Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 14 466 7785878 7784803 2026-08-31T03:18:50Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + {{Commonscat|Astronomy}} 7785878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Astronomy}} [[Kaarangay:Fisika]] oi6boel6e8cntanz5x9ns9pxzu0xqra 14 4803 7785876 4793833 2026-08-31T03:14:56Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7785876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Physics}} [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales]] iy5cdlhhw68ummahmy910kwpi9mi7g4 0 7620 7785859 7643652 2026-08-30T12:49:01Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Otto von Bismarck |image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto von Bismarck.jpg |imagesize = 200px |smallimage = |caption = Otto von Bismarck at age 75, August 1890 |order = Syahan nga [[Kansilyer han Alemanya|Kansilyer han Imperyo Aleman]] |term_start = 21 Marso 1871 |term_end = 20 Marso 1890 |monarch = [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I]]<br />[[Frederick III, German Emperor|Friedrich III]]<br />[[William II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]] |predecessor = Waray (gintukod an puwesto) |successor = [[Leo von Caprivi]] |order2 = ika-9 nga [[Ministro nga Mangulo han Prusya|Ministro nga Mangulo han Ginhadi-an han Prusya]] |term_start2 = 23 Septyembre 1862 |term_end2 = 1 Enero 1873 |monarch2 = Wilhelm I |predecessor2 = [[Prince Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen|Adolf han Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]] |successor2 = [[Albrecht von Roon]] |order3 = ika-11 nga Ministro nga Mangulo han Ginhadi-an han Prusya |term_start3 = 9 Nobyembre 1873 |term_end3 = 20 Marso 1890 |monarch3 = Wilhelm I<br>Friedrich III<br>Wilhelm II |predecessor3 = Albrecht von Roon |successor3 = Leo von Caprivi |order4 = [[Kansilyer han Alemanya|Kansilyer Federal han Konfederasyon nga Aminhanan Aleman]] |term_start4 = 1867 |term_end4 = 1871 |president4 = Wilhelm I |predecessor4 = waray (gintukod an Konfederasyon) |successor4 = Imperyo Aleman |order5 = ika-23 nga [[Ministro Panlangyaw han Prusya|Ministro Panlangyaw han Ginhadi-an han Prusya]] |term_start5 = 1862 |term_end5 = 1890 |monarch5 = Wilhelm I<br>Friedrich III<br>Wilhelm II |primeminister5 = |predecessor5 = [[Albrecht von Bernstorff]] |successor5 =Leo von Caprivi |birth_date = {{birth date|1815|4|1|df=y}} |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1898|7|30|1815|4|1}} |birth_place = [[Schönhausen]], [[Ginhadi-an han Prusya|Prusya]] |death_place = [[Friedrichsruh]], [[Imperyo Aleman]] |party = None |religion = [[Lutheranismo]] |signature = Otto vonBismarck Signature.svg |spouse = [[Johanna von Puttkamer]] }} Hi '''Otto Eduard Leopold, Prinsipe han Bismarck, Duke han Lauenburg, Konde han Bismarck-Schönhausen''', nga natawo ha ngaran nga '''Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck-Schönhausen''' ([[Abril 1]] [[1815]] – [[Hulyo 30]] [[1898]]), amo in [[Ginhadi-an han Prusya|Pruso]] ngan [[Alemanya|Aleman]] nga tawo-han-estado han ika-19 nga siglo. Komo [[Primer Ministro han Prusya|Ministro-Presidente han Prusya]] tikang han 1862–90, hiya an nagplano han [[pagkausa han Alemanya]]. Tikang han 1867 ngan sunod, hiya an [[Kansilyer]] han [[Konfederasyon nga Amihanan Aleman]]. Han pagdeklara han ikaduha nga [[Imperyo Aleman]] han 1871, nagsirbe hiya nga amo an syahan nga [[Kansilyer han Alemanya|Kansilyer]] hini, ngan nakakuha hiya han agnay nga ''"Puthaw nga Kansilyer"''. ==Bibliograpiya== ===Biograpikal=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation | last = Crankshaw | first = Edward | title = Bismarck | publisher = The Viking Press | date = 1981}}. * Darmstaedter, Friedrich. '' Bismarck and the Creation of the Second Reich'' (2008) * {{Citation | last = Eyck | first = Erich | title = Bismarck and the German Empire | date = 1964 | url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393002357}} (excerpt and text search). * {{Citation | last = Feuchtwanger | first = Edgar | title = Bismarck | publisher = Routledge | series = Historical Biographies | date = 2002 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108426285 | access-date = 2012-07-31 | archive-date = 2010-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o | url-status = }}, 276 pp., basic starting point. * {{Citation | last = Gall | first = Lothar | title = Bismarck: The White Revolutionary | date = 1986}}, 2 vol; major academic study * {{Citation | last = Heuston | first = Kimberley Burton | title = Otto von Bismarck: Iron Chancellor of Germany | publisher = Franklin Watts | date = 2010}}. * {{Citation | last = Hollyday | first = FBM | title = Bismarck | series = Great Lives Observed | publisher = Prentice-Hall | date = 1970}}. * {{Citation | last = Kent | first = George O | title = Bismarck and His Times | date = 1978 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7561027 | access-date = 2012-07-31 | archive-date = 2011-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110915090752/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7561027 | url-status = }}. * {{Citation | first = Henry A | last = Kissinger | title = Otto von Bismarck, Master Statesman | newspaper = The New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-bismarck-by-jonathan-steinberg.html?_r=1&nl=books&emc=booksupdateema1 | date = 31 Marso 2011 | type = book review}}. * Lerman, Katharine Anne. ''Bismarck: Profiles in Power''. Longman, 2004. ISBN 0-582-03740-9; 312pp * {{Citation | last = Ludwig | first = Emil | title = Wilhelm Hohenzollern: The last of the Kaisers | place = New York | date = 1927a | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ghlSoo9pEUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wilhelm+Hohenzollern:+The+last+of+the+Kaisers&hl=en&ei=iuVyT8P8IaWy0AHM7LyOAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | access-date = 31 Hulyo 2012 | archive-date = 20 Hunyo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620201031/http://books.google.com/books?id=ghlSoo9pEUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wilhelm+Hohenzollern:+The+last+of+the+Kaisers&hl=en&ei=iuVyT8P8IaWy0AHM7LyOAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = dead }}, popular. * {{Citation | last = Ludwig | first = Emil | title = Bismarck: The Story of a Fighter | publisher = Little, Brown | date = 1927b}}, popular. * {{Citation | last = Pflanze | first = Otto | title = Bismarck and the Development of Germany | date = 1971 | origyear = 1963 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=33732682 | volume = I. Bismarck and the Development of Germany: The Period of Unification, 1815–1871}}; 3 vols., 1963–90. * {{Citation | last = Pflanze | first = Otto | title = Bismarck and German Nationalism | journal = American Historical Review | volume = 60 | number = 3 | month = Apr | date = 1955 | pages = 548–66 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845577 | publisher = JSTOR }} * [[Jonathan Steinberg|Steinberg, Jonathan]]. ''Bismarck: A Life'' (Oxford University Press, 2011), 592 pp; full-scale scholarly biography * {{Citation | author-link = Fritz Stern| last = Stern | first = Fritz | title = Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder and the Building of the German Empire | publisher = Penguin | date = 1977}}. * {{Citation | author-link = A.J.P. Taylor | last = Taylor | first = AJP | title = Bismarck: the Man and the Statesman | publisher = Alfred A Knopf | place = New York | date = 1969 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010 | access-date = 2012-07-31 | archive-date = 2011-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020231/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010 | url-status = }}. {{refend}} ===Mga survey=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * Berghahn, Volker. ''Imperial Germany, 1871–1914'' (1994) * {{Citation | first = David | last = Blackbourn | title = The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918 | date = 1998}}. * Craig, Gordon A. ''Germany, 1866–1945'' (1978) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30331035 