXsn6xHAC&pg=PA174| date = 2007|location=Carbondale, Illinois|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2764-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Huddleston |first= John |title= Killing Ground: The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape| url= https://archive.org/details/killinggroundpho0000hudd |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2002 |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn= 978-0-8018-6773-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Johannsen | first= Robert W. | title= Stephen A. Douglas | url= https://archive.org/details/stephenadouglas0000joha_o4n6 | date = 1973 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= New York |isbn= 978-0-19-501620-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Johnson|first= Timothy D.|title= Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory| url= https://archive.org/details/winfieldscottque0000john |publisher=University Press of Kansas | date = 1998 |location= Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 978-0-7006-0914-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gVvZb5oeVtwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location= Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0-8032-2582-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|title=Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA225| date = 2002|location=Wilmington, Delaware|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2916-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Katcher | first= Philip | title= The History of the American Civil War 1861 – 1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000katc | date = 2002 | publisher= Hamlyn | location= London |isbn= 978-0-600-60778-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Keegan | first= John | title= The American Civil War: A Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar00keeg | date = 2009 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf| location= New York|isbn= 978-0-307-26343-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Krannawitter| first= Thomas L. | title= Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president| url= https://archive.org/details/vindicatinglinco00kran | date = 2008 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | location= Lanham, Maryland |isbn= 0-7425-5972-6}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lipset|first1= Seymour Martin |title=Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalmansoci00inlips| date = 1960|publisher= Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location= Garden City, New York |isbn=}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= [[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]| date = 1988 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-503863-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi00mcph | date = 1992 | publisher= McGraw-Hill | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-07-045842-0|edition= 2}} * {{Cite book|last1=McPherson |first1= James M.|title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1qhEHVki8tEC&pg=PA169| date = 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-974105-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666 | date = 2007 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-539242-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Miller | first= William L. | title= President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman | url= https://archive.org/details/presidentlincoln00mill | date = 2008 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 1-4000-4103-1}} * {{Cite book|last1=Thornton|first1=Mark|last2=Ekelund|first2=Robert Burton|title=Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War| date = 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|isbn=|ref=harv}} * Murray, Robert Bruce. ''Legal Cases of the Civil War.'' (2003) ISBN 0-8117-0059-3 * {{Cite book|last1= Murray|first1=Williamson|last2= Bernstein |first2=Alvin|last3=Knox |first3=MacGregor |title=The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ld8NPYqqUnMC&pg=PA235| date = 1996|location=Cabmbridge, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56627-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Neely|first= Mark |title= Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties|publisher=Marquette University Press | date = 1993 |location= Milwaukee, Wisconsin |isbn= 978-0-87462-325-3|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Confederate_Bastille.html?id=zPV2AAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Nelson |first=James L. |title=Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack |publisher=HarperCollins | date = 2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-052404-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d8XD-j--EVsC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=Delamater+Iron+works+monitor}} * [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union]]'', an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner ** 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; vol. 5–8 have the series title "War for the Union"; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 * {{Cite book|last=Olsen|first=Christopher J.|title=Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrBb2ThDuCkC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-516097-0}} * {{Cite book|last1=Perman|first1=Michael |last2=Taylor|first2=Amy M.|title=Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=3| date = 2010|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |location= Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-618-87520-7}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=David M. |last=Potter |title=The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1962-07_67_4/page/924 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=67 |issue=4 | date = 1962 |pages=924–950 |jstor=1845246 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |first1=David M. |last1=Potter |first2=Don E. |last2=Fehrenbacher |title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 | url= https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott |publisher=Harper & Row |location= New York | date = 1976 |isbn=978-0-06-013403-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Quarstein |first=John V. |title=The Battle of the Ironclads | url= https://archive.org/details/battleofironclad0000quar |publisher=Arcadia Publishing | date = 1999 |isbn= 978-0-7385-0113-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Rhodes | first= John Ford | title= History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 | date = 1917 | publisher= The Macmillan Company | location= New York |isbn= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nY4sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Richards| first= Leonard L. | title= The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 | date = 2000 | publisher= Louisiana State University Press | location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn= 978-0-8071-2600-4|url= http://books.google.com/?id=rxKvJAGX4o0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|first=William L.|last=Richter|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=obFt-MmS6ygC&pg=PA49| date = 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-6336-1}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Russell |first=Robert R. | date = 1966 |title=Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1966-11_32_4/page/466 |journal=[[Journal of Southern History]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=466–486 |doi=10.2307/2204926 |jstor=2204926 }} * {{Cite book | title=Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography | publisher=Louisiana State University Press |last1=Schott|first1= Thomas E. | date = 1996 | location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana | isbn=978-0-8071-2106-1}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Schouler|first= William|title= The Civil War (History of the United States of America Under the Constitution, Volume VI 1861–1865) |publisher= Dodd, Mead & Company | date = 1899 |location= |asin= B00088INOY|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eNA4TeIfMFwC&printsec=frontcover&vq=naval#v=onepage&q=naval&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Stampp | first= Kenneth M. | title= America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink | url= https://archive.org/details/americain185700kenn | date = 1990 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 0-19-503902-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Symonds|first1=Craig L.|last2=Clipson|first2=William J.|title=The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-984-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C.|last2=Pierpaoli |first2= Paul G.|last3=White |first3=William E.|title= The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia|publisher= ABC-CLIO| date = 2011|location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-338-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q4mwAtj2r3UC&pg=PA462#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Varon | first= Elizabeth R. | title= Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 | url= https://archive.org/details/disunioncomingof0000varo | date = 2008 | publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn= 978-0-8078-3232-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Vinovskis|first= Maris|title= Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|publisher= Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0-521-39559-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9D4TAwc93VoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Ward | first= Geoffrey R. | title= The Civil War: An Illustrated History| url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarillustra0000ward | date = 1990 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-56285-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weeks|first=William E.|title=The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y2zFFnaqgpsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2013|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York|isbn=978-1-107-00590-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Weigley| first= Frank Russell | title= A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 | date = 2004 | publisher= Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, Indiana |isbn=0-253-33738-0|url=http://www.questia.com/read/14877569?title=The%20American%20Civil%20War%3a%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Literature%20and%20Research}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1= Welles |first1=Gideon |title= Secretary of the Navy's Report|publisher= American Seamen's Friend Society| date = 1865 |volume=37–38 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=u4gfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last1=Winters|first1=John D.|title= The Civil War in Louisiana|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PjicJWUQhPYC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=the+civil+war+in+louisiana+john+d+winters+1963#v=onepage&q=the%20civil%20war%20in%20louisiana%20john%20d%20winters%201963&f=false| date = 1963|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn=978-0-8071-0834-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Woodworth|first= Steven E.| title= American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar0000unse_c3b1 | date = 1996 | publisher= Greenwood Press | location= Wesport, Connecticut |isbn= 978-0-313-29019-0}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Gugliotta, Guy. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html?ref=science&pagewanted=all New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll], [[The New York Times]], 3 Abril 2012, pg. D1 (of the New York edition), and 2 Abril 2012 on NYTimes.com. Retrieved 3 Abril 2012 online. * [[Bibliography of early American naval history#American Civil War|Bibliography of American Civil War naval history]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/|American Civil War}} * [http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Civil War photos] at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] * [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search?st=grid&c=100&co=cwp View images] from the [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cwp/ Civil War Photographs Collection] at the Library of Congress * [http://www.civilwar.org/ Civil War Trust] * [http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811064152/http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm |date= 11 Agosto 2009 }} This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war Civil War 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704064241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war |date= 4 Hulyo 2012 }} Washington Post interactive website on 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War. * [http://www.american-south.org/ Civil War in the American South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313231903/https://www.american-south.org/ |date= 13 Marso 2021 }} – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries * [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/ The Civil War] – site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.54756|name=A HOUSE DIVIDED (1960)}} * [https://youtube.com/results?search_query=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&oq=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube.12...0.0.0.855.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0.U.S. Civil War Living History Reenactments (videos)] * [http://www.loc.gov/item/map66001088 West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles] qjciqgtd9rgx77lig8qm87cd80urz6a 0 17526 7785636 7650949 2026-08-27T21:06:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |name=Imperyo Britaniko |image_flag=Flag of the United Kingdom.svg |image_map=The British Empire.png |map_caption=Ngatanan nga lugar han kalibutan nga nagin bahin han Imperyo Britaniko. Yana nga Briton tabok-ha-dagat nga teritoryo an ngaran ginbagisan ha ilarom hin pula. }} An '''Imperyo Britaniko''' o kun ha Ininglis '''British Empire''' usa ka Kusog Kalibutanon nga may teritoryo nga gintatagiyahan han [[Reino Unido]]. An imperyo amo an gidadako-i nga imperyo ha kaagi. Han iya gihahatas-an, mayda ini kat-upat nga teritoryo han kalibutan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite book|first=David|last=Abernethy|title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-300-09314-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ennqNS1EOuMC|ref=refAbernethy2000|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Kenneth|last=Andrews|title=Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1984|isbn=0-521-27698-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iTZSFcfBas8C|ref=refAndrews1985|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Bandyopādhyāẏa|first=Śekhara|title=From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India|year=2004|isbn=81-250-2596-0|ref=refSekhara2004|publisher=Orient Longman}} *{{Cite book|first=Piers|last=Brendon|authorlink=Piers Brendon|title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997|url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofbri0000bren_c3y8|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=0-224-06222-0|ref=refBrendon}} *{{cite book|first=W.R.|last=Brock|title=Britain and the Dominions|date=n.d.|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item6480148/?site_locale=en_GB|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=refBrittain}} *{{Cite book|first=Judith|last=Brown|title=The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-924679-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=CpSvK3An3hwC|ref=refOHBEv4|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Louis|first=Roger|title=The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism|year=1986|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-822960-5|page=820|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ATQQ0FMS1FQC&pg=PA718&lpg=PA718|ref=refRoger1986|accessdate=24 August 2012}} *{{Cite book|first=Phillip|last=Buckner|title=Canada and the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-927164-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SJA7OIinf4MC|ref=refBuckner2008|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Kathleen|last=Burk|title=Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2008|isbn=0-87113-971-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UxGnPvSe_n8C|ref=refBurk2008|accessdate=22 January 2012}} *{{Cite book|first=Nicholas|last=Canny|title=The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-924676-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eQHSivGzEEMC|ref=refOHBEv1|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Clegg|first=Peter|title=Extended Statehood in the Caribbean|year=2005|publisher=Rozenberg Publishers|isbn=90-5170-686-3|editor=de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk|ref=refClegg2005|chapter=The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories}} *{{cite book|last=Combs|first=Jerald A.|title=The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0003comb|year=2008|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-2056-9|ref=refCombs2008}} *{{Cite book|first=Nigel|last=Dalziel|title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire|publisher=Penguin|year=2006|isbn=0-14-101844-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ|ref=refDalziel2006|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Saul|last=David|authorlink=Saul David|title=The Indian Mutiny|publisher=Penguin|year=2003|isbn=0-670-91137-2|url=http://books.google.com/?id=H2KOAAAACAAJ|ref=refDavid2003|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Elkins|first=Caroline|title=Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya|year=2005|publisher=Owl Books|isbn=0-8050-8001-5|ref=refElkins2005}} *{{Cite book|first=Niall|last=Ferguson|authorlink=Niall Ferguson|title=Colossus: The Price of America's Empire|publisher=Penguin|year=2004|isbn=1-59420-013-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Uy23kBDD7WcC|ref=refFerguson2004|accessdate=22 July 2009}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book|first=Niall|last=Ferguson|authorlink=Niall Ferguson|title=Empire|publisher=Basic Books|year=2004|isbn=0-465-02329-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=luSjXeSByHEC|ref=refFergusonEmpire2004|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Fieldhouse|first=David Kenneth|title=The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development|url=https://archive.org/details/westthirdworldtr0000fiel_n6z1|year=1999|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=0-631-19439-8|ref=refFieldhouse1999}} *{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Gregory H.|title=Humanitarian Occupation|url=https://archive.org/details/humanitarianoccu0000foxg|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85600-3|ref=refFox2008}} *{{cite book|last=Games|first=Alison|title=The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/britishatlanticw0000unse|year=2002|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-333-96341-5|ref=refGames2002|editor=Armitage, David; [[Michael Braddick|Braddick, Michael J]]}} *{{Cite book|title=HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II|publisher=The Stationery Office|year=2008|isbn=0-215-52150-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=HhsZSMEH5DoC|ref=refFAC|accessdate=22 July 2009|author1=Gapes, Mike}} *{{Cite book|first=Sir Martin|last=Gilbert|authorlink=Martin Gilbert|title=Churchill and America|isbn=0-7432-9122-0|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=vF7wGAzgwfQC|ref=refGilbert2005|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Erik|last=Goldstein|title=The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|isbn=0-7146-4559-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=dDmJPPGjfJMC|ref=refGoldstein|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|last=Goodlad|first=Graham David|title=British foreign and imperial policy, 1865–1919|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2000|isbn=0-415-20338-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=clnBkEo7za4C|ref=refGoodlad|accessdate=18 September 2010}} *{{cite book|last=Herbst|first=Jeffrey Ira |authorlink=Jeffrey Herbst|title=States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control|url=https://archive.org/details/statespowerinafr0000herb|year=2000|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-01028-5|ref=refHerbst2000}} *{{Cite book|first=Peter |last=Hinks|title=Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0-313-33143-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_SeZrcBqt-YC|ref=refHinks|accessdate=1 August 2010}} *{{Cite book|last=Hodge|first=Carl Cavanagh|title=Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=0-313-33404-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-hOkx7Gi4OoC|ref=refhodge47|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Richard|last=Hogg|title=A History of the English Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-66227-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=U5FDi8WksqYC|ref=refHogg|accessdate=13 April 2010}} *{{Cite book|first=Peter|last=Hopkirk|authorlink=Peter Hopkirk|title=[[The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia]]|publisher=[[Kodansha International]]|year=2002|isbn=4-7700-1703-0|ref=refHollowell2002}} *{{Cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Hollowell|title=Britain Since 1945|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VxQxFMV_3IUC|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|year=1992|isbn=0-631-20968-9|ref=refHopkirk1992}} *{{Cite book|first=Ronald|last=Hyam|title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7134-3089-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ|ref=refHyam2002|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Lawrence|last=James|authorlink=Lawrence James|title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire|year=2001|publisher=Abacus|isbn=978-0-312-16985-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4DMS3r_BxOYC|ref=refJames2001|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Janin|first=Hunt|title=The India–China opium trade in the nineteenth century|year=1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-0715-8|ref=refJanin1999}} *{{cite book|last=Joseph|first=William A.|title=Politics in China|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533530-9|ref=refJoseph2010}} *{{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=The Honourable Company|year=1991|publisher=Macmillan Publishing Company|ref=refKeay}} *{{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Ninette|title=The Making of the Mosaic (2nd ed.)|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9536-7|ref=refKelley2010|author2=Trebilcock, Michael}} *{{Cite book|first=Kevin|last=Kenny|title=Ireland and the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-19-925184-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qhW7-vYt8PsC|ref=refKenny|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Knight|first=Franklin W.|title=The Modern Caribbean|year=1989|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=0-8078-1825-9|ref=refKnight1989|author2=Palmer, Colin A.}} *{{Cite book|first=Jon|last=Latimer|authorlink=Jon Latimer|title=War with America|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2007|isbn=0-674-02584-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wneIGAAACAAJ|ref=refLatimer|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Stephen J.|title=Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofbritish0000lees|year=1994|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-09006-7|ref=refLee1994}} *{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Stephen J.|title=Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofbritish0000lees_r9x7|year=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-13102-2|ref=refLee1996}} *{{Cite book|first=Philippa |last=Levine|title=The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset|publisher=Pearson Education Limited|year=2007|isbn=978-0-582-47281-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=igb1-UL5Pd0C|ref=refLevine|accessdate=19 August 2010}} *{{Cite book|first=Trevor Owen|last=Lloyd|title=The British Empire 1558–1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-19-873134-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gIBgQgAACAAJ|ref=refLloyd1996|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Wm. Roger|last=Louis|title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization|publisher=I. B. Tauris|year=2006|isbn=1-84511-347-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC|ref=refLouis2006|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Thomas|last=Macaulay|authorlink=Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|title=[[The History of England from the Accession of James the Second]]|publisher=Penguin|year=1848|isbn=0-14-043133-0|ref=refMacaulay1979}} *{{cite book|last=Macdonald|first=Barrie|title=Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century|url=https://archive.org/details/tidesofhistorypa0000unse|year=1994|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=0-8248-1597-1|editor=Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V|chapter=Britain|ref=refMacdonald1994}} *{{Cite book|first=W. Donald|last=McIntyre|title=The Commonwealth of Nations|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1977|isbn=0-8166-0792-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=EbojMikATQwC|ref=refMcIntyre|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Iain|last=McLean|title=Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-829529-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_O_ADWrESYQC|ref=refMcLean2001|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Angus|last=Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|year=2001|isbn=92-64-18608-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6D01BTuzScwC|ref=refMaddison2001|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=John|last=Magee|title=Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1974|url=http://books.google.com/?id=S5c9AAAAIAAJ|isbn=0-7100-7947-8|ref=refMagee|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Magnus|last=Magnusson |authorlink=Magnus Magnusson|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation|publisher=Grove Press|year=2003|isbn=0-8021-3932-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC|ref=refMagnusson2003|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=PJ|last=Marshall|title=The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-924677-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=G3_GI-K7aWAC|ref=refOHBEv2|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=PJ|last=Marshall|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-521-00254-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC|ref=refMarshall|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Laura C|title=Tea: the drink that changed the world|url=https://archive.org/details/teadrinkthatchan00unse|year=2007|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=0-8048-3724-4|ref=refMartin2007}} *{{Cite book|first=Philippa|last=Mein Smith|title=A Concise History of New Zealand|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com/?id=wisr4OGPjwoC|isbn=0-521-54228-6|ref=refMeinSmith|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Mulligan|first=Martin; Hill, Stuart|title=Ecological pioneers|url=https://archive.org/details/ecologicalpionee0000mull|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-81103-1|ref=refMulligan2001}} *{{Cite book|first=Phillips Payson|last=O'Brien|title=The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-415-32611-7|url=http://books.google.com/?id=LNbDqOzSvpkC|ref=refOBrien|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Anthony|last=Pagden|authorlink=Anthony Pagden|title=Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present|publisher=Modern Library|year=2003|isbn=0-8129-6761-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=-RCeAAAACAAJ|ref=refPagden2003|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Timothy H|last=Parsons|title=The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=1999|isbn=0-8476-8825-9|url=http://books.google.com/?id=81ZlzUsO8EYC|ref=refParsons|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Nonja|title=The Dutch down under, 1606–2006|year=2006|publisher=University of Western Australia Press|ref=refPeters2006|isbn=1-920694-75-7}} *{{cite book|last=Pham|first=P.L.|title=Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-958036-1|url=http://www.amazon.com/Ending-East-Suez-Historical-ebook/dp/B00650R47Q|ref=refPham2010|accessdate=24 August 2012}} *{{Cite book|first=Andrew|last=Porter|title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-924678-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC|ref=refOHBEv3|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=R.A.W.|title=Comparing Westminster|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingwestmin00unse|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-956349-4|ref=refRhodes2009|author2=Wanna, John |author3=Weller, Patrick }} *{{cite book|last=Rothermund|first=Dietmar|title=The Routledge companion to decolonization|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani0000roth|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-35632-6|ref=refRothermund2006}} *{{Cite book|first=Trevor|last=Royle|title=Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2000|isbn=1-4039-6416-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MrBnHQAACAAJ|ref=refRoyle2000|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Shennan|first=J.H|title=International relations in Europe, 1689–1789|url=https://archive.org/details/internationalrel0000shen|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-07780-X|ref=refShennan1995}} *{{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3-12-580640-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=D0BbYZPczhQC|ref=refSmith1998|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Springhall|first=John|title=Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationsi00john|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=0-333-74600-7|ref=refSpringhall2001}} *{{Cite book|first=Alan|last=Taylor|authorlink=Alan Taylor (historian)|title=American Colonies, The Settling of North America|publisher=Penguin|year=2001|isbn=0-14-200210-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=SOqfIAAACAAJ|ref=refTaylor2001|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Margaret|last=Thatcher|authorlink=Margaret Thatcher|title=The Downing Street Years|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1993|isbn=0-06-017056-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ar0Yvc3-ukAC|ref=refThatcher|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{Cite book|first=Hugh|last=Thomas|authorlink=Hugh Thomas (writer)|title=The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade|publisher=Picador, Phoenix/Orion|year=1997|isbn=0-7538-2056-0|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mRFTZ3iz_ncC|ref=refThomas|accessdate=22 July 2009}} *{{cite book|last=Tilby|first=A. Wyatt|authorlink=A. Wyatt Tilby|title=British India 1600–1828|year=2009|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=978-1-113-14290-0|ref=refTilby2009}} *{{cite book|last=Torkildsen|first=George|title=Leisure and recreation management|url=https://archive.org/details/leisurerecreatio0000tork|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30995-0|ref=refTorkildsen2005}} *{{cite book|last=Turpin|first=Colin|title=British government and the constitution (6th ed.)|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-69029-4|ref=refTurpin2007|author2=Tomkins, Adam}} *{{cite book|last=Vandervort|first=Bruce|title=Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914|year=1998|publisher=University College London Press|isbn=1-85728-486-0|ref=refVandervort1998}} *{{cite book|last=Zolberg|first=Aristide R|title=A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America|url=https://archive.org/details/nationbydesignim0000zolb|year=2006|publisher=Russell Sage|isbn=0-674-02218-1|ref=refZolberg2006}} {{Refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} {{Wikisourcecat}} {{Commons category|British Empire|<br/>position=left}} *{{In Our Time|British Empire|p00547kp|British_Empire}} *[http://www.ualberta.ca/~janes/EMPIRE.html The British Empire. An Internet Gateway] *[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/ The British Empire] *[http://www.engelsklenker.com/british_empire_history_resource.php The British Empire audio resources at TheEnglishCollection.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121205003208/http://www.engelsklenker.com/british_empire_history_resource.php |date=2012-12-05 }} r4foybv6dntef2w0qqgktx252qhqpwl 0 17540 7785678 7650933 2026-08-27T21:35:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785678 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Hammer sickle clean.png|thumb|Tigaman han Komunismo]] An '''Komunismo''' amo an socioekonomika nga istruktura ngan idelohiya politikal nga nagduduso hin pagtukod hin egalitaryan, waray klase, waray estado nga sosyudad base han komun nga pagtag-iya ngan pagkapot para ha ngatanan an mga pamaagi han produksyon ngan mga kagamitan. ==Mga reperensya== '''Mga pabaro''' {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} '''Bibliograpiya''' {{Refbegin}} {{columns-list|2|<!-- column start --> *{{Cite book |last= Holmes |first= Leslie |title= Communism: A Very Short Introduction|url= https://archive.org/details/communismverysho0000holm |year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-955154-5|nopp=|ref=Hol09}} *{{cite book |last=Lansford|first=Tom|title=Communism|url=https://archive.org/details/communism0000lans|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7614-2628-8|ref={{harvid|Lansford|2007}}}} *{{cite book |last=Link|first=Theodore|title=Communism: A Primary Source Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/communismprimary0000link|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8239-4517-7|ref={{harvid|Link|2004}}}} *{{cite book |last=Rabinowitch|first=Alexander|title=The Bolsheviks come to power: the Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2004|ref={{harvid|Rabinowitch|2004}}}} *{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2008 | title = Ci–Cz Volume 4 | encyclopedia = World Book | publisher = World Book, Inc. | location = Chicago, Illinois | isbn = 978-0-7166-0108-1 }} }}<!-- split column end --> {{Refend}} '''Dugang nga barasahon''' * Adami, Stefano. "Communism", in Encyclopedia of Italian [[Literary criticism|Literary Studies]], ed. Gaetana Marrone – P. Puppa, Routledge, New York, London, 2006 * Beer, Max. ''The General History of Socialism and Social Struggles Volumes 1 & 2''. New York, Russel and Russel, Inc. 1957 *{{Cite book | last =Caplan | first =Byran | author-link =Bryan Caplan | title =Communism | publisher =[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] | series =[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] | year =2008 | edition =2nd | url =http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Communism.html | isbn =978-0-86597-665-8 | oclc = 237794267}} * Daniels, Robert Vincent. ''A Documentary History of Communism and the World: From Revolution to Collapse''. University Press of [[New England]], 1994. ISBN 978-0-87451-678-4. * Dirlik, Arif. ''Origins of Chinese Communism''. Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-19-505454-5 * Forman, James D. ''Communism From Marx's Manifesto To 20th century Reality''. New York, Watts. 1972. ISBN 978-0-531-02571-0 * [[François Furet|Furet, Francois]] and Deborah Kan (translator). ''The Passing of An Illusion: The Idea of Communism In the Twentieth Century''. [[University of Chicago Press]], 2000. ISBN 978-0-226-27341-9 * [[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]. ''[[The Communist Manifesto|Communist Manifesto]]''. (Mass Market Paperback – REPRINT), Signet Classics, 1998. ISBN 978-0-451-52710-3 * Pons, Silvio and Robert Service. ''A Dictionary of 20th century Communism''. 2010. * [[Alexandre Zinoviev|Zinoviev, Alexandre]]. ''The Reality of Communism'' (1980), Publisher Schocken, 1984. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Communism}} {{Wikisource portal|Communism}} {{Wikiquote|Communism}} {{Wiktionary|communism}} * [http://www.marxists.org/ Marxists.org] ([[Marxists Internet Archive]]) An archive of over 53,000 documents from 592 authors in 45 languages, mostly Marxist works * [http://www.libcom.org/library Libcom.org] Extensive library of almost 20,000 articles, books, pamphlets and journals on [[libertarian communism]] * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Communism |short=x}} * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Communism|author=Samuel McCune Lindsay |year=1905 |short=x}} *[http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/rad.html The Radical Pamphlet Collection] at the [[Library of Congress]] contains materials on the topic of communism. [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Sosyales]] 0w0g74gpd75bebdp0g8kr1le6sj2sv5 0 17552 7785584 7782308 2026-08-27T20:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx]] An '''Marxismo''' usa nga pilosopiya politikal ngan kiwa nga ginkuha tikang ha mga buhat ni [[Karl Marx]] ngan [[Friedrich Engels]]. Ugaring la an ngaran nga "marxismo" gingagamit han mga tawo nga natipa hini nga ideya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Marxism}} ==Panuratan== * {{cite book |title=Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelbiographyof0000bour|last=Bourne |authorformat=scap|first=Peter G.|date=1986|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|location=New York|ref=Bou86}} * {{cite book |title=The Revolutionary Ideas of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionaryide0000call_i2b6|last=Callinicos |authorformat=scap|first=Alex|authorlink=Alex Callinicos|date=2010|origyear=1983|publisher=Bookmarks|location=Bloomsbury, London|isbn=978-1-905192-68-7|ref=Cal10}} * {{cite book |title=My Life: A Spoken Autobiography|url=https://archive.org/details/fidelcastromylif0000cast|last1=Castro |authorformat=scap|first1=Fidel|last2=Ramonet|first2=Ignacio (interviewer)|date=2009|publisher=Scribner|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4165-6233-7|ref=Cas09}} * {{cite book |title=The Real Fidel Castro|url=https://archive.org/details/realfidelcastro00colt_0|last=Coltman |authorformat=scap|first=Leycester|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|isbn=978-0-300-10760-9|ref=Col03}} * {{cite book |title=Prehistorian: A Biography of V. Gordon Childe|last=Green |authorformat=scap|first=Sally|date=1981|publisher=Moonraker Press|location=Bradford-on-Avon, Wiltshire|isbn=0-239-00206-7|ref=Gre81}} * {{cite book |title=Karl Marx: A Brief Biographical Sketch with an Exposition of Marxism|last=Lenin |authorformat=scap|first=Vladimir|authorlink=Vladimir Lenin|date=1967|origyear=1913|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|location=Peking|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/granat/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Len67}} * {{cite book |title=Wage Labour and Capital|last=Marx |authorformat=scap|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Marx|date=1849|publisher=Neue Rheinische Zeitung|location=Germany|isbn=|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/index.htm|accessdate=2014-06-17|nopp=|ref=Mar49}} * {{cite book |title=A History of Archaeological Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarchaeo0000trig|edition=2nd|last=Trigger |authorformat=scap|first=Bruce G.|authorlink=Bruce Trigger|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-521-60049-1|nopp=|ref=Tri07}} {{Refend}} * {{cite book |author=Avineri, Shlomo|date=1968|title=The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticalt0000avin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|authorlink=Shlomo Avineri}} * {{cite book |author=Dahrendorf, Ralf|title=Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society|url=https://archive.org/details/classclassconfli00dahr|date=1959|authorlink=Ralf Dahrendorf|location=Stanford, California|publisher=Stanford University Press}} * [[Jon Elster]], ''An Introduction to Karl Marx''. Cambridge, England, 1986. * Michael Evans, ''Karl Marx''. London, 1975. * Stefan Gandler, [http://www.brill.com/products/book/critical-marxism-mexico ''Critical Marxism in Mexico: Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez and Bolívar Echeverría''], Leiden/Boston, Brill Academic Press, 2015. 467 pages. ISBN 978-90-04-22428-5. * {{cite book |author=Kołakowski, Leszek|title=Main Currents of Marxism|date=1976|publisher=Oxford University Press|authorlink=Leszek Kołakowski}} * {{cite book |author=Parkes, Henry Bamford|title=Marxism: An Autopsy|url=https://archive.org/details/marxismautopsy00park|date=1939|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|authorlink=Henry Bamford Parkes}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Prychitko |first1=David L. |authorlink1= David Prychitko |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor= [[David R. Henderson]] (.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Marxism |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Marxism.html |date=2008 |edition= 2nd |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]]}} * [[Cedric Robinson|Robinson, Cedric J.]]: ''Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition'', 1983, Reissue: Univ North Carolina Press, 2000 * [[R. J. Rummel|Rummel, R.J.]] (1977) ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE12.HTM Conflict In Perspective]'' Chap. 5 ''[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP5.HTM Marxism, Class Conflict, and the Conflict Helix]'' * {{cite book |last=Screpanti|first=E|author2=S. Zamagna|date=1993|title=An Outline of the History of Economic Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofhistory0000scre}} * Shenfield, S.D. ''[[:es:Vladislav Evgenievich Buguera|Vladislav Bugera]]: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081112101246/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/2008-204.cfm Portrait of a Post-Marxist Thinker''] * {{cite book |author=McLellan, David|title=Marxism After Marx|url=https://archive.org/details/alf.3540.355.430.9.mcl|date=2007|location=Basingstoke|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|authorlink=David McLellan (academic)}} ===Mga kasahiran nga pagkukuhaan=== * [http://www.marxists.org/ Marxists Internet Archive] ([[Marxists Internet Archive|MIA]]) * [http://www.marxmail.org/ Marxmail.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815180358/http://www.marxmail.org/ |date=2009-08-15 }} * [http://marxmyths.org/ Marx Myths & Legends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427181835/http://marxmyths.org/ |date=2014-04-27 }} * [http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/ Marxism Page] * [http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Marx.htm London Philosophy Study Guide on Marxism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131225927/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Marx.htm |date=2009-01-31 }} (offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject) ===Mga panikang nga artikulo=== * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/marxian.htm History of Economic Thought: Marxian School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222030120/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/marxian.htm |date=2011-02-22 }} * [http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/neomarx.htm History of Economic Thought: Neo Marxian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620161730/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/neomarx.htm |date=2012-06-20 }} [[Kaarangay:Marxismo]] [[Kaarangay:Pilosopiya]] hmnf71p7sadpipdb4t3qon0aoctnj7z 0 17554 7785626 7783389 2026-08-27T20:58:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785626 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''nasyonalismó'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 245.</ref> amo an usa ka ideyolohiya o kiwa politikal nga nauuyon nga an nasod nga gintukod ha paniniguro maglugaring amo la it lehitimo nga pamaagi ngan nakabase ha usa nga magkapareha nga kaagi o durungan nga kakadtoan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|title=Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism | date = 1983 |publisher=Verso |location=London |isbn=0-86091-059-8 |authorlink=Benedict Anderson |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mmoZFtCpuoC&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Azurmendi |first=Joxe |authorlink=Joxe Azurmendi |title=Historia, arraza, nazioa. Renan eta nazionalismoaren inguruko topiko batzuk | date = 2014|edition=|publisher=Elkar |location=Donostia |isbn=978-84-9027-297-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Billig |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Billig |title=Banal Nationalism |publisher=Sage |location=London | date = 1995 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VV18cdwqVf4C&printsec=frontcover |isbn=0-8039-7525-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last =Delanty | editor-first =Gerard |editor2-last=Kumar |editor2-first=Krishan |editor2-link=Krishan Kumar |title=The Sage Handbook of Nations and Nationalism |location =London |publisher=Sage Publications |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3Y3zK_jyagQC&printsec=frontcover |isbn=1-4129-0101-4 | date = 2006 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul James (academic) |title=Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community | url= http://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=0761950737 | date = 1996 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=London |isbn=0-7619-5072-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=James |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul James (academic) |title=Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In |url= http://www.academia.edu/1642214/Globalism_Nationalism_Tribalism_Bringing_Theory_Back_In_author_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | date = 2006 | publisher= Sage Publications |location=London}} * {{Cite book|last=Kymlicka |first=Will |authorlink=Will Kymlicka |title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford | date = 1995 |isbn=0-19-827949-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w5Kaqqy-W78C&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| date = 2001 |editor-last=Leoussi |editor-first =Athena S. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |location=New Brunswick, N.J |publisher=Transaction Publishers |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9_vuJusOJkMC&pg=PA62 |isbn=0-7658-0002-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Miller| first=David |authorlink=David Miller (political theorist) |title=On Nationality |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford | date = 1995 |isbn=0-19-828047-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=naLMTURfICAC&printsec=frontcover |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| date = 2001| editor-link=Alexander J. Motyl|editor-last=Motyl|editor-first =Alexander|title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism|volume=1|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-227230-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |author-link=Louis Leo Snyder |last=Snyder |first=Louis L. |title=Encyclopedia of Nationalism |location=New York |publisher=Paragon House |isbn=1-55778-167-2 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=8ogYAAAAIAAJ | date = 1990 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | date = 1999 |editor-last=Spira |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link=Thomas Spira |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide |publication-place=Gulf Breeze, FL |publisher=Academic International Press |url=http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html |isbn=0-87569-205-2 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316213557/http://www.ai-press.com/NET.html |date=2009-03-16 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book |last=Breuilly |first=John |title=Nationalism and the State |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalismstate0000breu_s6p6 | date = 1994|edition=2nd|publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=0-226-07414-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Brubaker |first=Rogers |authorlink=Rogers Brubaker |title=Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalismrefra0000brub | date = 1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-57224-X |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=De Benoist |first1=Alain |date=Summer 2004 |title=On Identity |journal=[[Telos]] |volume=2004 |issue=128 |url=http://journal.telospress.com/cgi/content/abstract/2004/128/9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Greenfeld|first=Liah|title=Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalismfiver0000gree_x0x6| date = 1992 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass |isbn=0-674-60318-4 |authorlink=Liah Greenfeld|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Hobsbawm |first=Eric J. |authorlink=Eric Hobsbawm |title=Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality | date = 1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-43961-2 |edition=2nd|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Jusdanis |first=Gregory |title=The Necessary Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/necessarynation0000jusd | date = 2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-07029-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Malesevic |first=Sinisa |authorlink=Sinisa Malesevic |title=Identity As Ideology: Understanding Ethnicity and Nationalism |url=https://archive.org/details/identityasideolo0000male | date = 2006 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke [England] |isbn=1-4039-8786-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Malesevic |first=Sinisa |authorlink=Sinisa Malesevic |title=Nation-States and Nationalisms:Organization, Ideology and Solidarity | date = 2013 |publisher=Polity |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn= 978-0-7456-5339-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nationalism/ |title=Nationalism |first=Nenad |last=Miscevic |date=1 Hunyo 2010 |work=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}} * {{cite journal |date=Spring 2010 |title=Nations and Nationalism |journal=[[Harvard Asia Pacific Review]] |volume=11 |issue=1 |url=http://issuu.com/harvard_asia_pacific_review/docs/hapr11.1?viewMode=magazine |issn=1522-1113|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Özkirimli |first=Umut |authorlink=Umut Özkirimli |title=Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/theoriesofnation0000zkrm |edition=2nd | date = 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=0-230-57732-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal |last1=Royce |first1=Mathias O. |date=5 Agosto 2010 |title=The Rise and Propagation of Political Right-Wing Extremism: The Identification and Assessment of Common Sovereign Economic and Socio-Demographic Determinants |series=Working Paper Series |publisher=[[Swiss Management Center]] |ssrn=1701742|ref=harv}} * {{cite web |url= http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/index.html |title= Nationality: The History of a Social Phenomenon |last1= White |first1= Philip L. |authorlink1= Philip L. White |last2= White |first2= Michael Lee |date= 2008 |work= Nationality in World History |access-date= 2015-01-27 |archive-date= 2013-03-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130307060027/http://nationalityinworldhistory.net/index.html |url-status= }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=no}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/Halsall/mod/modsbook17.asp |title=Nationalism |work=Internet Modern History Sourcebook |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2014-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175309/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook17.asp |url-status= }} * {{cite web |url=http://www.nationalismproject.org/ |title=The Nationalism Project |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=Association for Research on Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Americas |publisher=[[University of South Carolina]] |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2019-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002100619/http://www.nationalismproject.org/ |url-status=dead }} lm138ccw46rxnno41uno2kxv8v64mpm 0 17564 7785607 7783390 2026-08-27T20:46:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785607 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Ephesians 2,12 - Greek atheos.jpg|thumb]] An '''Ateismo''' amo in diri pagkarawat han [[teismo]], o an pandidig-on nga an mga diyos diri ungod. Ha gihahaluagi nga panhunahuna, amo ini an kawarayan hin pagtoo ha pagkakamayada hin mga diyos. Nagtikang an pulong nga ateismo ha [[Griniyego]] nga {{lang|grc|[[:en:wikt:ἄθεος|ἄθεος]]}} (''atheos''), kasirigngon "waray mga diyos", nga amo an sunlog ha hin-o man nga mga gindududahan nga diri nakarawat hin mga diyos nga ginaampo han kadam-an. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Karen |authorlink=Karen Armstrong |title=A History of God |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofgod00unse | date = 1999 |location=London |publisher=Vintage |isbn=0-09-927367-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Baggini |first=Julian |authorlink=Julian Baggini |title=Atheism: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/atheismveryshort0000bagg | date = 2003 |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-280424-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Barker |first=Dan |authorlink=Dan Barker |title=Godless: How an Evangelical Preacher Became One of America's Leading Atheists | date = 2008 |location=New York |publisher=Ulysses Press |isbn=978-1-56975-677-5 |ol=24313839M |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1 = Bradlaugh |first1 = Charles |authorlink = Charles Bradlaugh |last2=Besant |first2=Annie |last3=Bradlaugh |first3=Alice |last4=Moss |first4=A. B. |last5=Cattell |first5=C. C. |last6=Standring |first6=G. |last7=Aveling |first7=E. |title = The Atheistic Platform | date = 1884 |location = London |publisher = Freethought Publishing |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Dawkins |title=The God Delusion |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yq1xDpicghkC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20God%20Delusion&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | date = 2006 |publisher=Bantam Press |isbn=0-593-05548-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Edwards |first=Paul |authorlink=Paul Edwards (philosopher) |title=Atheism |publisher=MacMillan Reference USA (Gale) |editor=Donald M. Borchert |origyear=1967 | date = 2005 |edition=2nd |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Philosophy|The Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |volume=Vol. 1 |page=359 |isbn=978-0-02-865780-6 |ref=harv}}<!-- (page 175 in 1967 edition) --> * {{Cite book |last=Flew |first=Antony |authorlink=Antony Flew |title=The Presumption of Atheism, and other Philosophical Essays on God, Freedom, and Immortality |url=https://archive.org/details/presumptionofath0000flew_e4d9 |location=New York |publisher=Barnes and Noble | date = 1976 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Flint |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Flint |title=Agnosticism: The Croall Lecture for 1887–88 | date = 1903 |publisher=William Blackwood and Sons |ol=7193167M |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief |editor-last=Flynn |editor-first=Tom |editor-link=Tom Flynn (author) |publisher=Prometheus Books |date=25 Oktubre 2007 |isbn=978-1-59102-391-3 |ol=8851140M |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YR4RAQAAIAAJ |ref=harv |title=The new encyclopedia of unbelief}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=The End of Faith: Religion, Terror, and the Future of Reason |url=https://archive.org/details/endoffaithreligi00harr |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | date = 2005 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=Letter to a Christian Nation |date=19 Septyembre 2006 |publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-307-27877-7 |ol=25353925M |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RlZATs3xD0gC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |authorlink=Sam Harris (author) |title=The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos |journal=[[Free Inquiry]] |issn=0272-0701 |date= Abril 2006 |volume=26 |issue=3 |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/2863 <!--- requires subscription --> | accessdate= 21 Nobyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} [http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos alternate URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224084447/http://www.samharris.org/site/full_text/the-myth-of-secular-moral-chaos/ |date= 24 Pebrero 2015 }} * {{Cite book |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Hitchens |title=god Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything |publisher=Random House | date = 2007 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sGgoYfGyqSMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1 |ref=harv |isbn=978-0-7710-4143-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Hume |first=David |authorlink=David Hume |title=[[s:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion|Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]] | date = 1779 |ol=7145748M |location=London |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Hume |first=David |authorlink=David Hume |title=[[s:An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding|An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding]] | date = 1748 |location=London |ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last=Landsberg |first=Mitchell |title=Atheists, agnostics most knowledgeable about religion, survey says |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 Septyembre 2010 |accessdate= 8 Abril 2011 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180716/http://articles.latimes.com/2010/sep/28/nation/la-na-religion-survey-20100928 | archivedate= 11 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Martin (philosopher) |title=Atheism: A Philosophical Justification |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press | date = 1990 |isbn=978-0-87722-642-0 |ol=8110936M | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174319/http://books.google.ca/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1| archivedate= 19 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Martin (philosopher) |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=true |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2006 |isbn=0-521-84270-0 |ol=22379448M | accessdate= 25 Nobyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Nielsen |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Nielsen (philosopher) |title=Atheism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | date = 2013 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40634/atheism |accessdate= 25 Nobyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://books.google.com/?id=lnuwFH_M5o0C&pg=PA530 |first=William L. |last=Rowe |authorlink=William L. Rowe |encyclopedia=[[Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Atheism | date = 1998 |editor=Edward Craig |isbn=978-0-415-07310-3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |accessdate= 9 Abril 2011 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Russell |first=Bertrand |authorlink=Bertrand Russell |title=Why I am not a Christian, and other essays on religion and related subjects |url=https://archive.org/details/whyiamnotchristi1649russ |publisher=Simon and Schuster | date = 1957 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Sartre |first=Jean-Paul |author-link=Jean-Paul Sartre |origyear=1946 |contribution=Existentialism and Humanism |editor-last=Priest |editor-first=Stephen |title=Jean-Paul Sartre: Basic Writings |url=https://archive.org/details/jeanpaulsartreba0000sart | date = 2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/jeanpaulsartreba0000sart/page/45 45] |isbn=0-415-21367-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Sartre |first=Jean-Paul |author-link=Jean-Paul Sartre |origyear=1946 |contribution=An existentialist ethics | date = 2004 |editor-last=Gensler |editor-first=Harry J. |editor2-last=Spurgin |editor2-first=Earl W. |editor3-last=Swindal |editor3-first=James C. |title=Ethics: Contemporary Readings |place=London |publisher=Routledge |page=127 |isbn=0-415-25680-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Shermer |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Shermer |title=How We Believe: Science, Skepticism, and the Search for God |publisher=William H Freeman | date = 1999 |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-3561-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=George H. |authorlink=George H. Smith |title=Atheism: The Case Against God |url=https://archive.org/details/atheismcaseagain0000smit_c3p0 | date = 1979 |location = Buffalo, New York |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=0-87975-124-X |lccn=79002726 |ol=4401616M |ref=harv }} *{{Cite book |last=Stenger |first=Victor J. |authorlink=Victor J. Stenger |title=God: The Failed Hypothesis—How Science Shows That God Does Not Exist |url=https://archive.org/details/godfailedhypothe0000sten | date = 2007 |publisher=Prometheus Books |location=Amherst, New York |isbn=978-1-59102-652-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Stenger |first=Victor J. |authorlink=Victor J. Stenger |title=The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason |date=22 Septyembre 2009 |publisher=Prometheus |isbn=1-59102-751-9 |url=http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html |accessdate= 23 Hulyo 2009 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011014538/http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/battle.html |date= 11 Oktubre 2012 }} * {{Cite book |last = Zdybicka |first = Zofia J. |date = 2005 |contribution = Atheism |url = http://ptta.pl/pef |contribution-url = http://ptta.pl/pef/haslaen/a/atheism.pdf |editor-first = Andrzej |editor-last = Maryniarczyk |title = Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy |volume = 1 |publisher = Polish Thomas Aquinas Association |ref = harv |postscript = <!--None--> |accessdate = 9 Abril 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312032653/http://ptta.pl/pef/ |date=2021-03-12 }} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Berman |first=David |title=A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell | date = 1990 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Li4OAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=A%20History%20of%20Atheism%20in%20Britain%3A%20From%20Hobbes%20to%20Russell&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher=London: Routledge |isbn=0-415-04727-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Buckley |first=M. J. |title=At the Origins of Modern Atheism |url=https://archive.org/details/atoriginsofmoder00buck | date = 1990 |isbn=0-300-04897-1 |publisher=New Haven, CT: Yale University Press}} * {{Cite book |last=Flew |first=Antony |authorlink=Antony Flew |title=God and Philosophy |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=1-59102-330-0 | date = 2005}} *{{Cite book|editor=Tom Flynn|title=The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781591023913| date = 2007|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, NY|isbn=1-59102-391-2}} * {{Cite book |editor=Gaskin, J.C.A. |title=Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780023406812 |publisher=•New York: Macmillan | date = 1989 |isbn=0-02-340681-X}} * {{Cite journal |last=Germani |first=Alan |title=The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists |journal=The Objective Standard |volume=3 |issue=3 |publisher=Glen Allen Press |date=15 Septyembre 2008 |url=http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110428193621/http://www.theobjectivestandard.com/issues/2008-fall/mystical-ethics-new-atheists.asp| archivedate= 28 Abril 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * {{Cite book |last=Harbour |first=Daniel |title=[[An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism]] |publisher=London: Duckworth |isbn=0-7156-3229-9 | date = 2003}} *{{Cite news|url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html|title=The Problem with Atheism|last=Harris|first=Sam|date=2 Oktubre 2007|work=[[The Washington Post]]| accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524071308/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html| archivedate= 24 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * Howson, Colin (2011). ''Objecting to God.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-18665-0 * {{Cite book |last=Jacoby |first=Susan |authorlink=Susan Jacoby |title=Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism |url=https://archive.org/details/freethinkershist0000jaco | date = 2004 |publisher=Metropolitan Books |isbn=978-0-8050-7442-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Krueger |first=D. E. |title=What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/whatisatheismsho0000krue |publisher=New York: Prometheus | date = 1998 |isbn=1-57392-214-5}} * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/0952695112441301|title=The evolution of atheism: Scientific and humanistic approaches| date = 2012|last1=Ledrew|first1=S.|journal=History of the Human Sciences|volume=25|issue=3|page=70}} * {{Cite book |last=Le Poidevin |first=R. |title=Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion |publisher=London: Routledge |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=M4YlYZi_cMUC&lpg=PP1&dq=Arguing%20for%20Atheism%3A%20An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Philosophy%20of%20Religion&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true | date = 1996 |isbn=0-415-09338-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Mackie|first=J. L.|authorlink=J. L. Mackie|title=The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God|url=https://archive.org/details/miracleoftheisma0000mack| date = 1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-824682-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Maritain |first=Jacques |title=The Range of Reason |publisher=London: Geoffrey Bles | date = 1952 |url=http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/range.htm |accessdate= 15 Abril 2013}} * {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Martin (philosopher) |title=Atheism: A Philosophical Justification |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Temple University Press | date = 1990 |isbn=0-87722-943-0 | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174319/http://books.google.ca/books?id=MNZqCoor4eoC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheism%3A%20A%20Philosophical%20Justification&pg=PP1| archivedate= 19 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} *{{Cite book|editor=Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier|title=The Impossibility of God|url=https://archive.org/details/impossibilityofg0000unse| date = 2003|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, NY|isbn=1-59102-120-0}} *{{Cite book|editor=Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier|title=The Improbability of God|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781591023814| date = 2006|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, NY|isbn=1-59102-381-5}} *{{Cite book|last1=McTaggart|first1=John|last2=McTaggart|first2=Ellis|title=Some Dogmas of Religion|edition =New| date = 1930|publisher=Edward Arnold & Co.|location=London|isbn=0-548-14955-0|origyear=1906}} *{{Cite book|last=Nielsen|first=Kai|authorlink=Kai Nielsen (philosopher)|title=Philosophy and Atheism |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyatheis0000niel| date = 1985|publisher=New York: Prometheus|isbn=0-87975-289-0}} *{{Cite book |last=Nielsen |first=Kai |title=Naturalism and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalismreligi0000niel | date = 2001 |isbn=1-57392-853-4 |publisher=New York: Prometheus}} *{{Cite book | last=Onfray |first= Michel | date = 2007 |title=Atheist Manifesto|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true| publisher= Arcade Publishing |location= New York | isbn = 978-1-55970-820-3 | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174449/http://books.google.ca/books?id=QpEAYMo7pFkC&lpg=PP1&dq=Atheist%20Manifesto&pg=PP1| archivedate= 19 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no }} * {{Cite book |last=Oppy |first=Graham |authorlink=Graham Oppy | date = 2006 |title=Arguing about Gods |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&lpg=PP1&dq=Arguing%20about%20Gods&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-86386-4 | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110519174846/http://books.google.ca/books?id=DlVtfUxPD14C&lpg=PP1&dq=Arguing%20about%20Gods&pg=PP1| archivedate= 19 Mayo 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rafford |first=R. L. | date = 1987 |title=Atheophobia—an introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_religious-humanism_winter-1987_21_1/page/32 |journal=Religious Humanism |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=32–37 }} * {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Richard |title=An Atheist's Values |url=http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm |isbn=0-19-824191-7 |publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press | date = 1964 | accessdate= 9 Abril 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110425091126/http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/athval0.htm| archivedate= 25 Abril 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}} * Rosenberg, Alex (2011). ''The Atheist's Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life Without Illusions.'' New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-08023-0 *{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Russell |first=Paul |editor=Edward N. Zalta |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Hume on Religion |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume-religion/ |edition=2013 |date=11 Pebrero 2013 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab | accessdate= 24 Nobyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sharpe |first=R.A. |title=The Moral Case Against Religious Belief |url=https://archive.org/details/moralcaseagainst0000shar |publisher=London: SCM Press | date = 1997 |isbn=0-334-02680-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Thrower |first=James |title=A Short History of Western Atheism |url=https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryofw0000unse |publisher=London: Pemberton | date = 1971 |isbn=0-301-71101-1}} * Walters, Kerry (2010). ''Atheism: A Guide for the Perplexed.'' New York: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-2493-8 * {{Cite book |last=Zuckerman |first=Phil |title=Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment |publisher=NYU Press | date = 2010 |isbn=0-8147-9723-7}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Zuckerman |editor-first=Phil |title=Atheism and secularity | date = 2010 |publisher=Praeger |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-313-35183-9 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} *{{PhilPapers|category|atheism}} *{{InPho|idea|1006}} *{{SEP|atheism-agnosticism/}} *{{IEP|atheism}} *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/n-atheis The New Atheists in ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''] *{{dmoz|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Atheism/|Atheism}} – Includes links to organizations and websites. *[http://www.positiveatheism.org/tochist.htm Positive atheism: Great Historical Writings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129151309/http://www.positiveatheism.org//tochist.htm |date= 29 Nobyembre 2006 }} Historical writing sorted by authors. *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/ Religion & Ethics—Atheism] at [[bbc.co.uk]]. *[http://www.infidels.org/library/ Secular Web library] – Library of both historical and modern writings, a comprehensive online resource for freely available material on atheism. *[http://www.agreeley.com/articles/hardcore.html The Demand for Religion] – A study on the demographics of Atheism by Wolfgang Jagodzinski (University of Cologne) and Andrew Greeley (University of Chicago and University of Arizona). [[Kaarangay:Ateismo]] fw4sz0adahuterowd46mta6yjatbqng 0 17579 7785698 7784867 2026-08-27T21:46:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb]] An '''kape''' usa nga [[irimnom]] nga tikang ha [[liso]] han [[tanom]] nga kape. ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Seminte]] * [[Matte]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Stewart Lee |title=The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History |url=https://archive.org/details/devilscupcoffeed0000alle |publisher=[[Random House]] | date = 1999 |location=Soho |isbn=1-56947-174-6 |ref=CITEREFAllen1999}} * {{Cite book |last=Bersten |first=Ian |title=Coffee, Sex & Health: A History of Anti-coffee Crusaders and Sexual Hysteria |url=https://archive.org/details/coffeesexhealthh0000unse |publisher=Helian Books | date = 1999 |location=Sydney |isbn=0-9577581-0-3 |ref=CITEREFBersten1999}} * {{Cite book | date = 1987 |title=Coffee |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Ronald James |editor2-last=Macrae |editor2-first=R |publisher=Elsevier Applied Science |location=Barking, Essex |volume=2: Technology |isbn=1-85166-034-8 |ref=CM}} * {{Cite book |title=Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage |url=https://archive.org/details/coffeebotanybioc0000mncl |editor1-last=Clifford |editor1-first=M. N. |editor2-last=Wilson |editor2-first=K. C. |publisher=AVI Publishing |location=Westport, Connecticut | date = 1985 |isbn=0-7099-0787-7 |ref=CW}} * {{Cite book |title=Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc |first1=Sally |last1=Ganchy |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group | date = 2009 |isbn=1-4358-5066-1}} <!-- also isbn=978-1-4358-5066-8 --> * Hünersdorff, Richard von & Hasenkamp, Holger G. (2002) ''Coffee: a bibliography : a guide to the literature on coffee'' London: Hünersdorff * {{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=Heinrich Eduard |title=Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity |url=http://books.google.com/?id=bdxpPwAACAAJ |publisher=Burford Books | date = 1998 |location=Short Hills, N.J. |isbn=978-1-58080-070-9 |ref=CITEREFJacob1998}} * {{Cite book |last=Kummer |first=Corby |date=19 Agosto 2003 |title=The Joy of Coffee: The Essential guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying |url=http://books.google.com/?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=Boston |isbn=0-618-30240-9 |ref=CITEREFKummer2003}} * Luttinger, Nina and Dicum, Gregory. ''The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop''(Bazaar Book, 2006) * {{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words: A Country-by-country Tour of Words that have Shaped our Language |first=Allan A |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin | date = 1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=4O0W5XyQVCYC&pg=PA123}} * {{Cite book |last=Pendergrast |first=Mark |title=Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World |publisher=Texere |location=London | date = 2001 |origyear=1999 |isbn=1-58799-088-1 |ref=CITEREFPendergrast2001}} * Rao, Scott. ''The Professional Barista's Handbook''. * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/1358863X13480258 |title=Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function: The Ikaria Study | date = 2013 |last1=Siasos |first1=G. |last2=Oikonomou |first2=E. |last3=Chrysohoou |first3=C. |last4=Tousoulis |first4=D. |last5=Panagiotakos |first5=D. |last6=Zaromitidou |first6=M. |last7=Zisimos |first7=K. |last8=Kokkou |first8=E. |last9=Marinos |first9=G. |last10=Papavassiliou |first10=A. G. |last11=Pitsavos |first11=C. |last12=Stefanadis |first12=C. |journal=Vascular Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=55–62 |pmid=23509088}} * {{Cite journal |author=Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C |title=Effects of habitual coffee consumption on vascular function |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=606–607 | date= Pebrero 2014 |pmid=24184234 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1642|last2=Tousoulis |last3=Stefanadis }} * {{Cite book| title=Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee |first=Ricardo M |last=Souza |publisher=シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社 | date = 2008 |isbn=978-1-4020-8719-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wsX5i56JXI0C |ref=CITEREFSouza2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Bennett Alan |last2=Bealer |first2=Bonnie K |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug | date = 2001 |isbn=0-415-92722-6 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA3 |ref=CITEREFWeinbergBealer2001}} * Weissman, Michaele. ''God in a Cup: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Coffee'' ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{wiktionary}} * {{Cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/on-one-greek-island-a-caffeinated-secret-to-long-life.html | title=The Secret May Be in the Coffee | first=Sindya N. | last=Bhanoo | date= 25 Marso 2013 | publisher=[[New York Times]] | accessdate=4 Disyembre 2013}} * {{Cite web|last=Osterweil|first=Neil|title=Coffee and Your Health|url=http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/coffee-new-health-food|work=WebMD |accessdate=24 Nobyembre 2010}} * Benjamin Joffe-Walt and Oliver Burkeman, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 16 Septyembre 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,2763,1571608,00.html "Coffee trail"]—from the Ethiopian village of Choche to a London coffee shop. {{Coffee-stub}} [[Kaarangay:Mga irimnon]] 288csg41dnwkqbq54p75nmjlqnqoobv 0 17580 7785625 7784875 2026-08-27T20:57:59Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Red Wine Glas.jpg|thumb]] An '''bino'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 43.</ref> usa ka [[Makahurubog nga irimnon|irimnom nga makahurubog]] nga tikang ha [[duga]] han [[ubas]]. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|author=Colman, Tyler|title=Wine Politics: How Governments, Environmentalists, Mobsters, and Critics Influence the Wines We Drink|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vYMhU_vwl2oC|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25521-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Foulkes | first = Christopher | year = 2001 | title = Larousse Encyclopedia of Wine | url = https://archive.org/details/larousseencyclop0000unse_s9f4 | publisher = Larousse | isbn = 2-03-585013-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Hugh Johnson's Wine Companion | url = https://archive.org/details/hughjohnsonswine0000john | authorlink = Hugh Johnson (wine writer) | last = Johnson | first = Hugh | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | edition = 5th | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-84000-704-6 }} * {{cite book | title = Wine for Dummies | last = McCarthy | first = Ed |author2=Mary Ewing-Mulligan |author3=Piero Antinori | publisher = HarperCollins | isbn = 0-470-04579-5 | year = 2006 }} * {{cite book | title = The Wine Bible | url = https://archive.org/details/winebible0000macn_d5t0 | last = MacNeil | first = Karen | publisher = Workman | isbn = 1-56305-434-5 | year = 2001 }} * {{Cite book | title = Oldman's Guide to Outsmarting Wine | url = https://archive.org/details/oldmansguidetoou0000oldm | authorlink = Mark Oldman | first = Mark | last = Oldman | publisher = Penguin | isbn = 978-0-14-200492-0 | year = 2004 }} * {{Cite book | title = Parker's Wine Buyer's Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/parkerswinebuyer0000park_t0c0 | authorlink = Robert M. Parker | first = Robert | last = Parker | publisher = Simon and Schuster | isbn = 978-0-7432-7198-1 | year = 2008 }} * {{Cite book | title = Planet Wine: A Grape by Grape Visual Guide to the Contemporary Wine World | url = https://archive.org/details/planetwinegrapeb0000pigo | first = Stuart | last = Pigott | publisher = Mitchell Beazley | isbn = 978-1-84000-776-3 | year = 2004 }} * {{cite book | title = The Oxford Companion to Wine | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc | edition = 3rd | authorlink = Jancis Robinson | last = Robinson | first = Jancis | location = Oxford | publisher = OUP | isbn = 0-19-860990-6 | year = 2006 }} * {{cite book|author=Simpson, James|title=Creating Wine: The Emergence of a World Industry, 1840-1914|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vAqWNLQkkwUC|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3888-2}} [http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914 online review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402080332/http://eh.net/book_reviews/creating-wine-emergence-world-industry-1840-1914 |date=2012-04-02 }} * {{cite book | title = Windows on the World Complete Wine Course | url = https://archive.org/details/windowsonworldco0000zral | last = Zraly | first = Kevin | publisher = Sterling | isbn = 1-4027-3928-1 | year = 2006 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} * [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/page/2008/sep/04/1 ''The Guardian'' & ''Observer'' Guide to Wine] [[Kaarangay:Mga irimnon]] 9an5p7i729fcer0r331xv6jhdss5u7y 0 17595 7785643 7783085 2026-08-27T21:11:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785643 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Rebolusyon ha Kultura''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''; Yinano nga Tsinino: 无产阶级文化大革命, Nahigaraan nga Tsinino: 無產階級文化大革命; pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng) in usa ka pultikal nga kampanya ha Tsina nga ginpatikangan han pinuno han Partido Komunista han Tsina, ni Mao Zedong para mawara an mga kaaway ngan mapagbag-o an sosyudad han Tsina. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Li-Peng,-the-%E2%80%9Cbutcher-of-Tiananmen,%E2%80%9D-was-%E2%80%9Cready-to-die%E2%80%9D-to-stop-the-student-turmoil-18592.html "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil"]. ''AsiaNews.it''. 2003. Retrieved 21 Agosto 2011. *{{cite journal |last=ALLÈS |first=ÉLISABETH |last2=CHÉRIF-CHEBBI |first2= LEÏLA|last3=HALFON |first3= CONSTANCE-HÉLÈNE|others=Translated from the French by Anne Evans| date = 2003|title=Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation |url= http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf |journal= Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions |publisher= Keston Institute |issn=0963-7494|volume= 31|issue= 1 |pages=7–35 |doi= 10.1080/0963749032000045837 |accessdate=9 Hunyo 2014}} * Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=zhou+enlai&hl=en&ei=wBkuTdKyB4H_8AaJucigAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life'']. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on 12 Marso 2011. * Chan, A; ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''; University of Washington Press (1985) * {{cite book |title= Inside the Cultural Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-DHQ-224 |last= [[Chen, Jack]] | date = 1975 |publisher= Scribner |isbn= 0-02-524630-5 |nopp=|ref=Cha75}} * {{cite book |title= The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History |last= Clark, Paul | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge and New York |isbn= 978-0-521-87515-8 |nopp=|ref=Cla08}} * Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223806/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html |date=2016-03-03 }}> on 16 Hunyo 2011. * Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624083748/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html |date=2011-06-24 }}> on 15 Hunyo 2011. * {{cite book |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |last= Gao, Mobo | date = 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7453-2780-8|nopp=|ref=Gao08}} Retrieved at <http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}> on 2 Septyembre 2012 * {{cite book |title= The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/politicsofchines0000leeh|last= Lee, Hong Yong | date = 1978 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley |isbn=0-520-03297-7 |nopp=|ref=Lee78}} * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Last Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf |last= [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael | date = 2006 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 978-0-674-02332-1 |nopp=|ref=Har08}} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture |last= Solomon, Richard H. | date = 1971 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Sol71}} * Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''The Search for Modern China'', New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. * {{cite book |title= Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/enemiesofpeopleo00thur|last= Thurston, Anne F. | date = 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Thu88}} * Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". ''Pacific Affairs''. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022499> on 11 Marso 2011. * Zhao Ziyang. ''[[Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]]''. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0 ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Kasahiran=== * Michael Schoenhals, ed., ''China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party'' (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. An East Gate Reader). xix, 400p. ISBN 1-56324-736-4. * Richard Curt Kraus. ''The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 9780199740550. * [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael. ''Mao's Last Revolution''. [[Harvard University Press]], 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3 * {{cite book |title=Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentdecadeh0000yanj |author= Jiaqi Yan, Gao Gao |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press |edition= 1st | date = 1996 |isbn=978-0824816957 }} * Morning Sun, "Bibliography," [http://www.morningsun.org/library Morningsun.org] Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution. ===Specific topics=== * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * Andreas, Joel (2009). ''Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Chan, Anita. 1985. ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. * Leese, Daniel (2011). ''Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in the Cultural Revolution''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Zheng Yi. [[Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China]]. [[Westview Press]], 1998. ISBN 0-8133-2616-8 * Yang, Guobin. 2000. ''China's Red Guard Generation: The Ritual Process of Identity Transformation, 1966–1999''. PhD diss., [[New York University]]. * [[Fox Butterfield]], ''China: Alive in the Bitter Sea'', (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution. * [[Jung Chang|Chang, Jung]] and [[Jon Halliday|Halliday, Jon]]. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]].'' Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. ISBN 0-224-07126-2 * {{cite book |title= Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication |author= Xing Lu |publisher=University of South Carolina Press | date = 2004 |isbn=978-1570035432 }} * [[Ross Terrill]],''The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong'' Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4. * Wu, Yiching (2014). ''The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ===Mga komentaryo=== * [[Simon Leys]] (penname of [[Pierre Ryckmans]]) ''Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1979). ISBN 0-8052-8069-3 * [[Simon Leys]]. ''Chinese Shadows'' (1978). ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1986). ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution'' (1977; revised 1981). ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.). *Liu, Guokai. 1987. ''A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution''. edited by Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. ===Fictional treatments=== * Sijie Dai, translated by Ina Rilke, ''Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress'' (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2001). 197p. ISBN 0-375-41309-X * Xingjian Gao, translated by Mabel Lee, ''One Man's Bible: A Novel'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 450p. * Hua Gu, ''A Small Town Called Hibiscus'' (Beijing, China: Chinese Literature: distributed by China Publications Centre, 1st, 1983. Panda Books). Translated by Gladys Yang. 260p. Reprinted: San Francisco: China Books. * Hua Yu, ''To Live: A Novel'' (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). Translated by Michael Berry. 250p. * Ying Chang Compestine, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/revolution-is-not-a-dinner-party-a-novel/oclc/77333486/viewport ''Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party : A Novel.''] (New York: Holt, 2007). ISBN 0805082077. Young adult novel. ===Mga sinurat panhinumdoman han mga Tsino nga partisipante=== * Liu Ping, ''[[My Chinese Dream - From Red Guard to CEO]]'' (San Francisco, June 2012). 556 pages ISBN 9780835100403 * [[Nien Cheng]], ''[[Life and Death in Shanghai]]'' (Grove, May 1987). 547 pages ISBN 0-394-55548-1 * [[Jung Chang]], ''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). 524 p.&nbsp;{{LCCN|91020696}} * Heng Liang Judith Shapiro, ''Son of the Revolution'' (New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1983). * Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, ''Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution'' (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1987). * Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, ''Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution'' [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986). * [[Bo Ma]], ''Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution'' (New York: Viking, 1995). Translated by Howard Goldblatt. * Guanlong Cao, ''The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). * [[Ji-li Jiang]], ''Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution'' (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). * [[Anchee Min]], ''[[Red Azalea]]'' (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). ISBN 1-4000-9698-7. * Rae Yang, ''Spider Eaters : A Memoir'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). * Weili Ye, Xiaodong Ma, ''Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution'' (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). * Lijia Zhang, "Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China (New York: Atlas & Co, Distributed by Norton, 2007). * [[Emily Wu]], ''Feather in the Storm'' (Pantheon, 2006). ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1. * Xinran Xue, ''The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices '' (Chatto & Windus, 2002). Translated by Esther Tyldesley. ISBN 0-7011-7345-9 * [[Ting-Xing Ye]], [[Leaf In A Bitter Wind]] (England, Bantam Books, 2000) * Zhang Xianliang, Grass Soup, ISBN 0-7493-9774-8 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=no|v=Modern China: China since 1945 and the Modern World|q=no|s=no|b=VCE History Revolutions/Chinese Revolution}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. The Cultural Revolution] *[http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html History of The Cultural Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003300/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html |date=2007-04-29 }} *[http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)] *[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977] *[http://www.morningsun.org/ Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution] and the [http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html# photographs] of the subject available from the film's site. *[http://www.chinese-memorial.org/ Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution] *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317040851/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm |date=2011-03-17 }} by Dave Pugh *[http://www.cnd.org/CR/english/articles/violence.htm "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"] by [[Youqin Wang]] *[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/06/world/a-tale-of-red-guards-and-cannibals.html A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals] by [[Nicholas D. Kristof]]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 Enero 1993. 208o93nex2ufqx7ccmw6l43qwcm0khp 0 17598 7785681 6181315 2026-08-27T21:36:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785681 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:JiaXu01.jpg|thumb]] An '''Inop han Pula nga Kwarto''' ([[Iningles]]: Dream of the Red Chamber, danay, Red Chamber Dream, Hung Lou Meng o A Dream of Red Mansions) (tradisyonal nga pinulongan [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]]: 紅樓夢; Yano nga [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]]: 红楼梦; pinyin: Hónglóu mèng), an katikangan nga ngaran An Susumaton han Bato (Tradisyonal nga pinulongan Tsino: 石頭記; simplified Chinese: 石头记; pinyin: Shítóu jì) amo an usa ka maupay kahimo nga literatura Tsino ngan usa ha upat ka Dagko nga klasikal nga mga nobela Tsino. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ;Kasahiran ngan pahiuna * C.T. Hsia, Ch VII, "The Dream of the Red Chamber," in ''The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction'' (1968; rpr. Ithaca, NY: East Asia Program, Cornell University, Cornell East Asia Series, 1996. ISBN 1885445741), pp.&nbsp;245–297.. * {{cite book |last1 = Schonebaum|first1= Andrew|first2 =Tina |last2 = Lu |year = 2012 |title = Approaches to Teaching the Story of the Stone (Dream of the Red Chamber) |url = https://archive.org/details/approachestoteac0000unse_b7l1|publisher = Modern Language Association of America| location = New York |isbn = 9781603291101|ref = harv}} * Anthony Yu, "Dream of the Red Chamber," in Barbara Stoller Miller, ed., ''Masterworks of Asian Culture'' (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe), pp.&nbsp;285–299. ;Mga kritikaln nga pag-aram * {{cite book |last = Levy |first = Dore J.|year = 1999 |title = Ideal and Actual in the Story of the Stone |publisher = Columbia University Press| location = New York|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uOwwDQnmxgMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn = 0231114060|ref = harv}} * Zaifu Liu, Yunzhong Shu, ''Reflections on Dream of the Red Chamber''''' '''(Amherst, N.Y.: Cambria Press, 2008).''' ''' * [[Andrew H. Plaks]], ''Archetype and Allegory in the "Dream of the Red Chamber"''''' '''(Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 1976).''' ''' Reprinted: (Ann Arbor: U.M.I. Books on Demand, Reprint, 1993). * Shih-Ch'ang Wu, ''On the Red Chamber Dream: A Critical Study of Two Annotated Manuscripts of the 18th Century''''' '''(Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1961).''' ''' * Chi Xiao, ''The Chinese Garden as Lyric Enclave: A Generic Study of the Story of the Stone''''' '''(Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Chinese Studies Publications, 2001).''' ''' * {{cite book |last = Yu |first = Anthony C. |year = 1997 |title = Rereading the Stone: Desire and the Making of Fiction in Dream of the Red Chamber |publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princeton, N.J.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l1pFLo0pR0YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn = 0691015619|ref = harv}} * Ruchang Zhou, Edited by Ronald R. Gray, Mark S. Ferrara, ''Between Noble and Humble: Cao Xueqin and the Dream of the Red Chamber''''' '''(New York: Peter Lang, 2009).''' '''Translated by Liangmei Bao and Kyongsook Park. ISBN 978-1-4331-0407-7 Google Book ([http://books.google.com/books?id=1ROFO8h-e6IC&dq=between+noble+and+humble&source=gbs_navlinks_s link]) ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikisourcelang|zh|紅樓夢}} {{wikisourcelang|zh|脂硯齋重評石頭記}} {{Commons category}} *[http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/dream-of-the-red-chamber/about-dream-of-the-red-chamber Zhang Xiugui, CliffsNotes]. Summary and notes. * Richard Smith (Rice University) [http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~asia/DreamRedChamberOutline.html ''Dream of the Red Chamber''] Outline of Vol I of ''Story of the Stone'', with comments. *[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-11/12/content_494366.htm Article on China Central Television Program about Red Chamber] – [[China Daily]]. Raymond Zhou. November 12, 2005. [[Kaarangay:Inop han Pula nga Kwarto]] {{Commonscat|Dream of the Red Chamber}} k9fntdnv7mxzddwmt0rl2ri8p401btl 0 17600 7785662 7771138 2026-08-27T21:24:16Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MeijiJoukyou.jpg|thumb]] An '''Restorasyon Meiji''' (明治維新, Meiji Ishin), kilala liwat nga Meiji Ishin, Rebolusyon o Pagbag-o, amo an usa ka sunodsunod nga panhitabo nga naghatag hin dagko nga pagbabag-o ha politikal nga sosyal nga istructura han Hapon. nahitabo ini ha urhi nga katunga han ika 19 siglo, panahon nga naguunat ha urhi nga panahon han Edo ngadto ha katikangan han Panahon han Meiji. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == * {{Cite book | last =Akamatsu | first =Paul | authorlink = | title =Meiji 1868: Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Japan | publisher =Harper & Row | year =1972 | location =New York | page = 1247 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * {{Cite book | last =[[William G. Beasley|Beasley, William G.]] | first =. | authorlink = | title =The Meiji Restoration | publisher =Stanford University Press | year =1972 | location =Stanford | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/meijirestoration0000beas | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * {{Cite book | last = Beasley, William G. | first = | authorlink = | title = The Rise of Modern Japan: Political, Economic and Social Change Since 1850 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | year = 1995 | location = New York | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/theriseofmodernj0000beas | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * {{Cite book | last =[[Albert M. Craig|Craig, Albert M.]] | first = | authorlink = | title =Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration | publisher =Harvard University Press | year =1961 | location =Cambridge | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/choshuinmeijires0000crai | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * {{Cite book | last =[[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] | first = | authorlink = | coauthors =Gilbert Rozman, eds. | title =Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji | publisher =[[Princeton University Press]] | year =1986 | location =Princeton | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * {{Cite book | last =Jansen, Marius B. | first = | authorlink = | title =The Making of Modern Japan | publisher =Harvard University Press | year =2000 | location =Cambridge | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans | doi = | id = | isbn = }} *{{Cite book | last =Murphey | first =Rhoads | authorlink = | title =East Asia: A New History | publisher =Addison Wesley Longman | year =1997 | location =New York | pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/eastasianewhisto0000murp_q3w0 | doi = | id = | isbn = }} *{{Cite book | last =[[Ernest Mason Satow|Satow, Ernest Mason]] | first = | authorlink = | title =A Diplomat in Japan | publisher = | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =4-925080-28-8 }} * {{Cite book | last =Wall | first =Rachel F. | authorlink = | title =Japan's Century: An Interpretation of Japanese History since the Eighteen-fifties | publisher =The Historical Association | year =1971 | location =London | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = }} * [[John Breen (scholar)|Breen, John]], 'The Imperial Oath of April 1868: ritual, power and politics in Restoration Japan', Monumenta Nipponica,51,4 (1996) * Francisco Barberan & [[Rafael Domingo Osle]], Codigo civil japones. Estudio preliminar, traduccion y notas (2 ed. Thomsons Aranzadi, 2006). * Harry D. Harootunian, Toward Restoration (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), "Introduction", pp 1 – 46; on Yoshida: chapter IV "The Culture of Action – Yoshida Shōin", pp 184 – 219. * Najita Tetsuo, The Intellectual Foundations of Modern Japanese Politics (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press), chapter 3: "Restorationism in Late Tokugawa", pp 43 – 68. * H. Van Straelen, Yoshida Shōin, Forerunner of the Meiji Restoration: A Biographical Study (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1952). * David M. Earl, Emperor and Nation in Japan (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), on Yoshida: "Attitude toward the Emperor/Nation", pp 161 – 192. Also pp.&nbsp;82 – 105. * Marius B Jansen, Sakamoto Ryōma and the Meiji Restoration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994) especially chapter VIII: "Restoration", pp 312 – 346. * W. G. Beasley, The Meiji Restoration (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1972), especially chapter VI: "Dissenting Samurai", pp 140 – 171. * Conrad Totman, "From Reformism to Transformism, bakufu Policy 1853–1868", in: T. Najita & V. J. Koshmann, Conflict in Modern Japanese History (New Jersay: Princeton University Press, 1988), pp.&nbsp;62 – 80. * Jansen, Marius B.: The Meiji Restoration, in: Jansen, Marius B. (ed.): The Cambridge history of Japan, Volume 5: The nineteenth century (New York: Cambridge UP, 1989), pp.&nbsp;308–366. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == * [http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/the_meiji_restoration_era_1868-1889 Essay on The Meiji Restoration Era, 1868-1889] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908082929/http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/content.cfm/the_meiji_restoration_era_1868-1889 |date=2011-09-08 }} on the About Japan, A Teacher's Resource website [[Kaarangay:Hapon]] 7blvhs6oetycih48tcssp9gbokyly64 0 17603 7785692 7652500 2026-08-27T21:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785692 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1918FluVictimsStLouis.jpg|thumb]] An '''pandemya''' amo an epidemya han nakakatapon nga sakit nga nagkakalat ha popyulasyon han katawhan ha usa ka dako nga lugar, sugad hit kontinente o bug-os nga kalibutan. ==Mga reperensya== '''Pinanbasaran''' {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} '''Padugang nga barasahon''' {{Refbegin}} * [[American Lung Association]]. (2007, April), Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Fact Sheet. As retrieved from www.lungusa.org/site/pp.aspx?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=35815 29 Nobyembre 2007. *{{Cite journal |author=Larson E |title=Community factors in the development of antibiotic resistance |journal=Annu Rev Public Health |volume=28 |pages=435–47 | date = 2007 |pmid=17094768 |doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144020 }} *{{Cite journal |author=Bancroft EA |title=Antimicrobial resistance: it's not just for hospitals |url=https://archive.org/details/jama_2007-10-17_298_15/page/1803 |journal=JAMA |volume=298 |issue=15 |pages=1803–4 |date= Oktubre 2007 |pmid=17940239 |doi=10.1001/jama.298.15.1803 }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pandemic}} * [http://www.who.int/en/ WHO – Authoritative source of information about global health issues] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4381924.stm Past pandemics that ravaged Europe] * [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic/phases.htm CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases] * [http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control – ECDC] * [http://pandemic.bioethics.net/ The American Journal of Bioethics' ethical issues in pandemics page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920073527/http://pandemic.bioethics.net/ |date= 20 Septyembre 2020 }} *[https://youtube.com/user/TEDEducation?feature=watch TED-Education video] – [https://youtube.com/watch?v=UG8YbNbdaco&feature=related How pandemics spread]. [[Kaarangay:Epidemiyolohiya]] 3pxazccwapb9cvf7ylemdi2ztjehlkb 0 17608 7785580 7784700 2026-08-27T20:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cyprian_War.jpg|thumb]] An '''gerá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 98. </ref> (puydi liwat '''guerrá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 98. </ref>) amo an usa ka bulusay nga away nga ginagamitan hin armas, hin labaw ka usa nga mga lawas entitad, nga may panuyuan makuha an hinihingyap nga katapusan nga kondisyon politikal. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * Geoffrey Blainey. The Causes of War'' (1973) * Barzilai Gad, ''Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East'' (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). * Chagnon, N. ''The Yanomamo'', Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983. * Clausewitz, Carl Von (1976), ''On War'' (Princeton and New Jersey: Princeton University Press) * Codevilla, Angelo and Seabury, Paul, [http://www.toreadnext.com/9781574886108 ''War: Ends and Means''] (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) * Codevilla, Angelo, ''No Victory, No Peace'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) * Fornari, Franco (1974). ''The Psychoanalysis of War.'' Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. * Fry, Douglas. 2004. “Conclusion: Learning from Peaceful Societies.” In ''Keeping the Peace'', Graham Kemp, editor. New York: Routledge. * Fry, Douglas P., 2005, ''The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence'', Oxford University Press. * Fry, Douglas. 2009. ''Beyond War''. Oxford University Press. * Gat, Azar 2006 ''War in Human Civilization'', Oxford University Press. * Heinsohn, Gunnar, ''Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen'' ("Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations"), Orell Füssli (September 2003), available online as [http://www.pdf4ebook-verlag.de/ShneundWeltmacht.html#Zweig4 free download] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010161017/http://www.pdf4ebook-verlag.de/ShneundWeltmacht.html#Zweig4 |date=2008-10-10 }} (in German) *Howell, Signe, and Roy Willis. 1990. ''Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives.'' London: Routledge. * {{Cite book | year= 2006 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Friedman | first2= Jonathan | title= Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention | url= http://www.academia.edu/3587732/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._3_Globalizing_War_and_Intervention_editor_with_Jonathan_Friedman_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }} * {{Cite book | year= 2006 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Sharma | first2= RR | title= Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict | url= http://www.academia.edu/3587761/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._4_Transnational_Conflict_editor_with_R.R._Sharma_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }} * [[John Keegan|Keegan, John]], (1994) ''[[A History of Warfare]]'', (Pimlico) * Keeley, Lawrence. ''War Before Civilization'', Oxford University Press, 1996. * Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, ''Warless Societies and the Origin of War,'' University of Michigan Press. *Kemp, Graham, and Douglas Fry. 2004. ''Keeping the Peace.'' New York: Routledge. *{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |url= https://archive.org/details/centuryofwarpoli00kolk |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-565-84191-8 |ref= harv }} * Lebow, Richard Ned 2008, ''A Cultural Theory of International Relations'' Cambridge University Press. * Lindemann, Thomas 2010, ''Causes of War. The Struggle for Recognition'' Colchester, ECPR Press *{{cite book|author=Maniscalco, Fabio|title=World heritage and war: linee guida per interventi a salvaguardia dei beni culturali nelle aree a rischio bellico|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lelEGQAACAAJ|accessdate=31 May 2012|year=2007|publisher=Massa|isbn=978-88-87835-89-2}} *McIntosh, Jane. 2002. ''A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization.'' Oxford, UK: Westview Press. *Metz, Steven and Philip R. Cuccia, 2011, [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo4171 ''Defining War for the 21st Century,''] [[Strategic Studies Institute]], [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]]. ISBN 978-1-58487-472-0 *Montagu, Ashley. 1978. ''Learning Nonaggression.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Otterbein, Keith, 2004, ''How War Began''. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press. * Pauketat, Timothy. ''North American Archaeology'' 2005. Blackwell Publishing. *Pearson, Richard. 2004. “New Perspectives on Jomon Society.” ''Bulletin of the International Jomon Culture Conference,'' Vol. 1. *{{cite book|author1=Small, Melvin|author2=Singer, Joel David|title=Resort to arms: international and civil wars, 1816–1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rvASAQAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-1776-7}} *{{cite book|author=Smith, David Livingstone|title=The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FwBUuzr6QFAC|date=February 2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-53744-9}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *Sponsel, Leslie, and Thomas Gregor. 1994. ''Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence.'' Lynne Rienner Publishing. * [[Hew Strachan|Strachan, Hew]] (2013), ''The Direction of War''. * Turchin, P. 2005. ''War and [[Peace]] and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations''. New York, NY: Pi Press. * Van Creveld, Martin ''The Art of War: War and Military Thought'' London: Cassell, Wellington House * Walzer, Michael (1977) ''[[Just and Unjust Wars]]'' (Basic Books). * Wade, Nicholas. ''Before the Dawn'', Penguin: New York 2006. * Zimmerman, L. ''The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report'', US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|War}} {{Commons category|Warfare}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ Correlates of War Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020724222017/http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ |date=2002-07-24 }} * [http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/home Customary IHL Database] * [http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_customary_humanitarian_law Customary international humanitarian law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716004137/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_customary_humanitarian_law |date=2010-07-16 }} International Committee of the Red Cross * [http://www.cedat.org/ Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226231117/http://www.cedat.org/ |date=2008-12-26 }} – Database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies. * [http://www.icrc.org/eng/ihl International humanitarian law] – International Committee of the Red Cross website * [http://www.icrc.org/ihl International humanitarian law database] – Treaties and States Parties * [http://www.robertankony.com/lurps-gallery/ The human face and cost of war—see post Tet Offensive] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] * [http://libluna.colorado.edu/wwi/index.asp World War I primary source collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114859/http://libluna.colorado.edu/wwi/index.asp |date=2011-04-10 }} *{{Wikivoyage-inline|War zone safety}} [[Kaarangay:Punuan]] cikdpiwc8fkyczkdxi22e5eiqwx5arb 0 17648 7785579 7773806 2026-08-27T20:27:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:United States one-hundred-dollar bill.jpg|right|230px]] Iton '''kapitalismo''' in uska sistema panekonomiya nga nakabase ha pribado nga pagtatag-iya han pamaagi hin produksyon ngan an paghimo hin mga papliton ngan serbisyo para ha ganansya.<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism "Capitalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827071223/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/capitalism |date= 27 Agosto 2016 }} ''Oxford Dictionaries''. "capitalism. an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state." Retrieved 4 Enero 2013.</ref><ref>Chris Jenks. ''Core Sociological Dichotomies''. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London, England, UK; Thousand Oaks, California, USA; New Delhi, India: SAGE. p. 383.</ref> Mga makompetensya nga mga merkado, sweldado nga pagtrabaho, pagtirok hin kapital, lugaring nga pagburubalyo, ngan personal nga pananalapi in ginkokonsidera nga kapitalnon. Damo kalain iton kapitalismo, upod an laissez-faire, sagol-sagol nga mga ekonomiya, ngan kapitalismo han estado. Iton kapitalismo in ginkokonsidera nga gingagamit ha dirudilain nga makainagihanon nga mga kaso, nagkakairuibaiba han panahon, heyograpiya, politika, ngan kultura. Mayda kasahiran nga pagkasarabotan nga iton kapitalismo in naging dominante ha katundan nga kalibutan katima han pagkawara han piyudalismo. Mga ekonomista, politikal nga ekonomista ngan historyano in nagkakamay-ada dirudilain nga panlantaw han panhunahuna han kapitalismo. Iton mga ekonomista in agsob nagduduon han kahilaroman kun diin iton punuan in waray kontrol ha mga merkado(laissez faire), sugad liwan han makahinungadanon han katungod han pagtatag-iya. Kasagaran nga mga politikal nga ekonomista in nagduduon hin pribado nga pagtatag-iya liwat, ha pagdugang ha pwersa nga relasyon, sweldad nga pagtrabaho, klase ngan pagkakaiba han kapitalismo komo uska makainagihanon nga paghimo. An kahilarom kun diin iton magkadirudilain nga mga merkado in talwas, sugad liwat han mga balaod nga nagsisiring kun ano iton pagtatag-iya nga pribado, in may kalabotan ha politika ngan polisiya. Kadam-an nga mga estado in may-ada sagol-sagol nga ekonomiya, nga natudlok ha dirudilaindilain nga kahilarom hin pagplano ngan duso-han-merkado nga mga elemento han kanan estado sistema panekonomiya. Pipira nga mga ideyolohista politikal in nagkaKagawas nga nasuporta ha dirudilain nga mga klase hin kapitalismo, an pinakabantog amo an liberalismo han ekonomiya. An kapitalismo in hinayhinay nga nagkalatan ha katundan nga kalibutan han ika-19 ngan ika-20 nga mga gatostuig. ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Bacher|first=Christian|title=Capitalism, Ethics and the Paradoxon of Self-Exploitation| date = 2007|publisher=GRIN Verlag|location=Munich|isbn=978-3-638-63658-2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w_6PqBp64y0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2|page=2}} * {{Cite book |last=De George|first=Richard T.|title=Business Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/businessethics00dege| date = 1986|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-328010-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/businessethics00dege/page/104 104]}} * {{Cite book |last=Fulcher|first=James|title=Capitalism A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/capitalismverysh00fulc_0| date = 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-280218-7}} * {{Cite book | date = 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Gills | first2= Barry | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism | url= http://www.academia.edu/4199690/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._1_Global_Markets_and_Capitalism_editor_with_Barry_Gills_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Cite book |last1= Lash|first1=Scott |authorlink1=Scott Lash |last2=Urry|first2= John|authorlink2=John Urry (sociologist) | date = 2000|title= The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology|url= https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000aber_f9p8|chapter=Capitalism|edition= 4th|publisher= Penguin Books|location= London|isbn= 978-0-14-051380-6|pages= [https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000aber_f9p8/page/36 36]–40|editor1-first= Nicholas|editor1-last=Abercrombie |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Hill|editor2-link= |editor3-first= Bryan S|editor3-last=Turner |editor3-link=Bryan S. Turner}} * {{Cite journal |last1=McCraw |first1=Thomas K.|authorlink= Thomas K. McCraw|date= Agosto 2011 |title= The Current Crisis and the Essence of Capitalism|journal= The Montreal Review|url= http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/The-current-crisis-and-the-essence-of-capitalism.php|issn= 0707-9656}} * {{Cite book |title=Profit Theory and Capitalism|author=Obrinsky, Mark|location=Philadelphia|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press {{Subscription required|via=[[Questia]]}}|url=http://www.questia.com/read/4995070/profit-theory-and-capitalism| date = 1983|page=1|isbn=978-0-8122-7863-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolf|first=Eric R.|title=[[Europe and the People Without History]]| date = 1982|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-04459-3|authorlink=Eric Wolf}} * {{Cite book |last=Wood|first=Ellen Meiksins|title=The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View| date = 2002|publisher=Verso|location=London|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZPyKjVguVoC|isbn=978-1-85984-392-5|authorlink=Ellen Meiksins Wood}} {{Refend}} ===Padugang nga barasahon=== {{Refbegin}} * [[Gar Alperovitz|Alperovitz, Gar]] (2011). ''America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition.'' Democracy Collaborative Press. ISBN 0984785701 * {{Cite book |last1= Block |first1= Fred |author1-link= Fred L. Block |last2= Somers |first2= Margaret R. | date = 2014 |title= The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique |url= https://archive.org/details/powerofmarketfun0000bloc |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-05071-6 |ref= harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Harvey | first = David | authorlink = David Harvey | title = Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/seventeencontrad0000harv_j2i4 | publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2014 | isbn = 019936026X}} * {{Cite book | date = 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Patomäki | first2= Heikki | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy | url= http://www.academia.edu/4211923/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._2_Global_Finance_and_the_New_Global_Economy_editor_with_Heikki_Patomaki_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Cite book | date = 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Palen | first2= Ronen | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions | url= http://www.academia.edu/4251331/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._3_Global_Economic_Regimes_and_Institutions_editor_with_Ronen_Palan_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London}} * {{Cite book | date = 2007 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= O’Brien | first2= Robert | title= Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour | url= http://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol._4_Globalizing_Labour_editor_with_Robert_OBrien_Sage_Publications_London_2007 | publisher= Sage Publications |location=London }} * {{Cite book | last = Mander | first = Jerry | authorlink = Jerry Mander | title = The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System | url = https://archive.org/details/capitalismpapers0000mand | publisher= Counterpoint | date = 2012 | isbn = 1619021587}} * Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his ''On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology'' ([Vancouver, B.C.]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp.&nbsp;50–104. ''N.B.'': The author, as well, frequently discusses aspects of economics and capitalism elsewhere (''passim.'') in the book. * {{Cite book |last1= Musacchio |first1= Aldo |last2= Lazzarini |first2= Sergio G. | date = 2014 |title= Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond |url= https://archive.org/details/reinventingstate0000musa |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-72968-1 |ref= harv }} * Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). ''The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire''. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-742-9 * {{Cite book |last= Piketty |first= Thomas |authorlink= Thomas Piketty | date = 2014 |title= [[Capital in the Twenty-First Century]] |location= Cambridge, MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 067443000X |ref= harv }} * [[Karl Polanyi|Polanyi, Karl]] (2001). ''[[The Great Transformation (book)|The Great Transformation]]: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.'' [[Beacon Press]]; 2 edition. ISBN 080705643X * [[Paul Craig Roberts|Roberts, Paul Craig]] (2013). ''The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World''. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0-9860362-5-5 * {{Cite book | last = Wallerstein| first = Immanuel | authorlink = Immanuel Wallerstein | title = Historical Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780860917618| publisher= [[Verso Books]] | date = 1983 | isbn = 0860917614}} * {{Cite book | last = Wolff | first = Richard D. | authorlink = Richard D. Wolff | title = Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism | url = https://archive.org/details/democracyatworkc0000wolf | publisher= [[Haymarket Books]] | date = 2012 | isbn = 1608462471}} {{Refend}} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ===Mga sumpay ha gawas=== {{Commons category|Capitalism}} {{EB1922 Poster}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary}} * {{In Our Time|Capitalism|p00545kv|Capitalism}} * {{Cite book | last =Hessen | first =Robert | author-link =Robert Hessen | title =Capitalism | publisher =[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] | series =[[The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] | date = 2008 | edition =2nd | url =http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Capitalism.html | isbn =978-0865976658 | oclc = 237794267}} * [http://capitalism.columbia.edu/ Center on Capitalism and Society] at [[Columbia University]] * [http://capitalism.wfu.edu/ Center for the Study of Capitalism] at [[Wake Forest University]] * [http://www.commonwealthclub.org/events/archive/podcast/dr-yaron-brook-and-dr-david-callahan-capitalism-moral-debate-102212 Commonwealth Club of California-Dr. Yaron Brook and Dr. David Callahan: Is Capitalism Moral? A Debate – October 22, 2012] * [http://www.textbooksfree.org/Economics_3_Basic_Characteristics_of_Capitalism.htm Basic Characteristics of Capitalism from textbooksfree.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918052523/http://www.textbooksfree.org/Economics_3_Basic_Characteristics_of_Capitalism.htm |date=2014-09-18 }} *[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/capitalism-and-its-discontents.html Selected Titles on Capitalism and Its Discontents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123134446/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/capitalism-and-its-discontents.html |date=2018-01-23 }}. [[Harvard University Press]] {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Capitalism}} [[Kaarangay:Kapitalismo]] 7066ixew8q7hcm66fh77a1uo6md0f3j 0 17658 7785619 7774268 2026-08-27T20:54:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DNA animation.gif|thumb]] An '''Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)''' amo an usa ka aksido nucleic nga nabubutangan hin surundan henetiko nga gingagamit ha pagpadako ngan pagbuhat han ngatanan nga may kinabuhi upod han iba nga birus. An panuyuan han molikulo DNA amo an panihaan nga paghipos han mga impormasyon. ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |author=Berry, Andrew; [[James Watson|Watson, James]]. |title=DNA: the secret of life |url=https://archive.org/details/dnasecretoflife00wats|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-375-41546-7 }} *{{cite book |title=Understanding DNA: the molecule & how it works |url=https://archive.org/details/understandingdna0000call_h6a9 |author=Calladine, Chris R.; Drew, Horace R.; Luisi, Ben F. and Travers, Andrew A. |year=2003 |publisher=Elsevier Academic Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-12-155089-3 }} *{{cite book |author=Dennis, Carina; Julie Clayton |title=50 years of DNA |url=https://archive.org/details/50yearsofdna00clay |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Basingstoke |year=2003 |isbn=1-4039-1479-6 }} * [[Horace Freeland Judson|Judson, Horace F]]. 1979. ''The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology''. Touchstone Books, ISBN 0-671-22540-5. 2nd edition: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996 paperback: ISBN 0-87969-478-5. *{{cite book |author=Olby, Robert C. |authorlink=Robert Olby |title=The path to the double helix: the discovery of DNA |publisher=Dover Publications |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=0-486-68117-3 }}, first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick;the definitive DNA textbook,revised in 1994 with a 9 page postscript *Micklas, David. 2003. ''DNA Science: A First Course''. Cold Spring Harbor Press: ISBN 978-0-87969-636-8 *{{cite book |author=Ridley, Matt |authorlink=Matt Ridley |title=Francis Crick: discoverer of the genetic code |url=https://archive.org/details/franciscrickdisc00ridl |publisher=Eminent Lives, Atlas Books |location=Ashland, OH |year=2006 |isbn=0-06-082333-X }} *{{cite book |author=Olby, Robert C. |title=Francis Crick: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/franciscrickhunt0000olby |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |location=Plainview, N.Y |year=2009 |isbn=0-87969-798-9 }} * Rosenfeld, Israel. 2010. ''DNA: A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World''. Columbia University Press: ISBN 978-0-231-14271-7 * Schultz, Mark and Zander Cannon. 2009. ''The Stuff of Life: A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA''. Hill and Wang: ISBN 0-8090-8947-5 *{{cite book |author=[[Gunther Stent|Stent, Gunther Siegmund]]; Watson, James. |title=[[The Double Helix|The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA]] |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1980 |isbn=0-393-95075-1 }} * Watson, James. 2004. ''DNA: The Secret of Life''. Random House: ISBN 978-0-09-945184-6 *{{cite book |author=[[Maurice Wilkins|Wilkins, Maurice]] |title=The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdmanofdouble0000wilk |publisher=University Press |location=Cambridge, Eng |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-860665-6 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |by=no |lcheading= DNA |label=DNA }} {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|DNA}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|dna.ogg|2007-02-12}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Biomolecules/Nucleic_Acids/DNA/|DNA}} * [http://pipe.scs.fsu.edu/displar.html DNA binding site prediction on protein] * [http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/ DNA the Double Helix Game] From the official Nobel Prize web site * [http://www.fidelitysystems.com/Unlinked_DNA.html DNA under electron microscope] * [http://www.dnalc.org/ Dolan DNA Learning Center] * [http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html Double Helix: 50 years of DNA], ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' * {{Proteopedia|DNA}} * {{Proteopedia|Forms_of_DNA}} *[http://www.nature.com/encode/ ENCODE threads explorer] ENCODE Home page. [[Nature (journal)]] * [http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/ Double Helix 1953–2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173919/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/ |date=2016-03-03 }} National Centre for Biotechnology Education * [http://www.genome.gov/10506718 Genetic Education Modules for Teachers]—''DNA from the Beginning'' Study Guide * {{PDB Molecule of the Month|pdb23_1}} * [http://mason.gmu.edu/~emoody/rfranklin.html Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the study of DNA] * [http://www.genome.gov/10506367 U.S. National DNA Day]—watch videos and participate in real-time chat with top scientists *[http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/science/dna-article.pdf Clue to chemistry of heredity found] [[The New York Times]] June 1953. First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure * {{cite journal | author = Olby R | title = Quiet debut for the double helix | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-01-23_421_6921/page/402 | journal = Nature | volume = 421 | issue = 6921 | pages = 402–5 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12540907 | doi = 10.1038/nature01397 | authorlink = Robert Olby | bibcode = 2003Natur.421..402O }} * [http://www.dnaftb.org/ DNA from the Beginning] Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA, genes, and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project. * [http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0660a.html#abstract The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938&nbsp;– 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101712/http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0660a.html#abstract |date=2007-08-25 }} at Mandeville Special Collections Library, [[University of California, San Diego]] *[http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/7.9746!/file/Crick%20letter%20to%20Michael.pdf Seven-page, handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12-year-old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA.] See [http://www.nature.com/news/crick-s-medal-goes-under-the-hammer-1.12705 Crick’s medal goes under the hammer], Nature, 5 April 2013. ps4rmh5a5hnaa2fd4t4g5bdrfuntd4f 0 17706 7785673 7783676 2026-08-27T21:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |data1 = [[File:Periodic table (polyatomic).svg|300px]] |data2 = [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|100px]][[File:Barium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|100px]] |data3 = [[File:Copper.jpg|100px]][[File:HEUraniumC.jpg|100px]] |data4 = [[File:Bromine vial in acrylic cube.jpg|100px]][[File:HeTube.jpg|100px]] |data5 = Top: The [[periodic table]] of the chemical elements. Below: Examples of certain chemical elements. From left to right: [[hydrogen]], [[barium]], [[copper]], [[uranium]], [[bromine]], and [[helium]]. }} An '''Elemento kimiko''' amo an puro nga kemikal hit usa ka klase nga [[atomo]], nga makikilal-an ha iya ihap atomika, ng amo an ihap han proton ha iya nucleus. {{clear}} ==Lista han 118 nga kilala nga mga elemento kimiko== {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |+ List of elements |- ! [[Atomic number|Atomico <br/> ihap]] ! Ngaran ! [[Chemical symbol|Tigaman]] ! [[Group (periodic table)|Grupo]] ! [[Period (periodic table)|Periodo]] ! [[Periodic table block|Bloke]] ! [[State of matter|Estado]] ha <br/> [[Standard temperature and pressure|STP]] ! Occurrence ! Hulagway |- | 1 |[[Hidroheno]] | H | 1 | 1 | s | Gas | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 2 |[[Helyo]] | He | 18 | 1 | s | Gas | Primordial | Noble gas |- | 3 |[[Lityo]] | Li | 1 | 2 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkali metal |- | 4 |[[Berilyo]] | Be | 2 | 2 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkaline earth metal |- | 5 |[[Boro]] | B | 13 | 2 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 6 |[[Carbono]] | C | 14 | 2 | p | Solid | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 7 |[[Nitroheno]] | N | 15 | 2 | p | Gas | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 8 |[[Oksiheno]] | O | 16 | 2 | p | Gas | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 9 |[[Fluor]] | F | 17 | 2 | p | Gas | Primordial | Halogen |- | 10 | [[Neon]] | Ne | 18 | 2 | p | Gas | Primordial | Noble gas |- | 11 |[[Sodyo]] | Na | 1 | 3 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkali metal |- | 12 |[[Magnesyo]] | Mg | 2 | 3 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkaline earth metal |- | 13 |[[Aluminyo]] | Al | 13 | 3 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 14 |[[Silicio]] | Si | 14 | 3 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 15 |[[Fosforo]] | P | 15 | 3 | p | Solid | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 16 |[[Asupre]] | S | 16 | 3 | p | Solid | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 17 |[[Cloro]] | Cl | 17 | 3 | p | Gas | Primordial | Halogen |- | 18 | [[Argon]] | Ar | 18 | 3 | p | Gas | Primordial | Noble gas |- | 19 |[[Potasyo]] | K | 1 | 4 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkali metal |- | 20 |[[Calsyo]] | Ca | 2 | 4 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkaline earth metal |- | 21 |[[Escandyo]] | Sc | 3 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 22 |[[Titanyo]] | Ti | 4 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 23 |[[Vanadyo]] | V | 5 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 24 |[[Cromo]] | Cr | 6 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 25 |[[Mangganeso]] | Mn | 7 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 26 |[[Puthaw]] | Fe | 8 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 27 |[[Cobalto]] | Co | 9 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 28 |[[Nikel]] | Ni | 10 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 29 |[[Tumbaga]] | Cu | 11 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 30 |[[Singk]] | Zn | 12 | 4 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 31 |[[Galyo]] | Ga | 13 | 4 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 32 |[[Germanyo]] | Ge | 14 | 4 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 33 |[[Arsenico]] | As | 15 | 4 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 34 |[[Selenyo]] | Se | 16 | 4 | p | Solid | Primordial | Non-metal |- | 35 |[[Bromo]] | Br | 17 | 4 | p | Liquid | Primordial | Halogen |- | 36 |[[Kripton]] | Kr | 18 | 4 | p | Gas | Primordial | Noble gas |- | 37 |[[Rubidyo]] | Rb | 1 | 5 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkali metal |- | 38 |[[Estronsyo]] | Sr | 2 | 5 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkaline earth metal |- | 39 |[[Itryo]] | Y | 3 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 40 |[[Zirconyo]] | Zr | 4 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 41 |[[Niobyo]] | Nb | 5 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 42 |[[Molibdeno]] | Mo | 6 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 43 |[[Tecnesyo]] | Tc | 7 | 5 | d | Solid | Transient | Transition metal |- | 44 |[[Rutenyo]] | Ru | 8 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 45 |[[Rodyo]] | Rh | 9 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 46 |[[Paladyo]] | Pd | 10 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 47 |[[Plata]] | Ag | 11 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 48 |[[Cadmyo]] | Cd | 12 | 5 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 49 |[[Indyo (elemento)|Indyo]] | In | 13 | 5 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 50 |[[Lata]] | Sn | 14 | 5 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 51 |[[Antimonyo]] | Sb | 15 | 5 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 52 |[[Teluryo]] | Te | 16 | 5 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metalloid |- | 53 |[[Iodo]] | I | 17 | 5 | p | Solid | Primordial | Halogen |- | 54 | [[Xenon]] | Xe | 18 | 5 | p | Gas | Primordial | Noble gas |- | 55 |[[Cesyo]] | Cs | 1 | 6 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkali metal |- | 56 |[[Baryo (elemento)|Baryo]] | Ba | 2 | 6 | s | Solid | Primordial | Alkaline earth metal |- | 57 |[[Lantano]] | La | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 58 |[[Ceryo]] | Ce | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 59 |[[Praseodimyo]] | Pr | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 60 |[[Neodimyo]] | Nd | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 61 |[[Prometyo]] | Pm | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Transient | Lanthanide |- | 62 |[[Samaryo]] | Sm | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 63 |[[Europyo]] | Eu | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 64 |[[Gadolinyo]] | Gd | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 65 |[[Terbyo]] | Tb | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 66 |[[Disprosyo]] | Dy | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 67 |[[Holmyo]] | Ho | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 68 |[[Erbyo]] | Er | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 69 |[[Tulyo]] | Tm | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 70 |[[Iterbyo]] | Yb | 3 | 6 | f | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 71 |[[Lutesyo]] | Lu | 3 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Lanthanide |- | 72 |[[Hafnyo]] | Hf | 4 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 73 |[[Tantalyo]] | Ta | 5 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 74 |[[Tungsteno]] | W | 6 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 75 |[[Renyo]] | Re | 7 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 76 |[[Osmyo]] | Os | 8 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 77 |[[Iridyo]] | Ir | 9 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 78 |[[Platino]] | Pt | 10 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 79 |[[Bulawan]] | Au | 11 | 6 | d | Solid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 80 |[[Asoge]] | Hg | 12 | 6 | d | Liquid | Primordial | Transition metal |- | 81 |[[Talyo]] | Tl | 13 | 6 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 82 |[[Tinggâ]] | Pb | 14 | 6 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 83 |[[Bismuto]] | Bi | 15 | 6 | p | Solid | Primordial | Metal |- | 84 |[[Polonyo]] | Po | 16 | 6 | p | Solid | Transient | Metal |- | 85 |[[Astato]] | At | 17 | 6 | p | Solid | Transient | Halogen |- | 86 | [[Radon]] | Rn | 18 | 6 | p | Gas | Transient | Noble gas |- | 87 |[[Fransyo]] | Fr | 1 | 7 | s | Solid | Transient | Alkali metal |- | 88 |[[Radyo (elemento)|Radyo]] | Ra | 2 | 7 | s | Solid | Transient | Alkaline earth metal |- | 89 |[[Actinyo]] | Ac | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 90 |[[Toryo]] | Th | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Primordial | Actinide |- | 91 |[[Protactinyo]] | Pa | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 92 |[[Uranyo]] | U | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Primordial | Actinide |- | 93 |[[Neptunyo]] | Np | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 94 |[[Plutonyo]] | Pu | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Primordial | Actinide |- | 95 |[[Amerisyo]] | Am | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 96 |[[Curyo|Curio]] | Cm | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 97 |[[Berkelyo]] | Bk | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 98 |[[Californyo]] | Cf | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Transient | Actinide |- | 99 |[[Einsteinyo]] | Es | 3 | 7 | f | Solid | Synthetic | Actinide |- | 100 |[[Fermyo]] | Fm | 3 | 7 | f | | Synthetic | Actinide |- | 101 |[[Mendelevyo]] | Md | 3 | 7 | f | | Synthetic | Actinide |- | 102 |[[Nobelyo]] | No | 3 | 7 | f | | Synthetic | Actinide |- | 103 |[[Lawrensyo]] | Lr | 3 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Actinide |- | 104 |[[Rutherfordyo]] | Rf | 4 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 105 |[[Dubnyo]] | Db | 5 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 106 |[[Seaborgyo]] | Sg | 6 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 107 |[[Bohryo]] | Bh | 7 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 108 |[[Hassyo]] | Hs | 8 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 109 |[[Meitneryo]] | Mt | 9 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | |- | 110 |[[Darmstadtyo]] | Ds | 10 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | |- | 111 |[[Roentgenyo]] | Rg | 11 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | |- | 112 |[[Copernisyo]] | Cn | 12 | 7 | d | | Synthetic | Transition metal |- | 113 |[[Nihonyo]] | Nh | 13 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |- | 114 |[[Flerovyo]] | Fl | 14 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |- | 115 |[[Moscovyo]] | Mc | 15 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |- | 116 |[[Livermoryo]] | Lv | 16 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |- | 117 |[[Tennesso]] | Ts | 17 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |- | 118 |[[Oganeson]] | Og | 18 | 7 | p | | Synthetic | |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Commons category|Chemical elements}} * {{cite book|last=Ball|first=P|year=2004|title=The Elements: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsveryshor0000ball|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-284099-1}} * {{cite book|last=Emsley|first=J|year=2003|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-850340-7}} * {{cite book|last=Gray|first=T|year=2009|title=The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc|isbn=1-57912-814-9}} * {{cite book|last=Scerri|first=ER|year=2007|title=The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance|url=https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=}} * {{cite book|last=Strathern|first=P|year=2000|title=Mendeleyev's Dream: The Quest for the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/mendeleyevsdream0000stra_u9p1|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton Ltd]]|isbn=0-241-14065-X}} * {{cite book|title=The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/disappearingspoo0000kean_p8o5|last=Kean|first=Sam|year=2011|publisher=Back Bay Books}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * [http://periodicvideos.com/ Videos for each element] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226135042/http://www.periodicvideos.com/ |date=2014-12-26 }} by the University of Nottingham [[Kaarangay:Kimika]] kzk5e0epxf6qedhh9wi3yn5znugg63r 0 17713 7785628 7651063 2026-08-27T20:59:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Auto-and heterotrophs.svg|thumb]] An '''fotosintesis''' amo an pamaagi han mga [[tanom]], iba nga [[protista]], ngan iba nga [[bakterya]] para makahimo hin pagkaon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga libro=== {{Refbegin|colwidth=35em}} * {{Cite book | author = Bidlack JE, Stern KR, Jansky S | title = Introductory plant biology | url = https://archive.org/details/introductoryplan0000king | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-07-290941-2 }} * {{Cite book | author = Blankenship RE | title = Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis | edition = 2nd | publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]] | date = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-4051-8975-0 }} * {{Cite book | author = Govindjee, Beatty JT, Gest H, Allen JF | title = Discoveries in Photosynthesis | publisher = Springer | location = Berlin | date = 2006 | series = Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration | volume = 20 | isbn = 1-4020-3323-0 }} * {{Cite book | author = Reece JB, et al.| title = Campbell Biology | publisher = [[Benjamin Cummings]] | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-0321775658 }} {{Refend}} ===Mga papel=== {{refbegin|colwidth=35em}} * {{Cite journal | author = Gupta RS, Mukhtar T, Singh B | title = Evolutionary relationships among photosynthetic prokaryotes (Heliobacterium chlorum, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, cyanobacteria, Chlorobium tepidum and proteobacteria): implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis | journal = Mol. Microbiol. | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 893–906 |date= Hunyo 1999 | pmid = 10361294 | quote = implications regarding the origin of photosynthesis | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01417.x }} * {{Cite journal | author = Rutherford AW, Faller P | title = Photosystem II: evolutionary perspectives | journal = Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. | volume = 358 | issue = 1429 | pages = 245–53 |date= Enero 2003 | pmid = 12594932 | pmc = 1693113 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2002.1186 | url = }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/linksPSed.htm A collection of photosynthesis pages for all levels from a renowned expert (Govindjee)] *[http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/gov.html In depth, advanced treatment of photosynthesis, also from Govindjee] *[http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html Science Aid: Photosynthesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428090455/http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/photosynthesis.html |date=2009-04-28 }} Article appropriate for high school science *[http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis – The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316052050/http://www.biochemweb.org/metabolism.shtml |date= 16 Marso 2005 }} *[http://www.chemsoc.org/networks/learnnet/cfb/Photosynthesis.htm Overall examination of Photosynthesis at an intermediate level] *[http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/photosynBook.html Overall Energetics of Photosynthesis] *[http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/photosynthesisexperiments.html Photosynthesis Discovery Milestones] – experiments and background *[http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp08/0802001.html The source of oxygen produced by photosynthesis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126064437/http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp08/0802001.html |date= 26 Enero 2010 }} Interactive animation, a textbook tutorial *{{Cite web |author=Jessica Marshall |title=First practical artificial leaf makes debut |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/artificial-leaf-technology-solar-110329.html |date= 29 Marso 2011 |publisher=Discovery News |access-date= 23 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 22 Marso 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322025811/http://news.discovery.com/earth/artificial-leaf-technology-solar-110329.html |url-status=dead }} *[http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/plant-biology-ecology/photosynthesis/ Photosynthesis – Light Dependent & Light Independent Stages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910160803/http://www.biology-innovation.co.uk/pages/plant-biology-ecology/photosynthesis/ |date= 10 Septyembre 2011 }} *[http://www.khanacademy.org/video/photosynthesis?playlist=Biology Khan Academy, video introduction] {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Photosynthesis}} fnj4o4lisy7wsuvltdxze1uwrq44oa6 0 17748 7785696 7783027 2026-08-27T21:45:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tiburón.jpg|thumb]] An '''pating'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 280.</ref> (igbaw orden '''Selachimorpha''')(Iningles:Shark) (Pambansa:Pating) amo an [[isda]] nga mayda kalansay nga cartilage biskan bukog. Ini in nanganganak tag-upat nga diri nambu[[bunay]]. An pating amo in harani na igparatod san mga [[pagi]]. May ada lahos 470 species an pating. An mga kilala na specie san pating amo an ''great white shark'', [[balanakon na pating]], [[butanding]], ''blue shark'', ''mako shark'', ngan an ''hammerhead shark''. ==Ebolusyon== [[File:CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG|right |thumb|mga tango sa pating sadton ''[[Cretaceous]]''|alt=Photo of dozens of yellowish fossilized teeth, the teeth are of various sizes and are spread out randomly on a flat black surface.]] An ebidensya na nabubuhi an pating nagtitikang pa sadton ''[[Ordovician]] period'', 450–420 milyon katuig an nakalabay, antes pa mabuhi an mga ''vertebrate'' sa tuna ngan antes manudok an mga tanaman sa mga kontinente. Mga hingbis la an nakuha san mga nauna na mga pating ngan diri natanan na ''paleontologists'' naayon na nagtikang ini sa gipatingi, gindududahan na nagtikang ini na mga hingbis sa ''[[thelodont]] agnathans.''<ref name="RQES">{{cite web |last=Martin |first=R. Aidan |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/evolution/earliest.htm |title=The Earliest Sharks |publisher=ReefQuest |accessdate=2009-02-10}}</ref> An gin'aayunan na giaarugi na hingbis sa pating nagtitikang sadton 420 milyon katuig an nakaagi, sa ''[[Silurian]] period''. An kadam'an san mga moderno na pating nagtitikang sadton 100 milyon katuig an nakalabay. Tango an kaurugan san mga ''fossils'' na nahihiagian. ==Anatomiya== [[Paypay:Parts of a shark.svg|thumbnail|Anatomiya san Pating]] ===Tango=== Nasasalyuan an tango san pating na nakalubong sa lagos. Naabot 30,000 an natatangal na tango sa bug'os nakinabuhi sa pating. An pagtubo san tango sayo kabeses kada 8 - 10 kaadlaw tubtob sin pira ka bulan. ===Skeleton=== Naiiba an skeleton sa pating sa iba na [[isda]] ngan ''terrestrial vertebrates''. May ada an pating ngan pagi skeleton na ''cartilage'' ngan dagot. Matibay ngan ''flexible'' an cartilage, ngan haros katunga la an bug'at kumpara sa tul'an mao na nakakatrok ini kusog para sa pating.<ref name="skeletoncorset">{{cite web |url=http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/skeleton.htm |title=Skeleton in the Corset |last=Martin|first=R. Aidan |publisher=ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research |accessdate=2009-08-21}}</ref> Tungud kay waray an pating mga gusok, madali maruba an kanra dughan sa kalugaringun na bug'at pag'aada ini sa tuna.<ref name=langoni>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805003021/http://langonigraphix.com/skeleton.html |archivedate=5 Agosto 2010 |url=http://langonigraphix.com/skeleton.html |title=A Shark's Skeleton & Organs |accessdate=14 Agosto 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Parikpik=== Higlaba ngan suportado sin mga ''filaments'' na protina an parikpik san pating. Gintatawag ini na ''filaments'' na ''ceratotrichia'', na naingon san keratin sa sungay ug buhok ngan barahibo san tamsi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hamlett|first=William C.|title=Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes|publisher=The [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=p 56|date=23 Abril 1999|edition=1|page=528|isbn=978-0-8018-6048-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ON-sPP5rowwC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=shark+fin++ceratotrichia+supported&q=shark%20fin%20%20ceratotrichia%20supported}}</ref> Kadam'an sa pating may'ada walo na parikpik. ==Taxonomiya== [[Paypay:Sea Life London Aquarium DSC6088 - Flickr - dconvertini.jpg|thumbnail|Pating]] Sakob san ''superorder Selachimorpha'' an mga pating sa ''subclass [[Elasmobranchii]]'' ngan ''Class [[Chondrichthyes]]''. Sakob liwat sa ''Elasmobranchii'' an mga pagi; Sakob naman sa ''Chondrichthyes'' an mga ''[[Chimaera]]s''. Ginbabanabana na an mga pating ''polyphyletic'': nag'iiringun an itsur kudi magkakaiba an ninuno, ngan may mga pating na mas harani an relasyon sa pagi kaysa sa iba na mga pating.<ref name="Taxonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5261e/y5261e08.htm|title=Sharks (Chondrichthyes)|publisher=FAO|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> Guinbabahin an ''superorder Selachimorpha'' ngadto '''Galea (or [[Galeomorphii]])''', ngan '''Squalea'''. Sa Galeans sakob an [[Heterodontiformes]], [[Orectolobiformes]], [[Lamniformes]], ngan [[Carcharhiniformes]]. An ''Lamnoids'' ngan ''Carcharhinoids'' ginsasakob san sayo na ''clade'', pero naiimud sa mga bag'o na pag'aram na an ''Lamnoids'' ngan ''Orectoloboids'' nahihiilarum sa sayo nga ''clade''. An ''Squalea'' naman ginbabahin sa ''Hexanchoidei'' ngan ''Squalomorpha''. Sakob sa ''Hexanchoidei'' an [[Hexanchiformes]] ngan [[Chlamydoselachiformes]]. Sakob sa ''Squalomorpha'' an [[Squaliformes]] angan an ''Hypnosqualea''. Pwede na inbalido an ''Hypnosqualea''. Sakob sini an [[Squatiniformes]], ngan an ''Pristorajea'', na posible liwat na inbalido, sugad man sakob sini an [[Pristiophoriformes]] ngan an [[Pagi|Batoidea]].<ref name="Taxonomy"/><ref name="CompagnoFAO"/> Lahos 440 na species san pating na ginbabahin sa walo na order. An masunod na listahan nagpapaimud san kanra ebolusyon tikang san gi'uunahi tubtob san pinakamoderno na pating:<ref name="CompagnoFAO">{{cite web|url=http://www.elasmo.com/frameMe.html?file=selachin/fao/shark_gn.html&menu=bin/menu_topics-alt.html|title=Compagno's FAO Species List - 1984|publisher=Elasmo.com|accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> *[[Hexanchiformes]]: Halimbawa sini na grupo an ''cow shark'' ngan ''frilled shark'', na nan'iingun sa halas na pandagat. *[[Squaliformes]]: Sakob sini na grupo an ''bramble shark'', ''dogfish'', ''roughsharks'', ngan ''prickly shark''. *[[Pristiophoriformes]]: Ini an mga ''sawsharks''. *[[Squatiniformes]]: Ini an mga ''angel shark'', na halapad an kalawas ngan naingun san mga [[pagi]]. *[[Heterodontiformes]]: Ini an mga ''bullhead shark'' ug ''horn shark''. *[[Orectolobiformes]]: Sakob sini an ''carpet shark'', ''zebra shark'', ''nurse shark'', ''wobbegong'' ngan an [[butanding]]. *[[Carcharhiniformes]]: Ini an mga ''groundsharks'', Sakob sini an ''blue shark'', ''[[balanakon na pating|tiger shark]]'', ''grey reef shark'', ''blacktip reef shark'', ''Caribbean reef shark'', ''Blacktail reef shark'', ''whitetip reef shark'' ''oceanic whitetip shark'' ''houndshark'', ''catshark'' ngan ''hammerhead shark''. *[[Lamniformes]]: Ini an mga ''mackerel shark''. Sakob sini an ''goblin shark'', ''basking shark'', ''megamouth shark'', ''thresher shark'', ''shortfin mako shark'' and ''longfin mako shark'', ngan an ''great white shark''. Sakob san ''Lamniformes'' an ''extinct'' na [[megalodon]], ''Carcharodon megalodon''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ;Mga pankasahiran nga reperenysa {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book | last=Castro | first=Jose |title=The Sharks of North American Waters | url=https://archive.org/details/sharksofnorthame00jose |location=College Station | publisher=Texas A&M University Press | date = 1983 |isbn= 0-89096-143-3 | oclc=183037060}} *{{Cite book | last=Stevens | first=John D. |title= Sharks | url=https://archive.org/details/sharks00stev |location= New York | publisher=NY Facts on File Publications | date = 1987 |isbn= 0-8160-1800-6 | oclc=15163749 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last=Pough |first=F. H. | coauthors=Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. | date = 2005 |title=Vertebrate Life. 7th Ed. | url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratelife0000poug |publisher=Pearson Education Ltd. |location=New Jersey |isbn = 0-13-127836-3 | oclc=54822028}} *Clover, Charles. 2004. ''The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat''. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7 *Owen, David, ''Shark: In Peril in the Sea'', New South Wales, Allen and Unwin, 2009. ISBN 978-1-74175-032-4 *Moss, Jillian. 2010. "The Invention of Sharks, AKA: I Read It On the Internet". University of North Carolina Publishing, Raleigh, USA. (Publishing Pending) {{Refend}} ==Iba pa nga barasahon== * Musick, Jogn A and Musick, Susanna (2011) [http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip "Sharks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170625/http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip |date=2016-03-03 }} In: ''Review of the state of world marine fishery resources'', pages 245–254, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9. * [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0603_020603_shark1_2.html Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites] ''National Geographic'', 28 Oktubre 2010. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== <!-- Please ensure that links posted here conform to [[WP:LINKS]], [[WP:COI]], [[WP:SPAM]] and [[WP:NOT]]. Non-conforming links will be deleted --> {{Sister project links|Shark}} {{Wikispecies|Selachimorpha}} {{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Selachimorpha}} *[http://www.cms.int/species/sharks/sharks_bkrd.htm CMS Migratory Sharks Memorandum of Understanding] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809215945/https://www.cms.int/species/sharks/sharks_bkrd.htm |date=2018-08-09 }} *[http://wiki.answers.com/Q/FAQ/2999 WikiAnswers: questions and answers about Sharks] *[http://na.oceana.org/en/our-work/protect-marine-wildlife/sharks/overview Oceana's International Shark Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125221215/http://na.oceana.org/en/our-work/protect-marine-wildlife/sharks/overview |date=2012-01-25 }} *[http://www.sharks.org/ Shark Research Institute] *[http://www.geerg.ca/ Greenland Shark and Elasmobranch Education and Research Group] *[http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Sharks/ISAF/ISAF.htm The International Shark Attack File] *[http://www.sharktrust.org/ Shark Trust Organization] *[http://www.elasmo-research.org/ ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research] *[http://www.whaleshark.org/ ECOCEAN Whale Shark Photo-identification Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102171512/http://www.whaleshark.org/ |date=2018-01-02 }} *[http://www.elasmo-research.org/research/checklist_res.htm Updated list of all known shark species] *[http://www.sharkattackfile.net/ Global Shark Attack File] *[http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/ Shark Research Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116093349/http://www.sharkresearchcommittee.com/ |date=2016-01-16 }} *[http://www.elasmodiver.com/ Shark Pictures and Elasmobranch Field Guide] *[http://www.morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?tsn=551500 Shark pictures on Morphbank] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503235532/http://www.morphbank.net/Browse/ByImage/?tsn=551500 |date=2017-05-03 }} *[http://www.oceanicdreams.com/ Shark pictures by Wolfgang Leander] *[http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/shark-diversity/ Shark Diversity] by The Smithsonian Institution: Ocean Portal *[http://www.sharks.org.za/ Sharks.org.za] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510123645/http://www.sharks.org.za/ |date=2012-05-10 }} A detailed study *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Shark BBC Nature:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627014409/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Shark |date=2013-06-27 }} Shark news & video clips from BBC programmes past & present *[http://www.sampla.org/ South African Marine Predator Lab] a research institute studying marine top predators [[Kaarangay:Isda]] 3fijtgqxjh5g3pmhxw9ffl8x05wcaxr 0 17789 7785615 7783034 2026-08-27T20:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Steinway & Sons concert grand piano, model D-274, manufactured at Steinway's factory in Hamburg, Germany.png|thumb|300px|Piano]] [[File:De Pianoles door Henriëtte Ronner-Knip.jpg|thumb|Henriëtte Ronner-Knip (1897)]] An '''piano''' amo an usa ka instrumento ha [[musika]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *Dolge, Alfred. ''Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano''. Covina Publishing Company, 1911. *Isacoff, Stuart. ''A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians - From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between''. Knopf Doubleday Publishing, 2012. *Pollens, Stewart. ''The Early Pianoforte''. Cambridge University Press, 1995. ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book|title=The pianist's guide to pedaling|url=https://archive.org/details/pianistsguidetop00jose|first=Joseph|last=Banowetz|author2=Elder, Dean|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1985|isbn=0-253-34494-8}} * {{cite book|title=The Piano Shop on the Left Bank|url=https://archive.org/details/pianoshoponlef000carh|first=Thad|last=Carhart|publisher=Random House|location=New York|year=2002|origyear=2001|isbn=0-375-75862-3}} * {{cite book|title=The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th edition)|first=Larry|last=Fine|author2=Gilbert, Douglas R|publisher=Brookside Press|location=Jamaica Plain, MA|year=2001|isbn=1-929145-01-2|url=http://pianobook.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709170151/http://www.pianobook.com/ |date=2011-07-09 }} * {{cite book|title=Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano)|first=Christo|last=Lelie|publisher=Kok-Lyra|location=Kampen|year=1995|language=nl}} * {{cite book|title=Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History|url=https://archive.org/details/menwomenpianosso00loes_0|first=Arthur|last=Loesser|origyear=1954|year=1991|location=New York|publisher=Dover Publications}} * {{cite book|title=Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano|url=https://archive.org/details/pianorolesthreeh0000para|first=James|last=Parakilas|location=New Haven, Connecticut|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=1999|isbn=0-300-08055-7}} * {{cite book|title=Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist|url=https://archive.org/details/pianoservicingtu0000rebl|first=Arthur A.|last=Reblitz|year=1993|location=Vestal, NY|publisher=Vestal Press|isbn=1-879511-03-7}} * {{cite book|title=Music Fundamentals|first=Rod|last=Schejtman|publisher=The Piano Encyclopedia|year=2008|isbn=978-987-25216-2-2|url=http://www.pianoencyclopedia.com}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831041144/http://pianoencyclopedia.com/ |date=2018-08-31 }} * {{cite book|title=Piano ma non solo|first=Jean-Pierre|last=Thiollet|publisher=Anagramme|year=2012|isbn=978-2-35035-333-3}} * {{cite book|title=88 notes pour piano solo|url=https://archive.org/details/88notespourpiano0000thio|first=Jean-Pierre|last=Thiollet|publisher=Teva|year=2015|isbn=978-2-3505-5192-0}} * White, William H. (1909). ''Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building''. New York: E. Lyman Bill. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sisterlinks|piano}} {{Z148}} * [http://www.uk-piano.org/history/history.html Kasaysayan han Piano Forte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210034814/http://www.uk-piano.org/history/history.html |date=2010-12-10 }}, Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK * [http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/pitch/pitch.html Section '''Table of Music Pitches''' han Pagpurulongan Multimedia Musika han Virginia Tech] * [http://www.frederickcollection.org/collection.html An Makasaysayan Tinirok ni Frederick hin mga Piano] * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cris/hd_cris.htm An Pianofortes ni Bartolomeo Cristofori, Heilbrunn Agi han Oras han Kasaysayan hin Arte, An Museo Metropolitano hin Arte] [[kaarangay:Piano]] ofciga0u06luzj6kbssamnu7nf1lf56 0 17798 7785577 7783762 2026-08-27T20:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pyrodex powder ffg.jpg|thumb]] An '''pulbura''' amo tinimpla nga [[asupre]], [[uring]] ngan [[potassium nitrate]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist|3}} {{refbegin|3}} * {{cite book| last = Benton | first = Captain James G. | year = 1862 | title = A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery | place = West Point, New York | publisher = Thomas Publications | isbn = 1-57747-079-6 | edition = 2|url=http://www.unz.org/Pub/BentonJames-1862}}. * {{cite book| last=Brown | first=G. I. | year=1998 | title=The Big Bang: A History of Explosives | publisher=Sutton Publishing | isbn=0-7509-1878-0|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/6291240?selectedversion=NBD14331705}}. * {{cite book| editor-last = Buchanan | editor-first = Brenda J. | title = Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History | place=Aldershot | publisher =Ashgate | year =2006 | isbn = 0-7546-5259-9|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/technology_and_culture/v049/49.3.bachrach.html}}. * {{cite book| last =Chase | first =Kenneth | year =2003 | title =Firearms: A Global History to 1700 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-82274-2|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40109543}}. * {{cite book| last =Cocroft | first =Wayne | year =2000 | title =Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture | place =Swindon | publisher =English Heritage | isbn =1-85074-718-0|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/dangerous-energy/}}. * {{cite book| last = Crosby | first = Alfred W. | title = Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History | url = https://archive.org/details/throwingfireproj0000cros | year = 2002 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn =0-521-79158-8}}. * {{cite book| last =Earl | first =Brian | year =1978 | title =Cornish Explosives | place =Cornwall | publisher =The Trevithick Society | isbn =0-904040-13-5}}. * {{cite web | last=al-Hassan | first=Ahmad Y. | author-link=Ahmad Y Hassan | contribution=Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries | contribution-url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/Articles/articles%202.htm | title=History of Science and Technology in Islam | url=http://www.history-science-technology.com/ | access-date=2015-02-02 | archive-date=2019-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520225937/http://www.history-science-technology.com/ | url-status= }}. * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Johnson | first = Norman Gardner | contribution = explosive | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | publication-place = Chicago | contribution-url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/198577/explosive}}. * {{cite book | last = Kelly | first = Jack | title = Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World | url = https://archive.org/details/gunpowderalchemy00jack | publisher = Basic Books | year = 2004 | isbn =0-465-03718-6}}. * {{cite journal | last=Khan | first=Iqtidar Alam | title=Coming of Gunpowder to the Islamic World and North India: Spotlight on the Role of the Mongols | journal=Journal of Asian History | volume=30 | year=1996 | pages=41–5}}. * {{cite journal | last =Khan | first =Iqtidar Alam | year =2004 | title =Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India | publisher =Oxford University Press|doi=10.1086/ahr.111.3.817|url=http://ahr.oxfordjournals.org/content/111/3/817.extract}}. * {{cite journal | last = Needham | first = Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Needham | title = Science & Civilisation in China | year = 1986 | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | volume = V:7: The Gunpowder Epic | isbn = 0-521-30358-3 | url = http://monoskop.org/images/5/59/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_7-2_General_Conclusions_and_Reflections.pdf | access-date = 2015-02-02 | archive-date = 2014-09-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904011912/http://monoskop.org/images/5/59/Needham_Joseph_Science_and_Civilisation_in_China_Vol_7-2_General_Conclusions_and_Reflections.pdf | url-status = dead }}. * {{cite book | last =Norris | first =John | year =2003 | title =Early Gunpowder Artillery: 1300-1600 | place =Marlborough | publisher =The Crowood Press|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Early_Gunpowder_Artillery.html?id=HpgHAAAACAAJ|isbn= 9781861266156}}. * {{cite book| last =Partington | first =J.R. | author-link =J. R. Partington | year =1960 | title =A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder | place =Cambridge, UK | publisher =W. Heffer & Sons}}. * {{cite book | last = Partington| first = James Riddick | authorlink = James Riddick Partington|author2=Hall, Bert S. | title = A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder| publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]| year = 1999| location = Baltimore| isbn = 0-8018-5954-9|doi=10.1353/tech.2000.0031|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/technology_and_culture/summary/v041/41.1roland.html}} * {{cite journal | last =Urbanski | first =Tadeusz | year =1967 | title =Chemistry and Technology of Explosives | place =New York | publisher =Pergamon Press | volume =III|url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/244083392_Chemistry_and_Technology_of_Explosives_Vol._III_by_Tadeusz_Urbaski_Pergamon-PWN_Polish_Scientific_Publishers_Warszawa_1967_717_pages__7.10.0d_(23.00)}}. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Gunpowder}} {{Wiktionary|gunpowder}} * [http://www.silk-road.com/artl/gun.shtml Gun and Gunpowder] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091023043409/http://geocities.com/Athens/2430/gporigins.html The Origins of Gunpowder] * [http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/cannon.htm Cannons and Gunpowder] <!-- *[http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/restricted/2006/January/letters.asp A letter on gunpowder chemistry and sodium vs. potassium nitrate] --> * [http://www.gunpowderworks.co.uk/ Oare Gunpowder Works, Kent, UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120802102720/http://www.gunpowderworks.co.uk/ |date=2012-08-02 }} * [http://www.royalgunpowdermills.com/ Royal Gunpowder Mills] * [http://www.hagley.org/library/exhibits/brandywine/index.html The DuPont Company on the Brandywine] A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the founding and early history of the DuPont Company powder yards in Delaware * {{cite web |url=http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/history.html |title=Ulrich Bretschler's Gunpowder Chemistry page |access-date=2015-02-01 |archive-date=2012-05-23 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120523235357/http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/history.html |url-status=dead }} * [http://philipmcgaw.com/medieval-siege-society/gun-powder-demonstration/ Video Demonstration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715074434/http://philipmcgaw.com/medieval-siege-society/gun-powder-demonstration/ |date=2011-07-15 }} of [[Medieval Siege Society|the Medieval Siege Society]]'s Guns, Including showing ignition of gunpowder * [http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/recipe.html Black Powder Recipes]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225144516/http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/recipe.html |date=2015-02-25 }} * {{cite web | title=Dr. Sasse's investigations (and others) found via search at US DTIC.MIL These contain scientific studies of BP properties and details of measurement techniques. | url=http://dsearch.dtic.mil/search?site=default_collection&q=black+powder&btnG.x=-1050&btnG.y=-126&btnG=Google+Search&client=dticol_frontend&proxystylesheet=dticol_frontend&proxyreload=1&filter=0&tlen=200&getfields=* | access-date=2015-02-01 | archive-date=2013-06-16 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130616025606/http://dsearch.dtic.mil/search?site=default_collection&q=black+powder&btnG.x=-1050&btnG.y=-126&btnG=Google+Search&client=dticol_frontend&proxystylesheet=dticol_frontend&proxyreload=1&filter=0&tlen=200&getfields=* | url-status=dead }} sxwy0z9mt4tnbi27fco9ynftmogc7ai 0 17800 7785676 7783409 2026-08-27T21:34:08Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785676 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SigP220.jpg|thumb]] An '''pusil'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 300.</ref> amo an usa ka armas nga nabuto ngan natira hin bala. ==Reperensya== {{reflist|2}} ;Mga pagkukuhaan {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book | last = Chase | first = Kenneth | title = Firearms: A Global History to 1700 | url = https://archive.org/details/firearmsglobalhi0000chas | year = 2003 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-82274-2 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Crosby | first = Alfred W. | title = Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History | url = https://archive.org/details/throwingfireproj0000cros | year = 2002 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 0-521-79158-8 | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book | last = Needham | first = Joseph | authorlink = Joseph Needham | title = Science & Civilisation in China | year = 1986 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume =7 The Gunpowder Epic | isbn =0-521-30358-3 | ref = harv}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{commonscat|Firearms}} *{{cite book | author=Pyhrr, Stuart W. | title=[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/69336/rec/169 ''Firearms from the collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein''] | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1985 | isbn=9780870994258}} h1dao93z4bohzjt9675ftql6j726yzt 0 17811 7785616 7747886 2026-08-27T20:51:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch |name = Ashoka |title =[[Mauryan dynasty|Maurya]] Samrat |image =Indian_relief_from_Amaravati,_Guntur._Preserved_in_Guimet_Museum.jpg |caption = A "[[Chakravartin]]" ruler, first century BC/CE. Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati. Preserved at Musee Guimet |reign = 274–232 BC |coronation = 270 BC |othertitles = [[Samraat]] [[Chakravartin]]; other titles include ''Devanampriya'' and ''Priyadarsin'' |full name = |religion = [[Buddhism]] |predecessor = [[Bindusara]] |successor = [[Dasaratha Maurya]] |queen = Maharani Devi |spouse 1 = Rani [[Tishyaraksha]] |spouse 2 = Rani [[Padmavati]] |spouse 3 = Rani [[Kaurwaki]] |issue=[[Mahinda|Mahendra]], [[Sanghamitra]], Teevala, Kunala |royal house = [[Mauryan dynasty]] |father = [[Bindusara]] |mother = Rani Dharma or Shubhadrangi |brothers = [[Vitthashoka]], [[Susima]] |birth_date = 304 BC |birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Patna]] |death_date = 232 BC (aged 72) |death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Patna]] |date of burial = [[Cremated]] 232 BC, less than 24 hours after death |place of burial = Ashes immersed in the [[Ganges]] River, possibly at [[Varanasi]] |influenced by = [[Buddha]] {{·}} [[Chandragupta Maurya]] {{·}}[[Bindusara]] {{·}} [[Chanakya]] {{·}}[[Mahavira]]{{·}}[[Alexandar]] {{·}}[[Seleucus I Nicator]] {{·}}[[Diodotus I]] {{·}}[[Antiochus I Soter]] {{·}} |influenced = [[Kunal]] {{·}} [[Harsha]] {{·}}[[Samudragupta]] {{·}}[[Ramagupta]] {{·}}[[Chandragupta]] II [[Kumaragupta]] {{·}}[[Skandagupta]] {{·}}[[Purugupta]] [[Vishnugupta]] }} Hi '''Ashoka''' (304 BC – 232 BC) usa ka Indyan nga emperador han dinastiya Maurya nga naghadi han haros ngatanan han ubos-kontinente han Indya tikang 273 BC ngadto 232 BC. [[File:Mauryan Empire 260 BCE.png|thumb|Ashoka Empire]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Ahir|first=D. C.|title=Aśoka the Great|year=1995|publisher=B. R. Publishing|location=Delhi}} * {{cite book|last=Bhandarkar|first=D.R.|title=Aśoka|year=1969|publisher=Calcutta University Press|location=Calcutta|edition=4th}} * Bongard-Levin, G. M. ''Mauryan India'' (Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division May 1986) ISBN 0-86590-826-5 * Chauhan, Gian Chand (2004). ''Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650.'' Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi. ISBN 978-81-215-1028-8 * {{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=Our Oriental Heritage|url=https://archive.org/details/ourorientalherit0007will|year=1935|publisher=Simon and Schuster|location=New York}} * Falk, Harry. ''Aśokan Sites and Artefacts&nbsp;– A Source-book with Bibliography'' (Mainz : Philipp von Zabern, [2006]) ISBN 978-3-8053-3712-0 * Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1996). ''Aśoka Maurya'' (Twayne Publishers) ISBN 978-0-8290-1735-9 * Hultzsch, Eugene (1914). ''The Date of Aśoka,'' The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (Oct. 1914), pp.&nbsp;943–951. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25189238 Article stable URL. ] * Keay, John. ''India: A History'' (Grove Press; 1 Grove Pr edition 10 May 2001) ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 * Li Rongxi, trans. (1993). The biographical scripture of King Aśoka / transl. from the Chinese of Saṃghapāla, Berkeley, California: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 0-9625618-4-3. * {{cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|title=Aśoka|year=1962|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas|location=Delhi|edition=3rd|url=https://archive.org/details/asokagaekwadlectradh}} * {{cite book|last1=Nikam|first1=N. A.|first2=Richard |last2=McKeon|title=The Edicts of Aśoka|year=1959|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago}} * Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (1967). ''Age of the Nandas and Mauryas.'' Reprint: 1996, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1 * Seneviratna, Anuradha (ed.), Gombrich, Richard; Guruge, Ananda (1994). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923053250/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/king_asoka.pdf King Aśoka and Buddhism: Historical and Literary studies], Kandy: Sri Lanka; Buddhist Publication Society, 1st edition, ISBN 9552400651 * Singh, Upinder (2012). "Governing the State and the Self: Political Philosophy and Practice in the Edicts of Aśoka," South Asian Studies, 28:2 (University of Delhi: 2012), pp.&nbsp;131–145. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2012.725581 Article stable URL.] * Swearer, Donald. ''Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia'' (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Anima Books, 1981) ISBN 0-89012-023-4 * Thapar, Romila. (1973). ''Aśoka and the decline of the Mauryas. 2nd Edition.'' Oxford University Press, Reprint, 1980. SBN 19-660379 6. * von Hinüber, Oskar. (2010). "Did Hellenistic Kings Send Letters to Aśoka?" Journal of the American Oriental Society, 130:2 (Freiburg: 2010), pp.&nbsp;261–266. * MacPhail, James Merry: "Aśoka", Calcutta: The Associative Press ; London: Oxford University Press 1918 [http://ia700300.us.archive.org/22/items/asokaheritage00macpiala/asokaheritage00macpiala.pdf PDF] (5.9 MB) {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Ashoka}} {{wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Asoka}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Region/Asia/South_Asia/Personalities/Ashoka/|Ashoka}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 304 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 232 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 936zkd2bjzs7ib1vnrqyz7l33ubd8fb 0 17826 7785677 7782335 2026-08-27T21:34:51Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785677 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Triple expansion engine animation.gif|thumb]] Ha [[pisika]], an '''Termodinamika''' (tikang ha Griniyego nga θερμ-<θερμότης, therme, kasirigngon "paso" ngan δυναμις, dynamis, kasirigngon "puwersa, kusog") usa nga pag-aram ha pagbalhin han enerhiya para mahimo nga trabaho ngan paso ngan iya relasyon ha makroskopiko nga mga variable sugad han temperatura ngan presyon. ==Kasaysayan== An Termodinamika bilang seyensya nagtikang kan Otto von Guericke na nagdesenyo ngan naghimo han giuunahi nga ''vaccum pump'' sadto 1650. ngan gindemonstrar an ''vacuum'' gamit an iya ''Magdeburg hemispheres''. Ginhimo ni Guericke an ''vacuum'' para pahimuwaan an pagtuo ni Aristotle na ''nature abhors a vacuum''. Naaraman han physicist-chemist na si Robert Boyle an desenyo ni Guericke's ngan ha 1656, sa bulig ni Robert Hooke, ginhimo an ''air pump''. Gamit an ''air pump'', nadiskubre nira Boyle ngan Hooke relasyon ha ''pressure'', temperatura, ngan ''volume''. Kasunod sini, nahimo an ''Boyle's Law'', na nagsisiring na an gas sa ''constant'' na temperatura, an iya ''pressure'' ngan ''volume'' ano in ''inversely proportional''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *Adkins, C.J. (1968/1975). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', second edition, McGraw-Hill, London, ISBN 0-07-084057-1. *Bailyn, M. (1994). ''A Survey of Thermodynamics'', American Institute of Physics Press, New York, ISBN 0-88318-797-3. *[[Max Born|Born, M.]] (1949). [https://archive.org/details/naturalphilosoph032159mbp ''Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance''], Oxford University Press, London. *[[George H. Bryan|Bryan, G.H.]] (1907). [https://archive.org/details/ost-physics-thermodynamicsin00bryauoft ''Thermodynamics. An Introductory Treatise dealing mainly with First Principles and their Direct Applications''], B.G. Teubner, Leipzig. *[[Herbert Callen|Callen, H.B.]] (1960/1985). ''Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics'', (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0-471-86256-8. *Eu, B.C. (2002). ''Generalized Thermodynamics. The Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes and Generalized Hydrodynamics'', Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 1-4020-0788-4. *[[Ralph H. Fowler|Fowler, R.]], [[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1939). ''Statistical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. *[[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs, J.W.]] (1875). On the equilibrium of heterogeneous substances, ''Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences'', '''3''': 108–248. *Grandy, W.T., Jr (2008). ''Entropy and the Time Evolution of Macroscopic Systems'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-954617-6. *[[Edward A. Guggenheim|Guggenheim, E.A.]] (1949/1967). ''Thermodynamics. An Advanced Treatment for Chemists and Physicists'', (1st edition 1949) 5th edition 1967, North-Holland, Amsterdam. *Haase, R. (1971). Survey of Fundamental Laws, chapter 1 of ''Thermodynamics'', pages 1–97 of volume 1, ed. W. Jost, of ''Physical Chemistry. An Advanced Treatise'', ed. H. Eyring, D. Henderson, W. Jost, Academic Press, New York, lcn 73–117081. *Kondepudi, D., [[Ilya Prigogine|Prigogine]], I. (1998). ''Modern Thermodynamics. From Heat Engines to Dissipative Structures'', [[John Wiley & Sons]], ISBN 0-471-97393-9. *Lebon, G., Jou, D., Casas-Vázquez, J. (2008). ''Understanding Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics'', Springer, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-540-74251-7. *[[J. R. Partington|Partington, J.R.]] (1949). ''An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry'', volume 1, ''Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases'', Longmans, Green and Co., London. *[[Brian Pippard|Pippard, A.B.]] (1957). ''The Elements of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press. *[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]](1897/1903). [https://ia700200.us.archive.org/15/items/treatiseonthermo00planrich/treatiseonthermo00planrich.pdf ''Treatise on Thermodynamics'', translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green & Co., London.] *[[Max Planck|Planck, M.]] (1923/1926). ''Treatise on Thermodynamics'', third English edition translated by A. Ogg from the seventh German edition, Longmans, Green & Co., London. *[[James Serrin|Serrin, J.]] (1986). ''New Perspectives in Thermodynamics'', edited by J. Serrin, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-15931-2. *[[Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld, A.]] (1952/1956). ''Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics'', Academic Press, New York. *Tschoegl, N.W. (2000). ''Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics'', Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-50426-5. *[[László Tisza|Tisza, L.]] (1966). ''Generalized Thermodynamics'', M.I.T Press, Cambridge Massachusetts. *[[Clifford Truesdell|Truesdell, C.A.]] (1980). ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854'', Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4. ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | author=Goldstein, Martin, and Inge F. | title=The Refrigerator and the Universe | url=https://archive.org/details/refrigeratoruniv0000gold_l3g4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-674-75325-9 | oclc=32826343}} A nontechnical introduction, good on historical and interpretive matters. *{{Cite journal | last = Kazakov | first = Andrei | title = Web Thermo Tables – an On-Line Version of the TRC Thermodynamic Tables | journal = Journal of Research of the National Institutes of Standards and Technology | volume = 113 | issue = 4 (July–August 2008) | pages = 209–220 | date = 2008 | url = http://nvl-i.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/jres/113/4/V113.N04.A03.pdf | doi = 10.6028/jres.113.016 }}{{Dead link|date= Enero 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book | author=Cengel, Yunus A., & Boles, Michael A. | title=Thermodynamics – an Engineering Approach | url=https://archive.org/details/thermodynamicsen00ceng_0 | publisher=McGraw Hill | date = 2002 | isbn=0-07-238332-1 | oclc=45791449 52263994 57548906}} *Fermi, E. (1956). ''Thermodynamics'', Dover, New York. * {{Cite book | author=Kittel, Charles & Kroemer, Herbert| title=Thermal Physics | url=https://archive.org/details/thermalphysics0000kitt| publisher=W. H. Freeman Company | date = 1980 | isbn=0-7167-1088-9 | oclc=32932988 48236639 5171399}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} * [http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html Thermodynamics Data & Property Calculation Websites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211122258/http://tigger.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamic.Data.and.Property_html |date= 11 Pebrero 2014 }} * [http://ocw.nd.edu/aerospace-and-mechanical-engineering/thermodynamics Thermodynamics OpenCourseWare] from the [[University of Notre Dame]] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/topics/Thermodynamics.html Thermodynamics at ''ScienceWorld''] * [http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/thermo/thermo_intro.htm Biochemistry Thermodynamics] * [http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo/ Engineering Thermodynamics – A Graphical Approach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200028/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo/ |date= 30 Abril 2009 }} [[Kaarangay:Termodinamika]] mlcwg358q29oip3dv897a93ugzv2go4 0 17852 7785609 7784540 2026-08-27T20:47:47Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785609 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wrigley field 720.jpg|thumb]] An '''baseball''' amo an usa ka balbag-ngan-bola nga [[paugnat-ha-kusog]] nga ginmumulayan han duha ka kampo nga mayda siyam ka magbarabtos kada kampo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite book|last=Bjarkman|first=Peter C.|title=Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball|url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsaroundgl0000bjar| date = 2004|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=0-313-32268-6|oclc=58806121}} *{{Cite book|last=Block|first=David|title=Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballbeforewe00davi| date = 2005|publisher =Univ. of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-6255-8|oclc=70261798}} *{{Cite book|last=Burgos|first=Adrian|title=Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line|url=https://archive.org/details/playingamericasg00burg| date = 2007|publisher=Univ. of California Press|isbn=0-520-25143-1|oclc=81150202}} *{{Cite book|last=Burk|first=Robert F.|title=Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920| date = 2001|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|isbn=0-8078-4961-8|oclc=28183874}} *{{Cite book|last=Charlton|first=James (ed.)|title=The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballchronolo0000unse| date = 1991|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-02-523971-6|oclc=22704314}} *{{Cite book|author=Clarke, William Jones, and Fredrick Thomas Dawson|title=Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballindividu00clarrich| date = 1915|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|isbn=|oclc=2781766}} *{{Cite book|last=Gmelch|first=George|title=Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballwithoutb0000unse| date = 2006|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-7125-5|oclc=64594333}} *{{Cite book|last=González Echevarría|first=Roberto|title=The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball| date = 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514605-0|oclc=46601626}} *{{Cite book|last=Guzzo|first=Glenn|title=The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan|url=https://archive.org/details/newballgameunder0000guzz| date = 2007|publisher=ACTA |isbn=0-87946-318-X|oclc=123083947}} *{{Cite book|last=Heaphy|first=Leslie A.|title=The Negro Leagues, 1869–1960| date = 2003|publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-1380-8|oclc=50285143}} *{{Cite book|last=[[Jonah Keri|Keri]]|first=Jonah (ed.)|title=Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong| date = 2007|publisher=Basic|isbn=0-465-00547-0|oclc=77795904}} *{{Cite book|last=Koppett|first=Leonard|title=Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball|url=https://archive.org/details/koppettsconciseh0000kopp| date = 2004|publisher=Carroll & Graf|isbn=0-7867-1286-4|oclc=54674804}} *{{Cite book|last=Kte'pi|first=Bill|chapter=Baseball (Amateur)|title=Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1|editor=Rodney Carlisle| date = 2009|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4129-6670-2|oclc=251215353}} *{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Michael M.|title=Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game|url=https://archive.org/details/moneyball00mich| date = 2003|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=0-393-32481-8|oclc=54896532}} *{{Cite book|last=Mahony|first=Phillip|title=[http://www.baseballexplained.com Baseball Explained]| date = 2014|publisher=McFarland Books|isbn=978-0-7864-7964-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Mandelbaum|first=Michael|title=The Meaning of Sports: Why Americans Watch Baseball, Football, and Basketball and What They See When They Do|url=https://archive.org/details/meaningofsportsw0000mand| date = 2005|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=1-58648-330-7|oclc=55539339}} *{{Cite book|last=McNeil|first=William|title=Baseball's Other All-Stars: The Greatest Players from the Negro Leagues, the Japanese Leagues, the Mexican League, and the Pre-1960 Winter Leagues in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic| date = 2000|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-0784-0|oclc=42976826}} *{{Cite book|last=Porterfield|first=Jason|title=Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballrulestip0000port| date = 2007|publisher=Rosen|isbn=1-4042-0991-3|oclc=67773742}} *{{Cite book|last=Powers|first=Albert Theodore|title=The Business of Baseball|url=https://archive.org/details/businessofbaseba0000powe| date = 2003|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-1426-X|oclc=50866929}} *{{Cite book|author=Puhalla, Jim, Jeff Krans, and Mike Goatley|title=Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballsoftball0000puha| date = 2003|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=0-471-44793-5|oclc=50959054}} *{{Cite book|last=Rader|first=Benjamin G.|title=Baseball: A History of America's Game|url=https://archive.org/details/baseballhistoryo0000rade_n5g7|edition=3rd| date = 2008|publisher=Univ. of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-07550-1|oclc=176980876}} *{{Cite book|last=Riess|first=Steven A.|title=City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports|url=https://archive.org/details/citygamesevoluti0000ries_r5j2| date = 1991|publisher=Univ. of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-06216-7|oclc=23739530}} *{{Cite book|last=Rudel|first=Anthony J.|title=Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio|url=https://archive.org/details/helloeverybodyd00rude| date = 2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=0-15-101275-X|oclc=192042215}} *{{Cite book|last=Schwarz|first=Alan|title=The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics|url=https://archive.org/details/numbersgamebaseb0000schw| date = 2004|publisher=Thomas Dunne|isbn=0-312-32222-4|oclc=54692908}} *{{Cite book|author=Stallings, Jack, and Bob Bennett (eds.)|title=Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780736042185| date = 2003|publisher=American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics|isbn=0-7360-4218-0|oclc=50203866}} *{{Cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Dean (ed.)|title=Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyinningsdocu00sull| date = 1997|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-9244-9|oclc=36258074}} *{{Cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Dean (ed.)|title=Middle Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1900–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/middleinningsdoc0000unse_q4b7| date = 1998|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-4258-1|oclc=37533976}} *{{Cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Dean (ed.)|title=Late Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1945–1972|url=https://archive.org/details/lateinningsdocum00unse| date = 2002|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-9285-6|oclc=47643746}} *{{Cite book|last=Terry|first=Thomas Philip|title=Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers|edition=2nd rev.| date = 1911|publisher=Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News|isbn=|oclc=7587420}} *{{Cite book|last=Thurston|first=Bill|title=Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/baffledparentsgu0000thur| date = 2000|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-135822-6|oclc=43031493}} *{{Cite book|last=Tygiel|first=Jules|title=Past Time: Baseball as History|url=https://archive.org/details/pasttimebaseball0000tygi_m3p1| date = 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-508958-8|oclc=42290019}} *{{Cite book|last=Zimbalist|first=Andrew|title=In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig|url=https://archive.org/details/inbestinterestso00andr| date = 2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=0-470-12824-0|oclc=62796332}} *{{Cite book|last=Zoss|first=Joel|title=Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball|url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsinroughu0000zoss| date = 2004|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|isbn=0-8032-9920-6|oclc=54611393}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Bradbury, J.C. ''The Baseball Economist: The Real Game Exposed'' (Dutton, 2007). ISBN 0-525-94993-3 * Dickson, Paul. ''The Dickson Baseball Dictionary'', 3d ed. (W. W. Norton, 2009). ISBN 0-393-06681-9 * Elias, Robert (2010) ''[[The Empire Strikes Out]]: How Baseball Sold U.S. Foreign Policy and Promoted the American Way Abroad''. New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-195-2 * Elliott, Bob. ''The Northern Game: Baseball the Canadian Way'' (Sport Classic, 2005). ISBN 1-894963-40-7 * Euchner, Charles. ''The Last Nine Innings: Inside the Real Game Fans Never See'' (Sourcebooks, 2007). ISBN 1-4022-0579-1 * Fitts, Robert K. ''Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). ISBN 0-8093-2629-9 * [[Lee Gutkind|Gutkind, Lee]]. ''The Best Seat in Baseball, But You Have to Stand: The Game as Umpires See It'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1999). ISBN 978-0-8093-2195-7 * [[Gary Gillette|Gillette, Gary]], and [[Pete Palmer]] (eds.). ''The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia'', 5th ed. (Sterling, 2008). ISBN 1-4027-6051-5 * [[Bill James|James, Bill]]. ''[[The Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract|The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract]]'', rev. ed. (Simon and Schuster, 2003). ISBN 0-7432-2722-0 * James, Bill. ''The Bill James Handbook 2009'' (ACTA, 2008). ISBN 0-87946-367-8 * Mahony, Phillip, [http://www.baseballexplained.com Baseball Explained] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813034018/http://www.baseballexplained.com/ |date= 13 Agosto 2014 }} (McFarland Books, 2014) ISBN 978-0-7864-7964-1. * Peterson, Robert. ''Only the Ball was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams'' (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). ISBN 0-19-507637-0 * [[Joe Posnanski|Posnanski, Joe]] (2007) ''[[The Soul of Baseball]]'' New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-085403-4 * Reaves, Joseph A. ''Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia'' (Bison, 2004). ISBN 0-8032-3943-2 * [[Lawrence Ritter|Ritter, Lawrence S.]] ''[[The Glory of Their Times|The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It]]'', enlarged ed. (Harper, 1992). ISBN 0-688-11273-0 * [[Tom Tango|Tango, Tom]], Mitchel G. Lichtman, and Andrew E. Dolphin, ''The Book: Playing the Percentages in Baseball'' (Potomac, 2007). ISBN 1-59797-129-4 * [[John Sexton|Sexton, John]] (2013) ''[[Baseball as a Road to God: Seeing Beyond the Game]]'' New York: Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1-59240-754-5. * Ward, Geoffrey C., and [[Ken Burns]]. ''Baseball: An Illustrated History'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). ISBN 0-679-40459-7 ;Aada-ha-linya * {{Cite web|author=Boswell, Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Boswell|url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/legendary/libvf100.shtml|title=Why Is Baseball So Much Better Than Football?|date=18 Enero 1987|work=Washington Post|publisher=Baseball Almanac|accessdate= 6 Mayo 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423074039/http://www.baseball-almanac.com/legendary/libvf100.shtml|archivedate= 23 Abril 2009|deadurl=dead}} * {{Cite web|author=Carlin, George|authorlink=George Carlin|url=http://www.baseball-almanac.com/humor7.shtml|title=Baseball and Football|publisher=Baseball Almanac|accessdate= 6 Mayo 2009}} * {{Cite web|author=Gmelch, George|url=http://www.dushkin.com/olc/genarticle.mhtml?article=27128|title=Baseball Magic|date= Septyembre 2000|publisher=McGraw Hill–Dushkin|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5OHaQX4IE?url=http://www.dushkin.com/olc/genarticle.mhtml?article=27128|archivedate= 22 Abril 2007|accessdate= 25 Septyembre 2009|url-status=live}} * {{Cite news|author=Lamster, Mark|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/10/books/review/10LAMSTER.html|title=''Baseball Before We Knew It'': What's the French for 'Juiced'? (book review)|date=10 Abril 2005|work=New York Times|accessdate= 27 Hunyo 2014}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons|Baseball|Baseball}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikibooks|Baseball}} {{Wiktionary|baseball}} {{EB1911 poster|Base-ball}} ;Mga liga ngan mga organisasyon * [http://www.mlb.com/ Major League Baseball] * [http://www.ibaf.org/ International Baseball Federation] * [http://www.milb.com/ Minor League Baseball] * [http://www.britishbaseball.org/ British Baseball Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509142317/http://www.britishbaseball.org/ |date= 9 Mayo 2008 }} ;Mga estadistika ngan mga rekord hit mulay * [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/ Baseball Almanac] * [http://www.baseball-reference.com/ Baseball-Reference.com] * [http://www.retrosheet.org/ Retrosheet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302144428/http://www.retrosheet.org/ |date=2007-03-02 }} ;Mga sumat ngan iba pa nga pagkukuhaan * [http://www.baseballlibrary.com/homepage/ BaseballLibrary.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901221709/http://www.baseballlibrary.com/homepage/ |date= 1 Septyembre 2006 }} * [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ Baseball Prospectus] * [http://www.sabr.org/ Society for American Baseball Research] * [http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/baseball/ ''Baseball''] PBS documentary directed by Ken Burns * [http://www.mister-baseball.com/ Mister Baseball] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010113247/https://www.mister-baseball.com/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2018 }} European baseball news [[Kaarangay:Paugnat-ha-Kusog]] qr06zqskvx36jwp44nl4vks5bvmr1z1 0 17874 7785648 7782403 2026-08-27T21:13:19Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |birthname =Franklin Delano Roosevelt |image =Franklin D. Roosevelt TIME Man of the Year 1933 color photo.jpg |caption =Roosevelt in 1933 |office =[[List of Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[President of the United States]] |vicepresident =[[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]]<br>[[Henry A. Wallace]]<br>[[Harry S. Truman]] |term_start =March 4, 1933 |term_end =April 12, 1945 |predecessor =[[Herbert Hoover]] |successor =[[Harry S. Truman]] |order2 =[[List of Governors of New York|44th]] [[Governor of New York]] |lieutenant2 =Herbert H. Lehman |term_start2 =January 1, 1929 |term_end2 =December 31, 1932 |predecessor2 =[[Al Smith]] |successor2 =[[Herbert H. Lehman]] |office3 =[[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] |president3 =[[Woodrow Wilson]] |term_start3 =March 17, 1913 |term_end3 =August 26, 1920 |predecessor3 =[[Beekman Winthrop]] |successor3 =[[Gordon Woodbury]] |office4 =Member of the [[New York State Senate]]<br>for the 26th District |term_start4 =January 1, 1911 |term_end4 =March 17, 1913 |preceded4 =John F. Schlosser |succeeded4 =James E. Towner |birth_date ={{birth date|1882|1|30}} |birth_place =[[Hyde Park, New York]], U.S. |death_date ={{death date and age|1945|4|12|1882|1|30}} |death_place =[[Warm Springs, Georgia]], U.S. |party =[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse =[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] |children =[[Anna Roosevelt Halsted|Anna]]<br>[[James Roosevelt|James]]<br>Franklin (I)<br>[[Elliott Roosevelt|Elliott]]<br>[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.|Franklin (II)]]<br>[[John Aspinwall Roosevelt|John]] |occupation = [[Corporate lawyer]] |alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]<br>[[Columbia Law School]] |religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] |signature = Franklin Roosevelt Signature.svg |signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} Hi '''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' (Enero 30, 1882 – Abril 12, 1945) amo an ikakatloan kag-duha nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1933 – Abril 12, 1945). ===Biograpikal=== {{Refbegin}} *[[Conrad Black|Black, Conrad]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom'', 2003, ISBN 978-1-58648-282-4 : interpretive detailed biography *[[H. W. Brands|Brands, H.W.]] ''Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2009), ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8 :despite the title, a favorable biography by scholar *{{Cite book|ref=Burns |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt' (vol. 1)|year= 1956 |publisher=Easton Press |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} *{{Cite book|ref=Burns2 |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom' (vol. 2)|year= 1970 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00626 online edition] *[[Frank Freidel|Freidel, Frank]]. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny'' (1990), ISBN 978-0-316-29260-3 : One-volume scholarly biography; covers entire life *Freidel, Frank. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (4 vol 1952–73), {{OCLC|459748221}} : the most detailed scholarly biography; ends in 1934. *[[Kenneth S. Davis|Davis, Kenneth S.]] ''FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928'' (1972), ISBN 978-0-399-10998-0 : well written popular biography *[[Doris Kearns Goodwin|Goodwin, Doris Kearns]]. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (1995), ISBN 978-0-684-80448-4 : well written popular joint biography *{{Cite book|ref=Hawley |last=Hawley |first=Ellis |title=The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-8232-1609-8}} *[[Roy Jenkins|Jenkins, Roy]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2003), ISBN 978-0-8050-6959-4 : short bio from British perspective *[[Joseph P. Lash|Lash, Joseph P.]] ''Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers'' (1971), ISBN 978-0-393-07459-8 : history of a marriage. *[[Ted Morgan (writer)|Morgan, Ted]], ''FDR: A biography'', (1985), ISBN 978-0-671-45495-1 : well written popular biography * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars *{{Cite book|ref=Siracusa |last=Siracusa |first=Joseph M. |coauthors=Coleman, David G. |title=Depression to Cold War: a history of America from Herbert Hoover to Ronald Reagan |url=https://archive.org/details/depressiontocold0000sira |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-275-97555-5}} *{{Cite book|ref=Smith |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward|authorlink=Jean Edward Smith|publisher=Random House|location=New York|title=FDR |url=https://archive.org/details/fdr00smit |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-6121-1}} *{{Cite book|ref=Tully |last=Tully |first=Grace |title= Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year= 2005 |isbn=978-1-4179-8926-3}} *[[Geoffrey Ward|Ward, Geoffrey C.]] ''Before The Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905'' (1985), ISBN 978-0-06-015451-6; ''A First Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt'', (1992), ISBN 978-0-06-016066-1 : covers 1905–1932; well written popular biography *{{Cite book|ref=Winkler |last=Winkler |first=Allan M. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000wink |publisher=Longman Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-321-41285-0}} {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book |ref=Adamthwaite |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony |title=France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936–1939 |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1977}} *Alter, Jonathan. ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (2006), ISBN 978-0-7432-4600-2, popular history * Badger, Anthony. ''FDR: The First Hundred Days'' (2008) 200pp; overview by leading British scholar ISBN 0-8090-4441-2 * {{Cite book |ref=Ball |last=Ball |first=Howard |title=Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior |url=https://archive.org/details/hugolblackcoldst00ball |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-507814-4}} *Beasley, Maurine, et al. eds. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 ''The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070000/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 |date=2009-02-11 }} (2001), ISBN 0-313-30181-6 *{{cite book|last=Bellush|first=Bernard|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York|year=1955|lccn=55006181}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211054654/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750 |date=2009-02-11 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Collins |last=Collins |first=Robert M. |title=More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-515263-8}} *Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-8161-8667-9, encyclopedia * Jordan, David M. ''FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944'' (2011) *Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' (Summer 2009) 124#2 pp 251–268 *Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.'' (1999), ISBN 978-0-19-503834-7, wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize *{{Cite book |ref=Leuchtenburg |last=Leuchtenburg |first= William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000unse |year=1963 |publisher=Harpers|isbn= 978-0-06-133025-4}} *Leuchtenburg, William E. ''In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama'' (2009), his long-term influence *Leuchtenburg, William E. "Showdown on the Court." ''Smithsonian'' 2005 36(2): 106–113. {{ISSN|0037-7333}} Fulltext: at Ebsco * {{Cite book |ref=McCullough |last=McCullough |first=David |title=Truman |url=https://archive.org/details/trumanmccu00mccu |year=1992 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0-671-86920-5}} *McMahon, Kevin J. ''Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-226-50088-1 *{{Cite book|last=Miscamble|first=Wilson D.|title=From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/fromroosevelttot0000misc|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007|isbn=0-521-86244-2}} *Parmet, Herbert S. and Marie B. Hecht; ''Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term'' (1968), on 1940 election [http://www.questia.com/library/book/never-again-a-president-runs-for-a-third-term-by-marie-b-hecht-herbert-s-parmet.jsp online edition] * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2011) 768 pages; essays by scholars covering major historiographical themes *Rauchway, Eric. ''The Great Depression and The New Deal; A Very Short Introduction'' (2008), ISBN 978-0-19-532634-5, balanced summary *Ritchie, Donald A. ''Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932'' (2007), ISBN 978-0-7006-1687-9 *Rosen, Elliot A. ''Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery.'' (2005), ISBN 978-0-8139-2368-0 *Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., ''The Age of Roosevelt'', 3 vols, (1957–1960), {{OCLC|466716}}, the classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR. * {{Cite book|ref=Schweikart and Allen|last=Schweikart|first=Larry|coauthors=Michael Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Easton Press|year=2004}} *Shaw, Stephen K.; Pederson, William D.; and Williams, Frank J., eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Transformation of the Supreme Court.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-7656-1033-1 * {{Cite book |ref=Sitkoff |last=Sitkoff |first=Harvard |title=A New Deal for Blacks |url=https://archive.org/details/newdealforblacks0000sitk |year=1978 |isbn=0-19-502418-4}} *Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. ''Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-394-33548-3; essays by scholars {{Refend}} ===Polisiya panlangyaw ngan Ikaduha nga Gera Pankalibutan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|last1=Berthon|first1=Simon|last2=Potts|first2=Joanna|title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306815386|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2007|isbn=0-306-81538-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book| last = Beschloss | first = Michael | title = The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-684-81027-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Burns | first = James | title = Roosevelt: the Soldier of Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/rooseveltsoldier0000burn_a1b4 | publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich | location = San Diego | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-15-178871-2 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Caputi |last=Caputi |first=Robert |title=Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement |publisher=Associated University Press |year=2000}} *{{Cite book |ref=Churchill |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=The Grand Alliance |url=https://archive.org/details/grandalliance0000chur |year=1977 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=0-395-41057-6}} *Cole, Wayne S. "American Entry into World War II: A Historiographical Appraisal," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 43, No. 4. (Mar. 1957), pp.&nbsp;595–617. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1902275 in JSTOR] *{{Cite book |ref=Dallek |last=Dallek |first=Robert |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000dall_d4a7 |publisher=Oxford University |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509732-7}} * Glantz, Mary E. ''FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy.'' U. Press of Kansas, 2005. 253 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 978-0-7006-1365-6 * Heinrichs, Waldo. ''Threshold of War. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II'' (1988). ISBN 978-0-19-504424-9 *{{Cite book |ref=Keylor |last=Keylor |first=William |title=The French Defeat of 1940; Reassessments |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=1998}} * Kimball, Warren. ''The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as World Statesman'' (1991) ISBN 978-0-691-04787-4 * Langer, William and S. Everett Gleason. ''The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940'' (1952) {{OCLC|1448535}}. ''The Undeclared War, 1940–1941'' (1953) {{OCLC|404227}}. highly influential two-volume semi-official history * Larrabee, Eric. '' Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War''. ISBN 978-0-06-039050-1 Detailed history of how FDR handled the war * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s |year=2006 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3a%20%20Churchill%2c%20Roosevelt%2c%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |isbn=978-0-19-928411-5 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729193109/http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3A%20%20Churchill%2C%20Roosevelt%2C%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |date=2010-07-29 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Sainsbury |last=Sainsbury |first=Keith |title=Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve0000sain |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-8147-7991-3}} * Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins: an intimate history'' (1950), Pulitzer Prize; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00749 online edition] * Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (1994) ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. Overall history of the war; strong on diplomacy of FDR and other main leaders [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00331 online edition] * Woods, Randall Bennett. ''A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946'' (1990) ISBN 978-0-8078-1877-0 {{Refend}} ===Kritisismo=== {{Refbegin}} * Barnes, Harry Elmer. ''Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath'' (1953). "revisionist" blames FDR for inciting Japan to attack. * Best, Gary Dean. ''The Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years'' (2002) criticizes intellectuals who supported FDR * Best, Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938'' Praeger Publishers. 1991; summarizes newspaper editorials * Conkin, Paul K. ''New Deal'' (1975), critique from the left * Doenecke, Justus D. and Stoler, Mark A. ''Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 248 pp. * [[John T. Flynn|Flynn, John T.]] ''The Roosevelt Myth'' (1948), former FDR supporter condemns all aspects of FDR * Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939) insider memoir by Brain Truster who became conservative * Russett, Bruce M. ''No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II'' 2nd ed. (1997) says U.S. should have let USSR and Germany destroy each other * Plaud, Joseph J. ''Historical Perspectives on Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Foreign Policy, and the Holocaust'' (2005).[http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr&holocaust.htm Archived at the FDR American Heritage Center Museum Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112085050/http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr%26holocaust.htm |date=2014-01-12 }} * [[Jim Powell (historian)|Powell, Jim]]. ''FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression.'' (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7 * Robinson, Greg. ''By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans'' (2001) says FDR's racism was primarily to blame. * Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. ''Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939'' (2006) compares populist and paternalist features * Smiley, Gene. ''Rethinking the Great Depression'' (1993) short essay by libertarian economist who blames both Hoover and FDR * Wyman, David S. ''The Abandonment Of The Jews: America and the Holocaust'' Pantheon Books, 1984. Attacks Roosevelt for passive complicity in allowing Holocaust to happen {{Refend}} ===Kan FDR retorika=== {{Refbegin}} * Braden, Waldo W., and Earnest Brandenburg. "Roosevelt's Fireside Chats." ''Communication Monographs''' 22 (1955): 290–302. * Buhite, Russell D. and David W. Levy, eds. ''FDR's Fireside Chats'' (1993) * Craig, Douglas B. ''Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940'' (2005) * Crowell, Laura. "Building the "Four Freedoms" Speech." ''Communication Monographs'' 22 (1952): 266–283. * Crowell, Laura. "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Audience Persuasion in the 1936 Campaign." ''Communication Monographs'' 17 (1950): 48–64 * Houck, Davis W. ''F. D. R. and Fear Itself: The First Inaugural Address.'' Texas A&M UP, 2002. * Houck, Davis W. ''Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression.'' Texas A&M UP, 2001. * {{Cite book |ref=Roosevelt |last=Roosevelt |first= Franklin D. |title=My Friends |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=1-4179-9610-2}} * Ryan, Halford Ross. "Roosevelt's First Inaugural: A Study of Technique." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 65 (1979): 137–149. * Ryan, Halford Ross. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency.'' Greenwood Press, 1988. * Stelzner, Hermann G. "'War Message,' December 8, 1941: An Approach to Language." ''Communication Monographs'' 33 (1966): 419–437. {{Refend}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *Bureau of the Census, [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1946-01.pdf ''Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951''] (1951) full of useful data *Bureau of the Census, ''Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970'' (1976) *Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; ''Public Opinion, 1935–1946'' (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA *Gallup, George Horace, ed. ''The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971'' 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers. *Loewenheim, Francis L. and [[Harold D. Langley]], eds; ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence'' (1975) *Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939), memoir by key Brain Truster *Nixon, Edgar B. ed. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs'' (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. ''The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945. *Zevin, B. D. ed.; ''Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932–1945'' (1946) selected speeches *''Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration'' 20 vol. available in some large academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. ''Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII''. Prefaces by [[Pius XII]] and [[Harry Truman]]. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005). ISBN 1-4191-6654-9 {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Franklin Delano Roosevelt}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1945]] [[Kaarangay:Franklin D. Roosevelt| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] pj12iu429kbwi2umowniy7mi6xhilwc 0 17958 7785618 7783050 2026-08-27T20:53:34Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Abraham Lincoln |image=Abrahamlincoln.jpg{{!}}border |alt=An iconic black and white photograph of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders. |caption=An 1863 nga [[daguerreotype]] ni Lincoln, ha panuigon nga 54. |order=[[List of Presidents of the United States|ika-16]] |office=Mangulo han Estados Unidos |vicepresident=[[Hannibal Hamlin]] <small>(1861–1865)</small> <br />[[Andrew Johnson]] <small>(1865)</small> |term_start=Marso 4, 1861 |term_end=Abril 15, 1865 |predecessor=[[James Buchanan]] |successor=[[Andrew Johnson]] |office2=Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Illinois]]'s [[Illinois' 7th congressional district|7th]] district |district2= |term_start2=March 4, 1847 |term_end2=March 4, 1849 |predecessor2=[[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]] |successor2=[[Thomas L. Harris|Thomas Harris]] |state_house3=Illinois |office3 = [[Illinois House of Representatives|Member of the Illinois House of Representatives]] |term_start3=December 1, 1834 |term_end3=1842 |birth_date={{birth date|1809|2|12}} |birth_place=[[Hodgenville, Kentucky]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}} |death_place=[[Petersen House (Washington, D.C.)|Petersen House]],<br />Washington D.C., U.S. |restingplace= [[Lincoln Tomb|Lincoln's Tomb]], [[Oak Ridge Cemetery]]<br />[[Springfield, Illinois]], U.S. |nationality= American |party=[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] <small>(1834–1854)</small><br />[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] <small>(1854–1865)</small><br />[[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] <small>(1864–1865)</small> |spouse=[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]] |children=[[Robert Todd Lincoln]]<br />[[Edward Baker Lincoln]]<br />[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie Lincoln]]<br />[[Tad Lincoln]] |religion=[[Abraham Lincoln and religion|See: Abraham Lincoln and religion]] |profession=[[Lawyer]]<br />[[Politician]] |signature=Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg |signature_alt=Cursive signature in ink |branch=Illinois Militia |serviceyears= 3 months <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} |rank= {{Plainlist}} * [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – May 27, 1832)}} * [[Private (United States)|Private]] <br> {{small|(May 28, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} {{small|OBS:.}} Discharged from his command and re-enlisted as a Private. |battles=[[Black Hawk War]] }} Hi '''Abraham Lincoln''' (Pebrero 12, 1809 – Abril 15, 1865) amo an napulo kag-unom, nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1861 – Abril 15, 1865). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|15em}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Cited in footnotes=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last=Adams|first=Charles F.|date= Abril 1912|title=The Trent Affair|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1912-04_17_3/page/540|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=17|issue=3|pages=540–562|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|jstor=1834388|doi=10.2307/1834388}}<!--|doi=10.2307/1834388}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=1178496|title=Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff|url=https://archive.org/details/hallecklincolnsc0000step|authorlink=Stephen E. Ambrose|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|publisher=Louisiana State University Press| date = 1962}} * {{Cite book|ref=Baker|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|title=Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company| date = 1989|isbn=978-0-393-30586-9}} * {{Cite book|oclc=518824|title=Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnhi00illinc|editor1-link=Roy Basler|editor1-first=Roy Prentice|editor1-last=Basler|publisher=World Publishing| date = 1946}} * Roy P. Basler, ed. ''The collected works of Abraham Lincoln'' (Rutgers U.P., 1953) vol 5 * {{Cite book|ref=Belz|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnco00herm|publisher=Fordham University Press| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-8232-1769-4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Belz|first=Herman|editor1-first=Bruce|editor1-last=Frohnen|editor2-first=Jeremy|editor2-last=Beer|editor3-first=Jeffrey O|editor3-last=Nelson|encyclopedia=American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia |title=Lincoln, Abraham| date = 2006|publisher=ISI Books|isbn=978-1-932236-43-9|quote=|ref=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bennett Jr|first=Lerone|authorlink=Lerone Bennett, Jr. |date= Pebrero 1968|title=Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?|journal=Ebony|volume=23|issue=4|publisher=Johnson Publishing|issn=0012-9011|url=http://books.google.com/?id=H84DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|ref=Blue|last=Blue|first=Frederick J.|title=Salmon P. Chase: a life in politics|url=https://archive.org/details/salmonpchaselife0000blue|publisher=The Kent State University Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-87338-340-0}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Boritt1997|last=Boritt|first=Gabor S.|title=Why the Civil War Came|url=https://archive.org/details/whycivilwarcame0000unse_m1s6|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511376-1}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=0-252-06445-3|title=Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolneconomics0000bori|authorlink=Gabor Boritt|ref=Boritt1994|last=Boritt|first=Gabor|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 1994|origyear=1978}} * {{Cite book|ref=Bulla|last1=Bulla|first1= David W.|author2=Gregory A. Borchard|title=Journalism in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/journalismincivi0008bull| date = 2010|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Inc.|isbn=1-4331-0722-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Carwardine|first=Richard J.|authorlink=Richard Carwardine|date=Winter 1997|title=Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=18|issue=1|pages=27–55 |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|issn=|oclc= |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091750/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archivedate= 24 Nobyembre 2009}} * {{Cite book|ref=Carwardine|first=Richard|last=Carwardine|title=Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincoln0000carw|publisher=Pearson Education Ltd| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-582-03279-8 }} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-691-09173-0|title=The War Was You and Me: Civilians in The American Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/warwasyoumecivil0000unse|last=Cashin|first=Joan E.|publisher=Princeton University Press| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Chesebrough|last=Chesebrough|first=David B.|title=No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/nosorrowlikeours0000ches|publisher=Kent State University Press| date = 1994|isbn=978-0-87338-491-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cox|last=Cox|first=Hank H.|title=Lincoln And The Sioux Uprising of 1862|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsiouxupri0000coxh|publisher=Cumberland House Publisher| date = 2005|isbn=978-1-58182-457-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cummings|last1=Cummings|first1=William W.|author2=James B. Hatcher|title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps| date = 1982|publisher=Scott Publishing Company|isbn=0-89487-042-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dennis|title=Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: an American Calendar|url=https://archive.org/details/redwhitebluelett00denn|last=Dennis|first=Matthew|publisher=Cornell University Press| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-8014-7268-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Diggins|title=The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism|url=https://archive.org/details/lostsoulofameric0000digg_j5p6|last=Diggins|first=John P.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1986|isbn=0-226-14877-7}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87580-359-3|oclc=|title=Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race|last=Dirck|first=Brian R.|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press| date = 2007}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dirck|last=Dirck|first=Brian|title=Lincoln the Lawyer|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-252-07614-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald1948|title=Lincoln's Herndon|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsherndon00dona|authorlink=David Herbert Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|publisher=A. A. Knopf| date = 1948|oclc=186314258}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 1996|origyear=1995|isbn=978-0-684-82535-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald2|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln Reconsidered|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnreconside00dona_0| date = 2001|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-375-72532-6}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Frederick Douglass|ref=Douglass|first=Frederick|last=Douglass|title=The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass| date = 2008|publisher=Cosimo Classics|isbn=1-60520-399-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Edgar|first=Walter B.|last=Edgar|title=South Carolina: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/southcarolinahis0000edga| date = 1998|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-255-4}} * {{Cite journal|last=Fish|first=Carl Russell|authorlink=Carl Russell Fish |date= Oktubre 1902|title=Lincoln and the Patronage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1902-10_8_1/page/53|journal=American Historical Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–69|publisher=American Historical Association|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1832574|doi=10.2307/1832574}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner|authorlink=Eric Foner|last=Foner|first=Eric |title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War| date = 1995|origyear=1970|isbn=978-0-19-509497-8|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner2|last=Foner|first= Eric|title=[[The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery]]|publisher=W.W. Norton| date = 2010|isbn= 978-0-393-06618-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns|last=Goodwin|authorlink=Doris Kearns Goodwin|title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good|isbn=0-684-82490-6| date = 2005|publisher=Simon & Schuster}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-253-34567-7|oclc=|title=The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/darkestdawnlinco0000good|last=Goodrich|first=Thomas|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|oclc=428674|title=The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois|chapter=Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman|last=Graebner|first=Norman|publisher=University of Illinois Press | date = 1959}} * {{Cite book|ref=Grimsley|title=The Collapse of the Confederacy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0803221703|last=Grimsley|first=Mark|publisher=University of Nebraska Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-8032-2170-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo1999|authorlink=Allen C. Guelzo|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnre0000guel|isbn=0-8028-3872-3| date = 1999|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Publishing}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2004|isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5|oclc=|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsemancipa00guel|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|publisher=Simon & Schuster| date = 2004}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE* {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2009|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=0-19-536780-4}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Handy|first= James S.|last=Handy|title=Book Review: Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman|publisher=Northwestern University Law Publication Association| date = 1917 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison1935|oclc=3512772|last=Harrison|first=J. Houston|title=Settlers by the Long Grey Trail| date = 1935|publisher=J.K. Reubush}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison2000|last=Harrison|first=Lowell Hayes|title=Lincoln of Kentucky|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnofkentuck0000harr|publisher=University Press of Kentucky| date = 2000 |isbn=0-8131-2156-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harris|last=Harris|first=William C.|title=Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsrisetopr0000harr|isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9|publisher=University Press of Kansas| date = 2007 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Havers|last=Havers|first=Grant N.|title=Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnpoliticso00have|isbn=0-8262-1857-1|publisher=University of Missouri Press| date = 2009 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler2|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000unse_u8v1|editors=Heidler, David S.; Jeanne T. Heidler| date = 2000|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc|isbn=978-0-393-04758-5 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler|last=Heidler|first=David Stephen|title=The Mexican War|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanwar0000heid| date = 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32792-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hofstadter|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Hofstadter |date= Oktubre 1938|title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50|journal=American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=50–55|publisher=American Historical Association|jstor=1840850|doi=10.2307/1840850}} * {{Cite book|ref=Holzer|first=Harold|last=Holzer|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnatcooperu00haro_1| date = 2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|last=Jaffa|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/newbirthoffreedo00jaff| date = 2000|isbn=0-8476-9952-8|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-19-804006-4|oclc=|title=To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880|authorlink=Robin Kelley|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author2=Lewis, Earl|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lamb|editors=Lamb, Brian; Susan Swain|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|publisher=PublicAffairs| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-58648-676-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lupton|first=John A.|date=Oktubre 2006|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|journal=Illinois Heritage|volume=9|issue=5|page=34|publisher=The Illinois State Historical Society|issn=|oclc=|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|access-date=2015-01-14|archive-date=2016-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|url-status=}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|authorlink=Reinhard H. Luthin|ref=Luthin|first=Reinhard H.|last=Luthin|title=The First Lincoln Campaign|isbn=978-0-8446-1292-8|year=1944|publisher=Harvard University Press }} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Luthin|first=Reinhard H. |date= Hulyo 1994|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|oclc=|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}} * McClintock, Russell. ''Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession'' (2008) [https://www.questia.com/library/117296123/lincoln-and-the-decision-for-war-the-northern-response online] * {{Cite book|ref=Mansch|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0000mans|publisher=McFarland| date = 2005|isbn=0-7864-2026-X}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=George McGovern|ref=McGovern|last=McGovern|first=George S.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcgo|publisher=Macmillan| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}} * {{Cite book|ref= McKirdy|last= McKirdy|first= Charles Robert|title= Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case| date = 2011|publisher= Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn= 978-1-60473-987-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson1992|last=McPherson|first=James M.|authorlink=James M. McPherson|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnse0000jame| date = 1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson2|title=[[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]|last=McPherson|first=James M.| date = 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516895-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson5|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcph| date = 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Mark E. Neely, Jr.|ref=Neely |last=Neely |first=Mark E. |title=The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1992|pages=3–31|url=https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties}} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|date= Disyembre 2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|issn=|oclc= |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v050/50.4neely.html |doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Nevins|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/ordealofunion0001unse|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1947–71|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}} ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1950|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857–1861 2 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceoflinco02nevi|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1950|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}, also published as vol 3–4 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1960|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861–1865|url=https://archive.org/details/warfortheunionvo010196mbp|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1960–1971|isbn=978-1-56852-297-5}}; also published as vol 5–8 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' * {{Cite book|ref=Nichols|last=Nichols|first=David A.