Wikipedia wowiki https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%ABt_wu_nj%C3%ABkk MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Xibaarukaay Jagleel Waxtaan Jëfandikukat Waxtaani jëfandikukat Wikipedia Wikipedia waxtaan Dencukaay Waxtaani dencukaay MediaWiki Waxtaani MediaWiki Royuwaay Waxtaani royuwaay Ndimbal Waxtaani ndimbal Wàll Waxtaani wàll TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk 0 7253 107745 105440 2026-08-13T23:25:42Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | Name = Epatit A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = Der/Bët bu mboq te Epatit A waral ko | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | MeshID = D006506 }} '''Epatit A''' (ñu gënoon ko xamee ci turu '''epatit biy dale''') doon na [[Jàngoro juy dale]] ju tar buy jàpp [[res wi]] te li koy joxe di doomu jàngoro biñ naan Epatit A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Bari na lu muy dal nit te du feeñ rawatina ci ndaw yi.<ref name=AFP2012/> Diggante bi muy dugg sa yaram ak bi muy tàmbalee feeñ, mi ngi tollu ci diggante ñaar ba juróom-benni ayi-bis.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Su la dalee mën na def ak yaw juróom ñatti ayi-bis te dina faral di ànd ak: xel muy teey, waccu, biir buy daw, [[jaundice|der bu mboq]], yaram wu tàng, ak mettitu biir.<ref name=AFP2012/> Luy tollu ci 10 ba 15% ci ñi mu dal ñooy wéy di ko gis su demee ba weesu juróom-benni weer ginaaw bi mu leen dalee.<ref name=AFP2012/> Mag ñi mën nañu ci jëlee [[Feebaru res bu tar]] waaye bariwul lu muy dale.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Cause --> Li koy faral di joxe mooy lekk ñam wala naan ndox mu am doomi jàngoro.<ref name=AFP2012>{{cite journal|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 December 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> [[Meññeefu géej]] buñ toggul ba mu ñor dina ko faral di joxe.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=March 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Jege ku ko am lu ëpp, mën na la ko wàll.<ref name=AFP2012/> Xale yi mën nañu ko am te du feeñ waaye teewul mën nañu ko wàll ñeneen.<ref name=AFP2012/> Su la dalee benn yoon, dootu la dalati sa giir gi dund.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Ci sa deret la ñuy seetee doomu jàngoro ci ndax ni muy feeñee dafa nuru ak yu yeneen jàngoro yu bari.<ref name=AFP2012/> Benn xeetu [[epatit]] la ci juróom yiñ xam: A, [[epatit B|B]], [[epatit C|C]], [[epatit D|D]], ak [[epatit E|E]]. <!-- Prevention and Treatment --> [[ñaqu epatit A]] dalay aar bu baax ci feebar bi.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Cite journal | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Yenn réew dañuy faral di baamtu ñaq bi ci xale bi ak ci ñi feebar bi gën a yab kenn masu leen a ñaq.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Loolu mën na leen aar seen giir gi dund.<ref name=AFP2012/> Yeneen matuwaayu yi la ci mën a musal ñooy [[raxas loxo]] ak togg ñam ba bu ñor xomm.<ref name=AFP2012/> Amul benn garab buñ ni mën na ko faj, li ci des, garabi [[xel muy teey]] wala [[biir buy daw]] la ñu lay digal su aajewoo.<ref name=AFP2012/> Gën gaa bari su la dalee dangay wér, sa res wi melni dara mësu ko dal.<ref name=AFP2012/> Bu yàqee res wi, dañu lay [[gereefeel res]] ngir faj ko.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Epidemiology --> Ci àdduna bi, jàngoro bi dina feeñ ci 1.5 miliyo?i doomu aadama at mu nekk<ref name=AFP2012/> nga boole ci yi feeñul mu tollu ci fukki miliyo?.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP |title=Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Fi mu gënee bari àdduna bi mooy ci gox yi desee te ndox mi ñuy naan setul.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Ci [[réew yi néew doole]] lu tollu ci 90% ciy xale jot nañu am doomu jàngoro bi laata ñuy am 10 at, loolu mooy mucci nañu ci ba fàww laata ñuy nekk mak.<ref name=WHO2013/> Yenn saay mu jàppandoo ñu bari ci réew yi xawa am doole ndox jàngoro bi bariwul ci xale yi te itam duñu leen di faral di ñaq.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ci atum 2010, epatit A bu tar bi faat 102,000 doomu aadama.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> At mu nekk 28 fan ci weeru Sulet mooy [[Bis biñ Jagleel epatit]] ngir xamal nit ñi luy [[jàngoroy epatit]].<ref name=WHO2013/> == Royuwaay yi == <references /> [[Wàll:Paj]] 9icz061sbbf93dxfzhsvpng9477k52h 0 7298 107750 105446 2026-08-13T23:27:23Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Xiibon | Image = Orange ribbon.svg | Caption = Ribaŋ bu oraas — [[sagaru xam bu baas]] xiibon. | Width = 120 | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = 263.9 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000404 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 1360 | MeshID = D044342 }} <!-- Definition and Symptoms --> '''Xiibon''' wala '''xale bu xiibon''' mu ngi bawoo ci lekk loo xam ni amul wala bariwul ay [[ferñent]] wala ñu bari ci bay indi loraange ci wérgi-yaramu nit ki.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|first1=UNICEF|title=Facts for life|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Children's Fund|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Mbir yiñ mën a woowe ferñent ñooy: [[kalori yi]], [[proteyin]], [[karbo-idrate yi]], [[witaamin]] wala [[ndox miy suuxat sa yaram]]s.<ref name=FFL2010/> Loolu lañuy faral di woowee '''lekk gu doyul''' nga xamni ay kaloreem ak proteyinam duñu doy [[ferñent yu ndaw yi]]; waaye, dafa ànd itam ak [[ferñeent yu ëpp]].<ref name=Young2012>{{cite book|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Food and development|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{cite book|title=Essentials of International Health|date=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194}}</ref> Sudee nit ki amul lekk gu doy ci diirub [[ëmb bi]] wala laata muy am ñaari at, loolu mën na ko jural jafe-jafey xel ak ñàkk a mag.