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Messages left on this page may be reverted or moved without any response.</div> 5b8qtz4dnjnrhc9ts3mku14m3gujbq8 0 4221 41536 33152 2026-08-02T16:59:57Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | name = Isifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola | image = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg | caption = Ifoto yango-1976 yabongikazi ababini abeme ngaphambi kwe-[[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], umntu onesifo sentsholongwane i-Ebola; wabhubha kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko ngenxa ye-hemorrhaging yangaphakathi emandundu. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = 065.8 | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} I-'''Ebola virus disease''' ('''EVD''') okanye '''i-Ebola hemorrhagic fever''' ('''EHF''') isisifo sabantu esibangelwa yintsholongwane i- [[Ebola virus]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziqala kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokosulelwa yintsholongwane, ngo[[mkhuhlane]], umqala obuhlungu,i- [[Myalgia|iintlungu zezihlunu]], kunye nee[[ntloko ezibuhlungu]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ngokuqhelekileyo [[ubucaphucaphu]], ukugabha, kunye ne[[sisu esihambisayo]] okulandelayo, kukusebenza okunciphileyo kwe[[sibindi]] kunye ne[[zintso]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kweli inqanaba, abanye abantu bayaqalisa ukuba neengxaki zo[[kopha]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> Intsholongwane inokufunyanwa ngokudibana ne[[gazi]] okanye [[ulwelo lomzimba]] lwesilwanyana esisulelweyo (idla ngokuba ziinkawu okanye [[amalulwane eziqhamo]])<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukusasazeka emoyeni akukabhalwa phantsi kokungqongileyo ngokwemvelo.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kukholeleka ukuba amalulwane eziqhamo athwala kwaye asasaze intsholongwane ngaphandle kokosulelwa wona yiyo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Lwakuba lwenzekile ulosuleleka lwabantu, isifo sinokusasazeka phakathi kananjalo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amadoda asindileyo anokukwazi ukusigqithisa isifo nge[[dlozi]] phantse iinyanga ezimbini<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ukuze kwenzeke uxilongo, okuqhelekileyo kokokuba ezinye izifo ezineempawu ezifanayo ezinjenge[[Imalariya|malariya]], i[[kholera]] kunye nezinye ii-[[viral hemorrhagic fever]] ziqale zikhutshelwe ecaleni.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu zoxilongo lwegazi zivavanyelwe intsholongwane yezi[[vikeli-mzimba]], intsholongwane ye[[RNA]], okanye intsholongwane ubuqu.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> Uthintelo luquka ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesifo kwiinkawu neehagu ezisulelekileyo ukuya ebantwini.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana ezinjalo kwanokubulawa kunye nokulahlwa ngokufanelekileyo kwemizimba yazo ukuba isifo sifunyenwe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ukuphekwa kwenyama ngokufanelekileyo nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko xa kuphathwa inyama nako kungaba luncedo,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> kwakunye nokunxitywa kweempahla zokhuseleko kunye no [[kuhlanjwa kwezandla]] xa ubani ekufuphi kumntu onesifo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Iisampulu zolwelo lwasemzimbeni kunye nezihlunu zabantu abanesifo kumele ziphathwe ngononophelo olukhethekileyo.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> Alukho unyango olukhethekileyo lwesifo; imizamo yokunceda abantu abasulelweyo iquka ukunikeza nokuba yi [[oral rehydration therapy]] (amanzi aswiti nanetyuwa kancinane ukuba basele) okanye ii-[[intravenous fluids]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Isifo sine-[[qondo lokufa]] eliphezulu: sidle ngokubulala phakathi kwama-50% nama-90% abo bantu basulelwe yintsholongwane.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> I-EVD yaqala yabonakala e[[Sudan]] nase[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Isifo siqhele ukwenzeka siqhambuke kwindawo ezingaselwandle lwe-[[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukusukela ngo-1976 (ukuqala kokubonwa kwayo okokuqala) ukuya kutsho ngo-2013, bambalwa kune-1,000 abantu ngonyaka ngamnye abasulelweyo.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Okona kuqhambuka kukhulu kule mihla kusaqhubeka ngo [[2014 uqhambuko lwe-Ebola lwaseWest Africa]], okuchaphazela i[[Guinea]], i[[Sierra Leone]], i[[Liberia]] kunye ne[[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> Ukusukela ngoAgasti ka-2014 bangaphezulu kwe-1600 abantu abasele befunyenwe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|archive-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Iyaqhubeka imizamo yokuvelisa u[[gonyo]]; nangona kunjalo, ayikabikho okwangoku.<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Iireferensi== {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Ibhibhliyografi {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June }} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |access-date=2014-08-28 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} ==Amakhonkco angaphandle== {{Refbegin}} * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]] * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223245/http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ebola}} [[Category:Izifo]] {{stub}} srb3430dbqlm6hykagnwmdlbh5b4jla 0 4232 41538 32956 2026-08-02T17:02:57Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:TB poster.jpg|thumb|Iphulo lesebe lezempilo ngeminyaka yoo-1920 ngeenzame zokunqanda ukwanda kwesifo sephepha.]] '''Isifo sephepha''',okanye'''iTB''' ngokufutshane, s[[isifo esosulelayo]] esibangelwa y[[intsholonngwane]]. Besisaya kubizwa njengesifo '''esingubhubhane'''. Isifo sephepha sibangelwa ziintlobo ezininzi ze[[imycobacterium|imycobacteria]], nesaziwa njenge''[[sifosephepha esiyi Mycobacterium]]''.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN |year=2007 |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |url=https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1 |edition=8th |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |pages=[https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_q0t1/page/516 516]–522 |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1}}</ref> Esi sifo sihlasela [[imiphunga]], kodwa sisenokuhlasela namanye amalungu omzimba. Le ntsholongwane ihamba ngomoya ize sasazeke ngokusuka komnye umntu iye komnye, ngamanye amazwi iyosulela. Oku kwenzeka xa umntu onesi sifo ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye etsica/ethufa. <ref name=AP>{{cite journal|author=Konstantinos A |year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume= 33 |issue=1|pages=12–18 |url= http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/33/1/12/18/}}</ref> Phakathi kwabantu abahlanu nabalishumi babonakalisa [[iimpawu]] zesi sifo, kwikhulu ngalinye labantu abosulelekileyo esi sifo. <ref name=Pet2005>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Peter G. Gibson ; section editors, Michael Abramson ... [et|title=Evidence-based respiratory medicine|year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7279-1605-1|pages=321|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=sDIKJ1s9wEQC&pg=PA321|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> Kwaba bantu, esi sifo kuthiwa ''siyaphila''. Isifo sephepha sibulala abantu abangaphezulu kwesiqingatha. Aba ke ngabantu abathi bosulelekile nje babe bengekho phantsi konyango. ==ulwazi olufunyenweyo nonyango== [[File:TB Culture.jpg|thumb|Ukuvalwa kwesiko lwesifo sephepha. Izicuku ezibonakala ngathi lugwebu kukukhula kwezi ntsholongwane.]] [[Ukubonwa]] kweTB ephilayo emntwini kuxhomekeke kwi[[radiology]] esithi ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Oogqirha bajonga [[isifuba]] somntu kwi[[X-ray]] eyaziwa ngokuba ngugesi ngesiXhosa. Kutsho kuthiwe umntu uye egesini. Ngaphezu koko, bayawuhlola umzimba bejonga okokuba un[[amanzi]] kangakanani na. La manzi anee[[microbe]] kuwo, ezikhula kw[[iicell cultures]]. Ii''cell cultures'' zona ziyajongwa zogocwagocwe kujongwa okokuba akosulelekanga ngeTb na umntu. Ukuba isigulana sineTB kodwa sibe singabonakalisi zimpawu zayo, intsholongwane kuthiwa 'ikhona kodwa ayibonakali'. Oogqirha basebenzisa [[isikhumba]] uvavanyo ekuthiwa yi-[[Mantoux test]], ukufumana iTB ethi ikho nje ibe ingabonakali. Basoloko behlola [[igazi|negazi]]. Lukhona [[ugonyo]] oluthi lwenziwe ukulwa iindlela ezithile zesifo sephepha. Kuthiwa lugonyo lwe[[ibacillus Calmette-Guérin|bacillus Calmette&ndash;Guérin]]. Isifo sephepha sasisoloko sinyangwa lula nge[[pilisi ezibulala nezinyanga iintsholongwane]]. Kodwa ke ngoku intsholongwane inenkani ayishukunyiswa zezi pilisi. Le nkani ke yenza okokuba kubenzima ukunyanga esi sifo. Iintlobo ezininzi zezi pilisi kufuneka zisetyenziswe sisigulana ixesha elide. Kukho olunye uhlobo '''lwesifo sephepha''' olunenkani kakhulu kuzo zonke [[iziyobisi]] ezikhoyo. ==Uqikelelo== [[File:Tuberculosis-prevalence-WHO-2009.svg|thumb|alt=imephu yehlabathi apho kukho [[isub-Saharan Africa]] kwiindawo ezimabala-bala eqanda, ebonakalisa uqikelelo lobukho besi sifo obungama-300 kubantu abangama-100,000, kunye nase-U.S., eKhanada, Australia, kunye naseMantla eYurophu kwimibala eluhlaza kwesibhaka-bhaka, ibonakalisa ubukho besi sifo obumalunga ne-10 kubantu abangama-100,000. I-Asia iqanda ngombala kodwa ayiqaqambanga kangako, iphawula ubukho besi sifo obumalunga nama- 200 kubantu abangama-100,000 ngokomlinganiselo. IMelika eseNtshona inombala oqanda bumdaka. |Le mephu yehlabathi ibonakalisa [[ubukho besi sifo]] seTB, kubantu abangama-100.000, kusukela ngo-2007. Amazwe ahlaselwe kakhulu esi sifo abonakaliswe ngombala oqanda, kumazwe apho uhlaselo lumbalwa kubonakaliswe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhaka-bhaka. Imiba emininzi yaashicilelwa e[[Sub-Saharan Africa]], ushicilelo oluninzi lweenzeka nase[[Asia]].<ref name=WHO2009-Burden>{{cite book|title=Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing|author=World Health Organization|year=2009|isbn=978-92-4-156380-2|chapter=The Stop TB Strategy, case reports, treatment outcomes and estimates of TB burden|chapterurl=http://who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/annex_3/en/index.html|accessdate=14 November 2009|pages=187–300|archive-date=19 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119022738/http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/annex_3/en/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref>]] Iingcali zikholelwa ekubeni isiqingatha sesithathu k[[uluntu lwehlabathi]] losulelwe ngesi sifo se''M. tuberculosis''.<ref name=WHO2012data>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index.html|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=November 2010|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref> Usulelo olutsha lwenzeka kumntu ngamnye ngomzuzwana nje. <ref name=WHO2012data/> Ngo-2007, zizigidi ezingamalunga ne-13.7 z[[abantu ababambeke kakhulu]] sesi sifo kwihlabathi lonke jikelele. <ref name=WHO2009-Epidemiology>{{cite book |title=Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing |author=World Health Organization |year=2009 |isbn=978-92-4-156380-2|chapter=Epidemiology|chapterurl=http://who.int/entity/tb/publications/global_report/2009/pdf/chapter1.pdf |accessdate=12 November 2009 |pages=6–33}}</ref> Ngo-2010, bamalunga ne-8.8&nbsp;million abantu abasaqalwa sesi sifo, kanti ke phantse ngama-1.5&nbsp;million abantu abathe basutywa kukufa ngenxa yesi sifo, uninzi lwabo [[amazwe asakhasayo|lukumazwe asakhasayo]] .<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=The sixteenth global report on tuberculosis|author=World Health Organization|url=http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary.pdf|year=2011}}</ref> Inani leziganeko zesifo sephepha belisoloko lisehla okokoko kwango-2006, yaza nemitsha imibandela ngesi sifo yehla ukususela ngo-2002.<ref name=WHO2011/> Isifo sephepha asenzeki ngesantya esinye kwihlabathi. Zingamashumi asibhozo iiphesenti zoluntu kumazwe aseAsia naseAfrika abathe bahlolwa baze bafunyaniswa enaso esi sifo, kodwa zintlanu ukuya kwishumi iiphesenti kumazwe aseMelika. <ref name=Robbins/> Abantu bahlala befumana isifo sephepha ngenxa yokuwa [[kwenjini ezilawula imizimba]] yabo. Abantu abaninzi abaphila ne[[HIV]] kunye ne[[AIDS]] bangasifumana isifo sephepha. <ref name=Lancet11>{{cite journal|last=Lawn|first=SD|coauthors=Zumla, AI|title=Tuberculosis|journal=Lancet|date=2 July 2011|volume=378|issue=9785|pages=57–72|pmid=21420161|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sephepha}} [[Category:Izifo]] a3d0me1m2hdcs3rubtf4n78cw21si2o 0 4261 41526 40682 2026-08-02T16:50:06Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41526 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Inzululwazi]]''' (Ngolwimi lwesi[[isiLatini|Latini]] kuthiwa yi''scientia'', oko kuthetha ukuthi "[[Ulwazi]]"<ref name=OnlineEtDict>{{cite web|title=science|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=science&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|accessdate=2014-09-20}}</ref>) yinkqubo eyenziwa ngezicwangciso, ngeendlela ezamkelekileyo nangemiqathango yophando kwinzululwazi ngendlela eya kwenza ukuba kubelula ukuba luvavanywe kunjalo nje luphicothwe, kutsho kubelula ukwenza uqikelelo ngeziphumo zophando olwenziwa kweli [[phakade]]. Yonke ke le miqathango yophando kufuneka ilandelwe ngenyameko xa kuqokolelwa ulwazi olu loluhlobo. <ref name=wilson>{{cite book |last1 = Wilson |first1 = Edward O. |title = Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge |url = https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils |edition=1st |publisher = Vintage Books |location = New York, NY |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-679-45077-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils/page/49 49]–71}}</ref><ref name="Heilbron">"...&nbsp;modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. Kwafunyaniswa okokuba indalo jikelele iziphinda-phinda ngokwaneleyo, ngokokude ibonakale okokuba isenokuchazwa icalu-calulwe ngokwemithetho echaziweyo nditsho naziingcali ze[[iMathematics|Mathematics]]; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."&nbsp;—p.vii, [[J. L. Heilbron]], (2003, editor-in-chief). ''The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511229-6.</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |title=science |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science |accessdate=2011-10-16 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]], Inc |quote='''3 a:''' knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method '''b:''' such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena }} <!