Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 28 7789566 6331759 2026-10-16T04:37:28Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LH_95.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Crab_Nebula.jpg|thumb]] It '''astronomiya'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 20.</ref> ([[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]]: αστρονομία = άστρον + [[nomos|νόμος]], ''astronomia'' = ''astron'' + ''nomos'', kon ha literal, ''"[[balaod]] han mga [[bituon]]"'') amo an [[siyensya]] hit fenomena ha [[Langit (astronomiya)|kalangitan]] nga natikang ha gawas han [[atmospera han Kalibutan]]. Igin-aaram dinhi an mga [[Kosmolohiya|pagtikang]], [[Kahimo hin Galaxiya ngan ebolusyon|ebolusyon]], ngan [[Astrophysics|pisikal]] ngan [[kemikal]] nga mga propyedad han mga butang ha kalangitan. Ha guti-ay nga sumat, it astronomiya mahitungod hiton paghibaro kon ano iton nahihinabo ha gawas han kalibutan. An astronomiya amo iton usa han mga pinakadaan nga mga siyensya nga mayda metodolihya siyentipiko nga dida na han panahon han [[Kadaan nga Gresya]] nga posible nga mayda na han sarusayo in mga ''advanced'' nga mga tekniko hin paglantaw (kitaa iton [[arkaeoastronomiya]]). It astronomiya usa hiton mga siyensya nga kon diin iton mga [[amateur astronomy|amateur]] mayda pa aktibo nga papel, labi na dida hiton pakadiskubre ngan pagbantay hin mga nalabay (transient) nga [[phenomena]]. Iton astronomiya diri angay hunahunaon nga amo la gihap ini hiton [[astrolohiya]], nga natuo nga iton mga mahihinabo ha tawo ngan mga buhat han katawhan mayda koneksyon han mga kahimutangan han mga butang ha kalangitan—bisan kon inin duha nga mga buruhaton parehos an gintikangan, mag-iba ini; it mga astronomer nagamit hiton [[paagi nga siyentipiko]] o ''scientific method'', samtang iton mga astrologers diri. Ini in usa nga [[idiya]]/[[hibabru-an]] kun ikaw/kita in na[[karuyag]] ma[[hibaru]] han [[takna]]/[[oras]] [[ug]] [[ibba]] pa. Kun ha pan-[[sanglit]] an [[tawo]] ha [[kalibutan]] in [[punu]] na, [[ngain]] nga [[planeta]] [[hira]] ma[[kadtu]]? [[Diin]] hira makaka-[[biling]] han ibba [[nga]] ta[[tamak]]an? Kun tika-[[ubus]] na an [[ngatanan]] ha [[kalibutan]]. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{cite book| first=George |last=Forbes|title=History of Astronomy|publisher=Plain Label Books|location=London| date=1909|isbn=1-60303-159-6}} Available at [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8172 Project Gutenberg],[http://books.google.com/books?id=hcLXcpUDqPgC&printsec=frontcover Google books] *{{cite book |last1 = Harpaz|first1 = Amos |title = Stellar Evolution |date= 1994|isbn = 978-1-56881-012-6|url = http://books.google.com/?id=kd4VEZv8oo0C&dq|publisher = A K Peters, Ltd}} *{{cite book|last=Unsöld|first=A.|title=The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics|date=2001|publisher=Springer|isbn=3-540-67877-8|author2=Baschek, B.}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Astronomy}} *[http://www.astronomy2009.org International Year of Astronomy 2009] IYA2009 Main website *[http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021070242/http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm |date=2008-10-21 }} from the American Institute of Physics *[http://www.astronomy.net.nz Southern Hemisphere Astronomy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119030529/http://www.astronomy.net.nz/ |date=2019-01-19 }} *[http://www.celestiamotherlode.net/catalog/educational.php/ Celestia Motherlode] Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space *[http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/16 Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL], Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust. *[http://ads.harvard.edu/books/clab/ Core books] and [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/claj/ core journals] in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA [[Astrophysics Data System]] * [http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8622 A Journey with Fred Hoyle: Second Edition], by Chandra Wickramasinghe. [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales]] szmiinjsspjzeftiki73y7ew551x15o 0 104 7789527 7645706 2026-10-15T19:50:33Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + mga sumpay 7789527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kontinente |image = [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|alt=Globe centered on Asia, with Asia highlighted. The continent is shaped like a right-angle triangle, with Europe to the west, oceans to the south and east, and Australia visible to the south-east.|285px]] |area = {{convert|44579000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=NG264>{{cite book | publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) | title= National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World | location=Washington, D.C. | date = 2006 | page=264}}</ref> |population = 3,879,000,000 ([[List of continents by population|1st]])<ref name=wa>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldatlas.com/geoquiz/thelist.htm | title=Continents of the World | work=The List | publisher=Worldatlas.com | accessdate=25 Hulyo 2011}}</ref> |density = 87/km² (225/sq mi) |demonym = [[Asian people|Asian]] |countries = 48 |list_countries = Talaan hin mga estado soberanya ngan mga nan-aasa nga teritoryo ha Asya |dependencies = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] | 2 = [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] | 3 = [[Christmas Island]] | 4 = [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] }} |unrecognized = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[Abkhazia]] | 2 = [[Gaza Strip|Gaza Strip (Palestine)]] | 3 = [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] | 4 = [[South Ossetia]] | 5 = [[Republic of China|Taiwan]] | 6 = [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] | 7 = [[West Bank|West Bank (Palestine)]] }} |languages = [[Languages of Asia|Talaan hin mga yinaknan]] |time = [[UTC+2]] to [[UTC+12]] |internet = [[.asia]] |cities = [[List of metropolitan areas in Asia by population|Talaan hin mga dakonbungto]] {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = Tokyo | 2 = [[Seoul]] | 3 = [[Mumbai]] | 4 = [[Karachi]]| 5 = [[Jakarta]] | 6 = [[Osaka]] | 7 = Shanghai | 8 = [[Manila]] | 9 = Hong Kong | 10 = [[Tehran]] | 11= [[Lahore]] | 12 = [[Kolkata]] | 13 = Beijing | 14 = [[Guangzhou]] | 15 = [[Taipei]] | 16 = [[Bangkok]] | 17 = [[Singapore]] | 18 = [[Kuala Lumpur]] | 19 = [[Ho Chi Minh City]] | 20 = [[Dubai]] }} }} An '''Asya''' (puyde liwat igsurat nga '''Asia''') [[asyá]] in gidako-i nga gidamo-i nga tawo nga [[kontinente]], panguna nga namumutang ha [[sinirangan]] ngan [[amihanan]] nga mga hemisfero. Natabon ini hin 8.7% han kanan [[Kalibutan]] ngatanan nga babaw ngan katunaan (o 30% han ngatanan nga [[kahaluag]] hin katunaan hini) nga [[may-ada]] ginbabanahan nga 3.879 bilyon nga sugad it kadamo hin [[katawhan]], ini in puy-anan han 60% han ngatanan nga katawhan nga [[populasyon]] ha pagkayana. Han ika-20 [[gatostuig]], an populasyon han Asya in pinmilo hin makaupat. Iton Asya in ginhatag kasirigngon sumala han mga hagrani nga mga definisyon han [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] ngan an [[National Geographic Society]] komo 4/5 han katunaan han [[Eurasia]] - kun diin an katundan nga bahin han urhi in nahingadto ha [[Europa]] - namumutang ha [[sinirangan]] han [[Kanal Suez]], sinirangan han [[Kabugkiran Ural]] ngan salatan han [[Kabugkiran Caucaso]] (o an Depresyon nga Kuma-Manych) ngan an mga [[Dagat Caspio]] ngan [[Dagat Itom|Itom]]. Han iya pagkadako ngan an pagkadirudilain, Asya - in toponimo nga ginpetsahan pabalik ha kadaan nga klasiko - "in sugad sugad nga konsepto kultural" nga naglalakip hin dirudilain nga mga rehiyon ngan mga katawhan, imbes hin uusa nga homoheno nga pisikal nga entidad. An asya in nagkakaduridilain ha sakob han iya mga [[rehiyon]] maphugpo [[etniko]], mga [[kultura]], mga kalikopan, mga [[ekonomiya]], sumpay-sumpay han [[kaagi]] o sistema hin [[punuan]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{Cite book | ref=harv | title=The myth of continents: a critique of metageography | url=https://archive.org/details/mythofcontinents0000lewi |first=Martin W. |last= Lewis |first2= Kären |last2= Wigen |publisher=University of California Press | date = 1997 |isbn= 0-520-20743-2 | location=Berkeley and Los Angeles}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Michael | last=Ventris | first2=John | last2=Chadwick | title=Documents in Mycenaean Greek | edition=2nd | date = 1973 | location=Cambridge | publisher=University Press}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Higham, Charles. ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations''. Facts on File library of world history. New York: Facts On File, 2004. * Kamal, Niraj. "Arise Asia: Respond to White Peril". New Delhi:Wordsmith,2002, ISBN 978-81-87412-08-3 * Kapadia, Feroz, and Mandira Mukherjee. ''Encyclopaedia of Asian Culture and Society.'' New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1999. * Levinson, David, and Karen Christensen. ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Asia|Asia}} * {{cite web | title=Display Maps | work=The Soil Maps of Asia | publisher=European Digital Archive of Soil Maps – EuDASM | url=http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/EuDASM/asia/indexes/idx_country.htm | accessdate=26 Hulyo 2011}} * {{cite web | title=Asia Maps | work=Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection | url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html | publisher=University of Texas Libraries | accessdate=20 Hulyo 2011 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718061834/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/asia.html | archivedate=18 Hulyo 2011 | deadurl=dead }} * {{cite web | title=Asia | publisher=Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library | url=http://maps.bpl.org/search_advanced/?mtid=786 | accessdate=26 Hulyo 2011 | archive-date=29 Septyembre 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929144209/http://maps.bpl.org/search_advanced/?mtid=786 | url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal | title=What is Asia? | url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/geography/geo_whatis.html | first=Philp | last=Bowring | journal=Eastern Economic Review | volume=135 | number=7 | date=12 Pebrero 1987 | publisher=Columbia University Asia For Educators | access-date=15 Enero 2015 | archive-date=28 Hulyo 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728121004/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/geography/geo_whatis.html | url-status=dead }} <br> [[Kaarangay:Asya]] [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] [[Kaarangay:Eurasia]] eccezail9m5itoueyuleo26cz62q995 0 795 7789569 7783421 2026-10-16T05:30:16Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CollageFisica.jpg|thumb]] Iton '''físika''', '''pesiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 283.</ref> o '''pisiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 288.</ref> (tikang han [[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]], φύσις (''phúsis''), ''"nature"'' ngan φυσικός (''phusikós''), "natural"), an pinaka-''fundamental'' nga [[siyensyas naturales|siyensya natural]], nanginginlabot hiton mga batikan nga mga prinsipyo han [[Universo]]. Iton Físika nanginginlabot hiton mga elementarya nga nakahimo han [[Nature|natural nga kalibutan]] (e.g. ''[[matter]]'', [[enerhiya]], [[espasyo]], ngan [[takna]]) ngan an ira mga interaksyon, pati gihapon han pag-analisar han mga sistema nga naipapahayag hin klaro ha pamulong hinin nga mga prinsipyo. ==Kasaysayan== Nagtikang an Pesika bilang Pilosopiya-natural sadton ''[[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]]'' han [[Greece]] (tuig 650 BCE – 480 BCE). An mga pilosopo sugad kan [[Thales]] naghanap hin ''methodological'' na mga eksplenasyons san mga natural na phenomena. Naghatag sira mga ideya nga ginpasarig san rason ngan obserbasyon, ngan daramo san kanra mga ''hypotheses'' naprubaran san experimento;<ref name="lloyd1970pp108-109">{{harvnb|Lloyd|1970|pp=108–109}}</ref> sugad san [[atomismo]] na naprubaran na tama haros 2000 katuig tikang sa una gin-''propose'' ni [[Leucippus]] ngan [[Democritus]].<ref name="about-atomism">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=N.S. |title=Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism |work=Ancient/Classical History |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710140657/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |url-status= }}</ref> Nagin siyensya an Pesika sadton ''early modern Europe'' san paggamit nira san experimental ngan ''quantitative'' na ''methods'' para ma-diskobre an yana ginkokonsidera na ''[[laws of physics]]''.<ref name="benchaim2004">{{harvnb|Ben-Chaim|2004}}</ref> ==Klasikal na Pesika== [[Paypay:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Si Isaac Newton(1643-1727), na may dagko na kontribusyon sa Klasikal na Piseka, an 'universal gravitation' ngan 'laws of motion']] Sakob sa Klasikal na pesika an mga tradisyonal na mga sanga sugad san ''[[mechanics]]'', ''[[acoustics]]'', ''[[optika|optics]]'', ''[[thermodynamics]]'', ngan ''[[electromagnetism]]''. Nanginginlabot an Klasikal na mechaniks san mga butang na nagkikiwa ngan ginpapakiwa san pwersa, ngan ginbabahin ini ngadto ha ''statics'', ''kinematics'', ngan ''dynamics''; Ginbabahin liwat an mechanics ngadto ha ''solid mechanics'' ngan ''fluid mechanics''. Sa fluid mechanics sakob an mga sanga na [[hydrostatics]], [[hydrodynamics]], [[aerodynamics]], ngan [[nyumatika|pneumatics]]. ==Moderno na Pesika== An moderno na pesika nagpapakita san iba na konsepto san ''space, time, ngan matter'' na prenesentar san klasikal na pesika. An duha na teoriya na nagdominar sa moderno na pesika amo an ''[[Quantum theory]]'' ngan ''special theory of relativity''. Sakob san moderno na pesika an [[quantum mechanics]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div class="reflist"> * {{Cite book |last=Aaboe |first=A. |authorlink=Asger Aaboe | date = 1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |edition=2nd |volume=Volume III |chapter=Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22717-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Allen |first=D. |date=10 Abril 1997 |title=Calculus |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |url=http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323194040/https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Ben-Chaim |first=M. | date = 2004 |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton |url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalphil0000benc |publication-place=Aldershot |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |isbn=0-7546-4091-4 |oclc=53887772 57202497 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e6MEnPOhv7cC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Applied Turbulence Modelling in Marine Waters |publisher=Springer |last=Burchard |first=H. | date = 2002 |isbn=3-540-43795-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=A. |title=Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-07-13_337_6091/page/n16 |journal=Science |pages=141–143 |volume=337 |date=13 Hulyo 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.337.6091.141 |pmid=22798574 |issue=6091 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Science |volume=Volume 2 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |last=Clagett |first=M. | date = 1995 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=M.L. |title=Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics |journal=Physical Review Letters | date = 2008 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=25001–25006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |url=http://prl.aps.org/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |bibcode = 2008PhRvL.101y0001C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite arXiv |last=DØ Collaboration |first=584 co-authors |authorlink=DØ experiment |title=Direct observation of the strange 'b' baryon <math>\Xi_{b}^{-}</math> |date=12 Hunyo 2007 |arxiv=0706.1690 |class=hep-ex |version=v2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |last=Dijksterhuis |first=E.J. |title=The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] | date = 1986 |isbn=978-0-691-08403-9 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805141040/http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |date= 5 Agosto 2011 }} * {{Cite web |last=DONUT |authorlink=DONUT |title=The Standard Model |publisher=[[Fermilab]] |date=29 Hunyo 2001 |url=http://www-donut.fnal.gov/web_pages/standardmodelpg/TheStandardModel.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=R.P. |author1link=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=R.B. |last3=Sands |first3=M. | date = 1963 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1 |isbn=0-201-02116-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Feynman |first=R.P. |authorlink=Richard Feynman |title=[[The Character of Physical Law]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Godfrey-Smith |first=P. | date = 2003 |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf |isbn=0-226-30063-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=S. |title=Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century |journal=Annual Reviews in Fluid Mechanics | date = 1969 |volume=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245 |bibcode = 1969AnRFM...1....1G |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=J.R. |last2=Gribbin |first2=M. |last3=Gribbin |first3=J. |title=Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzwbAQAAIAAJ | date = 1998 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-684-85578-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grupen |first=Klaus |title=Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |date=10 Hulyo 1999 |volume=536 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.1063/1.1361756 |arxiv=physics/9906063 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Guicciardini |first=N. | date = 1999 |title=Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingprincipia0000guic |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halpern |first=P. |title=Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAxLVY96sqsC | date = 2010 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-64391-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |author1link=Stephen Hawking |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |author2link=Roger Penrose | date = 1996 |title=[[The Nature of Space and Time]] |isbn=0-691-05084-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Holzner |first=S. | date = 2006 |title=Physics for Dummies |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0764554336 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you. |isbn=0-470-61841-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Honderich |first=T. (editor) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]] | date = 1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866132-0 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond/page/474 474]–476 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Kellert |first=S.H. |title=In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | date = 1993 |isbn=0-226-42976-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=R.A. |title=Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;326/5951/350-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=IBEX&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&issue=5951&resourcetype=HWCIT |work=Science |date=16 Oktubre 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |pages=350–351 |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Krupp |first=E.C. | date = 2003 |title=Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-42882-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7rMAJ87WTF0C |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Laplace |first=P.S. |authorlink=Pierre-Simon Laplace |others=Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. | date = 1951 |title=A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicaless00lapl |location=New York |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leggett |first=A.J. |title=Superfluidity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | date = 1999 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=S318–S323 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318 |bibcode = 1999RvMPS..71..318L |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=B.G. |title=Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates |journal=Physics Today |date= Disyembre 2001 |page=14 |doi=10.1063/1.1445529 |url=http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |volume=54 |issue=12 |bibcode=2001PhT....54l..14L |ref=harv |access-date= 19 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 15 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100141/http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |title=Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekscienc00gerl |last=Lloyd |first=G.E.R. |authorlink=G. E. R. Lloyd |publisher=[[Chatto and Windus]]; [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=London; New York | date = 1970 |isbn=0-393-00583-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Mastin |first=L. |title=Greek Mathematics - Plato |work=The Story of Mathematics | date = 2010 |url=http://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_plato.html |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Mattis |first=D.C. |title=The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VkNBAQAAIAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-238-579-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=J.C. |authorlink=James Clerk Maxwell | date = 1878 |title=Matter and Motion |url=http://books.google.com/?id=noRgWP0_UZ8C&printsec=titlepage&dq=matter+and+motion |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |isbn=0-486-66895-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=J.T. |title=Chemistry For Dummies |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRuP-BbS9xoC |edition=2 | date = 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-00730-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161 |title=Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation |publisher=[[The National Academies Press]] |last1=National Research Council |author1link=United States National Research Council |last2=Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces | date = 1997 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-05928-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Special Relativity |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Pebrero 1996a |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=A History of Quantum Mechanics |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Mayo 1996b |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028220722/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Oerter |first=R. |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KHuAAAAMAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[Pi Press]] |isbn=978-0-13-236678-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author1link=Roger Penrose |last2=Shimony |first2=A. |last3=Cartwright |first3=N. |last4=Hawking |first4=S. |author4link=Stephen Hawking |title=[[The Large, the Small and the Human Mind]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1997 |isbn=0-521-78572-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Penrose |first=R. |authorlink=Roger Penrose |title=[[The Road to Reality]] | date = 2004 |isbn=0-679-45443-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Alex |title=Philosophy of Science |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-34317-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=My View of the World |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1983 |isbn=0-918024-30-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1995 |isbn=1-881987-09-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th Century |publisher=Streeter Press | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Stajic |first1=Jelena |last2=Coontz |first2=R. |last3=Osborne |first3=I. |title=Happy 100th, Superconductivity! |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-04-08_332_6026/page/189 |journal=Science |date=8 Abril 2011 |volume=332 |issue=6026 |page=189 |doi=10.1126/science.332.6026.189 |bibcode = 2011Sci...332..189S |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=P.L. |last2=Heinonen |first2=O. |title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C | date = 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77827-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=H. |title=Early Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyastronomy0000thur | date = 1994 |publisher=Springer |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Toraldo Di Francia |first=G. |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | date = 1976 |isbn=0-521-29925-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=K.M. |title=Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics |url=http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098 |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=18 Oktubre 2012 |date=1 Hunyo 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.D. |last2=Freedman |first2=R.A. | date = 2014 |edition=13th |title=[[University Physics|Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update]] |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-1-29202-063-1 |ref=harv}} </div> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics Study Guide}} {{Wikibooks|FHSST Physics}} {{Wikisource portal|Physics}} {{Wikiversity|Category:Physics|Physics}} '''Kasahiran''' <!--Please do not post more links here, they will be taken down as link spam!!--> * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_physics Encyclopedia of Physics] at [[Scholarpedia]] * de Haas, Paul, {{Wayback|url=http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/|title=Historic Papers in Physics (20th Century)|date=20090826083339}} * [http://www.physicscentral.com/ PhysicsCentral] – Web portal run by the [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society] * [http://www.physics.org/ Physics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902123039/http://physics.org/ |date= 2 Septyembre 2004 }} – Web portal run by the [http://www.iop.org/ Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} * [http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ ''The Skeptic's Guide to Physics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207124645/http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} * [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] – A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Website of the Nobel Prize in physics] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics] An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics * [http://www.nature.com/naturephysics ''Nature'': Physics] * [http://physics.aps.org/ Physics] announced 17 Hulyo 2008 by the [[American Physical Society]] * {{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Publications/|Physics/Publications}} * [http://physicsworld.com/ Physicsworld.com] – News website from [http://publishing.iop.org/ Institute of Physics Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050838/http://publishing.iop.org/ |date= 12 Hulyo 2012 }} * [http://physlib.com/ Physics Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055123/http://physlib.com/ |date= 24 Hunyo 2013 }} – includes articles on astronomy, particle physics, and mathematics. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] – science videos, including physics * [https://archive.org/details/JustinMorganPhysicsLightningTour/ Video: Physics "Lightning" Tour with Justin Morgan] * [http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html 52-part video course: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html |date= 22 Marso 2013 }} Note: also available at [https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 01 – Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101214/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 |date= 27 Oktubre 2012 }} at [[Google Videos]] * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics website] – [[HyperPhysics]], a physics and astronomy mind-map from [[Georgia State University]] '''Mga organisasyon''' * [http://www.aip.org/index.html AIP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041319/http://www.aip.org/index.html |date= 12 Oktubre 2004 }} – Website of the [[American Institute of Physics]] * [http://www.aps.org/ APS.org] – Website of the [[American Physical Society]] * [http://www.iop.org/ IOP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} – Website of the [[Institute of Physics]] * [http://planetphysics.org/ PlanetPhysics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121156/http://planetphysics.org/ |date= 25 Pebrero 2009 }} * [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ |date=2005-06-04 }} – Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong history of physics * [http://www.spsnational.org/ SPS National] – Website of the [[Society of Physics Students]] [[Kaarangay:Fisika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Fisika]] 3hxepmgo0yeo9z1cpn4z00zaexm3jue 0 3595 7789536 6198738 2026-10-15T20:03:41Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + mga sumpay 7789536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kontinente |image = [[Paypay:Europe orthographic Caucasus Urals boundary.svg|250px]] |area = {{convert|10,180,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{Cref2|o|1}} |population = 731,000,000{{Cref2|o|2}} (2009, [[List of continents by population|3rd]]) |density = 70/km² (181/sq mi) |demonym = [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European]] |countries = 50 |list_countries = List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|List of European countries |languages = [[Languages of Europe|List of languages]] |time = [[UTC]] to [[UTC+5]] |internet = [[.eu]] ([[European Union]]) |cities = [[List of metropolitan areas in Europe]] }} [[Paypay:Europe satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Europa]] [[Paypay:Rectified Languages of Europe map.png|thumb|250px|right|Europa]] [[Paypay:Grossgliederung Europas.png|thumb|300px|Europa]] [[Paypay:First.Crusade.Map.jpg|thumb|Europa; [[1000]].]] An '''Europa''' ginsisiring nga usa han mga pito nga [[kontinente]] nga, hini nga kaso, mas kultural ngan politkal nga pagkakaiba kaysa hin fisioheyograpiko. Ha pisikal ngan [[heolohiya]], an Europa usa nga ubos-nga-kontinente o dako nga [[rawis]], nga naghihimo hiton pinaka[[katundan]] nga bahin han [[Eurasia]]. An katubtoban han Europa ha amihanan amo an [[Kalawdan Arctico]], ha katundan an [[Kalawdan Atlantico]] ngan ha salatan han [[Dagat Mediterraneo]] ngan han [[Caucasus]]. An katubtoban han Europe ha siniringan diri klaro, pero ha tradisyon ini amo an ''[[watershed]]'' para han mga [[Kabugkiran Ural]] ngan [[Dagat Caspian]] ha [[timugan]] o [[salatan-sinirangan]]: an mga Ural ginsisiring han kadam-an nga heyograpiko ngan tektoniko nga [[tigaman]] nga nabulag hiton [[Asya]] tikang han Europa. An Europa amo an ika-duha nga gigutiay-i nga kontinente han kalibutan ha [[kahaluag]], nga mga 10,430,000 ka [[kwadrado nga kilometro]] (4,020,000 ka [[kwadrado nga milya]]) o 2.0% han katunaan han [[Kalibutan]], ngan ini darudako la kaysa han [[Australia]]. Ha [[populasyon]], amo ini an ika-tulo nga gidako-i nga kontinente (an Asya ngan [[Aprika]] darudako) nga mayda populasyon nga labaw hin 705,000,000, o mga 11% ha populasyon han kalibutan. == Kitaa Gihapon == * [[Unyon Europea]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Europe}} * [http://www.coe.int/ Council of Europe] * [http://europa.eu/ European Union] * [http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online] [[Columbia University Press]] * [http://www.lonelyplanet.com/europe "Introducing Europe"] from [http://www.lonelyplanet.com Lonely Planet] Travel Guides and Information {{Europa}} {{Commonscat|Satellite pictures of Europe}} [[Kaarangay:Europa| ]] [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] [[Kaarangay:Eurasia]] 6hmq9612kvznw27scbt8apyza1z5y7z 0 3955 7789547 7773278 2026-10-15T20:20:39Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789547 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi '''Antônio Carlos Brasileiro de Almeida Jobim''', (natawo han [[Enero 25]], [[1927]] ha [[Rio de Janeiro]] – [[Disyembre 8]], [[1994]] ha [[New York City]]), tinatawag gihapon nga '''Tom Jobim''' ({{IPA-pt|tõ ʒoˈbĩ}}), amo in [[Brasil]]enyo nga kompositor, tig-arreglo hin musik, magkaranta, pianista ngan usa han mga nakigbisog han paghimo han [[bossa nova]] ngan han kasikat hini ha bug-os nga kalibutan. An mga komposisyon ni Jobim, nga kilalado han ira mga maghusay nga mga tunog ngan harmonia, ginpasundayag hin damo nga mga sikat nga mga artista ha Brasil ngan ha langyaw. Lakip han mga ginkaupod ngan nag-interpreta han musika ni Jobim amo hira [[João Gilberto]], (nga ginsisiring nga upod kan Jobim nga igkasi-naghimo han bossa nova), [[Elis Regina]], [[Sergio Mendes]], [[Astrud Gilberto]], [[Stan Getz]] ngan [[Frank Sinatra]]. == Biyograpiya == [[File:Tom Jobim e Chico Buarque no Festival Internacional da Canção (FIC) restored.tif|250px|right|thumb| Tom Jobim ug Chico Buarque sa International Song Festival (FIC) niadtong 1968]] An mga pagtikang han musika ni Jobim dida han mga buhat ni [[Pixinguinha]], usa nga sikat nga musikero ngan kompositor, nga, dida han dekada han 1930, nagtikang han pagpadukwag han moderno nga musika Brasilenyo. Na-impluwensya gihapon hiya han musika han Franses nga kompositor nga hi [[Claude Debussy]] ngan han jazz. Hi Jobim naginprominente han pag-upod niya han manunurat ngan maniniday nga hi [[Vinicius de Moraes]] ha paghatag hin bahin han musika para han drama nga ''Orfeu de Carnaval (1956)'', nga ha pagtika-iha naginsikat dida han salida ha pelikula nga ''[[Orfeo Negro]]''. An mga letra para han iya pinakasikat nga mga kanta ginsurat ni de Moraes. An mga Americano nga [[jazz]] nga nanganganta nga hira [[Ella Fitzgerald]] ngan [[Frank Sinatra]] nagbandilyo hin prominente han mga kanta ni Jobim dida han ira mga album nga ''[[Ella Abraça Jobim]]'' (1981) ngan ''[[Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim]]'' (1967), ha tagsa-tagsa. Hi Jobim kilalado ha bug-os nga kalibutan komo usa han mga impluwensyal nga mga kompositor han ika-20 nga siglo. Namatay hi Jobim dida han 1994 ngan ginlubung hiya ha [[Cemitério São João Batista]] ha [[Rio de Janeiro]]. An [[Aeropuerto Internasyonal han Rio de Janeiro]] ginngarananan na yana ha iya dungog. == Mga Pinili nga Komposisyon == * "''[[Garota de Ipanema]]''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''The Girl from Ipanema''")("An Daraga han Ipanema") * "''Wave''" * "''Chovendo na Roseira''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''Children's Games''"/aka "''Double Rainbow''")("''Mulay han Kabataan''"/tinatawag gihapon nga "''Doble nga Balangaw''") * "''Samba de Uma Nota Só''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''One Note Samba''")("''Samba hin Usa ka Nota''") * "''Corcovado''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars''") * "''Insensatez''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''How Insensitive''") * "''Desafinado''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''Off-key''")("Yabag") * "''[[Chega de Saudade]]''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''No More Blues''") * "''Triste''" * "''Fotografia''" * "''[[Águas de Março]]''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''Waters of March''")("''Katubigan han Marso''") * "''Samba do Avião''" (ginpagawas ha Iningles nga "''Jet Samba''")("''Samba hin Idro''") * "''Amparo''" * "''Matita Perê''" * "''Passarim''" * "''Borzeguim''" == Diskograpiya == * Meus Primeiros Passos E Compassos * ''Orfeo Negro'' (Soundtrack) (1959) * ''Um encontro no Au bon gourmet'' (1962) * ''[[Getz/Gilberto]]'' (1963) * ''[[Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2]]'' (1964) * ''[[The Composer of Desafinado, Plays]]'' (1963) * ''[[The Wonderful World of Antonio Carlos Jobim]]'' (1964) * ''The Swinger From Rio'' (1965) (Sergio Mendes) * ''[[Love, Strings and Jobim]]'' (1966) * ''[[A Certain Mr. Jobim]]'' (1967) * ''[[Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim]]'' (1967) * ''[[Wave (Jobim album)|Wave]]'' (1967) * ''[[Tide (album)|Tide]]'' (1970) * ''[[Sinatra & Company]]'' (1971) * ''[[Stone Flower (album)|Stone Flower]]'' (1972) * ''[[Jobim (album)|Jobim]]'' (1973) * ''[[Elis & Tom]]'' (1974) * ''[[Urubu]]'' (1976) * ''[[Sinatra-Jobim Sessions]]'' (1979) * ''[[Terra Brasilis]]'' (1980) * ''[[Edu & Tom]]'' (1981) * ''[[Gabriela]]'' (1983) * ''[[Passarim]]'' (1987) * ''[[Tom Canta Vinicius: Ao Vivo]]'' (1990/2000) * ''[[Antonio Carlos Jobim and Friends]]'' (1993) * ''[[Miúcha e Tom Jobim]]'' (1994) * ''[[Duets II]]'' (1994) * ''[[Antonio Brasileiro]]'' (1994) == Reperensya == * McGowan, Chris and Pessanha, Ricardo. "The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova and the Popular Music of Brazil." 