<ref name=FFL2010/> Ñàkk a lekk gu tar, ñu koy woowe [[xiif bu tar]], mën na indi jafe-jafe yu ci melni: gàttaay, sewaay, tàyyel, tànk ak [[biir]] buy newwi.<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/> Dina am itam tawat gu leen di faral di jural [[Ipotermi|soj]].<!-- <ref name=Young2012/> --> Ni [[ñàkkug ferñent]] di faral di feeñee ngi aju ci ferñent yu ndaw yiñ ñàkk.<ref name=Young2012/> <!-- Cause --> Liy faral di indi xiibon mooy ñàkk a am lekk gu baax te doy gu jàppandi.<ref name=WHO2014/> Li mën a waral mooy dund gu seer [[dóol]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=WHO2014/> Ñàkk a nàmp [[weenu nday]] mën nako waral, mën a waral itam [[feebaru jàngoro]] yu ci melni: [[gastroenteritis]], [[pnëmoni]], [[sibbiru]] ak [[ŋas]] yiy tax sa yaram di gën a soxla ferñent.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ñaari xeeti xiibon ñoo am: [[xiibonu ñàkk proteyin-cawarte]] ak ñàkk lekk gu baax.<ref name=Jones2011/> Xiibonu ñàkk proteyin-cawarte ñaari xeet yu metti la am: [[marasm]] (ñàkkug proteyin ak kalori) ak [[kwasiorkor]] (ñàkkug proteyin kese).<ref name=Young2012/> Yenn ferñent yu ndaw yi nit ki mën a ñàkk ñooy: ñàkk [[feer bu doy]], [[ñàkkug iyod]] ak [[ñàkkug Witaamin A]].<ref name=Young2012/> Ku nekk [[jigéenu wérul]], sa yaram dafay soxla mbir yu bari, loolooy waral sa yaram di ñàkk yenn yi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Recurrent pregnancy loss|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Ci yenn [[réew yi néew doole]] lekk gu ëpp [[pataa]] mingi fi tàmbalee bari ni ki nifi xiibon gi baree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112154958/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Progress_for_Children_-_No._4.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Yeneen mbir yi mën a waral xiibon ñooy [[baña lekk ndax ragala am yaram]] ak [[opeere ngir wàññi yaram]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324}}</ref> Sudee ci [[mag ñi]] yi mën a waral seen xiibon ñooy ni seen yaram bindoo, xel mu ñàkk a dal ak jafe-jafey àdduna.<ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Principles and practice of geriatric surgery|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87}}</ref> <!-- Treatment --> Jéego yi ñuy def ngir yokk [[ferñent yi]] bokk nañu ci mbir yi gën a am solo ci [[ndimbalum yokkute]].<ref name=UK2012/> Nàmpalee ween mën na musal xale yi ci xiibon ak gaaw a faatu,<ref name=FFL2010/> te jéego yiñ def ci wàll woowu wane nañu seen njariñ.<ref name=Bh2013/> Di jox xale bi muy lekk ak di nàmpaale ba mu am ñaari at, dina tax sa xaalis du jeex ci njëndum garab.<ref name=Bh2013/> Ñépp itam gis nañu njariñ li ci jox [[ferñenti mottali]] di ay xeeti witamin yu ñuy jox jigéeni wérul yi ak xale yu ndaw yi ci réew yu néew doole yi.<ref name=Bh2013/> Niñu gën a mën a dimbalee nit ñi soxla luñu dundee dëgg, mooy nga jox leen lu ñuy lekk waaye itam joxaale leen xaalis ngir ñu mën koo jëndee ca seenub marse.<ref name=UK2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> Di jox xale liñuy lekk ci daara ja rekk du doy.<ref name=UK2012/> Toppatoo xale bu xiibon bi ci kër ga mu dëkk [[therapeutic food#Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food|ready-to-use therapeutic foods]] lu mën a nekk la.<ref name=Bh2013/> Ñi nga xam ni xiibon gi daleen sonal loolu ba indil leen yeneen jafe-jafe ci seen wérgi-yaram, dañu leen wara yóbbu lopitaal ñu faj leen.<ref name=Bh2013/> Yi ñu ciy gën a faral di faj mooy [[ipoglisemi|yaram wu ñàkk suukër]], [[ipotermi|tàngooru yaram]], [[yaram wu ñàkk ndox]], ak diko jox mu lekk ni mu waree.<ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=WHO2003>{{cite book|first1=World Health Organization. Authors: Ann Ashworth|title=Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforinp0000unse|date=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}</ref> Di faral di ko jox ay [[antibiotik]] lu baax la ci musal ko ci yenn doomu jàngoro yi.<ref name=WHO2003/> Ndimbal li gën am solo tey yàgg: mooy gën a dooleel mbay mi,<ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}</ref> xeex ndóol, defar [[wanag]] yu baax, ak [[jàppale jigéen ñi ci liggéey]].<ref name=UK2012/> <!-- Epidemiology, Society and Culture --> Ci atum 2010 xayma woon nañu lu tollu ci 925 miliyoŋi doomi aadama yu xiibon, muy of 80 miliyoŋ yu yokk ci limu 1990.<ref name=FAO2010>{{cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fao2008>{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=FAO’s most recent estimates put the number of hungry [actually, malnourished] people at 923 million in 2007, an increase of more than 80 million since the 1990–92 base period.}}</ref> Ak ñeneen ñu tollu ci benn miliyaar ñuñ xayma ni amuñu witamin ak lu suuxat seen yaram.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}</ref> Ci atum 2010 [[ñàkkug proteyin, cawarte]] jur na lu tollu ci 600,000 bakkan yu faatu, doon lim bu wàññiku buñu seetee ci 883,000 bakkan yi faatu ci 1990.<ref name=Loz2012/> Yeneen ñàkkug ferñent yu ci melni [[ñàkkug iod]] ak [[ñàkkug feer]], jur na lu tollu ci 84,000 bakkan yu faatu.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=}}</ref> Ci 2010 xayma nañu ni xiibon moo waral 1.4% ci mbooleem [[ati ñàkk a mënal sa bopp yi nit di dund]].<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Murray2012>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Jàpp nañu benn xale ci ñatt yu faatu yu nekk, xiibon a ko ray; waaye, nit ñi duñu faral di nangu ni looloo ko waral.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ci 2010 jàpp nañu ni bokk na ci li faat lu tolloo ak 1.5 miliyoŋ ciy jiggéey ak xale<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=}}</ref> teewul ba tay am na ñu jàpp ni lim bi ëpp na 3 miliyoŋ.<ref name="Bh2013"/> Ak yeneen 165 miliyoŋi xale yu [[mënatul màgg]] ndax feebar boobu.