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020143/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=30331035 |date=2011-06-24 }} * {{Citation | last = Holborn | first = Hajo | contribution = The Constitutional Conflict in Prussia and the Early Years of the Bismarck Ministry | pages = 131–72 | title = The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945 | pyublisher = Alfred A Knopf | date = 1969}}. * {{Citation | last = Holborn | first = Hajo | author-mask = 8 | contribution = The Founding of the New German Empire, 1865–71 | pages = 173–229 | title = The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945 | pyublisher = Alfred A Knopf | date = 1969}}. * {{Citation | last = Holborn | first = Hajo | author-mask = 8 | contribution = Bismarck and the Consolidation of the German Empire, 1871–90 | pages= 233–97 | title = The History of Modern Germany 1840–1945 | pyublisher = Alfred A Knopf | date = 1969}}. * Langer, William L. ''European alliances and alignments, 1871–1890'' (1964) * {{Citation | first = James N | last = Retallack | title = Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 | Oxford University Press | date = 2008}}. * Robinson, Janet, and Joe Robinson. ''Handbook of Imperial Germany'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1449021131 excerpt and text search] * Sheehan, James J. ''German History, 1770–1866'' (1989), dense, thorough political history * {{Citation | last = Sheehan | first = James J | author-mask = 8 | title = German liberalism in the ninetury century | date = 1978 | url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01317.0001.001 | publisher = University of Chicago Press; ACLS | format = ebooks}}, behind a [[paywall]]. {{refend}} ===Pinaurog nga pag-aram=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation | first = Hermann | last = Beck | title = Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870 | date = 1995}}. * Clark, Chester Wells. ''Franz Joseph and Bismarck: The Diplomacy of Austria before the War of 1866'' (Harvard University Press, 1934). * {{Citation | first = WG | last = Field| title= Bismarck's First School | journal = The Journal of Education| volume= 20| date= October 1898 | date = 1898 | publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=603–4|url=http://books.google.com/books?pg=PA603&id=MiwnAAAAMAAJ}}. * Goddard, Stacie E. "When Right Makes Might: How Prussia Overturned the European Balance of Power," ''International Security,'' Volume 33, Number 3, Winter 2008/09, pp.&nbsp;110–42 in [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/international_security/v033/33.3.goddard.html Project MUSE], covers 1864–71 * {{Citation | first = Michael B | last = Gross | title = The War against Catholicism: Liberalism and the Anti-Catholic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Germany | date = 2005}}. * Hennock, E. P. ''The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007) 381 pp. * Hennock, E. P. "Social Policy in the Bismarck Era: A Progress Report," ''German History,'' (June 2003) 21#2 pp 229–238 [http://gh.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/2/229.extract online] * Howard, Michael. ''The Franco-Prussian War: The German invasion of France, 1870–1871'' (1961) [http://books.google.com/books?id=h2wEeRuei6AC excerpt and text search] * {{Citation | first = Paul M | last = Kennedy | title = The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 | date = 1988}}. * Kissinger, Henry. "The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck," ''Daedalus'' Vol. 97, No. 3, (Summer, 1968), pp.&nbsp;888–924 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20023844 in JSTOR] * Lord, Robert H. "Bismarck and Russia in 1863," ''American Historical Review,'' Vol. 29, No. 1 (October 1923), pp.&nbsp;2–48. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1839273 in JSTOR] * Mork, Gordon R. "Bismarck and the 'Capitulation' of German Liberalism," ''Journal of Modern History'' Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp.&nbsp;59–75 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1877926 in JSTOR] * Paur, Philip. "The Corporatist Character of Bismarck's Social Policy," ''European History Quarterly'', Oct 1981; vol. 11: pp.&nbsp;427–60. * {{Citation | last = Ross | first = Ronald J | title = The Failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and State Power in Imperial Germany, 1871–1887 | publisher = The Catholic University of America Press | date = 1998}}, 219 pp. * {{Citation | last = Sigerist | first = Henry E | title = From Bismarck to Beveridge: Developments and Trends in Social Security Legislation | journal = Journal of Public Health Policy | volume = 20 | number = 4 | date = 1999 | pages = 474–96 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/3343133 | publisher = JSTOR | origyear = 1943}}. * {{Citation | first = James | last = Stone | title = Bismarck and the Containment of France, 1873–1877 | journal = Canadian Journal of History | date = 1994 | volume= 29 | issue = 2}} * von Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge. "Domestic Origins of Germany's Colonial Expansion under Bismarck," ''Past & Present'' No. 42 (Feb., 1969), pp.&nbsp;140–59 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/650184 in JSTOR] * Waller, Bruce. ''Bismarck at the Crossroads. The Reorientation of German Foreign Policy after the Congress of Berlin 1878–1880'' (1974) * [[Hans-Ulrich Wehler|Wehler, Hans-Ulrich]] "Bismarck's Imperialism 1862–1890" ''Past and Present'', No. 48, August 1970. pages 119–155 [http://past.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/48/1/119.pdf online edition] * Wetzel, David. ''A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War'' (U of Wisconsin Press, 2001). 244 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 0-299-17490-5 {{refend}} ===Historiograpiya ngan panhinumduman=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation |last=Cowen|first= Ron|title= Restored Edison Records Revive Giants of 19th-Century Germany| url= http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/31/science/bismarcks-voice-among-restored-edison-recordings.html |accessdate=31 Enero 2012|newspaper= [[New York Times]]|date=30 Enero 2012}} * Frankel, Richard E. "From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945," ''German Studies Review,'' Vol. 26, No. 3 (Oct., 2003), pp.&nbsp;543–560 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1432746 in JSTOR] * {{Citation | last = Frankel | first = Richard E | title = Bismarck's Shadow. The Cult of Leadership and the Transformation of the German Right, 1898–1945 | date = 2005 | ISBN= 1-84520-033-0}}, 222 pp. * Gerwarth, Robert. "Inventing the Iron Chancellor," ''History Today'' 2007 57(6): 43–49, in [[EBSCO]] * {{Citation | last = Gerwarth | first = Robert | author-mask = 8 | title = The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor | date = 2005 | ISBN = 0-19-928184-X}}, 216 pp. * {{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Frank Lorenz |title=Man, Myth and Monuments: The Legacy of Otto von Bismarck (1866–1998) |journal = European History Quarterly | date = 2008 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=626–36 |doi=10.1177/0265691408094517}} * {{Citation | first = Robert | last = Pearce | title = The Austro-Prussian War | journal = History Review | month = March | date = 2010 | issue = 66}}. * Russell, Mark A. "The Building of Hamburg's Bismarck Memorial, 1898–1906," ''Historical Journal,'' Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2000), pp.&nbsp;133–56 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3021016 in JSTOR] * Steefel, Lawrence D. "Bismarck," ''Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (Mar., 1930), pp.&nbsp;74–95 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1871140 in JSTOR] * Stürmer, Michael. "Bismarck in Perspective," ''Central European History,'' Vol. 4, No. 4, 1870/71 (Dec., 1971), pp.