--{{sfn|Popper|2002|p=3}}--></ref> Kwintsingiselo yakudla nekuyeyona ibusondela kule, inzululwazi ikwabhekisa kuhlobo lolwazi olunokugocwa-gocwa ngemibuzo ze ke ngoko lube lwakheke phezu kwezizathu ezivakalayo nezinokuthi zichazwe ngokwamanqaku avakalayo ze ke ngoko lube lulwazi ekunokungqiyanywa kulo ngenxa yokuthembeka kwalo ingakumbi xa lusetyenziswa. Lowo usebenza ngobunzululwazi kuthiwa y[[ingcali yezophando]]. [[Kwisigaba sexesha elide]], inzululwazi njengohlobo lolwazi yayisondele kakhulu ngonxibelelwano kw[[iFilosofi]]. [[File:The Scientific Universe.png|thumb|280px|Imigama kwimephu yehlabathi jikelele ebonisa amasebe ezenzululwazi.]] '''Inzululwazi''' yile nto siyenzayo xa sifuna ukufunda ngokwenzeka kwindalo yehlabathi. Iy[[iphysics]], [[IKhemistri|ikhemistri]], [[IBayoloji|ibhayoloji]], [[igeology|ijiyoloji]] kunye ne-[[i-astronomy|astronomy]]. Kwinzululwazi kusetyenziswa i[[mathematics]], kwaye into okanye isenzeko [[sifundwa ngobunjalo bayo, sijongiwe, size sihliwe amahlongwane phezulu, sigocwagocwa]], ize emva koko loo nto kuphandwa ngayo ikhe [[ilingwe ngeenjongo zokujonga okokuba oko kulindeleke kuyo kuzakwenzeka na]]. Inzululwazi ikhupha [[ulwazi oluchanekileyo nolungenamakhwiniba]], imithetho yakwanzululwazi, kunye ne[[theori]] <ref name=wilson>Wilson, Edward O. 1998. Consilience: the unity of knowledge. New York: Vintage Books, 49–71. ISBN 0-679-45077-7</ref><ref>Heilbron J.L. 2003. ''The Oxford companion to the history of modern science''. New York: Oxford University Press, vii. ISBN 0-19-511229-6. <br />"...&nbsp;modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by [[mathematics]]; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions".</ref> 'inzululwazi' ikwabhekisa kulwazi oluninzi yolwazi oluthe lwafunyanwa ngokusebenzisa le nkqubo. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/science |quote= knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method... |publisher=Merriam-Webster |title=Online dictionary |accessdate=2009-05-22}}</ref><ref name="Popper">{{cite book |last=Popper |first=Karl |authorlink=Karl Popper |title=The Logic of Scientific Discovery |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofscientifi0000popp_s7y7 |origyear=1959 |edition=2nd English edition |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge Classics |location=New York, NY |isbn=0-415-27844-9 |oclc=59377149 |page=[https://archive.org/details/logicofscientifi0000popp_s7y7/page/3 3]}}</ref> [[scientific research|Uphando lobunzululwazi]] lusebenzisa [[iindlela zophando zakwanzululwazi]]. uphando lobunzululwazi lusebenzisa [[isiphakamiso (hypotheses)]] esisekwe phezu kwezimvo okanye phezu kolwazi osele lukho kakade. Ngoko ke ezi ziphakamiso ziyaphicothwa ngokuvavanywa ngokuthi kwenziwe amalinge. Bonke abantu abafunda bekwaphanda ngeenzame zokufumanisa yonke into ngobunzululwazi babizwa ngokuba [[ziingcali zabaphandi]]. Ezi ngcali zi[[funda]] izinto ngokuthi [[jonga|zijonge]] kwizinto ezifunda ngazo ngononophelo, ngokuthi zenze [[umlinganiselo|umlinganiselo okanye zimente]] ezi zinto, zize zenze le [[imisebenzi yokulinga|misebenzi apho ziza kukhe zilinge khona]] ze ziphinde [[uvavanyo|zikuvavanye]] konke oko. ezi ngcali zenza zonke iinzame ukuze [[chaza|zichaze]] okokuba kutheni na izinto [[zisenzeka]] ngale ngendlela ezenzeka ngayo, zize ziqikelele okuzakwenzeka. == [[Iindlela zokwenza uphando lobunzulwazi]] == Namhlanje, "inzululwazi" isoloko ibhekisa kwiindlela zokufumana ulwazi, ingekuko ukufumana uqobo lolwazi kuphela. Ijongene kuphela [[okwenzekayo kwizinto zendalo|nokwenzekayo kwizinto]] ehlabathini. <ref>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> kwinkulungwane yeminyaka ye-17 neye-18 iingcali kwezenzululwazi bathi gqolo ukuseka ukwakhiwa kolwazi ngokwe "[[mithetho yakwanzululwazi|mithetho yendalo]]" enjenge[[iNewton's laws of motion|Newton's laws of motion]]. Kwaza kwathi xa sele kudlule inkulungwane ye-19, igama elithi "Nzululwazi" liya linxulunyaniswa ngakumbi ne[[ndlela yokuphanda ngokobunzululwazi]], njengendlela yokufunda indalo esemhlabeni, kuquka i[[physics]], ikhemistri, [[igeology]] kunye ne[[IBayoloji|bhayoloji]]. Kuwakule nkulungwane ye19 apho eli gama lithi "[[umphandi wakwanzululwazi]]" lathi lathiywa ngu[[William Whewell]]. Injongo yakhe yayikukwahlula abo balangazelela ukwazi ngendalo kwabo bafuna olunye uhlobo lolwazi. <ref>The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.</ref> [[Scientific methods|Iindlela zophando]] is the name given to the methods used by scientists to find knowledge. Ezona [[wikt:uphawu|mpawu]] zibalulekileyo kwindlela yophando nazi: #Umphandi wakwanzululwazi uza nombuzo okanye abhaqe ingxaki engaba imalunga nendalo. ezinye ke ingxaki ziba lula, nank'umzekelo "mingaphi imilenze yempukane?" ukanti ke eminye imibuzo okanye iingxaki zibanzulu kakhulu, nank'umzekelo, "kutheni le nto izinto zisiwa phantsi emhlabeni?" #Olandelayo, esakube eyifumene igxaki, umphandi wakwanzululwazi uyikhangela ayiphicothe ngobunono ingxaki leyo. Bayisebenze ke beyiphicotha, baqokelele bonke ubungqina obunokuza nobunyani. Ngamanye amaxesha inye kuphela into ekufuneka eyenzile lo mohandi kukufunda le ngxaki ngononophelo olungummangaliso. #Kukho imibuzo engenakuphendulwa ngokungqalileyo. kulapho ke abaphandi bathi beze namava abo ngokuthi bacebise, baze ke oko bakucebisileyo bakuvavanye ukuba kuyinyaniso kusini na. Kukwalapho ke benza[[i-experiments|ulingo]] baze baqokelele [[idata|ulwazi]]. #Ngelingeni, bayakuqikelela oko bacinga okokuba kuyimpendulo echanekileyo okanye elungileyo kwimibuzo nakwiingxaki ebebenazo phambi kophando. Emva koko ke bayakuxelela abantu ngophando nangeziphumo zophando abalwenzileyo. #Kamva, abanye abaphandi bakwanzululwazi basenokuvumelana okanye bangavumelani. Banakho ukuza nesinye isisombululo kuloo ngxaki ibekiweyo. Basenokuzibeka esikalini ngokukhe bazilinge ezi zisombululo beza nazo ngeenjongo zokuzivavanya. Nantoni na kwinzululwazi kufuneka iphicothwe xa kufunyaniswe okokuba isisombululo ebekuziwe naso kwixesha elidlulileyo asonelisi ngokupheleleyo. == Ezinye iimpawu zenzululwazi == akusibabo bonke abantu abavumelana nendlela esebenza ngayo inzululwazi. Ezinye iingcali zakwa [[ingcali yakwaFilosofi|Filosofi]] kunye nabaphandi okanye iingcali zakwanzululwazi zithi [[theories|ulwazi oluthethwayo ngobunzululwazi]] lwamkelekile okwexeshana. Luthi ze lugcinwe kube kanti lunenkcazelo egqibeleleyo nenambithekayo ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwayo. Xa ke le ntehto ichazayo ngenzululwazi ingenasisekelo, iyashenxiswa kuze kubekwe enye endaweni yayo. Okanye, ngamanye amaxesha iingcali zakwanzululwazi zihlala phantsi ziyixovule ziyihlaziya endaweni yokuyishenxisa. Mhlawumbi ke ziqhubele phambili ngokuyisebenzisa ngethemba lokuba iyakubangcono ngokuya kuhamba ixesha isetyenziswa. Inzululwazi yindlela yokufumana [[ulwazi]] ngoku shenxisa into engeyonyaniso. Iingcali kufuneka ziqaphele ngokukodwa xa zinika ingcaciso engqamene naloo nto bayi[[Observation|funde beyijonge ngamehlo]] baza [[measure|benza nomlinganiselo wayo]]. Baya[[ukhuphiswano|khuphisana]] ingulowo nalowo ufuna ukuza nenkcazo engcono. Ingcaciso isenokuba yenika [[wikt:interesting|umdla]] okanye yeyo[[wikt:pleasing|nelisayo]], kodwa ukuba [[ayingqinelani]] noko kubonwa [[measure|nokusele kulinganiswe]] zezinye iingcali, ziyakusuke zizame ukuba zifumane enye inkcazelo engcono Phambi kokuba ibe linokupapashwa iphepha lobunzululwazi, iingcali ziqala zilifunde kuqala, zize zijonge okokuba ingaba le nkcazelo enikwe kweli phepha iyangqinelana na nale ifumaneka kuloo nto kuthethwa ngayo. sitsho sithethe nge[[peer review|ngokuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali]]. Emva kokuba epapashiwe amaphepha, kuyakubakho ezinye kwakhona iingcali eziya kujongisisa okokuba kusetyenziswe kwa ezi ndlela zovavanyo kusini na, kukwaphicothwe kwangendlela efanayo xa bekuphandwa, okanye kwenziwe uvavanyo olukwafana noluya, ngeenjongo zokubona okokuba ingaba iziphumo zizakufana kusini na. [[Peer review|kuphicothwa kwephepha lusapho lwakwanzululwazi okanye zezinye iingcali]]] kunye no[[:wikt:repeating|phinda-phindo]] [[experiments|lwezifundo okanye amalinge okufunda into]] akukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ubunyani nokuchaneka obukulwazi oluare the only way to be sure the [[knowledge]] is [[wikt:correct|nokuchaneka correct]] [[knowledge|kolwazi]] oluphandiweyo. Inzululwazi yenza [[models of nature|imizekelo efumaneka kwindalo]], [[models of our universe}imizekelo efumaneka kweli hlabathi]], kunye n[[amachiza]]. Zininzi ke iintlobo-ntlobo ezifumaneka kwanzululwazi, kunjalo nje zinamagama azo. Nangona kunjalo, akufuneki ukuthi "inzululwazi ithi" nayiphi na into. Inzululwazi yinkqubo, akuyo[[fact(s)|nyaniso okanye ingqokolela yenyaniso]] nje kuphela, kungeyo[[rules|mithetho]] ekukholelwa kuyo ngaxesha nye. == Ezinye iintlobo zenzululwazi == * [[Natural science|Ezendalo]] :*[[IBayoloji|inzululwazi ngezilwanyana nezityalo]] ::*[[Zoology|inzululwazi ngezilwanyana kuphela]] ::*[[Botany| inzululwazi ngezityalo kuphela]] ::*[[Genetics|iGenetics/inzululwazi ngofuzo]] ::*[[Ecology|i-Ecology]] ::*[[Physiology|Physiology]] :* [[Astronomy]] :* [[Earth science]] ::* [[Meteorology]] ::* [[Geology]] ::* [[Oceanography]] | valign=top | * [[Physical science|Physical sciences]] :* [[Physics]] :* [[IKhemistri]] * [[Social sciences]] :* [[Anthropology]] :* [[Psychology]] :* [[Sociology]] * Formal and [[applied science]]s :* [[Computer science]] :* [[Engineering]] :* [[Mathematics]] :* [[Statistics]] :* [[Medicine]] ==Imithombo== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Inzululwazi| ]] 40bt8solznclab5t7xxcmpbiwlkljp8 0 4349 41554 40445 2026-08-02T17:16:45Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UStevland Hardaway Morris''' (wazalwa ngomhla we-13 kwekaCanzibe ngo1950, engu'''Stevland Hardaway Judkins'''),<ref name="blindfaith">{{cite book|author=Dennis Love, Stacy Brown |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2I_vHgAACAAJ|title=Blind Faith: The Miraculous Journey of Lula Hardaway, Stevie Wonder's Mother''|publisher= Simon & Schuster|year= 2007| ISBN= 1-4165-7785-8}}</ref> waziwa ngegama lakhe leqonga ke elithi '''Stevie Wonder''', ngumlonji waseMelika, imvumi, ukwangumbhali weengoma, nomdidiyeli wamacwecwe eengoma, aphinde abeyingcali edlala iiintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo zomculo. [[Inkwenkwezi yomntwana]], ubengomnye wabantwana abakhe banesiphiwo sobugcisa nowayebathanda kakhulu abadlali bomculo beminyaka yasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamalate 20.<ref name="introtoStevie">{{cite book|author=James E. Perone|title= The Sound of Stevie Wonder: His Words and Music|url=https://archive.org/details/soundofsteviewon00pero| publisher= Greenwood Publishing|year= 2006 |ISBN= 0-275-98723-X|page= xi–xii}}</ref> UWonder watyikitya isivumelwano no[[Motown]] oyinkampani yombhalo kaTamla eseneminyaka eli-11<ref name="introtoStevie" /> waza waqhubela phambili ukucula phambi kwezihlwele ekwashicilela uMotown ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo2010. Wabayimfama esasandula ukuzalwa.' ==Izalathiso== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wonder, Stevie}} [[Uluhlu:Abantu baseYunayithedi Steyitsi]] [[Uluhlu:Umculo]] {{stub}} eeu1ps13lu92x00ihe86okoupz8wuhv 0 4389 41555 25117 2026-08-02T17:17:28Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bluesky.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Amafu esibhakakeni]] I'''lifu''' [[ngamanzi]] [[emoyeni]] (umoya) esinokuwabona ngamehlo. kulapho [[imvula]] kunye [[nenkungu]] zivela khona. Amanzi as[[mhlabeni]] aaphuma engumphunga womoya (aze ajike abeyinto engabonakaliyo) aze enyuke aye esibhakabhakeni. enyukele ngasentla apho umoya ububanda, amanzi [[ayaqokelelana]]: ayajika angabi ngumoya ongumphushu abe ngamaqabaza okanye abe ngamagaqa o[[umkhenkce|mkhenkce]]. siwabona laa maqabaza amanzi engamafu. Amaqabaza aphindela emhlabeni ngokuthi aqabaze kuwo sele ey[[imvula]], aze aphinde amanzi aphume sele engumphunga kwakhona. Oku ke kuthiwa s[[''isazinge samanzi'']] [[Umoya]] usoloko enentwana yomphunga wamanzi ongenakubonwa ngamehlo enyama. amafu enzeka xa umoya lo ungasenakuwubamba wonke lo mphunga wamanzi ubonakalyo. <ref name=weather>{{cite book | last = Oard| first = Michael| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Weather Book| publisher = Master Books| date = 1997| location = P.O. Box 126, Green Forest, AR 72638| pages = | url =https://archive.org/details/weatherbook0000oard| doi = | id = | isbn = 0-89051-211-6}}</ref>{{Page needed}} Omnye umphushu wamanzi [[uyadibana]] usongane ubengamaqabaza amanzi amancinane kakhulu. Yiloo nto kanye ke le kuthiwa lilifu. <ref name=weather/> 5mb07o3kmcs5f1xfu7klxzz909i5e61 0 4400 41531 40810 2026-08-02T16:53:27Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Cholestasis 2 high mag.jpg|thumb|225px|Inyongo (yinto eqanda ngombala) ethe nca apha [[esibewulwe ukuze kwenziwe uphando oluphangaleleyo]] ngokwenzeka kwe stasis senyongo, oko kuththa ukuthi,[[ukungahambi kakuhle kwenyongo xa isuka esibindini isiya kugqongo wethumbu okanye ithumbu elikhulu]]. [[H&E stain]]]] [[File:Lipid and bile salts.svg|right|225px|thumb|Ukusebenza kweetyuwa zenyongo xa kusilwa ukutya esiswini]] [[File:Bile recycling.png|thumb|225px|ukusebenza kwenyongo okungenasiqabu]] == '''inyongo''' okanye '''igall''' yinto '''ekrakrayo''', ingamanzi le nto, imbala uluhlaza de ubuhlaza bayo bubengathi bubamnyama iye isiba buqanda bumdaka, le nto iputyuzwa s[[isibindi]] senkoliso [[izilwanyana|yezilwanyana]] ezinethambo lomqolo, inceda [[ekusilweni]] kw[[amafuma]] omzimba [[amathumbu|emathunjini amancinane]]. Ebantwini, inyongo ihlala iputyuzwa sisibindi (isibindi senyongo), igcinwe yaza yafunjwa [[kwisingxobo senyongo]] (isingxobo senyongo), size sithi ke xa sisitya [[isilwanyana]] eso, yona ibe ''iputyuzeka'' kwithumbu laso elikhulu ekuthiwa y[[iduodenum]]. Inyongo le yenziwe ngamanzi angama-97%, 0.7%<ref name="barrett">{{cite book|last1=Barrett|first1=Kim E. |title=Ganong's review of medical physiology.|url=https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-178003-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ganongsreviewofm0000unse/page/512 512]|edition=24th }}</ref> [[incindi yenyongo|iityuwa zenyongo]], 0.2% [[yebilirubin]], 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and [[lecithin]]),<ref name="barrett" /> and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Guyton and Hall|title=Textbook of Medical Physiology|date=2011|publisher=Saunders Elsevier|location=U.S.