|title=Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnlookswest0000unse|editor=Richard W. Etulain|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2010|isbn=0-8093-2961-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Noll|last=Noll|first=Mark|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/americasgodfromj0000noll|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-19-515111-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Oates|last=Oates|first=Stephen B.|authorlink=Stephen B. Oates|title=With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/withmalicetoward00oate|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-06-092471-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Paludan|last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw|title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofabra00palu|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9| date = 1994|publisher=University Press of Kansas}} * {{Cite journal|last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas |date= Septyembre 2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|journal=Civil War History|volume=46|issue=3|pages=227–253|publisher=Kent State University Press|issn=|oclc=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_2000-09_46_3/page/227|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Pessen|last=Pessen|first=Edward|title=The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents|url=https://archive.org/details/logcabinmythsoci0000pess|publisher=Yale University Press| date = 1984|isbn=0-300-03166-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Peterson|last=Peterson|first=Merrill D.|title=Lincoln in American Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-19-509645-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Potter|last1=Potter|first1=David M.|author2=Don Edward Fehrenbacher|title=The impending crisis, 1848–1861|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1976|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Prokopowicz|last=Prokopowicz|first=Gerald J.|title=Did Lincoln Own Slaves?|url=https://archive.org/details/didlincolnownsla0000prok_r9u3|publisher=Vintage Books| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-307-27929-3}} * {{Cite book|oclc=748479|ref=Randall1947|last=Randall|first=James G.|authorlink=James G. Randall|title=Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman| date = 1947|publisher=Dodd, Mead}} * {{Cite book|oclc=5852442|ref=Randall|last1=Randall|first1=J.G.|author2=Current, Richard Nelson|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|title=Last Full Measure|publisher=Dodd, Mead| date = 1955}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Reinhart|last=Reinhart|first=Mark S.|title=Abraham Lincoln on Screen|publisher=McFarland|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7864-3536-4}} --> * {{Cite book|oclc=6579822|ref=Sandburg|last=Sandburg|first=Carl |title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0002carl| date = 1926|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company}} * {{Cite book|ref=SandburgPW2002|last=Sandburg| first=Carl|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| date = 2002|isbn=0-15-602752-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2000|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnfo00schw| date = 2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2009|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnin0000schw|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kenneth|date= Septyembre 1948|title=Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-quarterly_1948-09_21_3/page/326|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=21|issue=3|pages=326–341|publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc.|issn=|jstor=361094|doi=10.2307/361094}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Scott|last=Scott|title=Scott 2006 Classic Specialized Catalogue|publisher=Scott Pub. Co.|year=2005|isbn=0-89487-358-X}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Sherman|last=Sherman|first=William T.|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar| date = 1990|isbn=1-174-63172-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Simon|last=Simon|first=Paul|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnspreparat0000simo|publisher=University of Illinois| date = 1990|isbn=0-252-00203-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=Smith|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same| date = 2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Steers|last=Steers|first=Edward|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnassassina0000stee|publisher=Harper Collins| date = 2010|isbn=0-06-178775-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Striner| first=Richard| title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery| url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri| date = 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Tagg|title=The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President|first=Larry|last=Tagg|publisher=Savas Beatie| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-932714-61-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Taranto|last1=Taranto|first1=James|author2=Leonard Leo|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|date= Hunyo 1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|publisher=Organization of American Historians|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{cite book|isbn=978-0-8071-3231-9|oclc=|title=Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas|url=|authorlink=Emory M. Thomas|last= Thomas|first=Emory M.|editor1-first=Lesley J.|editor1-last=Gordon|editor2-first=John C.|editor2-last=Inscoe|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|last=Thomas|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnbi0000thom_k6f1|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4|oclc=|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnfuneraltr0000tros|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Vorenberg|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|title=Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=White|last=White, Jr.|first=Ronald C.|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House, Inc| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Wills|first=Garry|last=Wills|authorlink=Garry Wills|title=[[Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America]]|isbn=0-671-86742-3| date = 1993|publisher=Simon & Schuster }} * {{Cite book|ref=Wilson|first=Douglas L.|last=Wilson|publisher=Knopf Publishing Group|title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/honorsvoicetrans0000wils_d8n4| date = 1999|isbn=978-0-375-70396-6 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Winkle|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/youngeagleriseof0000wink| date = 2001|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-0-87833-255-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Zarefsky|authorlink=David Zarefsky|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolndouglassl0000davi|last=Zarefsky|first=David S.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1993}} * {{Cite journal|last=Zilversmit|first=Arthur| date = 1980|title=Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=2|issue=11|pages=22–24|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234453/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archivedate= 20 Hulyo 2011|ref=}} {{Refend}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Miller |first=William Lee |last=Miller |title=Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsvirtuese00mill |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-40158-X |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf }} --> ===Historiograpiya=== * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-58182-369-1|title=One Hundred Essential Lincoln Books|url=https://archive.org/details/100essentiallinc0000burk|last=Burkhimer|first=Michael|publisher=Cumberland House|location=| date = 2003}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-393-06756-9|title=Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393067569|last=Foner|first=Eric|publisher=W.W. Norton |location=| date = 2008}} * Manning, Chandra, "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation," ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,'' 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39. * Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars," ''Twentieth Century British History,'' (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp 486–509 * Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood," ''Smithsonian'' (2012) 43#7 pp 46–53. ===Dugang nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-8018-8993-6|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Life ''(2 volumes)''|authorlink=Michael Burlingame (historian)|last=Burlingame|first=Michael|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87249-400-8|title=Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnblackfree00coxl|authorlink=LaWanda Cox |last=Cox|first=LaWanda|publisher=University of South Carolina Press |location=| date = 1981}} * Green, Michael S. ''Lincoln and the Election of 1860'' (Concise Lincoln Library) [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Election-1860-Concise-Library/dp/0809330350/ excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book|author=Holzer, Harold|title=Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=34cVaFHdgMMC| date = 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8947-4}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-59420-191-2|title=Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief|url=https://archive.org/details/triedbywarabraha00mcph|last=McPherson|first=James M.|publisher=Penguin Press |location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|author=Miller, Richard Lawrence|title=Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843–1853|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c1odBTiRSJcC| date = 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5928-5}}, vol 3. of detailed biography * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-306-80209-6|title=The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnen0000neel_o4t9|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Da Capo Press| date = 1984}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-674-51125-5|title=The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbesthopeofea0000neel|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 1994}} * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=4183070|title=Lincoln the President ''(4 volumes)''|last=Randall|first=James G.|publisher=Dodd, Mead |location=| date = 1945–1955}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Abraham Lincoln | b=no | n=no | q=Abraham Lincoln | s=Author:Abraham Lincoln|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=Abraham Lincoln}} * [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln] * {{CongBio|L000313}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library] * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130624231258/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln |date=2013-06-24 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/prespoetry/al.html Poetry written by Abraham Lincoln] * [http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319053819/http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx |date= 19 Marso 2015 }} Springfield, Illinois * [http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/ The Papers of Abraham Lincoln] documentary editing project * {{US patent |6469 |US PATNo. 6,469}}—''Manner of Buoying Vessels''—A. Lincoln—1849 * [http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 National Endowment for the Humanities Spotlight&nbsp;– Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210055506/http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 |date= 10 Disyembre 2017 }} * [http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111050304/http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ |date=2025-01-11 }} * [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508095428/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ |date=1999-05-08 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725003410/http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 Abraham Lincoln] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' * [http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx C-SPAN's ''Lincoln 200 Years''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043119/http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx |date= 2 Septyembre 2011 }} * [http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ Facts about Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304152804/http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ |date=2015-03-04 }} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/stern-lincoln/ The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana] From the Collections at the Library of Congress * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22abraham%20lincoln%22 References to Lincoln in European historic newspapers] * {{Gutenberg author | id=Lincoln,+Abraham | name=Abraham Lincoln}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=2233}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1865]] [[Kaarangay:Abraham Lincoln]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Illinois|Lincoln, Abraham]] h4x17hhb4ifkrukfdcbowkho6uzwqqb 0 17999 7785608 7783433 2026-08-27T20:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785608 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GilgameshTablet.jpg|thumb]] An '''Epiko ni Gilgamesh''' amo an usa ka siday epiko tikang ha Hadto nga Mesopotamia nga usa ha ginsyasyahani nga kilala nga buhat han mga panurat literatura. ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|3}} ===Bibliograpiya=== ====Mga paghubad han Epiko==== * {{cite book |author=Jastrow, M. and Clay, A |title=An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts|url=https://archive.org/details/ost-english-an_old_babylonian_version_of_the_gilgame | year=1920}} * {{cite book |author=Sandars, N. K |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Epics)|url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse_f4b8 | location= London | publisher= Penguin | year=2006 | isbn=0-14-102628-6}}: re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 (ISBN 014044100X) without the introduction. * {{cite book |author=Mason, Herbert |title=Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshversena0000maso_l9v4 |location=Boston |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-618-27564-9}} First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin; Mentor Books paperback published 1972. * {{cite book |author=Kovacs, Maureen Gallery, transl. with intro. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |location=Stanford University Press |publisher=Stanford, California |year=1985,1989 |isbn=0-8047-1711-7}} Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI). * {{cite book |author=Ferry, David |title=Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewrend00ferr |year=1993 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=0-374-52383-5 |authorlink=David Ferry (poet)}} * {{cite book | author=Jackson, Danny |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh | url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse |location=Wauconda, IL |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=0-86516-352-9}} * {{cite book |author=[[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]], with Mikko Luuko, and Kalle Fabritius |title=The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://archive.org/details/standardbabyloni0000unse |publisher=The [[Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project]] |year=1997 |isbn=951-45-7760-4}}: (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English * {{cite book |author=George, Andrew R., trans. & edit. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh; The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian.|url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgameshb0000unse_k8l3 |publisher=Penguin |location=England |year=2000 |isbn=0-14-044721-0}} * {{cite book |author=Foster, Benjamin R., trans. & edit. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2001 |isbn=0-393-97516-9}} * {{cite book |author=George, Andrew R., trans. & edit. |title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=England |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-814922-0}} * {{cite book |author=Mitchell, Stephen |title=Gilgamesh: A New English Version |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewengl0000mitc |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-6164-X |authorlink=Stephen Mitchell (translator)}} ====Analisis han Epiko==== * {{cite book |last = Jacobsen |first = Thorkild |authorlink = Thorkild Jacobsen |title = The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 1976 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pD17nsgWQBoC&dq=%22The+Treasures+of+Darkness,+A+History+of+Mesopotamian+Religion%22&pg=PP1&ots=xIB1vOkUgr&sig=48BSBQDrKwEWbD_1_tlIU7hkc0Y&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result |isbn = 0-300-01844-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Tigay |first = Jeffrey H. |title = The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year = 1982 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HzYOAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic%22&dq=%22The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic%22&num=100&client=opera&pgis=1 |isbn = 0-8122-7805-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Kluger |first = Rivkah |title = The Gilgamesh Epic: A Psychological Study of a Modern Ancient Hero |publisher = Daimon |year = 1991 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oALOCGuQHK0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=gilgamesh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UICgUJcqqbfQAZ_NgYAO&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBjgK |isbn = 3-85630-523-8 }} * {{cite book |last = West |first = Martin Litchfield |authorlink = Martin Litchfield West |title = The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth |publisher = Clarendon Press |year = 1997 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wuHeHQAACAAJ&dq=%22The+East+Face+of+Helicon%22&num=100&client=opera |isbn = 0-19-815042-3 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book |last = Best |first = Robert |title = Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic |publisher = Eisenbrauns |year = 1999 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VVjXAAAAMAAJ&q=noah's+ark+and+the+ziusudra+epic&dq=noah's+ark+and+the+ziusudra+epic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7yckUsjXFKTl4AOi5YCYAw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA |isbn = 0-9667840-1-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Damrosch |first = David |title = The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh |publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company|Henry Holt and Co.]] |year = 2007 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6jJQLrJXrakC&pg=PP1&dq=%22The+Buried+Book:+The+Loss+and+Rediscovery+of+the+Great+Epic+of+Gilgamesh%22&num=100&client=opera&sig=ACfU3U19bQtV0FbzQHz00tu38-cpnaTj3g |isbn = 0-8050-8029-5 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the [[Sumerian language]] can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, E.]], and Zólyomi, G., ''[http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210062657/http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ |date=2008-12-10 }}'', Oxford 1998–. ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5# Gilgamesh and Huwawa], version A ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5.1# Gilgamesh and Huwawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909075934/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5.1 |date=2010-09-09 }}, version B ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.2# Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven] ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1# Gilgamesh and Aga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114709/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1 |date=2016-10-09 }} ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.4# Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world] ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.3# The death of Gilgamesh] * [http://www.jasoncolavito.com/epic-of-gilgamesh.html The 1901 full text translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh by William Muss-Arnolt] * {{Gutenberg|no=11000|name=An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic by Anonymous}}, edited by Morris Jastrow, translated by Albert T. Clay * [http://public.wsu.edu/~gened/orpheus/orpheus_gilgamesh.htm Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805175724/https://public.wsu.edu/~gened/orpheus/orpheus_gilgamesh.htm |date=2020-08-05 }} by Richard Hooker (wsu.edu) *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/reginald-campbell-thompson-translation/ The Epic of Gilgamesh, Complete Academic Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515171703/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/reginald-campbell-thompson-translation/ |date=2014-05-15 }} by [[Reginald Campbell Thompson|R. Campbell Thompson]] *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/maureen-gallery-kovacs-translation/ The Epic of Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515171700/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/maureen-gallery-kovacs-translation/ |date=2014-05-15 }} by Kovacs, M.G., *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/robert-temple-translation/ He Who Saw Everything: Verse Translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810090839/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/robert-temple-translation/ |date=2013-08-10 }} by Temple, R.K.G., [[Kaarangay:Epiko ni Gilgamesh]] tovd49qcdlgq8tv2ercca32qlc26s8f 0 18006 7785597 7783314 2026-08-27T20:40:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ottoman sultan |Sultan_Name= Sulemian I |title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of]] [[Ottoman Empire|the Ottoman Empire]]<br />[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]<br />[[Caliph|Islamic Caliph]]<br />[[Amir al-Mu'minin]] |image_portrait= EmperorSuleiman.jpg |image_tugra= Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg |caption= Suleyman I attributed to school of [[Titian]] c.1530 |reign= 1520–1566 (46 years) |Military= Growth of the Ottoman Empire |coronation= 30 September 1520 |name = Suleiman the Magnificent<br />سلطان سليمان اول |full name= Suleiman bin Selim bin Bayezid bin Mehmed bin Murad bin Mehmed bin Bayezid bin Murad bin Orhan bin Osman bin Ertuğrul |before= [[Selim I]] |after= [[Selim II]] |suc-type= Heir Apparent |consort= [[Hürrem Sultan]] | =[[Roxelana|Hürrem Sultan]] (Roxelana) |issue= [[Shahzade Mahmud]] (1511–1521)<br /> [[Shahzade Mustafa]] (1515–1553)<br /> [[Shahzade Mehmed]] (1523–1543)<br /> [[Mihrimah Sultana]] (1524–1578)<br /> [[Selim II]] (1525–1574)<br /> [[Şehzade Beyazıt|Shahzade Bayezid]] (1527–1561)<br /> [[Shahzade Cihangir]] (1535–1553)<br /> |royal house= [[House of Osman]] |father= [[Selim I]] |mother= [[Ayşe Hafsa Sultan]] |birth_date={{birth date|1494|11|06|df=y}} |birth_place=[[Trabzon]] |death_date= 5/6 September 1566 (aged 71) |death_place=[[Szigetvár]], [[Hungary]] |burial_place=[[Süleymaniye Mosque]], [[Constantinople]]<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; ''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''</ref><ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Britannica, Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul |date=2007-12-18 }}:''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref> (present day [[Istanbul]]) |spouse 2= [[Haseki]] [[Hürrem Sultan]] <br />[[Mahidevran Sultan]] |religion=[[Sunni Islam]] |}} Hi '''Suleiman I''' (Tinurkiya Otomano: سليمان Sulaymān, Tinurkiya: Süleyman; agsob igtawag nga ''Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'') (6 Nobyembre 1494 – 5/6/7 Septyembre 1566), amo an ikanapulo ngan gihahalaba-i nga namuno nga Sultan han Imperyo Otomano, tikang 1520 kutob ha iya kamatay han 1566. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Mga reperensya == ;Nakaimprenta nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite book |last=Ahmed|first=Syed Z|title=The Zenith of an Empire : The Glory of the Suleiman the Magnificent and the Law Giver |url=https://archive.org/details/zenithofempiregl0000ahme|year=2001 |publisher=A.E.R. Publications |isbn=978-0-9715873-0-4}} *{{cite book |last=Atıl |first=Esin |title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsultansleym0000atle |year=1987 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-89468-098-4}} *{{cite journal|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|title=The Golden Age of Ottoman Art|accessdate=2007-04-18|journal=Saudi Aramco World|year=1987|month=July/August|volume=38|issue=4|pages=24–33|issn=1530-5821|location=Houston, Texas|publisher=Aramco Services Co|last=Atıl|first=Esin|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609191610/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|url-status=}} *{{cite book |last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn : From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk |url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|year=1976 |isbn=978-0-330-24735-1}} *{{cite book |last=Clot | first=André | authorlink=André Clot |title=Suleiman the Magnificent : The Man, His Life, His Epoch|year=1992 |publisher=[[Saqi Books]] |location=London|isbn=978-0-86356-126-9}} * Garnier, Edith ''L'Alliance Impie'' Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 [http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence |date=2009-08-18 }} *{{cite book |last=Greenblatt |first=Miriam |title=Süleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire |year=2003|publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7614-1489-6}} *{{cite book |last=Imber|first=Colin|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire1300000imbe|year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-333-61386-3}} *{{cite book |last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=The Ottoman centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow |year=1979 |location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{cite journal|journal=International journal of Middle East studies|last=Labib|first=Subhi|title=The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1979-11_10_4/page/435|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|month=November|year=1979|pages=435–451|volume=10|issue=4|issn=0020-7438}} *{{cite book |last=Lamb|first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Suleiman, the Magnificent, Sultan of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanthemagni001564mbp|location=Garden City, N.Y. |publisher=Doubleday |year=1951 |oclc=397000 |isbn=1-4067-7271-2}} *{{cite book |last=Levey|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Levey |title=The World of Ottoman Art |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofottomanar0000leve_n0z4|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1975 |isbn=0-500-27065-1}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard|authorlink=Bernard Lewis |title=What Went Wrong? : Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcla0000lewi |year=2002|publisher=Phoenix|location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-1675-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Phillip |title=Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleci0000mans |year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-18708-8}} *{{cite book |last=Merriman|first=Roger Bigelow |title=Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1944|oclc=784228 |isbn=1-4067-7272-0}} *{{cite journal|journal=National geographic|last=Severy|first=Merle |title=The World of Süleyman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-geographic_1987-11_172_5/page/n25|location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic Society |month=November |year=1987 |pages=552–601 |volume=172|issue=5 |issn=0027-9358}} *{{cite book |last=Sicker|first=Martin |title=The Islamic World In Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicworldinas0000sick|year=2000 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-275-96892-2}} *{{cite journal |title=Suleiman The Lawgiver |accessdate=2007-04-18 |journal=Saudi Aramco World |year=1964 |month=March/April |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=8–10 |issn=1530-5821 |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Aramco Services Co |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |archive-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513164833/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |url-status= }}</div> ;Aada-ha-linya nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/794.html|title=1548-49|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/795.html|title=1553-55|accessdate=2007-04-18|work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001|archive-date=2009-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130012437/http://bartleby.com/67/795.html|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/sample-10.html |title=A 400 Year Old Love Poem|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=Women in World History Curriculum Showcase}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|title=Suleiman The Magnificent|accessdate=2007-04-18|first=Mark|last=Embree|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930054118/http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|archivedate=2006-09-30|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309091926/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|title=Suleyman the Magnificent Poet|archivedate=2006-03-09|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Halman|first=Talat|year=1988|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|title=The History of Malta|accessdate=2007-04-27|first=|last=|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501155037/http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|archivedate=2007-05-01|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.turkcebilgi.net/kim-kimdir/m/muhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html |title=Muhibbî (Kanunî Sultan Süleyman) |accessdate=2008-01-13 |work=Türkçe Bilgi—Kim kimdir? |language=Turkish }} *{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6163EF935A15752C0A961948260|title=The Age of Sultan Suleyman |accessdate=2007-08-09 |first=John |last=Russell|date=2007-01-26|publisher=New York Times}} *{{cite web|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|title=Suleiman I|accessdate=2008-04-17|first=Malcolm|last=Edward Yapp|work=Microsoft Encarta|year=2007|archive-date=2008-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|url-status=dead}} </div> *A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria" by Dimana Trankova, Anthony Georgieff and Professor Hristo Matanov; published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011 [[www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria]] == Dugang nga barasahon == <div class="references-small"> *[[Alum Bati]], "Harem Secrets", Trafford, 2008, ISBN=1-4251-5750-5 *{{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Anthony|title=Suleiman the Magnificent, Scourge of Heaven |url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanmagnific0000brid |year=1983 |location=New York |publisher=F. Watts |oclc=9853956 |isbn=0-88029-169-9}} *{{cite book |last=Downey |first=Fairfax Davis |title=The Grand Turke, Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans |year= |publisher=Minton, Balch & Company |location=New York|oclc=25776191}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |last=Hooker |first=Richard |title=The Ottomans: Suleyman |accessdate=2007-09-02 |archive-date=1999-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117031057/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=Lybyer|first=Albert Howe|title=The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentottom01lybygoog|year=1913 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |oclc=1562148 |isbn=0-404-14681-3}} </div> *[[André Clot]] ''Soliman Le Magnifique'', Fayard, Paris, 1983, 469 p.&nbsp;ISBN 2-213-01260-1 == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Suleiman I}} * [http://ansiklopedika.org/Kanuni Detailed information about Suleiman the Magnificent on Ansiklopedika.org]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{tr}} *[http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 Sultan Suleyman Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224133530/http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 |date=2007-12-24 }} *[http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm Portraits and Tughra of Suleiman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614160210/http://paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suleiman 01}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1494]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1566]] [[Kaarangay:Imperyo Otomano]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Suleiman 01]] i0j0hu0fttzhi6yhw6ahjhqzrcheylx 0 18059 7785667 7783440 2026-08-27T21:27:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Hans Christian Andersen | image = Hans Christian Andersen by Thora Hallager 1869.jpg | caption = Photograph taken by [[Thora Hallager]], 1869 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1805|4|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Odense]], [[Funen]], [[Kingdom of Denmark and Norway]] (modern [[Denmark]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1875|8|4|1805|4|2|df=y}} | death_place = [[Copenhagen]], Kingdom of Denmark | death_cause = Liver cancer | occupation = Writer | language = Danish | nationality = Danish | genre = [[Children's literature]], [[travel literature|travelogue]] | influences = [[Ludvig Holberg]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[Heinrich Heine]], [[The Brothers Grimm]] | signature = Hans Christian Andersen Signature.svg }} Hi '''Hans Christian Andersen''' (2 Abril 1805 – 4 Agosto 1875) amo an usa ka taga Dinamarka nga manunurat ngan magsiriday. ==Mga libro nga iya sinurat== {{div col|3}} * [[The Angel (fairy tale)|The Angel]] (1843) * [[The Bell (fairy tale)|The Bell]] * [[The Emperor's New Clothes]] (1837) * [[The Fir-Tree]] (1844) * [[The Galoshes of Fortune]] (1838) * [[The Happy Family (fairy tale)|The Happy Family]] * [[The Ice-Maiden]] (1863) * [[It's Quite True!]] * [[The Little Match Girl]] (1845) * [[The Little Mermaid]] (1837) * [[Little Tuck]] * [[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|The Nightingale]] (1843) * [[The Old House (fairly tale)|The Old House]] * [[The Princess and the Pea]] (1835) * [[The Red Shoes (fairy tale)|The Red Shoes]] (1845) * [[Ole Lukøje|Sandman]] (1841) * [[Several Things]] (1837) * [[The Shadow (fairy tale)|The Shadow]] (1847) * [[The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep]] (1845) * [[The Snow Queen]] (1844) * [[The Steadfast Tin Soldier]] (1838) * [[The Story of a Mother]] (1847) * [[The Swineherd]] (1841) * [[Thumbelina]] (1835) * [[The Tinderbox]] (1835) * [[The Ugly Duckling]] (1843) * [[The Wild Swans]] (1838) {{div col end}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite book|title=Fairy Tales |last=Andersen |first=Hans Christian |editor=Jackie Wullschläger |year=2005 |origyear=2004 |publisher=Viking |location=New York|isbn=0-670-03377-4 |others=Tiina Nunnally|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000ande_u4l3 |last=Andersen |first=Jens |year=2005 |origyear=2003 |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |location=New York, Woodstock, and London |isbn=978-1-58567-737-5 |others=Tiina Nunnally |postscript=.}} *{{cite book|last=Bredsdorff|first=Elias|title=Hans Christian Andersen: the story of his life and work 1805-75|year=1975|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=0-7148-1636-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HZg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168|accessdate=4 April 2012|ref=harv}} * Stig Dalager, ''Journey in Blue'', historical, biographical novel about H.C.Andersen, Peter Owen, London 2006, McArthur & Co., Toronto 2006. * [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]], ''Swan of Denmark: The Story of Hans Christian Andersen'', Heinemann, 1949 * [[Rictor Norton|Norton, Rictor]] (ed.) ''My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries''. Leyland Publications, San Francisco. 1998 ISBN 0-943595-71-1 * {{cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: Danish Writer and Citizen of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000sven_p2b0 |last=Rossel |first=Sven Hakon |publisher=Rodopi |year=1996 |isbn=9-051-83944-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=The King's Ballet Master |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsballetmaste0000unse |last=Terry |first=Walter |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=0-396-07722-6 |postscript=.}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller |last=Wullschläger |first=Jackie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2002 |origyear=2000 |isbn=0-226-91747-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Misunderstood Storyteller |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000zipe |last=Zipes |first=Jack |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York and London |isbn=0-415-97433-X |postscript=.}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|Hans Christian Andersen|s=Author:Hans Christian Andersen|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|}} *{{OL author|OL25931A}} *[https://archive.org/stream/storyofmylif00ande#page/n17/mode/2up ''The Story of My Life''] (1871) by Hans Christian Andersen - English *[http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk Hans Christian Andersen Information Odense] *[http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/?page_id=14071 Hans Christian Andersen biography] *[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3AHans%20Christian%20Andersen%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Hans Christian Andersen] at [[Internet Archive]]. Scanned, color illustrated first editions. *{{worldcat id|lccn-n97-16738}} *[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/04/arts/04hans.html And the cobbler's son became a princely author] Details of Andersen's life and the celebrations. *[http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/index_e.html The Hans Christian Andersen Center] - contains many Andersen's stories in Danish and English *The Hans Christian Andersen Museum in Odense has a large digital collection of Hans Christian Andersen [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/klip/billedstart.asp?language=en papercuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308023347/http://hca.museum.odense.dk/klip/billedstart.asp?language=en |date=2014-03-08 }}, [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/tegning/billedstart.asp?language=en drawings] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706135443/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/tegning/billedstart.asp?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} and [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/portraet/billedstart.asp?language=en portraits] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706135515/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/portraet/billedstart.asp?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} - You can follow his [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/rejser/index.aspx?language=en travels] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706140909/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/rejser/index.aspx?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} across Europe and explore his [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/nyhavn/nyhavnuk.asp Nyhavn study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103013125/http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/nyhavn/nyhavnuk.asp |date=2010-01-03 }}. *The [http://www.omsd.dk/themes/hc_andersen_uk/uk_hc_andersen_main_frame.htm Orders and Medals Society of Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120004806/http://www.omsd.dk/themes/hc_andersen_uk/uk_hc_andersen_main_frame.htm |date=2005-11-20 }} has descriptions of Hans Christian Andersen's Medals and Decorations. * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/114.html Jean Hersholt Collections of Hans Christian Andersen] From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Andersen, Hans Christian}} [[Kaarangay:Hans Christian Andersen| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1805]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1875]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] [[Kaarangay:Dinamarka]] 9dsa2sn2d8rzhyov1mctt6xm56tw6ap 0 18064 7785687 7782650 2026-08-27T21:39:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785687 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The viaduct La Polvorilla, Salta Argentina.jpg|thumb|Asero]] [[File:Steel wire rope.JPG|thumb]] An '''asero'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 19. </ref> amo an gintampotampo nga mga metal nga [[puthaw]] an kadam-an nga sangkap. == Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== *{{Cite book|last = Ashby|first = Michael F.|authorlink = Michael F. Ashby|last2 = Jones|first2 = David Rayner Hunkin|title = An introduction to microstructures, processing and design|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann|year = 1992|ref = harv}} *{{Cite book|last = Bugayev|first = K.|last2 = Konovalov|first2 = Y.|last3 = Bychkov|first3 = Y.|last4 = Tretyakov|first4 = E.|last5 = Savin|first5 = Ivan V.|title = Iron and Steel Production|publisher = The Minerva Group, Inc.|year = 2001|url = http://books.google.com/?id=MJdIVtmwuUsC|isbn = 978-0-89499-109-7|accessdate = 2009-07-19}}. *{{Cite book|last = Degarmo|first = E. Paul|last2 = Black|first2 = J T.|last3 = Kohser|first3 = Ronald A.|title = Materials and Processes in Manufacturing|url = https://archive.org/details/materialsprocess0000unse_f7f4|publisher = Wiley|year = 2003|edition = 9th|isbn = 0-471-65653-4|ref = harv}} *Gernet, Jacques (1982). ''A History of Chinese Civilization''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. *{{Cite book|last = Smith|first = William F.|last2 = Hashemi|first2 = Javad|title = Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering|url = https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmat0000smit_c0v4|edition = 4th|year = 2006|publisher = McGraw-Hill|isbn = 0-07-295358-6|ref = harv}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *Duncan Burn; ''[http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3914930 The Economic History of Steelmaking, 1867–1939: A Study in Competition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726170156/http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3914930 |date=2012-07-26 }}''. Cambridge University Press, 1961. *Harukiyu Hasegawa, ''[http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108742046 The Steel Industry in Japan: A Comparison with Britain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418193928/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108742046 |date=2012-04-18 }}''. 1996. *J. C. Carr and W. Taplin, ''[http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=808791 History of the British Steel Industry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729081240/http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=808791 |date=2012-07-29 }}''. Harvard University Press, 1962. *H. Lee Scamehorn, ''[http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94821694 Mill & Mine: The Cf&I in the Twentieth Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726043744/http://questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94821694 |date=2012-07-26 }}''. University of Nebraska Press, 1992. *Needham, Joseph (1986). ''Science and Civilization in China'': Volume 4, Part 1 & Part 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. *Warren, Kenneth, ''[http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0558 Big Steel: The First Century of the United States Steel Corporation, 1901–2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501214026/http://eh.net/bookreviews/library/0558 |date=2010-05-01 }}''. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons|Steel}} {{Wiktionary|steel}} *[http://www.worldsteel.org/ World Steel Association (worldsteel)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827105918/http://www.worldsteel.org/ |date=2019-08-27 }} *[http://steeluniversity.org/ steeluniversity.org: Online steel education resources from worldsteel and the University of Liverpool] *[http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/Fealloys.html Huge archive on steels, Cambridge University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101230124/http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2005/Fealloys.html |date=2017-01-01 }} *[http://www.wastedtalent.ca/comic/cooking-steel Cooking with Steels] *[http://books.google.com/books?id=brpx-LtdCLYC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&d#v=onepage&q&f=true, Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist from the American Society for Metals] *[http://www.matdat.com MATDAT Database of Properties of Unalloyed, Low-Alloy and High-Alloy Steels – obtained from published results of material testing] [[kaarangay:Asero]] 4wtk5sagneas0bgsgq9gh2rhg8s2j81 0 18067 7785699 6339138 2026-08-27T21:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Protein Composite.jpg|thumb]] An mga '''protina''' amo an dagko nga mga molekula nga tikang ha gudti nga mga [[asido amino]]. Kinahanglan hira para humataas ngan mag-ayad, ngan pagpakusog han mga tul-an o bukog. Nabulig hira paghimo hin tisyu ngan selula. Mabibilngan ini ha mga hayop, tanom, bakterya, gungi ngan ha lawas han tawo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |author= Branden C, Tooze J |title=Introduction to Protein Structure |publisher=Garland Pub |location=New York |year=1999 |isbn=0-8153-2305-0}} *{{cite book |author=Murray RF, Harper HW, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW |title=Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/harpersillustrat0000unse_l8z7 |publisher=Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill |location=New York |year=2006 |isbn=0-07-146197-3}} *{{cite book |author=Van Holde KE, Mathews CK |title=Biochemistry |publisher=Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc|location=Menlo Park, California |year=1996 |isbn=0-8053-3931-0}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Proteins}} {{Wiktionary|protein}} ===Mga database ngan proyekto=== *[http://www.jcvi.org/pn-utility The Protein Naming Utility] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221003541/http://www.jcvi.org/pn-utility |date=2012-12-21 }} *[http://www.proteinatlas.org/ Human Protein Atlas] *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=protein NCBI Entrez Protein database] *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=structure NCBI Protein Structure database] *[http://www.hprd.org/ Human Protein Reference Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424071622/http://www.hprd.org/ |date=2006-04-24 }} *[http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/ Human Proteinpedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314135408/http://www.humanproteinpedia.org/ |date=2007-03-14 }} *[http://folding.stanford.edu/ Folding@Home (Stanford University)]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908075542/http://folding.stanford.edu/English/HomePage |date=2012-09-08 }} *[http://ctd.mdibl.org/ Comparative Toxicogenomics Database] curates protein–chemical interactions, as well as gene/protein–disease relationships and chemical-disease relationships. *[https://jerseysforcheapshop.com/10-best-whey-protein-in-india/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910065019/https://jerseysforcheapshop.com/10-best-whey-protein-in-india/ |date=2021-09-10 }} How To Check Protein Deficiency. *[http://www.pdbe.org/ Protein Databank in Europe] (see also [https://jerseysforcheapshop.com/10-best-peanut-butter-in-india-for-september-2021/ PDBeQuips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910065132/https://jerseysforcheapshop.com/10-best-peanut-butter-in-india-for-september-2021/ |date=2021-09-10 }}, short articles and tutorials on interesting PDB structures) *[http://www.rcsb.org/ Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics] (see also [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/index.html Molecule of the Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724151351/https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/static.do?p=education_discussion%2Fmolecule_of_the_month%2Findex.html |date=2020-07-24 }}, presenting short accounts on selected proteins from the PDB) *[http://www.proteopedia.org/ Proteopedia&nbsp;– Life in 3D]: rotatable, zoomable 3D model with wiki annotations for every known protein molecular structure. *[http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/ UniProt the Universal Protein Resource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608183902/http://www.expasy.uniprot.org/ |date=2008-06-08 }} *[http://www.nextprot.org/ neXtProt&nbsp;– Exploring the universe of human proteins]: human-centric protein knowledge resource *[https://www.proteinspire.org/MOPED/mopedviews/mopedAbout.jsf/ Multi-Omics Profiling Expression Database: MOPED] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022042926/https://www.proteinspire.org/MOPED/mopedviews/mopedAbout.jsf |date=2014-10-22 }} human and model organism protein/gene knowledge and expression data ===Mga patutdo ngan mga websayt hin pag-aram=== *[http://hopes.stanford.edu/basics/proteins/p0.html "An Introduction to Proteins"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715114318/http://hopes.stanford.edu/basics/proteins/p0.html |date=2010-07-15 }} from [[HOPES]] (Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford) *[http://www.biochemweb.org/proteins.shtml Proteins: Biogenesis to Degradation&nbsp;– The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050219090405/http://www.biochemweb.org/proteins.shtml |date=2005-02-19 }} tsvpp3zinfxryeoloh1f9309thxk8qt 0 18123 7785593 7645708 2026-08-27T20:38:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sperm-egg.jpg|thumb]] Ha biyolohiya, an '''seks'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 334. </ref> amo an pamaagi han pagtampo ngan paguukay han mga henetika nga namamana, haros nagkakamayda hin paglalainlain hin organismo pakadto ha lalaki ngan babaye. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{refbegin|30em}} * Arnqvist, G. & Rowe, L. (2005) ''[[Sexual conflict]]''. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 0-691-12217-2 * {{cite book| author=Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, and Walter P| title=Molecular Biology of the Cell| url=https://archive.org/details/molecularbiology0004albe| edition=4th| year=2002| isbn=0-8153-3218-1| publisher=Garland Science| location=New York}} * Ellis, Havelock (1933). ''Psychology of Sex''. London: W. Heinemann Medical Books. xii, 322 p. ''N.B''.: One of many books by this pioneering authority on aspects of human sexuality. * {{cite book| title=Developmental Biology| url=https://archive.org/details/developmentalbio00gilb| edition=6th| author=Gilbert SF| publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.| year=2000| isbn=0-87893-243-7}} * Maynard-Smith, J. ''The Evolution of Sex''. Cambridge University Press, 1978. {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Sister project links|Sex}} *{{Wikipedia books link}} * [http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html Human Sexual Differentiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209011913/http://www.gfmer.ch/Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html |date=2010-02-09 }} by P. C. Sizonenko [[Category:Biyolohiya]] j2dox7b72qb0m0ujx26uz25n3q1jvhc 0 18138 7785611 7783411 2026-08-27T20:48:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785611 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bob-Marley-in-Concert Zurich 05-30-80.jpg|thumb|Bob Marley han 1980]] An '''reggae''' usa ka musika nga nagtikang ha Jamaica han urhi nga mga 1960. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2008). ''Les origines du reggae: retour aux sources. Mento, ska, rocksteady, early reggae'', L'Harmattan, coll. Univers musical. ISBN 978-2-296-06252-8 {{fr icon}} * Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini (2011). ''Vibrations jamaïcaines. L'Histoire des musiques populaires jamaïcaines au XXe siècle'', Camion Blanc. ISBN 978-2-35779-157-2 {{fr icon}} * {{cite book|author=Manuel, Peter, with Kenneth Bilby and Michael Largey|title=Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (2nd edition). Temple University Press, 2006|isbn=1-59213-463-7|year=2006|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia, PA }} *{{cite book | author=O'Brien Chang, Kevin & Chen, Wayne | title=Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music | publisher=Ian Randle Publishers | year=1998 | isbn=976-8100-67-2}} * {{cite book |last=Leymarie |first=Isabelle |authorlink=Isabelle Leymarie |title = Du tango au reggae: musiques noires d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes |url=https://archive.org/details/dutangoaureggaem0000leym |publisher = Flammarion |year = 1996 |location = Paris |isbn = 2082108139}} *{{cite book |last=Leymarie |first=Isabelle |authorlink=Isabelle Leymarie |title = Músicas del Caribe |url=https://archive.org/details/musicasdelcaribe0000leym |publisher = Akal |year = 1998 |location = Madrid |isbn = 8440677057}} *{{cite book | author=Larkin, Colin (ed.) | title=The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000lark | publisher=Virgin | year= 1998| isbn=0-7535-0242-9}} *{{cite book | author=[[Steve Barrow|Barrow, Steve]] & Dalton, Peter | title=The Rough Guide to Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoregg00barr| publisher=Rough Guides | year=2004 for the 3rd edition | isbn=1-84353-329-4 }} *{{cite book | author=Morrow, Chris | title=Stir It Up: Reggae Cover Art | publisher=Thames & Hudson | year= 1999| isbn=0-500-28154-8}} *{{cite book | author=Jahn, Brian & Weber, Tom | title=Reggae Island: Jamaican Music in the Digital Age | publisher=Da Capo Press | year= 1998| isbn=0-306-80853-6}} *{{cite book | author=Hurford, Ray (ed.) | title=More Axe | url=https://archive.org/details/moreaxe00blac | publisher=Erikoispaino Oy | year= 1987| isbn=951-99841-4-3}} *{{cite book | author=Potash, Chris (ed.) | title=Reggae, Rasta, Revolution: Jamaican Music from Ska to Dub | url=https://archive.org/details/reggaerastarevol00chri | publisher=Schirmer Books | year= 1997| isbn=0-8256-7212-0}} *{{cite book | author=Baek, Henrik & Hedegard, Hans | title=Dancehall Explosion, Reggae Music Into the Next Millennium | publisher=Samler Borsen Publishing, Denmark | year=1999 | isbn=87-981684-3-6}} *{{cite book | author=Katz, David | title=People Funny Boy: The Genius of Lee Scratch Perry | url=https://archive.org/details/peoplefunnyboy0000katz | publisher=Payback Press, UK | year=2000 | isbn=0-86241-854-2 | authorlink=David Katz (author)}} *{{cite book | author=Lesser, Beth | title=King Jammy's | url=https://archive.org/details/kingjammys00less | publisher=ECW Press | year=2002 | isbn=1-55022-525-1}} *{{cite book | author=Stolzoff, Norman C. | title=Wake The Town And Tell The People | url=https://archive.org/details/waketowntellpeop00stol | publisher=[[Duke University Press]], USA | year=2000 | isbn=0-8223-2514-4}} *{{cite book | author=Davis, Stephen & Simon, Peter | title=Reggae Bloodlines: In Search of the Music and Culture of Jamaica | publisher=Da Capo Press | year=1979 | isbn=0-306-80496-4}} *{{cite book | author=Katz, David | title=Solid Foundation - An Oral history of Reggae | url=https://archive.org/details/solidfoundation00davi | publisher=Bloomsburry, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-58234-143-5}} *{{cite book | author=[[Michael de Koningh|de Koningh, Michael]] & [[Laurence Cane-Honeysett|Cane-Honeysett, Laurence]] | title=Young Gifted and Black - The Story of Trojan Records | url=https://archive.org/details/younggiftedblack00deko| publisher=Sanctuary Publishing, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-86074-464-8}} *{{cite book | author=de Koningh, Michael & Griffiths, Marc | title=Tighten Up - The History of Reggae in the UK | publisher=Sanctuary Publishing, UK | year=2003 | isbn=1-86074-559-8}} *{{cite book | author=Bradley, Lloyd | title=Bass Culture. When Reggae Was King | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd, UK | year=2001 | isbn=0-14-023763-1 | authorlink=Lloyd Bradley}} *{{cite book | author=Bradley, Lloyd | title=This Is Reggae Music. The Story of Jamaica's Music | publisher= Penguin Books Ltd, UK | year=2000 | isbn=0-802-13828-4 | authorlink= Lloyd Bradley}} * {{cite book | author= Chang, Jeff | title=[[Can't Stop, Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation]] | publisher= St. Martin's Press, 2005 |isbn=0-312-30143-X | year= 2005 | authorlink= Jeff Chang (journalist) }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Bradley, Lloyd (1996). ''Reggae on CD: the Essential Collection''. London: Kyle-Cathie. 368 p. ISBN 1-85636-577-8. The ISBN is from the back cover; the ISBN on the verso of the t.p. is incomplete. ==External links== {{sisterlinks|d=Q9794|commons=Category:Reggae|mw=no|voy=no|species=no|wikt=reggae|b=Music_Theory/Reggae|s=no|n=no|v=no|q=no}} *{{DMOZ|Arts/Music/Styles/R/Regional_and_Ethnic/Reggae/}} * [http://www.reggaezon.com/ When Dancehall was Nice - In the 80s Dancehall Reggae Reggae Recall] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316021518/http://www.reggaezon.com/ |date=2015-03-16 }} * [http://www.reggae.today/ Reggae.Today] English/Italian web portal about Reggae Music. Exclusive interviews, events, news * [http://www.reggaeonline.es/ Reggae Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213160554/http://www.reggaeonline.es/ |date=2014-12-13 }} Spanish Reggae bands * [http://www.reggae-releases.com/ Reggae Releases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121095113/http://www.reggae-releases.com/ |date=2015-01-21 }} The best and future releases in reggae (Reggae albums database) [[Kaarangay:Reggae| ]] 2g1ylbahni0f7r8kos6nzttqkgcrlbf 0 18139 7785695 7775447 2026-08-27T21:45:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785695 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:PharoahSanders.jpg|thumb]] An '''Jazz''' amo an usa ka musika nga arte nga may gintikangan ha ika 20 siglo ha Aprikano-Amerikano nga komunidad ha Salatan Estados Unidos nga may impluwensya ha tradisyon musika han Aprika nga Europeyo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno, Theodor]]. ''Prisms'', Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1967. * [[William Francis Allen|Allen, William Francis]], [[Charles Pickard Ware]], and Lucy McLim Garrison, eds. 1867. ''[[Slave Songs of the United States]]''. New York: A Simpson & Co. Electronic edition, Chapel Hill, N. C.: Academic Affairs Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, [http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/allen/menu.html 2000]. * Joachim Ernst Berendt, Günther Huesmann (Bearb.): ''Das Jazzbuch''. 7. Auflage. S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2005, ISBN 3-10-003802-9 * Burns, Ken, and Geoffrey C. Ward. 2000. ''Jazz—A History of America's Music''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Also: The Jazz Film Project, Inc. * {{Cite book|last=Cooke|first=Mervyn|year=1999|title=Jazz|url=https://archive.org/details/jazz00cook|publication-place=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-20318-0|ref=harv}}. * Carr, Ian. ''Music Outside: Contemporary Jazz in Britain.'' 2nd edition. London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9550908-6-8 * Collier, James Lincoln. ''The Making of Jazz: A Comprehensive History'' (Dell Publishing Co., 1978) * Dance, Stanley (1983). ''The World of Earl Hines''. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80182-5. Includes a 120-page interview with Hines plus many photos. * [[Miles Davis|Davis, Miles]]. {{cite AV media|author=Miles Davis|title=Boplicity|publisher=Delta Music plc.|date=2005|id= UPC 4-006408-264637}} * Downbeat (2009). ''The Great Jazz Interviews'': Frank Alkyer & Ed Enright (eds). Hal Leonard Books. ISBN 978-1-4234-6384-9 * Elsdon, Peter. 2003. "''The Cambridge Companion to Jazz'', Edited by Mervyn Cooke and David Horn, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Review." ''Frankfürter Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft'' 6:159–75. * [[Gang Starr]]. 2006. ''Mass Appeal: The Best of Gang Starr''. CD recording 72435-96708-2-9. New York: Virgin Records. * Giddins, Gary. 1998. ''Visions of Jazz: The First Century''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507675-3 * Godbolt, Jim. 2005. ''A History of Jazz in Britain 1919–50''. London: Northway. ISBN 0-9537040-5-X * Gridley, Mark C. 2004. ''Concise Guide to Jazz'', fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-182657-3 * {{Cite book|author=Hersch, Charles|title=Subversive Sounds: Race and the Birth of Jazz in New Orleans|url=https://archive.org/details/subversivesounds0000char|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-226-32868-3}} * Kenney, William Howland. 1993. ''Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904–1930''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506453-4 (cloth); paperback reprint 1994 ISBN 0-19-509260-0 * {{Cite book|last=Oliver|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Oliver|year=1970|title=Savannah Syncopators: African Retentions in the Blues|place=London|publisher=Studio Vista|isbn=0-289-79827-2}}. * Mandel, Howard. 2007. ''Miles, Ornette, Cecil: Jazz Beyond Jazz''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96714-7. * Nairn, Charlie. 1975. ''Earl 'Fatha' HInes'': 1 hour 'solo' documentary made in "Blues Alley" Jazz Club, Washington DC, for ATV, England, 1975: produced/directed by Charlie Nairn: original 16mm film plus out-takes of additional tunes from that film archived in British Film Institute Library at bfi.org.uk and http://www.itvstudios.com: DVD copies with Jean Gray Hargrove Music Library [who hold The Earl Hines Collection/Archive], University of California, Berkeley: also University of Chicago, Hogan Jazz Archive Tulane University New Orleans and Louis Armstrong House Museum Libraries. * Peñalosa, David. 2010. ''The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins''. Redway, California: Bembe Inc. ISBN 1-886502-80-3. * Porter, Eric. 2002. ''What Is This Thing Called Jazz? African American Musicians as Artists, Critics and Activists''. London, England: University of California Press. * Ratliffe, Ben. 2002. ''Jazz: A Critic's Guide to the 100 Most Important Recordings''. The New York Times Essential Library. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7068-0 * [[Gunther Schuller|Schuller, Gunther]]. 1968. ''Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development.'' Oxford University Press. New printing 1986. * Schuller, Gunther. 1991. ''The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 1930–1945.'' Oxford University Press. * Searle, Chris. 2008. ''Forward Groove: Jazz and the Real World from Louis Armstrong to Gilad Atzmon.'' London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9550908-7-5 * Szwed, John Francis. 2000. ''Jazz 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving Jazz''. New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8496-7 * Vacher, Peter. 2004. ''Soloists and Sidemen: American Jazz Stories.'' London: Northway. ISBN 978-0-9537040-4-0 * [[Scott Yanow|Yanow, Scott]]. 2004. ''Jazz on Film: The Complete Story of the Musicians and Music Onscreen''. Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-783-8 {{refend}} ==External links== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons|Jazz}} * [http://www.jazzfoundation.org/ Jazz Foundation of America] * [http://www.smithsonianjazz.org/ Jazz at the Smithsonian Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114014800/http://www.smithsonianjazz.org/ |date=2015-01-14 }} * [http://www.jazzhall.com/ Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame website] * [http://www.allmusic.com/ Jazz Artist and Discography Resource] * [http://www.redhotjazz.com/ Red Hot Jazz.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113041113/http://www.redhotjazz.com/ |date=2010-11-13 }} * [http://www.jalc.org/ Jazz at Lincoln Center website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223102006/http://www.jalc.org/halloffame/ |date=2010-12-23 }} ** [http://www.jalc.org/halloffame Jazz At Lincoln Center Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223102006/http://www.jalc.org/halloffame/ |date=2010-12-23 }} * [http://www.americanjazzmuseum.com/ American Jazz Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000412133814/http://www.americanjazzmuseum.com/ |date=2000-04-12 }} website * [http://www.iajo.org/ The International Archives for the Jazz Organ] * [http://jazzinternetradio.myradiotoolbar.com/ Classic and Contemporary Jazz Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091211214859/http://jazzinternetradio.myradiotoolbar.com/ |date=2009-12-11 }} * [http://library.duke.edu/specialcollections/collections/jazzindex.html The Jazz Archive at Duke University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202041601/http://library.duke.edu/specialcollections/collections/jazzindex.html |date=2010-12-02 }} * [http://www.jazzfests.net/ Jazz Festivals in Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115122257/http://jazzfests.net/ |date=2010-11-15 }} * [https://archive.org/details/Free_20s_Jazz_Collection Free 1920s Jazz Collection] available for downloading at [[Archive.org]] * [http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=education&subsect=jazz DownBeat’s Jazz 101 A Guide to the Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016155701/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=education&subsect=jazz |date=2012-10-16 }} This section of the Downbeat magazine website has several short pages to allow the beginning student of jazz to acquire an education. * Nairn, Charlie, (1975): ''Earl "Fatha" Hines'': [https://vimeo.com/58414566]. 1hr documentary filmed at Blues Alley jazz club, [[Washington DC]]. Produced and directed by Charlie Nairn for UK [[Associated Television|ATV Television]], 1975. Original 16mm film, plus out-takes of additional tunes, archived in [[British Film Institute]] Library at bfi.org.uk; also at http://www.itvstudios.com; DVD copies with the "Jean Gray Hargrove Music Library" (which holds The Earl Hines Collection/Archive), [[University of California]], [[Berkeley, California]]; also at [[University of Chicago]] "Hogan Jazz Archive", [[Tulane University]] [[New Orleans]] and at the [[Louis Armstrong]] House Museum Libraries: see also www.jazzonfilm.com/documentaries. * {{NYTtopic|subjects/j/jazz}} * {{Guardiantopic|music/jazz}} * {{dmoz|Arts/Music/Styles/J/Jazz}} [[Kaarangay:Musika]] [[Kaarangay:Jazz]] 7zqa1gloq51bnw6cv8g3ehjfj1wnc0j 0 18141 7785622 7783401 2026-08-27T20:55:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785622 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Davey D interviews KRS-One.jpg|thumb]] An '''hip hop''' usa nga gios kultura nga naguswag ha Syudad han [[New York]] han uruunhan han mga [[1970]] labi na ha mga [[Aprikano]]-Amerikano ngan Latino [[Amerikano]]. ==Mga reperensya== ;Pinanbasaran {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ;Bibliograpiya {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Ahearn | editor-first = Charlie| editor-link = Charlie Ahearn (director)| editor2-last = Fricke | editor2-first = Jim |title = Yes Yes Y'All: The Experience Music Project Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade| url = https://archive.org/details/yesyesyallexperi0000fric | publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]| date = 2002| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-306-81184-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Campbell| first = Clive| authorlink = DJ Kool Herc| last2 = Chang| first2 = Jeff | authorlink2 = Jeff Chang (journalist)| title = [[Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)|Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation]]| publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]| date = 2005| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-312-42579-1}} * {{Cite journal| last = Chang| first = Jeff| title = It's a Hip-hop World| journal = [[Foreign Policy]]| issue = 163| pages = 58–65| date = 2007| url = http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3994| ref = harv| access-date = 29 Enero 2015| archive-date = 2 Nobyembre 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071102045611/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3994| url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book| last = Corvino| first = Daniel| last2 = Livernoche| first2 = Shawn| title = A Brief History of Rhyme and Bass: Growing Up With Hip Hop| publisher=[[Xlibris Corporation]]| date = 2000| location = Tinicum, Pennsylvania| isbn = 1-4010-2851-9}} * {{Cite book| last = Diawara| first = Manthia| authorlink = Manthia Diawara| title = In Search of Africa| url = https://archive.org/details/insearchofafrica00diaw| publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]| date = 1998| location = Cambridge, Massachusetts| isbn = 0-674-44611-9}} * {{Cite journal| last = Gordon| first = Lewis R.| authorlink = Lewis Gordon| title = The Problem of Maturity in Hip Hop| journal=Review of Education, Pedagogy and Cultural Studies| volume = 27| issue = 4 October–December|pages = 367–389| date =2005| doi = 10.1080/10714410500339020| ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Hager| first = Steven| authorlink = Steven Hager| title = Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Breaking Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti| url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopillustrate00hage| publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]]| date = 1984| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0312373171}} * {{Cite book| last = Kelly| first = Robin D. G.| authorlink = Robin D. G. Kelley| title = [[Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class]]| publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]| date = 1994| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-684-82639-9}} * {{Cite book| last = Kitwana| first = Bakari| title = The Hip-Hop Generation: Young Blacks and the Crisis in African American Culture| publisher=[[Perseus Books Group]]| date = 2002| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-465-02979-5}} * {{Cite book| last = Kitwana| first = Bakari | title = Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wankstas, Wiggers, Wannabes and the New Reality of Race in America| url = https://archive.org/details/whywhitekidslove00kitw_0| publisher=Basic Civitas Books| date = 2005| location = New York City, New York| isbn = 0-465-03746-1}} * {{Cite journal| last = Kolbowski | first = Silvia| title = Homeboy Cosmopolitan | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_october_winter-1998_83/page/51 | journal=[[October (journal)|October]]| issue = 83| page = 51| date = Winter 1998| ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| editor-last = Light| editor-first = Alan| editor-link = Alan Light (journalist)| title = The VIBE History of Hip-Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/vibehistoryofhip00ligh| publisher=[[Three Rivers Press]]| date = 1999 | edition = 1st| location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-609-80503-7}} * {{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02821.x| last = McLeod| first = Kembrew| authorlink = Kembrew McLeod| title = Authenticity Within Hip-Hop and Other Cultures Threatened with Assimilation| journal = Journal of Communication| volume = 49| issue = 4| pages = 134–150| date = Autumn 1999| url = http://kembrew.com/documents/Publications-pdfs/McLeod-Authenticity.pdf| format = PDF 1448.9&nbsp;[[Kilobyte|KB]]| ref = harv| access-date = 29 Enero 2015| archive-date = 18 Marso 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318162622/http://kembrew.com/documents/Publications-pdfs/McLeod-Authenticity.pdf| url-status = dead}} * {{Cite book| last = Nelson | first = George | title = Hip-Hop America| url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopamerica00geor_0 | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 2005| edition = 2nd | location = St. Louis, Missouri| isbn = 0-14-028022-7}} * {{Cite book| last = Ogbar| first = Jeffrey O. G. | title = Hip-Hop Revolution: The Culture and Politics of Rap | url = https://archive.org/details/hiphoprevolution0000ogba_l5j0| publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]| date = 2007 | location = Lawrence, Kansas | isbn = 978-0-7006-1547-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Perkins | first = William E.| title = Droppin' Science: Critical Essays on Rap Music and Hip Hop Culture| url = https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse_m4j9 | publisher=[[Temple University Press]] | date = 1995| location = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania| isbn = 1-56639-362-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Ro| first = Ronin | title = Bad Boy: The Influence of Sean "Puffy" Combs on the Music Industry| url = https://archive.org/details/badboyinfluenceo0000roro| publisher=[[Pocket Books]] | date = 2001 | location = New York City, New York | isbn = 0-7434-2823-4}} * {{Cite book | last = Rose | first = Tricia | title = Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America| publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]| date = 1994 | location = Middletown, Connecticut| isbn = 0-8195-6275-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Shapiro| first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Shapiro (journalist)| title = Rough Guide to Hip Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/roughguidetohiph0002shap| publisher=[[Rough Guides]] | date = 2007 | edition = 2nd | location = London, UK | isbn = 1-84353-263-8}} * {{Cite journal | last = Steingo | first = Gavin | title = South African Music after Apartheid: Kwaito, the "Party Politic," and the Appropriation of Gold as a Sign of Success | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-music-and-society_2005-07_28_3/page/333 | journal=Popular Music and Society | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–357 |date= Hulyo 2005| doi = 10.1080/03007760500105172 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book| last = Toop| first = David| authorlink = David Toop | title = Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop| url = https://archive.org/details/rapattack2africa0000toop| publisher=[[Serpent's Tail]]| date = 1991 | edition = 2nd | location = New York City, New York | isbn = 1-85242-243-2}} <!-- verify * Gueraseva, Stacy. ''Def Jam Inc.'' New York: Random House, 2005 * Brown, Jake. ''Suge Knight: The Rise, fall, and Rise of Death Row Records''. Phoenix: Colossus Books, 2002. * Huntington, Carla Stalling. ''Hip Hop Dance; Meanings and Messages''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company Publishers, Inc. --> {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Hip hop music}} {{Wikiquote|Hip hop music}} * {{dmoz|Society/Subcultures/Hip-Hop}} ha41ob3mgfg4rj35ned5q9wcbtnagwf 0 18298 7785575 7642629 2026-08-27T20:25:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = David Hilbert | image = Hilbert.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = David Hilbert (1912) | birth_date = {{birth date|1862|1|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Königsberg]] or [[Wehlau]], [[Province of Prussia]] (today [[Znamensk, Kaliningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|1943|2|14|1862|1|23|df=y}} | death_place = [[Göttingen]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] | residence = [[Germany]] | nationality = [[Germany|German]] | field = [[Mathematician]]，[[Physicist]] and [[Philosopher]] | work_institutions = [[University of Königsberg]]<br />[[Göttingen University]] | alma_mater = [[University of Königsberg]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Ferdinand von Lindemann]] | doctoral_students = [[Wilhelm Ackermann]]<br />[[Otto Blumenthal]]<br />[[Werner Boy]]<br />[[Richard Courant]]<br />[[Haskell Curry]]<br />[[Max Dehn]]<br />[[Rudolf Fueter]]<br />[[Paul Funk]]<br />[[Kurt Grelling]]<br />[[Alfréd Haar]]<br />[[Erich Hecke]]<br />[[Earle Raymond Hedrick|Earle Hedrick]]<br>[[Ernst Hellinger]]<br />[[Wallie Abraham Hurwitz|Wallie Hurwitz]]<br />[[Margarete Kahn]]<br />[[Oliver Dimon Kellogg|Oliver Kellogg]]<br />[[Hellmuth Kneser]]<br />[[Robert König]]<br />[[Emanuel Lasker]]<br />[[Klara Löbenstein]]<br />[[Max Mason|Charles Max Mason]]<br />[[Erhard Schmidt]]<br />[[Kurt Schütte]]<br />[[Andreas Speiser]]<br />[[Hugo Steinhaus]]<br />[[Gabriel Sudan]]<br />[[Teiji Takagi]]<br />[[Hermann Weyl]]<br />[[Ernst Zermelo]] | influences = [[Immanuel Kant]]<ref>Richard Zach, [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/ "Hilbert's Program"], The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> | known_for = [[Hilbert's basis theorem]]<br />[[Hilbert's axioms]]<br />[[Hilbert's problems]]<br />[[Hilbert's program]]<br />[[Einstein–Hilbert action]]<br />[[Hilbert space]] | prizes = [[Lobachevsky Prize]] <small>(1903)</small><br>[[Bolyai Prize]] <small>(1910)</small><br>[[ForMemRS]]<ref name="frs">{{Cite doi|10.1098/rsbm.1944.0006}}</ref> }} Hi '''David Hilbert''' (Enero 23, 1862 – Pebrero 14, 1943) amo an usa ka Aleman nga matematiko. Damo an nayakan nga usa hiya ha mga impluwensiya nga matematiko han ika 19 siglo ngan unhan ika 20 siglo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== ===Panguna nga literatura ha Iningles nga paghubad=== * Ewald, William B., ed., 1996. ''From Kant to Hilbert: A Source Book in the Foundations of Mathematics'', 2 vols. Oxford Uni. Press. ** 1918. "Axiomatic thought," 1115–14. ** 1922. "The new grounding of mathematics: First report," 1115–33. ** 1923. "The logical foundations of mathematics," 1134–47. ** 1930. "Logic and the knowledge of nature," 1157–65. ** 1931. "The grounding of elementary number theory," 1148–56. ** 1904. "On the foundations of logic and arithmetic," 129–38. ** 1925. "On the infinite," 367–92. ** 1927. "The foundations of mathematics," with comment by [[Weyl]] and Appendix by [[Bernays]], 464–89. * [[Jean van Heijenoort]], 1967. ''From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931''. Harvard Univ. Press. * {{citation|last=Hilbert|first=David|authorlink=David Hilbert|title=The Foundations of Geometry [Grundlagen der Geometrie]|edition=2nd|publisher=Open Court Publishing|place=La Salle, IL| date = 1950|origyear=first published 1902|others=English translation by E.J. Townsend|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17384/17384-pdf.pdf}} * {{citation|last=Hilbert|first=David|authorlink=David Hilbert|title=Foundations of Geometry [Grundlagen der Geometrie]|edition=2nd English|publisher=Open Court Publishing|place=La Salle, IL| date = 1990|origyear=1971|others=translated by Leo Unger from the 10th German edition|isbn=0-87548-164-7}} * {{citation| title = Geometry and Imagination | author = David Hilbert |coauthors=[[Stephan Cohn-Vossen|Cohn-Vossen, S.]]