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}</ref> Xiibon gaa ngi gën a baree ci [[réew yu néew doole yi]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> ==Royuwaay yi== <references /> [[Wàll:Paj]] 1dq6sj3bne8makzao42ccb3gvkvblgu 0 7300 107746 106376 2026-08-13T23:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Sibbiru | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}}-{{ICD10|B|54||b|54}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}} | Image = Malaria.jpg | Caption = Ab ''Plasmodium'' bu bawoo ci tiflitu yoo bu jigéen di dox ci biir selilu yoo bi. | DiseasesDB = 7728 | MedlinePlus = 000621 | OMIM = 248310 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1385 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}} | MeshName = Malaria | MeshNumber = C03.752.250.552 }} <!-- Definition and symptoms --> '''Sibiru''' ab [[Feebar bu bawoo ci yoo|feebar bu yoo di joxe]] di dal nit ak yenn rab yi te li koy joxe di parasit [[protozoans|protozoan]] (benn xeetu selil [[microorganism]]) bu xeetu ''[[Plasmodium]]''.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ni sibbiru di faral di feeñee mooy [[yaram wu tàng]], [[jagadi|coono]], [[waccu]] ak [[metitu bopp]].<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Su demee ba tar mën na jur [[soonis|der bu mboq]], [[say]], [[komaa]] wala [[faatu]].<ref name=EBMED2014/> Feebar baa ngi tàmbalee feeñ fukki fan ak juróom ginaaw bu la yoo bi màttee.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ñi mu dal te faju ñu ko bu baax, mën na leen dalaat ginaaw ay weer ci kanam.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ñi mu dal bu yàggul ba ñu mucci, su leen dalaatee du metti noonu.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> [[kaaraange|muslaay]] boobu nit ki am dafay jeex su amee ay weer wala at sudee newul fu mu mën a amee sibbiru.<ref name=EBMED2014/> <!--Cause and diagnosis--> Gis nañu ni, màtt-màttu yoo bu jigéen bi tuddu ''[[Anopheles|Anophele]]'' mooy joxe feebar bi.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Sula màttee dafay dugal parasit yi nekk ci tiflitam ci sa [[biir yaram|deret]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ginaaw loolu mu jàll ci res wi ndax foofu lay màggee ak juree.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Juróomi xeeti ''Plasmodium'' a mën a dal nit te ñooy la nit mën a wàlle.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Ñu bari ñu sibbiru di faat ''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]]'' ak ''[[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]]''ñoo leen faat, ak ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]'' biy joxe sibbiru bu tarul lool.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Xeet yi tudd ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi|P. knowlesi]]'' bariwul lu ñuy daaneel nit.<ref name=WHO2014/> Bu ñuy seet ndax danga sibbiru jël ci sa [[laamu deret]] xool ko ci mikroskop, wala ñu jëfandikoo test bi tuddu [[antigen]]-based [[test biy feeñal àntisenu sibbiru|test bu gaaw la]].<ref name=EBMED2014/> Defar nañu jumtukaay buy jëfandikoo [[polymerase chain reaction]] ngir gis [[ADN]] bu doomu jàngoro ji, waaye loolu bariwul ci barab yi sibbiru [[Tasaaroo (epidemiology)|bari]] ndax dafa seer te jafe.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> <!--Prevention and treatment--> Sibbiru bu mën na wàññiku bu baax sudee nit ñaa ngi jëfandikoo [[sàñce (mustikeer)]] wala [[diw bu dàq yoo]] ngir moytu màtt-mattu yoo yi, wala def lu leen di dàq wala ray, lu ci melni [[pompu yoo]] ak dindi dox yi taa.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Bari na garab yu ci melni [[malaria prophylaxis|prevent malaria]] yiñ jagleel ñiy tukki ci barab yu sibbiru bi tasaaroo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Yenn saa mën nañu bindal xale [[sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] [[xale]] ak jiggéenu wérul ci [[ñatti weer]] yi njëkk cib [[ëmb]] bi ci barab yi sibbiru bari lool.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Fiñu tollu amagul [[ñakk]] bu ci mën a aar ni naam soxla nañu ko, teewul nit ñaa ngi ciy gëstu bu baax ngir am ko.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ñaari xeeti garab yi ñu digle ngir faj feebar bi ñooy garab yiy xeex sibbiru bi amaale ab [[artemisinin]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Ñaareelu garab gi mën na doon [[mefloquine]], [[lumefantrine]], wala sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite book|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Mën nañu itam jël [[Quinine]] boole ko ak [[doxycycline]] sudee artemisinin amul.<ref name=WHO2010/> Mooy lañuy digle ci barab yi feebar bi bari, dañu wara xam bu baax ndax nit ki dafa sibbiru laata muy jël garab yi ndax dañuy bañ jàngoro ji [[dërkiis ci garab gi]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Jangoro dem na ba dërkiis ci yenn xeetu garab yu daan faj sibbiru; lu ci melni, dërkiis ci-[[chloroquine]] ''P. falciparum'' barina ci barab yi sibbiru bi bari, te itam dërkiisam ci artemisinin doon na jafe-jafe bu mag ci réew Asi Gànjoolu-penku.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!--Epidemiology--> Fi feebar bi gënee bari mooy ci [[Tropics|réew yu tàng yi]] ak [[xawa tàng]] te ñooy yi séq rëdd wiy xaajale suuf si di [[ekuwaatër]].<ref name=EBMED2014>{{cite journal|last=Caraballo|first=Hector|title=Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=May 2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Bokk na ci ñoom Afrigu Suufu-Sahara, [[Asia|Asi]], ak Amerik Latin.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[Mbootaayu Wérgi-yaramu Àdduna bi]] maanaam OMS xayma na ci atum 2012, ni amoon na 207 miliyoŋi ñu amoon sibbiru.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ci at moomu, feebar bi fatna lu tollu ci diggante 473,000 ak 789,000 doomu aadama, li ëpp ci ñoom doon ay gunéy Afrik.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Fuñu tuddee sibbiru xel yi dem ci ndóol te loolu doonul lu baax ci [[koom-koom guy suqaliku]].