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|page=784}}</ref> == ==umsebenzi wenyongo== * Poes inamaxesha okusebenza njenge[[isurfactant|surfactant]], oko kukuthi inceda [[ukunyibilikisa|ekunyibilikiseni]] amafutha ekutyeni. Ityuwa yenyongo ii[[anion]]s zi[[hydrophilic]] kwelinye icala ziphinde zibe[[hydrophobic]] kwelinye; iziphumo zoko, zidla ngokuqokolelana ngakumaqabaza amafutha ekuthiwa zii([[triglycerides]] nangakwii[[phospholipid]]s) ukuze zenze ii[[micelle]]s, with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards. The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged, and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles. Ordinarily, the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14–33&nbsp;μm. Yebo # The dispersion of food fat into micelles thus provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme [[pancreatic lipase]], which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into two fatty acids and a [[monoglyceride]], which are absorbed by the [[Intestinal villus|villi]] on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides, before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through [[lacteal]]s. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in feces, undigested. Since bile increases the absorption of fats, it is an important part of the absorption of the fat-soluble substances, such as the [[vitamin]]s [[vitamin A|A]], [[vitamin D|D]], [[vitamin E|E]], and [[vitamin K|K]]. Besides its digestive function, bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin, a byproduct of [[erythrocyte|red blood cells]] recycled by the liver. Bilirubin derives from [[hemoglobin]] by [[glucuronidation]]. Bile is alkaline{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} and also has the function of neutralizing any excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine. Bile salts also act as [[bactericide]]s, destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food. ==Causes of Biliary Obstruction== Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors. Majority of the time biliary obstruction is caused by the high consumption of sugar, fat and processed foods. These above mentioned foods can cause [[gallstones]]. Primarily biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the [[bile ducts]]. Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and [[gallbladder]] through the pancreas. A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine [[duodenum]]. The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder. After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption. ==Clinical significance== * In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in [[feces]], a condition called [[steatorrhea]]. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barabote RD, Tamang DG, Abeywardena SN, et al. |title=Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=1758 |issue=10 |pages=1557–79 |year=2006 |pmid=16905115 |doi=10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.06.018}}</ref> Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in [[essential fatty acid]]s and [[fat-soluble vitamins]]. In addition, past the [[small intestine]] (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the [[gastrointestinal tract]] and [[gut flora]] are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine. * The [[cholesterol]] contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder, forming [[Cholelithiasis|gallstones]]. Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder. However, they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids, such as [[chenodeoxycholic acid]] and [[ursodeoxycholic acid]]. * On an empty stomach – after repeated [[vomiting]], for example – a person's vomit may be green or dark yellow, and very bitter. The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The color of bile is often likened to "fresh-cut grass",{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow. Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve ([[pylorus]]), the presence of certain drugs including alcohol, or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms. ==Intlalo nesiko== In medical theories prevalent in the West from [[Classical Antiquity]] to the [[Middle Ages]], the body's health depended on the equilibrium of [[humorism|four "humors"]], or vital fluids, two of which related to bile: blood, [[phlegm#Phlegm and humourism|phlegm]], "'''yellow bile'''" (choler), and "'''black bile'''". These "humors" are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression, respectively, and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words [[cholera]] (from Greek ''kholé'') and [[melancholia]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2014}}. Those same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from ''bile'', the meaning of gall in English as "exasperation" or "impudence", and the Latin word ''cholera'', derived from the Greek ''kholé'', which was passed upon several Romance languages in words meaning "anger" such as ''colère'' (French) and ''cólera'' (Spanish). ===Isepha yenyongo=== Bile from deceased mammals can be mixed with soap. This mixture, called bile soap,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap, which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths.|journal=The London Journal Of Arts And Sciences; And Repertory Of Patent Inventions|year=1837|first=W. |last=Newton|volume=IX|issue=|pages=289 |url=http://www.google.co.uk/books?vid=0MfyvmoTsdK02ZeP86W&id=GhMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA19-PA291&lpg=RA19-PA291&dq=bile+soap&as_brr=1|accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains. ===Inyongo ekutyeni=== A dish in the Philippines called "Pinapaitan" uses bile as a sort of flavoring for this dish. ==Principal bile acids== <gallery class="center"> Image:Cholic acid.svg|[[Cholic acid]] Image:Chenodeoxycholic acid.svg|[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]] Image:Glycocholsäure.svg|[[Glycocholic acid]] Image:Taurocholic acid.svg|[[Taurocholic acid]] Image:Deoxycholic acid.svg|[[Deoxycholic acid]] Image:Lithocholic_acid_acsv.svg|[[Lithocholic acid]] </gallery> [[Category:Masiguqule]] [[Category:BODY FLUIDS]] rwz6mbr4wdbyv5z8pa2n6edy4jrpoqu 0 4682 41553 33234 2026-08-02T17:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Ukungondleki | Image = Orange ribbon.svg | Caption = Iribhoni eorenji—[[iribhoni yokulumkisa]] ngokungondleki. | Width = 120 | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = 263.9 | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 000404 | eMedicineSubj = ped | eMedicineTopic = 1360 | MeshID = D044342 }} <!-- Ingcaciso Neempawu --> '''Ukungondleki''' yimeko ebangelwa kukutya [[ukutya]] [[okungenazondlo]] zaneleyo okanye okunezondlo ezininzi gqitha kangangokude zibangele iingxaki zempilo.<ref>{{DorlandsDict|five/000062745|malnutrition}}</ref><ref name=FFL2010>{{cite book|first1=UNICEF|title=Izibakala zobomi|year=2010|publisher=Ingxowa-mali Yabantwana YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo|location=New York|isbn=978-92-806-4466-1|pages=61 and 75|edition=4th ed.|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2018-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212170249/https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/Facts_for_Life_EN_010810.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Izondlo ezibandakanyekileyo zinokuquka: [[iikhalori]], [[iprotini]], [[iikhabhohayidreti]], [[iivitamin]] okanye [[ii-elementi ezondlayo |iiminerali]].<ref name=FFL2010/> Zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo ukubhekisela '''ekungondlekini''' apho kungekho zikhalori zaneleyo, iiprotini okanye [[iimicronutrients]]; noko ke, ikwaquka [[ukondleka ngokugqithiseleyo]].<ref name=Young2012>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|last1=Young|first1=E.M.|title=Ukutya nokukhula|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=9781135999414|pages=36–38|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=XhwKwNzJVjQC&pg=PA36}}</ref><ref name=Jones2011>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|title=Impilo Ezibalulekileyo KwiMpilo Ehlabathini|year=2011|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|isbn=9781449667719|page=194|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lt7TqZPZSlIC&pg=PA194}}</ref> Ukuba ukungondleki kuvela ebudeni mhlawumbi [[kokukhulelwa]] okanye ngaphambi kweminyaka emibini ubudala kunokubangela iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokukhula komzimba nengqondo.<ref name=FFL2010/> Ukungondleki okungaphaya kwengqondo, okubizwa ngokuba [[kukulamba]], kunokuba neempawu eziquka: ubufutshane, ukuncipha komzimba, ukungabi namandla, nemilenze [[nesisu]] esidumbileyo.<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=Young2012/> Kanti abantu badla ngokufumana izigulo yaye basoloko [[benengqele|begodola]].<!-- <ref name=Young2012/> --> Iimpawu [[zokungabi naziimicronutrient]] zixhomekeka kwiimicronutrient ezingekhoyo.<ref name=Young2012/> <!-- Unobangela -->Ukungondleki kudla ngokubangelwa ubukhulu becala kukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kokutya okukumgangatho ophezulu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Ixesha elininzi oku kunxulumene namaxabiso aphezulu okutya [[nendlala]].<ref name=FFL2010/><ref name=WHO2014/> [[Ukungancanciswa]] kunokuba negalelo, kanye njengeqela [[lezifo ezosulelayo]] ezifana: [nokudumba kwesisu namathumbu]], [[inyumoniya]], [[imalariya]] [[nemasisi]] nto leyo eyandisa imfuneko yezondlo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zokungondleki: [[ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla]] nokuswela izondlo.<ref name=Jones2011/> Ukungondleki kokuswela iprotini namandla kuneendidi ezimbini ezimandla: [[imarasmus]] (nokuswela iprotini neekhalori) kwakunye [[nekwashiyoko]] (ukuswela nje iprotini).<ref name=Young2012/> Ukuswela iimicronutrient eziqhelekileyo kuquka: ukuswela [[iayon|iayon]], [[ukuswela iayodin|iayodin]] kunye [[ukuswela ivitamin A|ivitamin A]].<ref name=Young2012/> Ebudeni [[bokukhulelwa]], ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuneko, ziba ninzi izinto oziswelayo.<ref>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|last1=Konje|first1=editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C.|title=Ukuphunyelwa sisisu ngokuphindiweyo|date=2007|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788184480061|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> Kwamanye [[amazwe asakhasayo]] ukondleka okugqithiseleyo okubonakala [[ngokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo]] kubonakala kubakho kwiindawo ezifanayo nokungondleki.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inkqubela Yabantwana: Ikhadi Lengxelo Ngezondlo|url=http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/files/InkqubelaYabantwana_-_No._4.pdf|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Abanye oonobangela bokungondleki baquka [[ianorexia nervosa]] ne[[bariatric surgery]].<ref>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|last1=Prentice|first1=editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew|title=Encyclopedia of human nutrition|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080454283|page=68|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=DHtERWm0mrcC&pg=RA1-PA68}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease|date=2012|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781455738120|page=324|edition=6th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=yxTtmJYPUV0C&pg=PA324}}</ref> Kubantu [[abasele bekhulile]] ukungondleki kuxhaphaka kakhulu ngenxa yenkalo zomzimba, ezengqondo nezokuhlala.<ref>{{cite book|last1=editors|first1=Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic,|title=Imigaqo nokwenziwa kotyando lwejeriyatriki|date=2011|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=9781441969996|page=78|edition=2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VcgmpMZE6a8C&pg=PA87}}</ref> <!-- Unyango -->Imigudu yokuphucula [[izondlo]] iyenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo [[zoncedo lophuhliso]].<ref name=UK2012/> Ukuncancisa kunokunciphisa imilinganiselo yokungondleki nokufa kwabantwana,<ref name=FFL2010/> nemigudu yokukhuthaza olu qheliselo iyanda.<ref name=Bh2013/> Kubantwana abancinane ukubanika ukutya ukongezelela kubisi lwebele phakathi kweenyanga ezintandathu neminyaka emibini kuphucula imiphumo.<ref name=Bh2013/> Kukwakho nobungqina obuhle obuxhasa [[izongezelelo zokutya|ukongezelela]] inani lezondlo ezincinane ebudeni bokukhulelwa nakubantwana abancinane kumazwe asakhasayo.<ref name=Bh2013/> Ukusa ukutya kubantu abakudinga kakhulu ukukuthuthela kubo nokubanika imali ukuze abantu bathenge ukutya kwimarike ezikufutshane nabo kunceda kakhulu.<ref name=UK2012/><ref>{{cite web|title=Isicwangciso Sehlabathi Sokutya, Imali Namakhadi Okutya|url=http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/communications/wfp246176.pdf|website=WFP.org|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref> Ukusuka nje utyise abantu ezikolweni akwanelanga.<ref name=UK2012/> Ukulawulwa kokungondleki okumandla emakhayeni abantu [[ngokutya okunyangayo#Ukutya Okulungele Ukusetyenziswa Okunyangayo|ukutya okulungele ukusetyenziswa okondlayo]] kuyenzeka amaxesha amaninzi.<ref name=Bh2013/> Kwabo banokungondleki okumandla okwenziwa kuthi kratya zezinye izigulo unyango luyanconyelwa.<ref name=Bh2013/> Oku kusoloko kuquka ukulawula [[ihypoglycemia|umlinganiselo ophantsi weswekile]], [[ihypothermia|ubushushu bomzimba]], [[ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni]], nokutya ngokuthe ngcembe.<ref name=Bh2013/><ref name=WHO2003>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|first1=INtlangano Yehlabathi Yezempilon. Ababhali: Ann Ashworth|title=Imiyalelo yokunyangwa kwezigulana ezingabantwana ezilaliswe ngenxa yokungondleki okumandla|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesforinp0000unse|date=2003|publisher=INtlangano Yehlabathi Yezempilo|location=Geneva|isbn=9241546093}}</ref> Ukukhutshwa ngokuqhubekayo [[kwee-antibhayotiki]] kudla ngokunconyelwa ngenxa yengozi enkulu yokosulelwa.<ref name=WHO2003/> Amanyathelo exesha elide aquka: ukuphucula ezolimo,<ref name=solcultivateplanet>{{cite journal |author=Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks |title=Solutions for a cultivated planet |journal=Nature |volume=478 |issue=7369 |pages=337–342 |date=October 2011|pmid=21993620|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v478/n7369/full/nature10452.html |doi=10.1038/nature10452}}</ref> ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, ukuphucula [[ugutyulo]], kunye [[nokunika amabhinqa amabhinqa amandla|ukunikwa kwamabhinqa amandla]].<ref name=UK2012/> <!-- Ukudluliselwa Nokulawulwa, Uluntu, Nenkcubeko --> Kwakukho abantu abangondlekanga abazizigidi eziyi-925&nbsp;ehlabathini ngo-2010, ukwanda kwe-80&nbsp;yezigidi ukususela ngo-1990.