| date = 1999 | publisher = American Mathematical Society | isbn = 0-8218-1998-4}} - an accessible set of lectures originally for the citizens of Göttingen. * {{citation| title = David Hilbert's Lectures on the foundations of Mathematics and Physics, 1891–1933 | author = David Hilbert |editor= Michael Hallett and Ulrich Majer| date = 2004 | publisher = Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg| isbn = 3-540-64373-7}} ===Segundarya nga literatura=== *{{Citation | last = Bertrand | first = Gabriel | author-link = Gabriel Bertrand | title = Allocution | journal = [[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences|Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences]] | place = Paris | volume = 217 | pages =625–640 | date = 20 Disyembre 1943 | language = French | url =http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k31698/f629.image }}, available at [[Gallica]]. The "Address" of Gabriel Bertrand of 20 Disyembre 1943 at the French Academy: he gives biographical sketches of the lives of recently deceased members, including [[Pieter Zeeman]], David Hilbert and [[Georges Giraud]]. * Bottazzini Umberto, 2003. ''Il flauto di Hilbert. Storia della matematica''. [[UTET]], ISBN 88-7750-852-3 * Corry, L., Renn, J., and Stachel, J., 1997, "Belated Decision in the Hilbert-Einstein Priority Dispute," ''Science 278'': nn-nn. * Dawson, John W. Jr 1997. ''Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel''. Wellesley MA: A. K. Peters. ISBN 1-56881-256-6. * Folsing, Albrecht, 1998. ''Albert Einstein''. Penguin. * [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Grattan-Guinness, Ivor]], 2000. ''The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940''. Princeton Univ. Press. * [[Jeremy Gray|Gray, Jeremy]], 2000. ''The Hilbert Challenge''. ISBN 0-19-850651-1 * {{Cite book | title = From Brouwer to Hilbert, The Debate on the Foundations of Mathematics in 1920s| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0195096312| first = Paolo |last= Mancosu| date = 1998 | publisher = Oxford Univ. Press| isbn = 0-19-509631-2}} * Mehra, Jagdish, 1974. ''Einstein, Hilbert, and the Theory of Gravitation''. Reidel. * [[Piergiorgio Odifreddi]], 2003. ''Divertimento Geometrico - Da Euclide ad Hilbert''. Bollati Boringhieri, ISBN 88-339-5714-4. A clear exposition of the "errors" of Euclid and of the solutions presented in the ''Grundlagen der Geometrie'', with reference to [[non-Euclidean geometry]]. * Reid, Constance, 1996. ''Hilbert'', [[Springer Science and Business Media|Springer]], ISBN 0-387-94674-8. The definitive English-language biography of Hilbert. * {{Cite doi|10.1086/368687}} * Sauer, Tilman, 1999, "[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/9811050 The relativity of discovery: Hilbert's first note on the foundations of physics,]" ''Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.'' 53: 529-75. * Sieg, Wilfried, and Ravaglia, Mark, 2005, "Grundlagen der Mathematik" in [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness|Grattan-Guinness, I.]], ed., ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics''. [[Elsevier]]: 981-99. (in English) * [[Kip Thorne|Thorne, Kip]], 1995. ''[[Black Holes and Time Warps|Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy]]'', W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-393-31276-3. {{DEFAULTSORT:Hilbert, David}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1862]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1943]] [[Kaarangay:Matematika]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Hibert, David]] a6z0td75v0mmgbvwobseqevmgeqeuin 0 19253 7785639 6336997 2026-08-27T21:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785639 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hard disk platters and head.jpg|thumb]] An '''hard disk''' amo an usa ka klase nga panhimos hin medya nga ginagamit han [[kompyuter]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == * {{cite book|last=Mueller|first=Scott|authorlink=Scott Mueller|year=2011|title=Upgrading and Repairing PCs|url=https://archive.org/details/upgradingrepairi0000muel_p9m3|edition=20th|publisher=Que|isbn=0-7897-4710-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Messmer|first=Hans-Peter|year=2001|title=The Indispensable PC Hardware Book|edition=4th|publisher=Addison-Wesley|isbn=0-201-59616-4|ref=harv}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Sister project links|commons=Hard disk|b=Minimizing hard disk drive failure and data loss|wikt=hard disk drive|q=no|s=no|v=Hard disk drive}} * [http://chmhdd.wetpaint.com/ Computer History Museum's HDD Working Group Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808165244/http://chmhdd.wetpaint.com/ |date=2012-08-08 }} * [https://smarthdd.com/help.htm Hard Disk Drives Encyclopedia] * [http://www.engineerguy.com/videos/video-harddrive.htm Video showing an opened HD working] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914061811/http://www.engineerguy.com/videos/video-harddrive.htm |date=2012-09-14 }} * [http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/jan.plaza/teaching/papers/seektime.html Average seek time of a computer disk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014191631/http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/jan.plaza/teaching/papers/seektime.html |date=2012-10-14 }} * [http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/article.html Timeline: 50 Years of Hard Drives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006003652/http://www.pcworld.com/article/127105/article.html |date=2013-10-06 }} * [http://hddscan.com/doc/HDD_Tracks_and_Zones.html HDD from inside: Tracks and Zones. How hard it can be?] * [https://spritesmods.com/?art=hddhack Hard disk hacking] (firmware modifications, in eight parts, going as far as booting a Linux kernel on an ordinary HDD controller board) * [http://www.recover.co.il/SA-cover/SA-cover.pdf Hiding Data in Hard Drive’s Service Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226053423/http://www.recover.co.il/SA-cover/SA-cover.pdf |date=2015-02-26 }}, February 14, 2013, by Ariel Berkman m0khcxarmmw4k0ykz0sxenwsum0ik07 0 19266 7785647 7770498 2026-08-27T21:12:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785647 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HAtomOrbitals.png|thumb]] An '''Mekanika kwantum''' kaupod an [[mekanika klasika]] amo an duduha nga bahin han pag-aram han [[mekanika]]. Amo ini an bahin han [[pisika]] han pag-aram han materya ngan enerhiya ha ''nanoscopic scales'' kun diin an aksyon aada ha order ha ''[[Planck constant]]''. Naiiba ini han mekanika klasika kay hitungod ini han ''quantum realm'' han atomik ngan subatomik nga bahin. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} * Chester, Marvin (1987) ''Primer of Quantum Mechanics''. John Wiley. ISBN 0-486-42878-8 * {{cite book | first1= Brian | last1= Cox | first2= Jeff | last2= Forshaw | title= [[The Quantum Universe|The Quantum Universe: Everything That Can Happen Does Happen]]: | publisher = Allen Lane | date = 2011 | isbn= 1-84614-432-9 }} * [[Richard Feynman]], 1985. ''[[QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter]]'', [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-08388-6. Four elementary lectures on [[quantum electrodynamics]] and [[quantum field theory]], yet containing many insights for the expert. * [[Giancarlo Ghirardi|Ghirardi, GianCarlo]], 2004. ''Sneaking a Look at God's Cards'', Gerald Malsbary, trans. Princeton Univ. Press. The most technical of the works cited here. Passages using [[algebra]], [[trigonometry]], and [[bra–ket notation]] can be passed over on a first reading. * [[N. David Mermin]], 1990, "Spooky actions at a distance: mysteries of the QT" in his ''Boojums all the way through''. [[Cambridge University Press]]: 110-76. * [[Victor Stenger]], 2000. ''Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes''. Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books. Chpts. 5-8. Includes [[cosmological]] and [[philosophical]] considerations. More technical: * [[Bryce DeWitt]], R. Neill Graham, eds., 1973. ''The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics'', Princeton Series in Physics, [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-08131-X * {{cite book |last=Dirac |first=P. A. M. |authorlink=P. A. M. Dirac | date = 1930 |title= [[Principles of Quantum Mechanics|The Principles of Quantum Mechanics]]|isbn=0-19-852011-5}} The beginning chapters make up a very clear and comprehensible introduction. * [[Hugh Everett]], 1957, "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics", ''Reviews of Modern Physics'' 29: 454-62. * {{cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=Richard P. |authorlink1=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=Robert B. |authorlink2=Robert B. Leighton |last3=Sands |first3=Matthew | date = 1965 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1-3 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=0-7382-0008-5}} * {{cite book | author=Griffiths, David J.| title=Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.) | publisher=Prentice Hall | date = 2004 |isbn=0-13-111892-7 | oclc=40251748}} A standard undergraduate text. * [[Max Jammer]], 1966. ''The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics''. McGraw Hill. * [[Hagen Kleinert]], 2004. ''Path Integrals in Quantum Mechanics, Statistics, Polymer Physics, and Financial Markets'', 3rd ed. Singapore: World Scientific. [http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/b5 Draft of 4th edition.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615134934/http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~kleinert/b5 |date=2008-06-15 }} * Gunther Ludwig, 1968. ''Wave Mechanics''. London: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-203204-1 * [[George Mackey]] (2004). ''The mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics''. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-43517-2. * [[Albert Messiah]], 1966. ''Quantum Mechanics'' (Vol. I), English translation from French by G. M. Temmer. North Holland, John Wiley & Sons. Cf. chpt. IV, section III. * {{cite book | author=[[Roland Omnès|Omnès, Roland]] | title=Understanding Quantum Mechanics | url=https://archive.org/details/understandingqua00omne| publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 1999 |isbn=0-691-00435-8 | oclc=39849482}} * Scerri, Eric R., 2006. ''The [[Periodic Table]]: Its Story and Its Significance''. Oxford University Press. Considers the extent to which chemistry and the periodic system have been reduced to quantum mechanics. ISBN 0-19-530573-6 * {{cite book | author=[[Transnational College of Lex]]| title=What is Quantum Mechanics? A Physics Adventure | url=https://archive.org/details/whatisquantummec0000unse_x3q5| publisher=Language Research Foundation, Boston | date = 1996 |isbn=0-9643504-1-6 | oclc=34661512}} * {{cite book |last=von Neumann |first=John |authorlink=John von Neumann | date = 1955 |title=Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicalfoun0613vonn |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-02893-1}} * [[Hermann Weyl]], 1950. ''The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics'', Dover Publications. * D. Greenberger, K. Hentschel, F. Weinert, eds., 2009. ''Compendium of quantum physics, Concepts, experiments, history and philosophy'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | author=Bernstein, Jeremy|title=Quantum Leaps| publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-674-03541-6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=j0Me3brYOL0C&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book | author=[[David Bohm|Bohm, David]] | title=Quantum Theory | publisher=[[Dover Publications]] | date = 1989 | isbn=0-486-65969-0}} * {{cite book | author=Eisberg, Robert; [[Robert Resnick|Resnick, Robert]] | title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.) | url=https://archive.org/details/quantumphysicsof00eisb | publisher=Wiley | date = 1985 | isbn=0-471-87373-X}} * {{cite book | author=[[Liboff, Richard L.]] | title=Introductory Quantum Mechanics | url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryquan0004libo | publisher=Addison-Wesley | date = 2002 | isbn=0-8053-8714-5}} * {{cite book | author=Merzbacher, Eugen | title=Quantum Mechanics | url=https://archive.org/details/quantummechanics0000merz | publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Inc | date = 1998 | isbn=0-471-88702-1}} * {{cite book | author=[[J. J. Sakurai|Sakurai, J. J.]] | title=Modern Quantum Mechanics| publisher=Addison Wesley | date = 1994 | isbn=0-201-53929-2}} * {{cite book | author=Shankar, R. | title=Principles of Quantum Mechanics | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofquan0000shan_x3c9 | publisher=Springer | date = 1994| isbn=0-306-44790-8}} * {{cite book | author=Stone, A. Douglas |title=Einstein and the Quantum | url=https://archive.org/details/einsteinquantumq0000ston | publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 2013 | isbn=978-0-691-13968-5}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|s=Quantum mechanics}} * [http://www.toutestquantique.fr/ 3D animations, applications and research for basic quantum effects] (animations also available in [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Jubobroff commons.wikimedia.org] (Université paris Sud)) * [http://oyc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/notes_quantum_cookbook.pdf Quantum Cook Book] by R. Shankar, Open Yale PHYS 201 material (4pp) * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/lm/ The Modern Revolution in Physics] - an online textbook. * J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson: [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html A history of quantum mechanics.] * [http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Quantum_Theory Introduction to Quantum Theory at Quantiki.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913201312/http://www.quantiki.org/wiki/index.php/Introduction_to_Quantum_Theory |date=2008-09-13 }} * [http://bethe.cornell.edu/ Quantum Physics Made Relatively Simple]: three video lectures by [[Hans Bethe]] * [http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/ H is for h-bar.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071002191047/http://www.nonlocal.com/hbar/ |date=2007-10-02 }} * [http://www.freebookcentre.net/Physics/Quantum-Mechanics-Books.html Quantum Mechanics Books Collection]: Collection of free books ;Course material * [http://qpdb.eu Quantum Physics Database - Fundamentals and Historical Background of Quantum Theory.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926135051/http://qpdb.eu/ |date=2015-09-26 }} * [http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0605180 Doron Cohen: Lecture notes in Quantum Mechanics (comprehensive, with advanced topics).] * [[MIT OpenCourseWare]]: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm Chemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505005511/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm |date=2010-05-05 }}. * MIT OpenCourseWare: [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505172535/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm |date=2010-05-05 }}. See [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-04Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm 8.04] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528173052/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-04Spring-2006/CourseHome/index.htm |date=2010-05-28 }} * [https://youtube.com/stanford#g/c/84C10A9CB1D13841 Stanford Continuing Education PHY 25: Quantum Mechanics] by [[Leonard Susskind]], see [http://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/courses/course.php?cid=20072_PHY%2025 course description]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Fall 2007 * [http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/QM/ 5½ Examples in Quantum Mechanics] * [http://www.imperial.ac.uk/quantuminformation/qi/tutorials Imperial College Quantum Mechanics Course.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810075114/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/quantuminformation/qi/tutorials |date=2011-08-10 }} * [http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter19section3.rhtml Spark Notes - Quantum Physics.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605194351/http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter19section3.rhtml |date=2019-06-05 }} * [http://www.quantum-physics.polytechnique.fr/ Quantum Physics Online : interactive introduction to quantum mechanics (RS applets).] * [http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html Experiments to the foundations of quantum physics with single photons.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025073450/http://www.didaktik.physik.uni-erlangen.de/quantumlab/english/index.html |date=2012-10-25 }} * [http://www.nanohub.org/topics/AQME AQME] : Advancing Quantum Mechanics for Engineers&nbsp;— by T.Barzso, D.Vasileska and G.Klimeck online learning resource with simulation tools on [[nanohub]] * [http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk/~plenio/lecture.pdf Quantum Mechanics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229101144/http://www.lsr.ph.ic.ac.uk/~plenio/lecture.pdf |date=2009-12-29 }} by Martin Plenio * [http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/389.pdf Quantum Mechanics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124130101/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/qm/389.pdf |date=2011-01-24 }} by Richard Fitzpatrick * [http://nanohub.org/resources/2039 Online course on ''Quantum Transport''] ;Mga agsob ginpapakyana * [http://www.hedweb.com/manworld.htm Many-worlds or relative-state interpretation.] * [http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html Measurement in Quantum mechanics.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717113602/http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html |date=2011-07-17 }} ;Media * [http://oyc.yale.edu/physics/phys-201#sessions PHYS 201: Fundamentals of Physics II] by Ramamurti Shankar, Open Yale Course * [https://youtube.com/view_play_list?p=84C10A9CB1D13841 Lectures on Quantum Mechanics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017123049/https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=84C10A9CB1D13841 |date=2023-10-17 }} by [[Leonard Susskind]] * [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/quantum-world Everything you wanted to know about the quantum world]&nbsp;— archive of articles from ''[[New Scientist]]''. * [http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/quantum_physics/ Quantum Physics Research] from ''[[Science Daily]]'' * {{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/27/science/27eins.html?scp=1&sq=quantum%20trickery&st=cse|title=Quantum Trickery: Testing Einstein's Strangest Theory|date=27 Disyembre 2005|work=The New York Times | first=Dennis | last=Overbye | accessdate=12 Abril 2010}} * [http://www.astronomycast.com/physics/ep-138-quantum-mechanics/ Audio: Astronomy Cast] Quantum Mechanics&nbsp;— June 2009. [[Fraser Cain]] interviews [[Pamela L. Gay]]. ;Pilosopiya * {{sep|qm|"Quantum Mechanics"|Jenann Ismael}} * {{sep|qt-measurement|"Measurement in Quantum Theory"|Henry Krips}} [[Kaarangay:Mekanika kwantum]] [[Kaarangay:Pisika]] 4n0vnohsc69ymhiu70zn7e8z41c8kj6 0 19796 7785621 7783713 2026-08-27T20:55:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785621 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Handicapped Accessible sign.svg|thumb|Kanasodnon Tigaman han Pagpa-agi]] An '''Kaulangan''' amo an aspeto han tawo may deperensya ha pisikal nga panlawas, sugad han mga diri nakakalakat, ngan puydi liwat an mga may deperensya han panhunahuna. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|35em}} * {{Cite conference |last1=Arditi |first1=A. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=B. | date = 1998 |title=Developing an objective definition of visual impairment |conference=Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference |pages=331–334 |location=Madrid, Spain: [[ONCE]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Burkhauser |first1=Richard V. |last2=Schmeiser |first2=Maximilian D.|last3=Weathers II |first3=Robert R.|date= Enero 2012 |title=The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability |journal=Industrial & Labor Relations Review |volume=65 |issue=1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Darling |first=Peter |date= Agosto 2007 |title=Disabilities and the Workplace |journal=Business NH Magazine |volume=24 |issue=8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=DePoy |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Gilson |first2=Stephen French | date = 2004 |title=Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change |url=https://archive.org/details/rethinkingdisabi0000depo |location=Pacific Grove, California |publisher=Brooks Cole |isbn=978-0-534-54929-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Rich |date=1 Marso 2012 |title=The Global Economics of Disability |url=http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |publisher=Return on Disability |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913222254/http://www.returnondisability.com/pdf-docs/The_Global_Economics_of_Disability_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Ducy |first1=Elizabeth McAdams |last2=Stough |first2=Laura M. |last3=Clark |first3=M. Carolyn | date = 2012 |title=Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative |work=Critical Qualitative Research Reader |editor1-last=Steinberg |editor1-first=Shirley R. |editor2-last=Cannella |editor2-first=Gaile S. |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-1-4331-0688-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Miles |first=Albert S | date = 1994 |title=Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans |journal=Journal of Negro Education |volume=63 |issue=3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=Nikora |first1=Linda Waimari |last2=Karapu |first2=Rolinda |last3=Hickey |first3=Huhana |last4=Te Awekotuku |first4=Ngahuia | date = 2004 |title=Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options |url=http://waikato.researchgateway.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/460/1/content.pdf |publisher=Maori&nbsp;& Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato |accessdate=11 Agosto 2012 |ref=harv |archive-date=13 Mayo 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513220653/https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10289/460/content.pdf;jsessionid=CC679321B8E56B193727B2B489F9B94F?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Stough |first=Laura M. | date = 2009 |title=The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities |work=Mental Health and Disasters |editor1-last=Neria |editor1-first=Yuval |editor2-last=Galea |editor2-first=Sandro |editor3-last=Norris |editor3-first=Fran H. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-41282-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Yeo |first=Rebecca | date = 2005 |title=Disability, poverty, and the new development agenda |publisher=Disability Knowledge and Research Programme |url=http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf |accessdate=19 Hunyo 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Albrecht |editor-first=Gary L. | date = 2005 |title=Encyclopedia of disability |location=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=978-0-7619-2565-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Bowe |first=Frank | date = 1978 |title=Handicapping America: Barriers to disabled people |url=https://archive.org/details/handicappingamer00bowe |location=New York |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-010422-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Charlton |first=James I. |title=Nothing about us without us : disability oppression and empowerment |url=https://archive.org/details/nothingaboutuswi0000jame | date = 2004 |publisher=Univ. of California Press |location=Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.] |isbn=9780520224810 |edition=[3. Dr]}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glenn |first=Eddie | date = 1995 |title=African American Women with Disabilities: An Overview |url=http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html |encyclopedia=[http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/Us_Eu/ada_e/pres_com/pres-dd/glenn.html Disability and diversity: New leadership for a new era] |editor1-last=Walker |editor1-first=S. |editor2-last=Turner |editor2-first=K. A. |editor3-last=Haile-Michael |editor3-first=M.|editor4-last=Vincent |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=Miles |editor5-first=M. D. |location=Washington, DC |publisher=President’s Committee on Employment of People with Disabilities and Howard University Research and Training Center for Access to Rehabilitation and Economic Opportunity}} * {{Cite book |last=Johnstone |first=David | date = 2001 |edition=2nd |title=An Introduction to Disability Studies |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontodi0000john_k7w3 |location= |publisher=Fulton |isbn=978-1-85346-726-4}} * {{Cite book |last1=Masala |first1=Carmelo |last2=Petretto |first2=Donatella Rita | date = 2008 |title=Psicologia dell'Handicap e della Riabilitazione |trans_title=The Psychology of Handicap and Rehabilitation |language=Italian |location=Rome |publisher=Kappa |isbn=978-88-15-06226-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Oliver |first=Michael | date = 1997 |title=The Politics of Disablement |location=London |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |isbn=978-0-333-43293-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Charlotte | date = 2006 |title=Direct Payments and Personalisation of Care |url=https://archive.org/details/directpaymentspe0000unse |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Dunedin Academic Press |isbn=978-1-903765-62-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Shakespeare |first=Tom |author2=with Anne Kerr | date = 1999 |title=Genetic Politics: from Eugenics to Genome |url=https://archive.org/details/geneticpoliticsf0000kerr |location=Cheltenham |publisher=New Clarion Press |isbn=978-1-873797-25-9}} * {{Cite journal |last=Burch |first=Susan |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=(Extraordinary) Bodies of Knowledge: Recent Scholarship in American Disability History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-history_2009-07_23_3/page/29 |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=29–34 |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.29 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaushik |first=R. | date = 1999 |title=Access Denied: Can we overcome disabling attitudes |journal=Museum International |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=48–52 |publisher=UNESCO |issn=1468-0033 |doi=10.1111/1468-0033.00217}} * {{Cite journal |last=Lansing |first=Michael J. |date= Enero 2009 |title='Salvaging the Man Power of America': Conservation, Manhood, and Disabled Veterans during World War I |pages=32–57 |journal=Environmental History |volume=14 |location= |publisher= |issn=1084-5453 |doi=10.1093/envhis/14.1.32}} * {{Cite journal |last=Longmore |first=Paul |date= Hulyo 2009 |title=Making Disability an Essential Part of American History |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_magazine-of-history_2009-07_23_3/page/11 |journal=OAH Magazine of History |volume=23 |pages=11–15 |isbn= |issn=0882-228X |doi=10.1093/maghis/23.3.11 |issue=3}} * {{Cite journal | author = Masala C, Petretto DR | title = From disablement to enablement: conceptual models of disability in the 20th century | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_disability-and-rehabilitation_2008_30_17/page/n4 | journal = Disability and Rehabilitation | volume = 30 | issue = 17 | pages = 1233–1244 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18821191 | doi = 10.1080/09638280701602418 | issn = 0963-8288 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{dmoz|Society/Disabled}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|disability}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Commons category-inline|Disabled people}} bfclpifnch1lkfp75rhdcdmtolm1odv 0 19797 7785641 7784806 2026-08-27T21:09:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785641 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:VFPt Solenoid correct2.svg|thumb]] An '''Radyasyon elektromagnetiko''' amo an mga balud electromagnetiko nga nakiwa ha kalaksi han lamrag. Mayda ini lakip nga electric field ngan magnetic field ngan nagdadara hin durudilain nga kadamo hin enerhiya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | last = Hecht | first = Eugene | title = Optics | url = https://archive.org/details/optics0000hech_t2d8 | edition = 4th | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8053-8566-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Serway | first = Raymond A. |author2=Jewett, John W. | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers | url = https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw | edition = 6th | publisher = Brooks Cole | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-534-40842-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics | url = https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0002tipl | edition = 5th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7167-0810-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Reitz | first = John | coauthors = Milford, Frederick; Christy, Robert | title = Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory | edition = 4th | publisher = Addison Wesley | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-201-52624-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = John David | authorlink = J. D. Jackson | title = Classical Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro0000jack_e8g9 | edition = 3rd | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-471-30932-X }} * {{cite book | author=[[Allen Taflove]] and Susan C. Hagness | title=Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed | publisher=Artech House Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=1-58053-832-0 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource|QST/December 1915/Pictured Electromagnetic Waves|Pictured Electro-Magnetic Waves}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Electromagnetic radiation}} * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233123/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html |date=2011-06-03 }} – a chapter from an online textbook * [http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html Electromagnetic Radiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617205739/http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html |date=2012-06-17 }} – an introduction for electrical engineers * [http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m210.pdf '' Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations ''] on [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET]. * [http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html Radiation of atoms? e-m wave, Polarisation, ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html |date=2010-04-17 }} * [http://scripts.mit.edu/~raskar/lightfields/index.php?title=An_Introduction_to_The_Wigner_Distribution_in_Geometric_Optics An Introduction to The Wigner Distribution in Geometric Optics] * [http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html The windows of the electromagnetic spectrum, on Astronoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619192800/http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html |date=2013-06-19 }} * [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/universe-scale-topic/light-fundamental-forces/v/introduction-to-light Introduction to light and electromagnetic radiation] course video from the [[Khan Academy]] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ Lectures on electromagnetic waves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308075342/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ |date=2016-03-08 }} course video and notes from MIT Professor [[Walter Lewin]] [[Kaarangay:Elektromagnetismo]] qw302tl714yudljdc2wr91wr75yc4br 0 19798 7785691 7784823 2026-08-27T21:43:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785691 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Force.png|thumb]] Ha [[pisika]], an '''kusog''' o '''force''', '''pwersa''' (Pambansa:Lakas) amo an nagpapabalyo o may kapas magbalyo han estado han diri pagkiwa o kiwa han usa ka butang. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Corben |first=H.C. |author2=Philip Stehle|title=Classical Mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/classicalmechani0000corb_b6w8 |location=New York |publisher=Dover publications |year=1994 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classicalmechani0000corb_b6w8/page/28 28]–31 |isbn=0-486-68063-0}} * {{cite book |last=Cutnell |first=John D. |last2=Johnson |first2=Kenneth W. |title=Physics, Sixth Edition |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc. |year=2003 |location=Hoboken, New Jersey |isbn=0471151831 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Feynman|first=Richard P.|last2=Leighton |first3=Matthew |last3=Sands |title=The Feynman lectures on physics. Vol. I: Mainly mechanics, radiation and heat|year=2010|publisher=BasicBooks|location=New York|isbn=978-0465024933|edition=New millennium |ref={{harvid|Feynman volume 1}} }} * {{cite book|last=Feynman|first=Richard P.|first2=Robert B. |last2=Leighton |first3=Matthew |last3=Sands |title=The Feynman lectures on physics. Vol. II: Mainly electromagnetism and matter|year=2010|publisher=BasicBooks|location=New York|isbn=978-0465024940|edition=New millennium|ref={{harvid|Feynman volume 2}} }} * {{cite book |last=Halliday |first=David |first2=Robert |last2=Resnick |first3=Kenneth S. |last3=Krane |title=Physics v. 1 |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2001 |isbn=0-471-32057-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kleppner|first=Daniel|first2=Robert J. |last2=Kolenkow|title=An introduction to mechanics|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521198216|edition=3. print |ref=harv}} * {{cite encyclopedia |last=Parker |first=Sybil |title=force |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Physics |page=107, |location=Ohio |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1993 |isbn=0-07-051400-3}} * {{cite book |last=Sears F., Zemansky M. & Young H. |title=University Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/universityphysic0000sear_a7t6 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |location=Reading, Massachusetts |year=1982 |isbn=0-201-07199-1}} * {{cite book |last=Serway |first=Raymond A. |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=0-534-40842-7}} * {{cite book |last=Tipler |first=Paul |title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Mechanics, Oscillations and Waves, Thermodynamics |url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0002tipl |edition=5th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=2004 |isbn=0-7167-0809-4}} * {{cite book |last=Verma |first=H.C. |title=Concepts of Physics Vol 1. |edition=2004 Reprint |publisher=Bharti Bhavan |year=2004 |isbn=8177091875}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Forces}} {{wiktionary}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-01Physics-IFall1999/VideoLectures/detail/Video-Segment-Index-for-L-6.htm Video lecture on Newton's three laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411233349/http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-01Physics-IFall1999/VideoLectures/detail/Video-Segment-Index-for-L-6.htm |date=2008-04-11 }} by [[Walter Lewin]] from [[MIT OpenCourseWare]] * [http://phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/Vector.htm A Java simulation on vector addition of forces] * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=DkWKvMtdLYU Force demonstrated as any influence on an object that changes the object's shape or motion (video)] [[Kaarangay:Mekanika]] [[gd:Neart]] tjrdnuocra7cdffsmq054po8t8kjx3q 0 130637 7785645 7749697 2026-08-27T21:11:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785645 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Graph of example function.svg|thumb]] [[File:Function_machine2.svg|thumb]] Iton '''function''', ha matematika, in nahatag in panhibaroan nga an uska kantidad in kompleto nga nagdedeterminar han usa liwat nga kantidad. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Bartle |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert G. Bartle |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |year=1967|publisher=John Wiley & Sons}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Bloch |first=Ethan D. |title=Proofs and Fundamentals: A First Course in Abstract Mathematics |publisher=Springer |year=2011|isbn=978-1-4419-7126-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QJ_537n8zKYC}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Halmos |first=Paul R. |authorlink=Paul Halmos |year=1970 |title=Naive Set Theory |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=0-387-90092-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=x6cZBQ9qtgoC}} * {{cite book |ref=harv |title=Calculus |first=Michael |last=Spivak |authorlink=Michael Spivak |edition=4th |year=2008 |publisher=Publish or Perish |isbn=978-0-914098-91-1 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7JKVu_9InRUC}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Anton |first=Howard |title=Calculus with Analytical Geometry |url=https://archive.org/details/studentssolution00anto |year=1980 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]] |isbn=978-0-471-03248-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofrealan0000bart_s1b5 |edition=2nd |year=1976 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1}} * {{Cite book |title=The Concept of Function: Aspects of Epistemology and Pedagogy|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptoffunctio0000unse_o3s8|publisher=Mathematical Association of America |year=1992 |first1=Ed |last1=Dubinsky |first2=Guershon |last2=Harel |isbn=0-88385-081-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Hammack |first=Richard |title=Book of Proof |year=2009 |publisher=[[Virginia Commonwealth University]] |url=http://www.people.vcu.edu/~rhammack/BookOfProof/ |chapter=12. Functions |chapter-url=http://www.people.vcu.edu/~rhammack/BookOfProof/Functions.pdf |accessdate=2012-08-01}} * {{Cite book |last=Husch |first=Lawrence S. |title=Visual Calculus |year=2001 |publisher=[[University of Tennessee]] |url=http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |accessdate=2007-09-27 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924071226/http://archives.math.utk.edu/visual.calculus/ |date=2011-09-24 }} * {{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Robert |title=Axiomatic Analysis |year=1964 |publisher=[[D. C. Heath and Company]]}} * {{Cite book |title=Evolution of the Function Concept: A Brief Survey |first=Israel |last=Kleiner |journal=The College Mathematics Journal |volume=20 |issue=4 |year=1989 |pages=282–300 |doi=10.2307/2686848|jstor=2686848 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America}} * {{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences |chapter=Between rigor and applications: Developments in the concept of function in mathematical analysis |first=Jesper |last=Lützen |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B3WvWhJTTX8C&pg=PA468 |editor=Roy Porter, ed |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0521571995}} An approachable and diverting historical presentation. * {{Cite book |title=Historical and pedagogical aspects of the definition of function |last=Malik |first=M. A. |journal=International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology |volume=11 |issue=4 |year=1980 |pages=489–492 |doi=10.1080/0020739800110404}} * Reichenbach, Hans (1947) ''Elements of Symbolic Logic'', Dover Publishing Inc., New York NY, ISBN 0-486-24004-5. * {{Cite book |last=Ruthing |first=D. |title=Some definitions of the concept of function from Bernoulli, Joh. to Bourbaki, N. |journal=Mathematical Intelligencer |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=72–77 |year=1984}} * {{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=George B. |last2=Finney |first2=Ross L. |title=Calculus and Analytic Geometry |url=https://archive.org/details/calculusanalytic00geor_0 |edition=9th |year=1995 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |isbn=978-0-201-53174-9}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Functions}} * [https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/algebra-functions Khan Academy: Functions, free online micro lectures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123200650/https://www.khanacademy.org/math/algebra/algebra-functions |date=2013-01-23 }} * {{springer|title=Function|id=p/f041940}} * {{MathWorld| title=Function| id=Function}} * [http://functions.wolfram.com/ The Wolfram Functions Site] gives formulae and visualizations of many mathematical functions. * [http://www.shodor.org/interactivate/activities/FunctionFlyer/ Shodor: Function Flyer], interactive Java applet for graphing and exploring functions. * [http://math.hws.edu/xFunctions/ xFunctions], a Java applet for exploring functions graphically. * [http://rechneronline.de/function-graphs/ Draw Function Graphs], online drawing program for mathematical functions. * [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/FunctionMain.shtml Functions] from [[cut-the-knot]]. * [http://www.apronus.com/provenmath/cartesian.htm Function at ProvenMath]. * [http://sporkforge.com/math/fcn_graph_eval.php Comprehensive web-based function graphing & evaluation tool] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130023249/http://sporkforge.com/math/fcn_graph_eval.php |date=2010-11-30 }}. * [http://www.abstractmath.org/MM/MMFunctions.htm Abstractmath.org articles on functions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730061738/http://www.abstractmath.org/MM/MMFunctions.htm |date=2013-07-30 }} bb4mfoygjyilbtq4xcfmknwa9153ahb 0 135442 7785655 7774133 2026-08-27T21:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Rodentia | status = | image = Apodemus_sylvaticus_bosmuis.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = '''Rodentia''' | familia = | genus = | species = | binomial = Rodentia | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | synonyms = }} [[File:Indian Palm Squirrel Portrait.jpg|thumb]] An '''Rodentia''' (''Rodentia'')<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[ordo]] han [[Mammalia]]. An Rodentia in nahilalakip ha [[classis]] nga [[Mammalia]], [[phylum]] nga [[chordata ()|Chordata]], ngan [[regnum]] nga [[Animalia]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[ordo]] nga Rodentia in naglalakip hin 2024 ka mga species, sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>. Ini in orden hin mga mamalya nga may-ada duha nga nagpipinadayon la it pagtubo hit mga ngipon ha bawbaw ngan ubos han mga apapangig nga kinahanglan igpahalipot ha pamaagi han pagkinutkot. An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = [[Euarchontoglires]]&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | label1 = '''&nbsp;Rodentia&nbsp;''' | 1={{Clade | 1=[[Anomaluromorpha]] | 2=[[Castoromorpha]] | 3=[[Hystricomorpha]] | 4=[[Myomorpha]] | 5=[[Sciuromorpha]] }} | 2={{Extinct}}[[Apatemyidae|Apatotheria]] | 3=[[Dermoptera]] | 4=[[Lagomorpha]] | 5=[[Primates]] | 6=[[Scandentia]] }} }} ==Pinanbasaran== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/rodentia/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. "Order Rodentia", pages 745–752 in Wilson & Reeder (2005). * {{cite book | author=McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. | date = 1997 | title=Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level | url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0000mcke | publisher=Columbia University Press | isbn=0-231-11013-8}} * {{cite book | editor=Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. | date = 2005 | title=Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference | url=https://archive.org/details/mammalspeciesofw0001unse | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category|Rodentia}} {{Wikispecies|Rodentia}} ; Zoolohiya, osteolohiya, anatomiya comparatiba: * [http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/61-rongeurs_langen_rodents_lang_langes_roedores_lang_?lang=en_UK ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent osteology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129080233/http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/61-rongeurs_langen_rodents_lang_langes_roedores_lang_?lang=en_UK |date=2015-01-29 }} (photos) * [http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/84-rongeurs_lagomorphes_insectivores_langen_rodents_lagomorphs_insectivores_lang_langes_roedores_lagomorfos_insectivoros_lang_ ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent skeleton drawings] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523144605/http://photos.archeozoo.org/index/category/84-rongeurs_lagomorphes_insectivores_langen_rodents_lagomorphs_insectivores_lang_langes_roedores_lagomorfos_insectivoros_lang_ |date=2016-05-23 }} ; Durudilain: * [http://projects.biodiversity.be/africanrodentia African rodentia] * [https://secure.flickr.com/photos/peromhc/sets/72157604976601269/ Rodent photos] * [http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/rodents/ Rodent Species Fact Sheets] from the [[National Pest Management Association]] on Deer Mice, Norway Rats, and other rodent species jxv8waaa6knk4wfd2kn08u9gyu6kfgf 0 150926 7785682 7783393 2026-08-27T21:37:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785682 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Trimurti ellora.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Trimurti]] [[Paypay:Brahma Vishnu Mahesh.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Trimurti]] [[Paypay:Halebid3.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Trimurti]] An '''Trimurti''' in usa nga konsepto ha Hinduismo kun diin an cosmic function han paghimo, pagmintinar ngan pagruba in ginpersonifica pinaagi ha [[Brahmā]] nga maghirimo, [[Vishnu]] nga magmirintinar o magprereservar ngan [[Shiva]] an magguruba. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== *{{cite book|last=Basham|first=A. L.|title=The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming of the Muslims|url=https://archive.org/details/wonderthatwasind0000alba_i6v2|publisher=Grove Press, Inc.,|location=New York|year=1954}} *{{cite book |last=Courtright |first=Paul B. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title={{IAST|Gaṇeśa}}: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings |year=1985 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-505742-2 }} *{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0 |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 0-521-43878-0}} *{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin (Editor)|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405132510 |year=2003 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd.|location=Malden, MA|isbn=1-4051-3251-5 }} *{{cite book |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |last=Grimes |first=John A. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Ganapati: Song of the Self |url=https://archive.org/details/ganapatisongofse0000grim |year=1995 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany |isbn=0-7914-2440-5 }} *{{cite book |last=Jansen |first=Eva Rudy|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Book of Hindu Imagery|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofhinduimage00unse |year=2003 |publisher=Binkey Kok Publications BV|location=Havelte, Holland|isbn=90-74597-07-6 }} Eighth printing; First published 1993. *{{cite book |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sarvepalli (Editorial Chairman)|authorlink=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |coauthors= |title=The Cultural Heritage of India |year=1956 |publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn= }} Second edition, four volumes, revised and enlarged, 1956 (volume IV). *{{cite book |series= |last=Winternitz |first=Maurice |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=History of Indian Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |location=New Delhi |isbn= }} Second revised reprint edition. Two volumes. First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta. *{{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/mythssymbolsinin00zimm |year=1972 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=0-691-01778-6 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{commons category inline|Trimurti}} 2xlgjk2f6bdu10fuov167v37x2epttr 0 155961 7785680 7783395 2026-08-27T21:36:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785680 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Tito drzi govor2 (retouched).jpg|thumb|200px|Tito 1965]] Hi '''Josip Broz''' ({{Cyrl|Јосип Броз}}, {{IPA-sh|jǒsip brôːz|pron}}; 7 Mayo 1892 – 4 Mayo 1980), nga agsob nga tinatawag nga '''Tito''' (<small>pagluwás ha Ininglis</small>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|t|oʊ}};<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tito "Tito"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{Cyrl|Тито}}, {{IPA-sh|tîto|pron}}), usá nga Yugoslav nga [[Komunismo|komunista]] nga [[rebolusyonaryo]] ngan tawo hin estado, nga nag-alagad ha dirudilain nga mga papel tikang han 1943 kutob han iya kamatay han 1980.<ref name=britannica>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title=Josip Broz Tito|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online|accessdate=27 Abril 2010}}</ref> Dida han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]], hiyá an namuno han [[Yugoslav nga mga Partisan|mga Partisan]], nga agsob nga kinikita nga amo an pinaka-epektibo nga [[pangiwa hin resistensya]] ha [[Europa nga gin-okupa han mga Aleman|gin-okupa nga Europa]].<ref name="JJR2013_OxfordPress">{{Cite book|author=Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones|title=In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC&pg=PA87|date=13 Hunyo 2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-958097-2|page=87}}</ref> Bisan man kun an iya pagmangulo ginkikita nga [[awtoritaryano]]<ref name=Andjelic>{{Cite book|last=Andjelic|first=Neven|title=Bosnia-Herzegovina: The End of a Legacy|publisher=Frank Cass| date = 2003|page=36|isbn=978-0-7146-5485-0}}</ref>{{sfn|McGoldrick|2000|p=17}} ngan mga concern mahitungod han pag-repremir han mga kabangga ha politika ginpahayag, hi Tito ginkikita hin minat-an nga usá nga [[benevolente nga diktador]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Susan|last2=Shapiro|first2=Ronald|title=The Curtain Rises: Oral Histories of the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe|publisher=McFarland| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7864-1672-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCqWFQ1WKlkC&pg=PA180|ref=Shapiro_2004}}<br />"...Tanan nga mga Yugoslav mayda mga kahigayonan hin edukasyon, mga trabaho, pagkaon, ngan pagbalayan bisan kun ano man an ira nasyonalidad. Hi Tito, nga ginkikita han kadam-an nga usá nga benevolente nga diktador, nagdara hin mamurayaw nga co-existensya ha Balkan nga rehiyon, usá nga rehiyon nga ha kaagi ginkikila nga lugar hin faksyonalismo."</ref> ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=lower-alpha}} ==Mga footnote== {{Mga kasarigan|20em|refs= <ref name="springer">{{Cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (1550) Tito |url = https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmino0000schm_k0v7 |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmino0000schm_k0v7/page/122 123] |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1551 |chapter = (1550) Tito }}</ref> }} <!-- end of reflist --> ==Bibliography== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book | last = Auty | first = Phyllis | title = Tito: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/titobiography00auty | date = 1970 | location = New York, New York | publisher = McGraw-Hill | oclc = 100536 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Banac | first = Ivo | title = With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist splits in Yugoslav Communism | url = https://archive.org/details/withstalinagains00bana | date = 1988 | location = Ithaca, New York | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-2186-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Barnett | first = Neil | title = Tito | url = https://archive.org/details/tito0000barn | date = 2006 | publisher = Haus | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-904950-31-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Belaj | first=Marijana | title= 'I'm not religious, but Tito is a God': Tito, Kumrovec, and the New Pilgrims | pages=71–94 | work= Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World: New Itineraries into the Sacred | editor= Peter Jan Margry | date = 2008 | publisher= Amsterdam University Press | location= Amsterdam | isbn= 978-90-485-0224-0 }} * {{Cite book | last = Borneman | first = John | title = Death of the Father: An Anthropology of End in Political Authority | url = https://archive.org/details/deathoffatherant0000unse | date = 2004 | publisher = Berghahn Books | isbn = 978-1-57181-111-0 | ref = refBorneman2004 }} * {{Cite book | last = Cook | first = Bernard A. | title = Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Volume 2 K-Z | date = 2001 | publisher = Garland Publishing Inc. | url =https://books.google.com/?id=hafLHZgZtt4C&pg=PA1391&dq=tito+secret+police#v=onepage&q=tito%20secret%20police&f=false | location = New York, New York | ref = harv | isbn = 9780815340584 }} * {{Cite book | last = Corbel | first = Josef | title = Tito's Communism | date = 1951 | publisher = The University of Denver Press | location = Denver, Colorado | url = https://archive.org/details/titoscommunism00korb | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Dedijer | first = Vladimir | title = Tito | date = 1952 | publisher = Simon and Schuster | location = New York, New York | isbn = 978-0-405-04565-3 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Dedijer | first = Vladimir | title = Tito Speaks: His Self Portrait and Struggle with Stalin | date = 1953 | publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicolson | location = London, England | ref = refDedijer1953 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Tito and Krushchev 1953-1956: Coming together, reconciliation, disappointment|journal=Journal of Central and East European Studies| date = 2003|volume=5|issue=2|pages=423–456}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|chapter=Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav policy and the formation of the concept of European security, 1968-1975|title=From Helsinki to Belgrade: the First CSCE follow-up meeting and the crisis of détente| date = 2012|location=Bonn|publisher=Bonn University Press|pages=59–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vo-iCMAqjIsC|isbn=9783899719383}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Dimić|first=Ljubodrag|authorlink=Ljubodrag Dimić|title=Yugoslavia and Security in Europe during the 1960s (Views, Attitudes, Initiatives)|journal=Токови историје| date = 2016|issue=3|pages=9–42|url=http://tokovi.istorije.rs/cir/uploaded/3%202016/Dimic%20(1).pdf}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Forsythe | editor-first = David P. | title = Encyclopedia of Human Rights | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&pg=RA4-PA47 | volume = 5 | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-0-19-533402-9 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Frankel | first = Benjamin | title = The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and Other Important Figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World | volume = 2 | publisher = Gale Research | location = London, England | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-8103-8928-1 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Finlan | first = Alastair | title = The Collapse of Yugoslavia 1991–1999 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=sZuHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&dq=tito+economy+collapse#v=onepage&q=tito%20economy%20collapse&f=false2004 | date = 2004 | publisher = Osprey Publishing | location = New York, USA | isbn =978-1-4728-1027-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gilbert | first = Martin | title = The First World War: A Complete History | date = 2004 | publisher = Henry Holt and Company | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8050-7617-2 | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | last= Granville | first= Johanna | title= Hungary, 1956: The Yugoslav Connection | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1998-05_50_3/page/493 | journal= Europe-Asia Studies | volume= 50 | issue= 3 | date= Mayo 1998 | pages= 493–505 }} * {{Cite book | last = Jeffreys-Jones | first = Rhodri | title = In Spies We Trust: The Story of Western Intelligence | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3gK7e8LpXvcC | date = 2013 | publisher = OUP Oxford | isbn=978-0-19-958097-2 | ref = }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Kocon | first1 = Ivan | last2 = Jeličić | first2 = Matej | last3 = Škunca | first3 = Ivan | title = Stvaranje Titove Jugoslavije | trans-title = The Creation of Tito's Yugoslavia | language = Serbo-Croatian | date = 1988 | location = Opatija, Yugoslavia | publisher = Otokar Keršovani | isbn = 978-86-385-0091-8 | ref = refKocon1988 }} * {{Cite book | last = Laqueur | first = Walter | title = Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iQS-1jqgeScC | publisher = Transaction Publishers | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | date = 1976 | isbn = 978-1-4128-2488-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lee | first = Khoon Choy | title = Diplomacy of a Tiny State | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oaiO6COY9ysC | publisher = World Scientific | location = Singapore | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-981-02-1219-3 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Lees | first = Lorraine M. | title = Keeping Tito Afloat: The United States, Yugoslavia, and the Cold War | date = 2006 | publisher = Pennsylvania State University Press | isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8 | ref = refLees1993 }} * {{Cite book | last = Maclean | first = Fitzroy | title = The Heretic: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito | url = https://archive.org/details/glanslstdikter0000liff | date = 1957 | publisher = Harper & Bro; Library of Congress No 57-6130 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matas | first = David | title = No More: The Battle Against Human Rights Violations | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-1-55002-221-6 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=Iz6pvc3YSr0C&pg=PA37&dq=tito+regime+human+rights#v=onepage&q=tito%20regime%20human%20rights&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = McGoldrick | first = Dominic | editor = Stephen Tierney | title = Accommodating National Identity: New Approaches in International and Domestic Law | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SAyizpsg-Z8C | date = 2000 | publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers | isbn = 978-90-411-1400-6 | chapter = Accommodating National Identity in National Law and International Law | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | last= McKee Irwin | first= Robert | title= Mexican Golden Age Cinema in Tito's Yugoslavia | journal= The Global South | volume=4 | issue= 1 | date= Spring 2010 | pages= 151–166 }} * {{Cite book | last = Minahan | first = James | title = Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC | date = 1998 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-30610-5 | ref = harv }} * Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''The improbable survivor: Yugoslavia and its problems, 1918-1988'' (1988). [https://archive.org/details/improbablesurviv0000pavl online free to borrow] * Pavlowitch, Stevan K. ''Tito--Yugoslavia's great dictator : a reassessment'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/titoyugoslaviasg00pavl online free to borrow] * Pavlowitch, Steven. ''Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/Hitlers-New-Disorder-Yugoslavia-Columbia/dp/0231700504/ excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book | last = Ramet | first = Sabrina Petra | authorlink = Sabrina Petra Ramet | date = 2006 | title = The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington, Indiana | isbn = 978-0-253-34656-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last=Ridley | first =Jasper | title = Tito: A Biography | date = 1994 | publisher = Constable and Company | location = London, England | isbn = 978-0-09-475610-6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Roberts | first = Walter R. | author-link = Walter Roberts (writer) | date = 1987 | title = Tito, Mihailović and the Allies: 1941–1945 | publisher = Duke University Press | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-8223-0773-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=43CbLU8FgFsC | ref = refRobert1987 }} * {{Cite book | last = Swain | first = Geoffrey | title = Tito: A Biography | date = 2010 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-84511-727-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BFgBAwAAQBAJ | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Sherwood | first = Timothy H. | title = The Rhetorical Leadership of Fulton J. Sheen, Norman Vincent Peale, and Billy Graham in the Age of Extremes | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LcodAAAAQBAJ | date = 2013 | publisher = Lexington Books | isbn = 978-0-7391-7431-9 | ref = refSherwood2013 }} * {{Cite book |last=Tomasevich |first=Jozo |last2=Vucinich |first2=Wayne S. |title=Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment |url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci | date = 1969 |publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | authorlink = Jozo Tomasevich | date = 1975 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, California | isbn = 978-0-8047-0857-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ | ref = refTomasevich1975 }} * {{Cite book | last = Tomasevich | first = Jozo | date = 2001 | title = War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, California | isbn = 978-0-8047-3615-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUSGevFe5MC | ref = refTomasevich2001 }} * {{Cite book | last = Trbovich | first = Ana S. | title = A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration | url = https://archive.org/details/legalgeographyof0000trbo | date = 2008 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, England | isbn = 978-0-19-533343-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Vinterhalter | first = Vilko | title = In the Path of Tito... | date = 1972 | publisher = Abacus Press | location = Tunbridge Wells, England | isbn = 978-0-85626-011-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Vucinich | first = Wayne S. | date = 1969 | title = Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment | chapter = Interwar Yugoslavia | publisher = University of California Press | location = [[Berkeley, California]] | oclc = 652337606 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a--6hauBIb4C | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = West | first = Richard | title = Tito and the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia | url = https://archive.org/details/titorisefallofyu00rich | date = 1995 | publisher = Carroll & Graf | location = New York, New York | isbn =978-0-7867-0191-9 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} {{Turók}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tito, Josip Broz}} [[Kaarangay:Josip Broz Tito| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1892]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1980]] rx0awjb5tqx89x8ay387de1fo7uxkci 0 159392 7785578 6276911 2026-08-27T20:27:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785578 wikitext text/x-wiki Iton '''paghubad''' in komunikasyon hin mga kasirigngon han teksto han tinikangan-nga-linggwahe pinaagi han kapatas nga teksto ha gin-iigo-nga linggwahe. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} كلاب ==Bibliograpiya== * [[Edward Balcerzan|Balcerzan, Edward]], ed., ''Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekładu, 1440-1974: Antologia'' (Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440-1974: an Anthology), Poznań, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1977. * {{cite book | title = Translation studies | author = [[Susan Bassnett|Bassnett, Susan]] | year = 1990 | publisher = Routledge | location = London & New York | isbn = 0-415-06528-3}} * [[Antoine Berman|Berman, Antoine]], ''L'épreuve de l'étranger. Culture et traduction dans l'Allemagne romantique: Herder, Goethe, Schlegel, Novalis, Humboldt, Schleiermacher, Hölderlin.'', Paris, Gallimard, Essais, 1984, ISBN 978-2-07-070076-9. Excerpted in English in [[Lawrence Venuti]], editor, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 2002 (2nd edition, 2004). * [[Antoine Berman|Berman, Antoine]], ''Pour une critique des traductions: John Donne''. Paris: Gallimard, 1995. Translated into English by [[Françoise Massardier-Kenney]] as ''Toward a Translation Criticism: John Donne''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009. * Billiani, Francesca, ''Ethics.'' In: ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies.'' New York & London: Routledge, 2001. * Cohen, J.M., "Translation", ''[[Encyclopedia Americana]]'', 1986, vol. 27, pp.&nbsp;12–15. * Darwish, Ali, "Towards a Theory of Constraints in Translation," 1999. ([http://www.at-turjuman.com @turjuman Online]) * [[Jonathan Galassi|Galassi, Jonathan]] ''et al.'', "''Como Conversazione'': On Translation," ''The Paris Review'', 2000, no. 155, ISSN 0031-2037, pp.&nbsp;255–312. Poets and critics [[Seamus Heaney]], [[Charles Tomlinson]], [[Tim Parks]] and others discuss the theory and practice of translation. * Gouadec, Daniel, ''Translation as a Profession'', Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2007, ISBN 978-90-272-1681-6. * [[Christopher Kasparek|Kasparek, Christopher]], "The Translator's Endless Toil", ''[[The Polish Review]]'', vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, pp.&nbsp;83–87. Includes a discussion of [[European language|European-language]] [[cognate]]s of the [[terminology|term]], "translation". * [[Christopher Kasparek|Kasparek, Christopher]], "Prus' ''Pharaoh'' and Curtin's Translation," ''[[The Polish Review]]'', vol. XXXI, nos. 2–3 (1986), pp.&nbsp;127–35. * {{cite book | title = The True Interpreter: a History of Translation Theory and Practice in the West | author = Kelly, L.G. | year = 1979 | publisher = New York, St. Martin's Press | isbn = 0-312-82057-7 }} * [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz, Czesław]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', 2nd ed., Berkeley, University of California Press, 1983, ISBN 0-520-04477-0. * [[Zdzisław Najder|Najder, Zdzisław]], ''Joseph Conrad: A Life'', translated by Halina Najder, [[Rochester, New York]], Camden House, 2007, ISBN 1-57113-347-X. * [[Tim Parks|Parks, Tim]], ''Translating Style: A Literary Approach to Translation—A Translation Approach to Literature'', Manchester, St. Jerome, 2007, ISBN 1-905763-04-2. * [[Mario Pei|Pei, Mario]], ''The Story of Language'', with an Introduction by [[Stuart Berg Flexner]], revised ed., New York, New American Library, 1984, ISBN 0-452-25527-9. * [[Claude Piron|Piron, Claude]], ''Le défi des langues — Du gâchis au bon sens'' (The Language Challenge: From Chaos to Common Sense), Paris, L'Harmattan, 1994. * Rose, Marilyn Gaddis, guest editor, ''Translation: Agent of Communication'' (a special issue of ''Pacific Moana Quarterly'', 5:1), 1980. * Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2008), ed. Mona Baker, Gabriela Saldanha, Routledge ISBN 978-0-415-36930-5 * [[Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher|Schleiermacher, Friedrich]], {{lang|de|"Über die verschiedenen Methoden des Übersetzens"}}, 1813, reprinted as "On the Different Methods of Translating" in Lawrence Venuti, editor, ''The Translation Studies Reader'', 2002, 2nd edition 2004. * {{cite book | title = Nimrod's Sin: Treason and Translation in a Multilingual World | author = Simms, Norman, editor | year = 1983 | publisher = | id = }} * [[Mary Snell-Hornby|Snell-Hornby, Mary]], and Jürgen F. Schopp, [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2013012902 "Translation"], ''[[European History Online]]'', [[Mainz]], [[Institute of European History]], 2013, retrieved 29 August 2013. * [[Władysław Tatarkiewicz|Tatarkiewicz, Władysław]], ''A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics'', translated from the Polish by [[Christopher Kasparek]], The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980, ISBN 83-01-00824-5. * {{cite book | title = The Translator's Invisibility | url = https://archive.org/details/translatorsinvis0000venu | author = [[Lawrence Venuti|Venuti, Lawrence]] | year = 1994 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 0-415-11538-8 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category}} *{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Translation}} <!-- Please include only links to sites that discuss translation. --> * {{gutenberg|no=22353|name=Early Theories of Translation}} 1920 text by Flora Ross Amos from the series ''Columbia University studies in English and comparative literature.'' * [http://www.unesco.org/culture/lit/ UNESCO Clearing House for Literary Translation] *[http://www.ncsc.org/education-and-careers/state-interpreter-certification/~/media/files/pdf/education%20and%20careers/state%20interpreter%20certification/guide%20to%20translation%20practices%206-14-11.ashx Guide to Translation of Legal Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516085844/http://www.ncsc.org/education-and-careers/state-interpreter-certification/~/media/files/pdf/education%20and%20careers/state%20interpreter%20certification/guide%20to%20translation%20practices%206-14-11.ashx |date=2013-05-16 }} *[http://english.uebersetzer-studium.de/html/translation-universities.htm List of universities in Europe and North America offering translation courses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530213917/http://english.uebersetzer-studium.de/html/translation-universities.htm |date=2013-05-30 }} *[http://www.sinclavos.cl/transgloss.php Glossary of Translation Terms, English, Spanish and Definitions] * [http://www.freetranslations.org/ Maghuhubad] qkfd4i2zdza2m79b1pi31yo042qy7vd 0 162884 7785702 7783227 2026-08-28T03:20:49Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785702 wikitext text/x-wiki An sumusunod mao an ''lista han mga syudad ngan han mga munisipyo han Pilipinas'' nga nag-agi hin pagliwat hin ngaran han naglabay. ==Luzon== *Adan → [[Adams, Ilocos Norte|Adams]] <ref name="adams">[http://inorte.org/?page_id=428 Adams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214175530/http://inorte.org/?page_id=428 |date=2015-02-14 }}, Official Website of Ilocos Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Albay → Legaspi (1925)<ref name="legaz">[http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/mayon-volcano-and-its-eruptions/12791881654315/3/0 Legazpi City History]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Filipiniana.net, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] *Angaki → [[Quirino, Ilocos Sur|Quirino]] (1964)<ref name="quris">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4035.html Republic Act No. 4035] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054112/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4035.html |date=2013-09-21 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Antatet → [[Luna, Isabela|Luna]] (1951)<ref name="nagacs">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra633.html Republic Act No. 633] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120911/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra633.html |date=2012-04-06 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Atoc → [[Atok, Benguet|Atok]] *Aurora → [[San Francisco, Quezon|San Francisco]] (1967)<ref name="sfqzn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4977.html Republic Act No. 4977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531232906/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4977.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Azagra → [[San Fernando, Romblon|San Fernando]] *Bacuit → [[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]] (1954)<ref name="elnid">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1140-renaming-bacuit,-palawan-to-el-nido.html Republic Act No. 1140] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130108082954/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1140-renaming-bacuit,-palawan-to-el-nido.html |date=2013-01-08 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Badajoz → [[San Agustin, Romblon|San Agustin]] (1957)<ref name="sagro">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno1660.html Republic Act No. 1660], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bagnotan → [[Bacnotan, La Union|Bacnotan]] *Bailen → [[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1965)<ref name="geacv">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4346.html Republic Act No. 4346] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601145813/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4346.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Balincaguin → [[Mabini, Pangasinan|Mabini]] (1929)<ref name="mabpg">[http://mabiniparish.blogspot.com/p/history.html Sto. Nino Parish History], Mabini Parish, retrieved 2012</ref> *Banna → Espiritu (1964)<ref name="banna">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno3997.html Republic Act No. 3997], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Banna, Ilocos Norte|Banna]] (1995) *Baoang → [[Bauang, La Union|Bauang]] *Bauguen → [[Salcedo, Ilocos Sur|Salcedo]] (1957)<ref name="salcis">[http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/statutes/item/ra-no-1627.html Republic Act No. 1627]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Corpus Juris, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bayag → [[Calanasan, Apayao|Calanasan]] (1967)<ref name="calanapy">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4980.html Republic Act No. 4980], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bigaa → [[Balagtas, Bulacan|Balagtas]] (1966)<ref name="balag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4702.html Republic Act No. 4702] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531204132/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4702.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Binangonan de Lampon → [[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] (1902)<ref name="infqzn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act558.html Philippine Commission Act No. 558] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601040914/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act558.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bitulok → Sabani (1953)<ref name="gabal">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra949-renaming-bitulok,-nueva-ecija-to-sabani.html Republic Act No. 949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200641/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra949-renaming-bitulok,-nueva-ecija-to-sabani.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija|Gabaldon]] (1955)<ref name="gabal2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1318.html Republic Act No. 1318] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200645/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1318.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Budiao → Cagsaua → Daraga → Locsin (1959)<ref name="sacat">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2505.html Republic Act No. 2505] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601082636/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2505.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Daraga, Albay|Daraga]] (1967)<ref name="sacat"/> *Bulaoen → Alava → [[Sison, Pangasinan|Sison]] (1918)<ref name="sison">[http://www.sisonlgu.gov.ph/facts.php About Sison: Facts and Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309061803/http://www.sisonlgu.gov.ph/facts.php |date=2012-03-09 }}, Municipal Government of Sison, retrieved 2012</ref> *Busaingan → [[Santa Magdalena, Sorsogon|Santa Magdalena]]<ref name="smagdasor">[http://www.stamagdalenasorsogon.com/about-sta-magdalena/history Historical Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035908/http://stamagdalenasorsogon.com/about-sta-magdalena/history |date=2013-12-10 }}, Municipal Government of Santa Magdalena, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabayan → [[Kabayan, Benguet|Kabayan]] *Cabugaoan → [[Kabugao, Apayao|Kabugao]] *Callang → [[San Manuel, Isabela|San Manuel]] (1965)<ref name="sanmanis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4600-renaming-callang,-isabela-to-san-manuel.html Republic Act No. 4600] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200306/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4600-renaming-callang,-isabela-to-san-manuel.