&nbsp;291–331 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4545614 in JSTOR] * Urbach, Karina. "Between Saviour and Villain: 100 Years of Bismarck Biographies," ''Historical Journal'' 1998 41(4): 1141–60 [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3020865 in JSTOR] {{refend}} ===Panguna nga ginkuhaan=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation | last = von Bismarck | first = Otto | title = Bismarck, the Man & the Statesman: Being the Reflections and Reminiscences of Otto, Prince Von Bismarck | volume = 1 | date = 1899 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77734130 | access-date = 2012-07-31 | archive-date = 2011-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020254/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77734130 | url-status = }} * {{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=dEgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1#PPR3,M1 | title = Thoughts and Reminiscences | first = Otto | last = von Bismarck | author-mask = 8 | volume = I}} * {{Citation | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IkgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1#PPR3,M1 | title = Thoughts and Reminiscences | first = Otto | last = von Bismarck | author-mask = 8 | volume = II | publisher = Google Books}}. * {{Citation | last = von Bismarck | first = Otto | author-mask = 8 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/bismarckmanstate02bismuoft | title = Memoirs | volume = II | publisher = Archive.org}}. * {{Citation | last1 = Hohenzollern | first1 = William I | last2 = von Bismarck | first2 = Otto | url = http://www.archive.org/details/correspondenceof00bismuoft | title = The correspondence of William I. and Bismarck: with other letters from and to Prince Bismarck | editor-first = Ford | date = 1903}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Otto von Bismarck}} * {{In Our Time|Bismarck|b00775pm|Bismarck}} * [http://www.malc.eu/history/Bismarck-Schonhausen-Otto-Furst-von-Germany.biog.html Bismarck World History Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222005428/http://www.malc.eu/history/Bismarck-Schonhausen-Otto-Furst-von-Germany.biog.html |date=2014-02-22 }} * [http://www.kbismarck.com/ottovbis.html Life of Otto von Bismarck] * [http://books.google.com/books?id=dEgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1#PPR3,M1 ''Gedanken und Erinnerungen'' "Thoughts and Reminiscences" by Otto von Bismarck Vol. I] * [http://books.google.com/books?id=IkgKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1#PPR3,M1 ''Gedanken und Erinnerungen'' "Thoughts and Reminiscences" by Otto von Bismarck Vol. II] * [http://www.archive.org/details/bismarckmanstate02bismuoft Bismarck's Memoirs Vol. II. In English at archive.org] * [http://www.zeno.org/Geschichte/M/Bismarck,+Otto+von Complete German text of Bismarck's autobiography] *{{Cite NIE| date = 1905|Bismarck-Schönhausen, Karl Otto Eduard Leopold von}} * [http://books.google.com/books?id=iz8bAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1#PPP9,M1 ''Prince Bismarck's Letters to His Wife, His Sister, and Others, from 1844–1870''] * [http://www.archive.org/details/kaiservsbismarck00bismuoft ''The Kaiser vs. Bismarck : suppressed letters by the Kaiser and new chapters from the autobiography of the Iron Chancellor'' at archive.org] * [http://www.archive.org/details/bismarckhisauthe00heseuoft ''Bismarck: his authentic biography. Including many of his private letters and personal memoranda'' at archive.org] * [http://www.archive.org/details/lovelettersofbis00bismuoft ''The love letters of Bismarck; being letters to his fiancée and wife, 1846–1889; authorized by Prince Herbert von Bismarck and translated from the German under the supervision of Charlton T. Lewis '' at archive.org] * [http://books.google.com/books?id=akpzLZLxvP4C&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Otto+inauthor:von+inauthor:Bismarck&as_brr=1 ''Rede des Reichskanzlers Fürsten Bismarck über das Bündniss zwischen Deutschland und Oesterreich'' Speech of Reich Chancellor Prince Bismarck on the League between Germany and Austria 7 Oct. 1879] * {{Find a Grave|20797|Otto von Bismarck}} * {{Worldcat id|lccn-n79-18384}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bismarck, Otto Von}} [[Kaarangay:Otto von Bismarck| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1815]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1898]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Bismarck, Otto]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Bismarck, Otto]] 75xdq7hzbyehfi86ye89y4n3qwrqomj 14 13526 7785877 6257541 2026-08-31T03:17:24Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + {{Commonscat|Biology}} 7785877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Biology}} [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas_Matematikas,_Fisika_ngan_Naturales]] 2it3gope9cxfbona8gvdrz801j7oed9 0 14089 7785860 7783752 2026-08-30T15:23:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|right|thumb]] An '''pagpaso han kalibutan''' amo an pagdugang han kapaso ha bawbaw han tuna ngan kadagatan tikang ha butnga han ika-20 siglo, ngan an mga nakikit-an nga pagpadayon hini. ==Mga pabaro== {{notelist}} ==Pinanbasaran== <!-- ** NOTE TO EDITORS: don't add <ref>s to reflist; there's no point for them. --> {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} ==Mga reperensya== <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: * please add new entries in alphabetical order of author's last name. * These are the 'general references' to the source; do not incorporate quotes, etc. here. * 'citation' works better than 'cite xxx'. --> {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Citation | title=An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium | author=Good, P., ''et al.'' | ref=CITEREFGoodothers2010 | date=2010 | url=http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws2/4th%20Budget/fourthbudget_supporting_research_reviewofclimatescience_developements_since_IPPC_AR4.pdf | publisher=Committee on Climate Change | location=London, UK | access-date=11 Enero 2015 | archive-date=24 Septyembre 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924092022/http://archive.theccc.org.uk/aws2/4th%20Budget/fourthbudget_supporting_research_reviewofclimatescience_developements_since_IPPC_AR4.pdf | url-status=dead }}, p.&nbsp;14. [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.] *{{Citation | author=IAP | title=Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification | date=Hunyo 2009 | url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | access-date=11 Enero 2015 | archive-date=6 Agosto 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806073912/http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx | url-status=dead }}, Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy. * {{Cite book |date=2009 |title=World Energy Outlook 2009 |publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA) |location=Paris, France |author=IEA |isbn=978-92-64-06130-9 |url=http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2009/WEO2009.pdf |ref=harv }} * {{Citation | date=2014 | author=IPCC AR5 WG2 A | ref=harv | editor=Field, C.B., ''et al.'' | title=Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (GSA). Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ | publisher=Cambridge University Press | access-date=11 Enero 2015 | archive-date=25 Hunyo 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625062244/http://ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ | url-status=unfit }}. Archived * {{Citation | date=2013 | author=IPCC AR5 WG1 | editor=Stocker, T.F., ''et al.'' | title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group 1 (WG1) Contribution to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report (AR5) | url=http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ | publisher=Cambridge University Press | ref=harv }}. 