<ref name=FAO2010>{{cite web|title=Global hunger declining, but still unacceptably high International hunger targets difficult to reach|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/al390e/al390e00.pdf|website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 July 2014|date=September 2010}}</ref><ref name=Fao2008>{{cite book|last1=Food|last2=(FAO)|first2=Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|title=The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities|date=2008|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)|location=Rome|isbn=978-92-5-106049-0|page=2|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0291e/i0291e00.htm|quote=Uqikelelo lwakutshanje lweFAO lubeka amanani abantu abalambileyo [eneneni, abangondlekanga] kwizigidi eziyi-923 ngo-2007, ukwanda kwezigidi ezingaphezu kwe-80 ukususela ngethuba lika-1990–92.}}</ref> Enye ibhiliyoni yabantu kuqikelelwa ukuba iswele iivithamini neminerali.<ref name=UK2012>{{cite web|title=An update of ‘The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action’|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67319/undernutrition-finalevidence-oct12.pdf|website=www.gov.uk|publisher=Department for International Development|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=Oct 2012}}</ref> Ngo-2010 [[ukuswela iprotini namandla]] kuqikelelwa ukuba kuye kwaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-600,000 okuhle nge-883,000 ngo-1990.<ref name=Loz2012/> Okunye ukuswela izondlo, okuquka [[ukuswela iayodin]] kunye [[nokuswela iiseli ezibomvu ngenxa yokungabi na-ayoni]], kuye kwabangela ukufa kwabanye abantu abayi-84,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Ukufa ehlabathini nakwiindawo ezithile ukususela koonobangela abayi-235 bokufa kubudala obuyi-20 ngo-1990 no-2010: uhlolo oluchuliweyo Lophando luka-2010 Lomthwalo Obangelwa Kukugula Ehlabathini 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=}}</ref> Ukususela ngo-2010 ukungondleki kwakungunobangela wako konke okuyi-1.4% [[ukukhubazeka kobomi]].<ref name=UK2012/><ref name=Murray2012>{{cite journal|last1=Murray|first1=CJ|title=Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2197–223|pmid=23245608|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4}}</ref> Malunga nesithathu sokufa kwabantwana kukholelwa ukuba kubangelwa kukungondleki; noko ke ukufa akufane kuchazwe njengonobangela.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health|url=http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/malnutrition/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> Ngo-2010 kwakuqikelelwa ukuba ukungondleki kuye kwanegalelo ekufeni kwamabhinqa nabantwana abamalunga ne-1.5 lezigidi<ref name=Lim2012>{{cite journal |author=Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, et al. |title=Uhlolo lokuthelekisa ingozi yomthwalo wezifo nokwenzakala okusolwa kwiinkalo eziyi-67 zengozi kwimimandla eyi-21, 1990-2010: uhlolo oluchuliweyo loMthwalo Obangelwa Zizifo Ehlabathini Lonke ngo-2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2224–60 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245609 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8 |url=}}</ref> nangona abanye beqikelela ukuba elo nani lingalikhulu kunezigidi eziyi-3&nbsp;.<ref name="Bh2013"/> Abantwana abangakumbi abayi- 165&nbsp; abakhuli [[kakuhle]] ngenxa yesi sifo.<ref name=Bh2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bhutta|first1=ZA|last2=Das|first2=JK|last3=Rizvi|first3=A|last4=Gaffey|first4=MF|last5=Walker|first5=N|last6=Horton|first6=S|last7=Webb|first7=P|last8=Lartey|first8=A|last9=Black|first9=RE|last10=Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review|first10=Group|last11=Maternal and Child Nutrition Study|first11=Group|title=Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?|journal=Lancet|date=Aug 3, 2013|volume=382|issue=9890|pages=452–77|pmid=23746776|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4}}</ref> Ukungondleki kuxhaphake ngakumbi [[kumazwe asakhasayo]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Liz Young|title=World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development|date=2002|isbn=9781134774944|page=20|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=w4CGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA20}}</ref> ==Iimbekiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ukutya]] [[Category:Ukungondleki| ]] [[Category:NUTRITION]] dqsf1flszeo3um668hd1jm4goafvrb0 0 4683 41539 34456 2026-08-02T17:03:39Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Iliwa Inqanawa|Inqanawa Iliwa]] [[ISuperheroes]]{{Infobox disease | Name = Hepatitis A | Image = Jaundice eye.jpg | Caption = Imeko yejondisi ebangelwa yihepatitis A | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|15||b|15}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|070.0}}, {{ICD9|070.1}} | DiseasesDB = 5757 | MedlinePlus = 000278 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 991 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|ped|977}} | MeshID = D006506 }} I'''Hepatitis A''' (eyayidla ngokubizwa ngokuba '''yihepatitis eyosulelayo''') [[yimeko emandla (yezempilol)|emandla]] [[isifo esosulelayo]] [[sesibindi]] esibangelwa yintsholongwane yehepatitis A (HAV).<ref name=Sherris>{{bhekisela kwincwadi | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (abahleli) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | url = https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3 | edition = 4th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3/page/541 541]–4 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Iimeko ezininzi ziba neempawu ezincinci okanye zingabikho kwaphela ingakumbi kwabaselula.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ixesha eliphakathi kokusuleleka neempawu, kwabo bazifumanayo, liphakathi kweeveki ezimbini nezintandathu.<ref name="pmid16271543">{{bhekisela kwincwadi| author=Connor BA| title=Hepatitis A isitofu kumhambi womzuzu wokugqibela| journal=Am. J. Med.| volume=118 |issue=Suppl 10A| pages=58S–62S| year=2005| pmid=16271543| doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018}}</ref> Xa kukho iimpawu ngokuqhelekileyo zihlala iiveki ezisibhozo yaye zinokuquka isicaphucaphu, ukugabha, utyatyazo, [[ijondisi|ulusu olutyheli]], ifiva, nesisu esibuhlungu.<ref name=AFP2012/> Abantu abamalunga ne-10–15% bayabuyelwa kwakhona ziimpawu ebudeni beenyanga ezintandathu emva kokusulelwa okokuqala.<ref name=AFP2012/> [[Ukoyisakala okumandla kwesibindi]] akunakufane kubekho yaye oku kuxhaphake kakhulu kubantu abadala.<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Unobangela --> Ngokuqhelekileyo isasazeka ngokutya okanye ukusela ukutya okanye amanzi angcoliswe lilindle elinesi sifo.<ref name=AFP2012>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|last=Matheny|first=SC|last2=Kingery |first2=JE|title=Hepatitis A.|journal=Am Fam Physician |date=1 Disemba 2012|volume=86|issue=11|pages=1027–34; quiz 1010–2|pmid=23198670 |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/1201/p1027.html}}</ref> [[Oonokrwece]] abangaphekwanga ngokwaneleyo idla ngokuba ngoyena nobangela.<ref>{{Bhekisela kwincwadi | last1 = Bellou | first1 = M. | last2 = Kokkinos | first2 = P. | last3 = Vantarakis | first3 = A. | title = Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review. | journal = Food Environ Virol | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–23 |date=Matshi 2013 | doi = 10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6 | pmid = 23412719 }}</ref> Kanti inokusasazwa ngokusondelelana nomntu onokukosulela.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ngoxa abantwana bengabi nazimpawu xa basulelwa banokubosulela abanye.<ref name=AFP2012/> Emva kokosulelwa kanye, umntu akaphinde asuleleke ubomi bakhe bonke.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases|year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=9780816069903|page=105|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=HfPU99jIfboC&pg=PA105}}</ref> Ukuze ifunyaniswe kufuneka kuhlolwe igazi njengoko iimpawu zifana nezo zezinye izifo.<ref name=AFP2012/> Yenye yeevayirasi ezintlanu ezaziwayo ze[[hepatitis]]: A, [[hepatitis B|B]], [[hepatitis C|C]], [[hepatitis D|D]], kunye [[hepatitis E|E]]. <!-- Uthintelo NoNyango --> I[[hepatitis A vaccine]] iyanceda ekukhuseleni.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=Irv2012>{{Bhekisela kwincwadi | last1 = Irving | first1 = GJ. | last2 = Holden | first2 = J. | last3 = Yang | first3 = R. | last4 = Pope | first4 = D. | title = Ukugonyelwa iHepatitis A kubantu abangazange bafumane ihepatitis A. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume = 7 | issue = | pages = CD009051 | year = 2012 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2 | pmid = 22786522 }}</ref> Amanye amazwe ayincomela ngokuqhubekayo ebantwaneni nakwabo basengozini enkulu abangazange bagonywe ngaphambili.<ref name=AFP2012/><ref name=WHO2013/> Lubonakal lusebenza.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ezinye iindlela zokuyithintela ziquka ukuhlamba izandla ukukupheka kakuhle ukutya.<ref name=AFP2012/> akukho nyango lukhethekileyo, uphumle yaye amayeza [[isicaphucaphu]] okanye [[utyatyazo]] akhutshwa njengoko efuneka.<ref name=AFP2012/> Ukosuleleka kudla ngokusuka ngokupheleleyo nangaphandle kwesifo esiqhubekayo sesibindi.<ref name=AFP2012/> Unyango lokoyisakala ngokupheleleyo kwesibindi, ukuba kuyavela, [[liver transplantion|uqhaqho-fakelo lwesibindi]].<ref name=AFP2012/> <!-- Ukudluliselwa Nokulawulwa Kwayo --> Ehlabathini lonke malunga neemeko ezineempawu eziyi-1.5 lezigidi zibakho nyaka ngamnye<ref name=AFP2012/> yaye lilonke bamalunga namashumi ezigidi abanokosuleleka.<ref name=Was2006>{{cite journal|last=Wasley|first=A|author2=Fiore, A |author3=Bell, BP|title=IHepatitis A ngexesha logonyo.|journal=Epidemiol Rev |year=2006|volume=28|pages=101–11|pmid=16775039 |doi=10.1093/epirev/mxj012 |url=http://epirev.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/1/101.long}}</ref> Ixhaphake kakhulu kwimimandla yehlabathi enogutyulo olukumgangatho ophantsi nalapho kungekho manzi akhuselekileyo aneleyo.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs328/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=20 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> [[Kumazwe asakhasayo]] malunga ne-90% yabantwana baye bosuleleleka beneminyaka eyi-10 ubudala yaye bayakhuseleka xa sele bebadala.<ref name=WHO2013/> Idla ngokuqhambuka kumazwe ahambele phambili noko apho abantwana bengachanabekanga ngoxa beselula yaye bengagonywa kakhulu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ngo-2010, ihepatitis A emandla yaphumela ekufeni kwabantu abayi-102,000.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Umkhamo wokufa wehlabathi nowengingqi ukususela koonobangela bokufa abayi-235 kumaqela obudala ayi-20 ngo-1990 no-2010: uhlolo olulungelelanisiweyo lweGlobal Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> [[Usuku Lwehlabathi Lwehepatitis]] ibakho nyaka ngamnye ngoJulayi 28 ukwazisa nge[[viral hepatitis]].<ref name=WHO2013/> ==Iimbekiselo== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Izifo]] {{commonscat}} g7lc0u7lsqbnq7xr9z46r101jrvfikm 0 4684 41545 29314 2026-08-02T17:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Imalariya | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|50||b|50}}-{{ICD10|B|54||b|54}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|084}} | Image = Malaria.jpg | Caption = ''Iplasmodiyam'' esuka kumathe emazi yengcongconi anqumleza kwiseli yengcongconi. | DiseasesDB = 7728 | MedlinePlus = 000621 | OMIM = 248310 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1385 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|305}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1357}} | MeshName = Malaria | MeshNumber = C03.752.250.552 }} <!-- Inkcazelo neempawu --> '''Imalariya''' [[sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo]] esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa [[zizimfimfithi-gazi]] (uhlobo lweseli enye [[izinambuzane]]) ''[[zePlasmodiyam]]''.<ref name=WHO2014/> Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka [[ifiva]], [[imalaise|ukudinwa]], [[ukugabha]] [[intloko ebuhlungu]].<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela [[ijondisi|ulusu olutyheli]], [[ukugula]], [[ikoma]] okanye [[ukufa]].<ref name=EBMED2014/> Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesihlanu emva kokuba ulunyiwe.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Kwabo bangakhange banyangwe kakuhle isifo sinokuphinda sibuye kwiinyanga kamva.<ref name=WHO2014/> Kwabo basandul' ukusinda kwisifo, ukosuleleka kwakhona kudla ngokubangela iimpawu ezingekho mandla noko.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Oku [[kukhuseleka]] kwexeshana kudla ngokuplhela ngokuhamba kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka ukuba akuchanabeki ngokuqhubekayo kwimalariya.<ref name=EBMED2014/> <!--Unobangela nokufunyaniswa-->Ngokuqhelekileyo, esi sifo sidluliselwa kukulunywa yimazi yengcongconi ''[[Anopheles]]'' enesi sifo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Oku kulunywa kufaka izimfimfithi-gazi ezikumathe engcongconi [[kwigazi]] lomntu lowo.<ref name=WHO2014/> Izimfimfithi-gazi ziya esibindini apho zithi zikhule zize zizale.<!-- <ref name=EBMED2014/> --> Iindidi ezintlanu ''zePlasmodiyam'' zinokosulela zize zisasazwe ngabantu.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Ubukhulu becala ukufa kunokubangelwa yi''[[Plasmodium falciparum|P.&nbsp;falciparum]]'' ene''[[Plasmodium vivax|P.&nbsp;vivax]]'', ''[[Plasmodium ovale|P.&nbsp;ovale]]'',kunye ''[[Plasmodium malariae|P.&nbsp;malariae]]'' ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela uhlobo olungekho mandla lwemalariya.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Udidi ''[[iPlasmodium knowlesi|P.&nbsp;knowlesi]]'' alufane lubangele isifo ebantwini.<ref name=WHO2014/> Imalariya idla ngokufunyaniswa ngohlolo lwemayikroskopu lwegazi kusetyenziswa [[iifilimu zegazi]], okanye [[ezine-antigen]] [[Uvavanyo lokufumanisa i-antigen yemalariya|uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokufumanisa]].<ref name=EBMED2014/> Iindlela ezisebenzisa [[iziganeko ezilandelelanayo zepolymerase]] zokufumanisa [[iDNA]] yezimfimfithi-gazi ziye zaveliswa, kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo apho imalariya [[igqugqisileyo]] ngenxa yeendleko zayo nokuntsonkotha kwayo.<ref name="Nadjm 2012">{{Cite journal |author=Nadjm B, Behrens RH |title=Malaria: An update for physicians |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |year=2012 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=243–59 |pmid=22632637 |doi=10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010}}</ref> <!--Ukuthintelwa nonyango-->Ingozi yezifo inokuncitshiswa ngokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi ngokusebenzisa [[inethi yengcongconi]] kunye [[nezinto zokugxotha izinambuzane]], okanye ngeendlela zokulawula iingcongoni njengokutsutsuza [[zinto zokubulala izinambuzane]] nokuvula iidreyini zamanzi amileyo.