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Calolbon → [[San Andres, Catanduanes|San Andres]] (1964)<ref name="sacat"/> *Caloocan → Kalookan → Caloocan *Capangan → [[Kapangan, Benguet|Kapangan]] *Carig → Santiago de Carig → [[Santiago, Isabela|Santiago]] (1910)<ref name="santia">[http://cityofsantiago.tripod.com/HISTORY.HTML Santiago City Historical Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603170809/http://cityofsantiago.tripod.com/HISTORY.HTML |date=2009-06-03 }}, City of Santiago, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cava → [[Caba, La Union|Caba]] *Cavite El Viejo → Cavite Viejo → [[Kawit, Cavite|Kawit]] (1907)<ref name="kawit">[http://home.us.archive.org/stream/unitedstatescon491offigoog/unitedstatescon491offigoog_djvu.txt Acts of the Philippine Commission], US Archive, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cavite La Punta → Cavite Nuevo → [[Cavite, Cavite|Cavite]] (1903)<ref name="cavca">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act707.html Philippine Commission Act No. 707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531090656/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act707.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cayan → Kayan → [[Tadian, Mountain Province|Tadian]] (1959)<ref name="tadia">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2101.html Republic Act No. 2101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200357/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2101.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cayapa → [[Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya|Kayapa]] *Concepcion → [[Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur|Gregorio del Pilar]] (1955)<ref name="gdpis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1246-renaming-concepcion,-ilocos-sur-to-gregorio-del-pilar.html Republic Act No. 1246] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162300/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1246-renaming-concepcion,-ilocos-sur-to-gregorio-del-pilar.html |date=2012-05-27 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Culiat → [[Angeles City|Angeles]] (1829) *Despujols → [[San Andres, Romblon|San Andres]] (1961)<ref name="sadrom">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno3358.html Republic Act No. 3358], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Disdis → [[Burgos, La Union|Burgos]] (1925)<ref name="burglu">[http://www.launion.gov.ph/e107_files/lgu/burgos_history.php Municipality of Burgos: History], Provincial Government of La Union, retrieved 2012</ref> *Echagüe → [[Echague, Isabela|Echague]] *Estella → [[Cordon, Isabela|Cordon]] *Faire → [[Santo Niño, Cagayan|Santo Niño]] (1969)<ref name="sncag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5644.html Republic Act No. 5644] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601041837/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5644.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Hingoso → [[General Luna, Quezon|General Luna]]<ref name="glunaqzn">[http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/luna.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014042610/http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/luna.html |date=2012-10-14 }}, Provincial Government of Quezon, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ibung → [[Villaverde, Nueva Vizcaya|Villaverde]] (1959)<ref name="villaverde">[http://www.lguvillaverde.com/?page_id=13 Profile & History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919172217/http://www.lguvillaverde.com/?page_id=13 |date=2011-09-19 }}, Municipal Government of Villaverde, retrieved 2012</ref> *Imelda → [[San Lorenzo Ruiz, Camarines Norte|San Lorenzo Ruiz]] (1989)<ref name="sacat"/> *Imelda → [[Santa Maria, Romblon|Santa Maria]] (1988)<ref name="smrom">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6651.html Republic Act No. 6651], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Indan → [[Vinzons, Camarines Norte|Vinzons]] (1945)<ref name="vinzo">[http://daetdiocese.net/?p=245 Republic Act No. 3948] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525121331/http://daetdiocese.net/?p=245 |date=2012-05-25 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Irirun → [[Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro|Calintaan]] *Jimoto → [[Gigmoto, Catanduanes|Gigmoto]] *Jones → [[Banton, Romblon|Banton]] (1959)<ref name="bantn">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2158.html Republic Act No. 2158], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Jose Panganiban → Payo (1957)<ref name="pangctds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1654.html Republic Act No. 1654] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121741/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1654.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Panganiban, Catanduanes|Panganiban]] (1959)<ref name="pangctds2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2122.html Republic Act No. 2122] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121747/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2122.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Laguimanoc → [[Padre Burgos, Quezon|Padre Burgos]] *Langangan → [[Santa Praxedes, Cagayan|Santa Praxedes]] (1964)<ref name="spxcag">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4149.html Republic Act No. 4149], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lapog → [[San Juan, Ilocos Sur|San Juan]] (1961)<ref name="sjils">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno3386.html Republic Act No. 3386], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Las Peñas → [[Las Piñas]] *Libog → [[Santo Domingo, Albay|Santo Domingo]] (1959)<ref name="sdalby">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2520.html Republic Act No. 2520] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092624/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2520.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lilio → [[Liliw, Laguna|Liliw]] *Limbuhan → [[Pio V. Corpuz, Masbate|Pio V. Corpuz]] (1954)<ref name="pvcor">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1116-renaming-limbuhan,-masbate-to-pio-v.-corpus.html Republic Act No. 1116] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233459/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1116-renaming-limbuhan,-masbate-to-pio-v.-corpus.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Linapacan → Gaudencio E. Abordo (1988) → [[Linapacan, Palawan|Linapacan]] *Liwan → [[Rizal, Kalinga|Rizal]] (1971)<ref name="rizkal">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6183.html Republic Act No. 6183], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Llana Hermosa → [[Hermosa, Bataan|Hermosa]] *Longos → [[Kalayaan, Laguna|Kalayaan]] (1956)<ref name="kalal">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1417.html Republic Act No. 1417] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025706/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1417.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mabatobato → [[Ocampo, Camarines Sur|Ocampo]] (1949) *Magalan → [[Magalang, Pampanga|Magalang]] *Magallanes → [[Magdiwang, Romblon|Magdiwang]] *Magsaysay → [[Delfin Albano, Isabela|Delfin Albano]] (1982)<ref name="delfi">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp291.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 5644] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519041211/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp291.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Malabanan → [[Biñan, Laguna|Biñan]] *Mambulao → [[Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte|Jose Panganiban]] (1934)<ref name="jpcn">[http://www.mambulao.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=66&showall=1 About Jose Panganiban]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Municipal Government of Jose Panganiban, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mangarin →[[San Jose, Occidental Mindoro|San Jose]]<ref name="sjoccmin">[http://www.discover-mindoro.com/2010/08/mangarin-ruins.html Discover Mindoro: Mangarin Ruins]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Discover-Mindoro.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marcos → Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1988)<ref name="rizpl">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6652.html Republic Act No. 6652] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601082556/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6652.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Rizal, Palawan|Rizal]] *Mariquina → [[Marikina]] (1901)<ref name="markin">[http://www.marikinalife.com/2010/04/marikina-city-celebrated-380th.html Marikina City Celebrates Its 380th Foundation Day], MarikinaLife.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mauanan → [[Rizal, Cagayan|Rizal]] (1914) *Mendez Nuñez → [[Mendez, Cavite|Mendez]] *Montalban → [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Rodriguez]] (1982)<ref name="rodri">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp275.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 275] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519040949/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp275.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Montufar → [[Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon|Prieto Diaz]] *Moron → [[Morong, Bataan|Morong]] (1955)<ref name="morob">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1249-renaming-moron,-bataan-to-morong.html Republic Act No. 1249] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121036/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1249-renaming-moron,-bataan-to-morong.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nagpartian → [[Burgos, Ilocos Norte|Burgos]] (1914)<ref name="burgin">[http://burgos-ilocos-norte.blogspot.com/2011/07/burgos-ilocos-norte.html Burgos, Ilocos Norte], retrieved 2012</ref> *Namacpacan → [[Luna, La Union|Luna]] (1906)<ref name="lunlu">[http://www.launion.gov.ph/e107_files/images/tourism/namacpacan1.html The Shrine of the Miraculous Image of Our Lady of Namacpacan], Provincial Government of La Union, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nueva Caceres → [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] (1919)<ref name="nagacs"/> *Nueva Coveta → [[Burgos, Ilocos Sur|Burgos]] *Nueva Segovia → [[Lal-lo, Cagayan|Lal-lo]] *Olongapo → President Magsaysay City (1971)<ref name="olong">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6340.html Republic Act No. 6340] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531224909/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6340.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Olongapo, Zambales|Olongapo]] *Papaya → [[General Tinio, Nueva Ecija|General Tinio]] (1957)<ref name="gtnec">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1665.html Republic Act No. 1665] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223521/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1665.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Paquil → [[Pakil, Laguna|Pakil]] *Parubcan → [[Presentacion, Camarines Sur|Presentacion]] (1969)<ref name="prescamsur">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5742.html Republic Act No. 5742] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601040825/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5742.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Patoc → Alfonso XII → Patoc → [[Peñarrubia, Abra|Peñarrubia]] (1903)<ref name="prubia">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act658.html Philippine Commission Act No. 658] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175735/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act658.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Perez Dasmariñas → [[Dasmariñas, Cavite|Dasmariñas]] (1917) *Peris → Piris → [[Buenavista, Quezon|Buenavista]]<ref name="buenavistaqzn">[http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/buenavista.html Province of Quezon: Cities and Municipalities(Buenavista)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505234603/http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/buenavista.html |date=2012-05-05 }}, Provincial Government of Quezon, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pinagsangahan → [[Pagsanjan, Laguna|Pagsanjan]] (1688) *Pineda → Pasay (1901)<ref name="pasay">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act227.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1665] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531231641/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act227.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → Rizal City (1947)<ref name="pasay2">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno183.html Republic Act No. 183], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pasay]] (1950)<ref name="pasay3">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra437.html Republic Act No. 437] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531210957/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra437.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Polo → [[Valenzuela, Philippines|Valenzuela]] (1963)<ref name="vzela">[http://www.valenzuela.gov.ph/index.php/the_city/history History of Valenzuela], City Government of Valenzuela, retrieved 2012</ref> *Potia → Lista (1988)<ref name="alisif">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6687_1988.html Republic Act No. 6687], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Alfonso Lista, Ifugao|Alfonso Lista]] *Principe Alfonso → [[Balabac, Palawan|Balabac]] *Puerto Real → [[Real, Quezon|Real]] *Quiangan → [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]] *Quibungan → [[Kibungan, Benguet|Kibungan]] *Quingua → [[Plaridel, Bulacan|Plaridel]] (1936)<ref name="plarb">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ca26.html Commonwealth Act No. 26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529114043/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ca26.html |date=2012-05-29 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quipia → [[Jovellar, Albay|Jovellar]] (1882)<ref name="jovellar">[http://jovellaralbay.com/index.php/about-jovellar/2-history History of Jovellar] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103171715/http://jovellaralbay.com/index.php/about-jovellar/2-history |date=2013-01-03 }}, JovellarAlbay.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Salasa → [[Bugallon, Pangasinan|Bugallon]] (1921)<ref name="bugll">[http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/bugallon/ Bugallon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909190606/http://pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/bugallon/ |date=2017-09-09 }}, Provincial Government of Pangasinan, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Bartolome de Calayan → [[Calayan, Cagayan|Calayan]] *San Carlos de Marigatao → [[Mahatao, Batanes|Mahatao]] *San Felipe Neri → [[Mandaluyong]] (1931)<ref name="mandalyg">[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/340559/mandaluyong-city-holds-arts-festival Mandaluyong City holds arts festival], Manila Bulletin, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Francisco de Malabon → [[General Trias, Cavite|General Trias]] (1920)<ref name="gtcav">[http://generaltrias.gov.ph/read_more.php?news_id=322 GeneralTias.gov.ph]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Municipal Government of General Trias, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Isidro de Potot → [[Burgos, Pangasinan|Burgos]] (1913) *San Isidro Labrador → [[Labrador, Pangasinan|Labrador]] (1939)<ref name="labpg">[http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/labrador/ Labrador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021190446/http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/labrador/ |date=2013-10-21 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Jose de Casignan → [[Maria Aurora, Aurora|Maria Aurora]] *San Jose de Ivana → [[Ivana, Batanes|Ivana]] *San Jose de Manabo → [[Manabo, Abra|Manabo]] *San Jose de Navotas → [[Navotas]] *San Juan de Bocboc → San Juan de Bolboc → Bolbok → [[San Juan, Batangas|San Juan]] *San Juan de Dinalupijan → [[Dinalupihan, Bataan|Dinalupihan]] *San Juan de Guimba → [[Guimba, Nueva Ecija|Guimba]] *San Juan del Monte → [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] *San Miguel → [[Sarrat, Ilocos Norte|Sarrat]] (1916)<ref name="sarrat">[http://sarrat-ilocosnorte.com/2012/03/03/historical-profile/ Sarrat Historical Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104141231/http://sarrat-ilocosnorte.com/2012/03/03/historical-profile/ |date=2013-01-04 }}, Municipal Government of Sarrat, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Miguel de Camiling → [[Camiling, Tarlac|Camiling]] *San Miguel de Masantol → [[Masantol, Pampanga|Masantol]] (1907) *San Miguel de Mayumo → [[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]] *San Pablo de los Montes → [[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]] (1902)<ref name="splag">[http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/about-san-pablo-city.html About San Pablo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502143958/http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/about-san-pablo-city.html |date=2012-05-02 }}, SanPabloCity.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro → [[Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro|Bulalacao]] (1969)<ref name="bcaor">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5646.html Republic Act No. 5646] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601064500/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5646.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro de Macati → [[Makati]] (1914)<ref name="makati">[http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ayala-memory/55-ayala-milestones/241-february-28-1914 February 28, 1914l] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221060216/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ayala-memory/55-ayala-milestones/241-february-28-1914 |date=December 21, 2012 }}, Filipinas Heritage Library, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro de Tunasan → [[San Pedro, Laguna|San Pedro]] (1914)<ref name="spela">[http://withonespast.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/part-of-history/ Part of History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312101344/https://withonespast.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/part-of-history/ |date=2016-03-12 }}, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Vicente de Dasol → [[Dasol, Pangasinan|Dasol]] (1903) *San Vicente de Sabtan → [[Sabtang, Batanes|Sabtang]] *Santa Catalina de Baba → [[Santa, Ilocos Sur|Santa]]<ref>Frank Cimatu, Leoncio Balbin Jr. (2003). ''There's no Santa in the town of Santa'', p. 18. [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] 12-24-2003.</ref> *Santa Catalina Virgen y Martir (V. y M.) → [[Santa Catalina, Ilocos Sur|Santa Catalina]]<ref> Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, Agustín de la (1876). ''Historia geográfica, geológica y estadiśtica de Filipinas'', p. 102. Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier, Manila.</ref> *Santa Cruz de Malabon → [[Tanza, Cavite|Tanza]] (1914)<ref name="tanza">[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=229827 A Homecoming in Tanza]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Philippine Star, retrieved 2012</ref> *Santa Cruz de Mindoro → [[Santa Cruz, Occidental Mindoro|Santa Cruz]] *Santa Cruz de Napo → [[Santa Cruz, Marinduque|Santa Cruz]] *Santa Florentina → [[Rapu-Rapu, Albay|Rapu-Rapu]] *Santa Maria de Caboan → [[Santa Maria, Laguna|Santa Maria]] *Santa Maria de Mayan → Mayan → [[Itbayat, Batanes|Itbayat]] *Santa Maria de Pandi → [[Pandi, Bulacan|Pandi]] *Santa Rosa de Lima → [[Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]] *Santo Domingo de Basco → [[Basco, Batanes|Basco]] *Santor → [[Bongabon, Nueva Ecija|Bongabon]] *Sexmoan → [[Sasmuan, Pampanga|Sasmuan]] (1991)<ref name="sasmu">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_6976_1991.html Republic Act No. 6976], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tabuco → Kabuyaw → [[Cabuyao, Laguna|Cabuyao]] (1571)<ref name="cabuyao">[http://www.cabuyao.gov.ph/history/50-historyofcabuyao Cabuyao Official Website - History]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> *Subaan → [[San Teodoro, Oriental Mindoro|San Teodoro]] *Tambobon → [[Malabon]] *Tauit → Tawit → [[Pudtol, Apayao|Pudtol]] *Tejeros → Salinas → [[Rosario, Cavite|Rosario]] (1846)<ref name="roscav">[http://www.cavite.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=146 Rosario, Cavite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208085552/http://www.cavite.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=146 |date=2012-02-08 }}, Provincial Government of Cavite], retrieved 2012</ref> *Tivi → [[Tiwi, Albay|Tiwi]] *Villavieja → Villa-Pilar (1903)<ref name="pilab">[http://www.svdphn.org/aboutus/ourladyofthepillar Our Lady of the Pillar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921004244/http://www.svdphn.org/aboutus/ourladyofthepillar |date=2014-09-21 }}, Society of the Divine Word Northern Philippines, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pilar, Abra|Pilar]] *Wawa → [[Guagua, Pampanga|Guagua]] ==Visayas== *Almeria → [[Kawayan, Biliran|Kawayan]] (1907)<ref name="kawaya">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1616] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531180910/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Antique → [[Hamtic, Antique|Hamtic]] *Arguelles → Magallanes → [[Sagay, Negros Occidental|Sagay]] (1906)<ref name="sagay">[http://www.sagay-city.com.ph/about.html Sagay City History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203183952/http://www.sagay-city.com.ph/about.html |date=2012-12-03 }}, City Government of Sagay, retrieved 2012</ref> *Asia → [[Hinoba-an, Negros Occidental|Hinoba-an]] (1959)<ref name="hinoba">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2154.html Republic Act No. 2154], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ayuquitan → [[Amlan, Negros Oriental|Amlan]] (1950)<ref name="amlan">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra435.html Republic Act No. 435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120227/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra435.html |date=2012-04-06 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bangajon → [[Gandara, Samar|Gandara]]<ref name="gandara">[http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=57&sobi2Id=1756&Itemid=56 Towns and Cities - Samar - Gandara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113035639/http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=57&sobi2Id=1756&Itemid=56 |date=2016-01-13 }}, Biyahero.net, retrieved 2012</ref> *Binuntuan → [[Las Navas, Northern Samar|Las Navas]] *Borja → [[Sagbayan, Bohol|Sagbayan]] (1957)<ref name="sagba">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1741.html Republic Act No. 1741] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515233537/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1741.html |date=2012-05-15 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bugho → [[Javier, Leyte|Javier]] (1965)<ref name="javie">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4365.html Republic Act No. 4365] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601142015/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4365.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabalian → [[San Juan, Southern Leyte|San Juan]] (1961)<ref name="sjsle">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3088.html Republic Act No. 3088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531141238/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3088.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Calivo → [[Kalibo, Aklan|Kalibo]] *Canoan → [[Larena, Siquijor|Larena]] *Capiz → [[Roxas, Capiz|Roxas]] (1951)<ref name="rxascz">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno603.html Republic Act No. 603], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cavancalan → [[Kabankalan, Negros Occidental|Kabankalan]] (1907)<ref name="kbkln">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1612.html Republic Act No. 1612] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531205055/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1612.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cordoba → [[Cordova, Cebu|Cordova]] *Dao → [[Tobias Fornier, Antique|Tobias Fornier]] (1978)<ref name="tbiasf">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=3558 Batas Pambansa Blg. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121216153548/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=3558 |date=2012-12-16 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ginigaran → [[Hinigaran, Negros Occidental|Hinigaran]] *Guijulungan → Guijulugan → [[Guihulngan, Negros Oriental|Guihulngan]] *Jimamailan → [[Himamaylan, Negros Occidental|Himamaylan]] *Jimeno → [[Altavas, Aklan|Altavas]] *La Granja → [[Allen, Northern Samar|Allen]] (1903)<ref name="sjsle"/> *Lacy → [[Lazi, Siquijor|Lazi]] *Lagatic → [[New Washington, Aklan|New Washington]] *Laguan → [[Laoang, Northern Samar|Laoang]] *Lanang → [[Llorente, Eastern Samar|Llorente]] (1903)<ref name="taftsamar">[http://archive.org/stream/annualreportswa31deptgoog/annualreportswa31deptgoog_djvu.txt Annual Reports of the War Department], Archive.org, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lauaan → [[Lawaan, Eastern Samar|Lawaan]] *Lucena → [[New Lucena, Iloilo|New Lucena]] (1955)<ref name="newluc">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1255-renaming-lucena,-iloilo-to-new-lucena.html Republic Act No. 1255] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121049/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1255-renaming-lucena,-iloilo-to-new-lucena.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Macato → [[Makato, Aklan|Makato]] *Magallon → [[Moises Padilla, Negros Occidental|Moises Padilla]] (1957)<ref name="mpadneg">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1630.html Republic Act No. 1630] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509222742/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1630.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Minuluan → [[Talisay, Negros Occidental|Talisay]]<ref name="talisayneg">[http://www.negrosoccidentaltourism.com/?page_id=63 Talisay City]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Negros Occidental Tourism Center, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nagaba → [[Jordan, Guimaras|Jordan]] (1902)<ref name="jrdn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act433.html Philippine Commission Act No. 433] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319220127/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act433.html |date=2013-03-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nalupa Nuevo → Barboza → [[Barbaza, Antique|Barbaza]] *Navas → [[Nabas, Aklan|Nabas]] (1906) *Nueva Valencia → Luzurriaga → [[Valencia, Negros Oriental|Valencia]] (1948)<ref name="valno">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra252.html Republic Act No. 252] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324114756/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra252.html |date=2012-03-24 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Opon → [[Lapu-Lapu, Cebu|Lapu-Lapu]] (1961)<ref name="lapul">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3134-lapulapu-city-charter.html Republic Act No. 3134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531144751/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3134-lapulapu-city-charter.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Paranas → Wright → [[Paranas, Samar|Paranas]] (1988)<ref name="parsa">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6681.html Republic Act No. 6681] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601083438/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6681.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Payabon → [[Bindoy, Negros Oriental|Bindoy]] (1959)<ref name="bindoy">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2526.html Republic Act No. 2526] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601091935/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2526.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pinabagdao → [[Pinabacdao, Samar|Pinabacdao]] *Pinamungajan → [[Pinamungahan, Cebu|Pinamungahan]] *Pitogo → [[President Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol|President Carlos P. Garcia]] (1977)<ref name="pcpgbl">[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1228.html Presidential Decree No. 1228], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quiot → [[Isabel, Leyte|Isabel]]<ref name="quiot">[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru8/Profiles/Municipal_%20Profile/municipal%20profile-isabel.htm Isabel: the industrial zone of Eastern Visayas], Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Isidro de Campo → [[San Isidro, Leyte|San Isidro]] *San Jacinto → [[Catigbian, Bohol|Catigbian]] (1954)<ref name="catibl">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1032.html Republic Act No. 1032] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233100/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1032.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Juan de Ilog → [[Ilog, Negros Occidental|Ilog]] *San Ricardo → [[Pintuyan, Southern Leyte|Pintuyan]] (1907)<ref name="pintuya">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1616] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531180910/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Saravia → [[Enrique B. Magalona, Negros Occidental|Enrique B. Magalona]] (1967)<ref name="ebmneg">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4896.html Republic Act No. 4896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531233500/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4896.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tolon → Tolon Nuevo → New Tolong → [[Bayawan, Negros Oriental|Bayawan]] (1952)<ref name="bayaw">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra694.html Republic Act No. 694] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418232406/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra694.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tubig → [[Taft, Eastern Samar|Taft]] (1903)<ref name="taftsamar"/> *Vilar → [[Bilar, Bohol|Bilar]] ==Mindanao== *Albor → [[Libjo, Dinagat Islands|Libjo]] (1967)<ref name="libjo">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4981.html Republic Act No. 4981] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531235003/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4981.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Anao-aon → [[San Francisco, Surigao del Norte|San Francisco]] (1971)<ref name="sfosdn">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6218.html Republic Act No. 6218], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bacolod Grande → [[Bacolod-Kalawi, Lanao del Sur|Bacolod-Kalawi]] *Bacungan → [[Bacungan, Zamboanga del Norte|Leon B. Postigo]] (1989)<ref name="lbpzdn">[http://leonbpostigo.gov.ph/creation-of-leon-b-postigo/ Creation of Leon B. Postigo as a Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040102/http://leonbpostigo.gov.ph/creation-of-leon-b-postigo/ |date=2013-07-26 }}, Municipal Government of Leon B. Postigo, retrieved 2012</ref> *Balimbing → [[Panglima Sugala, Tawi-Tawi|Panglima Sugala]] (1991)<ref name="psugala">[http://www.armm.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=409&Itemid=203 Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 7]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, ARMM.gov.ph, retrieved 2012</ref> *Boayen → Buayan → [[General Santos]] (1954)<ref name="gensan">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1107-renaming-buayan,-cotabato-to-general-santos.html Republic Act No. 1107] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233358/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1107-renaming-buayan,-cotabato-to-general-santos.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabuntog → [[General Luna, Surigao del Norte|General Luna]] (1929)<ref name="glsur">[http://www.surigaodelnorte.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=104 General Luna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820055450/http://www.surigaodelnorte.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=104 |date=2013-08-20 }}, Provincial Government of Surigao del Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cagayan de Misamis → [[Cagayan de Oro]] (1950)<ref name="cdo">[http://www.cagayandeorocitytourismboard.org/cdohistory.htm Cagayan de Oro History]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Cagayan de Oro City Tourism Board, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cagayan de Sulu → Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi (1984)<ref name="mapun">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html Republic Act No. 6672] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092059/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Mapun, Tawi-Tawi|Mapun]] (1988)<ref name="mapun2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html Republic Act No. 6672] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092059/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dansalan → [[Marawi City|Marawi]] (1956)<ref name="maraw">[http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/statutes/item/ra-no-1552.html Republic Act No. 1552]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Corpus Juris, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dinaig → [[Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao|Datu Odin Sinsuat]] *Don Mariano Marcos → Don Victoriano (1990)<ref name="dvcmis">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6845_1990.html Republic Act No. 6845], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Don Victoriano Chiongbian, Misamis Occidental|Don Victoriano Chiongbian]] *Don Mariano Marcos → [[Sominot, Zamboanga del Sur|Sominot]] (1988)<ref name="sominot>[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6684.html Republic Act No. 6684], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Doña Alicia → [[Mabini, Compostela Valley|Mabini]] (1954)<ref name="mabds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1007.html Republic Act No. 1007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418232755/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1007.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dulawan → [[Datu Piang, Maguindanao|Datu Piang]] (1954)<ref name="datup">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1035.html Republic Act No. 1035] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531185914/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1035.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Jinatuan → [[Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur|Hinatuan]] *Karomatan → [[Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte|Sultan Naga Dimaporo]] *Lambayong → [[Sultan sa Barongis, Maguindanao|Sultan sa Barongis]] (1959)<ref name="sultsabar">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2587.html Republic Act No. 2587], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Liargo → [[Ramon Magsaysay, Zamboanga del Sur|Ramon Magsaysay]] *Linamon → Tomas Cabili (1983)<ref name="tcldn">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=6522 Batas Pambansa Blg. 365] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104224745/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=6522 |date=2013-01-04 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Linamon, Lanao del Norte|Linamon]] *Linguig → [[Lingig, Surigao del Sur|Lingig]] *Linugas → [[Magsaysay, Misamis Oriental|Magsaysay]] (1957)<ref name="magmis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1653.html Republic Act No. 1653] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223023/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1653.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lubungan → [[Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte|Katipunan]] (1936)<ref name="katipzn">[http://zamboangadelnorte.com/ZDNhistoricalAccount.htm Zamboanga del Norte: Province Brief History], Provincial Government of Zamboanga del Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Maganoy → [[Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao|Shariff Aguak]] *Magugpo → [[Tagum, Davao del Norte|Tagum]]<ref name="tagum">[http://www.tagumcity.gov.ph/health_welfare/police.html City Government of Tagum - History of Magugpo Police Force to Tagum City Police Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715201428/http://www.tagumcity.gov.ph/health_welfare/police.html |date=2010-07-15 }}, City Government of Tagum, retrieved 2012</ref> *Maluko → [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]] (1957)<ref name="mfort">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1720.html Republic Act No. 1720] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515232943/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1720.html |date=2012-05-15 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marbel → [[Koronadal, South Cotabato|Koronadal]] *Mariano Marcos → [[Lambayong, Sultan Kudarat|Lambayong]] (1988)<ref name="lambsk">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6676_1988.html Republic Act No. 6676], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marungas → [[Hadji Panglima Tahil, Sulu|Hadji Panglima Tahil]] *Mina-ano → [[Remedios T. Romualdez, Agusan del Norte|Remedios T. Romualdez]] *Misamis → [[Ozamiz]] (1948)<ref name="ozamiz">[http://www.ozamiz.gov.ph/about/history/ History of Ozamiz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321084016/http://www.ozamiz.gov.ph/about/history/ |date=2012-03-21 }}, City Government of Ozamiz, retrieved 2012</ref> *New Panamao → [[Panglima Estino, Sulu|Panglima Estino]] *New Piñan → [[Piñan, Zamboanga del Norte|Piñan]] (1960)<ref name="pinzbn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2846.html Republic Act No. 2846] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601024909/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2846.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nueva Vergara → [[Davao City|Davao]] (1868)<ref name="davao">[http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/davao-city-75th-anniversary-commemorative-stamps/ Davao City 75th Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318125703/http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/davao-city-75th-anniversary-commemorative-stamps/ |date=2012-03-18 }}, Philippine Postal Corporation, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nuling → [[Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao|Sultan Kudarat]] (1969)<ref name="skudmag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5647.html Republic Act No. 5647] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601083811/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5647.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Numancia → [[Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte|Del Carmen]] (1966)<ref name="dcsur">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4786.html Republic Act No. 4786] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175237/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4786.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Oteiza → [[Marihatag, Surigao del Sur|Marihatag]] (1955)<ref name="marih">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1261-renaming-oteiza,-surigao-to--marihatag.html Republic Act No. 1261] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014093737/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1261-renaming-oteiza,-surigao-to--marihatag.html |date=2013-10-14 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pandami → Lapak (1992)<ref name="pandamsu">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra7480.html Republic Act No. 7480] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601124648/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra7480.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pandami, Sulu|Pandami]] *Ponot → [[Jose Dalman, Zamboanga del Norte|Jose Dalman]] (1983)<ref name="jdzdn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp381.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 381] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519051806/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp381.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quinoguitan → [[Kinoguitan, Misamis Oriental|Kinoguitan]] *Regidor → [[Tangub, Misamis Occidental|Tangub]] (1930)<ref name="tangub">[http://tangubcity.gov.ph/tourism/history-heritage History and Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111222655/http://tangubcity.gov.ph/tourism/history-heritage |date=2013-01-11 }}, City Government of Tangub, retrieved 2012</ref> *Rizal → [[Basilisa, Dinagat Islands|Basilisa]] (1969)<ref name="basilisa">[http://basilisadinagatislands.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=192 44th Araw ng Basilisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821174753/http://basilisadinagatislands.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=192 |date=2012-08-21 }}, Provincial Government of Dinagat Islands, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Mariano → [[Maragusan, Compostela Valley|Maragusan]] (1988)<ref name="mrgsn">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6678_1988.html Republic Act No. 6678], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Vicente → [[Laak, Compostela Valley|Laak]] (1994)<ref name="laakcv">[http://www.ecomval.gov.ph/laak Municipality of Laak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814014245/http://www.ecomval.gov.ph/laak/ |date=2011-08-14 }}, eComVal.gov.ph, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sapao → [[Santa Monica, Surigao del Norte|Santa Monica]] (1967)<ref name="smsur">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4998.html Republic Act No. 4998], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Saug → [[Asuncion, Davao del Norte|Asuncion]] (1957)<ref name="asunc">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1675.html Republic Act No. 1675] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223717/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1675.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sigaboy → [[Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental|Governor Generoso]]<ref name="govgendo">[http://govgen.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:history&catid=25:profile Historical Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221055313/http://govgen.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:history&catid=25:profile |date=2012-12-21 }}, Official Website of Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental, Philippines, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sultan Gumander → [[Picong, Lanao del Sur|Picong]] (2006) *Taganak → [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] *Talipao → Arolas Tulawie (1984)<ref name="talpsu">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=8068 Batas Pambansa Blg. 692] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130105002720/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=8068 |date=2013-01-05 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Talipao, Sulu|Talipao]] *Tatarikan → [[Pagayawan, Lanao del Sur|Pagayawan]] *Tongkil → [[Banguingui, Sulu|Banguingui]] *Trinidad → [[Jose Abad Santos, Davao del Sur|Jose Abad Santos]] (1955)<ref name="jasds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1206-renaming-trinidad,-davao-to-jose-abad-santos.html Republic Act No. 1206] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527161734/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1206-renaming-trinidad,-davao-to-jose-abad-santos.html |date=2012-05-27 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tumbao → [[Kabuntalan, Maguindanao|Kabuntalan]] (1976)<ref name="kabun">[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1010.html Presidential Decree No. 1010], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> ==Kitaa liwat== *[[Mga syudad han Pilipinas]] *[[Mga munisipalidad han Pilipinas]] ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{refbegin|3}} [[Kategorya:Mga syudad han Pilipinas|Mga syudad han Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Mga munisipalidad han Pilipinas|Mga munisipalidad han Pilipinas]] [[Kategorya:Philippines geography-related lists|Mga syudad ngan munisipalidad]] em36o5icr8b6qea6ru2lriprmuqz06e 0 162885 7785701 7783226 2026-08-28T03:20:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785701 wikitext text/x-wiki An mga sumusunod mao an mga syudad ug bungto nga nag-agi hin pagliwan o pagbag-o hin ngaran. ==Luzon== *Adan → [[Adams, Ilocos Norte|Adams]] <ref name="adams">[http://inorte.org/?page_id=428 Adams] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214175530/http://inorte.org/?page_id=428 |date=2015-02-14 }}, Official Website of Ilocos Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Albay → Legaspi (1925)<ref name="legaz">[http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/mayon-volcano-and-its-eruptions/12791881654315/3/0 Legazpi City History]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Filipiniana.net, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] *Angaki → [[Quirino, Ilocos Sur|Quirino]] (1964)<ref name="quris">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4035.html Republic Act No. 4035] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054112/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4035.html |date=2013-09-21 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Antatet → [[Luna, Isabela|Luna]] (1951)<ref name="nagacs">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra633.html Republic Act No. 633] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120911/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra633.html |date=2012-04-06 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Atoc → [[Atok, Benguet|Atok]] *Aurora → [[San Francisco, Quezon|San Francisco]] (1967)<ref name="sfqzn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4977.html Republic Act No. 4977] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531232906/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4977.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Azagra → [[San Fernando, Romblon|San Fernando]] *Bacuit → [[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]] (1954)<ref name="elnid">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1140-renaming-bacuit,-palawan-to-el-nido.html Republic Act No. 1140] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130108082954/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1140-renaming-bacuit,-palawan-to-el-nido.html |date=2013-01-08 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Badajoz → [[San Agustin, Romblon|San Agustin]] (1957)<ref name="sagro">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno1660.html Republic Act No. 1660], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bagnotan → [[Bacnotan, La Union|Bacnotan]] *Bailen → [[General Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite|General Emilio Aguinaldo]] (1965)<ref name="geacv">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4346.html Republic Act No. 4346] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601145813/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4346.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Balincaguin → [[Mabini, Pangasinan|Mabini]] (1929)<ref name="mabpg">[http://mabiniparish.blogspot.com/p/history.html Sto. Nino Parish History], Mabini Parish, retrieved 2012</ref> *Banna → Espiritu (1964)<ref name="banna">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno3997.html Republic Act No. 3997], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Banna, Ilocos Norte|Banna]] (1995) *Baoang → [[Bauang, La Union|Bauang]] *Bauguen → [[Salcedo, Ilocos Sur|Salcedo]] (1957)<ref name="salcis">[http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/statutes/item/ra-no-1627.html Republic Act No. 1627]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Corpus Juris, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bayag → [[Calanasan, Apayao|Calanasan]] (1967)<ref name="calanapy">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4980.html Republic Act No. 4980], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bigaa → [[Balagtas, Bulacan|Balagtas]] (1966)<ref name="balag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4702.html Republic Act No. 4702] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531204132/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4702.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Binangonan de Lampon → [[Infanta, Quezon|Infanta]] (1902)<ref name="infqzn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act558.html Philippine Commission Act No. 558] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601040914/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act558.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bitulok → Sabani (1953)<ref name="gabal">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra949-renaming-bitulok,-nueva-ecija-to-sabani.html Republic Act No. 949] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200641/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra949-renaming-bitulok,-nueva-ecija-to-sabani.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija|Gabaldon]] (1955)<ref name="gabal2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1318.html Republic Act No. 1318] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200645/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1318.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Budiao → Cagsaua → Daraga → Locsin (1959)<ref name="sacat">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2505.html Republic Act No. 2505] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601082636/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2505.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Daraga, Albay|Daraga]] (1967)<ref name="sacat"/> *Bulaoen → Alava → [[Sison, Pangasinan|Sison]] (1918)<ref name="sison">[http://www.sisonlgu.gov.ph/facts.php About Sison: Facts and Figures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309061803/http://www.sisonlgu.gov.ph/facts.php |date=2012-03-09 }}, Municipal Government of Sison, retrieved 2012</ref> *Busaingan → [[Santa Magdalena, Sorsogon|Santa Magdalena]]<ref name="smagdasor">[http://www.stamagdalenasorsogon.com/about-sta-magdalena/history Historical Development] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035908/http://stamagdalenasorsogon.com/about-sta-magdalena/history |date=2013-12-10 }}, Municipal Government of Santa Magdalena, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabayan → [[Kabayan, Benguet|Kabayan]] *Cabugaoan → [[Kabugao, Apayao|Kabugao]] *Callang → [[San Manuel, Isabela|San Manuel]] (1965)<ref name="sanmanis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4600-renaming-callang,-isabela-to-san-manuel.html Republic Act No. 4600] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200306/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4600-renaming-callang,-isabela-to-san-manuel.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Calolbon → [[San Andres, Catanduanes|San Andres]] (1964)<ref name="sacat"/> *Caloocan → Kalookan → Caloocan *Capangan → [[Kapangan, Benguet|Kapangan]] *Carig → Santiago de Carig → [[Santiago, Isabela|Santiago]] (1910)<ref name="santia">[http://cityofsantiago.tripod.com/HISTORY.HTML Santiago City Historical Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603170809/http://cityofsantiago.tripod.com/HISTORY.HTML |date=2009-06-03 }}, City of Santiago, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cava → [[Caba, La Union|Caba]] *Cavite El Viejo → Cavite Viejo → [[Kawit, Cavite|Kawit]] (1907)<ref name="kawit">[http://home.us.archive.org/stream/unitedstatescon491offigoog/unitedstatescon491offigoog_djvu.txt Acts of the Philippine Commission], US Archive, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cavite La Punta → Cavite Nuevo → [[Cavite, Cavite|Cavite]] (1903)<ref name="cavca">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act707.html Philippine Commission Act No. 707] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531090656/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act707.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cayan → Kayan → [[Tadian, Mountain Province|Tadian]] (1959)<ref name="tadia">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2101.html Republic Act No. 2101] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523200357/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2101.html |date=2012-05-23 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cayapa → [[Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya|Kayapa]] *Concepcion → [[Gregorio del Pilar, Ilocos Sur|Gregorio del Pilar]] (1955)<ref name="gdpis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1246-renaming-concepcion,-ilocos-sur-to-gregorio-del-pilar.html Republic Act No. 1246] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527162300/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1246-renaming-concepcion,-ilocos-sur-to-gregorio-del-pilar.html |date=2012-05-27 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Culiat → [[Angeles City|Angeles]] (1829) *Despujols → [[San Andres, Romblon|San Andres]] (1961)<ref name="sadrom">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno3358.html Republic Act No. 3358], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Disdis → [[Burgos, La Union|Burgos]] (1925)<ref name="burglu">[http://www.launion.gov.ph/e107_files/lgu/burgos_history.php Municipality of Burgos: History], Provincial Government of La Union, retrieved 2012</ref> *Echagüe → [[Echague, Isabela|Echague]] *Estella → [[Cordon, Isabela|Cordon]] *Faire → [[Santo Niño, Cagayan|Santo Niño]] (1969)<ref name="sncag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5644.html Republic Act No. 5644] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601041837/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5644.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Hingoso → [[General Luna, Quezon|General Luna]]<ref name="glunaqzn">[http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/luna.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014042610/http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/luna.html |date=2012-10-14 }}, Provincial Government of Quezon, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ibung → [[Villaverde, Nueva Vizcaya|Villaverde]] (1959)<ref name="villaverde">[http://www.lguvillaverde.com/?page_id=13 Profile & History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919172217/http://www.lguvillaverde.com/?page_id=13 |date=2011-09-19 }}, Municipal Government of Villaverde, retrieved 2012</ref> *Imelda → [[San Lorenzo Ruiz, Camarines Norte|San Lorenzo Ruiz]] (1989)<ref name="sacat"/> *Imelda → [[Santa Maria, Romblon|Santa Maria]] (1988)<ref name="smrom">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6651.html Republic Act No. 6651], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Indan → [[Vinzons, Camarines Norte|Vinzons]] (1945)<ref name="vinzo">[http://daetdiocese.net/?p=245 Republic Act No. 3948] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525121331/http://daetdiocese.net/?p=245 |date=2012-05-25 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Irirun → [[Calintaan, Occidental Mindoro|Calintaan]] *Jimoto → [[Gigmoto, Catanduanes|Gigmoto]] *Jones → [[Banton, Romblon|Banton]] (1959)<ref name="bantn">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2158.html Republic Act No. 2158], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Jose Panganiban → Payo (1957)<ref name="pangctds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1654.html Republic Act No. 1654] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121741/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1654.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Panganiban, Catanduanes|Panganiban]] (1959)<ref name="pangctds2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2122.html Republic Act No. 2122] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121747/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2122.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Laguimanoc → [[Padre Burgos, Quezon|Padre Burgos]] *Langangan → [[Santa Praxedes, Cagayan|Santa Praxedes]] (1964)<ref name="spxcag">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4149.html Republic Act No. 4149], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lapog → [[San Juan, Ilocos Sur|San Juan]] (1961)<ref name="sjils">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno3386.html Republic Act No. 3386], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Las Peñas → [[Las Piñas]] *Libog → [[Santo Domingo, Albay|Santo Domingo]] (1959)<ref name="sdalby">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2520.html Republic Act No. 2520] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092624/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2520.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lilio → [[Liliw, Laguna|Liliw]] *Limbuhan → [[Pio V. Corpuz, Masbate|Pio V. Corpuz]] (1954)<ref name="pvcor">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1116-renaming-limbuhan,-masbate-to-pio-v.-corpus.html Republic Act No. 1116] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233459/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1116-renaming-limbuhan,-masbate-to-pio-v.-corpus.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Linapacan → Gaudencio E. Abordo (1988) → [[Linapacan, Palawan|Linapacan]] *Liwan → [[Rizal, Kalinga|Rizal]] (1971)<ref name="rizkal">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6183.html Republic Act No. 6183], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Llana Hermosa → [[Hermosa, Bataan|Hermosa]] *Longos → [[Kalayaan, Laguna|Kalayaan]] (1956)<ref name="kalal">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1417.html Republic Act No. 1417] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601025706/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1417.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mabatobato → [[Ocampo, Camarines Sur|Ocampo]] (1949) *Magalan → [[Magalang, Pampanga|Magalang]] *Magallanes → [[Magdiwang, Romblon|Magdiwang]] *Magsaysay → [[Delfin Albano, Isabela|Delfin Albano]] (1982)<ref name="delfi">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp291.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 5644] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519041211/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp291.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Malabanan → [[Biñan, Laguna|Biñan]] *Mambulao → [[Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte|Jose Panganiban]] (1934)<ref name="jpcn">[http://www.mambulao.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=66&showall=1 About Jose Panganiban]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Municipal Government of Jose Panganiban, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mangarin →[[San Jose, Occidental Mindoro|San Jose]]<ref name="sjoccmin">[http://www.discover-mindoro.com/2010/08/mangarin-ruins.html Discover Mindoro: Mangarin Ruins]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Discover-Mindoro.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marcos → Dr. Jose P. Rizal (1988)<ref name="rizpl">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6652.html Republic Act No. 6652] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601082556/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6652.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Rizal, Palawan|Rizal]] *Mariquina → [[Marikina]] (1901)<ref name="markin">[http://www.marikinalife.com/2010/04/marikina-city-celebrated-380th.html Marikina City Celebrates Its 380th Foundation Day], MarikinaLife.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Mauanan → [[Rizal, Cagayan|Rizal]] (1914) *Mendez Nuñez → [[Mendez, Cavite|Mendez]] *Montalban → [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Rodriguez]] (1982)<ref name="rodri">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp275.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 275] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519040949/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp275.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw, retrieved 2012</ref> *Montufar → [[Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon|Prieto Diaz]] *Moron → [[Morong, Bataan|Morong]] (1955)<ref name="morob">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1249-renaming-moron,-bataan-to-morong.html Republic Act No. 1249] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121036/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1249-renaming-moron,-bataan-to-morong.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nagpartian → [[Burgos, Ilocos Norte|Burgos]] (1914)<ref name="burgin">[http://burgos-ilocos-norte.blogspot.com/2011/07/burgos-ilocos-norte.html Burgos, Ilocos Norte], retrieved 2012</ref> *Namacpacan → [[Luna, La Union|Luna]] (1906)<ref name="lunlu">[http://www.launion.gov.ph/e107_files/images/tourism/namacpacan1.html The Shrine of the Miraculous Image of Our Lady of Namacpacan], Provincial Government of La Union, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nueva Caceres → [[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] (1919)<ref name="nagacs"/> *Nueva Coveta → [[Burgos, Ilocos Sur|Burgos]] *Nueva Segovia → [[Lal-lo, Cagayan|Lal-lo]] *Olongapo → President Magsaysay City (1971)<ref name="olong">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6340.html Republic Act No. 6340] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531224909/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6340.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Olongapo, Zambales|Olongapo]] *Papaya → [[General Tinio, Nueva Ecija|General Tinio]] (1957)<ref name="gtnec">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1665.html Republic Act No. 1665] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223521/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1665.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Paquil → [[Pakil, Laguna|Pakil]] *Parubcan → [[Presentacion, Camarines Sur|Presentacion]] (1969)<ref name="prescamsur">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5742.html Republic Act No. 5742] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601040825/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5742.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Patoc → Alfonso XII → Patoc → [[Peñarrubia, Abra|Peñarrubia]] (1903)<ref name="prubia">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act658.html Philippine Commission Act No. 658] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175735/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act658.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Perez Dasmariñas → [[Dasmariñas, Cavite|Dasmariñas]] (1917) *Peris → Piris → [[Buenavista, Quezon|Buenavista]]<ref name="buenavistaqzn">[http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/buenavista.html Province of Quezon: Cities and Municipalities(Buenavista)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505234603/http://www.quezon.gov.ph/about/buenavista.html |date=2012-05-05 }}, Provincial Government of Quezon, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pinagsangahan → [[Pagsanjan, Laguna|Pagsanjan]] (1688) *Pineda → Pasay (1901)<ref name="pasay">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act227.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1665] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531231641/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act227.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → Rizal City (1947)<ref name="pasay2">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno183.html Republic Act No. 183], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pasay]] (1950)<ref name="pasay3">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra437.html Republic Act No. 437] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531210957/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra437.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Polo → [[Valenzuela, Philippines|Valenzuela]] (1963)<ref name="vzela">[http://www.valenzuela.gov.ph/index.php/the_city/history History of Valenzuela], City Government of Valenzuela, retrieved 2012</ref> *Potia → Lista (1988)<ref name="alisif">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6687_1988.html Republic Act No. 6687], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Alfonso Lista, Ifugao|Alfonso Lista]] *Principe Alfonso → [[Balabac, Palawan|Balabac]] *Puerto Real → [[Real, Quezon|Real]] *Quiangan → [[Kiangan, Ifugao|Kiangan]] *Quibungan → [[Kibungan, Benguet|Kibungan]] *Quingua → [[Plaridel, Bulacan|Plaridel]] (1936)<ref name="plarb">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ca26.html Commonwealth Act No. 26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529114043/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ca26.html |date=2012-05-29 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quipia → [[Jovellar, Albay|Jovellar]] (1882)<ref name="jovellar">[http://jovellaralbay.com/index.php/about-jovellar/2-history History of Jovellar] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103171715/http://jovellaralbay.com/index.php/about-jovellar/2-history |date=2013-01-03 }}, JovellarAlbay.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *Salasa → [[Bugallon, Pangasinan|Bugallon]] (1921)<ref name="bugll">[http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/bugallon/ Bugallon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909190606/http://pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/bugallon/ |date=2017-09-09 }}, Provincial Government of Pangasinan, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Bartolome de Calayan → [[Calayan, Cagayan|Calayan]] *San Carlos de Marigatao → [[Mahatao, Batanes|Mahatao]] *San Felipe Neri → [[Mandaluyong]] (1931)<ref name="mandalyg">[http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/340559/mandaluyong-city-holds-arts-festival Mandaluyong City holds arts festival], Manila Bulletin, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Francisco de Malabon → [[General Trias, Cavite|General Trias]] (1920)<ref name="gtcav">[http://generaltrias.gov.ph/read_more.php?news_id=322 GeneralTias.gov.ph]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Municipal Government of General Trias, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Isidro de Potot → [[Burgos, Pangasinan|Burgos]] (1913) *San Isidro Labrador → [[Labrador, Pangasinan|Labrador]] (1939)<ref name="labpg">[http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/labrador/ Labrador] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021190446/http://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/cities-and-municipalities/labrador/ |date=2013-10-21 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Jose de Casignan → [[Maria Aurora, Aurora|Maria Aurora]] *San Jose de Ivana → [[Ivana, Batanes|Ivana]] *San Jose de Manabo → [[Manabo, Abra|Manabo]] *San Jose de Navotas → [[Navotas]] *San Juan de Bocboc → San Juan de Bolboc → Bolbok → [[San Juan, Batangas|San Juan]] *San Juan de Dinalupijan → [[Dinalupihan, Bataan|Dinalupihan]] *San Juan de Guimba → [[Guimba, Nueva Ecija|Guimba]] *San Juan del Monte → [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] *San Miguel → [[Sarrat, Ilocos Norte|Sarrat]] (1916)<ref name="sarrat">[http://sarrat-ilocosnorte.com/2012/03/03/historical-profile/ Sarrat Historical Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104141231/http://sarrat-ilocosnorte.com/2012/03/03/historical-profile/ |date=2013-01-04 }}, Municipal Government of Sarrat, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Miguel de Camiling → [[Camiling, Tarlac|Camiling]] *San Miguel de Masantol → [[Masantol, Pampanga|Masantol]] (1907) *San Miguel de Mayumo → [[San Miguel, Bulacan|San Miguel]] *San Pablo de los Montes → [[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]] (1902)<ref name="splag">[http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/about-san-pablo-city.html About San Pablo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502143958/http://www.sanpablocity.com.ph/about-san-pablo-city.html |date=2012-05-02 }}, SanPabloCity.com, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro → [[Bulalacao, Oriental Mindoro|Bulalacao]] (1969)<ref name="bcaor">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5646.html Republic Act No. 5646] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601064500/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5646.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro de Macati → [[Makati]] (1914)<ref name="makati">[http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ayala-memory/55-ayala-milestones/241-february-28-1914 February 28, 1914l] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221060216/http://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/ayala-memory/55-ayala-milestones/241-february-28-1914 |date=December 21, 2012 }}, Filipinas Heritage Library, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Pedro de Tunasan → [[San Pedro, Laguna|San Pedro]] (1914)<ref name="spela">[http://withonespast.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/part-of-history/ Part of History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312101344/https://withonespast.wordpress.com/2008/10/21/part-of-history/ |date=2016-03-12 }}, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Vicente de Dasol → [[Dasol, Pangasinan|Dasol]] (1903) *San Vicente de Sabtan → [[Sabtang, Batanes|Sabtang]] *Santa Catalina de Baba → [[Santa, Ilocos Sur|Santa]]<ref>Frank Cimatu, Leoncio Balbin Jr. (2003). ''There's no Santa in the town of Santa'', p. 18. [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] 12-24-2003.</ref> *Santa Catalina Virgen y Martir (V. y M.) → [[Santa Catalina, Ilocos Sur|Santa Catalina]]<ref> Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, Agustín de la (1876). ''Historia geográfica, geológica y estadiśtica de Filipinas'', p. 102. Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier, Manila.</ref> *Santa Cruz de Malabon → [[Tanza, Cavite|Tanza]] (1914)<ref name="tanza">[http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=229827 A Homecoming in Tanza]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Philippine Star, retrieved 2012</ref> *Santa Cruz de Mindoro → [[Santa Cruz, Occidental Mindoro|Santa Cruz]] *Santa Cruz de Napo → [[Santa Cruz, Marinduque|Santa Cruz]] *Santa Florentina → [[Rapu-Rapu, Albay|Rapu-Rapu]] *Santa Maria de Caboan → [[Santa Maria, Laguna|Santa Maria]] *Santa Maria de Mayan → Mayan → [[Itbayat, Batanes|Itbayat]] *Santa Maria de Pandi → [[Pandi, Bulacan|Pandi]] *Santa Rosa de Lima → [[Santa Rosa, Laguna|Santa Rosa]] *Santo Domingo de Basco → [[Basco, Batanes|Basco]] *Santor → [[Bongabon, Nueva Ecija|Bongabon]] *Sexmoan → [[Sasmuan, Pampanga|Sasmuan]] (1991)<ref name="sasmu">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_6976_1991.html Republic Act No. 6976], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tabuco → Kabuyaw → [[Cabuyao, Laguna|Cabuyao]] (1571)<ref name="cabuyao">[http://www.cabuyao.gov.ph/history/50-historyofcabuyao Cabuyao Official Website - History]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> *Subaan → [[San Teodoro, Oriental Mindoro|San Teodoro]] *Tambobon → [[Malabon]] *Tauit → Tawit → [[Pudtol, Apayao|Pudtol]] *Tejeros → Salinas → [[Rosario, Cavite|Rosario]] (1846)<ref name="roscav">[http://www.cavite.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=146 Rosario, Cavite] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208085552/http://www.cavite.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208&Itemid=146 |date=2012-02-08 }}, Provincial Government of Cavite], retrieved 2012</ref> *Tivi → [[Tiwi, Albay|Tiwi]] *Villavieja → Villa-Pilar (1903)<ref name="pilab">[http://www.svdphn.org/aboutus/ourladyofthepillar Our Lady of the Pillar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921004244/http://www.svdphn.org/aboutus/ourladyofthepillar |date=2014-09-21 }}, Society of the Divine Word Northern Philippines, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pilar, Abra|Pilar]] *Wawa → [[Guagua, Pampanga|Guagua]] ==Mindanao== *Albor → [[Libjo, Dinagat Islands|Libjo]] (1967)<ref name="libjo">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4981.html Republic Act No. 4981] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531235003/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4981.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Anao-aon → [[San Francisco, Surigao del Norte|San Francisco]] (1971)<ref name="sfosdn">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6218.html Republic Act No. 6218], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bacolod Grande → [[Bacolod-Kalawi, Lanao del Sur|Bacolod-Kalawi]] *Bacungan → [[Bacungan, Zamboanga del Norte|Leon B. Postigo]] (1989)<ref name="lbpzdn">[http://leonbpostigo.gov.ph/creation-of-leon-b-postigo/ Creation of Leon B. Postigo as a Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726040102/http://leonbpostigo.gov.ph/creation-of-leon-b-postigo/ |date=2013-07-26 }}, Municipal Government of Leon B. Postigo, retrieved 2012</ref> *Balimbing → [[Panglima Sugala, Tawi-Tawi|Panglima Sugala]] (1991)<ref name="psugala">[http://www.armm.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=409&Itemid=203 Muslim Mindanao Autonomy Act No. 7]{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, ARMM.gov.ph, retrieved 2012</ref> *Boayen → Buayan → [[General Santos]] (1954)<ref name="gensan">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1107-renaming-buayan,-cotabato-to-general-santos.html Republic Act No. 1107] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233358/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1107-renaming-buayan,-cotabato-to-general-santos.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabuntog → [[General Luna, Surigao del Norte|General Luna]] (1929)<ref name="glsur">[http://www.surigaodelnorte.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=104 General Luna] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820055450/http://www.surigaodelnorte.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=104 |date=2013-08-20 }}, Provincial Government of Surigao del Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cagayan de Misamis → [[Cagayan de Oro]] (1950)<ref name="cdo">[http://www.cagayandeorocitytourismboard.org/cdohistory.htm Cagayan de Oro History]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Cagayan de Oro City Tourism Board, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cagayan de Sulu → Cagayan de Tawi-Tawi (1984)<ref name="mapun">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html Republic Act No. 6672] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092059/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Mapun, Tawi-Tawi|Mapun]] (1988)<ref name="mapun2">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html Republic Act No. 6672] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601092059/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6672.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dansalan → [[Marawi City|Marawi]] (1956)<ref name="maraw">[http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/statutes/item/ra-no-1552.html Republic Act No. 1552]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Corpus Juris, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dinaig → [[Datu Odin Sinsuat, Maguindanao|Datu Odin Sinsuat]] *Don Mariano Marcos → Don Victoriano (1990)<ref name="dvcmis">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1990/ra_6845_1990.html Republic Act No. 6845], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Don Victoriano Chiongbian, Misamis Occidental|Don Victoriano Chiongbian]] *Don Mariano Marcos → [[Sominot, Zamboanga del Sur|Sominot]] (1988)<ref name="sominot>[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno6684.html Republic Act No. 6684], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Doña Alicia → [[Mabini, Compostela Valley|Mabini]] (1954)<ref name="mabds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1007.html Republic Act No. 1007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418232755/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1007.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Dulawan → [[Datu Piang, Maguindanao|Datu Piang]] (1954)<ref name="datup">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1035.html Republic Act No. 1035] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531185914/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1035.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Jinatuan → [[Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur|Hinatuan]] *Karomatan → [[Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte|Sultan Naga Dimaporo]] *Lambayong → [[Sultan sa Barongis, Maguindanao|Sultan sa Barongis]] (1959)<ref name="sultsabar">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2587.html Republic Act No. 2587], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Liargo → [[Ramon Magsaysay, Zamboanga del Sur|Ramon Magsaysay]] *Linamon → Tomas Cabili (1983)<ref name="tcldn">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=6522 Batas Pambansa Blg. 365] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130104224745/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=6522 |date=2013-01-04 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Linamon, Lanao del Norte|Linamon]] *Linguig → [[Lingig, Surigao del Sur|Lingig]] *Linugas → [[Magsaysay, Misamis Oriental|Magsaysay]] (1957)<ref name="magmis">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1653.html Republic Act No. 1653] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223023/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1653.