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J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; and White, K. S. |publisher = Cambridge University Press |url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/index.htm |isbn = 0-521-80768-9 |ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070847/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2Findex.htm |date=2016-05-14 }} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01500-6}}) * {{Cite book |date = 2001 |author = IPCC TAR WG3 |title = Climate Change 2001: Mitigation |series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; and Pan, J. |publisher = Cambridge University Press |url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm |isbn = 0-521-80769-7 |ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227094845/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm |date=2017-02-27 }} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01502-2}}) * {{Cite journal | date = 1996 | author = IPCC SAR SYR | title = Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | series = [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | publisher = IPCC | url = | ref = harv }} [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913173945/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf |date=13 Septyembre 2018 }}. <small>The "Full Report", consisting of "The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change" and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.</small> * {{Cite book | date = 1996 | author = IPCC SAR WG3 | title = Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change | series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | editor = Bruce, J.P.; Lee, H.; and Haites, E.F. | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = | isbn = 0-521-56051-9 | ref = harv }} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56854-4}}) [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011184935/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf |date=11 Oktubre 2017 }}. *{{Include-USGov | agency=US Global Change Research Program ([[USGCRP]]) | source={{Citation | author=NCADAC | date=11 Enero 2013 | title=Federal Advisory Committee Draft Climate Assessment. A report by the National Climate Assessment Development Advisory Committee (NCADAC) | url=http://ncadac.globalchange.gov/ | location=Washington, D.C., USA | access-date=11 Enero 2015 | archive-date=13 Septyembre 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913191553/http://ncadac.globalchange.gov/ | url-status=dead }} }} *{{Citation | author=National Research Council | date=2011 | title=Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia | url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12877 | publisher=National Academies Press | location=Washington, D.C., USA }} * {{Cite book | publisher = The National Academies Press | isbn = 0-309-14588-0 | title = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; | author = National Research Council | location = Washington, D.C. | date = 2010 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782 | ref = harv }} *{{Citation | author=Parris, A., ''et al.'' | ref=CITEREFParrisothers2012 | date=6 Disyembre 2012 | title=Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment. NOAA Tech Memo OAR CPO-1 | url=http://cpo.noaa.gov/sites/cpo/Reports/2012/NOAA_SLR_r3.pdf | publisher=NOAA Climate Program Office | access-date=2015-01-11 | archive-date=2013-02-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223164042/http://www.cpo.noaa.gov/sites/cpo/Reports/2012/NOAA_SLR_r3.pdf | url-status= }}. Report [http://cpo.noaa.gov/AllNews/TabId/315/ArtMID/668/ArticleID/80/Global-Sea-Level-Rise-Scenarios-for-the-United-States-National-Climate-Assessment.aspx website.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105072723/http://cpo.noaa.gov/AllNews/TabId/315/ArtMID/668/ArticleID/80/Global-Sea-Level-Rise-Scenarios-for-the-United-States-National-Climate-Assessment.aspx |date=2013-11-05 }} *{{Citation | title=UNEP Emerging Issues: Environmental Consequences of Ocean Acidification: A Threat to Food Security | author=UNEP | date=2010 | url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Ocean_Acidification.pdf | publisher=United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) | location=Nairobi, Kenya | access-date=11 Enero 2015 | archive-date=7 Abril 2015 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150407111527/http://unep.org/dewa/Portals/67/pdf/Ocean_Acidification.pdf | url-status=dead }}. [http://www.unepmap.org/index.php?module=news&action=detail&id=109 Report summary.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205011808/http://www.unepmap.org/index.php?module=news |date=5 Disyembre 2013 }} * {{Include-USGov | agency=US Global Change Research Program ([[USGCRP]]) | source={{Cite book | author=USGCRP | date=2009 | title=Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States | editor=Karl, T.R.; Melillo. J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S.J. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-14407-0 | url=http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts | ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406060050/http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts |date=2010-04-06 }}. 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Also available as [http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/files/2012/06/19014_cvtx_R1.pdf PDF] *{{Citation | author=Zeebe, R.E. | ref=CITEREFZeebe2012 | date=Mayo 2012 | title=History of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry, Atmospheric CO₂, and Ocean Acidification | url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/Publications/ZeebeAR12.pdf | work=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences | volume=40 | doi=10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105521 }}. 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Lee|author3=Wilmoth, Brenda|title=Environmental issues: essential primary sources|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781414406251|publisher=Thomson Gale|date=26 Hulyo 2006|isbn=1-4144-0625-8}} * {{Cite book|last=McKibben|first=Bill|title=''[http://www.orbooks.com/our-books/gwr/ The Global Warming Reader]''|url=https://archive.org/details/gwrglobalwarming0000unse|publisher=[[OR Books]]|date=2011|isbn=978-1-935928-36-2}} * {{Cite journal|date=28 Hulyo 2005|title=Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity?|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7012|pages=1084–1087|url=http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature04045|pmid=16049429|last1=Muscheler|first1=R|last2=Joos|first2=F|last3=Müller|first3=SA|last4=Snowball|first4=I|bibcode=2005Natur.436E...3M|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=8 Enero 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108180530/http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal|last=Oerlemans|first=J.|date=29 Abril 2005|title=Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records|journal=Science|volume=308|issue=5722|pages=675–677|url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/04572/EGU05-J-04572.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1126/science.1107046|pmid=15746388|bibcode=2005Sci...308..675O|access-date=2015-01-11|archive-date=2009-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930131613/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/04572/EGU05-J-04572.pdf|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|title=Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|volume=3|issue=2|pages=171–181|date=Pebrero 2005|doi=10.1038/nrmicro1090|url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v3/n2/abs/nrmicro1090_fs.html|format=abstract|pmid=15685226|last1=Purse|first1=BV|last2=Mellor|first2=PS|last3=Rogers|first3=DJ|last4=Samuel|first4=AR|last5=Mertens|first5=PP|last6=Baylis|first6=M}} * {{Cite news|last=Revkin|first=Andrew C|date=5 Nobyembre 2005|title=Rise in Gases Unmatched by a History in Ancient Ice|work=The New York Times|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/25/science/earth/25core.html?ei=5090&en=d5078e33050b2b0c&ex=1290574800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss}} * {{Cite web|title=Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change|author=[[Royal Society]]|url=http://royalsociety.org/Joint-science-academies-statement-Global-response-to-climate-change/|accessdate=19 Abril 2009|date=2005}} * {{Cite book |author=Roulstone, Ian and Norbury, John |title=Invisible in the Storm: the role of mathematics in understanding weather |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Invisible_in_the_Storm.html?id=qnMrFEHMrWwC&redir_esc=y |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press }} (see Chapter 8) * {{Cite book|last=Ruddiman|first=William F.