<ref name=EBMED2014/> Kukho amayeza awahlukeneyo [[okuthintela imalariya]] kubakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezigcwele esi sifo.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Ukufumana la mayeza ngamaxesha athile [[sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine]] kuyanconyelwa [[kwiintsana]] nasemva [[kwekota yokuqala]] [[yokukhulelwa]] kwiindawo ezinengozi enkulu yemalariya.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Nakuba kukho imfuneko, asikho [[isitofu]] esisebenzayo, nakuba kuqhubeka kusenziwa imigudu yokusivelisa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Unyango olunconyelwayo lwemalariya ngumxube [[wamayeza alwa nemalariya]] aquka [[i-artemisinin]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=EBMED2014/> Iyeza lesibini linokuba [[yimefloquine]], [[ilumefantrine]], okanye isulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.<ref name=WHO2010>{{bhekisela kwincwadi|last1=Organization|first1=World Health|title=Guidelines for the treatment of malaria|url=https://archive.org/details/guidelinesfortre0000unse|date=2010|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=9789241547925|page=ix|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref> [[Quinine]] kwakunye [[nedoxycycline]] inokusetyenziswa ukuba i-artemisinin ayifumaneki.<ref name=WHO2010/> Kunconyelwa ukuba kwiindawo apho esi sifo sixhaphakileyo, imalariya iqinisekiswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukunyangwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yokwanda [[kokuxhathisa amayeza]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Amayeza amaninzi alwa nemalariya sele iwaxhathisa; ngokomzekelo, exhathisa [[ichloroquine]] ''P.&nbsp;falciparum'' sele inwenwele kwiindawo ezininzi ezinemalariya, yaye ukuxhathiswa kwe-artemisinin sele kuyingxaki kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi-mpuma Asia.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!--Ukudluliselwa Nokulawulwa--> Esi sifo sinwenwele [[kwiiTropiki]] kunye [[nemimandla esezantsi kwetropiki]] ekhoyo ngokubanzi engqonge [[i-ikhweyitha]].<ref name=EBMED2014>{{cite journal|last=Caraballo|first=Hector|title=Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|date=May 2014|volume=16|issue=5|url=http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=405}}</ref> Oku kuquka ummandla omkhulu [weAfrika Esezantsi KweSahara]], [[iAsia]], kunye [ne[Latin America]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> [[IWorld Health Organization]] iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, kwakukho abantu abazizigidi eziyi-207 ababenemalariya.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> ngaloo nyaka kuqikelelwa ukuba esi sifo sabulala phakathi kwe-473,000 ne-789,000 yabantu, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana baseAfrika.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Malaria Fact sheet N°94|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=28 August 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> Imalariya idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu yaye inefuthe elingelihle kakhulu [[kuhlumo loqoqosho]].<ref name="IftSoL">{{Cite report |author=Gollin D, Zimmermann C |title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]] |url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Worrall 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K |title=Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature |journal=Tropical Health and Medicine |year=2005 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=1047–59 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x |pmid=16185240}} {{open access}}</ref> EAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba ibangela ilahleko eyi-$12 bhiliyoni USD ngonyaka ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukungakwazi ukusebenza negalelo layo kukhenketho.<ref name="Greenwood 2005">{{Cite journal |author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA |title=Malaria |journal=Lancet |year=2005|volume=365 |issue=9469 |pages=1487–98 |pmid=15850634 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3}}</ref> <gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption=""> | File:Fighting malaria in Solomon Islands (10695013835).jpg| File:Solução contra a malária na Africa (4106652282).jpg| </gallery> ==Iimbekiselo== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Malaria}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malariya}} [[Category:Izifo]] fcfdfqkdhv17k8z1rqw3k637t65pc3v 0 4708 41546 29347 2026-08-02T17:09:30Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41546 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Proton quark structure.svg|200px|thumb|right|Umfanekiso we-proton. U- 'u' umele i-quark ephezulu, aze yena u-d amele i-quark esezantsi.]] Ii'''protons''' zizinto ezithile ezifumaneka kw[[-atom]].<ref name=cox1>{{cite book|page=108-109|title=Wonders of the Universe|url=https://archive.org/details/wondersofunivers0000unse|first1=Brian|first2=Andrew|last1=Cox|last2=Cohen|publisher=HarperCollins|date=2011|isbn=9780007395828}}</ref> Zifumaneka kwi-[[Nucleus (physics)|nucleus]] ye-atom zihamba nee-[[neutron]]s.<ref name=cox1 /> I[[-periodic table]] yamaqela ee-atoms ebonakalisa okokuba ezi atoms zinee-protons ezingaphi na. I-atom enye kwi-[[hydrogen]] (olona hlobo lwe-atom lwakhe lwalula) yenziwe nge-[[electron]] ezingqonge nezijikeleze i-proton. Ubukhulu becala [[ubunzima]] bale atom benziwa bukwi-proton, kuba kaloku yona ubunzima bayo phantse buphinda-phindwe kangangama-2000 kunobo be-electron. Ii-Protons nee-neutrons zizo ezenza i-nucleus yalo naluphi na uhlobo lwe-atom. Kuyo nayiphi na i-[[chemical element |element]], inani lee- protons lisoloko lifana. Inani eli-atomic kwi-atom lilingana nenani lee-protons kuloo-atom. Ii-Protons zenziwe ngee-[[quarks]].<ref name=cox1 /> I-proton inye kukholelwa okokuba yenziwe ngee-quarks ezintathu, ezimbini z[[iiquarks-eziphezulu]] ize enye ibey[[i-quark esezantsi]].<ref name=cox1 /> i-quark esezantsi ine[[Electromagnetism|tshaji okanye uzibuthe]] we-1/3, zize zona ii-quarks eziphezulu zibenetshaji ye-+2/3 inye. Oku kongeza ye-+1. I-proton ine-[[mass]] encinane. Ubunzima be-proton bumalunga ne-[[atomic mass unit]] enye. Ubunzima be-neutron nabo bumalunga ne-atomic mass unit enye. Ubukhulu be-proton bubonakala ngokungcangcazela kwee-quarks ezikuyo, kwaye ezi-quarks zenza ilifu. Oko kuthetha okokuba i-proton akuyo bhola iqine kangako xa ithelekiswa nendawo equlethe ii-quarks. ==Amaphepha anxulumene neli== * [[Ukubola kwe-Proton]] * [[I-Neutron]] * [[I-Electron]] * [[Ii-Quarks]] == Kungaqwalaselwa nala alandelayo amaphepha == {{commons|Protons}} ==Imithombo== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Proton}} [[Category:Subatomic particles]] mvvwfphcccvzyfy06vhdhzyadldpnxm 0 4730 41524 29271 2026-08-02T16:47:26Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41524 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngokwe[[IBayoloji|bayoloji]], '''i-organ''' okanye '''i-viscus''' yingqokolela [[Tissue (biology)|yee-tissues]] ezithi zidibane zimi ngohlobo oluthile ukuze zenze [[umsebenzi (ngokwebiology)|umsebenzi]] othile zibambisene kunye. <ref>{{cite book | author = Widmaier EP |author2=Raff H |author3=Strang KT | year = 2014 | title = Vander's Human Physiology | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071283663 | edition = 12th | isbn = 978-0-07-128366-3 }}{{pn|date=May 2015}}</ref> In [[anatomy]], a '''viscus''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|s|k|ə|s}} is an internal organ, and '''viscera''' is the plural form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Viscus |title=Viscus - Definition |format= |work=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |accessdate=14 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=viscera |title=Viscera |format= |work=MeSH |accessdate=14 December 2009}}</ref> Ii-Organs zenziwa yi-tissue enkulu, [[i-parenchyma]], kunye nee-"sporadic" tissues, kunye ne-[[i-stroma (i-tissue yesilwanyana)|stroma]]. ==Imithombo== {{Reflist}} 7deghqjzspzskdjujdspkrbikw9snro 0 4782 41550 30506 2026-08-02T17:13:57Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Three cell growth types.png|thumb|300px|right|Iintlobo ezintathu zokwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell]] '''Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell''' kuxa i-cell enye ''nengunozala'' wezinye ''[[i-cell (ngokwe-biology)|ii-cell]]'' yahluke kubini nangaphezulu sithi ezo zii-''daughter cells''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse_t7m3|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-920462-5|edition=6th|editor=Robert.S Hine|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbiol0000unse_t7m3/page/113 113]}}</ref> Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-Cell kuyinxalenye yokwenzeka kwe-[[cell cycle]]. Zimbini iintlobo-ntlobo zokwahlulwa-hlulwa kwe-cell Kwi-[[eukaryotes]]: yi-vegetative division, apho intshontsho le-cell ngalinye lifana nqwa nonina i-cell engunozala ke ukutsho. Oku kwahlulahlulwa kwe-cell kwaziwa ngokuba yi-([[mitosis]]),<ref>{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Anthony J.F.|title=Introduction to Genetic Analysis|year=2012|publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4292-2943-2|page=35|edition=10|author2=Wessler, Susan R.|author3=Carroll, Sean B.|author4=Doebley, John}}</ref> kunye ne-reductive cell division, apho inani lee-chromosomes ezifumaneka kwintshontsho le-cell (daughter cells) liphungulwa ngenani eliyihafu kwelo lazo liphelele, ukuze kwenzeke ii-haploid [[gametes]] leyo ke kuthiwa yi-([[meiosis]]). Xa kusenzeka i-Meiosis kuphuma ii-four haploid daughter cells ezine ngokuthi zenze umjikelo omnye we-DNA replication ize ilandelwe kukwahlula-hlulwa okwenzeka kabini: ==Imithombo== {{Reflist}} [[Category:IBayoloji]] qjqxvrnnqii6dikbegfcibp8d2s11z3 0 5097 41551 27322 2026-08-02T17:15:13Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inombolo yobu-atom  '''(uphawu lwayo ngu-: '''Z''') kwi-atom ichaza inani lee-[[Ii-protons|protons]] kwi-nucleus ye-atom.<ref name="daintith">{{cite book|editor=Daintith, John|title=A Dictionary of Chemistry|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=48|date=2008|edition=Sixth|isbn=978-0-19-920463-2}}</ref><ref name="moore">{{cite book|first=John T.|last=Moore|title=Chemistry Essentials For Dummies|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryessenti0000moor|publisher=Wiley|date=2010|isbn=978-0-470-61836-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryessenti0000moor/page/36 36]}}</ref> Inombolo yobu-atom kwi-atom ichaza amalungu ekhemukhalu akuyo, ngamanye amazwi ichaza ukuba yiyiphi na [[Ikhemikhali|i-element]]. Kwi-atom e-neutral, inani lobu-atom lilingangana nenani lee-[[Ii-electrons|electrons]] ezijikeleza apha kwi-nucleus. <ref name="daintith">{{cite book|editor=Daintith, John|title=A Dictionary of Chemistry|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=48|date=2008|edition=Sixth|isbn=978-0-19-920463-2}}</ref> Amalungu eekhemikhali adweliswe kwi-periodic table ngokwanda kwamanina obu-atom bawo.  <ref name="moore">{{cite book|first=John T.|last=Moore|title=Chemistry Essentials For Dummies|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryessenti0000moor|publisher=Wiley|date=2010|isbn=978-0-470-61836-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryessenti0000moor/page/36 36]}}</ref> Inombolo yobu-atom akuthethi nto enye ne:  * '''I-atomic mass''' (uphawu lwayo yi-: ''m''_a), ebubunzima be-atom enye, echazwa nge- unified atomic mass units * '''I-mass number''' (uphawu lwayo: '''A'''), engumdibaniso wenani lee-protons nelee- neutrons kwi-nucleus ye-atom. I- * '''I-relative atomic mass''' (ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-'''atomic weight''';uphawu lwayo yi-: ''A''_r), nekungumyinge we-average mass per atom we-element ovela kumzekelo we1/12 noyi-mass ye-atom ye-carbon-12. Inombolo yobu-Atomic ayitshintshwa yinombolo ye-electrons okanye yee-neutrons; iba yinombolo ye-proton qwaba. == Amanye amaphepha afundiweyo == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ifiziki]] gqu23s6cuqjwjb1lkzipx6tcgacv8bb 0 5184 41529 36700 2026-08-02T16:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uhlobo lokuphefumla olungeempumlo ''' luchaza ukubaluleka kokuphefumla ngeempumlo (okanye ezinye iindlela zokuphefumla ngamalungu omzimba abonakalyo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo olo lwesinlwanyana) xa kuthelekiswa nokuphefumla ngomlomo. Eli gama lingamlahlekisa umntu, njengoko lisenza ngathi isilwanyana asina ndlela yimbi yokuphefumla ngaphandle kokuphefumla ngeempumlo kuphela; libe eli gama, lidla ngokusetyenziswa ukuchaza iimeko apho kuthi ukuphefumla ngomlomo kusenokuba yinto enokwenzeka, kodwa sibe sona isilwanyana singakukhethi. Kungenjalo, eli gama liye lachazwa ngabanye njengesakhono sokuphefumla ngeempumlo ngeli lixa isilwanyana sisaginyayo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170206221412/http://www.brianpalmerdds.com/sids_otitis.htm SIDS and Otitis media – an anatomical perspective], Presented by: Brian Palmer, D.D.S., December 2001.</ref> Nangona esi sakhono sisesixhaphakileyo kwezo zidalwa ziphefumla ngeempumlo, eyonanto icacileyo yeyokokuba le nkcazo ayibonakalisi kubopheleleka kwesilwanyana ekubeni siphefumle ngeempulo. Nakwezo zibophelelekileyo ekubeni ziphefumle ngeempumlo ezifana namahashe, iimpuku nee-rodents, kukho indlela ecace gca yokuhamba komoya osuka emlonyeni usiya emiphungeni  moya lowo onokusetyenziswa kwi-endotracheal intubation. Kuthiwa ukuphefumla ngeempumlo okunyanzelisiweyo kuyi-adaptation kwaye kubaluleke ngakumbi kumaxhoma, njengoko ivumela isilwanyana ukuba sizondle ngeli lixa sisonga isakhono saso sokujoja amaxhoba ngevumba.  <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Negus|first1=VE|title=The Function of the Epiglottis.|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=62|issue=Pt 1|pages=1–8|year=1927|pmid=17104162|pmc=1250045}}</ref> == Abantu == Iimveku zisoloko zichazwa njengezidalwa eziphefumla ngeempumlo, kuba kaloku zikhetha ukuphefumla ngeempumlo zazo kunemilomo yazo. Nangona kunjalo uninzi lweemveku luyakwazi ukuphefumla ngemilomo yazo xa zimfixene. Kukwakho iimveku ezithile ezibakwiimeko ezifana ne-choanal atresia meko ezo ezikhokelele ekufeni okwenziwa kukumfixana kweempumlo. Kwezi meko kukho amaxesha e-cyclical ye-cyanosis. Imveku iqala izame ukuphefumla ngempumlo, kwaye xa ingakwazi, kwenzeka i- hypercapnia, kwaye abantwana abaninzi baqala ngokukhala. Besakhala njalo, kutsho kuvuleke umlombo babe baqala ukuphefumla ngomlomo ngolo hlobo, ize ke yona i-cyanosis iye incipha ngokuncipha. Ixesha lokwenzeka koku ke liyashiyashiyana de usana lube luqalisa ukuphefumla ngomlomo,  kanti ke ezinye iintsana azisayi kuze ziyeke ukuphefumla ngeempulo.  