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lubungan → [[Katipunan, Zamboanga del Norte|Katipunan]] (1936)<ref name="katipzn">[http://zamboangadelnorte.com/ZDNhistoricalAccount.htm Zamboanga del Norte: Province Brief History], Provincial Government of Zamboanga del Norte, retrieved 2012</ref> *Maganoy → [[Shariff Aguak, Maguindanao|Shariff Aguak]] *Magugpo → [[Tagum, Davao del Norte|Tagum]]<ref name="tagum">[http://www.tagumcity.gov.ph/health_welfare/police.html City Government of Tagum - History of Magugpo Police Force to Tagum City Police Station] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715201428/http://www.tagumcity.gov.ph/health_welfare/police.html |date=2010-07-15 }}, City Government of Tagum, retrieved 2012</ref> *Maluko → [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]] (1957)<ref name="mfort">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1720.html Republic Act No. 1720] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515232943/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1720.html |date=2012-05-15 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marbel → [[Koronadal, South Cotabato|Koronadal]] *Mariano Marcos → [[Lambayong, Sultan Kudarat|Lambayong]] (1988)<ref name="lambsk">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6676_1988.html Republic Act No. 6676], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> *Marungas → [[Hadji Panglima Tahil, Sulu|Hadji Panglima Tahil]] *Mina-ano → [[Remedios T. Romualdez, Agusan del Norte|Remedios T. Romualdez]] *Misamis → [[Ozamiz]] (1948)<ref name="ozamiz">[http://www.ozamiz.gov.ph/about/history/ History of Ozamiz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321084016/http://www.ozamiz.gov.ph/about/history/ |date=2012-03-21 }}, City Government of Ozamiz, retrieved 2012</ref> *New Panamao → [[Panglima Estino, Sulu|Panglima Estino]] *New Piñan → [[Piñan, Zamboanga del Norte|Piñan]] (1960)<ref name="pinzbn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2846.html Republic Act No. 2846] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601024909/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2846.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nueva Vergara → [[Davao City|Davao]] (1868)<ref name="davao">[http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/davao-city-75th-anniversary-commemorative-stamps/ Davao City 75th Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318125703/http://www.philpost.gov.ph/web/davao-city-75th-anniversary-commemorative-stamps/ |date=2012-03-18 }}, Philippine Postal Corporation, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nuling → [[Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao|Sultan Kudarat]] (1969)<ref name="skudmag">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5647.html Republic Act No. 5647] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601083811/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra5647.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Numancia → [[Del Carmen, Surigao del Norte|Del Carmen]] (1966)<ref name="dcsur">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4786.html Republic Act No. 4786] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175237/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4786.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Oteiza → [[Marihatag, Surigao del Sur|Marihatag]] (1955)<ref name="marih">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1261-renaming-oteiza,-surigao-to--marihatag.html Republic Act No. 1261] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014093737/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1261-renaming-oteiza,-surigao-to--marihatag.html |date=2013-10-14 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pandami → Lapak (1992)<ref name="pandamsu">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra7480.html Republic Act No. 7480] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601124648/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra7480.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Pandami, Sulu|Pandami]] *Ponot → [[Jose Dalman, Zamboanga del Norte|Jose Dalman]] (1983)<ref name="jdzdn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp381.html Batas Pambansa Blg. 381] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519051806/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/bp381.html |date=2012-05-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quinoguitan → [[Kinoguitan, Misamis Oriental|Kinoguitan]] *Regidor → [[Tangub, Misamis Occidental|Tangub]] (1930)<ref name="tangub">[http://tangubcity.gov.ph/tourism/history-heritage History and Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111222655/http://tangubcity.gov.ph/tourism/history-heritage |date=2013-01-11 }}, City Government of Tangub, retrieved 2012</ref> *Rizal → [[Basilisa, Dinagat Islands|Basilisa]] (1969)<ref name="basilisa">[http://basilisadinagatislands.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=192 44th Araw ng Basilisa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821174753/http://basilisadinagatislands.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=192 |date=2012-08-21 }}, Provincial Government of Dinagat Islands, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Mariano → [[Maragusan, Compostela Valley|Maragusan]] (1988)<ref name="mrgsn">[http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1988/ra_6678_1988.html Republic Act No. 6678], Arellano Law Foundation, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Vicente → [[Laak, Compostela Valley|Laak]] (1994)<ref name="laakcv">[http://www.ecomval.gov.ph/laak Municipality of Laak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814014245/http://www.ecomval.gov.ph/laak/ |date=2011-08-14 }}, eComVal.gov.ph, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sapao → [[Santa Monica, Surigao del Norte|Santa Monica]] (1967)<ref name="smsur">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4998.html Republic Act No. 4998], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Saug → [[Asuncion, Davao del Norte|Asuncion]] (1957)<ref name="asunc">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1675.html Republic Act No. 1675] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223717/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1675.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sigaboy → [[Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental|Governor Generoso]]<ref name="govgendo">[http://govgen.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:history&catid=25:profile Historical Background] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121221055313/http://govgen.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:history&catid=25:profile |date=2012-12-21 }}, Official Website of Governor Generoso, Davao Oriental, Philippines, retrieved 2012</ref> *Sultan Gumander → [[Picong, Lanao del Sur|Picong]] (2006) *Taganak → [[Turtle Islands, Tawi-Tawi|Turtle Islands]] *Talipao → Arolas Tulawie (1984)<ref name="talpsu">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=8068 Batas Pambansa Blg. 692] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130105002720/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=8068 |date=2013-01-05 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> → [[Talipao, Sulu|Talipao]] *Tatarikan → [[Pagayawan, Lanao del Sur|Pagayawan]] *Tongkil → [[Banguingui, Sulu|Banguingui]] *Trinidad → [[Jose Abad Santos, Davao del Sur|Jose Abad Santos]] (1955)<ref name="jasds">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1206-renaming-trinidad,-davao-to-jose-abad-santos.html Republic Act No. 1206] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527161734/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1206-renaming-trinidad,-davao-to-jose-abad-santos.html |date=2012-05-27 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tumbao → [[Kabuntalan, Maguindanao|Kabuntalan]] (1976)<ref name="kabun">[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1010.html Presidential Decree No. 1010], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> ==Visayas== *Almeria → [[Kawayan, Biliran|Kawayan]] (1907)<ref name="kawaya">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1616] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531180910/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Antique → [[Hamtic, Antique|Hamtic]] *Arguelles → Magallanes → [[Sagay, Negros Occidental|Sagay]] (1906)<ref name="sagay">[http://www.sagay-city.com.ph/about.html Sagay City History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203183952/http://www.sagay-city.com.ph/about.html |date=2012-12-03 }}, City Government of Sagay, retrieved 2012</ref> *Asia → [[Hinoba-an, Negros Occidental|Hinoba-an]] (1959)<ref name="hinoba">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno2154.html Republic Act No. 2154], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ayuquitan → [[Amlan, Negros Oriental|Amlan]] (1950)<ref name="amlan">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra435.html Republic Act No. 435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406120227/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra435.html |date=2012-04-06 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bangajon → [[Gandara, Samar|Gandara]]<ref name="gandara">[http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=57&sobi2Id=1756&Itemid=56 Towns and Cities - Samar - Gandara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113035639/http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=57&sobi2Id=1756&Itemid=56 |date=2016-01-13 }}, Biyahero.net, retrieved 2012</ref> *Binuntuan → [[Las Navas, Northern Samar|Las Navas]] *Borja → [[Sagbayan, Bohol|Sagbayan]] (1957)<ref name="sagba">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1741.html Republic Act No. 1741] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515233537/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1741.html |date=2012-05-15 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Bugho → [[Javier, Leyte|Javier]] (1965)<ref name="javie">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4365.html Republic Act No. 4365] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601142015/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4365.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cabalian → [[San Juan, Southern Leyte|San Juan]] (1961)<ref name="sjsle">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3088.html Republic Act No. 3088] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531141238/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3088.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Calivo → [[Kalibo, Aklan|Kalibo]] *Canoan → [[Larena, Siquijor|Larena]] *Capiz → [[Roxas, Capiz|Roxas]] (1951)<ref name="rxascz">[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno603.html Republic Act No. 603], PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cavancalan → [[Kabankalan, Negros Occidental|Kabankalan]] (1907)<ref name="kbkln">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1612.html Republic Act No. 1612] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531205055/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1612.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Cordoba → [[Cordova, Cebu|Cordova]] *Dao → [[Tobias Fornier, Antique|Tobias Fornier]] (1978)<ref name="tbiasf">[http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=3558 Batas Pambansa Blg. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121216153548/http://www.thelegalcommune.com/wp-library/?p=3558 |date=2012-12-16 }}, The Legal Commune, retrieved 2012</ref> *Ginigaran → [[Hinigaran, Negros Occidental|Hinigaran]] *Guijulungan → Guijulugan → [[Guihulngan, Negros Oriental|Guihulngan]] *Jimamailan → [[Himamaylan, Negros Occidental|Himamaylan]] *Jimeno → [[Altavas, Aklan|Altavas]] *La Granja → [[Allen, Northern Samar|Allen]] (1903)<ref name="sjsle"/> *Lacy → [[Lazi, Siquijor|Lazi]] *Lagatic → [[New Washington, Aklan|New Washington]] *Laguan → [[Laoang, Northern Samar|Laoang]] *Lanang → [[Llorente, Eastern Samar|Llorente]] (1903)<ref name="taftsamar">[http://archive.org/stream/annualreportswa31deptgoog/annualreportswa31deptgoog_djvu.txt Annual Reports of the War Department], Archive.org, retrieved 2012</ref> *Lauaan → [[Lawaan, Eastern Samar|Lawaan]] *Lucena → [[New Lucena, Iloilo|New Lucena]] (1955)<ref name="newluc">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1255-renaming-lucena,-iloilo-to-new-lucena.html Republic Act No. 1255] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503121049/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1255-renaming-lucena,-iloilo-to-new-lucena.html |date=2012-05-03 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Macato → [[Makato, Aklan|Makato]] *Magallon → [[Moises Padilla, Negros Occidental|Moises Padilla]] (1957)<ref name="mpadneg">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1630.html Republic Act No. 1630] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509222742/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1630.html |date=2012-05-09 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Minuluan → [[Talisay, Negros Occidental|Talisay]]<ref name="talisayneg">[http://www.negrosoccidentaltourism.com/?page_id=63 Talisay City]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, Negros Occidental Tourism Center, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nagaba → [[Jordan, Guimaras|Jordan]] (1902)<ref name="jrdn">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act433.html Philippine Commission Act No. 433] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319220127/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act433.html |date=2013-03-19 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Nalupa Nuevo → Barboza → [[Barbaza, Antique|Barbaza]] *Navas → [[Nabas, Aklan|Nabas]] (1906) *Nueva Valencia → Luzurriaga → [[Valencia, Negros Oriental|Valencia]] (1948)<ref name="valno">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra252.html Republic Act No. 252] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324114756/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra252.html |date=2012-03-24 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Opon → [[Lapu-Lapu, Cebu|Lapu-Lapu]] (1961)<ref name="lapul">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3134-lapulapu-city-charter.html Republic Act No. 3134] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531144751/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra3134-lapulapu-city-charter.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Paranas → Wright → [[Paranas, Samar|Paranas]] (1988)<ref name="parsa">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6681.html Republic Act No. 6681] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601083438/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra6681.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Payabon → [[Bindoy, Negros Oriental|Bindoy]] (1959)<ref name="bindoy">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2526.html Republic Act No. 2526] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601091935/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra2526.html |date=2012-06-01 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Pinabagdao → [[Pinabacdao, Samar|Pinabacdao]] *Pinamungajan → [[Pinamungahan, Cebu|Pinamungahan]] *Pitogo → [[President Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol|President Carlos P. Garcia]] (1977)<ref name="pcpgbl">[http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno1228.html Presidential Decree No. 1228], Chan Robles, retrieved 2012</ref> *Quiot → [[Isabel, Leyte|Isabel]]<ref name="quiot">[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru8/Profiles/Municipal_%20Profile/municipal%20profile-isabel.htm Isabel: the industrial zone of Eastern Visayas], Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Isidro de Campo → [[San Isidro, Leyte|San Isidro]] *San Jacinto → [[Catigbian, Bohol|Catigbian]] (1954)<ref name="catibl">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1032.html Republic Act No. 1032] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418233100/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra1032.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *San Juan de Ilog → [[Ilog, Negros Occidental|Ilog]] *San Ricardo → [[Pintuyan, Southern Leyte|Pintuyan]] (1907)<ref name="pintuya">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html Philippine Commission Act No. 1616] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531180910/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/act1616.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Saravia → [[Enrique B. Magalona, Negros Occidental|Enrique B. Magalona]] (1967)<ref name="ebmneg">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4896.html Republic Act No. 4896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531233500/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra4896.html |date=2012-05-31 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tolon → Tolon Nuevo → New Tolong → [[Bayawan, Negros Oriental|Bayawan]] (1952)<ref name="bayaw">[http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra694.html Republic Act No. 694] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418232406/http://philippinelaw.info/statutes/ra694.html |date=2012-04-18 }}, PhilippineLaw.info, retrieved 2012</ref> *Tubig → [[Taft, Eastern Samar|Taft]] (1903)<ref name="taftsamar"/> *Vilar → [[Bilar, Bohol|Bilar]] ==See also== *[[Mga Syudad han Pilipinas]] *[[Mga Munisipalidad han Pilipinas]] ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{refbegin|3}} [[Kategorya:Mga Syudad han Pilipinas| ]] [[Kategorya:Mga Munisipalidad han Pilipinas| ]] 5s8oxuqnocick9narctbbaqyenangt6 0 166258 7785587 7782317 2026-08-27T20:34:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Joseph Haydn.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Franz Joseph Haydn''' (31 Marso 1732 – 31 Mayo 1809), kilala komo Joseph Haydn, in usa nga Austriano nga kompositor. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Mga reperensya == '''Biographical sources''' * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Dies | first=Albert Christoph | authorlink=Albert Christoph Dies | chapter=Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben" ("Biographical accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives") (1810). Camesinaische Buchhandlung, Vienna. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age. * {{cite book |last=[[Ludwig Finscher|Finscher]] | first= Ludwig | year=2000|title=Joseph Haydn und seine Zeit|publisher=Laaber-Verlag |place=Laaber|isbn=3-921518-94-6 |ref=harv }} Highly detailed discussion of life and work; in German. * {{cite book|last= Geiringer|first=Karl|authorlink=Karl Geiringer|last2=Geiringer|first2=Irene|title=Haydn: A Creative Life in Music|url= https://archive.org/details/haydncreativelif00geir_0|publisher=University of California|edition=3rd|year=1982|isbn=0-520-04316-2|ref=CITEREFGeiringer1982}} The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author. * {{cite book|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|url=https://archive.org/details/josephhaydneight0000grie|editor-last=Gotwals|editor-first=Vernon, translator and editor | place=Milwaukee | year= 1963 | publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-02791-0 | last=Griesinger| first=Georg August| authorlink=Georg August Griesinger| chapter=Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} A translation from the original German: "Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn" (1810). Leipzig. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn. * {{cite book| last=Hadden | first=James Cuthbert | year=2010| title= Haydn|place=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|edition=Reissue| isbn=1-108-01987-0|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=0IXbsEBrSK0C&pg=PA106|ref=harv }} * {{cite book| last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1970| title= Haydn|place=New York|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|edition=Revised| isbn=0-460-02281-4 |ref=harv }} Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn's life, along with a survey of the music. *Jones, David Wyn (2009a) ''The Life of Haydn''. Oxford University Press. Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn's life and times. *Jones, David Wyn (2009b) ''Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn''. Oxford University Press. A one-volume encyclopedia with detailed contributions from many Haydn scholars. * {{cite book|last=Landon | first= H.C. Robbins | year=1976–1980|title=Haydn: Chronicle and Works |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnchroniclewo0002land |place= Bloomington, IN|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-37003-5}} An extensive compilation of original sources in five volumes. * {{cite book|last= Landon |first= H. C. Robbins |authorlink= H. C. Robbins Landon | last2=Jones | first2= David Wyn |title= Haydn: His Life and Music |url= https://archive.org/details/haydnhislifemusi00land |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 1988 |isbn= 978-0-253-37265-9 |ref=harv }} Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Robbins Landon (1976–1980) and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones. * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Larsen | first=Jens Peter | year=1980 | encyclopedia=[[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] | title=Joseph Haydn |ref=harv }} Published separately as {{cite book | title=The New Grove: Haydn | year=1982 | publisher=Norton | place= New York | isbn=0-393-01681-1 |ref=harv }} * {{cite encyclopedia | last=Webster | first=James | last2=Feder | first2=Georg | year=2001 |title=Joseph Haydn | encyclopedia=[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]] }} Published separately as a book: {{cite book | title=The New Grove Haydn| place=New York | publisher=Macmillan| year=2002| isbn=0-19-516904-2 | ref= CITEREFWebster2002 }} Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works. '''Criticism and analysis sources''' * {{cite book | last=Brendel | first=Alfred | author-link=Alfred Brendel | year=2001 | chapter=Does classical music have to be entirely serious? | editor-last=Margalit | editor-first=Edna| editor2-last=Margalit | editor2-first=Avishai | title=Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration | url=https://archive.org/details/isaiahberlincele00 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isaiahberlincele00/page/192 193]–204| publisher=University of Chicago Press | place=Chicago | isbn=0-226-84096-4 |ref=harv }} On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven. * {{cite book | last=Celestini | first=Federico | year=2010 | chapter=Aspekte des Erhabenen in Haydns Spätwerk | editor-last=Celestini | editor-first=Federico | editor2-last=Dorschel | editor2-first=Andreas | title=Arbeit am Kanon | pages=16–41 | publisher=Universal Edition | place=Vienna | isbn=978-3-7024-6967-2 |ref=harv }} On the sublime in Haydn's later works; in German. * {{cite book | editor-last=Clark | editor-first=Caryl | year=2005 | title=The Cambridge Companion to Haydn | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_x0w4 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-83347-7 }} Covers each of the genres Haydn composed in as well as stylistic and interpretive contexts and performance and reception. * {{cite book | last=Griffiths | first=Paul | year=1983 | title=The String Quartet | url=https://archive.org/details/stringquartet0000grif_u7c6 | publisher=Thames and Hudson | place=New York | isbn=0-500-01311-X }} * {{cite book | last=Hughes | first=Rosemary | year=1966 | title=Haydn String Quartets |publisher=BBC | place=London }} A brief (55 page) introduction to Haydn's string quartets. * {{cite book |last=Rosen | first=Charles | author-link=Charles Rosen |title=The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalstyleha00rose |publisher=Norton |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=0-393-31712-9 | edition=2nd |ref=harv }} First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction. *Sisman, Elaine (1993) ''Haydn and the classical variation''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-38315-X. * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/966030|last=Sutcliffe|first=W. Dean|title=Haydn's Musical Personality|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|year=1989|volume=130|issue=1756|pages=341–344|jstor=966030|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sutcliffe | first=W. Dean |title=Haydn, string quartets, op. 50 |url=https://archive.org/details/haydnstringquart0000sutc |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1992 |isbn=0-521-39103-2 }} Covers not just Op. 50 but also its relevance to Haydn's other output as well as his earlier quartets. * {{cite book | last=Webster | first=James | year=1991| title= Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge | isbn=0-521-38520-2 |ref=harv }} This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commons category|Joseph Haydn}} {{wikiquote}} {{EB9 Poster|Haydn, Joseph|Joseph Haydn}} * {{BBC composer page|haydn|Haydn}} * [http://www.haydnfestival.at Haydn Festival Eisenstadt] * Albert Christoph Dies: (German) ''[http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn. Wien: Camesinaische Buchhandlung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817104156/http://www.donjuanarchiv.at/archiv/bestaende/ernestea-sezzatense/oesterreich/wien/biographische-nachrichten-von-joseph-haydn.html |date=2009-08-17 }}'', 1810. * [http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html Haydn's Late Oratorios: The Creation and The Seasons by Brian Robins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603205521/http://www.earlymusicworld.com/id26.html |date=2016-06-03 }} * Full text of the biography ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/3788 Haydn]'' by J. Cuthbert Hadden, 1902, from [[Project Gutenberg]]. The end of book contains documentary material including a number of Haydn's letters. Alternatively scanned copy ''[https://archive.org/details/haydn00haddgoog Haydn]'' at archive.org. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-91193}} * [http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/articles/haydnfj/noroyal.html No Royal Directive: Joseph Haydn and the String Quartet] by [[Ron Drummond]] * [http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/h/haydn.html ''musicologie.org''], with biography {{fr icon}} * [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 'Haydn – Quartet in F minor, Op.20 No.5'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010110015/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=683 |date=2007-10-10 }}, Lecture by Professor [[Roger Parker]], with the Badke Quartet, [[Gresham College]], 8 April 2008 (available for video, audio and text download). *[http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn Haydn anniversary page on Bachtrack, includes lists of live performances] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820121616/http://www.bachtrack.com/anniversary-200th-haydn |date=2014-08-20 }} *{{IMDb name|0370817|Joseph Haydn}} *{{IMDb character|0044823|Joseph Haydn (character)}} ===Scores and recordings=== * {{IMSLP|id=Haydn, Joseph}} * {{ChoralWiki|Franz Joseph Haydn}} * [http://kreusch-sheet-music.net/eng/?page=show&query=Joseph%20Haydn&order=op www.kreusch-sheet-music.net] – Free Scores by Haydn *[http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ Free scores] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143257/http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HaydnFJ |date=2021-03-08 }} at the [[Mutopia Project]] * {{gutenberg author| id=Haydn+Joseph | name=Joseph Haydn}} * Kunst der Fuge: [http://www.kunstderfuge.com/haydn.htm Franz Joseph Haydn – Hundreds of MIDI files] * [http://www.classicalarchives.com/haydn.html Haydn's page] at [[Classical Archives]] * [http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn Haydn Symphonies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206134307/http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Classical-music&collection=Haydn |date=2012-02-06 }} from the British Library Sound Archive * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Walther Pianoforte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329184926/http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=19%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=6&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=2017-03-29 }} * [http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en/ Complete recording of Joseph Haydns Pianosonatas on a sampled Steinway D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412161313/http://www.sf-media.12hp.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=18%3Ahaydn-complete-pianosonatas&Itemid=5&layout=default&lang=en%2F |date=2016-04-12 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haydn, Joseph}} [[Kaarangay:Joseph Haydn| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1732]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1809]] 4ubcenhjdbnvlm9g1fipywas66ugz21 0 167191 7785672 7783392 2026-08-27T21:31:38Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Chordata|date=2013-02}} {{Taxobox | name = Reptilia | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = '''Reptilia''' | ordo = | familia = | genus = | species = | binomial = Reptilia | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} [[File:Reptile003d.jpg|thumb]] '''Reptilia''' (''Reptilia'')<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[classis]] han [[Chordata]]. An Reptilia in nahilalakip ha [[phylum]] nga [[chordata ()|Chordata]], ngan [[regnum]] nga [[Animalia]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[classis]] nga Reptilia in naglalakip hin 8656 ka mga species, sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>. An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = [[chordata ()|Chordata]]&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | label1 = '''&nbsp;reptilia&nbsp;''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Crocodylia]]'' - buaya | 2=''[[Rhynchocephalia]]'' - ''tuatara'' | 3=''[[Squamata]]'' - [[halas]], manlalayug, [[tabili]], ibid, halo, [[pinit]], [[tuko]] | 4=''[[Testudines]]'' - [[kumaw]], [[pawikan]] }} | 2=[[Actinopterygii]] | 3=[[Amphibia]] | 4=[[Appendicularia]] | 5=[[Ascidiacea]] | 6=[[Aves]] | 7=[[Cephalaspidomorphi]] | 8=[[Cephalochordata]] | 9=[[Elasmobranchii]] | 10=[[Holocephali]] | 11=[[Mammalia]] | 12=[[Myxini]] | 13=[[Sarcopterygii]] | 14=[[Thaliacea]] }} }} ==Pinanbasaran== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/reptilia/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book|last=Colbert|first=Edwin H.|authorlink=Edwin Harris Colbert|title=Evolution of the Vertebrates|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofverte00colb|edition=2nd|publisher=John Wiley and Sons Inc.|location=New York| date = 1969|isbn=0-471-16466-6|series=}} * {{cite journal | last=Klein | first=Wilfied |author2=Abe, Augusto |author3=Andrade, Denis |author4= Perry, Steven | title=Structure of the posthepatic septum and its influence on visceral topology in the tegu lizard, ''Tupinambis merianae'' (Teidae: Reptilia) | journal=Journal of Morphology | volume=258 | issue=2 | date = 2003 | pages=151–157 | doi=10.1002/jmor.10136 | pmid=14518009}} * {{cite journal | last=Landberg | first=Tobias |author2=Mailhot, Jeffrey |author3=Brainerd, Elizabeth | title=Lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, ''Terrapene carolina'' | journal=Journal of Experimental Biology | volume=206 | issue=19 | date = 2003 | pages=3391–3404| doi=10.1242/jeb.00553| pmid=12939371}} * Laurin, Michel and Gauthier, Jacques A.: [http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2000.06.22 Diapsida. Lizards, ''Sphenodon'', crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505132652/http://tolweb.org/Diapsida/14866/2000.06.22 |date=2013-05-05 }}, Version 22 Hunyo 2000; part of [http://tolweb.org/ The Tree of Life Web Project] * {{cite book | last=Orenstein | first=Ronald | title=Turtles, Tortoises & Terrapins: Survivors in Armor | url=https://archive.org/details/turtlestortoises0000oren | publisher=Firefly Books | date = 2001 | isbn=1-55209-605-X}} * {{cite book | last=Pianka | first=Eric |author2=Vitt, Laurie | title=Lizards Windows to the Evolution of Diversity | url=https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian | publisher=University of California Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-520-23401-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/lizardswindowsto00pian/page/116 116]–118}} * {{cite book | last=Pough | first=Harvey |author2=Janis, Christine |author3=Heiser, John | title=Vertebrate Life| url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratelife0000poug | publisher= Pearson Prentice Hall | date = 2005 | isbn=0-13-145310-6 }} </div> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Reptilia}} * {{Wikibooks-inline|Dichotomous Key|Reptilia}} * [http://www.whozoo.org/herps/herpphylogeny.html Reptile Phylogeny] * [http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23742 Reptile images] * [http://www.wildreach.com/reptile/ Sri Lanka Wild Life Information Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524063746/http://www.wildreach.com/reptile/ |date=2013-05-24 }} * [http://carlgans.org/biology-reptilia-online/ Biology of the Reptilia] is an online copy of the full text of a 22 volume 13,000 page summary of the state of research of reptiles. [[Kaarangay:Reptilia]] drwg5qj0ppy0394xm7x1a0w3c72ius9 0 2317413 7785614 6183713 2026-08-27T20:50:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devonian''', usa na ''geologic period'' ngan systema san [[Paleozoic]] Era na nagsunod san [[Silurian]] Period, mga 419.2±3.2 milyones katuig an nakalabay, tubtob san pagtikang san [[Carboniferous]] Period, mga 358.9 ± 0.4 milyones katuig an nakalabay.<ref name="ICS 2004">{{cite book |title=A Geologic Time Scale 2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_T3-BXN-667 |last1=Gradstein |first1=Felix M. |last2=Ogg|first2=J. G. |last3=Smith |first3=A. G. |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521786738 |pages= }}</ref> Nagtikan an ngaran na Devonian sa [[Devon]], [[England]], kun diin mahihiagian an mga bato na nagtikang sini na panahon, una gin adman. Gintatawag liwat ini na '''Panahon San Kaisdaan'''. ==Mga Kasarigan== {{reflist}} 0xcs5tn1g4iykgmv5ecju2x5w0xfb9x 0 2317452 7785638 5246712 2026-08-27T21:07:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785638 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The-Simplest-Integrated-Multicellular-Organism-Unveiled-pone.0081641.s003.ogv|thumb|''[[Tetrabaena socialis]]'' may'ada opat na selula]] [[File:C elegans stained.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Caenorhabditis elegans]]'', ginkulayan para ma-''highlight'' an nuclei san iya selula]] '''Multicellular na organismo''', amo an mga [[organismo]] na may'ada lahos san sayo an iya ''cell'' o selula, ngan kakaiba san ''single-celled'' na mga organismo. An mga selula san multicellular na organismo amo in dugtung o nakadukot san iba na selula.<ref>{{cite book | last = Becker et al | first = Wayne M. | authorlink = | title = The world of the cell | url = https://archive.org/details/worldofcell0000unse | publisher = [[Benjamin Cummings|Pearson Benjamin Cummings]] | series = | year = 2009 | doi = | isbn = 978-0-321-55418-5 | page = [https://archive.org/details/worldofcell0000unse/page/480 480]}}</ref> ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ejq2sftyz1wjdhsm6sath6vhtkj5aif 0 2317481 7785576 6339048 2026-08-27T20:25:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Turkey | fossil_range = | image = 2006-ca-turkey.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Male [[wild turkey]] from [[California]] | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[tamsi|Aves]] | ordo = [[Galliformes]] | familia = [[Phasianidae]] | subfamilia = '''Meleagridinae''' | subfamilia_authority = <!-- Need this info.... --> | genus = '''''Meleagris''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''[[Wild turkey|M. gallopavo]]''<br> ''[[Ocellated turkey|M. ocellata]]'' <!-- | wikispecies = Meleagris | itis = 176135--> }} [[File:Meleagris gallopavo MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.9.30.jpg|thumb| ''Meleagris gallopavo'']] '''Pabo''', usa na darako na [[tamsi]] sa genus ''Meleagris'' sakob san pamilya [[phasianidae]], sa ordo [[galliformes]]. Lumad ini sa [[Amerika]]. An usa na specie, an ''[[Meleagris gallopavo]]'' o ''wild turkey'', amo in lumad ngan mahihiagian sa kagurangan san [[North America]]. Usa na ''descendant'' sini na specie an domestik na pabo. An usa pa na ''living specie'' amo an ''[[Meleagris ocellata]]'' o ''ocellated turkey'', na mahihiagian sa kagurangan san [[Yucatán Peninsula]].<ref name="Farner and King">{{cite book |author= Donald Stanley Farner and James R. King|title=Avian biology |url= https://archive.org/details/avianbiology0000unse|publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=1971 |pages= |isbn=0-12-249408-3 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> ==Taxonomiya== Sakob san pamilya [[Phasianidae]] an pabo. Kaarangay sini an ''[[pheasant]]'', ''[[partridge]]'', ''[[francolin]]'', [[manok]], ''[[grouse]]'' ngan pogo ilarum san ordo [[Galliformes]].<ref>Crowe, Timothy M.; Bloomer, Paulette; Randi, Ettore; Lucchini, Vittorio; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. & Groth, Jeffrey G. (2006a): Supra-generic cladistics of landfowl (Order Galliformes). ''Acta Zoologica Sinica'' '''52'''(Supplement): 358–361. [http://people.biology.ufl.edu/ebraun/Papers/CBRLKBG06.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623123002/http://people.biology.ufl.edu/ebraun/Papers/CBRLKBG06.pdf |date=2010-06-23 }}</ref> An genus na ''Meleagris'' amo in nagsasayuan na genus sa Meleagridinae ''subfamily'', dati na kilala na Meleagrididae family, kudi yana adi na skob san pamilya san Phasianidae. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} [[kaarangay:tamsi]] s2sby99purg89uwxevefwuaiv2au79k 0 2461794 7785570 7626364 2026-08-27T19:59:38Z George Chernilevsky 21403 photo 7785570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Xanthium'' | status = | image = Xanthium strumarium 2026 G1.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asterales (plantae)|Asterales]] | familia = [[Asteraceae]] | genus = '''Xanthium''' | species = | binomial = Xanthium | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} An '''''Xanthium'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Magnoliopsida]]. An ''Xanthium'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Asteraceae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Xanthium&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Xanthium albinum]]'' | 2=''[[Xanthium argenteum]]'' | 3=''[[Xanthium catharticum]]'' | 4=''[[Xanthium cavanillesii]]'' | 5=''[[Xanthium inaequilaterum]]'' | 6=''[[Xanthium orientale]]'' | 7=''[[Xanthium pungens]]'' | 8=''[[Xanthium saccharosum]]'' | 9=''[[Xanthium spinosum]]'' | 10=''[[Xanthium strumarium]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/browse/tree/id/17174455|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Xanthium|''Xanthium''}} {{Wikispecies|Xanthium|''Xanthium''}} [[Kaarangay:Xanthium]] i0ydf9z1segwxcvm26ul3yidtf53hmt 0 2873126 7785586 7783049 2026-08-27T20:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 4 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785586 wikitext text/x-wiki Iton '''heyograpiya pantawo''' in uska sanga han syensya pankatiringban nga nag-aaram han kalibutan, iya katawhan, mga komunidad ngan mga kultura nga may pagduon ha relasyon han ngan han espasyo ngan lugar. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book | last=Blij, Harm Jan | first=De | authorlink=Harm de Blij| coauthors= | title=Geography: realms, regions, and concepts | url=https://archive.org/details/geographyrealmsr0000debl | year=2008 | publisher=John Wiley | location=Hoboken, NJ | isbn=978-0-470-12905-0 | pages=}} * {{Cite book|editor=Clifford, N.J.; Holloway, S.L.; Rice, S.P.; Valentine, G.|title=Key Concepts in Geography|url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsingeo0000unse_e1q8|year=2009|edition=2nd|publisher=SAGE|location=London|isbn=978-1-4129-3021-5}} * {{Cite book | author=Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Envisioning human geographies | url=https://archive.org/details/envisioninghuman0000unse | year=2004 | publisher=Arnold | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-72013-4 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Phil; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Introducing human geographies | url=https://archive.org/details/introducinghuman0000unse_2ed |edition=2nd| year=2005 | publisher=Hodder Arnold | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-88276-4 | pages=}} * {{Cite book |last1= Crang|first1= Mike|authorlink1=Mike Crang|last2= Thrift|first2= Nigel J.|authorlink2=Nigel Thrift| title=Thinking space |url= https://archive.org/details/thinkingspace0000unse| year=2000 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | isbn=978-0-415-16016-2 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Daniels, Peter; Bradshaw, Michael; Shaw, Denis J. B.; Sidaway, James D. | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=An Introduction to Human Geography: issues for the 21st century | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohu002edunse_n7b4 |edition=2nd| year= 2004| publisher=Prentice Hall | location= | isbn=978-0-13-121766-9 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Flowerdew, Robin; Martin, David | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Methods in human geography: a guide for students doing a research project | url=https://archive.org/details/methodsinhumange0000unse_u1j3 |edition=2nd| year=2005 | publisher=Prentice Hall | location=Harlow | isbn=978-0-582-47321-8 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Gregory, Derek; Martin, Ron G.; Smith, Graham | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Human geography: society, space and social science | url=https://archive.org/details/humangeographyso0000unse | year=1994 | publisher=Macmillan | location=Basingstoke | isbn=978-0-333-45251-6 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | last=Harvey | first=David D. | authorlink=David Harvey (geographer)| coauthors= | title=Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference | url=https://archive.org/details/justicenaturegeo0000harv | year= 1996| publisher=Blackwell Pub | location= | isbn=978-1-55786-680-6 | pages=}} * {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=R.J.|title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishers, London |year=2009}} * {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=R.J|title=Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World |publisher=Blackwell Publishers, London |year=2002}} * {{Cite book | author=Moseley, William W.; Lanegran, David A.; Pandit, Kavita| title=The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings | url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryread0000unse_r1q4| year=2007| publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited | location=Malden, MA| isbn=978-1-4051-4922-8}} * {{Cite book|editor=Peet, Richard|title=Modern Geographical Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngeographic0000peet|year=1998|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-55786-378-2}} * {{cite book|last=Soja|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Soja|title=Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/postmoderngeogra0000soja_d2c8|publisher=Verso, London |year=1989}} [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya]] p4vd5lepm3iw8g5pe4qyxfdymdkyb27 0 2885664 7785595 6251699 2026-08-27T20:40:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military person |name=Henry Tureman Allen |birth_date={{birth date|1859|4|13}} |death_date={{death date and age|1930|8|29|1859|4|13}} |placeofburial=[[Arlington National Cemetery]] |image=111-SC-44852 - NARA - 55248466-cropped.jpg |image_size=200 |caption=Henry Allen in January 1919 |nickname="Iron Commandante" |birth_place=[[Sharpsburg, Kentucky]], [[United States]] |death_place=[[Buena Vista, Pennsylvania]], United States |allegiance={{flag|United States}} |branch={{army|United States}} |serviceyears=1882–1923 |rank=[[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|25px]] [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] |unit= [[File:ArmyCAVBranchPlaque.gif|25px]] [[United States Cavalry|Cavalry Branch]] |commands=[[2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment (United States)|2nd Cavalry Regiment]]<br />[[8th Cavalry Regiment (United States)|8th Cavalry Regiment]]<br />[[90th Infantry Division (United States)|90th Infantry Division]] |battles=[[Spanish–American War]] * [[Battle of El Caney]] * [[Philippine Insurrection]] [[Mexican Revolution]] * [[Pancho Villa Expedition|Punitive Expedition]] [[World War I]] * [[St. Mihiel Offensive|Battle of St. Michiel]] * [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Battle of the Argonne Forest]] |awards=[[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]] |relations= }} Si [[Major general (Estados Unidos)|Major General]] '''Henry Tureman Allen''' (Abril 13, 1859 – Agosto 29, 1930) usá nga [[opisyal (fuerza armada)|opisyal]] san [[United States Army]] nga kilalado para san pag-explorar san [[Salog Copper (Alaska)|Salog Copper]] sa [[Alaska]] san 1885 ngan an mga salog san [[Salog Tanana|Tanana]] ngan [[Salog Koyukuk|Koyukuk]] sa pagtabok sin 1,500 ka milyas (2,400 ka kilometro) sin kamingawan. An iya pagbaktas ginkumparar ni [[Nelson A. Miles]] san paglakat nira [[Expedisyon nira Lewis ngan Clark|Lewis ngan Clark]]. Natawo si Henry sa [[Sharpsburg, Kentucky]]. Naggradwar siya tikang san [[United States Military Academy]] san 1882, ngan ginkomisyon siya nga [[ikaduha nga tenyente|ikaduha nga tenyente]] didâ san [[United States Cavalry|cavalry]]. Nagsirbe siyá didâ san staff ni Heneral [[Nelson Miles]]. Sa urhe nga bahin nagsirbe siya nga military attaché sa [[Rusya]] (1890–1895) ngan [[Alemanya]] (1897–1898). Nagsirbe gihapon si Allen sa [[Gyera Espanyol-Amerikano]] sa [[Pag-awayan san El Caney]]. Ginpakadto si Allen sa [[Pilipinas]] nga magsirbe nga gobernador militar san [[Leyte]] san 1901. Sa urhe, nag-organisar siya ngan namuno san [[Konstabularyo Pilipino]], ugsa magpadayon san 1904 nga usá nga magkirita upod san [[Imperial nga Hapones nga Army|Hapones nga Army]] sa Korea. San Agosto 1917, dida san [[Syahan nga Gera han Kalibotan]], ginpasaka si Allen nga [[Brigadier general (Estados Unidos)|brigadier general]] ngan gintagaan sin command san [[ika-90 nga Infantry Division (United States)|ika-90 nga Infantry Division]], usá nga Nasodnon nga Army (nga yana-nga adlaw [[United States Army Reserve]]) nga dibisyon nga nahibase sa [[Texas]]. An mga tugon sa iya nga igdara an iya dibisyon sa bug-os nga kusog ngan dad-on sa [[Katundan nga Frente (Syahan nga Gera han Kalibotan)|Katundan nga Frente]] san Hunyo 1918.<ref>Pawley (2007) p. 83</ref> Nagsunod si Allen kan [[Pierrepont Noyes]] nga U.S. Commissioner didâ san [[Inter-Allied Rhineland High Commission]].<ref>Pawley (2007) p. 84</ref> Ginlubong si Allen sa [[Arlington National Cemetery]] sa ilarom sin istatuwa nga gindisenyo san iskultor nga si [[Albert Jaegers]]. An bungto san [[Allen, Northern Samar]] ginngaranan sa iya dungog. ==Mga pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga barasahon== * {{cite book|last=Pawley|first=Margaret|title=The Watch on the Rhine: The Military Occupation of the Rhineland, 1918–1930|url=https://archive.org/details/watchonrhinemili0000pawl|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-457-2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Henry Tureman}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Leyte]] [[Kaarangay:Samar]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1859]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1930]] 18l1zai6gcykp8qtf7rkhpt99d98b4b 0 2886540 7785592 7770187 2026-08-27T20:38:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Karen Black (1973).jpg|thumb|right|Hi Karen Black (1973)]] Hi '''Karen Blanche Black''' (née Ziegler; Hulyo 1, 1939 – Agosto 8, 2013) usa ka nga Amerikanang aktres, awtor, magkaranta ngan awtor hin kanta. ==Pelikula== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Tuig ! width="25%" |Titulo ! width="17%" |Papel ! width="20%" |Direktor !Mga Nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1960 |''The Prime Time'' |Betty - Painted Woman |{{sortname|Gordon|Weisenborn}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2">{{Cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Person/91906-Karen-Black?sid=4ff52de9-284c-40b2-a6ba-862a4708becb&sr=11.050974&cp=1&pos=0&cxt=Cast1|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=Karen Black filmography|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190821095500/https://catalog.afi.com/Person/91906-Karen-Black?sid=4ff52de9-284c-40b2-a6ba-862a4708becb&sr=11.050974&cp=1&pos=0&cxt=Cast1|archive-date=21 Agosto 2019|access-date=21 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1966 |''[[You're a Big Boy Now]]'' |Amy Partlett |{{sortname|Francis Ford|Coppola}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[Hard Contract]]'' |Ellen |{{sortname|S. Lee|Pogostin|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[Easy Rider]]'' |Karen |{{sortname|Dennis|Hopper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1970 |''[[Five Easy Pieces]]'' |Rayette Dipesto |{{sortname|Bob|Rafelson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[Drive, He Said]]'' |Olive |{{sortname|Jack|Nicholson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[A Gunfight]]'' |Jenny Simms |{{sortname|Lamont|Johnson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1971 |''[[Born to Win]]'' |Parm |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Cisco Pike]]'' |Sue |{{sortname|Bill L.|Norton}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Portnoy's Complaint (film)|Portnoy's Complaint]]'' |Mary Jane Reid |{{sortname|Ernest|Lehman}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[Little Laura and Big John]]'' |Laura |{{hlist|{{sortname|Luke|Moberly|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Bob|Woodburn|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[The Pyx]]'' |Elizabeth Lucy |{{sortname|Harvey|Hart}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=89}} |- ! scope="row" |1973 |''[[The Outfit (1973 film)|The Outfit]]'' |Bett Harrow |{{sortname|John|Flynn|John Flynn (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Rhinoceros (film)|Rhinoceros]]'' |Daisy |{{sortname|Tom|O'Horgan}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[The Great Gatsby (1974 film)|The Great Gatsby]]'' |Myrtle Wilson |{{sortname|Jack|Clayton}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Law and Disorder (1974 film)|Law and Disorder]]'' |Gloria |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1974 |''[[Airport 1975]]'' |Nancy Pryor |{{sortname|Jack|Smight}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[Trilogy of Terror]]'' |Julie / Millicent Larimore/ Therese Larimore / Amelia |{{sortname|Dan|Curtis}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 Enero 1975|title=Terror film for Karen Black|p=15|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24409036/calgary_herald/|work=[[Calgary Herald]]|location=Calgary, Alberta|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[The Day of the Locust (film)|The Day of the Locust]]'' |Faye Greener |{{sortname|John|Schlesinger}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1975 |''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' |Connie White |{{sortname|Robert|Altman}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Crime and Passion]]'' |Susan Winters |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Family Plot]]'' |Fran |{{sortname|Alfred|Hitchcock}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1976 |''[[Burnt Offerings (film)|Burnt Offerings]]'' |Marian Rolf |{{sortname|Dan|Curtis|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''[[Capricorn One]]'' |Judy Drinkwater |{{sortname|Peter|Hyams}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''[[The Strange Possession of Mrs. Oliver]]'' |Miriam Oliver |{{sortname|Gordon|Hessler}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2">{{Cite web|work=[[British Film Institute]]|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f5bd290|title=Karen Black Filmography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408041308/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9f5bd290|archive-date=8 Abril 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1977 |''Because He's My Friend'' |Anne |{{sortname|Ralph|Nelson}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1978 |''[[The Rip-Off]]'' |Clarisse Saunders |{{sortname|Antonio|Margheriti}} |Also known as: ''The Squeeze'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Curti|2013|p=253}} |- ! scope="row" |1978 |''[[In Praise of Older Women (1978 film)|In Praise of Older Women]]'' |Maya |{{sortname|George|Kaczender}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=90}} |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''[[Killer Fish]]'' |Kate Neville |{{sortname|Antonio|Margheriti|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=90}} |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''[[The Last Word (1979 film)|The Last Word]]'' |Paula Herbert |{{sortname|Roy|Boulting}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1979 |''Mr. Horn'' |Ernestina Crawford |{{sortname|Jack|Starrett}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=370}} |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''[[Police Story: Confessions of a Lady Cop]]'' |Officer Evelyn Carter |{{sortname|Lee H.|Katzin}} |Television film Also known as: ''The Other Side of Fear'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''Power'' |Rose Vanda-Buchanan |{{hlist|{{sortname|Barry|Shear}}|{{sortname|Virgil W.|Vogel}}}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1980 |''Where the Ladies Go'' |Helen |{{sortname|Theodore J.|Flicker}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''Separate Ways'' |Valentine Colby |{{sortname|Howard|Avedis}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Segrave|Martin|1990|p=91}} |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''[[Killing Heat]]'' |Mary Turner |{{sortname|Michael|Raeburn|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''The Grass is Singing'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=314}} |- ! scope="row" |1981 |''[[Chanel Solitaire]]'' |[[Émilienne d’Alençon]] |{{sortname|George|Kaczender|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[The Last Horror Film]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|David|Winters|David Winters (choreographer)}} |Uncredited | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailydead.com/drive-dust-offs-last-horror-film-1982/|work=Daily Dead|title=Drive-In Dust Offs: The Last Horror Film|last=Drebit|first=Scott|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822072842/https://dailydead.com/drive-dust-offs-last-horror-film-1982/|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (film)|Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean]]'' |Joanne |{{sortname|Robert|Altman|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''Miss Right'' |Amy |{{sortname|Paul|Williams|Paul Williams (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=370}} |- ! scope="row" |1983 |''[[Can She Bake a Cherry Pie?]]'' |Zee |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''[[Bad Manners (1984 film)|Bad Manners]]'' |Gladys Fitzpatrick |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|Robert Houston (actor)}} |Also known as: ''Growing Pains'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''A Stroke of Genius'' | |{{sortname|Jyll|Rosenfeld|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''There's Something Wrong in Paradise'' |Gina Gina | |Television musical film with [[Kid Creole]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984 |''Full Circle Again'' |{{Unknown|align=left}} |{{sortname|William|Fruet}} |Television film; co-starring with [[Robert Vaughn]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35181828/st_louis_postdispatch/|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|location=St. Louis, Missouri|title=Cable TV Listings: Full Circle Again|date=19 Agosto 1987|p=6SC|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Martin's Day]]'' |Karen |{{sortname|Alan|Gibson|Alan Gibson (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Cut and Run (film)|Cut and Run]]'' |Karin |{{sortname|Ruggero|Deodato}} |Italian title: ''Inferno in diretta'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=131}} |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[The Blue Man (film)|The Blue Man]]'' |Janus |{{sortname|George|Mihalka}} |Also known as: ''Eternal Evil'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=189}} |- ! scope="row" |1985 |''[[Savage Dawn]]'' |Rachel |{{sortname|Simon|Nuchtern}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=482}} |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''The Flight of the Spruce Goose'' |Gloria |{{sortname|Lech|Majewski}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''[[Invaders from Mars (1986 film)|Invaders from Mars]]'' |Linda Magnusson |{{sortname|Tobe|Hooper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''Hostage'' |Laura Lawrence |{{hlist|{{sortname|Hanro|Möhr|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Percival|Rubens|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1987 |''[[It's Alive III: Island of the Alive]]'' |Ellen Jarvis |{{sortname|Larry|Cohen}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''[[The Invisible Kid]]'' |Deborah Dunn |{{sortname|Avery|Krounse|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''Dixie Lanes'' |Zelma Putnam |{{sortname|Don|Cato|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1988 |''[[Out of the Dark (1989 film)|Out of the Dark]]'' |Ruth Wilson |{{sortname|Michael|Schroeder|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''[[Homer and Eddie]]'' |Belle |{{sortname|Andrei|Konchalovsky}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''The Legendary Life of Ernest Hemingway'' |[[Martha Gelhorn]] |{{sortname|José María|Sánchez|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''Trust Me'' |Jilter woman |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Overexposed'' |Mrs. Trowbridge |{{sortname|Larry|Brand|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Twisted Justice'' |Mrs. Granger |{{sortname|David|Heavener}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Zapped Again!]]'' |Substitute Teacher |{{sortname|Doug|Campbell|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Night Angel'' |Rita |{{sortname|Dominique|Othenin-Girard}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Club Fed (film)|Club Fed]]'' |Sally Rich |{{sortname|Nat|Christian}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[Mirror, Mirror (1990 film)|Mirror, Mirror]]'' |Susan Gordon |{{sortname|Marina|Sargenti}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Pretty Hattie's Baby'' | |{{sortname|Ivan|Passer|nolink=yes}} |Unreleased | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''[[The Children (1990 film)|The Children]]'' |Sybil Lullmer |{{sortname|Tony|Palmer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''The Covenant'' | |{{sortname|Chris|Peschken|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Haunting Fear'' |Dr. Julia Harcourt |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Fatal Encounter'' |Joan Caldwell |{{sortname|Henri|Charr}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1990 |''Evil Spirits'' |Ella Purdy |{{sortname|Gary|Graver}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Quiet Fire'' |Kim Martino |{{sortname|Lawrence|Hilton-Jacobs}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''The Killer's Edge'' |Barrett |{{sortname|Joseph|Merhi}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Dead Girls Don't Tango'' |Inspector Wilson |{{sortname|John|Carr|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''Caged Fear'' |Blanche |{{sortname|Robert|Houston|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Hotel Oklahoma'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[Rubin and Ed]]'' |Rula |{{sortname|Trent|Harris}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[Children of the Night (1991 film)|Children of the Night]]'' |Karen Thompson |{{sortname|Tony|Randel}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[The Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Player (1992 film)|The Player]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|Robert|Altman|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''Tuesday Never Comes'' |Michelle |{{sortname|Jason|Holt|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Heavy.com]]|title=Worst Of Netflix: Tuesday Never Comes|last=Sims|first=Chris|date=8 Marso 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004241/https://heavy.com/entertainment/2010/03/worst-of-netflix-tuesday-never-comes/|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2010/03/worst-of-netflix-tuesday-never-comes/|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[Judgement (1992 film)|Judgement]]'' |Tiffany Powers |{{sortname|William|Sachs}} |Also known as: ''Hitz'' | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=267}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''Auntie Lee's Meat Pies'' |Auntie Lee |{{sortname|Joseph F.|Robertson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Weldon|1996|p=31}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Legend of the Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Armstrong|Armstrong|2015|pages=172–173}} |- ! scope="row" |1992 |''[[The Double 0 Kid]]'' |Mrs. Elliot |{{sortname|Dee|McLachlan}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''Bound and Gagged: A Love Story'' |Carla |{{sortname|Daniel B.|Appleby|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[The Trust (1993 film)|The Trust]]'' |Maria Vandermeer |{{hlist|{{sortname|Neil|Havens|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Douglas|Killgore|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[Return of the Roller Blade Seven]]'' |Tarot |{{sortname|Donald G.|Jackson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Armstrong|Armstrong|2015|pages=172–173}} |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''Movies Money Murder'' |Bettie |{{hlist|{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Arthur|Webb|nolink=yes}}}} |Also producer Also known as: ''Breaking Up with Paul'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1994 |''Too Bad About Jack'' |Inspector Wilson |{{sortname|John|Carr|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''[[Plan 10 from Outer Space]]'' |Nehor |{{sortname|Trent|Harris|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''The Wacky Adventures of Dr. Boris and Nurse Shirley'' |Evelyn |{{sortname|Paul|Leder}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Dream Catcher'' | |{{sortname|John|Piedlow|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1995 |''Starstruck'' |Bertha |{{sortname|David|Steiner|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/starstruck-v486062/cast-crew|work=[[AllMovie]]|title=Starstruck: Cast and Crew|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823005905/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/starstruck-v486062/cast-crew|url-status=live|access-date=23 Agosto 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Sister Island'' |Rose Walsh |{{sortname|Avery|Crounse|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Cries Of Silence'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''[[Crimetime (film)|Crimetime]]'' |Millicent Hargrave |{{sortname|George|Sluizer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''[[Children of the Corn IV: The Gathering]]'' |June Rhodes |{{sortname|Greg|Spence|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Every Minute is Goodbye'' |Schubert |{{sortname|Ulli|Lommel}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|work=[[Video Watchdog]]|issue=43–48|p=47|last1=Lucas|first1=Tim|last2=Lucas|first2=Donna|publisher=Tim and Donna Lucas|title=Reviews: ''Every Minute Is Goodbye''|location=Cincinnati, Ohio|issn=1070-9991}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''Dinosaur Valley Girls'' |Ro-Kell |{{sortname|Donald F.|Glut}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book|title=Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television: 581 Dramas, Comedies and Documentaries, 1905-2004|url=https://archive.org/details/prehistorichuman0000klos|last=Klossner|first=Michael|publisher=McFarland| date = 2005|isbn=978-0-786-42215-9|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|p=[https://archive.org/details/prehistorichuman0000klos/page/49 49]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1996 |''New York Crossing'' |Mrs. Tender |{{sortname|Vinicius|Mainardi|nolink=yes}} |Television film Spanish title: ''Un angelo a New York'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Greater Than a Tiger'' |Paige |{{sortname|Keith|Odett|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[AlloCiné]]|title=Greater Than a Tiger|language=fr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010052/http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=213339.html|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|url=http://www.allocine.fr/film/fichefilm_gen_cfilm=213339.html|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Stir'' |Dr. Gabrielle Kessler |{{sortname|Rodion|Nakhapetov}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Conceiving Ada]]'' |Lady Byron Mother Coer |{{sortname|Lynn Hershman|Leeson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Men (1997 film)|Men]]'' |Alex |{{sortname|Zoe|Clarke-Williams|nolink=yes}} |Also screenwriter | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[Dogtown (film)|Dogtown]]'' |Rose Van Horn |{{sortname|George|Hickenlooper}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''Modern Rhapsody'' |Consuelo |{{hlist|{{sortname|Andrea|Alvarez|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Elly|Friedman|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35192499/the_tampa_tribune/|p=1|work=[[The Tampa Tribune]]|location=Tampa, Florida|title=Film festival to screen unfinished dreams|last=Persall|first=Steve|date=9 Hunyo 1997|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Invisible Dad'' |Courtney Whitmer |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[I Woke Up Early The Day I Died]]'' |Whip Lady |{{sortname|Aris|Iliopolous|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Sugar: The Fall of the West'' | |{{sortname|James|Frey}} | | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''My Neighbor's Daughter'' |Social Worker |{{sortname|Steven|Kovacs|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/1998/tv/reviews/my-neighbor-s-daughter-1200455953/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title=My Neighbor's Daughter|date=12 Nobyembre 1998|last=Lovell|first=Glenn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802070359/https://variety.com/1998/tv/reviews/my-neighbor-s-daughter-1200455953/|archive-date=2 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Bury the Evidence'' |The Mother |{{sortname|J. Greg|De Felice|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Malaika'' |Jessica Martin |{{sortname|Marina|Martins|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Charades (film)|Charades]]'' |Jude |{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/karen-black-five-easy-pieces-nashville-dies-431637|title='Five Easy Pieces' Actress Karen Black Dies at 74|newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=8 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226233250/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/karen-black-five-easy-pieces-nashville-dies-431637|archive-date=26 Disyembre 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Waiting for Dr. MacGuffin'' |Dental Assistant |{{sortname|David|Ondaatje|nolink=yes}} |[[Short film]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[British Film Institute]]|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81ab54b6|title=Waiting for Dr. MacGuffin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203202156/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81ab54b6|archive-date=3 Disyembre 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''Lightspeed'' |High Priestess |{{sortname|Roger|Mende|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''[[The Underground Comedy Movie]]'' |Mother |{{sortname|Vince|Offer}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Mascara'' |Aunt Eloise |{{sortname|Linda|Kandel|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''Paradise Cove'' |Ma |{{sortname|Robert|Clapsadle|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[Fallen Arches (film)|Fallen Arches]]'' |Lucy Romano |{{sortname|Ron|Cosentino|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[Red Dirt (film)|Red Dirt]]'' |Aunt Summer |{{sortname|Tag|Purvis|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''Oliver Twisted'' |Mrs. Mary Happ |{{sortname|Dean|Gates|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''Inviati speciali'' | |{{sortname|Fred Olen|Ray}} | | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2000 |''[[The Independent (2000 film)|The Independent]]'' |Herself |{{sortname|Stephen|Kessler|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''The Donor'' |Mrs. Springle |{{sortname|Jean-Marie|Pallardy}} | | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Gale|2007|p=1930}} |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''[[Gypsy 83]]'' |Bambi LeBleau |{{sortname|Todd|Stephens}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''Hard Luck'' |Aunt Judy |{{sortname|Jack|Rubio|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2001 |''[[Soulkeeper]]'' |Magnificent Martha |{{sortname|Darin|Ferriola|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Film Threat]]|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/soulkeeper-dvd/|title=Soulkeeper (DVD)|date=10 Pebrero 2002|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004523/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/soulkeeper-dvd/|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''[[Teknolust]]'' |Dirty Dick |{{sortname|Lynn Hersman|Leeson|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''[[Curse of the Forty-Niner]]'' |Aunt Nelly |{{sortname|John Carl|Buechler}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2002 |''All Hallow's Eve'' | | | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[House of 1000 Corpses]]'' |Mother Firefly |{{sortname|Rob|Zombie}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Paris (2003 film)|Paris]]'' |Chantrelle |{{sortname|Ramin|Niami}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Harold Buttleman, Daredevil Stuntman|Buttleman]]'' |Mrs. Buttleman |{{sortname|Francis|Stokes}} |Also known as: ''Don't Try This at Home'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Summer Solstice (2003 film)|Summer Solstice]]'' |Dr. Sally McDermott |{{sortname|George|Fivas}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Magic City Morning Star]]|url=http://www.magic-city-news.com/Entertainment_8/Waldo_Theatre_Announces_Maine_Premiere_of_Summer_S_39603960.shtml|location=Katadhin, Maine|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010534/http://www.magic-city-news.com/Entertainment_8/Waldo_Theatre_Announces_Maine_Premiere_of_Summer_S_39603960.shtml|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|title=Waldo Theatre Announces Maine Premiere of "Summer Solstice"|date=31 Mayo 2005|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''America Brown'' |Marianne Brown |{{sortname|Paul|Black|Paul Black (director)}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2004 |''Birth of Industry'' |Sara |{{sortname|Gabriela|Tollman|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2005/birth-of-industry|work=[[Cleveland International Film Festival]]|title=Birth of Industry|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823013256/https://www.clevelandfilm.org/films/2005/birth-of-industry|url-status=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Love Wine'' |Aunt Anita |{{sortname|Mark|McNabb|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Carma'' |Kate Burns |{{sortname|Ray Arthur|Wang}} |Voice | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/carma/|work=[[Film Threat]]|title=Carma|date=11 Abril 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823010644/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/carma/|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''[[My Suicidal Sweetheart]]'' |Grace's Mom |{{sortname|Michael|Parness|nolink=yes}} |Also known as: ''Crazy for Love''; ''Max & Grace'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''Trailer for a Remake of Gore Vidal's Caligula'' |[[Vipsania Agrippina|Agrippina]] |{{sortname|Francesco|Vezzoli}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''[[Firecracker (film)|Firecracker]]'' |Sandra Eleanor |{{sortname|Steve|Balderson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2005 |''The Straun House'' |Molly |{{sortname|Jeff|Broadstreet}} |Also known as: ''Dr. Rage'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Dread Central]]|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4117/dr-rage-2005/|title=Dr. Rage (2005)|author=Condit, Jon|date=9 Marso 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823011724/https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/4117/dr-rage-2005/|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''[[Hollywood Dreams]]'' |Luna |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Read You Like a Book'' |Kate |{{sortname|Robert N.|Zagone}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/read_you_like_a_book|title=Read You Like a Book|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070136/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/read_you_like_a_book|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2006 |''Whitepaddy'' |Mrs. Leider |{{sortname|Geretta|Geretta}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cineartistes.com/fiche-Karen+Black.html?PHPSESSID=|work=CinéArtistes|title=Karen Black|language=fr|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070411/http://www.cineartistes.com/fiche-Karen+Black.html?PHPSESSID=|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''[[Suffering Man's Charity]]'' |Renee |{{sortname|Alan|Cumming}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/suffering-mans-charity-159505|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|title=Review: 'Suffering Man's Charity'|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070734/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/suffering-mans-charity-159505|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|last=DeFore|first=John|date=14 Hunyo 2007|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2007 |''One Long Night'' |Barbara |{{sortname|David|Siqueiros}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_long_night|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=One Long Night|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070715/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/one_long_night|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''Contamination'' |Mavis |{{sortname|Rodion|Nakhapetov|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/contamination_2015|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=Contamination|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823011608/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/contamination_2015|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''[[Watercolors (film)|Watercolors]]'' |Mrs. Martin |{{sortname|David|Oliveras}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''The Blue Tooth Virgin'' |Zena |{{sortname|Russell|Brown|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2008 |''[[A Single Woman (film)|A Single Woman]]'' |Storyteller |{{sortname|Kamala|Lopez}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_single_woman|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=A Single Woman|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190823004025/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_single_woman|archive-date=23 Agosto 2019|access-date=23 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Meet the Eye'' | |{{sortname|Aïda|Ruilova}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Irene in Time]]'' |Sheila Shivvers |{{sortname|Henry|Jaglom|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Repo Chick]]'' |Aunt de la Chasse |{{sortname|Alex|Cox}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''[[Stuck!]]'' |Next Door Neighbor Lady |{{sortname|Steve|Balderson}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stuck!|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Koehler|first=Robert|date=4 Agosto 2010|url=https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/stuck-2-1117943293/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822071937/https://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/stuck-2-1117943293/|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''Double Duty'' |Annabelle |{{sortname|Stephen|Eckelberry|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/los-angeles-screening-of-double-duty-59929287/|work=[[Hollywood.com]]|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065756/http://www.hollywood.com/general/los-angeles-screening-of-double-duty-59929287/%23/ms-5380/1|title=Los Angeles screening of Double Duty|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2009 |''First Time Long Time'' |Dr. Shneidel |{{sortname|James|Demo|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|url=https://www.tfiny.org/filmmakers/detail/james_demo|title=Filmmakers: James Demo|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065756/https://www.tfiny.org/filmmakers/detail/james_demo|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Better People'' |Marci |{{sortname|Dorsay|Alavi|nolink=yes}} |Television film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''Nothing Special'' |May |{{sortname|Angela Garcia|Combs}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="afi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''[[Some Guy Who Kills People]]'' |Ruth Boyd |{{sortname|Jack|Perez}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="bfi2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Letters from the Big Man'' |Sean's Colleague |{{sortname|Christopher|Münch}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ebert, Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/letters-from-the-big-man-2011|title=Letters from the Big Man|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822070059/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/letters-from-the-big-man-2011|date=30 Nobyembre 2011|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2011 |''Maria My Love'' |Maria |{{sortname|Jasmine|McGlade|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2011/04/meet-the-2011-tribeca-filmmakers-maria-my-love-director-jasmine-mcglade-chazelle-242978/|work=[[Indiewire]]|title=Meet the 2011 Tribeca Filmmakers: "Maria My Love" Director Jasmine McGlade Chazelle|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065126/https://www.indiewire.com/2011/04/meet-the-2011-tribeca-filmmakers-maria-my-love-director-jasmine-mcglade-chazelle-242978/|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|author=Indiewire Staff|date=13 Abril 2011|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Mommy's Little Monster'' |Mrs. Melnick |{{sortname|Marshall E.