1998. 2nd edition. Temple University Press. ISBN 1-56639-545-3 == Mga Sumpay ha Gawas == * [http://www.bossanovaguitar.com/antonio_carlos_jobim/antonio_carlos_jobim.html Jobim Guitar Tab nga Archivos & Mga Letra hin Kanta nga Pakli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227063244/http://www.bossanovaguitar.com/antonio_carlos_jobim/antonio_carlos_jobim.html |date=2005-12-27 }} * [http://www2.uol.com.br/tomjobim/ Opisyal nga Tom Jobim Websayt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717033236/http://www2.uol.com.br/tomjobim/ |date=2006-07-17 }} * [http://www.jobim.com.br/e.index.html Antonio Carlos Jobim: Clube do Tom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060307081321/http://www.jobim.com.br/e.index.html |date=2006-03-07 }} * [http://www.thebraziliansound.com/jobim.htm Antonio Carlos Jobim nga pakli ha The Brazilian Sound] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115100510/http://thebraziliansound.com/jobim.htm |date=2020-01-15 }} * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1589 Antonio Carlos Jobim ha Find-A-Grave] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1927|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1994|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga parakanta|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magsusurat hin kanta|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga musikero hin Bossa nova|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga pianista|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga vocalista|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga musikero hin jazz|Jobim, Antonio Carlos]] 20ype6t7g1nm9v6p6aim050q8b8dnc9 0 3960 7789544 7647687 2026-10-15T20:17:06Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Elis Regina | image = | alias = Pimentinha, Furacão | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Elis Regina Carvalho Costa | birth_date = {{Birth date|1945|3|17|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil | death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|1|19|1945|3|17|mf=y}} | death_place = [[São Paulo]], Brasil | genre = [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]], [[samba]], [[pop nga musika|pop]], [[rock nga musika|rock]], [[jazz]], [[bossa nova]] | occupation = Magkaranta | years_active = 1961–1982 | label = | associated_acts = }} Hi '''Elis Regina Carvalho Costa''' ([[Marso 17]], [[1945]] – [[Enero 19]], [[1982]]) usa han mga pinakapopular nga mga magkaranta nga babaye ha [[Brasil]] ha dekada han mga [[1960]] ngan '[[1970|70]]. == Biyograpiya == Hi Elis Regina natawo ha [[Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul|Porto Alegre]], nga diin hiya nagtikang han iya karera han edad nga 11 hin pasundayag ha radyo hin mga kabataan, Rádio Farroupilha. Han [[1959]], nagkontrata hiya ngan han Rádio Gaúcha ngan ha sunod nga tuig, nagbiyahe hiya ha [[Rio de Janeiro]] nga diin hiya nag-rekord han iya syahan nga LP, ''Viva a Brotolândia''. Nagdaog hiya han iya syahan nga kontest hin panganta nga festival han [[1965]] nga diin nagkanta hiya han "Arrastão" -"An Pukot nga pan-''trawling''"-ni [[Edu Lobo]] ngan [[Vinícius de Moraes]]. An iya ikaduha nga LP upod kan [[Jair Rodrigues]], ''Dois na Bossa'', nakahimo hin ''national sales record''. Han urhe nga bahin han mga '60 ngan syahan nga bahin han mga '70, hi Regina nagbulig nga mahimo nga popular an musika han [[tropicalia]] nga movimiento, pinaagi han iya pag-rekord hin mga kanta han mga musikero sugad kan [[Gilberto Gil]]. An iya kolaborasyon han 1974 upod kan [[Antônio Carlos Jobim|Antonio Carlos Jobim]], ''Elis & Tom'', ginsisiring ha panalagsa nga usa han pinakamaupay nga [[bossa nova]] album ha ngatanan. Nagrekord gihapon hiya hin mga kanta ni [[Milton Nascimento]], [[João Bosco]], [[Aldir Blanc]], [[Chico Buarque]], [[Jorge Ben]] ngan [[Caetano Veloso]]. Mayda niya maupay nga tingog ngan maupay nga [[pag-intonar (music)|pag-intonar]], ngan maupay hiya hin maglaksi-nga-tempo nga mga musika. An iya agnay "furacão" ("an huracán" o "an bagyo"), ngan "pimentinha" ("gamay nga harang"). Gintipa niya hin panalagsa an Brasilenyo nga [[dictatorya]] nga nag persegir ngan nag-exilio hin damo nga mga [[musikero]] han iya henerasyon. Hin usa nga interview dida han 1969, naghatag hiya hin opinyon nga an Brasil ginpamalakad hin mga "gorilla". An iya kasikat amo an rason nga waray hiya presoha, pero ha urhe napiritan hiya han mga namumuno nga kumanta han [[nasodnon nga kanta]] han Brasil hin usa nga pasundayag hin stadium, nga diin ginkangalsan hiya hin damo nga mga kanan-Wala nga mga Brasilenyo. Hi Elis Regina namatay tungod hin inter-aksyon hin droga dida han 1982, ha edad nga 36. Nakarekord na hiya hin damo nga mga sikat ngan masurong-igpalit nga mga rekord dida han iya karera. Ginlubong hiya ha [[Cemitério do Morumbi]] ha [[São Paulo]]. === Pamilya === Nakaduha mag-asawa hi Elis ngan nag-anak hin tulo nga mga anak. An iya syahan nga pangasawa ngadto kan Ronaldo Bôscoli han 1967. Nag-anak hira hin lalake nga anak nga hi João Marcelo Bôscoli, han 1970. Ha urhe, nag-asawa hiya han maiha nga kolaborador nga hi [[César Camargo Mariano]], ngan hira nagkamay-ad hin duha nga mga anak: hi [[Pedro Camargo Mariano]] han 1975, ngan hi [[Maria Rita]] han 1977. An tulo nga mga anak ni Elis Regina puros nagin mga musikero ha urhe. == Diskograpiya == * ''Viva A Brotolândia'' (syahan nga album nga ginrekord han 1961 ha edad nga 16) * ''Poema'' (1962) * ''Ellis Regina''(1963) (nahalista hin duha nga'' l'') * ''Dois na Bossa'' ([[1965]]) * ''O Fino do Fino - Elis & Zimbo Trio'' ([[1965]]) * ''Samba, Eu Canto Assim!'' ([[1965]]) * ''Dois na Bossa nº2'' ([[1966]]) * ''Elis'' (1966) * ''Dois na Bossa nº3'' ([[1967]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1968]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1969]]) * ''Elis Regina in London'' ([[1969]]) * ''Elis Regina & Toots Thielemans'' ([[1969]]) * ''Em Pleno Verão'' ([[1970]]) * ''Ela'' ([[1971]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1972]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1973]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1974]]) * ''[[Elis & Tom]]'' ([[1974]]) * ''Falso Brilhante'' ([[1976]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1977]]) * ''Transversal do Tempo'' ([[1978]]) (live) * ''Essa Mulher'' ([[1979]]) * ''Saudades do Brasil'' ([[1980]]) * ''Elis'' ([[1980]]) === Mga Ginpagawas Katapos han Kamatay === * ''Trem Azul'' ([[1982]]) (live) * ''Vento de Maio'' ([[1983]]) (tinirok) * ''Luz das Estrelas'' ([[1984]]) * ''Elis Regina no Fino da Bossa'' ([[1994]]) (live) * ''Elis ao Vivo'' ([[1995]]) (live) * ''20 Anos de Saudade'' ([[2002]]) (tinirok) * ''Little Pepper: The Definitive Collection'' ([[2004]]) (tinirok) == Mga Sumpay ha Gawas == * [http://www.paulogoncalo.com/bioelis1.htm Biyograpiya ni Elis Regina (ha Pinortuges)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603062350/http://www.paulogoncalo.com/bioelis1.htm |date=2008-06-03 }} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Regina, Elis]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1945|Regina, Elis]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1982|Regina, Elis]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenya nga parakanta|Regina, Elis]] nsfgyl8858n0dh9ssas6ivnyk007yo6 0 4306 7789542 7647685 2026-10-15T20:15:59Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Carla Maffioletti.jpg|thumb|350px]] Hi '''Carla Maffioletti''' (natawo [[1980|c.1980]] ha [[Porto Alegre]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brasil]]) usa nga [[opera]] nga [[magkaranta]]. Natawo hiya hin [[Italya]]na ngan [[Paises Bajos|Dutch]] nga katulinan didto han gidako-i nga syudad ha salatan nga Brasil; usa nga puerto nga bungto ha [[Baybayon han Guajará]] diri harayo tikang han katubtoban o linea han [[Uruguay]] ngan [[Argentina]]. Komo bata nga babaye nagtikang hiya pagtocar han [[violin]] ugsa hiya magbalhin ha [[klasikal nga sista]]. An iya mga talento sugad man nga pag-abot han ''early teens'' o han mga sobra diez an pangidaron nagkamay-ada na hiya mga pasundayag ha mga koncerto ha bug-os nga nasod. Samtang didto pa hiya ha unibersidad nagtikang hiya pagkuha hin mga leksyon hin pagkanta ngan madali-ay la nga naipadukwag an iya mabaysay nga tingog. Dida han subay han iya karera ha musika, ginkakilala hiya han iya igkasi-Brasilenya nga magkaranta nga hi [[Carmen Monarcha]]. Nakayakan hiya hin damo nga yinaknan o multilingual, hi Maffioletti nagpili nga mag-aram hin boses ha [[Maastricht Academy of Music]] ha [[Maastricht]], didto ha [[Nederlandes]] sugad han iya sangkay nga hi Carmen Monarcha. Samtang natambong hiya didto han akademiya, nakilala hiya ni [[André Rieu]] nga nagkuha ha iya komo vocalista upod han iya Johann Strauss nga Orchestra. Dugang han iya pagbiyahe ha bug-os nga kalibutan upod han orchestra, hi Maffioletti naghatag na hin pasundayag komo soloista hin pipira han kan Rieu mga album ngan dida hiya han kan Rieu mga [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] nga pagpasamwak ha telebisyon ha [[Estados Unidos]]. {{turók}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Maffioletti, Carla}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1980]] [[Kaarangay:Mga babaye nga magkaranta]] [[Kaarangay:Mga mezzo-soprano]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenya nga magkaranta ha opera]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Italyana-Brasilenya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Dutch-Brasilenya]] olvc7p1p081r95lidq33m37u72jmcqj 0 4308 7789543 7647686 2026-10-15T20:16:36Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789543 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi '''Carmen Monarcha''' (natawo han [[Agosto 27]], [[1979]] ha [[Belém]], [[Pará]], [[Brasil]]) usa nga [[opera]] nga [[magkaranta]]. [[Image:Carmen Monarcha.jpg|thumb|Carmen Monarcha, 2010]] Natawo hin pamilya nga mahilig hin arte ha amihanan nga Brazil, it iya amay usa nga manunurat ngan it iya iroy usa nga Brasilenya nga magkaranta. Nahibaro hiya tikang hin pagkabata nga magtocar han [[cello]] ngan han [[piano]] ngan ha pagtikang nag-aram anay nga maging concert nga cellista. Pero nagtikang hiya pagpadukwag han iya tingog ha pagkanta ngan nagtikang hiya pagkuha hin mga leksyon ha Brasil. Dida han pagsubay han iya karera ha musika ginkakilala hiya han iya igkasi-Brasilenya nga magkaranta nga hi [[Carla Maffioletti]]. Sunod han pagtapos niya han iya pag-iskwela, hiya ngan hi Maffioletti kinmadto ha [[Maastricht]], ha [[Paises Bajos]] (o Nederlands) para hin dugang pa nga ''vocal training''. Samtang hiya didto, hi Monarcha ginkuha nga vocalista han orchestra nga lider nga hi [[André Rieu]] nga umupod pagbiyahe ha [[Europa]] ngan han [[United States]] upod han Johann Strauss nga Orchestra. Nakakarawat hi Monarcha hin mga dungog komo nagdaog han [[Bidu Sayão International Vocal Competition|Bidu Sayão Vocal Competition]], usa nga dako nga internasyonal nga kompetisyon hin karanta nga ginbubuhat ha tagsa-tuig ha Brasil nga ginngaranan ha dungog han pinakasikat nga opera nga magkaranta hiton nga nasod nga hi [[Bidu Sayão]]. Han kakumpleto na an iya pag-aram ha Paises Bajos, hi Monarcha inmuli ha Brasil pero binmalik ha Europa agod magin soloista para han kan Rieu [[2003]] nga tour ngan nagpabilin na iya upod han orchestra tikang hadton nga panahon. Usa hiya [[soprano]], ngan nagkanta hiya ha pipira han kan Rieu mga album ngan dida liwat hiya han kan Rieu mga [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] nga broadcast ha telebisyon ha [[Estados Unidos]]. Nakakarawat hiya hin dungog tungod han iya interpretasyon han "O Mio Babbino Caro" tikang han kan [[Giacomo Puccini|Puccini]] ''Gianni Schicchi.'' Hi Carmen Monarcha nagkanta gihapon han "Habanera" tikang han ''Carmen'', para han [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]. ==Mga Sumpay ha Gawas== *[http://www.andrerieutranslations.com/JSO/Carmen.html www.andrerieutranslations.com/JSO/Carmen.html] *[http://www.andrerieutranslations.com/JSO/Carmen-interview.html www.andrerieutranslations.com/JSO/Carmen-interview.html] {{turók}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Monarcha, Carmen}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1979]] [[Kaarangay:Mga buhi nga tawo]] [[Kaarangay:Mga babaye nga magkaranta]] [[Kaarangay:Mga soprano]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenya nga magkaranta ha opera]] hc3fh5xtaigyfu0jo2dc2efcpqg3dkg 0 9577 7789520 7784398 2026-10-15T19:11:14Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 /* Mga teritoryo nga mga rehiyon */ 7789520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kontinente |image = [[Fayl:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|200px]] Aprika |area = 30,221,532 km² (11,668,599 sq mi) |population = 1.1 billion (2015) |density = 30.51/km² (about 80/sq mi) |demonym = [[Africano]] |countries = 56 |list_countries = Talaan hin mga nasod Africano ngan mga teritoryo |dependencies = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[Mayotte]] | 2 = [[Réunion]] | 3 = [[Canary Islands]] | 4 = [[Ceuta]] | 5 = [[Madeira Islands]] | 6 = [[Melilla]] | 7 = [[Saint Helena]] }} |languages = [[Mga yinaknan han Africa]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[Talaan hit mga lugar metropolitano ha Aprika]]<br />[[Talaan hit mga syudad ha Aprika]] }} [[Fayl:AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg|thumb|240px|Mapa han Africa]] An '''Aprika''', '''Apriká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 15. </ref> o '''Afrika''' (puyde liwat '''Africa''') in ikaduha nga pinakadako nga [[kontinente]] ngan ika-duha ha pinakadamo nga tawo nga kontinente, kahuman han Asya. May-ada mga 30.2 milyon km² (11.7 milyon mi²) upod an mga hagrani nga mga puro, ini in nagtatakop han 6% han kanan Kalibutan babaw nga kahaluag ngan 20.4% han ngatanan nga kahaluag han katunaan. May-ada 1.0 bilyon nga katawhan ha 61 nga mga teritoryo, ini in 14.72% han kanan kalibutan populasyon han katawhan. An kontinente in ginpapalibutan han Dagat Mediteranyo ha amihanan, Suez Canal ngan Pula nga Dagat ha may Rawis Sinai ha dumagsaan, Kalawdan Indyano ha Timugan, Kalawdan Atlantico ha katundan. Ini nga kontinente in may-ada 56 nga mga estado soberanya, nga naglalakip ha Madagascar ngan dirudilain nga mga hugpo hin kapuropod-an, ngan duha nga diri ginkikilala nga mga nasod. Africa, labi na ha butnga Sinirangan Africa, in haluag nga ginkikilala ha sakob han komundidad syentipiko nga tinikangan han katawhan ngan an Hominidae clade, ha mga pagsarig han pagkahalikwat han gisyashani nga mga hominids ngan ira kaapoy-apoyan, upod liwat an mas naurhi nga ginpetsahan ha mga pito ka milyon nga tuig nga naglabay, lakip an Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis ngan H. ergaster - upod han giuunahi nga mga Homo sapiens (moderno nga tawo) nga nahiagian ha Etiyopiya nga ginpetsahan nga 200,000 nga tuig an nakalabay. ==Mga rehiyon ngan mga teritoryo== {|<!-- This table keeps maps to the right, to not overlap the -- region-table, but it might overlap for some browsers. -- DON'T USE "align=right" but use style="float:right" as -- the right-side alignment used by infoboxes. --> style="width:155px; float:right; margin-right:0.0em;" |&nbsp;<!--put space to force empty row to appear--> |- |&nbsp; |}<!--end thumbnails--> <center> <!--begin country info tables--> {|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Ngaran hit [[rehiyon]] ngan<br>teritoryo, lakip it [[bandera]] ! [[Kahaluag]]<br>(km²) ! [[Populasyon]] ! [[Tuig]] ! [[Kahuot hit populasyon]]<br>(per km²) ! [[Ulohan]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Amihanan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Algeria}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|34,178,188 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|14 |[[Algiers]] |- |{{flag|Canary Islands}} ([[Espanya]])<ref>The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,118,519 |style="text-align:right;"|2010 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- |{{flag|Ceuta}} (Espanya)<ref>The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|71,505 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— |- |{{flag|Egypt}}<ref>[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] |- |{{flag|Libya}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli]] |- |{{flag|Madeira}} ([[Portugal]])<ref>The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] |- |{{flag|Melilla}} (Espanya)<ref>The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|66,411 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— |- |{{flag|Morocco}} |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|34,859,364 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] |- |{{flag|Tunisia}} |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] |- |{{noflag}} [[Western Sahara]]<ref name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.</ref> |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Sungay han Aprika]]''' (o '''Amihanan-Sinirangan Aprika''') |- |{{flag|Djibouti}} |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|623,891 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] |- |{{flag|Ethiopia}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] |- |{{flag|Somalia}} |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Sinirangan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Burundi}} |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Bujumbura]] |- |{{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br>Kapuropod-an han Chagos ([[Reino Unido]])</br> |style="text-align:right;"|56.13 |style="text-align:right;"|3,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|53.4 |[[Diego Garcia]] |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] |- |{{flag|Kenya}} |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] |- |{{flag|Madagascar}} |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] |- |{{flag|Malawi}} |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] |- |{{flag|Mauritius}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] |- |{{flag|Mayotte}} ([[Fransya]]) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] |- |{{flag|Mozambique}} |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] |- | {{flag|Réunion}} (Fransya) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] |- |{{flag|Rwanda}} |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] |- |{{flag|Seychelles}} |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] |- |{{flag|South Sudan}} |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] |- |{{flag|Uganda}} |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] |- |{{flag|Zambia}} |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] |- |colspan="6" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''[[Butnga nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Angola}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] |- |{{flag|Cameroon}} |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] |- |{{flag|Central African Republic}} |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] |- |{{flag|Chad}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] |- |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}} |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] |- http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa& |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] |- |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] |- |{{flag|Gabon}} |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] |- |{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Salatan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] |- |{{flag|Eswatini}} |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Katundan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Lesotho}} |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] |- |{{flag|South Africa}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]<ref>[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.<br></ref> |- |{{flag|Benin}} |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] |- |{{flag|Cape Verde}} |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] |- |{{flag|Gambia}} |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] |- |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] |- |{{flag|Ivory Coast}} |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],<ref>[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Côte d'Ivoire]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' seat.</ref> [[Yamoussoukro]] |- |{{flag|Liberia}} |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] |- |{{flag|Mali}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] |- |{{flag|Mauritania}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] |- |{{flag|Niger}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] |- |{{flag|Nigeria}} |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] |- |{{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension ngan Tristan da Cunha}} (Reino Unido) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] |- |{{flag|Senegal}} |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] |- |{{flag|Sierra Leone}} |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] |- |{{flag|Togo}} |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] |-style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" ||{{noflag}} Africa Total |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 |style="background:#eee;"| |} </center> <!--end country info table + refs--> == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Dugang nga barasahon == [[Fayl:African Spoonbill2.jpg|thumb|[[African spoonbill]] with [[lesser flamingo]]s.]] * {{cite book | last = Asante | first = Molefi | authorlink = Molefi Asante | title = The History of Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofafricaq0000asan | publisher = Routledge | location = USA | year = 2007 | isbn = 0415771390 }} * {{cite book | last = Clark | first = J. Desmond | authorlink = J. Desmond Clark | title = The Prehistory of Africa | publisher = Thames and Hudson | location = London | year = 1970 | isbn = 9780500020692 }} * {{cite book | last = Crowder | first = Michael | title = The Story of Nigeria | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofnigeria0000crow_x6k2 | publisher = Faber | location = London | year = 1978 | isbn = 9780571049479 }} * {{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Basil | authorlink = Basil Davidson | title = The African past; chronicles from antiquity to modern times | publisher = Penguin | location = Harmondsworth | year = 1966 | oclc = 2016817 }} * {{cite book | last = Gordon | first = April A. | coauthors = Donald L. Gordon | title = Understanding contemporary Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingcon0000unse_h5y4 | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | location = Boulder | year = 1996 | isbn = 9781555875473 }} * {{cite book | last = Khapoya | first = Vincent B. | title = The African experience: an introduction | url = https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = Upper Saddle River, NJ | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780137458523 }} * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V. S.]]. ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} ;Kasahiran nga Impormasyon * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa}} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] tikang ha United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] tikang ha [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.afrika.no/index/ The Index on Africa] tikang ha ''The Norwegian Council for Africa'' * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka] Digital library han scholarly resources tikang ngan hiunong han Africa * [http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf |date=2010-01-17 }} tikang ha [[United States Army Africa]] ;Kasaysayan * [http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] tikang ha [[BBC World Service]] * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] ;News media * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml Focus on Africa] magasin tikang ha [[BBC World Service]] {{Commonscat|Africa}} [[Kaarangay:Aprika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] 4mzxy39ag7jkcys1ap3wtngdsgxozkv 7789521 7789520 2026-10-15T19:19:22Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + mga sumpay 7789521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kontinente |image = [[Fayl:Africa (orthographic projection).svg|200px]] Aprika |area = 30,221,532 km² (11,668,599 sq mi) |population = 1.1 billion (2015) |density = 30.51/km² (about 80/sq mi) |demonym = [[Africano]] |countries = 56 |list_countries = Talaan hin mga nasod Africano ngan mga teritoryo |dependencies = {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[Mayotte]] | 2 = [[Réunion]] | 3 = [[Canary Islands]] | 4 = [[Ceuta]] | 5 = [[Madeira Islands]] | 6 = [[Melilla]] | 7 = [[Saint Helena]] }} |languages = [[Mga yinaknan han Africa]] |time = [[UTC-1]] to [[UTC+4]] |cities = [[Talaan hit mga lugar metropolitano ha Aprika]]<br />[[Talaan hit mga syudad ha Aprika]] }} [[Fayl:AfricaCIA-HiRes.jpg|thumb|240px|Mapa han Africa]] An '''Aprika''', '''Apriká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 15. </ref> o '''Afrika''' (puyde liwat '''Africa''') in ika-duha nga pinakadako nga [[kontinente]] ngan ika-duha ha pinakadamo nga tawo nga kontinente, kahuman han [[Asya]]. [[May-ada]] mga 30.2 milyon km² (11.7 milyon mi²) upod an mga hagrani nga mga [[puro]], ini in nagtatakop han 6% han kanan [[Kalibutan]] babaw nga [[kahaluag]] ngan 20.4% han ngatanan nga kahaluag han katunaan. May-ada 1.0 bilyon nga [[katawhan]] ha 61 nga mga teritoryo, ini in 14.72% han kanan kalibutan [[populasyon]] han katawhan. An kontinente in ginpapalibutan han [[Dagat Mediteranyo]] ha [[amihanan]], [[Suez Canal]] ngan [[Pula nga Dagat]] ha may [[Rawis han Sinai]] ha [[dumagsaan]], [[Kalawdan Indyano]] ha [[timugan]], [[Kalawdan Atlantico]] ha [[katundan]]. Ini nga kontinente in may-ada 56 nga mga [[estado]] soberanya, nga naglalakip ha [[Madagascar]] ngan dirudilain nga mga hugpo hin [[kapuropod-an]], ngan duha nga diri ginkikilala nga mga [[nasod]]. Aprika, labi na ha [[Butnga nga Aprika|Butnga]] ngan [[Sinirangan nga Aprika]], in haluag nga ginkikilala ha sakob han komundidad syentipiko nga tinikangan han katawhan ngan an Hominidae clade, ha mga pagsarig han pagkahalikwat han gisyashani nga mga hominids ngan ira kaapoy-apoyan, upod liwat an mas naurhi nga ginpetsahan ha mga pito ka milyon nga tuig nga naglabay, lakip an Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis ngan H. ergaster - upod han giuunahi nga mga Homo sapiens (moderno nga tawo) nga nahiagian ha [[Etiyopiya]] nga ginpetsahan nga 200,000 nga tuig an nakalabay. ==Mga rehiyon ngan mga teritoryo== {|<!-- This table keeps maps to the right, to not overlap the -- region-table, but it might overlap for some browsers. -- DON'T USE "align=right" but use style="float:right" as -- the right-side alignment used by infoboxes. --> style="width:155px; float:right; margin-right:0.0em;" |&nbsp;<!--put space to force empty row to appear--> |- |&nbsp; |}<!--end thumbnails--> <center> <!--begin country info tables--> {|border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Ngaran hit [[rehiyon]] ngan<br>teritoryo, lakip it [[bandera]] ! [[Kahaluag]]<br>(km²) ! [[Populasyon]] ! [[Tuig]] ! [[Kahuot hit populasyon]]<br>(per km²) ! [[Ulohan]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Amihanan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Algeria}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,381,740 |style="text-align:right;"|34,178,188 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|14 |[[Algiers]] |- |{{flag|Canary Islands}} ([[Espanya]])<ref>The Spanish [[Canary Islands]], of which [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-capitals, are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to [[Morocco]] and [[Western Sahara]]; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|7,492 |style="text-align:right;"|2,118,519 |style="text-align:right;"|2010 |style="text-align:right;"|226 |[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],<br>[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] |- |{{flag|Ceuta}} (Espanya)<ref>The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Ceuta]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|20 |style="text-align:right;"|71,505 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|3,575 |— |- |{{flag|Egypt}}<ref>[[Egypt]] is generally considered a [[List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country]] in Northern Africa (UN region) and Western Asia; population and area figures are for African portion only, west of the [[Suez Canal]].<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,450 |style="text-align:right;"|82,868,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|83 |[[Cairo]] |- |{{flag|Libya}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,759,540 |style="text-align:right;"|6,310,434 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|4 |[[Tripoli]] |- |{{flag|Madeira}} ([[Portugal]])<ref>The Portuguese [[Madeira Islands]] are often considered part of Northern Africa due to their relative proximity to Morocco; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|797 |style="text-align:right;"|245,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|307 |[[Funchal]] |- |{{flag|Melilla}} (Espanya)<ref>The Spanish [[exclave]] of [[Melilla]] is surrounded on land by Morocco in Northern Africa; population and area figures are for 2001.<br></ref> |style="text-align:right;"|12 |style="text-align:right;"|66,411 |style="text-align:right;"|2001 |style="text-align:right;"|5,534 |— |- |{{flag|Morocco}} |style="text-align:right;"|446,550 |style="text-align:right;"|34,859,364 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Rabat]] |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,861,484 |style="text-align:right;"|30,894,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|17 |[[Khartoum]] |- |{{flag|Tunisia}} |style="text-align:right;"|163,610 |style="text-align:right;"|10,486,339 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Tunis]] |- |{{noflag}} [[Western Sahara]]<ref name="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">The territory of [[Western Sahara]] is claimed by the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] and [[Morocco]]. The [[SADR]] is recognized as a sovereign state by the [[African Union]]. [[Morocco]] claims the entirety of the country as its [[Southern Provinces]]. Morocco administers 4/5 of the territory while the SADR controls 1/5. Morocco's annexation of this territory has not been recognized internationally.