|authorlink=William Ruddiman|date=15 Disyembre 2005|title=Earth's Climate Past and Future|location=New York|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-7167-3741-8|url=http://www.whfreeman.com/ruddiman/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108013153/http://www.whfreeman.com/ruddiman/ |date=8 Enero 2006 }} * {{Cite book|last=Ruddiman|first=William F.|date=1 Agosto 2005|title=Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate|url=https://archive.org/details/plowsplaguespetr00will|location=New Jersey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12164-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Schelling |first1=Thomas C. |authorlink=Thomas Schelling |editor=[[David R. Henderson]] (ed.) |encyclopedia=[[Concise Encyclopedia of Economics]] |title=Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GreenhouseEffect.html |date=2002 |edition=1st |publisher=[[Library of Economics and Liberty]] |access-date=2015-01-11 |archive-date=2021-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410214642/https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GreenhouseEffect.html |url-status= }} {{OCLC|317650570|50016270|163149563}} * {{Cite journal|authorlink=Sami Solanki|last1=Solanki|first1=SK|last2=Usoskin|first2=IG|last3=Kromer|first3=B|last4=Schüssler|first4=M|last5=Beer|first5=J|date=23 Oktubre 2004|title=Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years|journal=Nature|volume=431|pages=1084–1087|url=http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/nature02995.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature02995|pmid=15510145|issue=7012|bibcode=2004Natur.431.1084S}} * {{Cite journal|author=Solanki, Sami K. et al.|date=28 Hulyo 2005|title=Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? (Reply)|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7050|pages=E4–E5|url=http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/sola_nature05.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature04046|bibcode=2005Natur.436E...4S}} * {{Cite journal|last=Sowers|first=Todd|date=10 Pebrero 2006|journal=Science|volume=311|issue=5762|pages=838–840|title=Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH₄ Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-02-10_311_5762/page/838|doi=10.1126/science.1121235|pmid=16469923|bibcode=2006Sci...311..838S}} * {{Cite journal|author=Svensmark, Henrik et al.|date = 8 Pebrero 2007 | title = Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=463|issue=2078| pages =385–396|publisher=FirstCite Early Online Publishing|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|bibcode=2007RSPSA.463..385S}}''(online version requires registration)'' * {{Cite journal|last1=Walter|first1=KM|last2=Zimov|first2=SA|last3=Chanton|first3=JP|authorlink3=Jeff Chanton|last4=Verbyla|first4=D|last5=Chapin|first5=F. S., 3rd|date=7 Septyembre 2006|title=Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-09-07_443_7107/page/71|journal=Nature|volume=443|issue=7107|pages=71–75|doi=10.1038/nature05040|pmid=16957728|bibcode=2006Natur.443...71W}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Y.-M.|last2=Lean|first2=J.L.|first3=N. R.|last3=Sheeley|date=20 Mayo 2005|title=Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=625|issue=1|pages=522–538|url=http://climatesci.colorado.edu/publications/pdf/Wang_2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/429689|bibcode=2005ApJ...625..522W|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=14 Hunyo 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614025511/http://climatesci.colorado.edu/publications/pdf/Wang_2005.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=Global warming|b=Climate Change|q=Global warming|s=Global warming|commons=Global warming|n=Category:Climate change|v=Global warming}} {{Wikiversity|How things work college course/Global warming quizzes|this article (Quiz)}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |lcheading=Global warming}} ;Panhalikwat * [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521203954/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ |date=2015-05-21 }} – Global change research * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc NOAA State of the Climate Report] – U.S. and global monthly state of the climate reports * [http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings Climate Change at the National Academies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502112810/http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings |date= 2 Mayo 2015 }}&nbsp;– repository for reports * [http://www.nature.com/nclimate/index.html Nature Reports Climate Change] – free-access web resource * [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/ Met Office: Climate change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127075407/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/ |date= 27 Nobyembre 2010 }} ;– UK National Weather Service * [http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ Educational Global Climate Modelling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323033013/http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ |date= 23 Marso 2015 }} (EdGCM)&nbsp;– research-quality climate change simulator * [http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/pcmdi/index.php Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124114900/http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/projects/pcmdi/index.php |date= 24 Enero 2017 }} Develops and releases standardized models such as CMIP3 (AR4) and CMIP5 (AR5) ;Pan-aramnan * [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html What Is Global Warming?]&nbsp;– by National Geographic * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/ Global Climate Change Indicators] – from NOAA * [http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate NOAA Climate Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703210729/http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate |date=2011-07-03 }} – from NOAA * [http://www.skepticalscience.com/ Skeptical Science: Getting skeptical about global warming skepticism] * [http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ Global Warming Art, a collection of figures and images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014022856/http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ |date= 14 Oktubre 2008 }} * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions]&nbsp;– from NOAA * [http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp Understanding Climate Change – Frequently Asked Questions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305100721/http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp |date= 5 Marso 2009 }}&nbsp;– from UCAR * [http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources Global Warming: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508171551/http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources |date= 8 Mayo 2012 }} * [http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214123043/http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2012-12-14 }} – from NASA's JPL and Caltech * [http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/series/climate/ OurWorld 2.0]&nbsp;– from the United Nations University * [http://www.c2es.org/ Center for Climate and Energy Solutions] – business and politics * [http://www.eaa-phev.org/wiki/Climate_change Climate change - EAA-PHEV Wiki] Electric vehicles fueled with electricity from wind or solar power will reduce greenhouse gas pollution from the transportation sector. * [http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.html Climate Change Indicators in the United States] Report by United States Environmental Protection Agency, 80 pp. * [http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/11/18/Climate-change-report-warns-dramatically-warmer-world-this-century The World Bank - Climate Change - A 4 Degree Warmer World - We must and can avoid it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626185445/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2012/11/18/Climate-change-report-warns-dramatically-warmer-world-this-century |date=2021-06-26 }} * [https://youtube.com/watch?v=lft4OHt0-gE A world with this much CO²: lessons from 4 million years ago] * [http://geology.com/sea-level-rise/ Global Sea Level Rise Map] be63ovxoqit0j3p851gec8z3ryp6bxu 0 14157 7785875 4778678 2026-08-31T03:12:27Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Jasminum 7785875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Marol |image =Jasminum_multiflorum_0001.