<ref name="IftSoL">{{Cite report |author=Gollin D, Zimmermann C |title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]] |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Worrall 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K |title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature |journal=Tropical Health and Medicine |year=2005 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1047–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x |pmid=16185240}} {{open access}}</ref> Xayma nañu ni at mu nekk sibbiru dina ñàkkloo Afrik lu tollu ci $12 miliyaar ciy dolaar ndax pajum feebar bi, ñàkk a mën a liggéey ak li muy yàq turism bi.<ref name="Greenwood 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA |title=Malaria |journal=Lancet |year=2005|volume=365 |issue=9469 |pages=1487–98 |pmid=15850634 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> ==Royuwaay yi== <references /> [[Wàll:Paj]] 5tx6x12j4sv0xhlnrb8dm0gkdcot6f1 0 7818 107749 107417 2026-08-13T23:26:54Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107749 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dencukaay:Edouard Manet - Le Suicidé.jpg|thumb|200px]] <!--Definition and risk factors --> '''Xaru''' mooy nga am yééne [[ray sa bopp]].<ref name=Sted2006>{{cite book |title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald0000sted_u1n5 |year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8 |edition=28th}}</ref> [[feebaru naqar gu metti ku dara saful|feebaru naqar gu metti ku dara saful]], [[Feebaru "bipolaire"]], [[Feebaru "schizophrénie"]], [[feebaru nekkin|feebari nekkin]], ak [[feebaru dorogewu]] - boole ci [[naan gu bari gi]] ak jëfandikoo [[garabu Benzodiazepine|garabu benzodiazepine]] - yi yépp luy indi xaru la<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Hawton2009>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | title = Suicide | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}</ref><ref name=Dod2017>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dodds TJ | title = Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature | journal = The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28257172 | doi = 10.4088/PCC.16r02037 }}</ref> Ñenn ci ñi di xaru dafa am [[lu leen di dooleel|ay jëf yu ñu dooleel]]ndax stress joge ci[[jafe-jafe xaalis]], jafe-jafe [[nekk ak nit ñi|nekkin ak nit ñi nekkin ci diggante ay nit]], walla [[tiital]]<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS | title = Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review | journal = Cadernos De Saude Publica | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 463–75 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25859714 | doi = 10.1590/0102-311x00036114 }}</ref> Ñi mësa jééma xaru dañu nekk ñoo xamantane ngir ñu jéémaata xaru lu yomb la.<ref name=WHO2016/> [[Fagaru ngir waññi xaru]]jéégo yi ñooy nééwal yoon yi di indi xaru - lu mel ni [[ay fetal]], dorog, ak poson; faj feebaru xel yi ak dorogekat yi; [[yéglekaay yu mag yi|yéglekaay yi]] nettali bu xaru amee, te yoq koom-koomi nit ñi.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|deadurl=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=}}</ref> Su fekkee sax [[nimero bi nit ñi mëne woote saa yu nekk su ñu amee jafe-jafe|ay nimero yu nit ñi mëne woote saa yu nekk su ñu amee jafe-jafe]] bare nañu, wóórul ne am nañu njëriñ.<ref name=Sak2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sakinofsky I | title = The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses | journal = Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie | volume = 52 | issue = 6 Suppl 1 | pages = 7S-20S | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17824349 }}</ref> <!--Method --> Yi ñu gën di gis [[ci ay fasoŋi xaru|fasoŋu xaru]]da ñu wute ci diggante rééw yi, te mungi bokk ci benn wall ci ay pexe yu wóór yu ñu tërël.<ref name=Yip2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY | title = Means restriction for suicide prevention | journal = Lancet | volume = 379 | issue = 9834 | pages = 2393–9 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22726520 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2 }}</ref> Fasoŋi xaru yu ñuy gën di gis ñooy [[xoj sa bopp]], [[naan poson]], ak[[gannaay|ay fetal]].<ref name=WHO2016/><ref name=Aj2008>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}</ref> Xayma nañu nit ñi dee ci xaru tollu ci 828.000 ci addina bi yépp ci atum 2015, am na yoqutewu ci xaymaay atum 1990 tolluwoon ci 712.000.<ref name=GBD2015De/><ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal | author = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}</ref> Lii moo def xaru fukkeelu [[mbir yuy indi dee]]ci addina bi.<ref name=Hawton2009/><ref name=Var2012>{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}</ref> <!-- Demographics --> Lu jege 0.5-1.4% ci nit ñi di xaru, lu tollook 12 ci 100.000 nit yoo jël at mu nekk<ref name=Var2012/><ref name=EB2011/> Ñett ci ñeent ñiy xaru ñépp ci addina bi mungi am ci [[ci rééw yi di suqaliku|ak rééw yi seen am-am demewul noonu]].<ref name=WHO2016/> Xayma xaru yi am ba pare lu ci ëpp ci góór ñi la ëppe boo ko méngalee ak jigéén ñi, tambale ko ci 1,5 yoon gëna kawe ci rééwi yi seen koom-koom di jóg jëm ci 3,5 yoon gëna kawe ci [[rééwi yi ame alal]].<ref name=WHO2014Pre/> Xaru lu ci ëpp mungi gëna fës ci ñi weesu juróóm ñaar fukki at; waaye, ci yenn rééw yi, at yooyu ñungi ci diggante fukki at ak juróóm ak fanweeri at ci seen mëna xaru yu gëna kawe. <ref name=WHO2014Pre>{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=9789241564779|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Europe moo ëppoon ay nit yu xaru ci ay gox ci atum 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Xayma nañu fukk ba ñaar fukki miliyoŋ [[nit ñu jééma xaru te aggul|ñi jééma xaru te deewuñu]] at mu nekk.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A | title = Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective | journal = World Psychiatry | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = 181–5 | date = October 2002 | pmid = 16946849 | pmc = 1489848 }}</ref> Di jééma xaru te deewuloo mën na indi ay gaañu-gaañu ak ay laago yu yagg.