Bekukwathiwa iimveku  azinakubanakho ukusoloko ziphefumla ngomlomo ixesha elide, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bezihlunu zazo ezibonakala zingenakuwuvingca umzila osezimpumlweni owenzelwe ukuhamba komoya oluphefumla ngawo olu sana, zibonakale zingenakho nokuvula umzila osemlonyeni wokuhamba komoya oyakwenza okokuba usana lukwazi ukuphefumla ngomlo.<ref name="Review2001">{{cite journal|last1=Bergeson|first1=P. S.|last2=Shaw|first2=J. C.|title=Are Infants Really Obligatory Nasal Breathers?|journal=Clinical Pediatrics|volume=40|issue=10|pages=567–9|year=2001|pmid=11681824|doi=10.1177/000992280104001006}}</ref> == Ezinye izilwanyana == Amahashe asoloko ethathwa njengezilwanyana eziphefumla ngeempumlo.  Eli gama lilelichanekileyo xa lisetyenziswa emahasheni,  kuba kaloku ngokwendlela adalwe ngayo (ngokwe-normal anatomy) ayiwavumeli amahashe ukuba aphefumle ngomlomo.  I-epiglottis ihleli ngephezu kwenkalakahla ethambileyo nebizwa ngokuba yi-''soft palate'' oku kwenzeka xa isilwanyana esi singaginyi nto, kutsho kuvingceke umzila ohamba umoya. Ukuphefumla ngomlomo kungenzeka xa kukho into engahambi kakuhle nengaqhelekanga kwindalo yesilwanyana eso. Umzekelo, ukufadalala komthambo wegazi (utsho uyeke ukuhambisa igazi) we-pharyngeal branch ye-vagus nerve kubangunozala wokufakelwa kwe-nkalakahla ethambileyo (DDSP),<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Holcombe|first1=SJ|last2=Derksen|first2=FJ|last3=Stick|first3=JA|last4=Robinson|first4=NE|title=Effect of bilateral blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve on soft palate function in horses.|journal=American journal of veterinary research|volume=59|issue=4|pages=504–8|year=1998|pmid=9563638}}</ref> kwaye oku kuthiwa kukhokhelela kwi-clinical syndrome esenokubandakanya ukuphefumla ngomlomo.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/aaep/1998/Holcombe.pdf|title=Neuromuscular Regulation of the Larynx and Nasopharynx in the Horse|author=Susan J. Holcombe|journal=Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP|year=1998|page=26|volume=44}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, ukungaphefumli ngendlela efanelekileyo, kuquka nokuphazamiseka kokuvaleleka komoya ungahambi kakuhle kubonwa kwi- DDSP, kwaye isilwanyana asinakuqhuba kakuhle kule meko.  Iimpuku nee-rodents zikwanyanzelekile ukuba ziphefumle ngeempumlo.  njengamahashe, indawo le emi kuyo i-epiglottis yenza okokuba isoloko idibana kwi-caudal rim yenkalakahla ethambileyo, kutsho kuvaleke vingci umlomo we-pharynx osuka kumizila yomoya esuka ngezantsi.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.aemv.org/Documents/AAV07smallbookfinal.pdf#page=69|title=The Rabbit Respiratory System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology|author=Stephen J. Hernandez-Divers|journal=Proceedings of the Association of Exotic Mammal Veterinarians|year=2007|pages=61–68|access-date=2017-03-20|archive-date=2012-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806034850/http://www.aemv.org/Documents/AAV07smallbookfinal.pdf#page=69|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Nangoku sele kunjalo, nokokuba iimpuku ezimizila yayo ehamba umoya yomoya ingasentla echatshsazelwe yintsholongwane emandla ysele zinentsholongwane emandla, iyakuzama ukuphefumla ngomlomo wayo.  Ezinye izilwanyana ezininzi, ezifana neekati, izinja, nabantu abadala, ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ngokupheleleyo ngemilomo, nangeempulo zazo.  <ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Otto M.|editor1-last=Radostits|editor2-first=I. G. Joe|editor2-last=Mayhew|editor3-first=Doreen M.|editor3-last=Houston|title=Veterinary clinical examination and diagnosis|url=https://archive.org/details/veterinaryclinic0000unse|publisher=W. B. Saunders|location=Philadelphia|year=2000|page=|isbn=0-7020-2476-7}}</ref> == Funda nale mibhalo == {{Reflist|2}} == Uxhumano neminye imibhalo engaphandle kweli phepha.  == * {{Cite journal}} 44coqftwp9qsmg8qsyrudzpni9uo33z 0 6704 41542 36017 2026-08-02T17:05:07Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41542 wikitext text/x-wiki Iintlelo ezi-4   '''Urhulumente''' yintsebenziswano yabantu okanye iqelana ekulawuleni ingingqi yoluntu oluhlelekileyo edla ngokuba lilizwe.{{Forms of government map}}Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zinolawulo, igama elithi ''rhulumente'' lisoloko lisetyenziswa ngakumbi, ukubhekisa koorhulumente abazimeleyo abamalunga nama-200 kunye nemibutho encedisayo. Ngokwembali iintlobo ezixhaphakileyo zorhulumento ziquka ubukhosi, i-aristokhrasi, i-timokhrasi, i-oligatshi, [[I-Democracy|idemokhrasi]], lobuthixo kunye nguzwilakhe . Eyona nto iphambili kubo nabuphi na ubulumko boburhulumente yindlela afumaneka ngayo amandla ezopolitiko, ngendlela ezimbini eziphambili ezilukhuphiswano lonyulo kunye nolandelelwano ngokwelifa. == Iinkcazo kunye nentsusagama == Urhulumente yinkqubo yokulawula ilizwe okanye uluntu. I-Encyclopedia yase-Columbia ichaza urhulumente "njengenkqubo yolawulo lwentlalo apho ilungelo lokwenza imithetho, kunye nelungelo lokuyinyanzelisa, linikwe iqela elithile eluntwini". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition|title-link=Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000}}</ref> Ngelixa zonke iintlobo zemibutho zilawula, igama ''urhulumente'' lihlala lisetyenziswa ngakumbi ukubhekisa kuma-200 woorhulumente abazimeleyo emhlabeni, kunye nemibutho yabo exhasa. [2] Okokugqibela, ''urhulumente'' ngamanye amaxesha usetyenziswa esiXhoseni njengesithetha- ntonye solawulo . == Imbali == Uphuhliso [[Ezolimo|lwezolimo]] kunye neeprojekhthi zolawulo lwamanzi zazingunobangela wophuhliso loorhulumente. <ref name="Britannica2010">The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition)</ref> Ngamaxesha athile inkosi yesizwe yayinyulwa ngezithethe ezahlukeneyo okanye kuvavanyo lwamandla okulawula isizwe sayo, ngamanye amaxesha neqela labadala besizwe njengebhunga. Ukukwazi kwabantu ukunxibelelana ngokuchanekileyo, ulwazi olufundileyo luvumele abantu ukuba basebenze ngakumbi kwezolimo, [6] kwaye oko kuvumele ukwanda kwabantu okuxineneyo. [3] UDavid Christian uchaza ukuba oku kukhokelele njani kwizizwe ezinemithetho noorhulumente. Ukuqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17, ukuxhaphaka [[I-Republic|kweeriphabliki]] zoorhulumente kwanda. I- Glorious Revolution eNgilani, i- American Revolution kunye ne- French Revolution yaba negalelo ekukhuleni kweentlobo zoburhulumente. ISoviet Union yaba lilizwe lokuqala elikhulu ukuba norhulumente wamaKomanisi. [2] Ukusukela oko kwawa udonga lwaseBerlin, inkululeko yenkululeko yaba yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo kurhulumente. [7] Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba neyamashumi amabini, kwabakho ukonyuka okubonakalayo kubungakanani kunye nomgangatho woburhulumente kwinqanaba lesizwe. [8] Oku kubandakanya umgaqo wokudibana kwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lombuso wentlalontle . [7] == Ubunzululwazi bezopolitiko ==   === Ukwahlulahlula === Kwinzululwazi yezopolitiko, bekusoloko kuyinjongo yokwenza itypology okanye uqoqosho lwerhafu, njengoko iinkqubo zenkqubo yezopolitiko zingabonakali. {{sfn|Lewellen|2003|p=?}} Kubaluleke ngokukodwa kwicandelo lezenzululwazi zopolitiko kwezopolitiko xa kuthelekiswa nakubudlelwane bamazwe . Njengazo zonke iindidi ezichongiweyo ngaphakathi kweendlela zikarhulumente, imida yokwahlulwa kukarhulumente nokuba kungamanzi okanye akuchazwa gwenxa. Ngokuphandle, bonke oorhulumente banendlela esemthethweni okanye efanelekileyo. I-United States lilizwe lomgaqo-siseko, ngelixa eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union lilizwe lentando yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo ukuzazisa akuyiyo injongo, kwaye njengoko uKopstein noLichbach baphikisa ngelithi, ukuxela oorhulumente abaphetheyo kunokuba yinto enzima. Umzekelo, uVoltaire waphikisa wathi " ubukhosi obungcwele baseRoma, abukhongcwele bungengobaseRoma, kwaye bungengobukhosi". <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Renna|first=Thomas|date=Sep 2015|title=The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire|journal=Michigan Academician|volume=42|issue=1|pages=60–75|doi=10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60}}</ref> Ukuchonga uhlobo lukarhulumente nako kunzima kuba iinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko zivela njengemibutho yezentlalo nezoqoqosho ethi isiwe koorhulumente ngamaqela azibiza ngaloo mibutho; yonke ikhuphisana ngeembono zopolitiko. Amava ngalemibutho xa zisesihlalweni, kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente, kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo. Ezinye iingxaki zibandakanya ukungavumelani ngokubanzi okanye " ukugqwetha okanye ukukhetha " ngabom kweenkcazo zobugcisa ezifanelekileyo kwiingcamango zezopolitiko kunye neendlela zokulawula, ngenxa yobume bezopolitiko kwixesha langoku. Umzekelo: Intsingiselo "ye- conservatism " e- [[IYunayithedi Steyitsi|United States]] ayinanto ininzi ifanayo nendlela inkcazo yegama esetyenziswa ngayo kwenye indawo. Njengokuba esitsho uRibuffo, "oko abantu baseMelika ngoku bakubiza ngokuba yi-conservatism uninzi lwehlabathi lubiza inkululeko okanye ubungqangi "; " olondolozayo " eFinland uya kubizwa ngokuba " ngusoshiyali " eMelika. <ref>Leo P. Ribuffo, "20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy," ''Historically Speaking'' Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2–6, quote on p. 6</ref> Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1950 i-Conservatism e-United States ibinxulumene ikakhulu ne- Republican Party . Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha leyantlukwano uninzi lwamaDemokhrasi aseMazantsi ayengabantu abalondolozayo, kwaye badlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi- Conservative Coalition eyayilawula iCongress ukusuka ngo-1937 ukuya ku-1963. == Iintlobo == Enye indlela yokwahlula oorhulumente ngabantu apho banegunya lokulawula. Oku kunokuba ngumntu omnye (i-autocracy, enjenge-monarchy), iqela elikhethiweyo labantu (i-aristocracy), okanye abantu bebonke (idemokhrasi, njengeriphabliki). UThomas Hobbes uxele ngokokuhlelwa kwabo: Ukuzimela geqe yinkqubo yorhulumente apho amandla aphezulu egxilwe ezandleni zomntu omnye, izigqibo zakhe ziphantsi kothintelo olusemthethweni lwangaphandle okanye iindlela ezenziwa rhoqo zolawulo oludumileyo (ngaphandle kwesoyikiso sobhukuqo- mbuso okanye ubunzima Uqhushululu ). <ref>{{Cite web|last=Paul M. Johnson|title=Autocracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms|url=http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy|accessdate=2012-09-14|publisher=Auburn.edu}}</ref> === Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi === I-Aristocracy (i- Greek ἀριστοκρατία ''aristokratía'', evela kwi-ἄριστος ''[[wiktionary:aristocrat#English|aristos]]'' "egqwesileyo", kunye ne-κράτος ''[[wiktionary:kratos|kratos]]'' " amandla ") luhlobo lukarhulumente olubeka amandla ezandleni zedidi elincinci nelinelungelo lokulawula . <ref name="OED">{{Cite journal|date=December 1989|title=Aristocracy|url=http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50011987?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=aristocracy&first=1&max_to_show=10|url-status=dead|journal=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022358/http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50011987?single=1&query_type=word&queryword=aristocracy&first=1&max_to_show=10|archive-date=June 29, 2011|access-date=December 22, 2009}}</ref> Uninzi lwee monarchies lwaluzizidwangube, nangona kwimimandla yomgaqo-siseko yanamhlanje inkosi ngokwayo inamandla amancinci. Igama elithi ''aristocracy'' linokubhekisa nakubantu abangabalimi, abangabasebenzi, nabangengabo abedolophu kwinkqubo ye-feudal . === Idemokhrasi === Idemokhrasi yinkqubo karhulumente apho abemi basebenzisa amandla ngokuvota . Kwidemokhrasi ethe ngqo, abemi bebonke benza iqumrhu elilawulayo kwaye bavote ngokuthe ngqo kumba ngamnye. Kwidemokhrasi emele abemi bonyula abameli phakathi kwabo. Aba bameli badibana ukwenza ibhunga lolawulo, njengendlu yowiso -mthetho. Kwidemokhrasi yomgaqo -siseko amandla esininzi ayasetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwesakhelo sedemokhrasi emele, kodwa umgaqo-siseko umisela umda uninzi kwaye ukhusele abambalwa, ngesiqhelo ngokuzonwabisa ngawo onke amalungelo athile, umzekelo inkululeko yenkululeko yokuthetha, okanye inkululeko yokuzibandakanya . <ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': "democracy".</ref> ==== Iiriphabliki ==== Iriphabliki luhlobo lukarhulumente apho ilizwe lithathwa "njengemicimbi yoluntu" (ngesiLatin: ''res publica'' ), hayi inkxalabo yabucala okanye ipropathi yabalawuli, nalapho iiofisi zamazwe zikhethwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo okanye zichongwe endaweni Ilifa. Abantu, okanye isahlulo esithile sabo, banegunya lokulawula urhulumente nalapho iiofisi zikarhulumente zinyulwa okanye zikhethwe ngabantu abanyuliweyo. <ref name="autogenerated1">[[Montesquieu]], ''[[The Spirit of the Laws]]'' (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1.</ref> Inkcazo eqhelekileyo elula yeriphabliki ngurhulumente apho intloko yelizwe ingenguye inkosi. <ref name="WordNet">{{Cite journal|title=republic|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/republic|journal=WordNet 3.0|access-date=20 March 2009}}</ref> IMontesquieu ibandakanya zombini [[I-Democracy|idemokhrasi]], apho bonke abantu banesabelo kulawulo, kunye neeristocracies okanye ii- oligarchies, apho kuphela abanye abantu belawula, njengeendlela zorhulumente zeriphabhlikhi. <ref name="autogenerated2">Montesquieu, ''Spirit of the Laws'', Bk. II, ch. 2–3.