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |ordo = [[Lamiales]] |familia = [[Oleaceae]] |genus = ''[[Jasminum]]'' |species = '''''J. sambac''''' |binomial = ''Jasminum sambac'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[William Aiton|Aiton]] |}} An '''marol'''<ref>Makabenta, Eduardo A. Sr. '''Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary)''' (ika-2 nga edisyon). Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. Quezon City Tuig 2004. ISBN 971-92875-1-9 (clothbound) ISBN 971-92875-0-0. Syahan nga pagmantala Quezon City:Emandzsons 1979. Ikaduha nga edisyon gin-editar ni Eduardo T. Makabenta Jr. pakli 88</ref> (alternatibo nga kasurat '''maról'''<ref>Tramp, George Dewey Jr. '''Waray-English Dictionary''' Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland USA 1995 pakli 264</ref>) usa nga klase hin bukad. An siyentipiko nga ngaran hini '''''Jasminum sambac''''' ([[synonymy|syn.]] ''Nyctanthes sambac'') ngan ini usa nga espesye hin hasmin nga lumad o tuminongnong ha salatan nga [[Asya]], ha [[Indya]], [[Pilipinas]], [[Myanmar]] ngan [[Sri Lanka]]. Tinatawag liwat ini ha iba nga dapit han Pilipinas nga '''sampaguita'''. Ini in usa ha tulo nga nasodnon nga bukad ha Indonesya, kun diin kilala gihapon ini komo '''melati putih'''. Ha Sri Lanka ini in mas kilala ha ngaran nga "Pichcha" or "Geta pichcha". An mga bukad in gingagamit ha mga templo Buddhista. An ngaran nga Sithapushpa in gingamit liwat para ha "pichha" ngan "Katarolu" liwat ha mga kadaan nga mga kasurat. ==Taksonomiya ngan mga ngaran== An ''Jasminum sambac'' in klasipikado ha ilaraom han genus Jasminum ha ilarom han tribu Jasmineae. Ini in nahihilakip ha banay Oleaceae. Bisan an ngaran ha Ingles in "Arabian jasmine", an ''Jasminum sambac'' in diri orihinal nga tuminongnong ha Arabia. ==Panhulagway== ==Kahinungdanon== ===Pilipinas=== ===Indonesya=== ===Cambodya=== ===Tsina=== ===Hawaii=== ===Indya ngan Butnga Sinirangan=== ==Kitaa gihapon== == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Jasminum sambac}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== [[Kaarangay:Jasminum]] [[ta:மல்லிகை]] [[te:మల్లిక]] 6050hxr2zfa77c7cup29bikemiop28k 0 14158 7785874 6226769 2026-08-31T03:10:56Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Cananga 7785874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |name = Burak |image = Cananga odorata flowers-cropped.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperm]]s |unranked_classis = [[Magnoliid]]s |ordo = [[Magnoliales]] |familia = [[Annonaceae]] |genus = [[Cananga]] |species = '''''C. odorata''''' |binomial = ''Cananga odorata'' |binomial_authority = ([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]] & [[Carl Gustaf Thomson|Thomson]] |}} An '''burak'''<ref>Makabenta, Eduardo A. Sr. '''Pagpurulungan nga Binisaya (Waray) ha Leyte ug Samar (Binisaya-English English-Binisaya Dictionary)''' (ika-2 nga edisyon). Adbox Book Distributors and Eduardo A. Makabenta Sr. Foundation. Quezon City Tuig 2004. ISBN 971-92875-1-9 (clothbound) ISBN 971-92875-0-0. Syahan nga pagmantala Quezon City:Emandzsons 1979. Ikaduha nga edisyon gin-editar ni Eduardo T. Makabenta Jr. pakli 22</ref><ref name= "Tramp 63">Tramp, George Dewey Jr. '''Waray-English Dictionary''' Dunwoody Press Kensington, Maryland USA 1995 pakli 63</ref> usa nga klase hin [[bukad]] tikang hin [[kahoy]] nga ginagamit hin paghimo hin pahamot. Tinatawag ini ha iba nga dapit han Pilipinas nga '''ilang-ilang''' (lain nga kasurat: '''ylang-ylang'''). An siyentipiko nga ngaran hini '''''Cananga odorata'''''<ref name = "Tramp 63"/>, uga usa ini nga guti-ay nga bukad han cananga nga kahoy. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Cananga odorata}} [[Kaarangay:Cananga]] g8q3b8xcc3ufd4cufecnpnw7wh052rv 0 17690 7785864 7748796 2026-08-30T16:47:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|thumb]] An '''poko'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 290.</ref>, '''tipdas'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 387.</ref> o '''pandok'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 269.</ref> amo an nakakatapon nga sakit hin tawo nga tikang ha usa ha duha ka klase nga birus: an ''Variola major'' ngan an ''Variola minor''. == Kitaa Gihapon == * [[hangga]] == Pinanbarasan == {{reflist}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{Refbegin|60em}} * {{cite book |author=Bhattacharya, Sanjoy |title=Expunging variola: the control and eradication of smallpox in India, 1947–1977 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Hyderabad |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=81-250-3018-2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kx2919wvrT4C&printsec=frontcover&dq }} * {{cite book |author=Fenner, Frank |title=Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6) |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/smallpox/9241561106.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |year=1988 |pages= |isbn=92-4-156110-6 |format=PDF }} * {{cite book |author=Koplow, David A. |title=Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge |url=https://archive.org/details/smallpoxfighttoe0000kopl |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-24220-3 }} * {{cite journal |author=Mack T |title=A different view of smallpox and vaccination |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/5/460 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=348 |issue=5 |pages=460–3 |year=2003 |pmid=12496354 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsb022994 |access-date=2015-01-30 |archive-date=2009-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422102517/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/348/5/460 |url-status= }} * {{cite book |author=McNeill, William Hardy |title=Plagues and peoples |publisher=Basil Blackwell |location=Oxford |year=1977 |pages= |isbn=0-385-12122-9 }} * {{cite book |author=Naono, Atsuko |title=State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma |publisher=Orient Blackswan |location=Hyderabad |year=2009 |page=238 |isbn=978-81-250-3546-6 |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729301/Cite }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730001433/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729301/Cite |date=2020-07-30 }} * {{cite book |author=Preston, Richard |title=The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story |url=https://archive.org/details/demoninfreezertr00pres |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2002 |pages= |isbn=0-375-50856-2 }} (Excerpt available at http://cryptome.info/0001/smallpox-wmd.htm) * {{cite book |author=Tucker, Jonathan B. |title=Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox |publisher=Grove Press |location=New York |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-8021-3939-6 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=MxqIAjXv4ggC&printsec=frontcover&q }} * Lord Wharncliffe and W. Moy Thomas, editors. ''The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1,'' London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861. {{Refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commons category}} * [http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=407&Itemid=617 Image of Amhearst letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet – give smallpox to Indians.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702203602/http://cherokeeregistry.