<ref name=EB2011/> Ci rééwi tugël yi, di jééma xaru mungi ëppe ci ndaw ñi ak ci jigéén ñi.<ref name=EB2011>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}</ref> <!--History, society and culture --> Ay gis-gis yi nit ñi am ci xaru ñungi bawoo ci[[ay ngëm-ngëm]]yu mel ni diine, [[teddaay]], ak [[njëriñu dund bi]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tomer|first1=Adrian | name-list-format = vanc |title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781136676901|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritzer |first1=edited by George |last2=Stepnisky |first2=Jeffrey | name-list-format = vanc |title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location=Malden, MA |isbn=9781444396607 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65 }}</ref> Yii [[Diine yu joge ci Ibrahima]]dañu gise xaru ni ab [[bakkaar|tooñ Yalla]], ndax seen ngëm-ngëm ci [[sellaay yu dund bi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=9781480811249|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 }}</ref> Bi [[samurai]]doon am ca Japon, benn xeetu xaru bi ñu xamewoon ni [[seppuku]] ''harakiri'' dañu ko joxoon cër ni beneen yoon ngir bëral ñakka tekki walla ni yoonu ñaxtu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Colt|first1=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=9780671760717|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139 }}</ref> [[Sati (topp)|Sati]], benn jëf-jëf la bu ñu terewoon joge ci [[Raju Britanique bi]], bu doon xaar [[Jëtuur#Jëtuur yi ci aada waa Inde|Jëtuur Indo bi]]di[[lakk boppam|ray boppam]]bi nééwu jëkkëram ji [[di dem ci fi ñu koy lakke ngir rob ko|taalu robukaay]], mu defal ko boppam walla waa këram ak mbooloo mi di ko puus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |title=Indian woman commits sati suicide |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2002-08-07 |access-date=2010-08-26 |deadurl=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml |archive-date=2011-02-02 |df= }}</ref> Xaru ak jééma xaru, bu njëkka ba dañu ko terewoon, waaye léégi ci rééwi Tugël yu bari kenn tereetu ko <ref name=White2010>{{cite book|last=White | first = Tony | name-list-format = vanc |title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12 }}</ref> Boobu [[#yoon|dafa nekk ab ñaawtééf ci rééw yu bari ba léégi]]<ref name=Islam2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lester D | title = Suicide and islam | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 77–97 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16287698 | doi = 10.1080/13811110500318489 }}</ref> Ci siecle ñaar fukkeel ak ñaar fukkeel ak benn, xaru lu nééw lañu ko jëfandikoo ni xeetu ñaxtu, ak [[kamikaze]] ak [[xaru ak ay bomb]] nekk na lu ñu daan jëfandikoo ni jëfinu militaire walla terroriste. <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aggarwal N | title = Rethinking suicide bombing | journal = Crisis | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 94–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19525169 | doi = 10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94 }}</ref> [[Wàll:Paj]] 2fcwz12p8cubkiqs5e924z0aicgnec3 0 7889 107748 101890 2026-08-13T23:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107748 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Itaaliyee''' mooy làkk wa ñuy wax te juddoo ca [[Itaali]].<ref>[[#berloco2018|Berloco 2018]]</ref> == Karmat ak delluwaay == <references /> * {{cite book|first=Simone |last=Raffaele |year=2010 |title=Enciclopedia dell'italiano |publisher=Treccani |ISBN= |ref=simone2010}} * {{cite book|last=Berloco |first=Fabrizio |year=2018 |title=The Big Book of Italian Verbs: 900 Fully Conjugated Verbs in All Tenses. With IPA Transcription, 2nd Edition |publisher=Lengu |ISBN=9788894034813 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYynDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=berloco2018}} * {{cite book|last=Palermo |first=Massimo |year=2015 |title=Linguistica italiana |url=https://archive.org/details/linguisticaitali0000pale |publisher=Il Mulino |ISBN=9788815258847 |ref=palermo2015}} [[Wàll: Làkk]] [[Wàll: Itaali]] c9dbqanpo1xzx1qrytfyl3ux2yg9sb7 0 8993 107747 106686 2026-08-13T23:26:11Z InternetArchiveBot 12803 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260813)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 107747 wikitext text/x-wiki   <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|14|40|N|17|2|W|type:country|display=title}}    '''Senegambia''', bu ñu ko tudde Senegambia Confederation wala Confederation of Senegambia,[1] nekkoon na ab mbootaay bu rëy ci diggante réewi [[Sowwu Afrig|Afrig sowu]] jant yu [[Senegaal]] ak dëkkandoom [[Gàmbi]], bi Senegaal wër. Mbootaay bi ñu sos benn fan ci weeru féewiriyee atum 1982 ginnaaw déggoo bi ñaari réew yi fasoon fukki fan ak ñaar ci weeru desàmbar atum 1981. Dañu ko bëggoon a yokk taxawaayu jokkoo ci diggante ñaari réew yi, waaye Senegaal tas na ko fan-weeri fan ci weeru septàmbar atum 1989 ginnaaw bi Gàmbi bañee jege booloo. Mbootaayu ''Senegambia bi'' ko booleek gox bu yàgg bu Senegambia, bi ñu gën a gàtt ci Senegambia. == Li ko jiitu == === Taxawaayu cosaan ===   Ci ni mu mel ci wàllu pólótig, Senegambia dañu ko sos ci xeex bi Farãas ak Àngalteer doon xeex ci gox bi. Xeex bi ci diggante Farãas ak Àngalteer dafa tàmbalee ci jeexitalu fukki at ak juroom-benn, bi jaaykat yi jóge ci ñaari réew yi tàmbalee taxawal ay bërëbu njaay ci gox bi. Su fekkee ne amoon na ay jafe-jafe ci seen bérab yi, njaayum Farãas nekk na ci [[wikipedia:Dexug Senegaal|Dexu Senegaal]] ak diiwaanu Cap-Vert ak njaayum Àngalteer ci Dexu Gàmbi. Bi jëflantey Ërob yi ci gox bi di gën a metti, Senegambia dafa doon ci saa si ab péey bu mag bu Afrig ci njaayum ñetti wet yi, ak jaaykat yi jóge Ërob di indi ay jumtukaay yu ñu defar ngir jaay wurus, Ivory ak jaam yi.