|Uzzle|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mommys_little_monster|title=Mommy's Little Monster|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065152/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mommys_little_monster|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Warnings from the Bathtub'' |Mother |{{hlist|{{sortname|Elizabeth|Appell|nolink=yes}}|{{sortname|Mickey|Freeman|nolink=yes}}}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.warningsfromthebathtub.com/cast.html|work=Warnings from the Bathtub Official Site|title=Cast|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065229/http://www.warningsfromthebathtub.com/cast.html|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''Vacationland'' |Louise Bergen |{{sortname|Jaime|Hook|nolink=yes}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressherald.com/2013/08/09/five-easy-pieces-star-karen-black-dead-at-74/|work=[[Portland Press Herald|Press Herald]]|location=Portland, Maine|date=9 Agosto 2013|last=Italie|first=Hillel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822065427/https://www.pressherald.com/2013/08/09/five-easy-pieces-star-karen-black-dead-at-74/|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|title='Five Easy Pieces' Star Karen Black Dead at 74|url-status=live|agency=Associated Press|access-date=22 Agosto 2019}}{{subscription}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2012 |''[[Dark Blood]]'' |Motel Woman |{{sortname|George|Sluizer|nolink=yes}} |Filmed in 1993 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/river-phoenixs-last-film-dark-blood-finished-357228|title=River Phoenix's Last Film 'Dark Blood' to Debut at Film Festival in September|last=Roxborough|first=Scott|date=1 Agosto 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125205627/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/river-phoenixs-last-film-dark-blood-finished-357228|archive-date=25 Enero 2013|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''OowieWanna'' |The Donna |{{sortname|Bridget|Palardy|nolink=yes}} |Short film | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''Ooga Booga'' |Mrs. Allardyce |{{sortname|Charles|Band}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Dread Central]]|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/42108/ooga-booga-2013/|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|title=Ooga Booga (2013)|date=7 Marso 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''She Loves Me Not'' |Karla |{{hlist|{{sortname|Brian|Jun}}|{{sortname|Jack|Sanderson|nolink=yes}}}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[Film Threat]]|url=https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/she-loves-me-not/|title=She Loves Me Not|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071240/https://filmthreat.com/uncategorized/she-loves-me-not/|date=4 Hulyo 2013|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2013 |''Bottomless Pit'' |Herself |{{sortname|Zach|Hill}} |Unfinished film, shot for musical group [[Death Grips]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spin.com/2015/10/death-grips-bottomless-pit-karen-black-video/|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=21 Oktubre 2015|last=Joyce|first=Colin|title=Death Grips Announce ‘Bottomless Pit’ LP|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071410/https://www.spin.com/2015/10/death-grips-bottomless-pit-karen-black-video/|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''Wild in Blue'' |Justine |{{sortname|Matthew|Berkowitz}} | | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wild_in_blue|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|title=Wild in Blue|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071650/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/wild_in_blue|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |2014 |''A Walk Into a Split Mind'' |Karen | |Installment in multi-film series ''The Being Experience'' | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebeingexperience.com/cast|work=The Being Experience|title=Cast|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190822071747/http://thebeingexperience.com/cast|archive-date=22 Agosto 2019|access-date=22 Agosto 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |} ==Telebisyon== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Taon !Titulo !Role !Mga Nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The F.B.I. (TV series)|The F.B.I.]]'' |Lorraine Chapman |Episode: "The Satellite" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[Run for Your Life (TV series)|Run for Your Life]]'' |Jennifer Palmer |Episode: "Tell It to the Dead" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The Big Valley]]'' |Carla |Episode: "Days of Grace" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2">{{Cite web|title=Karen Black Credits|work=[[TV Guide]]|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/karen-black/credits/159689/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133632/https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/karen-black/credits/159689/|archive-date=3 Hulyo 2018}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[The Second Hundred Years (TV series)|The Second Hundred Years]]'' |Marcia |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''The Invaders'' |Claudia Stone |Episode: "The Ransom" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''[[Iron Horse (TV series)|Iron Horse]]'' |Patricia Dunne |Episode: "The Prisoners" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Mannix]]'' |Elaine Tate |Episode: "License to Kill - Limit Three People" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Judd, for the Defense]]'' |Alethea Staunton |Episode: "The Devil's Surrogate" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1968 |''[[Adam-12]]'' |Susan Decker |Episode: "Log 132: Producer" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1969 |''[[The Name of the Game (TV series)|The Name of the Game]]'' |Monica Garrison |Episode: "Give Till It Hurts" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1972 |''[[Ghost Story (TV series)|Ghost Story]]'' |Barbara Sanders |Episode: "Bad Connection" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1976–1981 |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |Herself |4 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1984–1985 |''[[E/R]]'' |Sheila Sheinfeld |3 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Terrace|Parish|1990|p=37}} |- ! scope="row" |1985–1987 |''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'' |Sea Witch / Interviewee |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1986 |''[[Murder, She Wrote]]'' |Dr. Sylvia Dunn |Episode: "One Good Bid Deserves a Murder" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1987 |''[[Worlds Beyond (TV series)|Worlds Beyond]]'' |Lee Jeffreys |Episode: "Suffer, Little Children" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1989 |''[[Miami Vice]]'' |Helen Jackson |Episode: "Victims of Circumstance" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1991 |''[[ABC Weekend Special]]'' |Miss Kuchenbacker |Episode: "Ralph S. Mouse" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[In the Heat of the Night (TV series)|In the Heat of the Night]]'' |Carla Ray |Episode: "A Dish Best Served Cold" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1993 |''[[Moon Over Miami (TV series)|Moon Over Miami]]'' |Lorraine Pitzer |Episode: "Watching the Detectives" | style="text-align:center;" |{{sfn|Riggs|2000|p=42}} |- ! scope="row" |1997 |''[[The Hunger (TV series)|The Hunger]]'' |Miss Gati / Landlady |Episode: "Menage a Trois" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]'' |Evie Long |Episode: "Cycle of Violence" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1998 |''[[Party of Five]]'' |Doreen Jablonsky |Episode: "One Christmas, to Go" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1999 |''[[Rude Awakening (TV series)|Rude Awakening]]'' |Crystal Garcia |2 episodes | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'' |Vera Morgan |Episode: "Con-Text" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- ! scope="row" |2003 |''Russians in the City of Angels'' |Patricia Sommers |Episode: "Priklyuchenie" | style="text-align:center;" | |- ! scope="row" |2010 |''[[Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!]]'' |Jennifer |Episode: "Choices" | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="tvg2" /> |- |} ==Entablado== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Taon !Titulo !Role !Mga nota ! class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |1961 |''Take Her, She's Mine'' |Liza Michaelson / Linda Lehman / Adele McDougall (understudy) |[[Samuel J. Friedman Theatre|Biltmore Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/person/karen-black-vault-0000046849|work=[[Playbill]]|title=Karen Black|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314114845/http://www.playbill.com/person/karen-black-vault-0000046849|archive-date=14 Marso 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |1965 |''The Playroom'' |Judy |[[Brooks Atkinson Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1966 |''Happily Never After'' |Sarah Mills |[[Eugene O'Neill Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1967 |''Keep It in the Family'' |Hilda Brady |[[Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre|Plymouth Theatre]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- ! scope="row" |1982 |''[[Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (play)|Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean]]'' |Joanne |[[Al Hirschfeld Theatre|Martin Beck Theater]] | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="pb2" /> |- |} ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Mga kasarigan han libro== * {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Film Themes, Settings and Series|last1=Armstrong|first1=Richard B.|last2=Armstrong|first2=Mary Williams|publisher=McFarland| date = 2015|isbn=978-1-476-61230-0|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980|last=Curti|first=Roberto|publisher=McFarland| date = 2013|isbn=978-1-476-61208-9|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=Video Sourcebook|last=Gale|first=Thomson|publisher=Gale Publishing Group| date = 2007|isbn=978-1-414-40099-0|edition=39th|location=Detroit, Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/postfeministholl0000segr|title=The Post-Feminist Hollywood Actress: Biographies and Filmographies of Stars Born After 1939|last1=Segrave|first1=Kerry|last2=Martin|first2=Linda|publisher=McFarland| date = 1990|isbn=978-0-899-50387-5|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book|title=The Complete Actors' Television Credits, 1948-1988 – Actresses|last1=Terrace|first1=Vincent|last2=Parish|first2=James Robert|publisher=Scarecrow Press| date = 1989|isbn=978-0-810-8225-80|volume=2|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|ref=harv|author2-link=James Robert Parish}} * {{Cite book|title=Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television|last=Riggs|first=Thomas|publisher=Gale Publishing Group| date = 2000|isbn=978-0-787-64636-3|volume=31|location=Detroit, Michigan|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|title=The Psychotronic Video Guide To Film|url=https://archive.org/details/psychotronicvide0000weld|last=Weldon|first=Michael|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1996|isbn=978-0-312-13149-4|location=New York|ref=harv}} dxcg901xhi4m41ib105fagufiw23hg9 0 2886623 7785670 7785392 2026-08-27T21:31:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist discography|Artist=[[Selena]] albums|Image=<!-- Please do not place File:Selena Quintanilla-Pérez.jpg, per WP:NFCC and WP:NFC#UUI -->|Caption=|Studio=5|Live=3|Compilation=20|Soundtrack=1|Option=3|Option name=Box sets|1Option=2|1Option name=Remix albums}} ==Mga album== === Mga studio albums === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin studio albums, with selected chart positions, sales asin certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin Album ! colspan="4" scope="col" |Posisyon sa Tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sertipikasyon ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Benta |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Billboard 200|US]]<ref name="Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Selena|chart=Billboard 200}}|title=Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography|work=Billboard|accessdate=13 Disyembre 2011}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Top Latin Albums|USLatin]]<ref name="Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Selena|chart=Billboard 200}}|title=Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography|work=Billboard|accessdate=13 Disyembre 2011}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[Regional Mexican Albums|USRegional Mexican]]<ref name="Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=Selena|chart=Regional Mexican Albums}}|title=Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography|work=Billboard|accessdate=13 Disyembre 2011}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |[[RPM (magazine)|CAN]]<ref name="canada albums">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2791&type=2&interval=20&PHPSESSID=vje6t06qt1ks5mop96k1v5bc32|title=''RPM'' 100 Albums (CD's & Cassettes)|format=PDF|date=30 Oktubre 1995|journal=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|volume=62|issue=13|accessdate=30 Septyembre 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904125104/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2791&type=2&interval=20&PHPSESSID=vje6t06qt1ks5mop96k1v5bc32|archivedate=4 Septyembre 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Selena (album)|Selena]]'' | * Released: 17 Oktubre 1989 * Label: [[EMI Latin]] * Format: [[LP album|LP]], [[Compact Cassette|cassette]], [[Compact Disc|CD]] |— |— |7 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Ven Conmigo (album)|Ven Conmigo]]'' | * Released: 6 Oktubre 1990 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |3 |— | * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: 3× Platinum <small>([[RIAA certification#Spanish|Latin]])</small><ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|title=RIAA Gold & Platinum > Selena|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Selena#search_section|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America|riaa.com]]|accessdate=13 Disyembre 2011}}</ref> | * US: 500,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Capitol Latin/EMI Celebrates Selena's Life and Music with New 'Performances' DVD, Capturing Never Before Released Footage from Her 1993 & 1994 Appearances on 'The Johnny Canales Show'|url=http://www.sys-con.com/node/1603179|work=PR Newswire|accessdate=9 Septyembre 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017115146/http://www.sys-con.com/node/1603179|archive-date=17 Oktubre 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Entre a Mi Mundo]]'' | * Released: 6 Mayo 1992 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |97 |4 |1 |— | * RIAA: Diamond <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 600,000<ref name="april">{{cite journal|last=Burr|first=Ramiro|title=Tejano music|journal=Billboard|date=23 Abril 1994|volume=106|issue=17|page=104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA30&dq=Entre+a+mi+mundo#v=onepage&q=Entre%20a%20mi%20mundo&f=false|accessdate=18 Nobyembre 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Amor Prohibido]]'' | * Released: 13 Marso 1994 * Label: EMI Latin * Formats: LP, cassette, CD |29 |1 |1 |— | * RIAA: 36×&nbsp;Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 1,246,000<ref name="bestselling">{{cite web|last1=Estevez|first1=Marjua|title=The Top 25 Biggest Selling Latin Albums of the Last 25 Years: Selena, Shakira & More|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8005603/selena-quintanilla-top-selling-latin-albums-ranking-25-years|website=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=18 Oktubre 2017|date=17 Oktubre 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017153546/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8005603/selena-quintanilla-top-selling-latin-albums-ranking-25-years|archivedate=17 Oktubre 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Dreaming of You (Selena album)|Dreaming of You]]'' | * Released: 18 Hulyo 1995 * Label: [[EMI]]/EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |1 |1 |— |16 | * RIAA: 59× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> * [[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|AMPFROM]]: Gold<ref name="binomio">{{cite news|url=http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1995/10/05&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar03313&PageLabel=33|title=Los discos de Selena rompen récord de ventas|trans-title=Selena's discos break records|language=Spanish|newspaper=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|page=33|date=5 Oktubre 1995}}</ref> * [[Music Canada|CRIA]]: Gold{{certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=album|artist=Selena|title=Dreaming of You}} | * US: 2,942,000<ref name="bestselling" /> * World: 5,000,000<ref name="doysales">{{cite news|last1=Guerra|first1=Joey|authorlink=Joey Guerra|title=Tejano star Selena to be honored at Fiesta de la Flor|url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/music/article/Tejano-star-Selena-to-be-honored-at-Fiesta-de-la-6045907.php|accessdate=10 Marso 2015|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=28 Enero 2015}}</ref> |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart, ineligible, or was not released in that territory. |} === Mga Soundtrack album === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin soundtracks, with selected chart positions, sales asin certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin Album ! colspan="2" scope="col" |Posisyon sa tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Sertipikasyon ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Benta |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US <ref>{{cite web|url=http://api.billboard.com/apisvc/chart/v1/list?artist=Soundtrack&sdate=1998-08-15&song=Selena&edate=1998-08-16&api_key=bvk4re5h37dzvx87h7rf5dqz|title=''Billboard'' Chart Search – ''Selena''|work=Billboard|date=15 Agosto 1998|accessdate=21 Disyembre 2011|format=XML|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507010112/http://api.billboard.com/apisvc/chart/v1/list?artist=Soundtrack&sdate=1998-08-15&song=Selena&edate=1998-08-16&api_key=bvk4re5h37dzvx87h7rf5dqz|archivedate=7 Mayo 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |CAN <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3189&type=2&interval=20&PHPSESSID=vje6t06qt1ks5mop96k1v5bc32|title=Top Selling Albums|format=PDF|journal=RPM|date=21 Abril 1997|volume=65|number=7|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808183510/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.3189&type=2&interval=20&PHPSESSID=vje6t06qt1ks5mop96k1v5bc32|archivedate=8 Agosto 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Selena (soundtrack)|Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]]'' | * Released: 11 Marso 1997 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |7 |36 | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 1,600,000<ref name="selenaostandallmyhits">{{cite news|last=Saldana|first=Hector|title=Legend of Selena just keeps growing|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=31 Marso 2005|quote=Saldana, Hector: "According to Nielsen SoundScan, her top selling records are "Dreaming of You," 2.8 million; the "Selena" soundtrack, 1.6 million: "Amor Prohibido," 954000; and "All My Hits – Todos Mis Exitos," 456000."}}</ref> |} === Mga live album === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin live albums, with selected chart positions, sales and certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin Album ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Posisyon sa Tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sertipikasyon ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Benta |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US <ref name="Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Latin <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Regional Mexican <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Selena Live!]]'' | * Released: 4 Mayo 1993 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |79 |2 |1 | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Live! The Last Concert]]'' | * Released: 27 Marso 2001 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |176 |2 |— | * RIAA: 3x Platinum (Latin)<ref name="RIAA" /> | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Unforgettable (Selena album)|Unforgettable: The Live Album]]'' | * Released: 29 Marso 2005 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |26 |14 | | |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart, ineligible, or was not released in that territory. |} === Mga compilation na album === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin compilation albums, with selected chart positions, sales asin certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin Album ! colspan="4" scope="col" |Posisyon sa tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sertkipikasyon ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Benta |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US <ref name="Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Latin <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Regional Mexican <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |CAN <ref name="canada albums" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Mis Primeros Exitos''<ref>{{cite web|title=Mis Primeros Éxitos > Allmusic|url=http://allmusic.com/album/mis-primeros-xitos-r101325|work=AllMusic|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | * Released: 1990 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |22 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''Personal Best''<ref>{{cite web|title=Personal Best > Allmusic|url=http://allmusic.com/album/personal-best-r273581|work=AllMusic|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406080644/http://www.allmusic.com/album/personal-best-r273581|archive-date=6 Abril 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | * Released: 1 Hulyo 1991 * Label: [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music Distribution]] * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''Entertainers of the Year''<ref>{{cite web|title=Entertainers of the Year|url=http://allmusic.com/album/entertainers-of-the-year-r174990|work=AllMusic|accessdate=4 Enero 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | * Released: 1992 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Mis Mejores Canciones - 17 Super Éxitos]]'' | * Released: 24 Agosto 1993 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |— |— | * RIAA: Diamond <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | |- ! scope="row" |''Selena''<ref>{{cite web|title=Selena (Capitol) > Allmusic|url=http://allmusic.com/album/selena-capitol-r242492|work=AllMusic|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | * Released: 1994 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[12 Super Exitos]]'' | * Released: 18 Oktubre 1994 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |64 |2 |2 |— | * RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAA" /> | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Las Reinas Del Pueblo]]'' | * Released: 4 Abril 1995 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |147 |5 |5 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''Musipistas: 10 Exitos De Selena''<ref>{{cite web|title=Musipistas: 10 Exitos de Selena|url=http://allmusic.com/album/musipistas-10-exitos-de-selena-r237318|work=AllMusic|accessdate=4 Enero 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> | * Released: 23 Hunyo 1995 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Éxitos y Recuerdos (Selena album)|Éxitos y Recuerdos]]'' | * Released: 19 Agosto 1996 * Label: Madacy Special Markets * Format: LP, cassette, CD |— |13 |7 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[All My Hits Vol.1|All My Hits – Todos Mis Exitos]]'' | * Released: 9 Marso 1999 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |54 |1 |1 |— | * RIAA: Diamond <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 456,000<ref name="selenaostandallmyhits" /> * CAN: 100,000<ref name="billboardcanada">{{cite journal|last1=LeBlanc|first1=Larry|title=Martin, Lopez Help Pick Up The Pace Of Canada's Latin Beat|journal=Billboard|date=12 Hunyo 1999|volume=111|issue=12|page=41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=Ricky+Martin+Selena+Jennifer+Lopez+Canada#v=onepage&q=Ricky%20Martin%20Selena%20Jennifer%20Lopez%20Canada&f=false|accessdate=7 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[All My Hits Vol. 2|All My Hits – Todos Mis Exitos Vol. 2]]'' | * Released: 29 Pebrero 2000 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |149 |1 |1 |— | * RIAA: 2× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 34,493{{refn|The album debuted with 10,500 units on 18 Marso 2000.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Latin Notas > 18 Marso 2000|journal=Billboard|date=18 Marso 2000|volume=112|issue=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nA4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46&dq=Selena+All+My+Hits/Todos+Mis+Exitos+Vol.+2+-gomez,+-hill,+-miley,+-justin#v=onepage&q=Selena%20All%20My%20Hits%2FTodos%20Mis%20Exitos%20Vol.%202%20-gomez%2C%20-hill%2C%20-miley%2C%20-justin&f=false|accessdate=7 Abril 2015|author1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}</ref> It sold an additional 8,000 units following the fifth anniversary of the singer's death on 15 Abril 2000, which was the second consecutive week it sold 8,000 units.<ref name="first week">{{cite journal|title=Latin Notas|journal=Billboard|date=15 Abril 2000|volume=112|issue=16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4w4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=Selena+All+My+Hits/Todos+Mis+Exitos+Vol.+2+-gomez,+-hill,+-miley,+-justin#v=onepage&q=Selena%20All%20My%20Hits%2FTodos%20Mis%20Exitos%20Vol.%202%20-gomez%2C%20-hill%2C%20-miley%2C%20-justin&f=false|accessdate=7 Abril 2015|author1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}</ref> The album sold 17 units less than the number one album of the week of 22 Abril 2000, bringing total (availability reported) sales to 34,493.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lannert|first1=John|title=Latin Notas|journal=Billboard|date=22 Abril 2000|volume=112|issue=17|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Selena+All+My+Hits/Todos+Mis+Exitos#v=onepage&q=Selena%20All%20My%20Hits%2FTodos%20Mis%20Exitos&f=false|accessdate=24 Abril 2016}}</ref>|group=nb}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[Ones (album)|Ones]]'' | * Released: 1 Oktubre 2002 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |139 |2 |— |— | * RIAA: 18× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 400,000<ref>{{cite news|last=Beshur|first=Alison|title=Selena nine years after death 'Ones' CD sells 400,000, new album hits stores|url=http://www.caller.com/entertainment/selena/selena-nine-years-after-death-ep-366067544.html|accessdate=9 Septyembre 2012|newspaper=[[Corpus Christi Caller-Times]]|date=31 Marso 2004}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Greatest Hits (Selena album)|Greatest Hits]]'' | * Released: 24 Hunyo 2003 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |117 |— |— |— | | * RIAA: 4× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Momentos Intimos]]'' | * Released: 23 Marso 2004 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |11 |7 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Selena Remembered|Remembered]]'' | * Released: 25 Enero 2005 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |61 |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Dos Historias]]'' | * Released: 26 Pebrero 2006 * Label: [[Univision Records]] * Format: CD |— |21 |3 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Through the Years/A Traves de los Años]]'' | * Released: 3 Abril 2007 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |28 |13 |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''Serie Verde''<ref>{{cite web|title=Serie Verde > Allmusic|url=http://allmusic.com/album/serie-verde-r1206093|work=AllMusic|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011|archive-date=14 Mayo 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514170733/https://www.allmusic.com/album/serie-verde-mw0000485651|url-status=dead}}</ref> | * Released: 25 Septyembre 2007 * Label: Madacy Special Markets * Format: CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''10 Great Songs''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/10-great-songs-mw0002150609|title=10 Great Songs by Selena|work=AllMusic|accessdate=14 Hunyo 2011}}</ref> | * Released: 14 Hunyo 2011 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |— |— |— | | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Lo Mejor de...Selena]]'' | * Released: 31 Marso 2015 * Label: EMI Latin |102 |2 |2 |— | * RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAA" /> | * US: 42,000<ref>{{cite web|last1=Caulifield|first1=Keith|title=Nielsen's Mid-Year 2016 Charts: Nicky Jam, Enrique Iglesias & Romeo Santos Lead Latin Music|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7446518/nicky-jam-enrique-iglesias-latin-charts-mid-year|website=Billboard|accessdate=3 Agosto 2016}}</ref> |- | colspan="15" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart, ineligible, or was not released in that territory. |} === Mga remix album === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin remix albums, with selected chart positions, sales asin certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin album ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Posisyon sa Tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sertipikasyon |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US <ref name="Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Latin <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Regional Mexican <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Siempre Selena]]'' | * Released: 5 Nobyembre 1996 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: cassette, CD |82 |1 |1 | * RIAA: 2× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Enamorada de Ti]]'' | * Released: 3 Abril 2012 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD, [[Music download|digital download]] |135 |1 |1 | * RIAA: Gold <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |} === Box sets === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Listahan nin box sets, with selected chart positions, sales asin certifications ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Titulo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Detalye nin Album ! colspan="3" scope="col" |Posisyon sa Tsart ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12em;" |Benta ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Sertipikasyon |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US <ref name="Billboard 200: Selena's Album Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Latin <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Latin Albums Discography" /> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" |US Regional Mexican <ref name="Billboard: Selena's Regional Mexican Albums Discography" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Anthology (Selena album)|Anthology]]'' | * Released: 7 Abril 1998 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: Cassette, CD |131 |1 |1 | * US: 116,000<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lannert|first1=John|title=Sony Sweeps U.S. Latino Market in '98|journal=Billboard|date=26 Disyembre 1998|volume=110|issue=52|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA19&dq=selena+anthology#v=onepage&q=selena%20anthology&f=false|accessdate=24 Abril 2016}}</ref> | * RIAA: 10× Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Unforgettable: Ultimate Edition]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Diez años sin Selena|journal=[[People en Español]]|date=31 Marso 2005|volume=10|issue=4|url=http://www.peopleenespanol.com/article/diez-anos-sin-selena|accessdate=22 Disyembre 2011}}</ref> | * Released: 5 Abril 2005 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |— |— | | * RIAA: Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |- ! scope="row" |''[[La Leyenda]]'' | * Released: 9 Marso 2010 * Label: EMI Latin * Format: CD |— |7 |4 | | * RIAA: Platinum <small>(Latin)</small><ref name="RIAA" /> |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"—" denotes a recording that did not chart, ineligible, or was not released in that territory. |} ==Hilingon man== {{Portal|Latin music}} * [[List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States]] * [[List of songs recorded by Selena]] * [[Selena singles discography]] * [[Selena videography]] {{Clear}} ==Mga nota== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==Mga toltolan== {{reflist|30em}} ==Hinalean== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/worldbookyea1996worl|title=The 1996 World Book Year Book: The Annual Supplement to the World Book Encyclopedia: A Review of the Events of 1995|date=1996|publisher=World Book|isbn=0-7166-0496-5|location=Chicago, IL|ref={{sfnRef|World Book|1996}}|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/selenassecretrev00arra|title=Selena's Secret: The Revealing Story Behind Her Tragic Death|last=Arrarás|first=María Celeste|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 1997|isbn=0-684-83193-7|location=New York, NY|ref=harv|authorlink=María Celeste Arrarás}} *{{Cite book|title=[[The Billboard Guide to Tejano and Regional Mexican Music]]|last=Burr|first=Ramiro|publisher=Billboard books| date = 1999|isbn=0-8230-7691-1|location=New York, NY|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture, Volume 1|last=Candelaria|first=Cordelia|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| date = 2004|isbn=0-313-33210-X|location=Westport, CT|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Ethnic and Border Music: A Regional Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicbordermusi0000unse|last=Cohen|first=Norm|publisher=Greenwood Press| date = 2007|isbn=0-313-33192-8|location=Westport, CT|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=American Latin Music: Rumba Rhythms, Bossa Nova, and the Salsa Sound|last=Doeden|first=Matt|publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]]| date = 2012|isbn=1-4677-0147-5|location=Minneapolis, MN|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/wherewereyouwhen0000heat|title=Where Were You When...The Music Played?: 120 Unforgettable Moments in Music History|last1=Heatley|first1=Michael|date=2008|publisher=Reader's Digest Association|isbn=0-7621-0988-2|location=Pleasantville, NY|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Texas Music|last=Jasinski|first=Laurie E.|publisher=Texas A&M University Press| date = 2012|isbn=0-87611-297-1|location=Denton, TX|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=U.S. Latino Literatures and Cultures: Transnational Perspectives|last1=Lomelí|first1=Francisco A.|last2=Ikas|first2=Karen|date=2000|publisher=C. Winter|isbn=3-8253-1065-5|location=Heidelberg|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Southern Music/American Music|url=https://archive.org/details/southernmusicame00malo|last=Malone|first=Bill C.|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]| date = 2003|isbn=0-8131-2635-5|location=Lexington, KY|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tejanoproudtexme00sanm|title=Tejano Proud: Tex-Mex Music in the Twentieth Century|last=Miguel|first=Guadalupe San|publisher=Texas A&M University Press| date = 2002|isbn=1-58544-188-0|location=College Station, TX|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/selenacomolaflor00pato_0|title=Selena: Como La Flor|last=Patoski|first=Joe Nick|publisher=Little Brown and Company| date = 1996|isbn=0-316-69378-2|location=Boston, MA|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Música Tejana: The Cultural Economy of Artistic Transformation|url=https://archive.org/details/musicatejanacult0000pena|last=Peña|first=Manuel|publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]| date = 2002|isbn=0-89096-888-8|location=College Station, TX|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Rock Song Index: The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock and Roll Era|last=Pollock|first=Bruce|publisher=Routledge| date = 2014|edition=2|location=New York, NY|asin=B00J4JH50G|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Mexico and the United States|last=Stacy|first=Lee|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]| date = 2002|isbn=0-7614-7402-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Riddle of Cantinflas Essays on Hispanic Popular Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/riddleofcantinfl0000stav|last1=Stavans|first1=Ilan|date=1998|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|isbn=0-8263-5257-X|edition=1st|location=Albuquerque, NM|ref=harv|authorlink=Ilan Stavans}} *{{Cite book|title=100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries|last=Sickels|first=Robert C.|publisher=ABC-CLIO| date = 2013|isbn=1-59884-831-3|location=Santa Barbara, California|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Cowboys, Cops, Killers, and Ghosts: Legends and Lore in Texas|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781574415322|last=Untiedt|first=Kenneth L.|publisher=[[University of North Texas Press]]| date = 2013|isbn=1-57441-532-8|location=Denton, TX|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Panluwas na takod== * {{Official website|http://www.q-productions.com}} * {{Discogs artist|artist=Selena}} * {{Allmusic|label=Selena|id=p29411}} {{Selena}} {{featured list}} [[Kategorya:Selena albums|*Discography]] [[Kategorya:Discographies of American artists]] [[Kategorya:Latin pop music discographies]] [[Kategorya:Regional Mexican music discographies]] [[Kaarangay:Mga diskograpiya]] 0y2n51auswzuz6zwi5omq3vhkq7g4wt 0 2905785 7785653 7783672 2026-08-27T21:16:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260827)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7785653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg|right|thumb|An ladawan han Agusan (900–950 AD) nga nadiskubrehan han tuig 1917 ha pangpang han Salog Wawa hirani ha [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] ha [[Pilipinas]] . Bisan kun may-ada Hindu ngan Budhista nga mga elemento, ginsisingba ini han mga lokal nga Diwata ]] An '''Divata''' (usahay nasusurat nga Duwata, Dewata, Ruwata, Diya, Dewa, ngan iba pa nga kaurugan) usa nga daan nga termino para ha '''Diwata''', usa nga pangkalahatan nga pulong nga ginagamit ha Pilipinas para ha mga diyos, diyosa, espiritu han kinaiyahan, nympha, ngan mga fairies. An iba nga espiritu nga waray pa nahimo nga tawo lahi an pagtawag ha pipira nga etnolinguistic nga grupo sugad nga '''diwata''', nga puydi magtikang ha yano nga mga espiritu nga nagbabantay hin mga butang, tanum, hayop, o lugar, tubtob ha mga diyos nga nagrerepresentar han abstrakto nga konsepto ngan natural nga mga panghitabo, pati na gihapon an mga banal nga binuhat nga kabahin han pantheon.<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-9715501354 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot/page/202 203]–207}}</ref><ref name="Jocano1969">{{cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Philippine Mythology |publisher=Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center |year=1969 |pages=115–120}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diwata | title=diwata – Wiktionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tagalog.com/dictionary/diwata | title=Diwata – Tagalog.com Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}</ref><ref>Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://lingvanex.com/dictionary/meaning/tagalog/diwata/ | title=Diwata – Lingvanex Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05 | archive-date=2025-10-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007030738/https://lingvanex.com/dictionary/meaning/tagalog/diwata/ | url-status= }}</ref> == Etimolohiya == An pulong nga ''divata'' (ngan an mga katugbang hini sugad han ''dewatu'', ''duwata'', ''diya'', ''dwata'' ) ginkuha tikang han sinanskrit nga pulong nga ''devatā'' (देवता) o ''deva'' (देव), nga nangangahulogan "kadiyosan" o "diyosnon nga pagkatawo". Ini nga lingguwistiko nga panurundon gin-aatribwir ha diri diretso nga pagbalyuay hin kultura ha butnga han Pilipinas ngan Salatan nga Asya, nga ginpatunga pinaagi hin mga palisiya hin Hindu-Budhista ha kadagatan Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya sugad han Imperyo Srivijaya ngan Imperyo Majapahit . <ref name="Junker1999">{{Cite book|last=Junker|first=Laura L.|title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms|url=https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0824820341|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk/page/320 321]–325}}</ref> Ha Tinag-alog, an may kalabutan nga pulong ''nga diwa'' nangangahulogan nga "espiritu" o "esensya", nga nagpapabug-at han espirituhanon nga konotasyon. <ref name="Demetrio1991">{{Cite book|last=Demetrio|first=Francisco R.|title=Encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs|publisher=Giraffe Books|year=1991|pages=278–280}}</ref><ref name="Scott1994"/>[[Paypay:JfMountArayat716PHeritagePampangafvf.JPG|thumb|Popular nga paghulagway hin usa nga Diwata, ni Maria Sinukuan usa nga sikat nga diwata ha mga Pilipino nga mitolohiya ngan folklore]] == Mga Kinaiya == An mga ''Divata'' tinotoohan nga nag-uokoy ha iba-iba nga mga kalibutan ngan dapit han natural ngan espirituhanon nga kalibutan. An ira mga katungdanan ngan mga kinaiya nagkakalain-lain: *Mga espiritu han kinaiyahan: mga magtitimaan o magbabantay han mga kahoy, salog, kabugkiran, o mga hayop.<ref name="Eugenio1994">{{cite book |last=Eugenio |first=Damitila Ramos |title=Philippine Folk Literature: The Myths |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=1994 |isbn=9789715420617 |pages=55–60}}</ref> *Mga engkantada engkantado: Ha moderno nga [[Tagalog]], an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o engkantado o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga engkanto nga may talagsaon nga kapawa o katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref>Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref><ref>Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007</ref> *Mga diyos han mga abstract nga konsepto: sugad han pagkamabungahon, girra, o kahimsog.<ref name="Jocano1969" /> *Mga sakop han pantheon — mas hitaas nga mga diyos nga ginkikilala han pipira nga mga etniko nga grupo, nga kadam-an may mas komplikado nga mga ritwal ngan mga halad.<ref name="Scott1994" /> Samtang an iba nga ''divata'' mapinaura ngan ginhahagad para ha panalipod ngan bendisyon, an iba mga waray kasiguroan o maraot, ngan kinahanglan pasagopon pinaagi hin mga ritwal nga halad.<ref name="Demetrio1991" /> == Ha Mitolohiya han Pilipinas == Ha [[Philippine mythology]], an mga Diwata nagtutudlok ha mga engkantada, engkantado, mga espiritu han kinaiyahan, mga langitnon nga binuhat, ngan mga diyos ha mitolohiya. Ha relihiyong-bayan, nagtutudlok ini ha mga langitnon nga espiritu ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga diri pa tawo. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga mga magbabantay han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o mga diyos nga nagsus representara han mga natural nga pwersa, mga abstract nga konsepto, o mga diyos ha pantheon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Default Digital Object Group|doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |jstor=2659094 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=Robert O. |date=February 1971 |title=The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.1971.11.2.01p0079e |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.2307/2642713 |jstor=2642713 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref> An '''Pag-Diwata''' amo an ritwal han pagdayeg, pagtahod, ngan pagsingba ha mga diyos ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: sixteenth century Philippine culture and society |date=2004 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila Univ. Pr |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |edition=5. pr |location=Manila}}</ref> An moderno nga pagsabot han mga Filipino bahin han “diwata” naglalakip hin mga kahulugan sugad han engkantada o engkantado, musa, nimfa, o bisan diyos (lalaki o babaye).<ref name="Andrews 1916">{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Roy Chapman |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147302 |title=[Mammal field catalog] |date=1916 |publisher=[s.n.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.147302 }}</ref><ref name="Afanasyeva 170–172">{{Cite journal |last=Afanasyeva |first=N. D. |date=2022-03-28 |title=The Third Skvortsov Readings |journal=Concept: Philosophy, Religion, Culture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=170–172 |doi=10.24833/2541-8831-2022-1-21-170-172 |issn=2619-0540|doi-access=free }}</ref> An pulong gintuohan nga tikang ha Sanskrit nga “devata” (diyos).<ref name="Daniélou 1991">{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |date=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions International, Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |location=Rochester}}</ref> Ha mga sugilanon ngan mitolohiya, an mga Diwata kasagaran nga may kabug-osan o ginhihimo nga pareho han mga [[Fairy|engkanto]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.<ref name="admin">{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-05 |title=Entering Lambana's mythical realm |url=https://peopleasia.ph/entering-lambanas-mythical-realm/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=PeopleAsia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The Diwata of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, & Deities|url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=1970-01-01 |title=Lambana: Significance and symbolism |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/lambana |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref name="Perdon, Renato 2012">Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007</ref> An mga espiritu nga diri pa tawo ginkikilala ha iba nga mga etniko nga grupo nga ''diwata''. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga simple nga espiritu han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o lugar,<ref group="note">pananglitan, ''[[Nuno sa punso]]'', usa nga gamay nga ''anito'' nga naukoy ha mga punso; ngan [[Maria Makiling|Dayang Masalanta]], an Tagalog nga ''diwata'' han [[Mount Makiling]]</ref> ngadto ha mga diyos nga [[Anthropomorphism|nagpapakatawo]] han mga abstract nga konsepto ngan mga natural nga hitabo,<ref group="note">pananglitan, [[Mayari]], an Tagalog nga diyosa han bulan; [[Barangaw]], an Bisaya nga diyos han rainbow; ngan [[Makapatag]], an Bisaya nga diyos han panimalos</ref> ngadto ha mga diyos nga sakop han tinuod nga [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].<ref group="note">pananglitan, [[Bathala]], an puno nga diyos han mga Tagalog; [[Magbabaya]], an gihahataasan nga magburuhat han [[Lumad]]; ngan [[Pilandok]], an [[trickster spirit]] han [[Maranao people|Maranao]]</ref> Ginkikilala liwat hira nga ''dewatu'', ''divata'', ''duwata'', ''ruwata'', ''dewa'', ''dwata'', ''diya'', ngan iba pa, ha lain-lain nga mga pinulongan han Pilipinas (upod an [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''diwa'', “espiritu” o “esensya”); nga tanan tikang ha [[Sanskrit]] ''[[devata]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देवता}}) o ''[[wiktionary:deva#Etymology|devá]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देव}}), nga nangangahulogan “diyos”. Ini nga mga ngaran resulta han [[Religious syncretism|pagsagol]] han mga Hindu-Budista nga tinuohan tungod han diri direkta nga kultura nga pagbayloay (pinaagi ha [[Srivijaya]] ngan [[Majapahit]]) tali han Pilipinas ngan [[South Asia]].<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="hislop"/> Kundi, an mga entidad nga gintotoohan nga ''diwata'' nagkakalain depende han etniko nga grupo. Ha pipira sugad han [[B'laan people|B'laan]], [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]], [[Visayans]], ngan [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], an ''Diwata'' nagtutudlok han [[Creator deity|labing hataas nga magburuhat]] ha ira pantheon,<ref group="note">An mga Tagalog naglalain han Diwata, an unibersal nga labaw nga binuhat, ngan hi [[Bathala]], an ira kalugaringon nga diyos han kinabuhi (Hislop, 1971)</ref> ngan may lain nga mga termino para ha mga diri-tawo nga espiritu.<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="hislop"/><ref group="note">An mga pinakakilalado nga ngaran hini nga mga espiritu ha lain-lain nga etniko nga grupo ha Pilipinas amo an ''diwata'' o ''anito''. An iba nga ngaran o espesipiko nga klase han ''diwata'' amo an ''fieu awas'', ''kahoynon'' ([[B'laan people|B'laan]]); ''mahomanay'', ''tahamaling'' (Bagobo); ''panya'en'' ([[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]]); ''tawong lipod'', ''magindara'' ([[Bikol people|Bikol]]); ''magtitima'', ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Bukidnon people|Bukidnon]]); ''aled'' ([[Gaddang people|Gaddang]]); ''annani'' ([[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]); ''bakayauwan'', ''monduntug'', ''palasekan'', ''pili'', ''pinading'' ([[Ifugao people|Ifugao]]); ''mangmangkit'', ''katataoan''/''katawtaw-an'', ''kibaan'', ''litao'' ([[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]); ''apdel'', ''sasailo'' ([[Itneg people|Itneg]]); ''tumungaw'' ([[Kankana-ey people|Kankana-ey]]); ''laman labuad'', ''manglilili'' ([[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]); ''kama-kama''/''kamakaon'' ([[Karay-a people|Karay-a]]); ''tuglinsau'', ''tagbusau'', ''mandangum'' ([[Mandaya people|Mandaya]]); ''andagaw'' ([[Mangyan people|Mangyan]]); ''tawagenen'', ''manaog'' ([[Manobo people|Manobo]]); ''karibang'' ([[Maranao people|Maranao]]); ''kaybaan'' ([[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]); ''kamanan-daplak'' ([[Sambal people|Sambal]]); ''dayamdam'', ''piritay'' ([[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]); ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Tagbanwa people|Tagbanwa]]); ''lewenri'', ''bawa'', ''katao''/''kataw'', ''tumawo''/''tamawo'', ''tawong lupa'' (Visayan); ngan ''guban-on'', ''digkusanon'', ''dalaketnon'' ([[Waray people|Waray]]).</ref> Sugad han mga espiritu han mga kaapoy-apoyan, an ''diwata'' gintatawag ha magtahuron nga mga pulong ha [[Kinship terminology|pagka-paryente]] kon tinatawag diretso, sugad han ''apo'' (“tigulang”) o ''nuno'' (“apoyan”).<ref name="hislop"/><ref name="kroeber"/> == Bago nga Paggamit == An moderno nga panhunahuna han mga Pilipino mahitungod han diwata nagsasakob hin mga kahulogan sugad han musa, enkantada, nimpa, diyosa han kaguguban, o bisan diyos o diyosa.<ref name="Andrews 1916"/><ref name="Afanasyeva 170–172"/> Tinutuoan nga an pulong nagtikang ha yinaknan nga Sanskrit nga devata (diyos o diyosa).<ref name="Daniélou 1991"/> Ha mga alamat ngan mitolohiya, an mga diwata agsob nga ginhihisumpay o ginpapantay ha mga [[Diwata (Ada)|enkantada]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.<ref name="admin"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The DIWATA of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, & Deities |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/> Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin enkantada o nimpa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga kapawa, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].<ref name="Perdon, Renato 2012"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/> Tungod kay an mga diwata amo an mga espiritu han kinaiyahan o mga diyos, mas sayon hira nga naisumpay ha mga ideya han Katolisismo mahitungod han mga santo o anghel. An ira mga buruhaton ha pag-ayad, pagkamabungahon, ngan kinaiyahan naghatag hin impresyon nga diri hira peligro ha simbahan. Ha urhi, ginromantisa hira sugad nga mga mahiwagang linalang (enkantada) nga may Europeo nga hitsura, nga angay ha kolonyal nga pamantayan han kaanyag ngan kaopayan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Alfred W. |date=1982-06-30 |title=Culture and Consciousness in a Philippine City |url=https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-1638.1654 |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.1654 |issn=2244-1638}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demetrio |first=Francisco R. |date=1986 |title=On Human Values in Philippine Epics |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1178618 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=205 |doi=10.2307/1178618 |issn=0385-2342}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Aguilar |first=Filomeno V. |title=Clash of spirits: the history of power and sugar planter hegemony on a Visayan island |url=https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui |date=1998 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1992-7 |location=Honolulu}}</ref> Ha kontemporaryo nga paggamit, agsob nga gintutudlok an ''divata'' ngan ''diwata'' nga pareho han “enkantada” ha popular nga imahinasyon. Han panahon han mga misyonerong Kastila ngan mga manunurat ha kolonyal nga panahon, agsob nga ginbinisaya an pulong sugad nga “duwende” o “fairy” nga katumbas ha mga alamat han Europa.<ref name="Rafael1988">{{cite book |last=Rafael |first=Vicente L. |title=Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0822310264 |pages=144–150}}</ref> Ginpalig-on pa ini han ika-19 ngan ika-20 nga siglo pinaagi han panitikan, mga kolonyal nga kasuratan, ngan ha urhi han midya nga naghulagway han mga diwata sugad hin mahigugmaon, may mga pakpak, ngan pareho han mga enkantada ha Europa, imbes nga an ira mas komplikado nga papel sugad nga mga diyos ngan espiritu han kinaiyahan ha katutubong kosmolohiya.<ref name="Manuel1973">{{cite book |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |title=Philippine Folklore, A Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |pages=64–68}}</ref> Ginsaysay han antropolohista nga hi Alicia Magos nga an pagtawag ha ira nga “fairy” usa nga Kanluranon nga pag-imponer nga sobra an pagpayano han papel han diwata ha katutubong panan-aw sugad nga mga tig-agtang nga tagapamagitan han tawo ngan han kalibotan han mga espiritu.<ref name="Magos1992">{{cite book |last=Magos |first=Alicia P. |title=The Enduring Ma-aram Tradition: An Ethnography of a Kinaray-a Village in Antique |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1992 |pages=55–57}}</ref> == Rehiyonal nga mga baryasyon == An konsepto han ''divata'' may kalabotan ha mas haluag nga tradisyon ha Timugan nga Asya bahin han mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga diyos nga may mga ngaran tikang ha Sanskrit: * Ha [[Indonesia]], an mga ''Dewata'' amo an mga diyos ngan espiritu ha Balinese Hinduismo, gin-aampo ha mga ritwal ngan may koneksyon ha natural nga mga lugar.<ref name="Covarrubias1937">{{cite book |last=Covarrubias |first=Miguel |title=Island of Bali |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofbali0000migu |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islandofbali0000migu/page/220 220]–225}}</ref> * Ha [[Java]] an mga ''Dewi'' amo an mga diyosa (pananglitan hi Dewi Sri, an diyosa han humay) nga may kalabotan ha abunda ngan agrikultura.<ref name="Geertz1960">{{cite book |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |title=The Religion of Java |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 |pages=30–35}}</ref> * Ha [[Malaysia]] ngan Brunei, an pulong nga ''Dewa'' nagtutudlok ha mga diyos ngan sobrenatural nga mga linalang, agsob nga may kalabotan ha pre-Islamiko nga animismo ngan impluwensya han Hindu-Budismo.<ref name="Endicott1992">{{cite book |last=Endicott |first=Kirk |title=An Analysis of Malay Magic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |pages=55–60}}</ref> Ini nga mga kapareho nagpapakita han pan-uring Austronesian ngan Indic nga mga ugat han kosmolohiya han Pilipino nga ''divata'', samtang ginpapasundayag an ira kalugaringon nga pag-uswag ha lokal nga mga mitolohiya. == Sincretismo == Han pag-abot han mga ideya han Hindu-Budismo ha prekolonyal nga Pilipinas, an pulong ''divata'' nag-angkon han mga impluwensya han kosmolohiya han Timugan ngan Timog-Sidlangan nga Asya.<ref name="Junker1999" /> Katapos han pag-abot han Islam ha Mindanao ngan han Kristiyanismo han panahon han mga Katsila, damo nga ''diwata/divata'' an ginbag-o an kahulogan, ginpaka-demonyo, o gin-usa ha mga Katoliko nga santos ngan katawhanon nga mga pagtoo.<ref name="Rafael1988" /> Han panahon han mga Katsila, an mga ''diwata'' [[Religious syncretism|gin-usa]] ha mga [[elf|duwende]] ngan [[fairy|engkanto]] han mitolohiya ngan folklore ha Europa, ngan gintawag hin mga ngaran sugad han ''[[duende]]'' (demonyito o diwende), ''encantador'' o ''[[Engkantada|encanto]]'' ("[[Spell (paranormal)|mga magikero]]"), ''hechicero'' ("mangkukulam"), ''sirena'' ("[[mermaid]]"), o ''maligno'' ("maraot nga espiritu").<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="tan">{{cite book|author=Michael L. Tan|title =Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam|publisher =University of the Philippines Press|year =2008|isbn =9789715425704|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC}}</ref><ref name="strong">{{cite book|author=Cynthia A. Strong & David K. Strong|editor =Gailyn Van Rheenen|title =Contextualization and Syncretism: Navigating Cultural Currents|chapter =Dwarves, Elves, and Vampires: An Exploration of Syncretism in Metro Manila|publisher =William Carey Library|series =Evangelical Missiological Society No. 13|year =2006|isbn =9780878083879|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E84GB2f2a9QC}}</ref> Ha mga [[Moro people|Islamisado nga mga grupo etniko]] han Pilipinas, ini nga mga espiritu han kinaiyahan agsob nga gintatawag nga ''[[jinn]]'' o ''[[shaitan|saitan]]'', tungod han impluwensya han [[Islamic mythology]].<ref name="tan"/><ref name="sather">{{cite book|author=Clifford Sather|editor1=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=Darrell Tryon |title =The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|chapter =Sea Nomads and Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers: Foraging Adaptations in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago – The Sama-Bajau|publisher =ANU E Press|year =2006|pages=257–264|isbn = 9781920942854|chapter-url =http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch13s04.html}}</ref><ref name="oceans">{{cite book|author =Hanafi Hussin|editor1 =Birgit Abels|editor2 =Morag Josephine Grant|editor3 =Andreas Waczkat|title =Oceans of Sound: Sama Dilaut Performing Arts|chapter =Balancing the Spiritual and Physical Worlds: Memory, Responsibility, and Survival in the Rituals of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau laut) in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia|series =Göttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3|year =2010|chapter-url =http://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904012021/https://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf |date=2025-09-04 }}</ref> == Ha sikat nga kultura . == * ''Sige Ka, Engkanto Ko!'', ( <abbr>hubad.</abbr> okay ka la, akon engkanto!) usa nga pantasya ha telebisyon nga sitwasyonal nga komedya nga serye (nga may mga adaptasyon ha pelikula) nga naglilibot ha usa nga mortal nga lalaki nga inasaw-an hin ''diwata'' . * ''Amaya'', usa ka makasaysayan nga serye ha telebisyon mahitungod han ugsa-kolonyal nga Pilipinas. Ginhuhulagway hini ''an mga diwata'' sugad nga mga diosa. * ''One Day Isang Araw ,'' fantasy anthology series episode titled "Ang Huling Diwata" (The last fairy) mahitungod hin usa nga engkanto komo diyos-diyosan hin usa nga salog ngan linaw * An Encatadia, usa nga [[Pilipinas|Pilipino]] nga pantasya nga prangkisa hin mga serye ha tv naghuhulagway han mga diwatas komo usa nga lahi hin matriarkal nga mahusay nga mga engkanto * Elemento, television docudrama horror anthology series nagpakita hin usa nga diwata hin usa nga salog nga ginsumpa tungod han paghigugma hin usa nga mortal nga tawo * ''Diwata'' (1987), usa nga pelikula nga gindirehir ni Tata Esteban ngan ginsurat ni Rei Nicandro nagpakita han mitolohiya nga kinabuhi han mga diyosdiyos. An aktres nga hi Olga Miranda an nag-play han panguna nga papel, upod han iba nga cast nga hi Lala Montelibano, hi Dick Israel ngan hi George Estregan. * ''Indio'', usa ka serye ha telebisyon nga mayda bida nga anak hin mortal nga lalaki ngan usa nga ''diwata'' nga babaye. * '''''An Super Ma'am''''' (internasyonal nga titulo: ''Akon Magturutdo, Akon Bayani'' ) in usa ka Pilipinas nga telebisyon nga drama hin aksyon nga pantasya nga serye nga nagpapakita hin usa ka diwata han usa ka diosa nga gindemote komo usa ka engkanto ngan komo usa nga espiritu nga giya para han nangunguna nga bayani . *Juan Dela Cruz (2013) nga serye ha telebisyon Pilipino nagpakita han mga anito komo mga maraot nga diyos, ngan han mga diwata komo mga maupay nga enkantada == Mga reperensya == {{Mga kasarigan}} [[Kaarangay:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ogz0ek86em3tcikc2neeg9m4wk8kngw 0 2906576 7785703 2026-08-28T06:31:30Z DayDream2026 68501 Bag-o nga pakli: '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''',<ref name=":0" /> usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababay... 7785703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''',<ref name=":0" /> usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababayin-an. Nakakarawat hiya hin [[Lista han mga pasidungog ngan mga nominasyon nga nakarawat ni Judy Ann Santos|dirudilain nga mga pagdayaw]], upod an usa nga [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Fantasporto|Fantasporto International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Gawad Urian Award], Gawad Urian Manila Film Festival|Metro Manila Film Festival Awards]], ngan tulo nga [[FAMAS Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausto |first1=Rose Fres |title=The Drama Queen is a comedian when it comes to her childhood money memory |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127210849/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |url-status=live }}</ref Gintikangan ni Santos an iya karera han bata pa hiya nga mayda mga suporta nga papel ha pelikula. Ha edad nga napulo, an iya syahan nga nangunguna nga papel amo an titulo nga karakter ha serye han telebisyon para ha kabataan nga ''Ula, Ang Batang Gubat'' (1988). Mas nakilala hi Santos han hiya ngan hi [[Gladys Reyes]] nagbida ha [[soap opera]] ''[[Mara Clara]]'' (1992). An iya mga papel nga bida ha mga serye hin drama nga ''[[Esperanza (Philippine TV series)|Esperanza]]'' (1998), ''[[Sa Puso Ko, Iingatan Ka]]'' (2001), ngan ''[[Basta't Kasama Kita]]'' (2003) nagtukod ha iya komo usa nga primea actress on a letime television. Nakarawat hiya hin kritikal nga pagdayaw tungod han iya papel komo usa nga babaye nga mayda [[dissociative identity disorder]] dida han sikolohikal nga drama ''[[Sabel (pelikula)|Sabel]]'' (2004), nga tungod hini nagdaog hiya hin Gawad Urian ngan [[Golden Screen TV Awards|Golden Screen Award]] para han Pinakamaupay nga Aktres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villasanta |first1=Boy |title=10 defining moments in Judy Ann Santos' family life |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Entertainment]] |date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126003937/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakip han iya mga pinakahitaas nga kantidad nga mga pagpagawas amo an [[Jose Javier Reyes]]-nga gindumara nga komedya nga ''[[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]'' (2006) ngan an sunod hini nga ''[[Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo]]'' (2007). Santos co-produce the independent drama ''[[Ploning]]'' (2008) and starred in ''[[Mindanao (film)|Mindanao]]'' (2019), nga mga [[Listahan han mga ginpasa nga Pilipinas para han Academy Award] for Best International Feature Film|the Philippinest Feture International submissions for Bemy Mga Pasidungog|Ika-81]] ngan [[ika-93 nga Mga Pasidungog han Akademya]], ha pagkasunod-sunod. Usa liwat hiya nga chef ngan usa nga [[parag-uma hin pagkaon]]. Han 2015, nagsurat hiya hin libro hin pagluto nga tinatawag nga ''Judy Ann's Kitchen'', nga nagdaog hin Gourmand International's Cookbook Award para hin Best Authors and Chefs Outside Europe. Hi Santos in inasaw-an ni [[Ryan Agoncillo]], nga mayda niya tulo nga anak. == Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Judy Ann}} [[Category:Mga natawo han 1978]] rcu76rkqz1v31u5qmhjgfqtbvohv73v 7785704 7785703 2026-08-28T06:32:20Z DayDream2026 68501 7785704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judy Ann Santos (2008).jpg|thumb|250px|Judy Ann Santos (2008)]] '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''',<ref name=":0" /> usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababayin-an. Nakakarawat hiya hin [[Lista han mga pasidungog ngan mga nominasyon nga nakarawat ni Judy Ann Santos|dirudilain nga mga pagdayaw]], upod an usa nga [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Fantasporto|Fantasporto International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Gawad Urian Award], Gawad Urian Manila Film Festival|Metro Manila Film Festival Awards]], ngan tulo nga [[FAMAS Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausto |first1=Rose Fres |title=The Drama Queen is a comedian when it comes to her childhood money memory |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127210849/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |url-status=live }}</ref> Gintikangan ni Santos an iya karera han bata pa hiya nga mayda mga suporta nga papel ha pelikula. Ha edad nga napulo, an iya syahan nga nangunguna nga papel amo an titulo nga karakter ha serye han telebisyon para ha kabataan nga ''Ula, Ang Batang Gubat'' (1988). Mas nakilala hi Santos han hiya ngan hi [[Gladys Reyes]] nagbida ha [[soap opera]] ''[[Mara Clara]]'' (1992). An iya mga papel nga bida ha mga serye hin drama nga ''[[Esperanza (Philippine TV series)|Esperanza]]'' (1998), ''[[Sa Puso Ko, Iingatan Ka]]'' (2001), ngan ''[[Basta't Kasama Kita]]'' (2003) nagtukod ha iya komo usa nga primea actress on a letime television. Nakarawat hiya hin kritikal nga pagdayaw tungod han iya papel komo usa nga babaye nga mayda [[dissociative identity disorder]] dida han sikolohikal nga drama ''[[Sabel (pelikula)|Sabel]]'' (2004), nga tungod hini nagdaog hiya hin Gawad Urian ngan [[Golden Screen TV Awards|Golden Screen Award]] para han Pinakamaupay nga Aktres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villasanta |first1=Boy |title=10 defining moments in Judy Ann Santos' family life |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Entertainment]] |date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126003937/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakip han iya mga pinakahitaas nga kantidad nga mga pagpagawas amo an [[Jose Javier Reyes]]-nga gindumara nga komedya nga ''[[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]'' (2006) ngan an sunod hini nga ''[[Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo]]'' (2007). Santos co-produce the independent drama ''[[Ploning]]'' (2008) and starred in ''[[Mindanao (film)|Mindanao]]'' (2019), nga mga [[Listahan han mga ginpasa nga Pilipinas para han Academy Award] for Best International Feature Film|the Philippinest Feture International submissions for Bemy Mga Pasidungog|Ika-81]] ngan [[ika-93 nga Mga Pasidungog han Akademya]], ha pagkasunod-sunod. Usa liwat hiya nga chef ngan usa nga [[parag-uma hin pagkaon]]. Han 2015, nagsurat hiya hin libro hin pagluto nga tinatawag nga ''Judy Ann's Kitchen'', nga nagdaog hin Gourmand International's Cookbook Award para hin Best Authors and Chefs Outside Europe. Hi Santos in inasaw-an ni [[Ryan Agoncillo]], nga mayda niya tulo nga anak. == Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Judy Ann}} [[Category:Mga natawo han 1978]] 8dwjecd0mvvhi7mod4q9030tmb0jnwj 7785705 7785704 2026-08-28T06:32:58Z DayDream2026 68501 7785705 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judy Ann Santos (2008).jpg|thumb|250px|Judy Ann Santos (2008)]] Hi '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''',<ref name=":0" /> usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababayin-an. Nakakarawat hiya hin [[Lista han mga pasidungog ngan mga nominasyon nga nakarawat ni Judy Ann Santos|dirudilain nga mga pagdayaw]], upod an usa nga [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Fantasporto|Fantasporto International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Gawad Urian Award]], Gawad Urian Manila Film Festival|Metro Manila Film Festival Awards]], ngan tulo nga [[FAMAS Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausto |first1=Rose Fres |title=The Drama Queen is a comedian when it comes to her childhood money memory |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127210849/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |url-status=live }}</ref> Gintikangan ni Santos an iya karera han bata pa hiya nga mayda mga suporta nga papel ha pelikula. Ha edad nga napulo, an iya syahan nga nangunguna nga papel amo an titulo nga karakter ha serye han telebisyon para ha kabataan nga ''Ula, Ang Batang Gubat'' (1988). Mas nakilala hi Santos han hiya ngan hi [[Gladys Reyes]] nagbida ha [[soap opera]] ''[[Mara Clara]]'' (1992). An iya mga papel nga bida ha mga serye hin drama nga ''[[Esperanza (Philippine TV series)|Esperanza]]'' (1998), ''[[Sa Puso Ko, Iingatan Ka]]'' (2001), ngan ''[[Basta't Kasama Kita]]'' (2003) nagtukod ha iya komo usa nga primea actress on a letime television. Nakarawat hiya hin kritikal nga pagdayaw tungod han iya papel komo usa nga babaye nga mayda [[dissociative identity disorder]] dida han sikolohikal nga drama ''[[Sabel (pelikula)|Sabel]]'' (2004), nga tungod hini nagdaog hiya hin Gawad Urian ngan [[Golden Screen TV Awards|Golden Screen Award]] para han Pinakamaupay nga Aktres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villasanta |first1=Boy |title=10 defining moments in Judy Ann Santos' family life |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Entertainment]] |date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126003937/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakip han iya mga pinakahitaas nga kantidad nga mga pagpagawas amo an [[Jose Javier Reyes]]-nga gindumara nga komedya nga ''[[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]'' (2006) ngan an sunod hini nga ''[[Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo]]'' (2007). Santos co-produce the independent drama ''[[Ploning]]'' (2008) and starred in ''[[Mindanao (film)|Mindanao]]'' (2019), nga mga [[Listahan han mga ginpasa nga Pilipinas para han Academy Award] for Best International Feature Film|the Philippinest Feture International submissions for Bemy Mga Pasidungog|Ika-81]] ngan [[ika-93 nga Mga Pasidungog han Akademya]], ha pagkasunod-sunod. Usa liwat hiya nga chef ngan usa nga [[parag-uma hin pagkaon]]. Han 2015, nagsurat hiya hin libro hin pagluto nga tinatawag nga ''Judy Ann's Kitchen'', nga nagdaog hin Gourmand International's Cookbook Award para hin Best Authors and Chefs Outside Europe. Hi Santos in inasaw-an ni [[Ryan Agoncillo]], nga mayda niya tulo nga anak. == Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Judy Ann}} [[Category:Mga natawo han 1978]] jn1sd1cm5iq0jwq0owmfuc7ktnomuqb 7785706 7785705 2026-08-28T06:33:15Z DayDream2026 68501 7785706 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judy Ann Santos (2008).jpg|thumb|250px|Judy Ann Santos (2008)]] Hi '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''', usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababayin-an. Nakakarawat hiya hin [[Lista han mga pasidungog ngan mga nominasyon nga nakarawat ni Judy Ann Santos|dirudilain nga mga pagdayaw]], upod an usa nga [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Fantasporto|Fantasporto International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Gawad Urian Award]], Gawad Urian Manila Film Festival|Metro Manila Film Festival Awards]], ngan tulo nga [[FAMAS Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausto |first1=Rose Fres |title=The Drama Queen is a comedian when it comes to her childhood money memory |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127210849/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |url-status=live }}</ref> Gintikangan ni Santos an iya karera han bata pa hiya nga mayda mga suporta nga papel ha pelikula. Ha edad nga napulo, an iya syahan nga nangunguna nga papel amo an titulo nga karakter ha serye han telebisyon para ha kabataan nga ''Ula, Ang Batang Gubat'' (1988). Mas nakilala hi Santos han hiya ngan hi [[Gladys Reyes]] nagbida ha [[soap opera]] ''[[Mara Clara]]'' (1992). An iya mga papel nga bida ha mga serye hin drama nga ''[[Esperanza (Philippine TV series)|Esperanza]]'' (1998), ''[[Sa Puso Ko, Iingatan Ka]]'' (2001), ngan ''[[Basta't Kasama Kita]]'' (2003) nagtukod ha iya komo usa nga primea actress on a letime television. Nakarawat hiya hin kritikal nga pagdayaw tungod han iya papel komo usa nga babaye nga mayda [[dissociative identity disorder]] dida han sikolohikal nga drama ''[[Sabel (pelikula)|Sabel]]'' (2004), nga tungod hini nagdaog hiya hin Gawad Urian ngan [[Golden Screen TV Awards|Golden Screen Award]] para han Pinakamaupay nga Aktres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villasanta |first1=Boy |title=10 defining moments in Judy Ann Santos' family life |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Entertainment]] |date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126003937/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakip han iya mga pinakahitaas nga kantidad nga mga pagpagawas amo an [[Jose Javier Reyes]]-nga gindumara nga komedya nga ''[[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]'' (2006) ngan an sunod hini nga ''[[Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo]]'' (2007). Santos co-produce the independent drama ''[[Ploning]]'' (2008) and starred in ''[[Mindanao (film)|Mindanao]]'' (2019), nga mga [[Listahan han mga ginpasa nga Pilipinas para han Academy Award] for Best International Feature Film|the Philippinest Feture International submissions for Bemy Mga Pasidungog|Ika-81]] ngan [[ika-93 nga Mga Pasidungog han Akademya]], ha pagkasunod-sunod. Usa liwat hiya nga chef ngan usa nga [[parag-uma hin pagkaon]]. Han 2015, nagsurat hiya hin libro hin pagluto nga tinatawag nga ''Judy Ann's Kitchen'', nga nagdaog hin Gourmand International's Cookbook Award para hin Best Authors and Chefs Outside Europe. Hi Santos in inasaw-an ni [[Ryan Agoncillo]], nga mayda niya tulo nga anak. == Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Judy Ann}} [[Category:Mga natawo han 1978]] gngbimri84uwuwi2s73lj65408dbbk4 7785707 7785706 2026-08-28T06:34:05Z DayDream2026 68501 7785707 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Judy Ann Santos (2008).jpg|thumb|250px|Judy Ann Santos (2008)]] Hi '''Judy Anne Lumagui Santos''' (natawo Mayo 11, 1978), ginngaranan gihapon nga '''Juday''', usa nga Pilipino nga artista ngan produser hin pelikula. Prolific ha [[Sinehan ha Pilipinas|pelikula]] ngan [[telebisyon ha Pilipinas]], ngan kilalado tungod han iya dramatiko ngan komedya nga papel ha [[Blockbuster (kaliawan)|blockbusters]] ngan [[independent nga mga pelikula]], sugad man tungod han iya mga pagladawan hin mga tinalumpigos ngan mga kablas nga kababayin-an. Nakakarawat hiya hin [[Lista han mga pasidungog ngan mga nominasyon nga nakarawat ni Judy Ann Santos|dirudilain nga mga pagdayaw]], upod an usa nga [[Cairo International Film Festival|Cairo International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Fantasporto|Fantasporto International Film Festival Award]], usa nga [[Gawad Urian Award]], [[Gawad Urian Manila Film Festival|Metro Manila Film Festival Awards]], ngan tulo nga [[FAMAS Award]]s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausto |first1=Rose Fres |title=The Drama Queen is a comedian when it comes to her childhood money memory |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127210849/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/health-and-family/2017/06/27/1714082/drama-queen-comedian-when-it-comes-her-childhood-money-memory |url-status=live }}</ref> Gintikangan ni Santos an iya karera han bata pa hiya nga mayda mga suporta nga papel ha pelikula. Ha edad nga napulo, an iya syahan nga nangunguna nga papel amo an titulo nga karakter ha serye han telebisyon para ha kabataan nga ''Ula, Ang Batang Gubat'' (1988). Mas nakilala hi Santos han hiya ngan hi [[Gladys Reyes]] nagbida ha [[soap opera]] ''[[Mara Clara]]'' (1992). An iya mga papel nga bida ha mga serye hin drama nga ''[[Esperanza (Philippine TV series)|Esperanza]]'' (1998), ''[[Sa Puso Ko, Iingatan Ka]]'' (2001), ngan ''[[Basta't Kasama Kita]]'' (2003) nagtukod ha iya komo usa nga primea actress on a letime television. Nakarawat hiya hin kritikal nga pagdayaw tungod han iya papel komo usa nga babaye nga mayda [[dissociative identity disorder]] dida han sikolohikal nga drama ''[[Sabel (pelikula)|Sabel]]'' (2004), nga tungod hini nagdaog hiya hin Gawad Urian ngan [[Golden Screen TV Awards|Golden Screen Award]] para han Pinakamaupay nga Aktres.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Villasanta |first1=Boy |title=10 defining moments in Judy Ann Santos' family life |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Entertainment]] |date=October 9, 2010 |archive-date=January 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126003937/https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/10/09/10/10-defining-moments-judy-ann-santos%E2%80%99-family-life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lakip han iya mga pinakahitaas nga kantidad nga mga pagpagawas amo an [[Jose Javier Reyes]]-nga gindumara nga komedya nga ''[[Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo]]'' (2006) ngan an sunod hini nga ''[[Sakal, Sakali, Saklolo]]'' (2007). Santos co-produce the independent drama ''[[Ploning]]'' (2008) and starred in ''[[Mindanao (film)|Mindanao]]'' (2019), nga mga [[Listahan han mga ginpasa nga Pilipinas para han Academy Award] for Best International Feature Film|the Philippinest Feture International submissions for Bemy Mga Pasidungog|Ika-81]] ngan [[ika-93 nga Mga Pasidungog han Akademya]], ha pagkasunod-sunod. Usa liwat hiya nga chef ngan usa nga [[parag-uma hin pagkaon]]. Han 2015, nagsurat hiya hin libro hin pagluto nga tinatawag nga ''Judy Ann's Kitchen'', nga nagdaog hin Gourmand International's Cookbook Award para hin Best Authors and Chefs Outside Europe. Hi Santos in inasaw-an ni [[Ryan Agoncillo]], nga mayda niya tulo nga anak. == Mga kasarigan== {{Reflist}} {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Judy Ann}} [[Category:Mga natawo han 1978]] bu6aveu5isyh87xbyibzhnpoatzq7yy