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=407&Itemid=617 |date=2013-07-02 }} * [http://www.smallpoxbiosafety.org Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks] * [http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/index.html Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506170240/http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/smallpox/biofacts/index.html |date=2013-05-06 }} * [http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/smallpox.html Agent Fact Sheet: Smallpox] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628224033/http://www.upmc-biosecurity.org/website/focus/agents_diseases/fact_sheets/smallpox.html |date=2010-06-28 }}, Center for Biosecurity * [http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesBTAgentsSmallpox.htm Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729020333/http://www.logicalimages.com/resourcesBTAgentsSmallpox.htm |date=2008-07-29 }} * [http://www.poxvirus.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=variola%20virus Variola Virus Genomes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912094309/http://www.poxvirus.org/query.asp?web_taxonomy=variola%20virus |date=2015-09-12 }} database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=pox Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121205060939/http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=pox |date=2012-12-05 }} ddi8v7pjtov6f7tvst82uks2n3g17nr 0 135314 7785867 7782513 2026-08-30T19:13:53Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga asteroyd 7785867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:(706765) 2010 TK₇}} [[File:Asteroid 2010 TK7.jpg|thumb]] An '''(706765) 2010 TK₇''' in syahan nga Asteroyd Troyano han kalibutan nga nahalikwat nga nasaro han kanan Kalibutan tuyok palibot han adlaw. {{turók}} [[Kaarangay:Mga asteroyd]] 7plxrpz22k0rlprn5wkwf2hxsphkv69 14 163985 7785879 6259358 2026-08-31T03:21:24Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Biyolohiya 7785879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Biyolohiya]] rsb2vxzw241lkvv9ap0sz23giklan0g 0 194616 7785862 6555254 2026-08-30T15:46:26Z Magnefl 15170 image 7785862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Mollusca|date=2013-02}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Antalis occidentalis'' | status = | image = Antalis occidentalis.jpg | image_caption = Antalis occidentalis 45 mm | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Scaphopoda]] | ordo = [[Dentaliida]] | familia = [[Dentaliidae]] | genus = [[Antalis]] | species = '''Antalis occidentalis''' | binomial = Antalis occidentalis | binomial_authority = ([[William Stimpson|Stimpson]], 1851) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Dentalium occidentale'' <small>[[William Stimpson|Stimpson]], 1851</small> }} '''''Antalis occidentalis'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Mollusca]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[William Stimpson]] hadton 1851. An ''Antalis occidentalis'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Antalis]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Dentaliidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/antalis+occidentalis/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''URMO: UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms''. Land J. van der (ed), 18 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Antalis]] hdc2pa5gnntqu9gyjaaczu5fxtn268m 0 198678 7785880 6909903 2026-08-31T08:23:55Z Llez 14758 7785880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Bivalvia|date=2013-02}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Laevicardium mortoni'' | status = | image = Laevicardium mortoni (YPM IZ 033226).jpeg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Bivalvia]] | ordo = [[Veneroida]] | familia = [[Cardiidae]] | genus = [[Laevicardium]] | species = '''Laevicardium mortoni''' | binomial = Laevicardium mortoni | binomial_authority = ([[Conrad (awtor)|Conrad]], 1830) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | superfamilia = [[Cardioidea]] | synonyms = }} '''''Laevicardium mortoni'''''<ref name = "col3"/><ref name = "col402"/><ref name = "col418"/> in uska species han [[Bivalvia]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Conrad (awtor)|Conrad]] hadton 1830. An ''Laevicardium mortoni'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Laevicardium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cardiidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> <div align=center> Tuo ngan wala nga flap han pareho nga hayop: <gallery mode="packed" length="400"> Laevicardium mortoni 01.jpg|Tuo nga flap Laevicardium mortoni 02.jpg|Wala nga flap </gallery> </div align=center> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/laevicardium+mortoni/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> <ref name = "col402">Turgeon, D. D., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, W. K. Emerson, W. G. Lyons, W. Pratt, et al. (1988) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks, American Fisheries Society Special Publication 16</ref> <ref name = "col418">Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, Jr., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, et al. (1998) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks, 2nd ed., American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Laevicardium]] nxf9arsvhqeqgqi1i04pav5xvr66bo3 14 804539 7785866 5429323 2026-08-30T19:12:57Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Astronomiya 7785866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya]] bfa2r7p02e12t1dj5z5uqp0x7x6bi6m 14 804565 7785868 5429332 2026-08-30T19:14:50Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Astronomiya 7785868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya]] bfa2r7p02e12t1dj5z5uqp0x7x6bi6m 0 1111375 7785863 6556265 2026-08-30T16:33:27Z Magnefl 15170 foto 7785863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Megachilidae|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Anthidium manicatum'' | status = | image = Anthidium manicatum male.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Megachilidae]] | genus = [[Anthidium]] | species = '''Anthidium manicatum''' | binomial = Anthidium manicatum | binomial_authority = ([[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]], 1758) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Apoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Anthidium manicatum'''''<ref name = "col391"/><ref name = "col401"/><ref name = "col622"/> in uska species han [[Megachilidae]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]] hadton 1758. An ''Anthidium manicatum'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Anthidium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Megachilidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/anthidium+manicatum/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col391"> (2008) , manuscript, World Bee Checklist Project - update 2008-09</ref> <ref name = "col401"> (2006) , manuscript, Checklist of Apoidea of North America... - 28 Pebrero 2006</ref> <ref name = "col622"> (2006) , database, Apoidea Database, Fauna Europaea</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist''. Ruggiero M. (project leader), Ascher J. et al., 28 Septyembre 2009</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Anthidium manicatum}} {{Wikispecies|Anthidium manicatum|''Anthidium manicatum''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Anthidium manicatum 3503.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum 3571.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum 3604.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum fem.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum in flight close-up.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum in flight.jpg File:Anthidium manicatum-fs.jpg|''Anthidium manicatum'', babaye nga may pollen nga barahibo ha ilarom han tiyan </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Anthidium]] mhw92vv4b2iq4io9bnvxztkykp1uyc2 0 1983010 7785869 5342722 2026-08-30T19:15:22Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Astronomiya 7785869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Meteorit Cabin Creek nhm-Wien.jpg|thumb]] An '''meteyorito''' amo an solido ikaupat [[asteroyd]] nga [[kometa]] tikang han [[planeta]]. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya]] rpuvsy3opia8497n2hi9ig74nxjsbnw 0 2859530 7785872 7300063 2026-08-30T23:12:46Z Faunaram 66795 /* */ 7785872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-10}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Guaiacum officinale'' | status = | image =Guaiacum officinale en Plaza Bolivar de Punto fijo, Venezuela.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Zygophyllales]] | familia = [[Zygophyllaceae]] | genus = [[Guaiacum]] | species = '''Guaiacum officinale''' | binomial = Guaiacum officinale | binomial_authority = [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Guaiacum bijugum'' <small>[[Jonathan S. Stokes|Stokes]]</small> }} An '''''Guaiacum officinale'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Carl von Linné]]. An ''Guaiacum officinale'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Guaiacum]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Zygophyllaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16738953|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">L., 1753 ''In: Sp. Pl. 381''</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |url=http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |access-date=2014-10-24 |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Guaiacum officinale|''Guaiacum officinale''}} {{Wikispecies|Guaiacum officinale|''Guaiacum officinale''}} [[Kaarangay:Guaiacum]] dff6ba76idwemzc9ejrkahvspn3lfln 0 2880935 7785870 6225188 2026-08-30T19:20:57Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Bag-o nga Ginsabutan 7785870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rom, Domitilla-Katakomben, Fresko "Christus und die 12 Apostel" und Christussymbol "Chi Rho" 1.jpg|thumb|250px]] An '''Apostol''' hiya an ginkikilala nga pangunahon nga Hesus han hadto nga pagpasamwak ngan pagpadig-on han Kristiyanismo. Dose apostol ika-usa nga gatosuig nga Pedro, Andres, Santiago anak Zebedeo, Juan, Felipe, Bartolome, Mateo, Santiago anak Alfeo, Judas, Simon han Zelote nga Judas Iscariot. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Bag-o nga Ginsabutan]] fjchzmpojq25je3oqkq3doqi120ljwm 0 2882984 7785873 6237455 2026-08-31T00:18:27Z Cdjp1 32896 7785873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Bologna-Prozess-Logo.svg|alt=Logo with stylized stars|thumb|132x132px|Logo]] [[Paypay:Bologna_zone.svg|alt=Map of Europe, encompassing the entire Bologna zone|thumb|256x256px|Sona han Bologna]] An '''Proseso ha Bologna'''usa nga sagunson nga pagkirigta ngan ginkasarabutan han mga mistro han mga nasod Europeo basi makasigurado an pagtanding-tanding han mga istandarte ngan kalidad han mga kwalipikasyon para han hiruhitaas-nga-edukasyon. Ini nga proseso naghimo han Sakop para han Hiruhitaas nga Edukasyon han Europa ha ilarom han Lisbon Recognition Convention. Gin-ngaran ini tungod han Unibersidad han Bologna kun diin an Pag-asoy ha Bologna in ginpirmahan han mga ministro han pagtutdo tikang ha 29 ka mga nasod han Europa han nalabay nga tuig 1999. Ini nga proseso kinmarawat han iba pa nga mga nasod ha sulod han European Cultural Convention han Konseho han Europa, ngan pipira nga pagkirigta han mga kagamhanan an nahitabo ha Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005), London (2007) ngan Leuven (2009). Ugsa ginpirmahan an Pag-asoy ha Bologna, an Magna Charta Universitatum in ginsalawad ha pagkirigta han mga rector han unibersidad ha pagsaurog han ika-900 anibersaryo han Unibersidad han Bologna (ngan mga unibersidad ha Europa) hadton 1988. Usa ka tuig san-o an deklarasyon, an mga ministro han pagtutdo nga hira Claude Allegre (France), Jürgen Rüttgers (Germany), Luigi Berlinguer (Italy) ngan Baroness Blackstone (UK) nagpirma han Pag-asoy ha Sorbonne ha Paris hadin 1998, nga nagsasaad ha ira mga kalugaringon nga "pagkakaarasyahon an arkitektura han sistema panhiruhitaas nga Edukasyon han Europa". May-ada 50 nga api an Proseso han Bologna. == Mga nagpirma == Nag-pirma han Bologna Accord, mga api han European Higher Education Area: [[Paypay:EHEA-2026.png|alt=Blue map of Eurasia and Greenland, with Monaco and San Marino in orange|thumb|512x512px|Sakop han Hiruhitaas nga Pag-aram han Europa]] * 1999: [[Austrya|Austria]], [[Belhika|Belgium]] (Flemish ngan French Communities bulag la), [[Bulgaria]], an [[Republika Czeka|Czech Republic]], [[Dinamarka|Denmark]], [[Estonya|Estonia]], [[Finlandya|Finland]], [[Fransya|France]], [[Alemanya|Germany]], [[Gresya|Greece]], [[Hungarya|Hungary]], [[Islandya|Iceland]], [[Irlanda|Ireland]], [[Italya|Italy]], [[Letonia|Latvia]], [[Lituania|Lithuania]], [[Luxemburgo|Luxembourg]], [[Malta]], [[Nederlandes|Netherlands]], [[Noruega|Norway]], [[Polonya|Poland]], [[Portugal]], [[Rumania|Romania]], [[Eslovakya|Slovakia]], [[Eslovenya|Slovenia]], [[Espanya|Spain]], [[Suwesya|Sweden]], [[Swiza|Switzerland]], [[Reino Unido|United Kingdom]]. * 2001: [[Kroasya|Croatia]], [[Tsipre|Cyprus]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Turkeya|Turkey]], European Commission * 2003: [[Albanya|Albania]], [[Andorra]], [[Bosnya ngan Hersegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Republika han Macedonia|Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]], [[Rusya|Russia]], [[Serbia]], [[Syudad han Vaticano|Vatican City]] * 2005: [[Armenya|Armenia]], [[Aserbaiyan|Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (nasod)|Georgia]], [[Moldavia|Moldova]] ngan [[Ukranya|Ukraine]] * Mayo 2007: [[Montenegro]] * 2010: [[Kasahistan|Kazakhstan]] * Mayo 2015: [[Belarus]] Ngatanan nga membro-estado han EU in nagbubulig han proseso, lakip an European Commission nga nagpirma liwat. An [[Monaco]] ngan [[San Marino]] la an mga bulig han Konseho han Europa nga waray kinmarawat ha proseso. An ESU, EUA, EURASHE, EI, ENQA, UNICE, an Konseho han Europa ngan [[UNESCO]] in bahin han kanan proseso pagsunod. An iba nga grupo ha hinin nga lebel amo lakip an ENIC, NARIC ngan EURODOC. 9vd4xanykuruiaiib0kialtw6m8idl1 0 2883393 7785871 6239679 2026-08-30T19:24:44Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Bag-o nga Ginsabutan 7785871 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Juan''' usa ha upat nga ebanghelyo ni [[Jesucristo]] ha awtor nga Ebanghelyo ni Juan. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Bag-o nga Ginsabutan]] 1ws5i54pv6l5cycplmyttixv960uf2p 0 2891545 7785865 7649953 2026-08-30T19:10:01Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7785865 wikitext text/x-wiki Usa ka syudad an '''Wellington''' ha Estado han [[Texas]], [[Estados Unidos han Amerika|Estados Unidos]]. {{Condado han Collingsworth, Texas}} {{Commonscat|Wellington, Texas}} [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad ha Texas]] {{turok}} iaovb7bbkcfozs8rbd085njya5i3eh9 0 2906424 7785861 7783503 2026-08-30T15:26:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7785861 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''{{wikidata|label}}''', an opisyal nga pagtawag nga '''Munisipyo han {{wikidata|label}}''', usa nga [[bungto Pilipinhon|bungto]] ha [[Pilipinhon nga lalawigan|lalawigan]] han [[{{wikidata|property|P131}}]], [[Pilipinas]]. Sumala han {{wikidata|qualifier|single|P1082|P585}} nga census, mayda ini populasyon nga {{PH wikidata|population_total}} ka tawo. [[Paypay:Ph locator cotabato pahamuddin.svg|right|280px]] == Mga Baranggay == {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * Balacayon * Buricain * Datu Binasing * Datu Mantil * Kadingilan * Libungan Toretta * Lower Pangangkalan * Matilac * Patot * Upper Pangangkalan * Lower Baquer * Simsiman }} == Mga Sumpay ha Gawas == *[https://www.philatlas.com/ Philatlas.com] *[https://psa.gov.ph/classification/psgc Philippine Standard Geographic Code] *[https://uacs.gov.ph/downloads/uacs/location/city-municipality Philippine Unified Accounts Code Structure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529072020/https://uacs.gov.ph/downloads/uacs/location/city-municipality |date=2026-05-29 }} *[https://cmci.dti.gov.ph/ Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index] ==Mga reperensya== {{Reflist}} [[Kaarangay:Mga Bungto ha Pilipinas]] hs80hj9pxhh729mgdfi8egnee2jbnjb