<ref name="Richmond 176" /> Ci jamono yu wuute yu xeex yi amoon ci diggante Britani ak Farãas ci fukk ak juroom-ñetteelu at mi, këri njaay yu ñaari réew yi ci Senegambia doon nañu ay jafe-jafey xarekat. Ci jamonoy xarey juróom-ñaari at yi, jaaykat bu Amerig bi Thomas Cumming gëmloo na William Pitt, Sëriñ bu sudd bi, mu yónnee mbooloom Britani ngir ñu nangu këri jaaykat yu Farãas yi ci Senegaal; ginnaaw bi yoon wi mujjee, gox bi nekk ci kilifteefu Britani moo soppiku ba doon réewu Senegambia. Réew mi daanu na atum 1779. Ginnaaw bi waa-British yi nekkee ci xareb Amerig ngir moom seen bopp ci Amerig, waa Farãas yi nangu nañu [[Ndar|Saint Louis]] te yàq nañu këru njaayum Britani bi gën a mag ci diiwaanu Gàmbi. Réew mi ñu boole woon jeex na ci 1783 ginnaaw bu Britani daanee ak moom-sa-boppam ci Amerig.<ref name="Richmond 176" /> Kóllërey Versailles (te ñu tàmpe woon ko ak Kóllërey Pari bi dakkaloon xeexu moom-sa-bopp bu Amerig) moo taxawal tolluwaay ci diggante Farãas ak Britani: [[Ndar|Saint Louis]], l'île de Gorée ak gox-goxaayu dexu Senegaal ñu delloo ko Farãas, te Gàmbi ñu bàyyi ko Britani. Ci 1860 ak 1870, réew yi yépp dañoo tàmbalee xalaat ci mbayum njaayum suuf ngir boole gox bi, ak Farãas yi di jaay beneen réewu Afrig sowu jant ngir Gàmbi, waaye weccoo bi jeexul. Su fekkee ne ay réew yu wuute ñoo jiite woon gox-goxaat yi, mënuñoo dogal ab kemu diggante réewi Sénégambien yu Farãas ak yu Britani ba 1889. Ca jamono jooju, Farãas nangu na wàllu diggante ñaari réew yi te dindi ay bërëbi njaay yuy màndargaale wàllu réew mi.<ref name="Richmond 177" /> Dogal boobu moo waral Senegaal (mu am moom-sa-bopp ci Farãas ci atum 1960) ak Gàmbi (mu am sañ-sañu moom-sa'bopp ci Britani ci atum 1965) bokk benn jafe-jafe: nan lañu mën a jàppale ñaari réew yu wuute ci gox bu am ay aada yu bokk te wuute, ak benn réew mu am beneen. Ci réew mu nekk, mbirum "bunt ak bunt" bi am na ay jafe-jafe yu am solo ci diggante réew yi, rawatina ci wàllu njaay ak saytu gox-goxaat yi wër diggu Senegaal ak Gàmbi. Ginnaaw bu nguur gi jeexee, nguur gi dafa sax ci ay jafe-jafey njaay yuy tax ñu defaraat ay jumtukaayi Farãas yu ñuy dugal ci réew mi, te Gàmbi amul woon benn jafe-jifey njaayam. Doxalinu njaay yu wuute yi ñoo tax màrse bu mag bu ñuul bi wër dëkku Senegaal ak Gàmbi, loolu indi na ay jumtukaay yu bari ci Senegaal. Jaayukaay bu ñuul bi itam dalal na ay jafe-jafe ci Gàmbi. Ngornamaŋ bu Senegaal dafa tàmbali di taxawal ab payoor bu yàgg ak ay mbay yu bari. Bu beykat yi jaaree seen meññeef ci nguur gi ci Senegaal, dañu leen di jox ab voucher, bu ñu tudde chit, bu ñu mën a soppi ci xaalis ginnaaw bi ñu leen xaaree ñetti weer. Ginnaaw bi ñu bëggee xaar màrse Senegaal di leen fey, ay beykat yu bari dañoo tàmbalee dugal seeni jumtukaay ci [[Banjul]], fa la nguuru Gàmbi fey ci xaalis. Li gën a rëy ci ñaari réew yi mooy ni fitna di law ci gox bi. Ak mbootaayu xeet yu bokk benn ci ñaari pàcc yi ci wàll wi, ab coppite bu baax ci benn réew mën na indi mbootaayu ñi ko yërëm ci beneen réew mi, di indi ay jafe-jafe ci nguuri demokaraasi yi ci ñaari réew yi.<ref name=":1" /> Tiitaange boobu am na ci jamonoy 1981 bi ñu doon jéem a dàq njiitu réew mi Dawda Jawara ci Gàmbi. Su fekkee ne jéem a dugal nguur gi defarul woon bu baax te dafa yàqu ci lu gaaw, dafa waral jamono ju yàgg ci yengu-yengu ak fitna ci Gàmbi, ndax fippukat yi bàyyi nañu ñu bare ñu bon ci kaso yi te jox leen ay gànnaay ci yaakaar ne dinañu jàppale yengu-yengub réew mi.[13] Ci déggoo bi amoon ci xeex bi, Jawara ñaan na Senegaal mu dimbalee ko ngir mu daaneel nguur gi. Nguuru Senegaal tontu na bu baax, yónnee ay téeméeri soldaar wala sax ay junniy soldaar<ref name="Richmond 182" /> ba noppi daaneel fippu bi.[13] Li ko waral mooy jafe-jafey Senegaal ci wàllu kaaraange; li mu def ci réewi Tugal yi moo waral ay jafe-ji-jafe ak yeneen réewi Afrig yi, te dañoo ragal ne réewi dëkkandoo yi mën nañoo jëfandikoo Gàmbi, ñi bëgg a génne seen bopp ci diiwaanu [[Kaasamaas|Casamance]] (dëkku Senegaal bu bëj-saalumu dëkku Gàmbi), wala yeneen kuréel yu bañ a daane nguur gi.[13] Ay tiitaange yu am solo ñoo jóge ci [[Gana]] bu Kwame Nkrumah, [[Mali]] bu Moussa Traoré, [[Gine|Ginne]] bu Ahmed Sékou Toure, Gine-Bissau bu Joao Bernardo Vieira, ak [[Libi]] bu Muammar al-Gaddafi. Bi nguuru Senegaal di xalaat ci ay jafe-jafe, ci jeexitalu atum 1980 yi amoon na ay xeex ci diggante réew mi ak Móritaniyaa. Ginnaaw bi ñu doon jéem a dugal nguur gi ci Gàmbi, nguur gi xam na ne ay xarekatam mënuñoo dakkal wala tere yengu-yengu ci pólótig. Kaaraangey gox bi di gën a jafe ngir ñu mën koo sàmm. Gàmbi amoon na lu ko jiitu mbooloom soldaar bu baax, waaye dañu ko doon wéy ci kuréelug pólis, ba noppi mu tàmbali di taxawal mbooloom xareem.[17] Ak loolu lépp, ngornamaŋ bu Gàmbi dafa am solo ngir yokk taxawaayam, ba tax mu tàmbali di jàppale mbootaay ak Senegaal.[13] Xalaat boobu am na itam njariñ ci Senegaal. [[Leopool Sedaar Sengoor|Léopold Sédar Senghor]], njiitu réew bu Ñàkk bu Senegaal, kenn la woon ci "les trois pères" ("Ñetti baay yi") bu Negritude - kuréel gu bokk ci mbind ak xalaat ci askanu Afrig, di ñaax waa Afrig yi ci àdduna bi yépp ngir ñu nangu seen aada. Li Senghor gëm ci Negritude moo xamle ne Senegaal ak Gàmbi dañoo mën a bokk, te moo tax ñu gëm ne bokk gi dina am ci anam bu am solo. Ci dëgg-dëgg, Senegaal ak Gàmbi joxoon nañu ba noppi ab nettali ci [[Kureelu Mbootayu Xeet yi|Mbootaayu xeet yi]] ngir gëstu tëralin yi ak njariñ yi mën a am ci booloo ci diggante ñaari réew yi ci atum 1960. == Jamonoy mbootaay gi == === Mbootaay ak njëlbéen === Ci weeru desàmbar atum 1981, Senegaal ak Gàmbi ñoo fasoon kóllëre ngir taxawal mbootaay gu ñu taxawal benn fan ci weeru féewiriyee atum 1982. Ñaari réew yi dañoo déggoo ngir boole seeni soldaar, seeni gàngoori kaaraange, seen koom-koom ak seen xaalis. Ci wàllu pólótig, Senegaal ak Gàmbi amoon nañu ay njëwriñ yu wuute, doonte bokk nañu sañ-sañ ci nguur gu bokk, Senegaali nekk njiitu réew mi, Gàmbi nekk ki topp ci njiitu réew yi.