</ref> |style="text-align:right;"|266,000 |style="text-align:right;"|405,210 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|2 |[[El Aaiún]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Sungay han Aprika]]''' (o '''Amihanan-Sinirangan Aprika''') |- |{{flag|Djibouti}} |style="text-align:right;"|23,000 |style="text-align:right;"|623,891 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|22 |[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] |- |{{flag|Eritrea}} |style="text-align:right;"|121,320 |style="text-align:right;"|5,647,168 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|47 |[[Asmara]] |- |{{flag|Ethiopia}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,127,127 |style="text-align:right;"|84,320,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|75 |[[Addis Ababa]] |- |{{flag|Somalia}} |style="text-align:right;"|637,657 |style="text-align:right;"|9,832,017 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|15 |[[Mogadishu]] |- style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Sinirangan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Burundi}} |style="text-align:right;"|27,830 |style="text-align:right;"|8,988,091 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|323 |[[Bujumbura]] |- |{{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}<br>Kapuropod-an han Chagos ([[Reino Unido]])</br> |style="text-align:right;"|56.13 |style="text-align:right;"|3,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|53.4 |[[Diego Garcia]] |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,170 |style="text-align:right;"|752,438 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|347 |[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] |- |{{flag|Kenya}} |style="text-align:right;"|582,650 |style="text-align:right;"|39,002,772 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|66 |[[Nairobi]] |- |{{flag|Madagascar}} |style="text-align:right;"|587,040 |style="text-align:right;"|20,653,556 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|35 |[[Antananarivo]] |- |{{flag|Malawi}} |style="text-align:right;"|118,480 |style="text-align:right;"|14,268,711 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|120 |[[Lilongwe]] |- |{{flag|Mauritius}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,040 |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,264 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|630 |[[Port Louis]] |- |{{flag|Mayotte}} ([[Fransya]]) |style="text-align:right;"|374 |style="text-align:right;"|223,765 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|490 |[[Mamoudzou]] |- |{{flag|Mozambique}} |style="text-align:right;"|801,590 |style="text-align:right;"|21,669,278 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|27 |[[Maputo]] |- | {{flag|Réunion}} (Fransya) |style="text-align:right;"|2,512 |style="text-align:right;"|743,981 |style="text-align:right;"|2002 |style="text-align:right;"|296 |[[Saint-Denis, Réunion|Saint-Denis]] |- |{{flag|Rwanda}} |style="text-align:right;"|26,338 |style="text-align:right;"|10,473,282 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|398 |[[Kigali]] |- |{{flag|Seychelles}} |style="text-align:right;"|455 |style="text-align:right;"|87,476 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|192 |[[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] |- |{{flag|South Sudan}} |style="text-align:right;"|619,745 |style="text-align:right;"|8,260,490 |style="text-align:right;"|2008 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Juba]] |- |{{flag|Tanzania}} |style="text-align:right;"|945,087 |style="text-align:right;"|44,929,002 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Dodoma]] |- |{{flag|Uganda}} |style="text-align:right;"|236,040 |style="text-align:right;"|32,369,558 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|137 |[[Kampala]] |- |{{flag|Zambia}} |style="text-align:right;"|752,614 |style="text-align:right;"|11,862,740 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|16 |[[Lusaka]] |- |{{flag|Zimbabwe}} |style="text-align:right;"|390,580 |style="text-align:right;"|11,392,629 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|29 |[[Harare]] |- |colspan="6" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"|'''[[Butnga nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Angola}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,246,700 |style="text-align:right;"|12,799,293 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Luanda]] |- |{{flag|Cameroon}} |style="text-align:right;"|475,440 |style="text-align:right;"|18,879,301 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|40 |[[Yaoundé]] |- |{{flag|Central African Republic}} |style="text-align:right;"|622,984 |style="text-align:right;"|4,511,488 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|7 |[[Bangui]] |- |{{flag|Chad}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,284,000 |style="text-align:right;"|10,329,208 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|8 |[[N'Djamena]] |- |{{flag|Republic of the Congo}} |style="text-align:right;"|342,000 |style="text-align:right;"|4,012,809 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Brazzaville]] |- http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa& |{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |style="text-align:right;"|2,345,410 |style="text-align:right;"|69,575,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|30 |[[Kinshasa]] |- |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |style="text-align:right;"|28,051 |style="text-align:right;"|633,441 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|23 |[[Malabo]] |- |{{flag|Gabon}} |style="text-align:right;"|267,667 |style="text-align:right;"|1,514,993 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|6 |[[Libreville]] |- |{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,001 |style="text-align:right;"|212,679 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|212 |[[São Tomé]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Salatan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |style="text-align:right;"|600,370 |style="text-align:right;"|1,990,876 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Gaborone]] |- |{{flag|Eswatini}} |style="text-align:right;"|17,363 |style="text-align:right;"|1,123,913 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|65 |[[Mbabane]] |-style="background:#eee;" |colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Katundan nga Aprika]]''' |- |{{flag|Lesotho}} |style="text-align:right;"|30,355 |style="text-align:right;"|2,130,819 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Maseru]] |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |style="text-align:right;"|825,418 |style="text-align:right;"|2,108,665 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Windhoek]] |- |{{flag|South Africa}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,219,912 |style="text-align:right;"|51,770,560 |style="text-align:right;"|2011 |style="text-align:right;"|42 |[[Bloemfontein]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]<ref>[[Bloemfontein]] is the judicial capital of South Africa, while [[Cape Town]] is its legislative seat, and [[Pretoria]] is the country's administrative seat.<br></ref> |- |{{flag|Benin}} |style="text-align:right;"|112,620 |style="text-align:right;"|8,791,832 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|78 |[[Porto-Novo]] |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |style="text-align:right;"|274,200 |style="text-align:right;"|15,746,232 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|57 |[[Ouagadougou]] |- |{{flag|Cape Verde}} |style="text-align:right;"|4,033 |style="text-align:right;"|429,474 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|107 |[[Praia]] |- |{{flag|Gambia}} |style="text-align:right;"|11,300 |style="text-align:right;"|1,782,893 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|158 |[[Banjul]] |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |style="text-align:right;"|239,460 |style="text-align:right;"|23,832,495 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|100 |[[Accra]] |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |style="text-align:right;"|245,857 |style="text-align:right;"|10,057,975 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|41 |[[Conakry]] |- |{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |style="text-align:right;"|36,120 |style="text-align:right;"|1,533,964 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|43 |[[Bissau]] |- |{{flag|Ivory Coast}} |style="text-align:right;"|322,460 |style="text-align:right;"|20,617,068 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|64 |[[Abidjan]],<ref>[[Yamoussoukro]] is the official capital of [[Côte d'Ivoire]], while [[Abidjan]] is the ''[[de facto]]'' seat.</ref> [[Yamoussoukro]] |- |{{flag|Liberia}} |style="text-align:right;"|111,370 |style="text-align:right;"|3,441,790 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|31 |[[Monrovia]] |- |{{flag|Mali}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,240,000 |style="text-align:right;"|12,666,987 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|10 |[[Bamako]] |- |{{flag|Mauritania}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,030,700 |style="text-align:right;"|3,129,486 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|3 |[[Nouakchott]] |- |{{flag|Niger}} |style="text-align:right;"|1,267,000 |style="text-align:right;"|15,306,252 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|12 |[[Niamey]] |- |{{flag|Nigeria}} |style="text-align:right;"|923,768 |style="text-align:right;"|166,629,000 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|180 |[[Abuja]] |- |{{flag|Saint Helena, Ascension ngan Tristan da Cunha}} (Reino Unido) |style="text-align:right;"|420 |style="text-align:right;"|7,728 |style="text-align:right;"|2012 |style="text-align:right;"|13 |[[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] |- |{{flag|Senegal}} |style="text-align:right;"|196,190 |style="text-align:right;"|13,711,597 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|70 |[[Dakar]] |- |{{flag|Sierra Leone}} |style="text-align:right;"|71,740 |style="text-align:right;"|6,440,053 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|90 |[[Freetown]] |- |{{flag|Togo}} |style="text-align:right;"|56,785 |style="text-align:right;"|6,019,877 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|106 |[[Lomé]] |-style="font-weight:bold; background:#eee;" ||{{noflag}} Africa Total |style="text-align:right;"|30,368,609 |style="text-align:right;"|1,001,320,281 |style="text-align:right;"|2009 |style="text-align:right;"|33 |style="background:#eee;"| |} </center> <!--end country info table + refs--> == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} == Dugang nga barasahon == [[Fayl:African Spoonbill2.jpg|thumb|[[African spoonbill]] with [[lesser flamingo]]s.]] * {{cite book | last = Asante | first = Molefi | authorlink = Molefi Asante | title = The History of Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofafricaq0000asan | publisher = Routledge | location = USA | year = 2007 | isbn = 0415771390 }} * {{cite book | last = Clark | first = J. Desmond | authorlink = J. Desmond Clark | title = The Prehistory of Africa | publisher = Thames and Hudson | location = London | year = 1970 | isbn = 9780500020692 }} * {{cite book | last = Crowder | first = Michael | title = The Story of Nigeria | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofnigeria0000crow_x6k2 | publisher = Faber | location = London | year = 1978 | isbn = 9780571049479 }} * {{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Basil | authorlink = Basil Davidson | title = The African past; chronicles from antiquity to modern times | publisher = Penguin | location = Harmondsworth | year = 1966 | oclc = 2016817 }} * {{cite book | last = Gordon | first = April A. | coauthors = Donald L. Gordon | title = Understanding contemporary Africa | url = https://archive.org/details/understandingcon0000unse_h5y4 | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers | location = Boulder | year = 1996 | isbn = 9781555875473 }} * {{cite book | last = Khapoya | first = Vincent B. | title = The African experience: an introduction | url = https://archive.org/details/africanexperienc00khap | publisher = Prentice Hall | location = Upper Saddle River, NJ | year = 1998 | isbn = 9780137458523 }} * [[V. S. Naipaul|Naipaul, V. S.]]. ''The Masque of Africa: Glimpses of African Belief''. Picador, 2010. ISBN 978-0-330-47205-0 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=Category:Africa|voy=Africa}} ;Kasahiran nga Impormasyon * {{dmoz|Regional/Africa}} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/ African & Middle Eastern Reading Room] tikang ha United States [[Library of Congress]] * [http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/ Africa South of the Sahara] tikang ha [[Stanford University]] * [http://www.afrika.no/index/ The Index on Africa] tikang ha ''The Norwegian Council for Africa'' * [http://www.aluka.org/ Aluka] Digital library han scholarly resources tikang ngan hiunong han Africa * [http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf Africa Interactive Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117005910/http://www.usaraf.army.mil/MAP_INTERACTIVE/INTERACTIVE_MAP.swf |date=2010-01-17 }} tikang ha [[United States Army Africa]] ;Kasaysayan * [http://www.africankingdoms.com/ African Kingdoms] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section10.shtml The Story of Africa] tikang ha [[BBC World Service]] * [http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Urgent_Action/menu_APIC.html Africa Policy Information Center (APIC)] ;News media * [http://allafrica.com/ allAfrica.com] current news, events and statistics * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/focus_magazine/index.shtml Focus on Africa] magasin tikang ha [[BBC World Service]] {{Commonscat|Africa}} [[Kaarangay:Aprika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] ciymuxfy2y7639xs7hluj5hhecn1jcp 14 9881 7789541 4733142 2026-10-15T20:15:01Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789541 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenya nga parakanta|Magkaranta ha opera]] 5vwe66j3way8pfsjkwvomnyuiug4gg1 0 13684 7789539 6288436 2026-10-15T20:10:44Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Fernanda Barbosa Takai | image = Fernanda Takai 18698660811.jpg | caption = Takai, 2015. | image_size = 250px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Fernanda Takai | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|08|25|mf=yes}} | origin = [[Serra do Navio]], [[Amapá]], [[Brazil]] | genre = [[Alternatibo nga rock]], [[experimental nga rock]], [[indie nga pop]], [[art nga rock]], [[Música Popular Brasileira|MPB]] | instrument = [[Pagkanta|Vocals]], [[sista]] | occupation = [[Magkaranta-magsusurat-hin-awit]], [[musiko]] | years_active = 1988-yana | label = [[Rotomusic Records]], [[BMG]]<br />[[Cogumelo Records]] <small>(1992-2004)</small><br/>[[Sire Records]] <small>(1982-1994)</small> | associated_acts = [[Pato Fu]] | website = [http://fernandatakai.com.br/ fernandatakai.com.br/] }} Hi '''Fernanda Barbosa Takai''' ([[Serra do Navio]], [[Agosto 25]], [[1971]]) usa mga musikista ngan magkaranta nga [[Brasil]]enya. Usa gihapon hiya nga vocalista han banda nga [[Pato Fu]]. Gintikang ni Fernanda han 2007 an iya pag-solo nga karera nga maupay an pagkarawat han publiko. Dugang hit pagkanta, hi Fernanda napatunog han sista, violin ngan nagkukumposo para han banda. Han 2011, nagkolaborar hiyá upod kan [[Atom™]], [[Toshiyuki Yasuda]], ngan [[Moreno Veloso]] didâ han track nga "Águas de Março" para han gibag-ohi nga album ha charity han [[Red Hot Organization]] nga ''Red Hot+Rio 2.'' Usá nga pagsunod an album han 1996 nga ''[[Red Hot + Rio]]''. An mga ganansya tikang han pagbaligya hini ighahatag basi magpadako hin paghibaro ngan salapi para han pagtratar hin AIDS/HIV ngan pagbulig ha mga nahahanungod nga mga sosyal ngan pankalawasan nga mga asunto. ==Kinabuhi ngan karera== Natawo hi Fernanda Takai h [[Serra do Navio]], Amapá. Nagtubô hiyá ha [[Belo Horizonte]], Minas Gerais. Usá hiyá nga katunga nga [[Hapones nga katawhan|Hapones]] hin katulinan tikang han iya amay nga dapit ngan katunga nga [[Portuges nga katawhan|Portuges]] hin katulinan tikang han iya iroy nga dapit.<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u364469.shtml Fernanda Takai "despertou" para idioma japonês já adulta]</ref> Tikang han tuig 2007, nagtrabaho hiyá hin usá nga solo nga karera, pero api pa gihapon hiyá han Pato Fu. ==Filmograpiya== ===Mga buhat ha telebisyon=== *2002 - ''[[Ilha Rá-Tim-Bum]]'' .... Tim ===Mga film o pelikula=== *2003 - ''[[O Martelo de Vulcano|Ilha Rá-Tim-Bum - O Martelo de Vulcano]]'' .... Suzana == Diskograpiya == ;Solo *2007: ''[[Onde Brilhem os Olhos Seus]]'' ;Upod han Pato Fu *1993: ''[[Rotomusic de Liquidificapum]]'' *1994: ''[[Gol de Quem?]]'' *1996: ''[[Tem Mas Acabou]]'' *1998: ''[[Televisão de Cachorro]]'' *1999: ''[[Isopor (álbum de Pato Fu)|Isopor]]'' *2001: ''[[Ruído Rosa (álbum)|Ruído Rosa]]'' *2002: ''[[MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha]]'' *2005: ''[[Toda Cura Para Todo Mal]]'' *2007: ''[[Daqui Pro Futuro]]'' ;Mga pintakasi * - [[Herbert Vianna]] - 2000 *"O Ritmo da Chuva" - [[Um Barzinho um Violão]]: [[Jovem Guarda]] - (upod kan [[Rodrigo Amarante]]) *"Amuo" - [[Clã (banda)|Clã]] (2007) *"Maracaturama" - [[Projecto Fuga]] (2008) *Renato Russo - Uma Celebração Multishow - Ao Vivo (DVD) *"Pavão Mysteriozo" - [[Um Barzinho um Violão]]: Novela 70 - 2008 ==Videografia== ;Mga DVD upod han Pato Fu *2002: ''[[MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha (DVD)|MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha]]'' *2004: ''[[Video Clipes (Pato Fu)|Video Clipes]]'' *2007: ''[[Toda Cura Para Todo Mal (DVD)|Toda Cura Para Todo Mal]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == * [http://www.fernandatakai.com.br Opisyal nga websayt ni Fernanda Takai] * [http://www.patofu.com.br Opisyal nga websayt han Pato Fu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230213031/http://www.patofu.com.br/ |date=2010-12-30 }} * [https://pandabooks.websiteseguro.com/livros.php?id=229 Pagsubay han "Nunca Subestime uma Mulherzinha" ha websayt han Panda Books]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * [http://www.musicaeletra.com.br/index.php?itemid=421 Entrevista upod kan Takai mahitungod han ''Onde Brilhem os Olhos Seus'', ni Rubinho Vitti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202924/http://www.musicaeletra.com.br/index.php?itemid=421 |date=2016-03-03 }} {{Commonscat|Fernanda Takai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Takai, Fernanda}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magkakanta]] [[Kaarangay:Brasil]] gp5z8t8tfdlt7rhnwa51q02gn7espjc 7789545 7789539 2026-10-15T20:17:22Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Fernanda Barbosa Takai | image = Fernanda Takai 18698660811.jpg | caption = Takai, 2015. | image_size = 250px | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Fernanda Takai | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|08|25|mf=yes}} | origin = [[Serra do Navio]], [[Amapá]], [[Brazil]] | genre = [[Alternatibo nga rock]], [[experimental nga rock]], [[indie nga pop]], [[art nga rock]], [[Música Popular Brasileira|MPB]] | instrument = [[Pagkanta|Vocals]], [[sista]] | occupation = [[Magkaranta-magsusurat-hin-awit]], [[musiko]] | years_active = 1988-yana | label = [[Rotomusic Records]], [[BMG]]<br />[[Cogumelo Records]] <small>(1992-2004)</small><br/>[[Sire Records]] <small>(1982-1994)</small> | associated_acts = [[Pato Fu]] | website = [http://fernandatakai.com.br/ fernandatakai.com.br/] }} Hi '''Fernanda Barbosa Takai''' ([[Serra do Navio]], [[Agosto 25]], [[1971]]) usa mga musikista ngan magkaranta nga [[Brasil]]enya. Usa gihapon hiya nga vocalista han banda nga [[Pato Fu]]. Gintikang ni Fernanda han 2007 an iya pag-solo nga karera nga maupay an pagkarawat han publiko. Dugang hit pagkanta, hi Fernanda napatunog han sista, violin ngan nagkukumposo para han banda. Han 2011, nagkolaborar hiyá upod kan [[Atom™]], [[Toshiyuki Yasuda]], ngan [[Moreno Veloso]] didâ han track nga "Águas de Março" para han gibag-ohi nga album ha charity han [[Red Hot Organization]] nga ''Red Hot+Rio 2.'' Usá nga pagsunod an album han 1996 nga ''[[Red Hot + Rio]]''. An mga ganansya tikang han pagbaligya hini ighahatag basi magpadako hin paghibaro ngan salapi para han pagtratar hin AIDS/HIV ngan pagbulig ha mga nahahanungod nga mga sosyal ngan pankalawasan nga mga asunto. ==Kinabuhi ngan karera== Natawo hi Fernanda Takai h [[Serra do Navio]], Amapá. Nagtubô hiyá ha [[Belo Horizonte]], Minas Gerais. Usá hiyá nga katunga nga [[Hapones nga katawhan|Hapones]] hin katulinan tikang han iya amay nga dapit ngan katunga nga [[Portuges nga katawhan|Portuges]] hin katulinan tikang han iya iroy nga dapit.<ref>[http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ilustrada/ult90u364469.shtml Fernanda Takai "despertou" para idioma japonês já adulta]</ref> Tikang han tuig 2007, nagtrabaho hiyá hin usá nga solo nga karera, pero api pa gihapon hiyá han Pato Fu. ==Filmograpiya== ===Mga buhat ha telebisyon=== *2002 - ''[[Ilha Rá-Tim-Bum]]'' .... Tim ===Mga film o pelikula=== *2003 - ''[[O Martelo de Vulcano|Ilha Rá-Tim-Bum - O Martelo de Vulcano]]'' .... Suzana == Diskograpiya == ;Solo *2007: ''[[Onde Brilhem os Olhos Seus]]'' ;Upod han Pato Fu *1993: ''[[Rotomusic de Liquidificapum]]'' *1994: ''[[Gol de Quem?]]'' *1996: ''[[Tem Mas Acabou]]'' *1998: ''[[Televisão de Cachorro]]'' *1999: ''[[Isopor (álbum de Pato Fu)|Isopor]]'' *2001: ''[[Ruído Rosa (álbum)|Ruído Rosa]]'' *2002: ''[[MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha]]'' *2005: ''[[Toda Cura Para Todo Mal]]'' *2007: ''[[Daqui Pro Futuro]]'' ;Mga pintakasi * - [[Herbert Vianna]] - 2000 *"O Ritmo da Chuva" - [[Um Barzinho um Violão]]: [[Jovem Guarda]] - (upod kan [[Rodrigo Amarante]]) *"Amuo" - [[Clã (banda)|Clã]] (2007) *"Maracaturama" - [[Projecto Fuga]] (2008) *Renato Russo - Uma Celebração Multishow - Ao Vivo (DVD) *"Pavão Mysteriozo" - [[Um Barzinho um Violão]]: Novela 70 - 2008 ==Videografia== ;Mga DVD upod han Pato Fu *2002: ''[[MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha (DVD)|MTV ao Vivo Pato Fu: no Museu de Arte da Pampulha]]'' *2004: ''[[Video Clipes (Pato Fu)|Video Clipes]]'' *2007: ''[[Toda Cura Para Todo Mal (DVD)|Toda Cura Para Todo Mal]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == * [http://www.fernandatakai.com.br Opisyal nga websayt ni Fernanda Takai] * [http://www.patofu.com.br Opisyal nga websayt han Pato Fu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230213031/http://www.patofu.com.br/ |date=2010-12-30 }} * [https://pandabooks.websiteseguro.com/livros.php?id=229 Pagsubay han "Nunca Subestime uma Mulherzinha" ha websayt han Panda Books]{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * [http://www.musicaeletra.com.br/index.php?itemid=421 Entrevista upod kan Takai mahitungod han ''Onde Brilhem os Olhos Seus'', ni Rubinho Vitti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202924/http://www.musicaeletra.com.br/index.php?itemid=421 |date=2016-03-03 }} {{Commonscat|Fernanda Takai}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Takai, Fernanda}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenya nga parakanta]] [[Kaarangay:Brasil]] cv4smd795bdu24ujowjt4rvni7haxur 0 14753 7789572 7785697 2026-10-16T09:56:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 7789572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox monarch | name =Genghis Khan | title = Supremo nga [[Khan (título)|Khan]] han [[mga Mongol]] | image = YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg | caption = | reign = Spring 1206 – August 1227 | coronation = Spring 1206 in [[Kurultai|khurultai]] at the [[Onon River]], Mongolia | othertitles = [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Khagan]]<br />[[Temple name]]: {{zh|t=元太祖|p=Yuán Tàizǔ|first=t}}<br />[[Posthumous name]]: Emperor Fatian Qiyun Shengwu<br />(法天啟運聖武皇帝) | full name = [[File:Cinggis qagan.svg|right|26px]]Genghis Khan <br />[[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongol]]: Чингис хаан <br>''Chinggis Khaan''<br>[[Mongol script]] (right): <br>''Chinggis Khagan''{{#tag:ref|{{zh|t=成吉思汗|p=Chéng Jí Sī Hán|first=t}}<br> '''[[Birth name]]''': <br /> Temujin {{IPAc-en|t|ə|ˈ|m|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}}; <br>{{lang-mn|Тэмүжин}} ''Temujin'' {{IPA-mn|tʰemutʃiŋ||Temujin.ogg}}; <br>{{lang-xng|''Temujin''}};<ref>{{Cite journal | date = 1959 |title= |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=5 |pages=239 |publisher=O. Harrassowitz |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PjjjAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=29 Hulyo 2011 }}</ref> <br>{{zh|t=鐵木真|s=铁木真|p=Tiě mù zhēn|first=t}}|group="note"}} | successor = [[Ögedei Khan]] | consort = [[Börte|Börte Üjin]]<br />[[Khulan (wife of Chinggis Khaan)|Khulan]]<br />[[Yesugen]]<br />[[Yesui]]<br />others | issue = [[Jochi]]<br />[[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]]<br />[[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]]<br />[[Tolui]]<br />Others | royal house = [[Borjigin]] | father = [[Yesügei]] | mother = [[Oulen]] | birth_date = probably 1162<ref name="birth">Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan was born in 1155, while the ''Yuanshi'' (元史, ''History of the [[Yuan dynasty]]'' records his year of birth as 1162. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the ''[[Altan Tobci]]'', Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.</ref> | birth_place = [[Khentii Mountains]], Mongolia | death_date = August 1227<ref>{{Cite book|first=Paul|last=Ratchnevsky|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]| date = 1991|isbn= 0-631-16785-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul/page/142 142]|quote=It is possible, however, to say with certainty that Genghis Khan died in August 1227; only in specifying the actual day of his death do our sources disagree.}}</ref> (aged 65) }} Hi '''Genghis Khan''' (c. 1155/1162/1167 - Agosto 18, 1227) nga natawo ha ngaran nga '''Temujin''' usa nga makarit nga pinuno han militar nga ginurusa an mga Mongol nga tribu ngan hiya an nagtukod han Imperyo Mongol. An mga khan, nga nagsunod ha iya, ginhimo an Mongolia nga gidadako-i nga imperyo ha kalibutan. Hi Genghis Khan amo an lolo ni [[Kublai Khan]], nga naging siyahan nga emperador han Dinastiya Yuan han [[Tsina]]. Hasta yana waray maaram kun ngain ginlubong hi Genghis Khan. ==Mga kasarigan== <references group="note"/> {{Mga kasarigan|2}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book |last=Ratchnevsky |first=Paul |others= tr. & ed. Thomas Nivison Haining |title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken] |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanhisli0000paul | date = 1992, c1991 |publisher=B. Blackwell |location=Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass., US |isbn=0-631-16785-4}} * Man, John (2004). ''Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection''. Bantam Press, London. ISBN 978-0-553-81498-9. ==Dugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Brent |first=Peter |title=The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempiregeng0000bren | date = 1976 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicholson |location=London |isbn=0-297-77137-X }} * {{Cite book |last=Bretschneider |first=Emilii |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia |series=Trübner's Oriental Series | date = 1888, repr. 2001 | location=London | publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd) |isbn=81-215-1003-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Cable |first=Mildred |coauthors=Francesca French |title=The Gobi Desert | date = 1943 |publisher=Landsborough Publications |location=London}} * {{Cite book | last = Chapin | first = David | date = 2012 | title = Long Lines: Ten of the World's Longest Continuous Family Lineages | publisher = VirtualBookWorm.com | location = College Station, Texas | isbn = 978-1-60264-933 }} * {{Cite book |last=Charney |first=Israel W. (ed.) |title=Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review | date = 1994 |publisher=Facts on File Publications |location=New York}}<!-- Volume number?--> * {{Cite book |last=De Hartog |first=Leo |title=Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World| date = 1988 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. |location=London}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=De Gengis Khan à [[Kubilai Khan|Qoubilaï Khan]] : la grande chevauchée [[Mongols|mongole]] |series=Campagnes & stratégies | date = 2002 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=2-7178-4537-2}} * {{fr}} {{Cite book |last=Farale |first=Dominique |title=La Russie et les Turco-Mongols : 15 siècles de guerre | date = 2007 |publisher=Economica |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-7178-5429-9}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Genghis Khan |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia |publisher=World Almanac Education Group | date = 2005 |url=http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113174030/http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=210250 |archivedate=13 Enero 2006 |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |url-status=dead }} Via the [[Internet Archive]]'s copy of the [[History Channel]] Web site. * {{Cite web |last=Smitha |first=Frank E | title=Genghis Khan and the Mongols |work=Macrohistory and World Report | url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm | accessdate=30 Hunyo 2005}} * {{Cite book |last=Kahn |first=Paul (adaptor) |title=Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by [[Francis Woodman Cleaves]] |series=Asian Culture Series | date = 1998 |publisher=Cheng & Tsui Co. |location=Boston |isbn=0-88727-299-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title=Mongols, Huns & Vikings'' |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolshunsvikin0000kenn | date = 2002 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=0-304-35292-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire) | date = 2006 |publisher=Vostochnaia literatura |location=Moscow |isbn=5-02-018521-3}} {{ru icon}} (summary in English) * {{Cite journal |last=Kradin |first=Nikolay |authorlink=Nikolay Kradin |coauthors=Tatiana Skrynnikova |title=Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire' |journal=Ab Imperio |volume=7 |issue=1 | date = 2006 |pages =89–118 |id=5-89423-110-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Lamb |first=Harold |authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men | date = 1927 |publisher=R. M. McBride & company |location=New York |unused_data=a|url=http://archive.org/details/genghiskhantheem035122mbp}} * {{Cite book |last=Lister |first=R. P. |title=Genghis Khan |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan0000list | date = 2000 [c1969] |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0-8154-1052-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj | date = 2004 |publisher=Bantam Press |location=London; New York |isbn=0-593-05044-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Man |first=John |authorlink=John Man (author) |title=Gobi: Tracking the Desert |url=https://archive.org/details/gobi00john | date = 1997, 1998, 1999 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press |location=London; New Haven, Conn |isbn=0-7538-0161-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Henry Desmond |title=The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China | date = 1950 |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |location=Baltimore}} * {{Cite web |last=May |first=Timothy |title=Mongol Arms | date = 2001 |work=Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols |publisher=San Antonio College History Department |url=http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |accessdate=22 Mayo 2008 |archive-date=18 Mayo 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=David |authorlink=David Morgan (historian) |title=The Mongols |url=https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi |series=The Peoples of Europe | date = 1986 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=0-631-17563-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Saunders |first=J.J. | title=History of the Mongol Conquests'' | date = 1972, repr. 2001 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=0-8122-1766-7}} * Stevens, Keith. {{PDFlink|[http://web.archive.org/web/20080625210646/http://ideas.union.edu/articles/files/22_Stevens_Heirs_to_Discord.pdf "Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamukha, Toghrul, and Temüjin"]|72.1&nbsp;KB}} Retrieved 22 Mayo 2008. * {{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Stanley |title=In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads | date = 2001 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=London |isbn=0-00-653027-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400 |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmongo0000turn | date = 2003 |publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Oxford |isbn=1-84176-523-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Valentino |first=Benjamin A. |title=Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century |url=https://archive.org/details/finalsolutionsma00vale | date = 2004 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |isbn=0-8014-3965-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Weatherford |first=Jack |title=[[Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World]] [http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/books/weatherford-2004-genghis-khan-making.html (review)] | date = 2004 |publisher=Crown |location=New York |isbn=0-609-61062-7}} * {{Cite journal | author=Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith | title= The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols | journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics | date = 2003 | volume= 72| issue=3 | pages= 717–721; | url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v72n3/024530/024530.web.pdf | doi = 10.1086/367774 | format=&nbsp;– ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AThe+Genetic+Legacy+of+the+Mongols&as_publication=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&as_ylo=2003&as_yhi=2003&btnG=Search Scholar search]} | pmid=12592608 | pmc=1180246}} {{Dead link|date=February 2009}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaon=== * {{Cite book |last=Juvaynī |first=Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 |title=Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā] |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1997 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=0-295-97654-3 }} ** {{Cite book |title=History of the World-Conqueror |last=Juvaini |first='ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik |others=tr. John Andrew Boyle | date = 1958 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=361 |url=http://archive.org/details/historyoftheworl011691mbp |accessdate=2012-04-16 }} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World [[Jami' al-Tawarikh]] |series=The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII |others=Sheila S. Blair (ed.) | date = 1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-727627-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Rashid al-Din Tabib |authorlink=Rashid-al-Din Hamadani |title=The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh) |series=[[UNESCO Collection of Representative Works]]: Persian heritage series |others=tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle |date=1971 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103092356/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=109217551 |isbn=0-231-03351-6}} * {{Cite book |title=The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi] |url=https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofm0002unse |series=Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7 |others=tr. [[Igor de Rachewiltz]] | date = 2004 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |isbn=90-04-13159-0}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Genghis Khan}} * {{In Our Time|Genghis Khan|b00773mr|Genghis_Khan}} *[http://www.epinions.com/content_399273397892 Book Review of Genghis Khan by Leo De Hartog] *[http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] *Welcome to [http://www.coldsiberia.org/ The Realm of the Mongols] *Parts of this biography were taken from the [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/mntoc.html Area Handbook series at the Library of Congress] *[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Estimates of Mongol warfare casualties] *[http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ Genghis Khan on the Web] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813232348/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/genghis/ |date=2004-08-13 }} (directory of some 250 resources) *[http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html Mongol Arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518020854/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/empsub2.html |date=2008-05-18 }} *[http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 Genghis Khan's leadership approach – LeaderValues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112072759/http://www.leader-values.com/Content/detail.asp?ContentDetailID=799 |date=2012-01-12 }} *[http://nobsnews.blogspot.com/1994/01/inspirations-of-historians.html#rashid-ad-din-juwayni ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni] A History of the World-Conqueror Ghengis Genghis Khan, [[Ata al-Mulk Juvayni]] and [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Genghis Khan}} [[Kaarangay:Genghis Khan| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han ika-12 nga gatostuig]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1227]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] rphlft9353sagcx7eg0nvuntkhmo56x 0 14891 7789523 7651417 2026-10-15T19:23:26Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Ehipto 7789523 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SuezCanal-EO.JPG|thumb]] An '''Kanal han Suez''' amo an usa ka kanal ha [[Ehipto]]. Ginabrihan han Nobyembre 1869, nakakaagi dida han mga sarakyan pandagat tikang ha [[Europa]] ngan [[Asya]] ngan pabalik nga diri nalibot ha [[Aprika]] o naagi ha tuna ha kabutngaan han Mediterano ngan [[Pula nga Dagat]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== * Britannica (2007) "Suez Canal", in: ''The new Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th ed., '''28''', Chicago, Ill. ; London : Encyclopædia Britannica, ISBN 1-59339-292-3 * Galil, B.S. and Zenetos, A. (2002). "A sea change: exotics in the eastern Mediterranean Sea", in: Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S. and Olenin, S. (eds), ''Invasive aquatic species of Europe : distribution, impacts, and management'', Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic, ISBN 1-4020-0837-6, p.&nbsp;325–336 * Garrison, Ervan G. (1999) ''A history of engineering and technology : artful methods'', 2nd ed., Boca Raton, Fla. ; London : CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-9810-X * Karabell, Zachary (2003) ''Parting the Desert: The Creation of the Suez Canal'', Knopf, ISBN 978-0-375-40883-0 * Oster, Uwe (2006) [http://www.arte.tv/fr/connaissance-decouverte/aventure-humaine/Cette_20semaine/1291022.html ''Le fabuleux destin des inventions : le canal de Suez''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819201458/http://www.arte.tv/fr/connaissance-decouverte/aventure-humaine/Cette_20semaine/1291022.html |date=2011-08-19 }}, TV documentary produced by [[ZDF]] and directed by Axel Engstfeld (Germany) * {{cite book|last=Rathbone|first=William|authorlink = William Rathbone VI|title=[[s:Great Britain and the Suez Canal|Great Britain and the Suez Canal]]|year=1882|publisher=Chapman and Hall, Limited|location=London}} * Sanford, Eva Matthews (1938) ''The Mediterranean world in ancient times'', Ronald series in history, New York : The Ronald Press Company, 618 p. * Pudney, John. Suez; De Lesseps' Canal. New York: Praeger, 1969. Print. * Thomas, Hugh. Suez. [1st U.S ed.]. New York: Harper & Row, 1967. Print. * Arrow, Sir Frederick. "A fortnight in Egypt at the opening of the Suez Canal", London : Smith and Ebbs, 1869. ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{commons category|Suez Canal}} * [http://www.suezcanal.gov.eg/ Official government '''Suez Canal''' website] * [http://www.londonancestor.com/newspaper/1882/0708/map-suez.htm Plan of the Suez Canal — 1882] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610071802/http://www.londonancestor.com/newspaper/1882/0708/map-suez.htm |date=2011-06-10 }} * [http://geography.howstuffworks.com/africa/the-suez-canal.htm Howstuffworks.com: Suez Canal article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116161405/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/africa/the-suez-canal.htm |date=2010-01-16 }} * [http://www.panoramio.com/user/760796/tags/Suez Panoramio.com: Suez Canal Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314114635/http://www.panoramio.com/user/760796/tags/Suez |date=2013-03-14 }} * [http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DZ.html Darius the Great's Suez Inscriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327064451/http://www.livius.org/aa-ac/achaemenians/DZ.html |date=2010-03-27 }} * [http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/CONVENTION+RESPECTING+THE+FREE+NAVIGATION+OF+THE+SUEZ+MARITIME+CANAL.htm Constantinople Convention of the Suez Canal, 1888] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915095412/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/MFA_Portal/en-GB/Foreign_Policy/Treaties/CONVENTION+RESPECTING+THE+FREE+NAVIGATION+OF+THE+SUEZ+MARITIME+CANAL.htm |date=2010-09-15 }} * [http://lexicorient.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct-frame.pl?http://i-cias.com/e.o/suez_can.htm Encyclopedia of the Orient: ''Suez Canal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180417/http://lexicorient.com/cgi-bin/eo-direct-frame.pl?http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Fsuez_can.htm |date=2018-09-25 }} * [http://www.londonancestor.com/newspaper/1882/0722/port-said.htm Entrance of the Suez Canal — 1882] * [http://www.scctportsaid.com/ Suez Canal Container Terminal at Port Said] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034708/http://www.scctportsaid.com/ |date=2010-01-11 }} * [http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/297370/December+1869+Suez+Canal.htm Opening of the Suez Canal, 1869] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905064428/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/Articles/297370/December+1869+Suez+Canal.htm |date=2008-09-05 }} * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] Peace Palace Library {{Coord|30|42|18|N|32|20|39|E|region:EG_type:waterbody|display=title}} [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] 3a1yuz50cl0xtkt3s5dgm2jrh0n351u 0 14946 7789528 7785118 2026-10-15T19:51:58Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Stenka Razin by Vasily Surikov 1906.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stenka Razin]] Dagat Caspio ([[Vasily Surikov]])]] [[File:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|thumb]] An '''Dagat Caspio''' amo an gidadako-i nga [[danaw]] han [[kalibutan]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Caspian Sea}} {{Wiktionary}} * [http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php Names of the Caspian Sea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910225221/http://www.iranchamber.com/geography/articles/names_of_caspian_sea.php |date=2019-09-10 }} * [http://www.parstimes.com/caspian/ Caspian Sea Region] * [http://www.caspianenvironment.org/ Caspian Environment Programme] ** [http://www.caspianenvironment.org/reports/Framework_Convention.zip Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea] (2003) * [http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/07/long_term_gg_ta.html Target: Caspian Sea Oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828084055/http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2004/07/long_term_gg_ta.html |date=2009-08-28 }} John Robb, 2004 * [http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html Dating Caspian sea level changes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724171008/http://www.caspage.citg.tudelft.nl/project.html |date=2011-07-24 }} * [http://www.payvand.com/news/10/nov/1032.html Caspian Sea Is Dying] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114224336/http://www.payvand.com/news/10/nov/1032.html |date=2020-01-14 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan|Caspio]] jyl8byptsz051dlvvmjmc2r1tiqpvj7 0 15095 7789525 7785689 2026-10-15T19:39:34Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Ehipto 7789525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb]] An '''Hadton Ehipto''' usa nga han-una nga [[sibilisasyon]] ha sidlangan [[Amihanan Aprika]] nga napundok didto ha uruubos han [[Salog Nilo]], nga amo yanan an kabag-uhan nga [[Ehipto]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |author=Aldred, Cyril |title=Akhenaten, King of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London, England | date = 1988 |pages= |isbn=0-500-05048-1 |doi=}} * {{Cite book |author=Allen, James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |url=https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-77483-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Badawy | first=Alexander | title=A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley, California | date = 1968 | isbn=0-520-00057-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Billard|first=Jules B.|title=Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.| date = 1978}} * {{Cite book|first =J|last=Cerny|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000&nbsp;BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK| date = 1975|isbn=0-521-08691-4}} * {{Cite book|title= Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar |last=Clarke |first=Somers |publisher=Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of ''Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft'' originally published by Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, London, (1930)| location=New York, New York | date = 1990 |isbn=0-486-26485-8 |author2=R. Engelbach}} * {{Cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title = Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |publisher= Thames and Hudson |location=London, England| date = 1994 |isbn=0-500-05074-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan | date = 2001 |page= 273|isbn=0-472-08833-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd | date = 1991 |location=Buckinghamshire, UK |isbn=0-7478-0128-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Dodson, Aidan|author2=Hilton, Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London, England| date = 2004|isbn=0-500-05128-3}} * {{Cite book | last=El-Daly | first=Okasha | title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium | location=London, England | publisher=UCL Press | date = 2005 | isbn=1-84472-062-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Filer, Joyce |title=Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/disease00file |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas | date = 1996 |isbn=0-292-72498-5}} * {{Cite book | last=Gardiner | first=Sir Alan | title=[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]] | publisher=Griffith Institute | location=Oxford, England | date = 1957 | isbn=0-900416-35-1}} * {{Cite journal | last=Hayes | first= W. C. | title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217 | journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|JNES]] | edition=No. 4 |date= Oktubre 1964 | pages=217–272 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | doi=10.1086/371778}} * {{Cite book | authors=Imhausen, Annette; [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, Eleanor]], [[Joseph Dauben|Dauben, Joseph W.]], [[Kim Plofker|Plofker, Kim]] & Berggren, J. Lennart | editor-last=Katz | editor-first=V. J., Jr. | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | date = 2007 | isbn=0-691-11485-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=T.G.H.|title=The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan| date = 2005 |isbn=0-472-03137-6}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp, Barry]]|title=Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization|publisher=Routledge| date = 1991|location=London, England|isbn=0-415-06346-9}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim |first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1975|location=London, England |isbn=0-520-02899-6}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1980 | location=Berkeley, California| isbn=}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | title= Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1995a |isbn=0-521-44849-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages | title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East | editor-last=Sasson | editor-first=J. M. | volume=4 | publisher=Charles Scribner | place=New York, New York | date = 1995b | pages=2137–2150 | isbn=1-56563-607-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and Coptic | title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9 | editor-last=Woodward | editor-first=Roger D. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge, UK | date = 2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160 160]–192 | isbn=0-521-56256-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Lucas |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianm0000luca |location=London, England | date = 1962 |publisher=Edward Arnold Publishers|isbn=1-85417-046-5}} * {{Cite journal | last=Mallory-Greenough | first=Leanne M. | title=The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels | journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | location=London, England | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | date = 2002 | volume=88 | pages=67–93 | doi=10.2307/3822337 | jstor=3822337}} * {{Cite book| date = 1998|author=Manuelian, Peter Der|title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse|location=Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany|publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|isbn=3-89508-913-3}} * {{Cite book |author=McDowell, A. G. |title=Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England | date = 1999|isbn=0-19-814998-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Meskell, Lynn |title=Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture) |publisher=Berg Publishers |location=Oxford, England| date = 2004|isbn=1-85973-867-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Midant-Reynes | first=Béatrix | title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida | location=Oxford, England | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | date = 2000 | isbn=0-631-21787-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Paul T. |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-45257-0 |author-separator=, }} * {{Cite book |author=Oakes, Lorna |title=Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York, New York | date = 2003|isbn=0-7607-4943-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=The Art of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 2000 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-00376-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=[[Kim Ryholt|Ryholt, Kim]]|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period |date= Enero 1997 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark|publisher=Museum Tusculanum |isbn=87-7289-421-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Scheel |first=Bernd |title=Egyptian Metalworking and Tools |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |location=Haverfordwest, Great Britain | date = 1989|isbn=0-7478-0001-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-280458-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Siliotti, Alberto |title=The Discovery of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Book Sales, Inc |location=Edison, New Jersey | date = 1998|isbn=0-7858-1360-8}} * {{Cite book | last=Strouhal | first=Eugen | title=Life in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofancientegy0000stro | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | location=Norman, Oklahoma | date = 1989 | isbn=0-8061-2475-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Tyldesley, Joyce A. |title=Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh |url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld |publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth, England| date = 2001|pages= [https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76 76]–77|isbn=0-14-028097-9}} * {{Cite journal | last=Vittman | first=G. | title=Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch | journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes | location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University | date = 1991 | volume=81 | pages=197–227}} * {{Cite book |author=Walbank, Frank William |authorlink = F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1984 |isbn=0-521-23445-X}} * {{Cite book |author=Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva |title=The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianbookofde0000unse |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco, California | date = 1994 |isbn=0-8118-0767-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.| date = 2000|title=The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk|location=London, England|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-05100-3}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|author=[[John Baines|Baines, John]] and [[Jaromir Malek]]|title=The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt|edition=revised|publisher=Facts on File| date = 2000|isbn=0-8160-4036-2}} * {{Cite book | last = Bard | first = KA | title = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415185899 | publisher = Routledge | location = NY, NY | date = 1999|isbn=0-415-18589-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3|publisher=Blackwell Books|language=German| date = 1992|isbn=0-631-19396-0}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Helck|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor1-link=Wolfgang Helck|editor2-last=Otto|editor2-first=Eberhard|title=Lexikon der Ägyptologie|url=https://archive.org/details/lexikondergyptol00helc|publisher=O. Harrassowitz| date = 1972–1992|isbn=3-447-01441-5}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Mark Lehner|Lehner, Mark]]|title=The Complete Pyramids|url=https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson| date = 1997|isbn=0-500-05084-8}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_t6r2|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-510234-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R.H.|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson| date = 2003|isbn=0-500-05120-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Egypt|b=Ancient History/Egypt|s=Wikisource:Ancient Egypt|commons=Category:Ancient Egypt}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ BBC History: Egyptians]—provides a reliable general overview and further links * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/ Ancient History Encyclopedia] on Egypt * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1 Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy] A site that shows the history of Egyptian [[metalworking]] * ''Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt'', [http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Art History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm |date= 2 Hunyo 2008 }}. * [http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ Ancient Egypt]—maintained by the [[British Museum]], this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Digital Egypt for Universities.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080018/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2010-04-16 }} Outstanding scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics. * [http://www.ancient-egypt-priests.com/ Priests of Ancient Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191750/http://ancient-egypt-priests.com/ |date=2014-12-16 }} In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German. * [http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt Ancient Egypt] * [http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women] by Dr Joann Fletcher [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] 9g74a55g84mmmmfegdlm9usq2tcw7zs 7789526 7789525 2026-10-15T19:39:46Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb]] An '''Hadton Ehipto''' usa nga han-una nga [[sibilisasyon]] ha sidlangan [[Amihanan nga Aprika]] nga napundok didto ha uruubos han [[Salog Nilo]], nga amo yanan an kabag-uhan nga [[Ehipto]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |author=Aldred, Cyril |title=Akhenaten, King of Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London, England | date = 1988 |pages= |isbn=0-500-05048-1 |doi=}} * {{Cite book |author=Allen, James P. |title=Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs |url=https://archive.org/details/middleegyptianin0000alle |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-77483-7}} * {{Cite book | last=Badawy | first=Alexander | title=A History of Egyptian Architecture. Vol III | publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley, California | date = 1968 | isbn=0-520-00057-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Billard|first=Jules B.|title=Ancient Egypt: Discovering its Splendors|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington D.C.| date = 1978}} * {{Cite book|first =J|last=Cerny|title=Egypt from the Death of Ramesses III to the End of the Twenty-First Dynasty' in The Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000&nbsp;BC|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK| date = 1975|isbn=0-521-08691-4}} * {{Cite book|title= Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture |url= https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianc0000clar |last=Clarke |first=Somers |publisher=Dover Publications, Unabridged Dover reprint of ''Ancient Egyptian Masonry: The Building Craft'' originally published by Oxford University Press/Humphrey Milford, London, (1930)| location=New York, New York | date = 1990 |isbn=0-486-26485-8 |author2=R. Engelbach}} * {{Cite book|last=Clayton |first=Peter A. |title = Chronicle of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay |publisher= Thames and Hudson |location=London, England| date = 1994 |isbn=0-500-05074-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Cline, Eric H.; O'Connor, David Kevin |title=Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan | date = 2001 |page= 273|isbn=0-472-08833-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Egyptian Rock Cut Tombs |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianrockcutt0000dods |last=Dodson |first=Aidan |publisher=Shire Publications Ltd | date = 1991 |location=Buckinghamshire, UK |isbn=0-7478-0128-2}} * {{Cite book|author=Dodson, Aidan|author2=Hilton, Dyan|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completeroyalfam0000dods_a3h8|publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London, England| date = 2004|isbn=0-500-05128-3}} * {{Cite book | last=El-Daly | first=Okasha | title=Egyptology: The Missing Millennium | location=London, England | publisher=UCL Press | date = 2005 | isbn=1-84472-062-4}} * {{Cite book |author=Filer, Joyce |title=Disease |url=https://archive.org/details/disease00file |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas | date = 1996 |isbn=0-292-72498-5}} * {{Cite book | last=Gardiner | first=Sir Alan | title=[[Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs]] | publisher=Griffith Institute | location=Oxford, England | date = 1957 | isbn=0-900416-35-1}} * {{Cite journal | last=Hayes | first= W. C. | title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter III. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Communities of Northern Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-near-eastern-studies_1964-10_23_4/page/217 | journal=[[Journal of Near Eastern Studies|JNES]] | edition=No. 4 |date= Oktubre 1964 | pages=217–272 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | doi=10.1086/371778}} * {{Cite book | authors=Imhausen, Annette; [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, Eleanor]], [[Joseph Dauben|Dauben, Joseph W.]], [[Kim Plofker|Plofker, Kim]] & Berggren, J. Lennart | editor-last=Katz | editor-first=V. J., Jr. | title=The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook | url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicsofegy0000unse | publisher=Princeton University Press | location=Princeton | date = 2007 | isbn=0-691-11485-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=James|first=T.G.H.|title=The British Museum Concise Introduction to Ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/britishmuseumcon00jame|publisher=University of Michigan Press|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan| date = 2005 |isbn=0-472-03137-6}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)|Kemp, Barry]]|title=Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization|publisher=Routledge| date = 1991|location=London, England|isbn=0-415-06346-9}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim |first=Miriam|title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol 1|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1975|location=London, England |isbn=0-520-02899-6}} * {{Cite book |last= Lichtheim | first=Miriam | title=Ancient Egyptian Literature, A Book of Readings. Vol III: The Late Period | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1980 | location=Berkeley, California| isbn=}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | title= Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction | url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianl0000lopr | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1995a |isbn=0-521-44849-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and other Afroasiatic Languages | title=Civilizations of the Ancient Near East | editor-last=Sasson | editor-first=J. M. | volume=4 | publisher=Charles Scribner | place=New York, New York | date = 1995b | pages=2137–2150 | isbn=1-56563-607-4}} * {{Cite book | last=Loprieno | first=Antonio | contribution=Ancient Egyptian and Coptic | title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9 | editor-last=Woodward | editor-first=Roger D. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | place=Cambridge, UK | date = 2004 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/160 160]–192 | isbn=0-521-56256-2}} * {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Lucas |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 4th Ed |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptianm0000luca |location=London, England | date = 1962 |publisher=Edward Arnold Publishers|isbn=1-85417-046-5}} * {{Cite journal | last=Mallory-Greenough | first=Leanne M. | title=The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels | journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology | location=London, England | publisher=Egypt Exploration Society | date = 2002 | volume=88 | pages=67–93 | doi=10.2307/3822337 | jstor=3822337}} * {{Cite book| date = 1998|author=Manuelian, Peter Der|title=Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs|url=https://archive.org/details/egyptworldofphar00unse|location=Bonner Straße, Cologne Germany|publisher=Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH|isbn=3-89508-913-3}} * {{Cite book |author=McDowell, A. G. |title=Village life in ancient Egypt: laundry lists and love songs |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, England | date = 1999|isbn=0-19-814998-0 }} * {{Cite book |author=Meskell, Lynn |title=Object Worlds in Ancient Egypt: Material Biographies Past and Present (Materializing Culture) |publisher=Berg Publishers |location=Oxford, England| date = 2004|isbn=1-85973-867-2}} * {{Cite book | last=Midant-Reynes | first=Béatrix | title=The Prehistory of Egypt: From the First Egyptians to the First Pharaohs | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofegyp0000mida | location=Oxford, England | publisher=Blackwell Publishers | date = 2000 | isbn=0-631-21787-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nicholson |first=Paul T. |title=Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 2000 |isbn=0-521-45257-0 |author-separator=, }} * {{Cite book |author=Oakes, Lorna |title=Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the Myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temples of the Land of the Pharaohs |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientegyptillu00unse |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York, New York | date = 2003|isbn=0-7607-4943-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Robins |first=Gay |title=The Art of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 2000 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-00376-4 }} * {{Cite book |author=[[Kim Ryholt|Ryholt, Kim]]|title=The Political Situation in Egypt During the Second Intermediate Period |date= Enero 1997 |location=Copenhagen, Denmark|publisher=Museum Tusculanum |isbn=87-7289-421-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Scheel |first=Bernd |title=Egyptian Metalworking and Tools |publisher= Shire Publications Ltd |location=Haverfordwest, Great Britain | date = 1989|isbn=0-7478-0001-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2003|location=Oxford, England|isbn=0-19-280458-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Siliotti, Alberto |title=The Discovery of Ancient Egypt |publisher=Book Sales, Inc |location=Edison, New Jersey | date = 1998|isbn=0-7858-1360-8}} * {{Cite book | last=Strouhal | first=Eugen | title=Life in Ancient Egypt | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofancientegy0000stro | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | location=Norman, Oklahoma | date = 1989 | isbn=0-8061-2475-X}} * {{Cite book|author=Tyldesley, Joyce A. |title=Ramesses: Egypt's greatest pharaoh |url=https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld |publisher=Penguin|location=Harmondsworth, England| date = 2001|pages= [https://archive.org/details/ramessesegyptsgr0000tyld/page/76 76]–77|isbn=0-14-028097-9}} * {{Cite journal | last=Vittman | first=G. | title=Zum koptischen Sprachgut im Ägyptisch-Arabisch | journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes | location=Vienna, Austria | publisher=Institut für Orientalistik, Vienna University | date = 1991 | volume=81 | pages=197–227}} * {{Cite book |author=Walbank, Frank William |authorlink = F. W. Walbank|title=The Cambridge ancient history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK | date = 1984 |isbn=0-521-23445-X}} * {{Cite book |author=Wasserman, James; Faulkner, Raymond Oliver; Goelet, Ogden; Von Dassow, Eva |title=The Egyptian Book of the dead, the Book of going forth by day: being the Papyrus of Ani |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptianbookofde0000unse |publisher=Chronicle Books |location=San Francisco, California | date = 1994 |isbn=0-8118-0767-3}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R. H.