</ref> Amanye amagama asetyenziselwa ukuchaza iiriphabliki ezahlukileyo zibandakanya iriphabliki yedemokhrasi, iriphabliki yepalamente, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomongameli, iriphabliki yomanyano, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yamaSilamsi . ==== I-Federalism ==== I-Federalism yingcinga yezopolitiko apho ''iqela'' lamalungu libotshelelwe kunye ngomnqophiso nentloko yommeli olawulayo. Igama elithi "federalism" likwasetyenziselwa ukuchaza inkqubo karhulumente apho ulawulo luhlulwe ngokomgaqo-siseko phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo eliphambili kunye neeyunithi zezopolitiko, ezahlukeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamaphondo, amaphondo okanye enye indlela. I-Federalism yinkqubo esekwe kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye namaziko apho amandla okulawula ekwabelwana ngawo phakathi kozwelonke kunye noorhulumente bamaphondo / oorhulumente, besenza oko kubizwa ngokuba ngumanyano . Abaxhasi bahlala bebizwa ngokuba ngama- federalists . == Iinkqubo zoqoqosho == Ngokwembali, uninzi lweenkqubo zopolitiko zavela njengeengcinga zentlalo noqoqosho . Amava ngaloo ntshukumo yasemandleni kunye namaqhina aqinileyo abanokuba nawo kwiindlela ezithile zikarhulumente kunokubangela ukuba bathathwe njengeendlela zikarhulumente kubo. {| class="wikitable" !Ixesha ! Ingcaciso |- | Ubungxowankulu | Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho iindlela zokuvelisa (oomatshini, izixhobo, iifektri, njl.) Ziphantsi kobunini babucala kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuyinzuzo. |- | Ubukomanisi | Inkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho apho iindlela zemveliso ngeye ngokuqhelekileyo (nokuba ngabantu ngqo, ngenxa Thethani okanye kuluntu wamaKomanisi ), kunye nemveliso kwenziwa ukusetyenziswa, kunokuba ngenxa yenzuzo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Steele|first=David Ramsay|title=From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation|url=https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee|date=September 1999|publisher=Open Court|isbn=978-0875484495|page=[https://archive.org/details/frommarxtomisesp0000stee/page/66 66]|quote=Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F.|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|date=July 20, 2000|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0275968861|page=4|quote=Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule}}</ref> Ngokwesiqhelo, imibutho yobukomanisi isebenzisa uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo ukwalathisa imveliso kunye nokusasazwa kwempahla kunye neenkonzo. |- | Ukusasaza | Inkqubo yezentlalo nezoqoqosho apho ubunini bepropathi ngokubanzi njengelungelo elisisiseko; iindlela zemveliso zisasazeke ngokubanzi ngangokunokwenzeka endaweni yokuba zibekwe kwindawo enye phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente ( ubusoshiyali baseburhulumenteni ), abantu abambalwa ( ulawulo lobuzwilakhe ), okanye amaqumrhu ( corporatocracy ). Ukusasazwa ngokusisiseko kuyabuchasa ubusoshiyali kunye nongxowankulu, abo basasazi bajonga njengeziphene ngokulinganayo kunye nokuxhaphaza. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukusasaza kufuna ukuthotyelwa kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kubomi babantu bebonke, kubomi bethu bokomoya, kubukrelekrele bethu, kubomi bosapho ". <ref>Storck, Thomas. "Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war," in ''Beyond Capitalism & Socialism''. Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75</ref> |- | Ubukhosi | Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo yobunini bomhlaba kunye nemisebenzi. Phantsi kobukhosi bobukumkani, wonke umhlaba ebukumkanini yayingowokumkani. Nangona kunjalo, inkosi yayiza kunika umhlaba kwezinye iinkosi okanye kwizikhulu ezazisilwela. Ezi zipho zomhlaba zabizwa ngokuba zii-manors. Ke iingangamsha zanikela ngomhlaba wazo kwizikhonzi. I-vassals ke kuye kwafuneka yenze imisebenzi yezidwangube. Imihlaba ye-vassals yayibizwa ngokuba yi-fiefs. |- | Ubusoshiyali | Inkqubo yoqoqosho lwentlalo apho abasebenzi, ngokwentando yesininzi nangokwasentlalweni bengabanini bemveliso <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinclair|first=Upton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0w9AQAAMAAJ|title=Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible|year=1918|quote=Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'|author-link=Upton Sinclair}}</ref> kunye nesakhelo sezoqoqosho esinokwabelwa amagunya, asasazwe okanye abekwe embindini acwangcisiweyo okanye azilawule ngokwawo kwiiyunithi zoqoqosho ezizimeleyo. Iinkonzo zikarhulumente ziya kuba ngesiqhelo, ngokudibeneyo, okanye zikarhulumente, ezinje ngononophelo lwempilo kunye nemfundo . |- | Ubalo | Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo egxila kumandla kurhulumente ngenkcitho yenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Phakathi kwezinye izinto ezahlukeneyo, eli gama lithatha indawo yobukumkani, ubukhosi ngokupheleleyo, ubuNazi, ubuFascism, ubusoshiyali obunobungqongqo, kunye nozwilakhe ongacacanga. Ukwahluka okunjalo kuyahluka kwimicimbi yefom, amaqhinga kunye nemibono. |- | Urhulumente wentlalontle | Inkqubo yoqoqosho kwezentlalo apho urhulumente adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni nasekukhuthazeni intlalo-ntle yoqoqosho nentlalo yabemi bayo. Isekwe kwimigaqo yokulingana kwamathuba, ukwabiwa ngokulinganayo kobutyebi, kunye noxanduva loluntu kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuzifumanela izibonelelo ezincinci zobomi obulungileyo. |} Iimpawu ezithile eziphambili zichaza iintlobo ezithile; ezinye ngokwembali zinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezithile zikarhulumente. * Umthetho ngokomthetho ophezulu (imigaqo yokuziphatha engabhalwanga) ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo * Ukwahlulwa kwecawa kunye nelizwe okanye icawa yasimahla kuthelekiswa nenkolo yombuso * Ukulawulwa komkhosi emkhosini ngokuchasene nolawulo lwentando yesininzi * Totalitarianism okanye authoritarianism vs. libertarianism * Umgaqo wobuninzi okanye ulawulo lwepalamente ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko okanye umthetho osayilwayo ngokwahlulahlula amandla kunye nemithetho yobungangamsha yokuthintela ubuzwilakhe kuninzi nokukhusela amalungelo amancinci * I-Androcracy ( patriarchy ) okanye ubukhosi ( matriarchy ) ngokuchasene nesini, ukubonelelwa ngokulingana ngokwesini, okanye ukuthula ngalo mbandela === Ukuzimela === Olu luhlu lujolise kwiindlela ezahlukileyo ezenziwa ziinkqubo zopolitiko kusasazo lolawulo, kunye nokuzimela kwemimandla ngaphakathi kurhulumente.   * {{Commons category-inline|Government}}</img> * Government * [http://phrontistery.info/govern.html Uluhlu lwamagama aphambili: Iindidi zikaRhulumente kunye nobuNkokheli] * [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-govt.htm Iindidi zoorhulumente ezivela kwiAtlas yeMbali ye20th Century] * [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm Eminye imizekelo yokuhlelwa kwiAtlas yeMbali ye20th Century] * [http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html Imicimbi Yehlabathi: Iindidi zikaRhulumente] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/united_nations/types_of_government/ I-CBBC Newsround: iintlobo zikarhulumente] * [http://billmoyers.com/episode/full-show-plutocracy-rising/ UMthetho oYilwayo Moyers: Ukwanda kwePlutocracy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130530055744/http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2003/libe229-20030629-03.html I-Phobiocracy nguChris Claypoole] [[Category:Rhulumente]] 86sbefa4nkrpaotxdbxzdsp30jyu9qb 0 6880 41528 37621 2026-08-02T16:51:24Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41528 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umculo [[AmaXhosa|wesiXhosa]]''' kudala uyinxalenye yomculo wo[[Mzantsi Afrika]] ingakumbi kwicandelo lejezi . Kususela mandulo, ukucula ibilisiko nenkcubeko yamaXhosa. Umculo wesiXhosa uyavakala kwaye uyanxibelelana, nto leyo equka ukuvakaliswa kwamagama nezandi ngesingqi. Kukwabandakanya intshukumo yomzimba esetyenziswa xa kuqhwatywa izandla, kudanisa okanye kudlalwa isixhobo somculo. Inkosi ezohlukeneyo zamaXhosa zabelana ngeengcinga ezifanayo zomculo. <ref name="Dargie1996">{{Cite journal|last=Dargie|first=Dave|date=1996|title=African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections|journal=African Music|volume=7|issue=3|pages=30–43|doi=10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961|jstor=30250058}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2002|title=Lifetime award for NoFinish|url=http://www.safrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/nofinish.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114115735/http://www.safrica.info/what_happening/arts_entertainment/nofinish.htm|archive-date=14 November 2002}}</ref> == Umculo kuMbutho wesiXhosa == Ukufunda umculo wesintu kuqala ngenkuthazo kunye nomnqweno wokuba nesabelo ngokupheleleyo kubomi belali phantse ngalo lonke ixesha lobomi kuquka iingoma zokudlala zabantwana, iingoma yamantombazana namakhwenkwe untshotso njengoko ekhula, amatheko omjuxuzo wentlombe, iingoma kunye nemijuxuzo ye izenzo zokwaluka, iingoma zezinyanya neengoma zebhiya. Ukuze ube nesabelo kwizithethe kunye nemikhosi, kuyimfuneko ukufunda iingoma. <ref name="Dargie1996">{{Cite journal|last=Dargie|first=Dave|date=1996|title=African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections|journal=African Music|volume=7|issue=3|pages=30–43|doi=10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961|jstor=30250058}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDargie1996">Dargie, Dave (1996). "African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections". ''African Music''. '''7''' (3): 30–43. [[I-Doi (isazisi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961|10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961]]. [[JSTOR (isazisi)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/30250058 30250058].</cite></ref> == Isandi sesiXhosa == Ingoma yesiXhosa isekelwe kwizixhobo zesaphetha zesiXhosa ezifana nethi 'umrhube' kunye 'nohadi' ngezandi ezibini ezisisiseko kumculo wesiXhosa. Iimvumi zemveli zamaXhosa zilinganisa izandi zezaphetha zazo zomculo zisebenzisa amazwi azo ngokulawula ulwimi lwazo kunye nokubunjwa komngxuma womlomo. Bavelisa ii-overtones ngokuphakamisa ulwimi ngoko ke bakha igumbi le-resonance. Isandi esibonakalayo sokucula ngokugqithisileyo senziwa ngokuqinisa imisipha yomqala ukudala isandi esiphantsi, esibuhlungu, esiqhekezayo. Obu buchule bunika ngokukodwa abafazi, ilizwi elinzulu. Ukucula i-Overtone kwenziwa kuphela ngabasetyhini kwaye ngokubanzi yimvumi ebalaseleyo ekhokela ingoma. . <ref name="Dargie1996">{{Cite journal|last=Dargie|first=Dave|date=1996|title=African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections|journal=African Music|volume=7|issue=3|pages=30–43|doi=10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961|jstor=30250058}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDargie1996">Dargie, Dave (1996). "African Methods of Music Education: Some Reflections". ''African Music''. '''7''' (3): 30–43. [[I-Doi (isazisi)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961|10.21504/amj.v7i3.1961]]. [[JSTOR (isazisi)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[//www.jstor.org/stable/30250058 30250058].</cite></ref> == Izixhobo zomculo == Uhadi kunye nomrhube zixhaphakile ukusetyenziswa kumculo wesintu wesiXhosa, ezinye izixhobo zomculo ziquka: Amagubu: * ikawu: Eli gubu lifana nekhaka elenziwe ngesikhumba senkomo esibethwa ngegqudu size sibethelwe phantsi ngamandla amakhulu. Kudla ngokudlalwa ngexesha lokwaluka kwamakhwenkwe kwaye ikhatshwa ngumdaniso okhethekileyo owenziwa ngamakhwenkwe. Ukubethwa kwenkawu kukwakhatshwa zizikhalo zedabi. * ingqongqo: Eli gubu lingenamsebenzi lenziwa ngesikhumba senkomo esomisiweyo esiqinileyo kwaye sibethwe ngeentonga. Ingqongqo isekelwe phezu kwekhaka lokuzingela kunye namagubu ka-assegai. Ufele lwenkunzi luyanyangwa kwaye lubotshelelwe kwipali ezininzi eziziimitha ezintathu ukuya kwezine ukusuka emhlabeni. Isixhobo sidlalwa liqela labafazi abaneentonga (amaqoqa). Ulusu lubekwe ngenye indlela emhlabeni, abafazi bahlala phezu kwayo baze bayibethe ngeentonga. Eli gubu alisafumaneki kumaXhosa kodwa, ngaphambili lalisetyenziswa kakhulu ngabasetyhini xa kusenziwa imisitho yolwaluko lwamadoda nakwimibhiyozo yabavumisi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Levine|first=Laurie|title=The Drumcafé's Traditional Music of South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/drumcafestraditi0000levi|date=2005|publisher=Jacana Media|isbn=978-1-77009-046-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/drumcafestraditi0000levi/page/80 80]–83}}</ref> == Abadlali == * [[AmaMpondo|Amampondo]] * Dizu Plaatjies * Stompie Mavi * Madosini * [[Zenzile Miriam Makeba|UMiriam Makeba]] * Nofinishi Dywili * Thandiswa Mazwai * [[Category:Mzansi Afrika]] [[Category:Xhosa people]] [[Uluhlu:Umculo]] 4pvcunvmevsxo3ggwzeablcoxow8fh3 0 6893 41547 36776 2026-08-02T17:10:13Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41547 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iilwimi ezininzi''' kukusetyenziswa [[Ulwimi|kolwimi]] olungaphezulu kwesinye, nokuba sisithethi okanye liqela lezithethi. Kukholelwa ukuba abantu abathetha iilwimi ezininzi bodlula abathetha ulwimi olunye kubemi behlabathi . <ref name="LSA">{{Cite web|last=Valdés|first=Guadalupe|year=2012|title=Multilingualism|url=http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/multilingualism|accessdate=7 September 2016|website=Linguistic Society of America|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025619/http://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/multilingualism|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo bonke abemi baseYurophu bathi bathetha olunye ulwimi ngaphandle kolwimi lwabo lweenkobe ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Europeans and their languages, a survey co-ordinated by the European Commission|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094116/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2016|accessdate=2016-11-15|publisher=European Commission}}</ref> kodwa abaninzi bafunda kwaye babhale ngolwimi olunye. Ukuthethwa kweelwimi ezininzi kuluncedo kubantu abafuna ukuthatha inxaxheba kurhwebo, umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuvuleleka kwenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The importance of multilingualism|url=http://multilingualism.org/multilingualism/the-importance-of-multilingualism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828122216/http://multilingualism.org/multilingualism/the-importance-of-multilingualism|archive-date=28 August 2010|accessdate=2010-09-16|publisher=multilingualism.org}}</ref> Ngenxa yokufikelela lula kulwazi oluququzelelwa yi-Intanethi, ukutyhileka komntu ngamnye kwiilwimi ezininzi kuye kwenzeka ngakumbi. Abantu abathetha iilwimi ezininzi bakwabizwa ngokuba zii-'''polyglots''' .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farr|first=Marcia|last2=Song|first2=Juyoung|date=2011-09|title=Language Ideologies and Policies: Multilingualism and Education: Language Ideologies, Policies and Education|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2011.00298.x|journal=Language and Linguistics Compass|language=en|volume=5|issue=9|pages=650–665|doi=10.1111/j.1749-818X.2011.00298.x}}</ref> Abantu abathetha iilwimi ezininzi baye bafunda kwaye bagcina ulwimi olunye ebuntwaneni, oko kubizwa ngokuba lulwimi lokuqala (L1). Ulwimi lokuqala (maxa wambi lukwabizwa ngokuba lulwimi lweenkobe) ludla ngokufunyanwa ngaphandle kwemfundo esesikweni, ngeendlela apho abaphengululi bangavumelaniyo. <ref name="Kennison 2013">{{Cite book|last=Kennison|first=Shelia M.