[1][13] Ci diir bu gàtt bi, mbootaayu Senegambia doon na mbootaay bu am solo bu ñu sukkandikoo ci seen njariñ ci wàllu kaaraange. Ni ñu ko waxe, ngornamaŋ bu Senegaal dafa ragal yengu-yengu bu réew mi jóge ci yengu-yenguy Gàmbi wala Casamance. Dañoo jéem a pólótig bi tax na njiiti réew yi yépp di yékkati xalaati booloo yi doon yokku ci gox bi. Waaye, amoon na ay jafe-jafe yu jëkk ci mbirum mbootaayu Senegambia. Mbootaay bu bees bi mujj na doon "bés bu am solo" ci fànn yu bare, te kenn ci réew yi bokk ci mbootaay bi doyul woon ci li mu nekkoon.[22] Hughes ak Lewis, ci seen gëstu bu Senegambia, lim nañu ay jafe-jafe yu bari ci mbootaayu liggéeyukaay yi ñuy jeexal, te mbootaay boobu bokk na ko. Ci jaar-jaaram bi yépp, ndimbalu ñaari nguur yi ak seen ñi gën a xarañ ci askan wi la jóge; du waa Senegaal wala waa Gàmbi yépp dañoo bëggoon a bokk. Rax-ci-dolli, nguur gi (ak askanu Gàmbi) dañoo tàmbalee ragal ñu ñàkk seen doole ak seen xam-xam ndax suuxu Senegaal.<ref name="HL 236" /> [[Dencukaay:Dawda_Jawara_(1979).jpg|gauche|vignette|Njiitu réewu Gàmbi, Dawda Jawara, amoon na njariñ ci taxawal mbooloom gàngooru gàngoori gàngoor, waaye li mu wóolu mbooloom Senegaal dafa jaaxal waa Gàmbi yu bari. ]] Benn ci jafe-jafe yu jëkk yi moo doon jokkoo bi amoon ci takk-der yi, ndax Gàmbi amoon na ba léegi benn takk-der. Njiitu Gàmbi Jawara, ba mu jàppale woon mbootaay gi ci njàlbéen, dafa ñàkk pastéef ci taxawal mbootaayu gàmbi. Nguuru Senegaal dafa ko doon dëgëral ngir mu taxawal mbooloom soldaaram, ndax bëggul woon a jël kilifteefam ci kaaraangey Gàmbi.[13] Gàmbi mujj na taxawal ab soldaar, ci ni mu mel ci Gàmbi National Army ak Gàmbi national Gendarmerie, ci atum 1983. Ci ginnaaw loolu, ay pàcc ci kuréel yu bees yi bokk nañu ci mbooloom xarekat yi amoon ñaari ñetti xaaju Senegaal ak benn ñetti xasab Gàmbi.[25] Ginnaaw bi nguuru Gàmbi bañee dugal xaalis bu bari ci xarekatam ngir mu mën a tollu ci xaalisu Senegaal yi, mbooloom xarekat yi ñoo des ci Senegaal ak ñi gën a ndaw ci Gàmbi. Jëf yu am solo ci Gàmbi yu mel ni pólótig bi, teer bi, ak sax aar Jawara moom ci boppam, loolu moo doon liggéeyu soldaari Senegaal yi. Li doy waar mooy, loolu moo waral kuréel yiy xeex réew mi di wax ne mbootaay gi dafa doon jaaxal nguuru Gàmbi ak koom-koomam.[26] === Xeex yiy yokku ci mbirum koom-koom === Jafe-jafe yi gën a rëy ci wàllu koom-koom. Ci li Arnold Hughes wax, waa Gàmbi amoon nañu ñaari jafe-jafe yu am solo: benn bi dafa doon bañ a bokk ci koom-koom bi, te beneen bi dafa jaaxle ne waa Senegaal dinañu tànn nguur gu bokk benn ci waa Senegaali te du bokk ci mbootaay. Ci mbooleem, doxalinu koom-koom bu ñaari réew yi bokkul woon bu baax; te Senegaal dafa bëggoon koom-koomu réew mi, Gàmbi dafa wékk boppam ci njaay mu jub ak njëg yu néew.[27] Ci weeru sãawiyee atum 1984, Senegaal joxoon na xalaat ci ab jokkoo ci wàllu aada ak xaalis. Dafa yaakaar ne mbootaay gi mën na soppiku ci réew mu bokk ci wàllu koom-koom, ndax dañoo bëggoon a tëj njaayum Gàmbi ak tabax yoonu Gàmbi ngir jokk Senegaal yi ci des ak gox-goxaat yi.[28][22] Gàmbi dafa doon xeex kuréelug dencukaay yi, ak tamit kuréel gu xaalis bi.[28][29] Gis nañu ne tëralinu jàllukaay bi ak géej gi dafa doon jafe-jafe ci moom-sa-boppam te ragal na ñàkk xaalis bi njënd ak njaayum Gàmbi ak gox-goxaani Senegaal yi ci bëj-saalum ak liggéeyu gaal yi ci dexu Gàmbi.[30] Ci mujj gi, Senegaal ak Gàmbi ñoo wéy di xeex ci wàllu koom-koom ngir bañ a ànd ci diir bi ñu nekkee ci réew mi.[27] Jafe-jafe yi doon yokku dañu doon wàññi mbootaay gi.[31] Waxtaan yi jëm ci taxawal ab jafe-jafe ak benn xaalis bi dañuy wéy di jaaxal nguuru Senegaal.[22] Ca njëlbéenu atum 1986, jafe-jafey koom-koom ak ñàkk xaalis ci bitim réew dafa mel ni dafa tax waa Gàmbi di xalaat a jëfandikoo xaalisu CFA bu Afrig sowu, bi Senegaal di jëfandikoo. Li ci topp wax na ne mën nañoo bokk ci [[Mbootaayu koom- koom u réew i Afrig sowu jant|Mbootaayu xaalisu Afrig sowu]], ngir Senegaal ak Gàmbi bokk ci mbooloom xaalisu Senegaal. Waa Gàmbi gàntu nañu loolu, waaye dañoo laaj seen réew dugg ci mbootaayu xaalisu Afrig sowu jant (West African Monetary Union) ni ab bokk bu moom boppam.[29] Li ko waral mooy, benn xaalis ak benn dencukaay mënuñu ko woon.[26] Ci atum 1987, Njiitu réew mi Abdu Juuf mer na lool waa Gàmbi bi mu waxee ci ab waxam ne Gàmbi "naaw na ci taarix".[31] Ci mujj gi, ay xuloo amoon nañu ci ni njiitu réew mi di soppe.[26] Ci weeru ut atum 1989, Senegaal génne na ay xarekatam Gàmbi bi ko Móritaniyaa menacee.[26] Gàmbi dafa xalaat ne duñu ko aar, ba noppi mu tàmbali ay doxalinu yoon ngir tas mbootaay gi.[26] Jeexitalu gi ñëw na ci ñaar-fukki fan ak ñett ci weeru ut atum 1989, bi Njiitu réew mi Juuf jël dogal ne moo gën ñu bàyyi mbootaay gi ginnaaw bi waxtaan yi amoon ci wàllu jokkoo ci wàllu dencukaay yi amul benn njariñ.<ref name="HL 239" /> Mbootaayu Senegambia yi amoon juróom-ñetti at ñoo nekkoon ci mbootaayu Afrig yi gën a yàgg ci jamono jooju. === Ay cosaanam === Ci Gàmbi, jeexitalu mbootaay gi amoon na ay jeexital yu néew ci koom-koomug réew mi, waaye soppi na bu baax mbirum pólótig ak kaaraange.[26] Ginnaaw bi ñu génnee mbooloom Senegaal yi, nguur gi dafa waroon a wéy ci mbooloom soldaaram yi ci yoon wu jëkk, te ñu féewaloon ko ci biir réew mi te am ay jafe-jafe yu bari ci lu jëm ci bëgg-bëgg ak yeneen mbir.[32] Jafe-jafe yooyu ñoo waral ay fippu yu bari ci xarekat yu Gàmbi te mu mujj di dugal nguur gi Yahya Jammeh daaneel Jawara.[33] Ci Senegaal, jeexitalu mbootaay bi dafa doon gën a metti ci dundinu askanu [[Kaasamaas|Casamance]], ndax mbootaay gi am na njariñ ci koom-koom. Loolu moo waral ay jafe-jafe yu doon dimbali ay farandoo yuy xeex, rawatina Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance (MDFC), ngir ñu gën a am doole te loolu moo waral Xeex bi amoon ca Casamance.