| date = 2000|title=The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk|location=London, England|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=0-500-05100-3}} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book|author=[[John Baines|Baines, John]] and [[Jaromir Malek]]|title=The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt|edition=revised|publisher=Facts on File| date = 2000|isbn=0-8160-4036-2}} * {{Cite book | last = Bard | first = KA | title = Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780415185899 | publisher = Routledge | location = NY, NY | date = 1999|isbn=0-415-18589-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000grim_o8d3|publisher=Blackwell Books|language=German| date = 1992|isbn=0-631-19396-0}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Helck|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor1-link=Wolfgang Helck|editor2-last=Otto|editor2-first=Eberhard|title=Lexikon der Ägyptologie|url=https://archive.org/details/lexikondergyptol00helc|publisher=O. Harrassowitz| date = 1972–1992|isbn=3-447-01441-5}} * {{Cite book|author=[[Mark Lehner|Lehner, Mark]]|title=The Complete Pyramids|url=https://archive.org/details/completepyramids00lehn|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson| date = 1997|isbn=0-500-05084-8}} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_t6r2|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-510234-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilkinson|first=R.H.|title=The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt|url=https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson| date = 2003|isbn=0-500-05120-8}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Egypt|b=Ancient History/Egypt|s=Wikisource:Ancient Egypt|commons=Category:Ancient Egypt}} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/ BBC History: Egyptians]—provides a reliable general overview and further links * [http://www.ancient.eu.com/egypt/ Ancient History Encyclopedia] on Egypt * [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN&id=9ToLAAAAIAAJ&dq=PtahHotep&as_brr=1 Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book Door Marshall Clagett, 1989] * [http://www.aldokkan.com/science/metallurgy.htm Ancient Egyptian Metallurgy] A site that shows the history of Egyptian [[metalworking]] * ''Napoleon on the Nile: Soldiers, Artists, and the Rediscovery of Egypt'', [http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm Art History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602082144/http://arthistory.about.com/od/from_exhibitions/ig/Napoleon-on-the-Nile/Joseph--1874.htm |date= 2 Hunyo 2008 }}. * [http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/ Ancient Egypt]—maintained by the [[British Museum]], this site provides a useful introduction to Ancient Egypt for older children and young adolescents * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ Digital Egypt for Universities.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080018/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/ |date=2010-04-16 }} Outstanding scholarly treatment with broad coverage and cross references (internal and external). Artifacts used extensively to illustrate topics. * [http://www.ancient-egypt-priests.com/ Priests of Ancient Egypt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216191750/http://ancient-egypt-priests.com/ |date=2014-12-16 }} In-depth-information about Ancient Egypt's priests, religious services and temples. Much picture material and bibliography. In English and German. * [http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-egypt Ancient Egypt] * [http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee?rmode=showAll UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/women_01.shtml Ancient Egypt and the Role of Women] by Dr Joann Fletcher [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] npviy5zs82jjgd97uvhx0a0qqan2wrg 0 17524 7789573 7785606 2026-10-16T10:46:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 7789573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CivilWarUSAColl.png|thumb]] An '''Gera Sibil Amerikanhon''' (1861-1865), amo an usa ka gyera sibil ha [[Estados Unidos]]. Napulo kag-us (11) nga Salatan Uripon nga Estado nagpasabot hin pagbulag ha [[Estados Unidos]] ngan nagtukod hin [[Estados Confederados han Amerika]]. Ginunhan ni [[Jefferson Davis]], ginaway nira an Pederal nga gobyerno, nga ginsusuportahan han ngatanan nga talwas nga estado ngan lima ka uripon nga estado ha amihanan. ==Mga reperensya== '''Mga pabaro''' {{Mga kasarigan}} '''Bibliograpiya''' {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Ahlstrom|first= Sydney E.|title= A Religious History of the American People |publisher= Yale University Press| date = 1972 |location= New Haven, Connecticut|isbn= 978-0-300-01762-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5kFF6a1viGcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }} * {{Cite book|ref= harv|last= Anderson|first= Bern|title= By Sea And By River: The naval history of the Civil War|publisher= Da Capo Press| date = 1989|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-306-80367-3|url= http://books.google.com/?id=hoCK_yzA8xkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book|last1= Asante|first1=Molefi Kete |last2= Mazama|first2=Ama|title=Encyclopedia of Black Studies|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RcBkDlJ7qjwC&pg=PA82| date = 2004|location=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4|edition=1}} * Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, ''Why the South Lost the Civil War'' (1986) influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is ''The Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion'' (1988) * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Bestor |first=Arthur | date = 1964 |title=The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1964-01_69_2/page/327 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=327–52 |jstor=1844986 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Bolton|first= Charles C.|title=Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi |publisher=Duke University Press | date = 1993 |location= Durham, North Carolina|isbn= 978-0-8223-1468-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=uZnssLpum0UC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Poor+Whites+of+the+Antebellum+South:+Tenants+and+Laborers+in+Central+North+Carolina+and+Northeast+Mississippi#v=onepage&q=Poor%20Whites%20of%20the%20Antebellum%20South%3A%20Tenants%20and%20Laborers%20in%20Central%20North%20Carolina%20and%20Northeast%20Mississippi&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Brunell |first1= Miriam|last2=Paris |first2= Leslie|title=The Girls' History and Culture Reader: The Nineteenth Century |publisher= University of Illinois Press| date = 2011|location= Urbana, Illinois |isbn=978-0-252-07765-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bYE0DuIxkHIC&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Canney |first1= Donald L. |title=Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65 |publisher=Naval Institute Press | date = 1998 |location= Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-519-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o_fB_SD5QhIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref={{sfnRef|Catton 1960}} | last= Catton | first= Bruce | title=The Civil War | date = 1960 | publisher= American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin | location=New York|isbn=978-0-8281-0305-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Chambers|first1= John W.|last2=Anderson|first2=Fred|title=The Oxford Companion to American Military History|url=http://books.google.com/?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999|publisher= Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-507198-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Coffman |first= Edward M.|title=The Old Army: A Portrait of the American Army in Peacetime, 1784–1898 |publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1988|location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-504555-0|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Old_Army.html?id=0uXGuamukc0C}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Stand in the Day of Battle: The Imperiled Union : 1861–1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/standindayofbatt00davi | date = 1983 | publisher= Doubleday | location= Garden City, New York |isbn= 978-0-385-14895-5 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Davis | first= William C. | title= Look Away!: A History of the Confederate States of America | date = 2003 | publisher= Free Press | location= New York |isbn=978-0-7432-3499-3 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Donald | first1= David | last2= Baker | first2= Jean H. | last3= Holt | first3= Michael F. | title= The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarreconstr0000dona | date = 2001 | publisher= W. W. Norton & Company | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-393-97427-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Eicher | first= David J. | title= The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/longestnightmili00eich | date = 2001| publisher= Simon & Schuster | location= New York |isbn=978-0-684-84944-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Fehrenbacher|first= Don E.|title= Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective|publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1981 |location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-502883-6|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3KYFlabs2hQC&pg=PA208#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Fellman| first1= Michael | last2= Gordon | first2= Lesley J. | last3= Sunderland | first3= Daniel E. | title= This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath | url= https://archive.org/details/thisterriblewarc0000fell_y1x1 | date = 2007 |edition = 2 | publisher= Pearson | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-321-38960-2 }} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=rQSYk-LWTxcC |title=Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War |first=Eric |last=Foner | date = 1981 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-502926-0 |accessdate=20 Abril 2012}} * {{Cite book|last1=Foner|first1=Eric|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|url=http://books.google.com/?id=earytjxi6pEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2010|publisher= W. W. Norton & Co. |location= New York |isbn=978-0-393-34066-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Foote| first= Shelby | title= [[The Civil War: A Narrative|The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville]] | date = 1974 | publisher= Vintage Books | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-74623-4}} * {{Cite book|last1=Frank |first1=Joseph Allan|last2=Reaves |first2=George A.|title=Seeing the Elephant: Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh|url=http://books.google.com/?id=J_GlcVOb374C&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2003|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher= University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-07126-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Fuller |first=Howard J. |title=Clad in Iron – The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power| url= https://archive.org/details/cladiniron0000full |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press| date = 2008 |isbn=978-1-59114-297-3}} * {{Cite book|last1=Gallagher |first1=Gary W. |title=The Confederate War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QHNEtpvEB30C&pg=PA57| date = 1999|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-16056-9}} * Gara, Larry. 1964. ''The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox'' in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. (originally published in Civil War History, X, No. 3, Sept 1964) * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Gibson|first= Arrell M.|title= Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1981 |location= Norman, Oklahoma|isbn=978-0-8061-1758-4 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=HiP-sWiqYL4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last=Green|first=Fletcher M.|title=Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1776–1860: A Study in the Evolution of Democracy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=A5c0LKovqJUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2008|publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina|isbn=978-1-58477-928-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Guelzo|first1= Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=XcgqWAt1kZUC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford, New York |isbn=978-0-19-536780-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Guelzo| first= Allen C.| title= Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction| url= https://archive.org/details/fatefullightning0000guel | date = 2012 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-984328-2}} * {{Cite journal |first=J. David |last= Hacker |date= Disyembre 2011 | title=A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead | journal=Civil War History | volume=57 | issue=4 | pages=307–348 | bibcode= | doi=10.1353/cwh.2011.0061 |pmid= 22512048 | url=//muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v057/57.4.hacker.html}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Heidler| first1= David S. |first2= Jeanne T. |last2= Heidler |first3= David J. |last3= Coles | title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576070665_4 | date = 2002 | publisher= ABC-CLIO | location= Santa Barbara, California |isbn=1-57607-382-3}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Herring |first= George C. |title=From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 |publisher= Oxford University Press| date = 2011 |location= Oxford, New York|isbn= 978-0-19-976553-9 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=fODT-qOVoiIC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=Richard |last=Hofstadter |title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=44 |issue=1 | date = 1938 |pages=50–55 |jstor=1840850 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Holt | first= Michael F. | title= The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/fateoftheircount0000holt | date = 2005 | publisher= Hill and Wang | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-8090-4439-9}} * {{Cite book|last1= Holzer|first1=Harold|last2=Gabbard |first2=Sara Vaughn |title=Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xLbkXsn6xHAC&pg=PA174| date = 2007|location=Carbondale, Illinois|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2764-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Huddleston |first= John |title= Killing Ground: The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape| url= https://archive.org/details/killinggroundpho0000hudd |publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2002 |location= Baltimore, Maryland |isbn= 978-0-8018-6773-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Johannsen | first= Robert W. | title= Stephen A. Douglas | url= https://archive.org/details/stephenadouglas0000joha_o4n6 | date = 1973 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= New York |isbn= 978-0-19-501620-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Johnson|first= Timothy D.|title= Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory| url= https://archive.org/details/winfieldscottque0000john |publisher=University Press of Kansas | date = 1998 |location= Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 978-0-7006-0914-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Howard|title=Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=gVvZb5oeVtwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 1999 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location= Lincoln, Nebraska |isbn=978-0-8032-2582-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Howard|title=Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913|url=http://books.google.com/?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA225| date = 2002|location=Wilmington, Delaware|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8420-2916-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Katcher | first= Philip | title= The History of the American Civil War 1861 – 1865 | url= https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0000katc | date = 2002 | publisher= Hamlyn | location= London |isbn= 978-0-600-60778-6}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Keegan | first= John | title= The American Civil War: A Military History | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar00keeg | date = 2009 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf| location= New York|isbn= 978-0-307-26343-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Krannawitter| first= Thomas L. | title= Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president| url= https://archive.org/details/vindicatinglinco00kran | date = 2008 | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | location= Lanham, Maryland |isbn= 0-7425-5972-6}} * {{Cite book|last1=Lipset|first1= Seymour Martin |title=Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalmansoci00inlips| date = 1960|publisher= Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location= Garden City, New York |isbn=}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= [[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]| date = 1988 | publisher= Oxford University Press | location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-503863-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction | url= https://archive.org/details/ordealbyfirecivi00mcph | date = 1992 | publisher= McGraw-Hill | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-07-045842-0|edition= 2}} * {{Cite book|last1=McPherson |first1= James M.|title=For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1qhEHVki8tEC&pg=PA169| date = 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-974105-2}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= McPherson | first= James M. | title= This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War | url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313666 | date = 2007 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 978-0-19-539242-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Miller | first= William L. | title= President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman | url= https://archive.org/details/presidentlincoln00mill | date = 2008 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 1-4000-4103-1}} * {{Cite book|last1=Thornton|first1=Mark|last2=Ekelund|first2=Robert Burton|title=Tariffs, Blockades, and Inflation: The Economics of the Civil War| date = 2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=|isbn=|ref=harv}} * Murray, Robert Bruce. ''Legal Cases of the Civil War.'' (2003) ISBN 0-8117-0059-3 * {{Cite book|last1= Murray|first1=Williamson|last2= Bernstein |first2=Alvin|last3=Knox |first3=MacGregor |title=The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ld8NPYqqUnMC&pg=PA235| date = 1996|location=Cabmbridge, New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56627-8}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Neely|first= Mark |title= Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties|publisher=Marquette University Press | date = 1993 |location= Milwaukee, Wisconsin |isbn= 978-0-87462-325-3|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/Confederate_Bastille.html?id=zPV2AAAAMAAJ}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Nelson |first=James L. |title=Reign of Iron: The Story of the First Battling Ironclads, the Monitor and the Merrimack |publisher=HarperCollins | date = 2005 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-06-052404-3 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=d8XD-j--EVsC&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=Delamater+Iron+works+monitor}} * [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''[[Ordeal of the Union]]'', an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize winner ** 1. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852; 2. A House Dividing, 1852–1857; 3. Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857–1859; 4. Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861; vol. 5–8 have the series title "War for the Union"; 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–1863; 7. The Organized War, 1863–1864; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 * {{Cite book|last=Olsen|first=Christopher J.|title=Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor, and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830–1860|url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrBb2ThDuCkC&pg=PA237#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, New York|isbn=978-0-19-516097-0}} * {{Cite book|last1=Perman|first1=Michael |last2=Taylor|first2=Amy M.|title=Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=false|edition=3| date = 2010|publisher=Wadsworth, Cengage Learning |location= Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-618-87520-7}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |first=David M. |last=Potter |title=The Historian's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1962-07_67_4/page/924 |journal=[[American Historical Review]] |volume=67 |issue=4 | date = 1962 |pages=924–950 |jstor=1845246 }} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |first1=David M. |last1=Potter |first2=Don E. |last2=Fehrenbacher |title=The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 | url= https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott |publisher=Harper & Row |location= New York | date = 1976 |isbn=978-0-06-013403-7}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last=Quarstein |first=John V. |title=The Battle of the Ironclads | url= https://archive.org/details/battleofironclad0000quar |publisher=Arcadia Publishing | date = 1999 |isbn= 978-0-7385-0113-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Rhodes | first= John Ford | title= History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 | date = 1917 | publisher= The Macmillan Company | location= New York |isbn= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nY4sAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Richards| first= Leonard L. | title= The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 | date = 2000 | publisher= Louisiana State University Press | location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn= 978-0-8071-2600-4|url= http://books.google.com/?id=rxKvJAGX4o0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|first=William L.|last=Richter|title=The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction|url=http://books.google.com/?id=obFt-MmS6ygC&pg=PA49| date = 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-8108-6336-1}} * {{Cite journal| ref= harv |last=Russell |first=Robert R. | date = 1966 |title=Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories | url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1966-11_32_4/page/466 |journal=[[Journal of Southern History]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=466–486 |doi=10.2307/2204926 |jstor=2204926 }} * {{Cite book | title=Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography | publisher=Louisiana State University Press |last1=Schott|first1= Thomas E. | date = 1996 | location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana | isbn=978-0-8071-2106-1}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Schouler|first= William|title= The Civil War (History of the United States of America Under the Constitution, Volume VI 1861–1865) |publisher= Dodd, Mead & Company | date = 1899 |location= |asin= B00088INOY|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eNA4TeIfMFwC&printsec=frontcover&vq=naval#v=onepage&q=naval&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Stampp | first= Kenneth M. | title= America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink | url= https://archive.org/details/americain185700kenn | date = 1990 | publisher= Oxford University Press| location= Oxford, New York |isbn= 0-19-503902-5}} * {{Cite book|last1=Symonds|first1=Craig L.|last2=Clipson|first2=William J.|title=The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q_HIcc8n3K4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2001|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-55750-984-0}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1=Tucker |first1=Spencer C.|last2=Pierpaoli |first2= Paul G.|last3=White |first3=William E.|title= The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia|publisher= ABC-CLIO| date = 2011|location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-59884-338-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=q4mwAtj2r3UC&pg=PA462#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Varon | first= Elizabeth R. | title= Disunion!: The Coming of the American Civil War, 1789–1859 | url= https://archive.org/details/disunioncomingof0000varo | date = 2008 | publisher= University of North Carolina Press| location= Chapel Hill, North Carolina |isbn= 978-0-8078-3232-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last= Vinovskis|first= Maris|title= Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays|publisher= Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 978-0-521-39559-5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9D4TAwc93VoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last= Ward | first= Geoffrey R. | title= The Civil War: An Illustrated History| url= https://archive.org/details/civilwarillustra0000ward | date = 1990 | publisher= Alfred A. Knopf | location= New York |isbn= 978-0-394-56285-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Weeks|first=William E.|title=The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations|url=http://books.google.com/?id=y2zFFnaqgpsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false| date = 2013|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, New York|isbn=978-1-107-00590-7}} * {{Cite book | ref= harv | last= Weigley | first= Frank Russell | title= A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865 | date= 2004 | publisher= Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, Indiana | isbn= 0-253-33738-0 | url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090308085807/http://www.questia.com/read/14877569?title=The%20American%20Civil%20War%3A%20A%20Handbook%20of%20Literature%20and%20Research}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv |last1= Welles |first1=Gideon |title= Secretary of the Navy's Report|publisher= American Seamen's Friend Society| date = 1865 |volume=37–38 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=u4gfAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last1=Winters|first1=John D.|title= The Civil War in Louisiana|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PjicJWUQhPYC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=the+civil+war+in+louisiana+john+d+winters+1963#v=onepage&q=the%20civil%20war%20in%20louisiana%20john%20d%20winters%201963&f=false| date = 1963|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]] |location= Baton Rouge, Louisiana |isbn=978-0-8071-0834-5}} * {{Cite book| ref= harv | last1= Woodworth|first= Steven E.| title= American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research | url= https://archive.org/details/americancivilwar0000unse_c3b1 | date = 1996 | publisher= Greenwood Press | location= Wesport, Connecticut |isbn= 978-0-313-29019-0}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== * Gugliotta, Guy. [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html?ref=science&pagewanted=all New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll], [[The New York Times]], 3 Abril 2012, pg. D1 (of the New York edition), and 2 Abril 2012 on NYTimes.com. Retrieved 3 Abril 2012 online. * [[Bibliography of early American naval history#American Civil War|Bibliography of American Civil War naval history]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * {{dmoz|Society/History/By_Region/North_America/United_States/Wars/Civil_War/|American Civil War}} * [http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/index.html Civil War photos] at the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]] * [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/search?st=grid&c=100&co=cwp View images] from the [http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/cwp/ Civil War Photographs Collection] at the Library of Congress * [http://www.civilwar.org/ Civil War Trust] * [http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811064152/http://www.gettysburg.edu/library/gettdigital/civil_war/civilwar.htm |date= 11 Agosto 2009 }} This collection contains digital images of political cartoons, personal papers, pamphlets, maps, paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College. * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war Civil War 150] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704064241/http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/civil-war |date= 4 Hulyo 2012 }} Washington Post interactive website on 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War. * [http://www.american-south.org/ Civil War in the American South] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313231903/https://www.american-south.org/ |date= 13 Marso 2021 }} – An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries (ASERL) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War-era items—books, pamphlets, broadsides, letters, maps, personal papers, and manuscripts—held at ASERL member libraries * [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/ The Civil War] – site with 7,000 pages, including the complete run of Harper's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.54756|name=A HOUSE DIVIDED (1960)}} * [https://youtube.com/results?search_query=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&oq=U.S.+Civil+War+reenactments&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_l=youtube.12...0.0.0.855.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0.U.S. Civil War Living History Reenactments (videos)] * [http://www.loc.gov/item/map66001088 West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles] r94nkwnaodiujhrhlwitnq6v9q5ql59 0 17602 7789578 2946153 2026-10-16T11:29:20Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789578 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''kalaksi''' o '''kapaspas''' amo an [[sukol]] han kiwa o sukol han [[distansya]] ha usa ka sukol han [[oras]]. {{turok}} [[kaarangay:Belosidad]] o2v5le5xkqnc7dkab2c1n6xynjmorbs 0 17608 7789574 7785580 2026-10-16T11:12:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 7789574 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cyprian_War.jpg|thumb]] An '''gerá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 98. </ref> (puydi liwat '''guerrá'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 98. </ref>) amo an usa ka bulusay nga away nga ginagamitan hin armas, hin labaw ka usa nga mga lawas entitad, nga may panuyuan makuha an hinihingyap nga katapusan nga kondisyon politikal. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * Geoffrey Blainey. The Causes of War'' (1973) * Barzilai Gad, ''Wars, Internal Conflicts and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East'' (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996). * Chagnon, N. ''The Yanomamo'', Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983. * Clausewitz, Carl Von (1976), ''On War'' (Princeton and New Jersey: Princeton University Press) * Codevilla, Angelo and Seabury, Paul, [http://www.toreadnext.com/9781574886108 ''War: Ends and Means''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703175556/http://www.toreadnext.com/9781574886108 |date=2017-07-03 }} (Potomac Books, Revised second edition by Angelo Codevilla, 2006) * Codevilla, Angelo, ''No Victory, No Peace'' (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) * Fornari, Franco (1974). ''The Psychoanalysis of War.'' Tr. Alenka Pfeifer. Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Press. * Fry, Douglas. 2004. “Conclusion: Learning from Peaceful Societies.” In ''Keeping the Peace'', Graham Kemp, editor. New York: Routledge. * Fry, Douglas P., 2005, ''The Human Potential for Peace: An Anthropological Challenge to Assumptions about War and Violence'', Oxford University Press. * Fry, Douglas. 2009. ''Beyond War''. Oxford University Press. * Gat, Azar 2006 ''War in Human Civilization'', Oxford University Press. * Heinsohn, Gunnar, ''Söhne und Weltmacht: Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen'' ("Sons and Imperial Power: Terror and the Rise and Fall of Nations"), Orell Füssli (September 2003), available online as [http://www.pdf4ebook-verlag.de/ShneundWeltmacht.html#Zweig4 free download] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010161017/http://www.pdf4ebook-verlag.de/ShneundWeltmacht.html#Zweig4 |date=2008-10-10 }} (in German) *Howell, Signe, and Roy Willis. 1990. ''Societies at Peace: Anthropological Perspectives.'' London: Routledge. * {{Cite book | year= 2006 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Friedman | first2= Jonathan | title= Globalization and Violence, Vol. 3: Globalizing War and Intervention | url= http://www.academia.edu/3587732/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._3_Globalizing_War_and_Intervention_editor_with_Jonathan_Friedman_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }} * {{Cite book | year= 2006 | last1= James | first1= Paul | authorlink= Paul James (academic) | last2= Sharma | first2= RR | title= Globalization and Violence, Vol. 4: Transnational Conflict | url= http://www.academia.edu/3587761/Globalization_and_Violence_Vol._4_Transnational_Conflict_editor_with_R.R._Sharma_Sage_Publications_London_2006 | publisher= Sage Publications | location= London }} * [[John Keegan|Keegan, John]], (1994) ''[[A History of Warfare]]'', (Pimlico) * Keeley, Lawrence. ''War Before Civilization'', Oxford University Press, 1996. * Kelly, Raymond C., 2000, ''Warless Societies and the Origin of War,'' University of Michigan Press. *Kemp, Graham, and Douglas Fry. 2004. ''Keeping the Peace.'' New York: Routledge. *{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko |year= 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |url= https://archive.org/details/centuryofwarpoli00kolk |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-565-84191-8 |ref= harv }} * Lebow, Richard Ned 2008, ''A Cultural Theory of International Relations'' Cambridge University Press. * Lindemann, Thomas 2010, ''Causes of War. The Struggle for Recognition'' Colchester, ECPR Press *{{cite book|author=Maniscalco, Fabio|title=World heritage and war: linee guida per interventi a salvaguardia dei beni culturali nelle aree a rischio bellico|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lelEGQAACAAJ|accessdate=31 May 2012|year=2007|publisher=Massa|isbn=978-88-87835-89-2}} *McIntosh, Jane. 2002. ''A Peaceful Realm: The Rise and Fall of the Indus Civilization.'' Oxford, UK: Westview Press. *Metz, Steven and Philip R. Cuccia, 2011, [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo4171 ''Defining War for the 21st Century,''] [[Strategic Studies Institute]], [[United States Army War College|U.S. Army War College]]. ISBN 978-1-58487-472-0 *Montagu, Ashley. 1978. ''Learning Nonaggression.'' New York: Oxford University Press. * Otterbein, Keith, 2004, ''How War Began''. College Station TX: Texas A&M University Press. * Pauketat, Timothy. ''North American Archaeology'' 2005. Blackwell Publishing. *Pearson, Richard. 2004. “New Perspectives on Jomon Society.” ''Bulletin of the International Jomon Culture Conference,'' Vol. 1. *{{cite book|author1=Small, Melvin|author2=Singer, Joel David|title=Resort to arms: international and civil wars, 1816–1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rvASAQAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Sage Publications|isbn=978-0-8039-1776-7}} *{{cite book|author=Smith, David Livingstone|title=The Most Dangerous Animal: Human Nature and the Origins of War|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FwBUuzr6QFAC|date=February 2009|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-53744-9}} {{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *Sponsel, Leslie, and Thomas Gregor. 1994. ''Anthropology of Peace and Nonviolence.'' Lynne Rienner Publishing. * [[Hew Strachan|Strachan, Hew]] (2013), ''The Direction of War''. * Turchin, P. 2005. ''War and [[Peace]] and War: Life Cycles of Imperial Nations''. New York, NY: Pi Press. * Van Creveld, Martin ''The Art of War: War and Military Thought'' London: Cassell, Wellington House * Walzer, Michael (1977) ''[[Just and Unjust Wars]]'' (Basic Books). * Wade, Nicholas. ''Before the Dawn'', Penguin: New York 2006. * Zimmerman, L. ''The Crow Creek Site Massacre: A Preliminary Report'', US Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 1981. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|War}} {{Commons category|Warfare}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ Correlates of War Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020724222017/http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ |date=2002-07-24 }} * [http://www.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/home Customary IHL Database] * [http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_customary_humanitarian_law Customary international humanitarian law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716004137/http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_customary_humanitarian_law |date=2010-07-16 }} International Committee of the Red Cross * [http://www.cedat.org/ Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226231117/http://www.cedat.org/ |date=2008-12-26 }} – Database on the human impact of conflicts and other complex emergencies. * [http://www.icrc.org/eng/ihl International humanitarian law] – International Committee of the Red Cross website * [http://www.icrc.org/ihl International humanitarian law database] – Treaties and States Parties * [http://www.robertankony.com/lurps-gallery/ The human face and cost of war—see post Tet Offensive] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] * [http://libluna.colorado.edu/wwi/index.asp World War I primary source collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410114859/http://libluna.colorado.edu/wwi/index.asp |date=2011-04-10 }} *{{Wikivoyage-inline|War zone safety}} [[Kaarangay:Punuan]] rcg5c68sqgs89wqb5fccjvltkl3zlx9 0 17824 7789570 7643048 2026-10-16T05:33:28Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ + mga sumpay 7789570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:UV-handlamp hg.jpg|thumbnail]] An '''ultrabiyoleta''' usa ka [[radyasyon elektromagnetiko]] nga may [[balud]]-kahilaba nga mas halipot kaysa ha nakikit-an nga kapawa, pero mas hilaba kaysa ha [[rayos-ekis]], nga may kaharani nga tikang 10 nm ngadto ha 400 nm, ngan [[enerhiya]] tikang 3 eV ngadto 124 eV. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Commons category|Ultraviolet light}} {{Wiktionary}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hu | first = S | last2 = Ma | first2 = F | last3 = Collado-Mesa | first3 = F | last4 = Kirsner | first4 = R. S. | title = UV radiation, latitude, and melanoma in US Hispanics and blacks | journal = Arch. Dermatol. | volume = 140 | issue = 7 | pages = 819–824 |date= Hulyo 2004 | url = http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=480678 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.140.7.819 | id = | pmid = 15262692 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Hockberger | first = Philip E. | title = A History of Ultraviolet Photobiology for Humans, Animals and Microorganisms | journal =Photochemisty and Photobiology | volume =76 | issue =6 | pages =561–569 | date = 2002 | url =http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076%3C0561%3AAHOUPF%3E2.0.CO%3B2 | doi = 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0561:AHOUPF>2.0.CO;2 | format = – ^{[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AHockberger+intitle%3AA+History+of+Ultraviolet+Photobiology+for+Humans%2C+Animals+and+Microorganisms&as_publication=Photochemisty+and+Photobiology&as_ylo=2002&as_yhi=2002&btnG=Search Scholar search]} | pmid=12511035}} * {{Cite book | last = Allen | first = Jeannie | title = Ultraviolet Radiation: How it Affects Life on Earth | url = http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/UVB/ |date=6 Septyembre 2001 | series = Earth Observatory | publisher = NASA, USA }} kvxt2e4fxwppcbwj0ppi0gdqdpydzk6 0 17861 7789577 7789337 2026-10-16T11:28:28Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lasertests.jpg|thumb]] An '''Kalaksi''' o '''Kapaspas''' '''han''' '''Lamrag''', '''Suga''' o '''Kapawa''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Speed of light'') amo an natudlok ha [[kalaksi]] han [[lamrag]], suga o kapawa ha [[vacuum]], usa ka konstant nga may [[tigaman]] nga ''c''. Amo ini an kalaksi diri la an nakikit-an nga kapawa kundi upod pa an ngatanan nga [[radyasyon elektromagnetiko]]. An kalaksi han lamrag ha vacuum may sukol nga eksakto 299,792,458 metro kada segundo (m/s). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Makasaysayn nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite journal |first=O |last=Rømer |author-link=Ole Rømer |year=1676 |title=Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière trouvé par M. Römer de l'Academie Royale des Sciences |url=http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html |journal=[[Journal des sçavans]] |pages=223–36 |language=French |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729214326/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html |archivedate=2007-07-29 |access-date=2015-01-27 |url-status=dead }} ** Translated as {{cite journal |year=1677 |title=A Demonstration concerning the Motion of Light |url=http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |issue=136 |pages=893–4 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070729214326/http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Roemer-1677/Roemer-1677.html |archivedate=2007-07-29 |access-date=2015-01-27 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |first=E |last=Halley |author-link=Edmond Halley |year=1694 |title=Monsieur Cassini, his New and Exact Tables for the Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter, reduced to the Julian Stile and Meridian of London |journal=[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]] |volume=18 |issue=214 |pages=237–56 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1694.0048 }} *{{Cite journal |first=HL |last=Fizeau |author-link=Hippolyte Fizeau |year=1849 |title=Sur une expérience relative à la vitesse de propagation de la lumière |url=http://www.academie-sciences.fr/membres/in_memoriam/Fizeau/Fizeau_pdf/CR1849_p90.pdf |journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]] |volume=29 |pages=90–92, 132 |language=French |access-date=2015-01-27 |archive-date=2011-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224002/http://www.academie-sciences.fr/membres/in_memoriam/Fizeau/Fizeau_pdf/CR1849_p90.pdf |url-status=unfit }} *{{Cite journal |first=JL |last=Foucault |author-link=Léon Foucault |year=1862 |title=Détermination expérimentale de la vitesse de la lumière: parallaxe du Soleil |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yYIIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq |journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]] |volume=55 |pages=501–503, 792–796 |language=French }} *{{Cite journal |first=AA |last=Michelson |author-link=Albert A. Michelson |year=1878 |title=Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11753 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Association of Advanced Science]] |volume=27 |pages=71–77 }} *{{Cite journal |first1=AA |last1=Michelson |first2=FG |last2=Pease |author2-link=Francis G. Pease |first3=F |last3=Pearson |author3-link=Fred Pearson (physicist) |title=Measurement of the Velocity of Light in a Partial Vacuum |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1935-07_82_1/page/26 |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=82 |pages=26–61 |year=1935 |doi=10.1086/143655 |bibcode=1935ApJ....82...26M }} *{{Cite journal |first=S |last=Newcomb |author-link=Simon Newcomb |year=1886 |title=The Velocity of Light |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1886-05-13_34_863/page/n3 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=34 |issue=863 |pages=29–32 |doi=10.1038/034029c0 |bibcode = 1886Natur..34...29. }} *{{Cite journal |first=J |last=Perrotin |author-link=Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin |year=1900 |title=Sur la vitesse de la lumière |journal=[[Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences]] |volume=131 |pages=731–4 |language=French }} {{Refend}} ===Mga moderno nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book |first=L |last=Brillouin |author-link=Léon Brillouin |year=1960 |title=Wave propagation and group velocity |url=https://archive.org/details/wavepropagationg00bril_0 |publisher=[[Academic Press]] |isbn= }} *{{Cite book |first=JD |last=Jackson |author-link=J. D. Jackson |year=1975 |title=Classical Electrodynamics |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro00jack_0 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=0-471-30932-X }} *{{Cite book |first=G |last=Keiser |year=2000 |title=Optical Fiber Communications |url=https://archive.org/details/opticalfibercomm0000keis |page=[https://archive.org/details/opticalfibercomm0000keis/page/32 32] |edition=3rd |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=0-07-232101-6 }} *{{Cite book |last=Ng |first=YJ |year=2004 |chapter=Quantum Foam and Quantum Gravity Phenomenology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RntpN7OesBsC |editor=Amelino-Camelia, G; Kowalski-Glikman, J |title=Planck Scale Effects in Astrophysics and Cosmology |pages=321''ff'' |publisher=[[Springer (publisher)|Springer]] |isbn=3-540-25263-0 }} *{{Cite book |last=Helmcke |first=J |last2=Riehle |first2=F |year=2001 |chapter=Physics behind the definition of the meter |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WE22Fez60EcC&pg=PA453 |editor=Quinn, TJ; Leschiutta, S; Tavella, P |title=Recent advances in metrology and fundamental constants |page=453 |publisher=[[IOS Press]] |isbn=1-58603-167-8 }} *{{cite arXiv |last=Duff |first=MJ |author-link=Michael James Duff |year=2004 |title=Comment on time-variation of fundamental constants |class=hep-th |eprint=hep-th/0208093 }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * [http://books.google.com/books?id=UigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=1930+plane+%22Popular&hl=en&ei=bfiPTs-NGInE0AHC_4k_&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=1930%20plane%20%22Popular&f=true "Test Light Speed in Mile Long Vacuum Tube."] ''Popular Science Monthly'', September 1930, p.&nbsp;17–18. *[http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/metre.html Definition of the metre] (International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM) *[http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c Speed of light in vacuum] (National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST) *[http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/bayesian/datagall/michelso.htm Data Gallery: Michelson Speed of Light (Univariate Location Estimation)] (download data gathered by [[Albert A. Michelson]]) *[http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/APPLETS/20/20.html Subluminal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615174625/http://gregegan.customer.netspace.net.au/APPLETS/20/20.html |date=2005-06-15 }} (Java applet demonstrating group velocity information limits) *[http://www.mathpages.com/rr/s3-03/3-03.htm De Mora Luminis] at MathPages *[http://www.ertin.com/sloan_on_speed_of_light.html Light discussion on adding velocities] *[http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/waves_particles/lightspeed-1.html Speed of Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115205125/http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/waves_particles/lightspeed-1.html |date=2008-01-15 }} (University of Colorado Department of Physics) *[http://sixtysymbols.com/videos/light.htm c: Speed of Light] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708003848/http://sixtysymbols.com/videos/light.htm |date=2015-07-08 }} (Sixty Symbols, University of Nottingham Department of Physics [video]) *[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] *[http://www.live-counter.com/speed-of-light/ Speed of light illustration] (Speed of light as Live-Counter) k0x5ex63gxnei9t4osnoxgctw6fnxfz 0 17874 7789571 7785648 2026-10-16T06:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 7789571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |birthname =Franklin Delano Roosevelt |image =Franklin D. Roosevelt TIME Man of the Year 1933 color photo.jpg |caption =Roosevelt in 1933 |office =[[List of Presidents of the United States|32nd]] [[President of the United States]] |vicepresident =[[John Nance Garner|John N. Garner]]<br>[[Henry A. Wallace]]<br>[[Harry S. Truman]] |term_start =March 4, 1933 |term_end =April 12, 1945 |predecessor =[[Herbert Hoover]] |successor =[[Harry S. Truman]] |order2 =[[List of Governors of New York|44th]] [[Governor of New York]] |lieutenant2 =Herbert H. Lehman |term_start2 =January 1, 1929 |term_end2 =December 31, 1932 |predecessor2 =[[Al Smith]] |successor2 =[[Herbert H. Lehman]] |office3 =[[Assistant Secretary of the Navy]] |president3 =[[Woodrow Wilson]] |term_start3 =March 17, 1913 |term_end3 =August 26, 1920 |predecessor3 =[[Beekman Winthrop]] |successor3 =[[Gordon Woodbury]] |office4 =Member of the [[New York State Senate]]<br>for the 26th District |term_start4 =January 1, 1911 |term_end4 =March 17, 1913 |preceded4 =John F. Schlosser |succeeded4 =James E. Towner |birth_date ={{birth date|1882|1|30}} |birth_place =[[Hyde Park, New York]], U.S. |death_date ={{death date and age|1945|4|12|1882|1|30}} |death_place =[[Warm Springs, Georgia]], U.S. |party =[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] |spouse =[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] |children =[[Anna Roosevelt Halsted|Anna]]<br>[[James Roosevelt|James]]<br>Franklin (I)<br>[[Elliott Roosevelt|Elliott]]<br>[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr.|Franklin (II)]]<br>[[John Aspinwall Roosevelt|John]] |occupation = [[Corporate lawyer]] |alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]<br>[[Columbia Law School]] |religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]] |signature = Franklin Roosevelt Signature.svg |signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink }} Hi '''Franklin Delano Roosevelt''' (Enero 30, 1882 – Abril 12, 1945) amo an ikakatloan kag-duha nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1933 – Abril 12, 1945). ===Biograpikal=== {{Refbegin}} *[[Conrad Black|Black, Conrad]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom'', 2003, ISBN 978-1-58648-282-4 : interpretive detailed biography *[[H. W. Brands|Brands, H.W.]] ''Traitor to His Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2009), ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8 :despite the title, a favorable biography by scholar *{{Cite book|ref=Burns |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt' (vol. 1)|year= 1956 |publisher=Easton Press |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} *{{Cite book|ref=Burns2 |last= Burns |first=James MacGregor |title= 'Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom' (vol. 2)|year= 1970 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. |isbn=978-0-15-678870-0}} [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00626 online edition] *[[Frank Freidel|Freidel, Frank]]. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny'' (1990), ISBN 978-0-316-29260-3 : One-volume scholarly biography; covers entire life *Freidel, Frank. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (4 vol 1952–73), {{OCLC|459748221}} : the most detailed scholarly biography; ends in 1934. *[[Kenneth S. Davis|Davis, Kenneth S.]] ''FDR: The Beckoning of Destiny, 1882–1928'' (1972), ISBN 978-0-399-10998-0 : well written popular biography *[[Doris Kearns Goodwin|Goodwin, Doris Kearns]]. ''No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II'' (1995), ISBN 978-0-684-80448-4 : well written popular joint biography *{{Cite book|ref=Hawley |last=Hawley |first=Ellis |title=The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-8232-1609-8}} *[[Roy Jenkins|Jenkins, Roy]]. ''Franklin Delano Roosevelt'' (2003), ISBN 978-0-8050-6959-4 : short bio from British perspective *[[Joseph P. Lash|Lash, Joseph P.]] ''Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship Based on Eleanor Roosevelt's Private Papers'' (1971), ISBN 978-0-393-07459-8 : history of a marriage. *[[Ted Morgan (writer)|Morgan, Ted]], ''FDR: A biography'', (1985), ISBN 978-0-671-45495-1 : well written popular biography * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (Blackwell Companions to American History) (2011); 35 essays by scholars *{{Cite book|ref=Siracusa |last=Siracusa |first=Joseph M. |coauthors=Coleman, David G. |title=Depression to Cold War: a history of America from Herbert Hoover to Ronald Reagan |url=https://archive.org/details/depressiontocold0000sira |publisher=Greenwood Publishing |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-275-97555-5}} *{{Cite book|ref=Smith |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward|authorlink=Jean Edward Smith|publisher=Random House|location=New York|title=FDR |url=https://archive.org/details/fdr00smit |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4000-6121-1}} *{{Cite book|ref=Tully |last=Tully |first=Grace |title= Franklin Delano Roosevelt, My Boss |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year= 2005 |isbn=978-1-4179-8926-3}} *[[Geoffrey Ward|Ward, Geoffrey C.]] ''Before The Trumpet: Young Franklin Roosevelt, 1882–1905'' (1985), ISBN 978-0-06-015451-6; ''A First Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt'', (1992), ISBN 978-0-06-016066-1 : covers 1905–1932; well written popular biography *{{Cite book|ref=Winkler |last=Winkler |first=Allan M. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Making of Modern America |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000wink |publisher=Longman Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-321-41285-0}} {{Refend}} ===Segundarya nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book |ref=Adamthwaite |last=Adamthwaite |first=Anthony |title=France and the Coming of the Second World War 1936–1939 |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1977}} *Alter, Jonathan. ''The Defining Moment: FDR's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope'' (2006), ISBN 978-0-7432-4600-2, popular history * Badger, Anthony. ''FDR: The First Hundred Days'' (2008) 200pp; overview by leading British scholar ISBN 0-8090-4441-2 * {{Cite book |ref=Ball |last=Ball |first=Howard |title=Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior |url=https://archive.org/details/hugolblackcoldst00ball |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=0-19-507814-4}} *Beasley, Maurine, et al. eds. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 ''The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211070000/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101379496 |date=2009-02-11 }} (2001), ISBN 0-313-30181-6 *{{cite book|last=Bellush|first=Bernard|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750|title=Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York|year=1955|lccn=55006181}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211054654/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99016750 |date=2009-02-11 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Collins |last=Collins |first=Robert M. |title=More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-19-515263-8}} *Graham, Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times.'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-8161-8667-9, encyclopedia * Jordan, David M. ''FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944'' (2011) *Kennedy, David M. "What the New Deal Did," ''Political Science Quarterly,'' (Summer 2009) 124#2 pp 251–268 *Kennedy, David M. ''Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945.'' (1999), ISBN 978-0-19-503834-7, wide-ranging survey of national affairs by leading scholar; Pulitzer Prize *{{Cite book |ref=Leuchtenburg |last=Leuchtenburg |first= William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000unse |year=1963 |publisher=Harpers|isbn= 978-0-06-133025-4}} *Leuchtenburg, William E. ''In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to Barack Obama'' (2009), his long-term influence *Leuchtenburg, William E. "Showdown on the Court." ''Smithsonian'' 2005 36(2): 106–113. {{ISSN|0037-7333}} Fulltext: at Ebsco * {{Cite book |ref=McCullough |last=McCullough |first=David |title=Truman |url=https://archive.org/details/trumanmccu00mccu |year=1992 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=0-671-86920-5}} *McMahon, Kevin J. ''Reconsidering Roosevelt on Race: How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-226-50088-1 *{{Cite book|last=Miscamble|first=Wilson D.|title=From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/fromroosevelttot0000misc|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007|isbn=0-521-86244-2}} *Parmet, Herbert S. and Marie B. Hecht; ''Never Again: A President Runs for a Third Term'' (1968), on 1940 election [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023004655/http://www.questia.com/library/65791498/never-again-a-president-runs-for-a-third-term online edition] * Pederson, William D. ''A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (2011) 768 pages; essays by scholars covering major historiographical themes *Rauchway, Eric. ''The Great Depression and The New Deal; A Very Short Introduction'' (2008), ISBN 978-0-19-532634-5, balanced summary *Ritchie, Donald A. ''Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932'' (2007), ISBN 978-0-7006-1687-9 *Rosen, Elliot A. ''Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the Economics of Recovery.'' (2005), ISBN 978-0-8139-2368-0 *Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr., ''The Age of Roosevelt'', 3 vols, (1957–1960), {{OCLC|466716}}, the classic narrative history. Strongly supports FDR. * {{Cite book|ref=Schweikart and Allen|last=Schweikart|first=Larry|coauthors=Michael Allen|title=A Patriot's History of the United States|publisher=Easton Press|year=2004}} *Shaw, Stephen K.; Pederson, William D.; and Williams, Frank J., eds. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Transformation of the Supreme Court.'' (2004), ISBN 978-0-7656-1033-1 * {{Cite book |ref=Sitkoff |last=Sitkoff |first=Harvard |title=A New Deal for Blacks |url=https://archive.org/details/newdealforblacks0000sitk |year=1978 |isbn=0-19-502418-4}} *Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. ''Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated'' (1985). ISBN 978-0-394-33548-3; essays by scholars {{Refend}} ===Polisiya panlangyaw ngan Ikaduha nga Gera Pankalibutan=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite book|last1=Berthon|first1=Simon|last2=Potts|first2=Joanna|title=Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306815386|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2007|isbn=0-306-81538-9|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * {{Cite book| last = Beschloss | first = Michael | title = The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman, and the destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945 | url = https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-684-81027-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Burns | first = James | title = Roosevelt: the Soldier of Freedom | url = https://archive.org/details/rooseveltsoldier0000burn_a1b4 | publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich | location = San Diego | year = 1970 | isbn = 978-0-15-178871-2 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Caputi |last=Caputi |first=Robert |title=Neville Chamberlain and Appeasement |publisher=Associated University Press |year=2000}} *{{Cite book |ref=Churchill |last=Churchill |first=Winston |title=The Grand Alliance |url=https://archive.org/details/grandalliance0000chur |year=1977 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=0-395-41057-6}} *Cole, Wayne S. "American Entry into World War II: A Historiographical Appraisal," ''The Mississippi Valley Historical Review,'' Vol. 43, No. 4. (Mar. 1957), pp.&nbsp;595–617. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1902275 in JSTOR] *{{Cite book |ref=Dallek |last=Dallek |first=Robert |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000dall_d4a7 |publisher=Oxford University |year=1995 |isbn=0-19-509732-7}} * Glantz, Mary E. ''FDR and the Soviet Union: The President's Battles over Foreign Policy.'' U. Press of Kansas, 2005. 253 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 978-0-7006-1365-6 * Heinrichs, Waldo. ''Threshold of War. Franklin Delano Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II'' (1988). ISBN 978-0-19-504424-9 *{{Cite book |ref=Keylor |last=Keylor |first=William |title=The French Defeat of 1940; Reassessments |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=1998}} * Kimball, Warren. ''The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as World Statesman'' (1991) ISBN 978-0-691-04787-4 * Langer, William and S. Everett Gleason. ''The Challenge to Isolation, 1937–1940'' (1952) {{OCLC|1448535}}. ''The Undeclared War, 1940–1941'' (1953) {{OCLC|404227}}. highly influential two-volume semi-official history * Larrabee, Eric. '' Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War''. ISBN 978-0-06-039050-1 Detailed history of how FDR handled the war * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=David |title=From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s |year=2006 |url=http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3a%20%20Churchill%2c%20Roosevelt%2c%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |isbn=978-0-19-928411-5 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729193109/http://www.questia.com/read/115097016?title=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3A%20%20Churchill%2C%20Roosevelt%2C%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s |date=2010-07-29 }} *{{Cite book |ref=Sainsbury |last=Sainsbury |first=Keith |title=Churchill and Roosevelt at War: The War They Fought and the Peace They Hoped to Make |url=https://archive.org/details/churchillrooseve0000sain |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-8147-7991-3}} * Sherwood, Robert E. ''Roosevelt and Hopkins: an intimate history'' (1950), Pulitzer Prize; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00749 online edition] * Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (1994) ISBN 978-0-521-44317-3. Overall history of the war; strong on diplomacy of FDR and other main leaders [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.00331 online edition] * Woods, Randall Bennett. ''A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941–1946'' (1990) ISBN 978-0-8078-1877-0 {{Refend}} ===Kritisismo=== {{Refbegin}} * Barnes, Harry Elmer. ''Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: A Critical Examination of the Foreign Policy of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Its Aftermath'' (1953). "revisionist" blames FDR for inciting Japan to attack. * Best, Gary Dean. ''The Retreat from Liberalism: Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years'' (2002) criticizes intellectuals who supported FDR * Best, Gary Dean. ''Pride, Prejudice, and Politics: Roosevelt Versus Recovery, 1933–1938'' Praeger Publishers. 1991; summarizes newspaper editorials * Conkin, Paul K. ''New Deal'' (1975), critique from the left * Doenecke, Justus D. and Stoler, Mark A. ''Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's Foreign Policies, 1933–1945.'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. 248 pp. * [[John T. Flynn|Flynn, John T.]] ''The Roosevelt Myth'' (1948), former FDR supporter condemns all aspects of FDR * Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939) insider memoir by Brain Truster who became conservative * Russett, Bruce M. ''No Clear and Present Danger: A Skeptical View of the United States Entry into World War II'' 2nd ed. (1997) says U.S. should have let USSR and Germany destroy each other * Plaud, Joseph J. ''Historical Perspectives on Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Foreign Policy, and the Holocaust'' (2005).[http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr&holocaust.htm Archived at the FDR American Heritage Center Museum Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112085050/http://www.fdrheritage.org/fdr%26holocaust.htm |date=2014-01-12 }} * [[Jim Powell (historian)|Powell, Jim]]. ''FDR's Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression.'' (2003) ISBN 0-7615-0165-7 * Robinson, Greg. ''By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans'' (2001) says FDR's racism was primarily to blame. * Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. ''Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933–1939'' (2006) compares populist and paternalist features * Smiley, Gene. ''Rethinking the Great Depression'' (1993) short essay by libertarian economist who blames both Hoover and FDR * Wyman, David S. ''The Abandonment Of The Jews: America and the Holocaust'' Pantheon Books, 1984. Attacks Roosevelt for passive complicity in allowing Holocaust to happen {{Refend}} ===Kan FDR retorika=== {{Refbegin}} * Braden, Waldo W., and Earnest Brandenburg. "Roosevelt's Fireside Chats." ''Communication Monographs''' 22 (1955): 290–302. * Buhite, Russell D. and David W. Levy, eds. ''FDR's Fireside Chats'' (1993) * Craig, Douglas B. ''Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940'' (2005) * Crowell, Laura. "Building the "Four Freedoms" Speech." ''Communication Monographs'' 22 (1952): 266–283. * Crowell, Laura. "Franklin D. Roosevelt's Audience Persuasion in the 1936 Campaign." ''Communication Monographs'' 17 (1950): 48–64 * Houck, Davis W. ''F. D. R. and Fear Itself: The First Inaugural Address.'' Texas A&M UP, 2002. * Houck, Davis W. ''Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression.'' Texas A&M UP, 2001. * {{Cite book |ref=Roosevelt |last=Roosevelt |first= Franklin D. |title=My Friends |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=1-4179-9610-2}} * Ryan, Halford Ross. "Roosevelt's First Inaugural: A Study of Technique." ''Quarterly Journal of Speech'' 65 (1979): 137–149. * Ryan, Halford Ross. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency.'' Greenwood Press, 1988. * Stelzner, Hermann G. "'War Message,' December 8, 1941: An Approach to Language." ''Communication Monographs'' 33 (1966): 419–437. {{Refend}} ===Panguna nga kuruhaan=== {{Refbegin}} *Bureau of the Census, [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1946-01.pdf ''Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1951''] (1951) full of useful data *Bureau of the Census, ''Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970'' (1976) *Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; ''Public Opinion, 1935–1946'' (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA *Gallup, George Horace, ed. ''The Gallup Poll; Public Opinion, 1935–1971'' 3 vol (1972) summarizes results of each poll as reported to newspapers. *Loewenheim, Francis L. and [[Harold D. Langley]], eds; ''Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence'' (1975) *Moley, Raymond. ''After Seven Years'' (1939), memoir by key Brain Truster *Nixon, Edgar B. ed. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs'' (3 vol 1969), covers 1933–37. 2nd series 1937–39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Rosenman, Samuel Irving, ed. ''The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt'' (13 vol, 1938, 1945); public material only (no letters); covers 1928–1945. *Zevin, B. D. ed.; ''Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932–1945'' (1946) selected speeches *''Documentary History of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration'' 20 vol. available in some large academic libraries. *Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. ''Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII''. Prefaces by [[Pius XII]] and [[Harry Truman]]. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005). ISBN 1-4191-6654-9 {{Refend}} {{Commonscat|Franklin Delano Roosevelt}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Franklin Delano}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1882]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1945]] [[Kaarangay:Franklin D. Roosevelt| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Roosevelt, Franklin D.]] ekkke6etqkctthc0tm5f3fnrerbxgc6 0 19797 7789575 7785641 2026-10-16T11:25:25Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ + mga sumpay 7789575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:VFPt Solenoid correct2.svg|thumb]] An '''Radyasyon elektromagnetiko''' amo an mga [[balud]] [[elektromagnetismo|electromagnetiko]] nga nakiwa ha ka[[laksi]] han [[lamrag]]. Mayda ini lakip nga ''electric field'' ngan ''magnetic field'' ngan nagda[[dara]] hin durudi[[lain]] nga kadamo hin [[enerhiya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | last = Hecht | first = Eugene | title = Optics | url = https://archive.org/details/optics0000hech_t2d8 | edition = 4th | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8053-8566-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Serway | first = Raymond A. |author2=Jewett, John W. | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers | url = https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw | edition = 6th | publisher = Brooks Cole | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-534-40842-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics | url = https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0002tipl | edition = 5th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7167-0810-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Reitz | first = John | coauthors = Milford, Frederick; Christy, Robert | title = Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory | edition = 4th | publisher = Addison Wesley | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-201-52624-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = John David | authorlink = J. D. Jackson | title = Classical Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro0000jack_e8g9 | edition = 3rd | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-471-30932-X }} * {{cite book | author=[[Allen Taflove]] and Susan C. Hagness | title=Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed | publisher=Artech House Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=1-58053-832-0 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource|QST/December 1915/Pictured Electromagnetic Waves|Pictured Electro-Magnetic Waves}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Electromagnetic radiation}} * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233123/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html |date=2011-06-03 }} – a chapter from an online textbook * [http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html Electromagnetic Radiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617205739/http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html |date=2012-06-17 }} – an introduction for electrical engineers * [http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m210.pdf '' Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations ''] on [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET]. * [http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html Radiation of atoms? e-m wave, Polarisation, ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html |date=2010-04-17 }} * [http://scripts.mit.edu/~raskar/lightfields/index.php?title=An_Introduction_to_The_Wigner_Distribution_in_Geometric_Optics An Introduction to The Wigner Distribution in Geometric Optics] * [http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html The windows of the electromagnetic spectrum, on Astronoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619192800/http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html |date=2013-06-19 }} * [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/universe-scale-topic/light-fundamental-forces/v/introduction-to-light Introduction to light and electromagnetic radiation] course video from the [[Khan Academy]] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ Lectures on electromagnetic waves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308075342/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ |date=2016-03-08 }} course video and notes from MIT Professor [[Walter Lewin]] [[Kaarangay:Elektromagnetismo]] p2dhc6ybjac8ezvdkkzlypgji9c4ycf 7789576 7789575 2026-10-16T11:26:51Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:VFPt Solenoid correct2.svg|thumb]] An '''Radyasyon elektromagnetiko''' amo an mga [[balud]] [[elektromagnetismo|electromagnetiko]] nga nakiwa ha [[kalaksi han lamrag]]. Mayda ini lakip nga ''electric field'' ngan ''magnetic field'' ngan nagda[[dara]] hin durudi[[lain]] nga kadamo hin [[enerhiya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | last = Hecht | first = Eugene | title = Optics | url = https://archive.org/details/optics0000hech_t2d8 | edition = 4th | publisher = Pearson Education | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8053-8566-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Serway | first = Raymond A. |author2=Jewett, John W. | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers | url = https://archive.org/details/physicssciengv2p00serw | edition = 6th | publisher = Brooks Cole | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-534-40842-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics | url = https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0002tipl | edition = 5th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7167-0810-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Reitz | first = John | coauthors = Milford, Frederick; Christy, Robert | title = Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory | edition = 4th | publisher = Addison Wesley | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-201-52624-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Jackson | first = John David | authorlink = J. D. Jackson | title = Classical Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro0000jack_e8g9 | edition = 3rd | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-471-30932-X }} * {{cite book | author=[[Allen Taflove]] and Susan C. Hagness | title=Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, 3rd ed | publisher=Artech House Publishers | year=2005 | isbn=1-58053-832-0 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource|QST/December 1915/Pictured Electromagnetic Waves|Pictured Electro-Magnetic Waves}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Electromagnetic radiation}} * [http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html Electromagnetism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603233123/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/0sn/ch11/ch11.html |date=2011-06-03 }} – a chapter from an online textbook * [http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html Electromagnetic Radiation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617205739/http://www.learnemc.com/tutorials/Radiation/EM_Radiation.html |date=2012-06-17 }} – an introduction for electrical engineers * [http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m210.pdf '' Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations ''] on [http://www.physnet.org Project PHYSNET]. * [http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html Radiation of atoms? e-m wave, Polarisation, ...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417023635/http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html |date=2010-04-17 }} * [http://scripts.mit.edu/~raskar/lightfields/index.php?title=An_Introduction_to_The_Wigner_Distribution_in_Geometric_Optics An Introduction to The Wigner Distribution in Geometric Optics] * [http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html The windows of the electromagnetic spectrum, on Astronoo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619192800/http://www.astronoo.com/articles/electromagneticSpectrum-en.html |date=2013-06-19 }} * [https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/universe-scale-topic/light-fundamental-forces/v/introduction-to-light Introduction to light and electromagnetic radiation] course video from the [[Khan Academy]] * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ Lectures on electromagnetic waves] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308075342/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/electromagnetic-waves/ |date=2016-03-08 }} course video and notes from MIT Professor [[Walter Lewin]] [[Kaarangay:Elektromagnetismo]] a63tgn2h1stv2x47sgj86c0dq7o0zjl 0 25175 7789531 2064495 2026-10-15T19:54:20Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789531 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Dagat Tracia''' ([[Griniyego]]: Θρακικό Πέλαγος, Thrakiko Pelagos; [[Tinurkiya]]: Trakya Denizi) giaamihani nga bahin han [[Dagat Egeo]]. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan|Tracia]] 0otf7casudfu4egy98oar9mibvi5zap 0 25199 7789530 2064524 2026-10-15T19:53:35Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Sea of Marmara map.png|thumb]] An '''Dagat Marmara''' usa nga [[dagat]] ha sulod han [[tuna]] nga nagsusumpay han [[Itom nga Dagat]] ngan [[Dagat Egeo]], nga nagbubulag han kanan bahin han [[Turkeya]] ha [[Asya]] ngan [[Europa]]. {{turok}} {{Commonscat|Sea of Marmara}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan|Marmara]] 9a9r7q2q8nrv7hwbraj36p9iolwlzzk 0 28468 7789532 6194105 2026-10-15T19:55:03Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:South China Sea.jpg|thumb]] An '''Dagat han Salatan nga Tsina''' usa nga dagat marginal kun diin aada ini han salatan han [[Tsina]] ngan [[Taiwan]], katundan han [[Pilipinas]], amihanan-katundan han Sabah, Sarawak, ngan Brunei, amihanan han Indonesya, amihanan-sinirangan han rawis Malay ngan Singapore, ngan sinirangan han Vietnam. Kalakip ini han [[Kalawdan Pasipiko]] nga may kahaluag tikang ha [[Singapore]] ngadto ha [[Estrecho han Taiwan]] nga 3,500,000 km². Usa ini nga gidadako- nga lawas katubigan kahuman han lilima nga mga kalawdan. An gudtiay nga mga puro ha Dagat han Salatan nga Tsina, kun gintatampo nagiging kapuropod-an, naabot ha ihap nga gatos-gatos. An dagat ngan agsob waray naukoy nga mga puro an ginaangkonan han pipira nga mga nasod. Ini nga mga pagangkon in nagresulta ha lain-lain nga ngaran nga gingagamit ha mga puro ngan dagat. {{turok}} {{Commonscat|South China Sea}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan|Salatan Tsina]] 4u3z6lpj4arb3wfs6jmljjz7img9u6x 10 128178 7789548 7789508 2026-10-15T21:45:24Z Ziv 62318 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg]] → [[File:War ensign of the Savoyard States (1783-1802).svg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] · corr. 7789548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Kingdom of Sardinia | shortname alias = Sardinia | flag alias = War ensign of the Savoyard States (1783-1802).svg | flag alias-1720 = Savoie flag.svg | flag alias-1782 = War Ensign of the Savoyard States (1783-1802).gif | flag alias-1816 = Flag of Kingdom of Sardinia (1848).svg | flag alias-1848 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1720 | var2 = 1782 | var3 = 1816 | var4 = 1848 | related1 = Sardinya </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> 1xghnzl4gbonhn2v25wrw0tvmat5ne7 7789549 7789548 2026-10-15T22:31:37Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1848).svg with [[File:Civil_Flag_and_civil_Ensign_of_the_Savoyard_States_(1816-1848).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious e 7789549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Kingdom of Sardinia | shortname alias = Sardinia | flag alias = War ensign of the Savoyard States (1783-1802).svg | flag alias-1720 = Savoie flag.svg | flag alias-1782 = War Ensign of the Savoyard States (1783-1802).gif | flag alias-1816 = Civil Flag and civil Ensign of the Savoyard States (1816-1848).svg | flag alias-1848 = Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1720 | var2 = 1782 | var3 = 1816 | var4 = 1848 | related1 = Sardinya </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> ltjwc7aj6jnbw876fecgzk0k4kwg2bo 14 132554 7789529 2243307 2026-10-15T19:52:38Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Black Sea}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan]] 0pegiz7s24fc6z7nip1jehdode8mder 7789535 7789529 2026-10-15T19:57:33Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Black Sea}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan|Dagat Itom]] c3h2my7ks7546akmldlcafoanmd6xmn 14 132937 7789534 2575311 2026-10-15T19:57:06Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan 7789534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commonscat|Dead Sea}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan]] g6ridp5g2qkdxo9p1lr277r3gv5j9yd 0 155155 7789537 6237435 2026-10-15T20:04:54Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Kontinente |image = [[Paypay:Australia-New Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|200px]] |area = {{Convert|8468300|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} |population = ~31,260,000 (estimated population of [[Australia]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and the Papua and West Papua provinces of [[Indonesia]] for 2009) |density = ~ 3.7/km2 |demonym = [[Australian people|Australian]] |countries = 3 ([[Australia]], [[Papua New Guinea]] and portions of [[Indonesia]]) |list_countries = |dependencies = |unrecognized = |languages = [[Australian English|English]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Tok Pisin]], [[Hiri Motu language|Hiri Motu]], 269 indigenous [[Papuan languages|Papuan]] and [[Austronesian languages]] and about 70 [[Indigenous Australian languages]] |time = GMT+10, GMT+9.30, GMT+8 |internet = [[.au]], [[.pg]] and [[.id]] |cities = [[List of cities in Australia by population]] {{Collapsible list | title = {{voidd}} | frame_style = border: none; padding: 0; | list_style = display: none; | 1 = [[Sydney]] | 2 = [[Melbourne]] | 3 = [[Brisbane]] | 4 = [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] | 5 = [[Adelaide]] | 6 = [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]-[[Tweed Heads, New South Wales|Tweed]] | 7 = [[List of suburbs in Greater Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]] | 8 = [[Canberra]]-[[Queanbeyan, New South Wales|Queanbeyan]] | 9 = [[Canberra]] | 10 = [[Wollongong, New South Wales|Wollongong]] <!-- For brevity this list only includes the 10 largest cities as specified in "List of cities in Australia by population" --> }} }} An '''Australya''' in gigugutiay-i nga [[kontinente]] han [[kalibutan]]. {{Commonscat|Australia}} [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] [[Kaarangay:Australya (kontinente)| ]] l21mnvt2ih31v6xv93zw8aht1t9tefn 14 155156 7789538 2562233 2026-10-15T20:05:15Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + Kaarangay:Kontinente 7789538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Kontinente]] gepaiop37vv1hrg0ph6f0fmv0qucex8 0 156271 7789550 2260362 2026-10-15T23:14:06Z Dostojewskij 20387 + Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1738 + Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1814 7789550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ArthurPhilip.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Arthur Phillip''' (11 Oktubre 1738 – 31 Agosto 1814) in syahan nga Gobernador han New South Wales, ngan nagtukod han panimungto nga nagin Sydney. {{turok}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Phillip, Arthur}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1738]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1814]] 1kiibnl53hsk0snfh6c3w977e7fkp6x 0 156885 7789567 6217289 2026-10-16T05:27:20Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ + mga sumpay 7789567 wikitext text/x-wiki Iton '''electron''' in usa na subatomiko nga partikulo nga mayda negatibo nga elementarya nga karga elektrika. An electron amo in [[sakub]] ha una na henerasyon han mga [[lepton]]. Daramo na [[pisika|pisikal]] na ''phenomena'' an gin'aapiha han electron [[sugad]] han [[elektrisidad]], [[magnetismo]], ''thermal conductivity'' ngan [[gravitasyon]]. {{turok}} oemzii39ssjiz1h6d4xjugp9gbgjgu9 0 523117 7789514 6781249 2026-10-15T18:03:36Z Taketa 750 ce 7789514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Actinopterygii|date=2013-03}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Epigonus'' | status = | image = Epigonus denticulatus.jpg | image_caption = ''Epigonus denticulatus'' | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Perciformes]] | familia = [[Epigonidae]] | genus = '''Epigonus''' | species = | binomial = Epigonus | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Epigonus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Actinopterygii]]. An ''Epigonus'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Epigonidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Epigonus affinis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus angustifrons]]'' * ''[[Epigonus atherinoides]]'' * ''[[Epigonus carbonarius]]'' * ''[[Epigonus cavaticus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus constanciae]]'' * ''[[Epigonus crassicaudus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus ctenolepis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus denticulatus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus devaneyi]]'' * ''[[Epigonus elegans]]'' * ''[[Epigonus elongatus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus fragilis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus glossodontus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus heracleus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus lenimen]]'' * ''[[Epigonus macrops]]'' * ''[[Epigonus marimonticolus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus marisrubri]]'' * ''[[Epigonus mayeri]]'' * ''[[Epigonus merleni]]'' * ''[[Epigonus notacanthus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus occidentalis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus oligolepis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus pandionis]]'' * ''[[Epigonus parini]]'' * ''[[Epigonus pectinifer]]'' * ''[[Epigonus robustus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus telescopus]]'' * ''[[Epigonus waltersensis]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/epigonus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Epigonus}} {{Wikispecies|Epigonus|''Epigonus''}} [[Kaarangay:Epigonus]] [[en:Epigonus]] b0dx9z1868dl0pg83loujdjm53qfk7r 0 523177 7789513 6781257 2026-10-15T18:03:10Z Taketa 750 +image 7789513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Actinopterygii|date=2013-03}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Epigonus denticulatus'' | status = | image = Epigonus denticulatus.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | classis = [[Actinopterygii]] | ordo = [[Perciformes]] | familia = [[Epigonidae]] | genus = [[Epigonus]] | species = '''Epigonus denticulatus''' | binomial = Epigonus denticulatus | binomial_authority = Dieuzeide, 1950 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]] | synonyms = ''Epigonus atherinoides'' <small>(non Gilbert, 1905)</small><ref name = "col480064"/><br>''Hynnodus atherinoides'' <small>(non Gilbert, 1905)</small><ref name = "col480064"/><br>''Pomatomus telescopus'' <small>(non Risso, 1810)</small><ref name = "col485905"/> }} An '''''Epigonus denticulatus'''''<ref name = "col485905"/> in uska species han [[Actinopterygii]] nga ginhulagway ni Dieuzeide hadton 1950. An ''Epigonus denticulatus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Epigonus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Epigonidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/epigonus+denticulatus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col485905">Maugé, L.A. and G.F. Mayer (1990) Apogonidae., p. 714-718. In J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post and L. Saldanha (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 2.</ref> <ref name = "source">''FishBase''. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 14 Hunyo 2011</ref> <ref name = "col480064">Gon, O. (1986) Apogonidae., p. 546-561. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Epigonus denticulatus}} [[Kaarangay:Epigonus]] tu6aevqo5v8puv9hwewldxe167hpgng 0 903618 7789512 6779893 2026-10-15T18:02:10Z Taketa 750 +image' 7789512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Ephemeroptera|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ephemerella'' | status = | image = Spiny crawler mayfly, Ephemerella dorothea (8745079570).jpg | image_caption = ''Ephemerella dorothea'' | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Ephemeroptera]] | familia = [[Ephemerellidae]] | genus = '''Ephemerella''' | species = | binomial = Ephemerella | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ephemerelloidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Ephemerella'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Ephemeroptera]]. An ''Ephemerella'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Ephemerellidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = [[Ephemerellidae]]&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | label1 = '''''&nbsp;Ephemerella&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Ephemerella alleni]]'' | 2=''[[Ephemerella apopsis]]'' | 3=''[[Ephemerella aurivillii]]'' | 4=''[[Ephemerella catawba]]'' | 5=''[[Ephemerella consimilis]]'' | 6=''[[Ephemerella dorothea]]'' | 7=''[[Ephemerella excrucians]]'' | 8=''[[Ephemerella hispida]]'' | 9=''[[Ephemerella invaria]]'' | 10=''[[Ephemerella maculata]]'' | 11=''[[Ephemerella molita]]'' | 12=''[[Ephemerella mucronata]]'' | 13=''[[Ephemerella needhami]]'' | 14=''[[Ephemerella nuda]]'' | 15=''[[Ephemerella subvaria]]'' | 16=''[[Ephemerella tibialis]]'' | 17=''[[Ephemerella unicornis]]'' | 18=''[[Ephemerella velmae]]'' | 19=''[[Ephemerella verruca]]'' }} | 2=''[[Attenella]]'' | 3=''[[Caudatella]]'' | 4=''[[Caurinella]]'' | 5=''[[Dannella]]'' | 6=''[[Dentatella]]'' | 7=''[[Drunella]]'' | 8=''[[Eurylophella]]'' | 9=''[[Matriella]]'' | 10=''[[Penelomax]]'' | 11=''[[Serratella]]'' | 12=''[[Teloganopsis]]'' | 13=''[[Timpanoga]]'' | 14=''[[Tsalia]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ephemerella/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Ephemerella}} [[Kaarangay:Ephemerella]] rjcq97ncgcqaka6it8g5mpzjs3n9s16 0 903641 7789511 6779899 2026-10-15T18:01:54Z Taketa 750 +image 7789511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Ephemeroptera|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ephemerella dorothea'' | status = | image = Spiny crawler mayfly, Ephemerella dorothea (8745079570).jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Ephemeroptera]] | familia = [[Ephemerellidae]] | genus = [[Ephemerella]] | species = '''Ephemerella dorothea''' | binomial = Ephemerella dorothea | binomial_authority = [[James George Needham|Needham]], 1908 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ephemerelloidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Ephemerella dorothea'''''<ref name = "col3"/><ref name = "col32992"/><ref name = "col42249"/> in uska species han [[Ephemeroptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[James George Needham]] hadton 1908. An ''Ephemerella dorothea'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Ephemerella]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Ephemerellidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ephemerella+dorothea/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> <ref name = "col32992"> , website, Mayfly Central: The Mayflies of North America, 26 Pebrero 2009</ref> <ref name = "col42249">Jacobus, L. M., and W. P. McCafferty (2003) Revisionary contributions to North American Epheme, Journal of the New York Entomological Society, vol. 111, no. 4</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Ephemerella]] 31i2s123mrqxicr6bqadggy5tcr4osq 0 965174 7789516 6784649 2026-10-15T18:07:47Z Taketa 750 +image 7789516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Insecta|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eremocoris'' | status = | image = Eremocoris abietis - Wildernis20070502.jpg | image_caption = ''Eremocoris abietis'' | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hemiptera]] | familia = [[Rhyparochromidae]] | genus = '''Eremocoris''' | species = | binomial = Eremocoris | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Lygaeoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Eremocoris'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Insecta]]. An ''Eremocoris'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Rhyparochromidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Eremocoris&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Eremocoris abietis]]'' | 2=''[[Eremocoris borealis]]'' | 3=''[[Eremocoris canadensis]]'' | 4=''[[Eremocoris cupressicola]]'' | 5=''[[Eremocoris depressus]]'' | 6=''[[Eremocoris dimidiatus]]'' | 7=''[[Eremocoris ferus]]'' | 8=''[[Eremocoris inquilinus]]'' | 9=''[[Eremocoris melanotus]]'' | 10=''[[Eremocoris obscurus]]'' | 11=''[[Eremocoris opacus]]'' | 12=''[[Eremocoris semicinctus]]'' | 13=''[[Eremocoris setosus]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eremocoris/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Eremocoris]] 1j13eyqpomxi0vnoeaok0fs1ovh1ib2 0 965201 7789515 6784650 2026-10-15T18:07:33Z Taketa 750 +image 7789515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Insecta|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eremocoris abietis'' | status = | image = Eremocoris abietis - Wildernis20070502.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hemiptera]] | familia = [[Rhyparochromidae]] | genus = [[Eremocoris]] | species = '''Eremocoris abietis''' | binomial = Eremocoris abietis | binomial_authority = ([[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]], 1758) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Lygaeoidea]] | synonyms = ''Eremocoris erraticus'' <small>([[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]], 1794)</small><ref name = "col3"/><ref name = "col19932"/> }} An '''''Eremocoris abietis'''''<ref name = "col19932"/> in uska species han [[Insecta]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Linnaeus (awtor)|Linnaeus]] hadton 1758. An ''Eremocoris abietis'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Eremocoris]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Rhyparochromidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eremocoris+abietis/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col19932">Slater, James Alexander (1964) , A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World, vol. 2</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Eremocoris]] lh08lh98z1xy7u759yqveac4u6cl6j2 0 1166910 7789510 6779833 2026-10-15T18:00:44Z Taketa 750 +image 7789510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Hymenoptera|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ephedrus'' | status = | image = Ephedrus plagiator.tif | image_caption = ''Ephedrus plagiator'' | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Braconidae]] | genus = '''Ephedrus''' | species = | binomial = Ephedrus | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ichneumonoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Ephedrus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Hymenoptera]]. An ''Ephedrus'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Braconidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Ephedrus angustithoracicus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus blattnyi]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus brevis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus californicus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus cavariellae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus cerasicola]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus chaitophori]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus cheni]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus clavicornis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus curtus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus dioscoreae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus dysaphidis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus helleni]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus himalayensis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus hyaloptericolus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus incompletus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus jiangsuensis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus koponeni]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus lacertosus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus laevicollis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus longistigmus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus mandjuriensis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus meliarhizophagi]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus mirabilis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus nacheri]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus nelumbus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus niger]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus orientalis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus perillae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus persicae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus plagiator]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus primordialis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus prociphili]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus quadratum]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus radiatus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus robustus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus rugosus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus srinagarensis]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus tanycoleosus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus transversus]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus trichosiphoniellae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus urticae]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus vaccinii]]'' * ''[[Ephedrus validus]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ephedrus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Ephedrus|''Ephedrus''}} [[Kaarangay:Ephedrus]] nksgl00k4yn2h9k91qkarak6ehnk9ae 0 1166926 7789509 6779864 2026-10-15T17:59:46Z Taketa 750 +image 7789509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Hymenoptera|date=2013-08}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ephedrus plagiator'' | status = | image = Ephedrus plagiator.tif | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Hymenoptera]] | familia = [[Braconidae]] | genus = [[Ephedrus]] | species = '''Ephedrus plagiator''' | binomial = Ephedrus plagiator | binomial_authority = ([[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]], 1811) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Ichneumonoidea]] | synonyms = ''Ephedrus homostigma'' <small>[[Josef Fahringer|Fahringer]], 1935</small><ref name = "col314408"/><br>''Ephedrus japonicus'' <small>[[William Harris Ashmead|Ashmead]], 1906</small><ref name = "col313750"/><br>''Ephedrus parcicornis'' <small>([[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck|Nees]], 1834)</small><ref name = "col314052"/> }} An '''''Ephedrus plagiator'''''<ref name = "col314235"/> in uska species han [[Hymenoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck]] hadton 1811. An ''Ephedrus plagiator'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Ephedrus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Braconidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ephedrus+plagiator/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col314235">Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1811) Ichneumonides Adsciti, in Genera et Familias Divisi., Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 5(1811). 