[34] Ginnaaw bi Jammeh jëlee nguur gi ci atum 1994, Gàmbi dafa tàmbalee jàppale fippukat yi ci MDFC. Daanug mbootaay bi dafa doon tekki ne jafe-jafey gox bi ak njaayum njaayum jafe-jfey goxaat yi ñoo ngi wéy; ci atum 1990, ay xalaat wone nañu ne ñaar-fukk ci téeméer boo jël ci jafe-ji-jafe yi jóge ci mbayum Senegaal. Jaaykat yi doon nañu benn ci jumtukaay yu mag yi ñuy dugal xaalis ci fippukat yi. Ci atum 2020, Gàmbi bokk na ci juróomi réew yi gën a mag ci àdduna bi, te mu wax ne ay jumtukaayam jege nañoo sànku ci atum 2010, ndax bant yi ñu dajale ci lu jaaduwul te ñu dugal ko ci Casamance. === Nguur gi === [[Dencukaay:Le_président_du_Sénégal_Abdou_Diouf_en_1988.jpg|vignette|Abdu Juuf, njiitu mbootaayu Senegambia, ci atum 1988]] Su fekkee ne Senegaal ak Gàmbi am nañu seen nguur yu ñu moomal seen bopp, ñu taxawal itam ab njëwriñ. Ci déggoo gi amoon ci atum 1981, ku bokk ci askanu Senegaal dina nekk njiitu réew mi te ku bokk ci waa Gàmbi di nekk ki topp ci njiitu réew yi.[1][28] Réew yi yépp nangu nañu ñu juboo seen xeex ak seen pólótigu bitim réew.[28] Mbootaayu ndaje ak këru liggéeyukaay bu sax dàkk lañu taxawal. Ñi jiitu ñoo tàmbalee daje benn weer at mu nekk ci atum 1984.[31][28] Sëriñ bu sax bu Senegambia moo doon saytu ay déggoo yu wuute yu ñaari réew yi.[30] {{Div col}} #President [[Abdou Diouf]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Vice President [[Dawda Jawara]] (Gambian){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Defense [[Médoune Fall]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Economic Affairs [[Momodou S.K. Manneh]] (Gambian){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Finance [[Sheriff Saikula Sisay]] (Gambian){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Ibrahima Fall (minister)|Ibrahima Fall]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Information [[Djibo Leyti Kâ]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Security [[Ibrahima Wone]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Minister of Transportation [[Robert Sagna]] (Senegalese){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Lamin Kiti Jabang]] (Gambian){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} #Deputy Minister of Security [[Alieu Badji]] (Gambian){{sfn|CIA|1985|p=83}} {{div col end}}Atum 1985, nguur gi amoon na ay nit: {{Reflist}} <references responsive="1"></references> === Sëriñ bi === Mbootaayu Senegambia yi dañu ko yaakaar ci ñetti làrme: mbootaayu soldaar yi, mbootaayu Senegaal yi, ak mbootaayu Gàmbi. Bi ñaari ñi mujj doon ay mbooloom réew mi, mbooloom xarekat yi ñu taxawal ci atum 1983/84 ni mbooloom mbooloom xare mi. Ñaar ci ñetti xaaju soldaar yu Senegaal ak benn ci ñetti pàcc yu Gàmbi lañu ko def, te dañoo waroon a nekk fu nekk ci biir mbootaay bi. Ci Gàmbi, mbooloom xarekat yi dafa gaaw a am ndombo-tànk. Gannaaw njëgu dund gi ëpp na Gàmbi ci Senegaal, payoor bi ci xarekat yi ci Senegaali moo ëpp li ci xarekat yiy ci Gàmbi. Li ñu fay mbooloom xarekat yi ci réew mi lañu soppi ngir mu dëppoo ak doxalinu Senegaal, maanaam mbooloom Gàmbi ci mbooloom xare mi ci réew mi ñu fay ko lu ëpp li ñu fay ci mboolooy xarekat yi.[25] Mbooloom xarekat yi amoon nañu itam ay tàggat yu gën a kawe ci mbooloom xaritoo yi. Loolu moo waral ñu bëgg lool ndombo-tànk yi ci mbooloom xarekat yi; kilifa yiy tànn ñoo ko jariñoo ngir seen bopp, loolu di tax ñu bëgg ko ak njuuj-njaaj.[37] Ak lu ci nekk, Gàmbi mësuñoo tollu ci jumtukaay yi Senegaal dugal ci mbooloom xarekat yi.[26] == Xët yi lëkkalook wii == {{Gambia topics}} === Ay téereem === * {{cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0002mina|year=2002|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]}} *  {{cite web|title=Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. A Reference Aid|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86S00596R000200800001-0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123130545/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86S00596R000200800001-0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-01-23|date=January 1985|publisher=CIA|location=Washington, D.C.|ref={{harvid|CIA|1985}}}} *  {{cite book|last=Dwyer|first=Maggie|title=Soldiers in Revolt: Army Mutinies in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvlNDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Hurst & Company|location=London|isbn=978-1849048293}} *  {{cite web|last=Phillips|first=Lucie Colvin|title=The Senegambia Confederation|url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY711.pdf|date=February 1987|publisher=Institute for Development Anthropology|location=Binghamton, New York|access-date=2024-10-23|archive-date=2024-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006004640/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY711.pdf|dead-url=yes}} == Li ci topp di jàng == * Lucie Colvin Phillips. 1991. "The Senegambia Confederation". ci The Political Economy of Senegal Under Structural Adjustment, bu Christopher L. Delgado ak Sidi Jammeh defar. ABC-CLIO. * Nikodem Fru Awasom. 2010. "The Sene-Gambia in Historical and Contemporary Perspectives," ci Nation-States and the Challenges of Regional Integration in West Africa. * Nikodem Fru Awasom. 2003–2004. "Anglo-Saxonism and Gallicism in Nation Building in Africa: The Case of Bilingual Cameroon and the Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Contemporary Perspective". Afrika Zamani, nos. 11 & 12, * Aka, Philip C. 2017. "The Continuing Search for Yons Propriate Structures for Governance and Development in Africa in the 21st Century: The Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Comparative Perspective". - ''California Western International Law Journal.'' * Jeggan Colley Senghor. 2008. ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Politics_of_Senegambian_Integration.html?id=7ULkSTC4suEC Pólótigu bokk gi ci Senegaal, 1958-1994]''. Piyeer Lang. * Arnold Hughes ak David Perfect. 2006. ''Taarixu pólótig bu Gàmbi, 1816-1994''. Iniwersite bu Rochester Press. == Xët yi ci biti == * Ay téere yu mujjTéereb mbootaayu réew mi ci Senegambiaci Wikisource [[Wàll:Pages avec des traductions non relues]] szoqpd673zrk76gq0mjhnpzqlf3pj5n 14 9160 107751 2026-08-14T11:55:37Z PK2 1706 Page vide créée 107751 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1