37 pp.</ref> <ref name = "source">''Taxapad Ichneumonoidea''. Yu D.S.K., 4 Mayo 2009</ref> <ref name = "col313750">Ashmead, W.H. (1906) Descriptions of new Hymenoptera from Japan., Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 30:169-201.</ref> <ref name = "col314408">Fahringer, J. (1935) Schwedisch-chinesische wissenschaftliche Expedition nach den nordwestlichen Provinzen Chinas, 26. Hymenoptera. 4. Braconidae Kirby., Arkiv foer Zoologi. 27A(12)(1934):1-15.</ref> <ref name = "col314052">Nees von Esenbeck, C.G. (1834) Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus affinium monographiae, genera Europaea et species illustrantes. 1., Stuttgartiae et Tubingae. 320 pp.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Ephedrus plagiator|''Ephedrus plagiator''}} [[Kaarangay:Ephedrus]] a6ulidqoajdiiiswl9r9t1r7sptfpr2 0 1566864 7789565 7083097 2026-10-15T23:42:26Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf5.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Papilio chrapkowskii'' | status = | image = PapilioChrapkowskii.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Papilio]] | species = '''Papilio chrapkowskii''' | binomial = Papilio chrapkowskii | binomial_authority = Suffert, 1904 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = ''Papilio bromius'' <small>[[Doubleday (awtor)|Doubleday]], 1845</small><ref name = "col7202"/> }} An '''''Papilio chrapkowskii'''''<ref name = "col6641"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni Suffert hadton 1904. An ''Papilio chrapkowskii'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Papilio]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/papilio+chrapkowskii/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col6641">Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung., Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 17 (1): 12-107; pls. 1-3.</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> <ref name = "col7202">Doubleday, E. (1845) Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal Lepidoptera., Doubleday, E. (1845) Descriptions of new or imperfectly described Diurnal Lepidoptera. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1) 16: 176-182.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Papilio chrapkowskii}} {{Wikispecies|Papilio chrapkowskii|''Papilio chrapkowskii''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg IrisDresdenBandXVIITafII.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Papilio]] 66e4a3u4g3ijj0eqtd6j89f9u3ievlm 0 1566866 7789564 7083098 2026-10-15T23:42:23Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf5.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Papilio chrapkowskoides'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Papilio]] | species = '''Papilio chrapkowskoides''' | binomial = Papilio chrapkowskoides | binomial_authority = Storace, 1952 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Papilio chrapkowskoides'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni Storace hadton 1952. An ''Papilio chrapkowskoides'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Papilio]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Mabibilngan ini ha Tanzania.<ref name = "COL"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/papilio+chrapkowskoides/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Papilio chrapkowskoides}} {{Wikispecies|Papilio chrapkowskoides|''Papilio chrapkowskoides''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Papilio]] 0d9hwefnj8lnai7exr77jd6p12qcav9 0 1566873 7789563 7083112 2026-10-15T23:42:20Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf5.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Papilio desmondi'' | status = | image = Papilio_desmondi_van_Someren,_1939.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Papilio]] | species = '''Papilio desmondi''' | binomial = Papilio desmondi | binomial_authority = van Someren, 1939 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = ''Papilio brontes'' <small>[[Ahmet Ömer Koçak|Koçak]], 1980</small><ref name = "col6607"/> }} An '''''Papilio desmondi'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni Van Someren hadton 1939. An ''Papilio desmondi'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Papilio]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Mabibilngan ini ha Tanzania.<ref name = "COL"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/papilio+desmondi/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> <ref name = "col6607">Koçak, A. Ö. (1980) On the nomenclature of some genus- and species-group names of Lepidoptera., Koçak, A. Ö. (1980) On the nomenclature of some genus- and species-group names of Lepidoptera. Nota lepidopterologica 2 (4): 139-146.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Papilio desmondi}} {{Wikispecies|Papilio desmondi|''Papilio desmondi''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Papilio desmondi van Someren, 1939.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf05.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Papilio]] cylk24rm1yxueb6iu1omvx7i4ycbkzj 0 1566891 7789561 7083163 2026-10-15T23:41:52Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Papilio jacksoni'' | status = | image = Papilio_jacksoni_Sharpe,_1891.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Papilio]] | species = '''Papilio jacksoni''' | binomial = Papilio jacksoni | binomial_authority = [[Sharpe (awtor)|Sharpe]], 1891 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Papilio jacksoni'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Sharpe (awtor)|Sharpe]] hadton 1891. An ''Papilio jacksoni'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Papilio]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Mabibilngan ini ha Tanzania.<ref name = "COL"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/papilio+jacksoni/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Papilio jacksoni}} {{Wikispecies|Papilio jacksoni|''Papilio jacksoni''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Papilio jacksoni seitz.JPG Papilio jacksoni Sharpe, 1891.JPG Papilio jacksoni.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Papilio]] 3cy0s8rc6lyclt0naatd8z0n5qu3alx 0 1566917 7789560 7083252 2026-10-15T23:41:49Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Papilio zenobia'' | status = | image = Papilio zenobia.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Papilio]] | species = '''Papilio zenobia''' | binomial = Papilio zenobia | binomial_authority = [[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]], 1775 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Papilio zenobia'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]] hadton 1775. An ''Papilio zenobia'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Papilio]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/papilio+zenobia/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Papilio zenobia}} {{Wikispecies|Papilio zenobia|''Papilio zenobia''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> CramerAndStoll-uitlandsche kapellen supplement- pl. 26.jpg SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg TransEntSocLond 1872Plate3.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Papilio]] ot0eirmo4dr90ap6g8vfgjewmbfz6sk 0 1567276 7789559 6838000 2026-10-15T23:41:46Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium adamastor'' | status = | image = Graphium adamastor.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium adamastor''' | binomial = Graphium adamastor | binomial_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1836) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Graphium adamastor'''''<ref name = "col6575"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval]] hadton 1836. An ''Graphium adamastor'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+adamastor/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col6575">Boisduval, [J. B. A.] (1836) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères. Tome Premier., Boisduval, [J. B. A.] (1836) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères. Tome Premier. xii, 690, 6 pp.; 24 pls., Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium adamastor}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium adamastor|''Graphium adamastor''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] 0fwt976mx64g5dgyrrpr9k14e7vh66f 0 1567293 7789558 6838001 2026-10-15T23:41:43Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium agamedes'' | status = | image = Graphium agamedes.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium agamedes''' | binomial = Graphium agamedes | binomial_authority = ([[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1842) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = ''Papilio agamedes'' <small>Suffert, 1904</small><ref name = "col6641"/> }} An '''''Graphium agamedes'''''<ref name = "col7188"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[John Obadiah Westwood]] hadton 1842. An ''Graphium agamedes'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+agamedes/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col7188">Westwood, John Obadiah (1842) Insectorum novorum Centuria. Decadis quartae, ex ordine Lepidopterorum et genere Papilionis, Synopsis., Westwood, John Obadiah (1842) Insectorum novorum Centuria. Decadis quartae, ex ordine Lepidopterorum et genere Papilionis, Synopsis. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (1)9: 36-39</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> <ref name = "col6641">Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung., Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 17 (1): 12-107; pls. 1-3.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium agamedes}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium agamedes|''Graphium agamedes''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Graphium cyrnus u.JPG Graphium cyrnus.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] 6rmajtc9v84v755hfynviz852z0yrbw 0 1567303 7789557 6838013 2026-10-15T23:41:41Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium auriger'' | status = | image = Graphium auriger.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium auriger''' | binomial = Graphium auriger | binomial_authority = ([[Butler (awtor)|Butler]], 1876) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Graphium auriger'''''<ref name = "col7154"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Butler (awtor)|Butler]] hadton 1876. An ''Graphium auriger'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+auriger/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col7154">Butler, A. G. (1876) Descriptions of three new species of Papilio from the collection of Mr. Herbert Druce., Butler, A. G. (1876) Descriptions of three new species of Papilio from the collection of Mr. Herbert Druce. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 13: 56-57.</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium auriger}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium auriger|''Graphium auriger''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Graphium auriger u.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] tt3ztqr46sntonseeaaapoy2moqazmu 0 1567312 7789556 6838023 2026-10-15T23:41:38Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium cyrnus'' | status = | image = Graphium cyrnus.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium cyrnus''' | binomial = Graphium cyrnus | binomial_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste Boisduval|Boisduval]], 1836) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = ''Papilio cyrnus'' <small>Suffert, 1904</small><ref name = "col6641"/> }} An '''''Graphium cyrnus'''''<ref name = "col6575"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Jean Baptiste Boisduval]] hadton 1836. An ''Graphium cyrnus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+cyrnus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col6575">Boisduval, [J. B. A.] (1836) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères. Tome Premier., Boisduval, [J. B. A.] (1836) Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Species Général des Lépidoptères. Tome Premier. xii, 690, 6 pp.; 24 pls., Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret, Paris.</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> <ref name = "col6641">Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung., Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 17 (1): 12-107; pls. 1-3.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium cyrnus}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium cyrnus|''Graphium cyrnus''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Papilionidae - Graphium cyrnus.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] ltya1nzf87h219ykdhlq0xiq4h62bzg 0 1567334 7789555 6838056 2026-10-15T23:41:35Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium latreillianus'' | status = | image = Graphium latreillianus.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium latreillianus''' | binomial = Graphium latreillianus | binomial_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste Godart|Godart]], [1819]) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Graphium latreillianus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Jean Baptiste Godart]] hadton 1819. An ''Graphium latreillianus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+latreillianus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium latreillianus}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium latreillianus|''Graphium latreillianus''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Graphium latreillianus theorini u.JPG Graphium latreillianus theorini.JPG SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] jx94q5qh9wrc4g8i2j3qa6lai3scuo2 0 1567368 7789562 7789259 2026-10-15T23:42:08Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf3.jpg with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Graphium ucalegon'' | status = | image = Graphium ucalegon.JPG | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Papilionidae]] | genus = [[Graphium]] | species = '''Graphium ucalegon''' | binomial = Graphium ucalegon | binomial_authority = ([[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]], 1865) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = ''Papilio ucalegon'' <small>Suffert, 1904</small><ref name = "col6641"/> }} An '''''Graphium ucalegon'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1865. An ''Graphium ucalegon'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Graphium]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Papilionidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Mabibilngan ini ha Tanzania.<ref name = "COL"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/graphium+ucalegon/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''GloBIS (GART): Global Butterfly Information System''. Häuser C., Holstein J. & Steiner A. (eds), 23 Nobyembre 2008</ref> <ref name = "col6641">Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung., Suffert, E. (1904) Neue afrikanische Tagfalter aus dem kön. zool. Museum, Berlin, und meiner Sammlung. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 17 (1): 12-107; pls. 1-3.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Graphium ucalegon}} {{Wikispecies|Graphium ucalegon|''Graphium ucalegon''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Graphium ucalegon seitz.JPG Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Papilionidae- Papili VII).jpg SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf03.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Graphium]] buigbie2f2yjvxyhrzu20u7gxiepnyf 0 1568527 7789554 7106191 2026-10-15T23:41:22Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaPlate13pars.JPG with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61_-_lower.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Pentila'' | status = | image = SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61 - lower.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Lycaenidae]] | genus = '''Pentila''' | species = | binomial = Pentila | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Pentila'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Lepidoptera]]. An ''Pentila'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Lycaenidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Pentila abraxas]]'' * ''[[Pentila affixa]]'' * ''[[Pentila alba]]'' * ''[[Pentila alberta]]'' * ''[[Pentila albida]]'' * ''[[Pentila amaenaidoides]]'' * ''[[Pentila amenaida]]'' * ''[[Pentila amenaidana]]'' * ''[[Pentila aspasia]]'' * ''[[Pentila auga]]'' * ''[[Pentila benguellana]]'' * ''[[Pentila bertha]]'' * ''[[Pentila bitje]]'' * ''[[Pentila camerunica]]'' * ''[[Pentila carcassoni]]'' * ''[[Pentila cataractae]]'' * ''[[Pentila catauga]]'' * ''[[Pentila catori]]'' * ''[[Pentila christina]]'' * ''[[Pentila chyulu]]'' * ''[[Pentila clarensis]]'' * ''[[Pentila cloetensi]]'' * ''[[Pentila condamini]]'' * ''[[Pentila congoana]]'' * ''[[Pentila congoensis]]'' * ''[[Pentila connectens]]'' * ''[[Pentila cydaria]]'' * ''[[Pentila dama]]'' * ''[[Pentila derema]]'' * ''[[Pentila elfrieda]]'' * ''[[Pentila elfriedana]]'' * ''[[Pentila elisabetha]]'' * ''[[Pentila elpinice]]'' * ''[[Pentila evander]]'' * ''[[Pentila fallax]]'' * ''[[Pentila fayei]]'' * ''[[Pentila fidonioides]]'' * ''[[Pentila fontainei]]'' * ''[[Pentila gabunica]]'' * ''[[Pentila glagoessa]]'' * ''[[Pentila hedwiga]]'' * ''[[Pentila hewitsoni]]'' * ''[[Pentila immaculata]]'' * ''[[Pentila inconspicua]]'' * ''[[Pentila jama]]'' * ''[[Pentila landbecki]]'' * ''[[Pentila lasti]]'' * ''[[Pentila latefascia]]'' * ''[[Pentila laura]]'' * ''[[Pentila lavinia]]'' * ''[[Pentila leopardina]]'' * ''[[Pentila limbata]]'' * ''[[Pentila lucayensis]]'' * ''[[Pentila lunaris]]'' * ''[[Pentila maculata]]'' * ''[[Pentila mariana]]'' * ''[[Pentila mesia]]'' * ''[[Pentila mombasae]]'' * ''[[Pentila multiplagata]]'' * ''[[Pentila multipunctata]]'' * ''[[Pentila mylothrina]]'' * ''[[Pentila nero]]'' * ''[[Pentila nigeriana]]'' * ''[[Pentila nigribasis]]'' * ''[[Pentila nunu]]'' * ''[[Pentila nyassana]]'' * ''[[Pentila obsoleta]]'' * ''[[Pentila occidentalium]]'' * ''[[Pentila parapetreia]]'' * ''[[Pentila pardalena]]'' * ''[[Pentila paucipunctata]]'' * ''[[Pentila pauli]]'' * ''[[Pentila petreia]]'' * ''[[Pentila petreoides]]'' * ''[[Pentila phidia]]'' * ''[[Pentila picena]]'' * ''[[Pentila preussi]]'' * ''[[Pentila prodita]]'' * ''[[Pentila pseudorotha]]'' * ''[[Pentila radiata]]'' * ''[[Pentila ras]]'' * ''[[Pentila rogersi]]'' * ''[[Pentila roidesta]]'' * ''[[Pentila rondo]]'' * ''[[Pentila rotha]]'' * ''[[Pentila sigiensis]]'' * ''[[Pentila subfuscata]]'' * ''[[Pentila subochracea]]'' * ''[[Pentila swynnertoni]]'' * ''[[Pentila tachyroides]]'' * ''[[Pentila telesippe]]'' * ''[[Pentila tochyroides]]'' * ''[[Pentila torrida]]'' * ''[[Pentila tripunctata]]'' * ''[[Pentila tropicalis]]'' * ''[[Pentila ueleensis]]'' * ''[[Pentila umangiana]]'' * ''[[Pentila umbra]]'' * ''[[Pentila yaunda]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/pentila/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pentila}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Pentila abraxas Seitz.JPG Pentila abraxas u.JPG Pentila amenaida Seitz.JPG Pentila auga Seitz.JPG Pentila christina Seitz.JPG Pentila hewitsoni.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Pentila]] 9luzv6ceya4bachwruaarmleylz4eh7 0 1568666 7789553 7068344 2026-10-15T23:41:19Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaPlate13pars.JPG with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61_-_lower.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Ornipholidotos'' | status = | image = SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61 - lower.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Lycaenidae]] | genus = '''Ornipholidotos''' | species = | binomial = Ornipholidotos | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Ornipholidotos'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Lepidoptera]]. An ''Ornipholidotos'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Lycaenidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Ornipholidotos aurivilliusi]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos bakotae]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos bitjeensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos camerunensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos chyuluensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos congoensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos emarginata]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos etoumbi]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos fumosa]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos gabonensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos issia]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos jacksoni]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos katangae]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos kelle]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos kirbyi]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos larseni]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos latimargo]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos likouala]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos muhata]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos nigeriae]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos ntebi]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos onitshae]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos orientalis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos overlaeti]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos paradoxa]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos penningtoni]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos perfragilis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos peuceda]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos peucetia]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos sylpha]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos sylphida]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos teroensis]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos tiassale]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos tirza]]'' * ''[[Ornipholidotos ugandae]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/ornipholidotos/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Ornipholidotos}} {{Wikispecies|Ornipholidotos|''Ornipholidotos''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Ornipholidotos kirbyi.JPG Ornipholidotos muhata.JPG Ornipholidotos peucetia.JPG Ornipholidotos sylpha.JPG Ornipholidotos sylphida.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Ornipholidotos]] l5ymlbn5lzrn8fs0xf2x698ee04grw5 0 1568714 7789552 7550514 2026-10-15T23:41:16Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaPlate13pars.JPG with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61_-_lower.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Telipna'' | status = | image = BulletinHillMuseumPlate14.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Lycaenidae]] | genus = '''Telipna''' | species = | binomial = Telipna | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Telipna'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Lepidoptera]]. An ''Telipna'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Lycaenidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> ==Ilarom nga taxa<ref name = "COL"/>== * ''[[Telipna acraea]]'' * ''[[Telipna acraeoides]]'' * ''[[Telipna actinotina]]'' * ''[[Telipna albofasciata]]'' * ''[[Telipna angustifascia]]'' * ''[[Telipna anneckei]]'' * ''[[Telipna atrinervis]]'' * ''[[Telipna aurivillii]]'' * ''[[Telipna bimacula]]'' * ''[[Telipna bistrigata]]'' * ''[[Telipna cameroonensis]]'' * ''[[Telipna citrimaculata]]'' * ''[[Telipna conjuncta]]'' * ''[[Telipna consanguinea]]'' * ''[[Telipna depuncta]]'' * ''[[Telipna echo]]'' * ''[[Telipna erica]]'' * ''[[Telipna exstincta]]'' * ''[[Telipna exsuperia]]'' * ''[[Telipna fervida]]'' * ''[[Telipna hollandi]]'' * ''[[Telipna ja]]'' * ''[[Telipna jefferyi]]'' * ''[[Telipna kamitugensis]]'' * ''[[Telipna katangae]]'' * ''[[Telipna kayonza]]'' * ''[[Telipna kelle]]'' * ''[[Telipna kigoma]]'' * ''[[Telipna laplumei]]'' * ''[[Telipna lotti]]'' * ''[[Telipna maesseni]]'' * ''[[Telipna mariae]]'' * ''[[Telipna medjensis]]'' * ''[[Telipna neavei]]'' * ''[[Telipna nigra]]'' * ''[[Telipna nigrita]]'' * ''[[Telipna nyanza]]'' * ''[[Telipna plagiata]]'' * ''[[Telipna rothi]]'' * ''[[Telipna rothioides]]'' * ''[[Telipna rufilla]]'' * ''[[Telipna ruspinoides]]'' * ''[[Telipna sanguinea]]'' * ''[[Telipna semirufa]]'' * ''[[Telipna sheffieldi]]'' * ''[[Telipna subhyalina]]'' * ''[[Telipna sulpitia]]'' * ''[[Telipna transverstigma]]'' * ''[[Telipna ugandae]]'' * ''[[Telipna venanigra]]'' * ''[[Telipna villiersi]]'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/telipna/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Telipna}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61 - lower.jpg Telipna erica.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Telipna]] rv3ggwojgvlt7404j01fbagleuc4u2g 0 1569021 7789551 6940149 2026-10-15T23:41:13Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing SeitzFaunaAfricanaPlate13pars.JPG with [[File:SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61_-_lower.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 7789551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Liptenara'' | status = | image = SeitzFaunaAfricanaXIIITaf61 - lower.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Lepidoptera]] | familia = [[Lycaenidae]] | genus = '''Liptenara''' | species = | binomial = Liptenara | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Papilionoidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Liptenara'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Lepidoptera]]. An ''Liptenara'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Lycaenidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = '''''Liptenara&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Liptenara batesi]]'' | 2=''[[Liptenara hiendlmayeri]]'' | 3=''[[Liptenara hiendlmayri]]'' | 4=''[[Liptenara schoutedeni]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/liptenara/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Liptenara}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> Liptenara hiendlmayeri u.JPG Liptenara hiendlmayeri.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Liptenara]] dwm5up3ndg2ke8a3e7zmmhiup4uows6 0 1822708 7789518 6787320 2026-10-15T18:11:18Z Taketa 750 +image 7789518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Coleoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eropterus'' | status = | image = Net-winged Beetle - Eropterus trilineatus, Leesylvania State Park, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = ''Eropterus trilineatus'' | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Lycidae]] | genus = '''Eropterus''' | species = | binomial = Eropterus | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Elateroidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Eropterus'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska [[genus]] han [[Coleoptera]]. An ''Eropterus'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Lycidae]].<ref name = "COL"/> An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]<ref name = "COL"/>: {{Clade | label1 = [[Lycidae]]&nbsp; | 1={{Clade | label1 = '''''&nbsp;Eropterus&nbsp;''''' | 1={{Clade | 1=''[[Eropterus arculus]]'' | 2=''[[Eropterus bilineatus]]'' | 3=''[[Eropterus rectus]]'' | 4=''[[Eropterus trilineatus]]'' }} | 2=''[[Adoceta]]'' | 3=''[[Benibotarus]]'' | 4=''[[Caenia]]'' | 5=''[[Calochromus]]'' | 6=''[[Calopteron]]'' | 7=''[[Caloptognatha]]'' | 8=''[[Dictyoptera]]'' | 9=''[[Eros ()|Eros]]'' | 10=''[[Falsocalleros]]'' | 11=''[[Idiopteron]]'' | 12=''[[Leptoceletes]]'' | 13=''[[Lopheros]]'' | 14=''[[Lucaina]]'' | 15=''[[Lyconotus]]'' | 16=''[[Lycus]]'' | 17=''[[Lygistopterus]]'' | 18=''[[Melaneros]]'' | 19=''[[Plateros]]'' | 20=''[[Platycis]]'' }} }} ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eropterus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Eropterus|''Eropterus''}} [[Kaarangay:Eropterus]] rvwss7onnb4t2yt97dm0ttv9bnk5xc8 0 1822710 7789517 6787324 2026-10-15T18:10:54Z Taketa 750 +image 7789517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Coleoptera|date=2013-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Eropterus trilineatus'' | status = | image = Net-winged Beetle - Eropterus trilineatus, Leesylvania State Park, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Coleoptera]] | familia = [[Lycidae]] | genus = [[Eropterus]] | species = '''Eropterus trilineatus''' | binomial = Eropterus trilineatus | binomial_authority = ([[Melsheimer (awtor)|Melsheimer]], 1846) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Elateroidea]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Eropterus trilineatus'''''<ref name = "col40871"/> in uska species han [[Coleoptera]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Melsheimer (awtor)|Melsheimer]] hadton 1846. An ''Eropterus trilineatus'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Eropterus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Lycidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/eropterus+trilineatus/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col40871">Green, John Wagener (1951) The Lycidae of the United States and Canada. III. The tribe Platerodini (in part) (Coleoptera), Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. 77, no. 1</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Eropterus]] cl20mj71e0emm287p71zu1n1gakxneb 0 1866419 7789568 4603579 2026-10-16T05:28:03Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789568 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sakub''' ([[Iningles]]: ''In'') [[sulud]] han [[usu]], [[ilarum]], [[waray]] ha [[gawas]] i89m5641a8ti7mds0osu8e34f9b8drt 0 1866624 7789579 6186915 2026-10-16T11:29:57Z RadioUnlimited777 68362 /* */ 7789579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Distansiya''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Distance'') an ka[[hirayu]] ug ka[[hirani]] hit uska [[butang]]. {{turok}} stljxno5pysvimolk4a9lwgxjpi2o1t 0 1986011 7789522 5397081 2026-10-15T19:21:14Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + bag-o nga paypay, mga sumpay, [[Kaarangay:Mga rawis]], [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] 7789522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Sinai-peninsula-map.jpg|thumb]] An '''Rawis han Sinai''' in uska [[rawis]] ha [[Ehipto]]. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Mga rawis]] [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] sgie2agqrw5giw98xypeylsyoe73fb8 0 2870103 7789524 6252679 2026-10-15T19:37:52Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789524 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pharaoh.svg|thumb]] An '''faraon''' o kundi man '''paraon''' (ha Iningles: ''Pharaoh''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɛər|oʊ}}, {{small|US puyde gihapon}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|eɪ|.|r|oʊ}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=9781405881180}}</ref> {{lang-cop|{{coptic|ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ}}}} ''Pǝrro'') amo an titulo han mga [[monarkyá|monarka]] ha [[kahadtoan nga Ehipto]] tikang han Syahan nga Dinastiya (c. 3150 UC) kutob han pagka-anexar han Ehipto han [[Imperyo Romano]] han 30 BCE,<ref>Clayton, Peter A. Chronicle of the Pharaohs the Reign-by-reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Print.</ref> bisan man kun an aktual nga titulo nga "Faraon" waray gamita hin kontemporaneo nga naghahadi kutob kan [[Merneptah]], c. 1200 UC. Han sarusayo nga dinastiya, an mga kahadto nga mga Ehiptohanon nga hadi mayda mga tulo nga titulo, an ''[[Horus (mitolohiya)|Horus]]'', an ''Sedge ngan Buyog'' ([[wikt:nswt-bjtj|''nswt-bjtj'']]) nga ngaran, ngan an ''Duha nga Babaye'' ([[wikt:nbtj|''nbtj'']]) nga ngaran. An ''Bulawan nga Horus'' ngan nomen ngan prenomen nga mga titulo gindugang ha urhe. ==Bantogan nga mga paraon ngan an ira mga paryente== * [[Ahmose I]] * [[Akhenaten]] * [[Amenhotep III]] * [[Hatshepsut]] * [[Narmer]] * [[Nefertari]] * [[Nefertiti]] * [[Ramesses II]] * [[Seti I]] * [[Sneferu]] * [[Tutankhamun]] ==Mga pinambasaran== {{reflist}} {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Ehipto]] 0qfsxfv0j3g7xno9d67bx56jafezmrk 0 2875076 7789533 6259352 2026-10-15T19:56:07Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 7789533 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''suláng''' o kundi man '''sulangan''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Strait''; [[Kinatsila]]: ''Estrecho''; [[Tinagalog]]: ''Kipot'') usa ka lawas hin tubig nga nadugtong hin duhá nga darudagko nga mga katubigan. {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:Mga kadagatan| ]] qzce2zsnfv371k9eyiml5tntjheifag 0 2906687 7789519 2026-10-15T19:01:10Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + bag-o 7789519 wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect [[Sungay han Apriká]] mq2zjd7j9vej96f7qayi1dmrszrtxy7 14 2906688 7789540 2026-10-15T20:13:46Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + bag-o, Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magkakanta 7789540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magkakanta]] fzuazmwipm0ssyqsscpa8wndlak2q3q 14 2906689 7789546 2026-10-15T20:19:36Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + bag-o, Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magkakanta 7789546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kaarangay:Mga Brasilenyo nga magkakanta]] fzuazmwipm0ssyqsscpa8wndlak2q3q