|title=Introduction to language development|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontola0000kenn|date=2013-07-30|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-9606-8|location=Los Angeles|oclc=830837502}}</ref> Abantwana abafunda iilwimi ezimbini zomthonyama kule minyaka yokuqala babizwa ngokuba ziilwimi ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo . Kuqhelekile ukuba abantu abancinci abathetha iilwimi ezimbini ngaxeshanye babe nobuchule ngakumbi kolunye ulwimi kunolunye. Abantu abathetha ngaphezu kolwimi olunye kuxelwe ukuba banobuchule bokufunda ulwimi xa kuthelekiswa nolwimi olunye. kwfrjvmbpi9jm9nijgico95k0k30q93 0 7011 41521 40801 2026-08-02T16:44:45Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41521 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> I [[File:Stand_Up_To_Racism_(42540231585).jpg|thumb| Yimelani Nobuhlanga]] Ngaphambilini, igama elithi “ubuhlanga” lalidla ngokusetyenziswa ngendlela elungileyo nelithi “umkhethe,” lisenza uluvo lomnye umntu olusekelwe kulwazi olungaphelelanga. Kwikota yokugqibela yeNkulungwane yama-20, ubuhlanga buye banxulunyaniswa neenkqubo endaweni yabantu. Ngowe-1977, uMnumzana David Wellman kwincwadi yakhe ethi ''Portraits of White racism'', wachaza ubuhlanga “njengenkqubo yenzuzo esekelwe kubuhlanga,” ebonisa le ngcaciso ngemizekelo emininzi yabantu abamhlophe abaxhasa amaziko obuhlanga ngoxa bekhanyela ukuba banocalucalulo. Abantu abamhlophe banokuba nobubele kubantu abamnyama lo gama beqhubeka bexhasa ucalucalulo olucwangcisiweyo oluluncedo kubo, njengeendlela zokubolekisa ngemali, izikolo ezixhaswa ngemali entle, kunye namathuba emisebenzi. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Wellman|first=David|title=Portraits of White Racism|url=https://archive.org/details/portraitsofwhite0000well|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1977|isbn=0521215145|location=Cambridge, England|page=[https://archive.org/details/portraitsofwhite0000well/page/75 75]}}</ref> Ingqikelelo yocalucalulo ngokweziko yaphinda yavela kwiingxoxo zezopolitiko phakathi nasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1990, kodwa ihleli ingumbono ekuphikiswana ngawo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Coretta|date=2 July 2010|title=Institutional Racism and Ethnic Inequalities: An Expanded Multilevel Framework|journal=Journal of Social Policy|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=40|issue=1|pages=173–192|doi=10.1017/s0047279410000565|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ubuhlanga bamaziko kulapho uhlanga lubangela inqanaba engafaniyo lokufikelela kwiimpahla,ndibala ntoni. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 June 2020|title=What Racism Looks Like|url=https://fpg.unc.edu/sites/fpg.unc.edu/files/resources/other-resources/What%20Racism%20Looks%20Like.pdf|publisher=Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill}}</ref>   [[File:Alexis_de_Tocqueville_(Théodore_Chassériau_-_Versailles).jpg|thumb| UAlexis de Tocqueville]] 5guz1xryrx021mhxy2y77i42bq419b4 0 7151 41525 40059 2026-08-02T16:48:35Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Burundi''' , ), ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhlikhi yaseBurundi''' ( ; IsiSwahili : ''IJamuhuri yaseBurundi'' ; [[Ulwimi lwasiFrentshi|IsiFrentshi]] : ''République du Burundi'' ), lilizwe elivaliweyo kwiNtlambo enguMwonyo eNkulu ekudibaneni kommandla wamaChibi Amakhulu aseAfrika kunye neMpuma Afrika . Umda weRwanda ngasemantla, [[iTanzania]] ngasempuma nasemzantsi-mpuma, kunye neDemocratic Republic of the Congo ngasentshona; ILake Tanganyika ilele kumda wayo osemazantsi-ntshona. Izixeko ezingamakomkhulu yiGitega kunye neBujumbura, esona sixeko sikhulu selizwe. <ref name="capital-change">{{Cite web|title=Loi n°1/04 du 04 février 2019 portant Fixation de la Capitale Politique et de la Capitale Economique du Burundi|url=https://www.presidence.gov.bi/2019/02/13/loi-n104-du-04-fevrier-2019-portant-fixation-de-la-capitale-politique-et-de-la-capitale-economique-du-burundi/|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> AmaTwa, amaHutu namaTutsi aye ahlala eBurundi ubuncinane iminyaka engama-500. Ngaphezu kwama-200 aloo minyaka, iBurundi yayibubukumkani obuzimeleyo, de kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa yaba lithanga laseJamani. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Strizek|first=Helmut|title=Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft|url=https://archive.org/details/geschenktekoloni0000stri|publisher=Ch. Links Verlag|year=2006|isbn=978-3861533900|location=Berlin|trans-title=Donated colonies: Rwanda and Burundi under German rule}}</ref> Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweJamani, i- League of Nations "yayalela" indawo eBelgium. Emva kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, oku kwaguquka kwaba yiNgxowa-mali [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|yeZizwe eziManyeneyo]] . Omabini amaJamani namaBelgian alawula iBurundi neRwanda njengethanga laseYurophu elaziwa ngokuba yiRuanda-Urundi . IBurundi neRwanda azizange zibe phantsi kolawulo olufanayo de kwalixesha lobuthanga baseYurophu eAfrika. <ref name="EBArchived" /> IBurundi yafumana inkululeko ngo-1962 kwaye ekuqaleni yayinobukhosi, kodwa uthotho lokubulala, ukubhukuqa kunye nemozulu jikelele yokungazinzi kwengingqi yafikelela incopho ekusekweni kweriphabliki kunye nelizwe elinye ngo-1966. Iziganeko zokuhlanjululwa kobuhlanga ekugqibeleni kwaneemfazwe ezimbini zamakhaya nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngeminyaka yee -1970 nangeminyaka yee -1990 kwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangamakhulu amawaka, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba uqoqosho lungabi nankqubela yaye abemi bangabona bangamahlwempu ehlabathini . <ref name="xlix">[[Burundi#Eggers|Eggers]], p. xlix.</ref> Kunyaka ka-2015 kukho ukruthakruthwano olukhulu lwezopolitiko njengoko umongameli uPierre Nkurunziza wakhetha ukungenela isihlandlo sesithathu, iinzame zokubhukuqa aziphumelelanga kwaye unyulo lwepalamente nomongameli welizwe lwagxekwa ngokubanzi ngamalungu oluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ilizwe elizimeleyo lenkqubo yezopolitiko yaseBurundi lelo lommeli womongameli weriphabliki yedemokhrasi esekwe phezu kwelizwe elinamaqela ngamaqela. Umongameli waseBurundi yintloko yelizwe kunye nentloko karhulumente . Ngoku kukho amaqela angama-21 abhalisiweyo eBurundi . <ref name="state">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2821.htm Background Note: Burundi]. </ref> Ngomhla we-13 kweyoKwindla ka-1992, inkokeli yobhukuqo-mbuso yamaTutsi uPierre Buyoya waseka umgaqo-siseko, <ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web|title=Burundi|url=http://www.ictj.org/en/where/region1/512.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617232030/http://www.ictj.org/en/where/region1/512.html|archive-date=17 June 2009|accessdate=27 July 2008}}</ref> owawubonelela ngenkqubo yamaqela amaninzi ezopolitiko kwaye ubonakalisa ukhuphiswano lwamaqela amaninzi. <ref name="PH">{{Cite web|title=Burundi – Politics|url=http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/BI/politics.html|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105115403/http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/BI/politics.html|archive-date=5 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2008}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emithandathu emva koko, ngomhla wesi-6 kuJuni ka-1998, umgaqo-siseko watshintshwa, wandiswa izihlalo zeNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kwaye wenza amalungiselelo oosekela-mongameli ababini. Ngenxa yeSivumelwano sase-Arusha, iBurundi yamisela urhulumente wethutyana ngowama-2000 <ref name="unburundi">{{Cite journal|date=July 2004|title=Republic of Burundi: Public Administration Country Profile|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|url-status=live|journal=United Nations' Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)|pages=5–7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001231041/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023253.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|access-date=20 September 2008}}</ref> Ngo-Oktobha 2016, iBurundi yazisa i-UN ngenjongo yayo yokuhoxisa kwiNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Burundi Officially Informs UN of Intent to Leave ICC|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/burundi-icc-withdrawal/3568311.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110448/http://www.voanews.com/a/burundi-icc-withdrawal/3568311.html|archive-date=25 November 2016}}</ref> I-Burundi ihleli ikakhulu iluluntu lwasemaphandleni, kunye ne-13.4% kuphela yabemi abahlala ezidolophini ngo-2019 <ref name="cia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210122232849/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ CIA – The World Factbook – Burundi] [[CIA]].</ref> Ukuxinana kwabantu malunga nama-315 abantu ngekhilomitha nganye yesikwere (753 nge sq&nbsp;mi) lelesibini ngobukhulu kwi -Afrika ekwi-Sub-Saharan . <ref name="state"/> Malunga nama-85% abemi bangamaHutu, i-15% ngamaTutsi, yaye ngaphantsi kwe-1% ngabemi bomthonyama bamaTwa . <ref name="autogenerated3">[[Burundi#Eggers|Eggers]], p. ix.</ref> Iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseBurundi sisiKirundi, [[Ulwimi lwasiFrentshi|isiFrentshi]], kunye [[IsiNgesi|nesiNgesi]], isiKirundi samkelwa ngokusemthethweni njengolwimi olulodwa lwesizwe. <ref name="official">{{Cite book|last=Maurer|first=Sous la direction de Bruno|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OA9DQAAQBAJ&q=langues+officielles+au+burundi+kirundi+fran%C3%A7ais+anglais&pg=PA104|title=Les approches bi-plurilingues d'enseignement-apprentissage: autour du programme Écoles et langues nationales en Afrique (ELAN-Afrique): Actes du colloque du 26–27 mars 2015, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier, France|date=1 October 2016|publisher=Archives contemporaines|isbn=9782813001955|access-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203233/https://books.google.com/books?id=2OA9DQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA104&ots=tFzjIGhvwU&dq=langues+officielles+au+burundi+kirundi+fran%C3%A7ais+anglais&hl=ru&pg=PA104|archive-date=10 April 2018|url-status=live|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Category:Amazwe]] jariobrhsp8lh10osbi7h3d5zdsm2ld 0 7209 41522 40417 2026-08-02T16:45:59Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg|thumb|]] '''I-Mars''' (uphawu: [[file:mars symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♂]]) sisijikelezi -langa sesine kunye neyona planethi ikude [[UKat|neLanga]] . Umbala obomvu womphezulu wawo ubangelwa yintsimbi ecolekileyo (III) ye-oxide yomhlaba, eyinika igama lesidlaliso "iPlanethi eBomvu". <ref name="Rees2012">{{Cite book|title=Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0|date=October 2012|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|isbn=978-0-7566-9841-6|editor-last=Rees|editor-first=Martin J.|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universe0000unse_f2g0/page/160 160]–161}}</ref> Iradiyasi kaMars yeyesibini ngobukhulu kwiiplanethi ezikwiSolar System kwi-. I- Martian dichotomy ibonakala phezu komhlaba: ngokomyinge, umhlaba osemantla we-Mars uthambile kwaye ungaphantsi kune-hemisphere yayo esemazantsi. IMars ineatmosfera ebhityileyo eyenziwe ikakhulu yicarbon dioxide kunye neesathelayithi zendalo ezimbini ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga : Phobos kunye neDeimos . Ngokwejoloji, iMars isebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kunye needemoni zothuli ezityhutyha imbonakalo yomhlaba kunye neenyikima (i-analog yaseMartian ukuya [[Inyikima|kwiinyikima]] ) ezingcangcazela ngaphantsi komhlaba. Umphezulu we - Mars ubamba i -volcano enkulu yekhaka (i-Olympus Mons) kunye nenye yeenqanawa ezinkulu kwi-Solar System (Valles Marineris). Ukubaluleka kwe -orbital eccentricity ye-Mars kunye nokuthambeka kwe-axial kubangela utshintsho olukhulu lwamaxesha onyaka kugutyungelo lomkhenkce omhlophe kunye nokutshintsha kobushushu phakathi ukuya kuma- kumphezulu. Usuku lwe-Martian solar ( sol ) lulingana neeyure ezingama-24.5 kwaye unyaka welanga we-Martian ulingana neminyaka eyi-1.88 yoMhlaba. Njengezinye iiplanethi ezikwiSolar System, uMars wasekwa malunga neminyaka eyi-4.5 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo. Ngexesha likaNoah ukususela malunga ne-4.1 ukuya kwi-3.7 yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo, umphezulu we-Mars wawuphawulwe ngeempembelelo zemeteor, ukwakheka kweentlambo, ukhukuliseko, kunye nobukho obunokubakho bamanzi [[Iilwandle|olwandle]] . Ixesha le-Hesperian ukusuka kwi-3.7 ukuya kwi-3.2-2 yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo lalilawulwa yintaba -mlilo exhaphakileyo kunye nezikhukula eziqingqe imijelo emikhulu yokuphuma . Ixesha laseAmazon, elisaqhubeka ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, laphawulwa yimpembelelo yomoya kwiinkqubo zokwakheka komhlaba . Akwaziwa enoba ubomi bakha babakho kusini na kuMars . IMars iphakathi kwezona zinto ziqaqambileyo kwisibhakabhaka soMhlaba, kwaye ke yaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Iimpawu zayo ze-albedo ezichasene kakhulu zenza ukuba ibe yinto eqhelekileyo yokujongwa ngeteleskopu . Ukusukela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, uMars uye waphononongwa ziziphekepheke ezingaqhubiyo kunye neerovers, kunye ne-flyby yokuqala ye- ''Mariner 4'' probe ngo-1965, i-Mars orbiter yokuqala nge- ''Mars 2'' probe ngo-1971, kunye ne- ''Viking 1'' yokuqala ngo-1976. Ukusukela ngo-2023, kukho ubuncinane iiprobes ezisebenzayo ezili-11 ezijikeleza iMars okanye kumphezulu weMartian. Kungoku nje, iMars yeyona nto inomtsalane ekujoliswe kuyo kwikamva lokuqala leemishini zabantu phakathi kweeplanethi. == Imithombo == {{Reflist}} [[category:IAstronomi]] rs5dpidrhbz8y1fm27b5qvo1j83urao 0 7312 41544 40418 2026-08-02T17:06:31Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jupiter New Horizons.jpg|thumb|]] '''I-Jupiter''' (uphawu: [[file:jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|♃]]) yiplanethi yesihlanu yesixokelelwano selanga ngokulandelelana komgama ukusuka [[UKat|eLangeni]] kunye neyona inkulu kuyo yonke inkqubo yeplanethi : ubunzima bayo buhambelana namaxesha amabini anesiqingatha inani lazo zonke ezinye iiplanethi ezidityanisiweyo. <ref name="Cole">{{Cite book|title=Planetary Science: The Science of Planets Around Stars|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/planetaryscience0000cole|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0815-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/planetaryscience0000cole/page/68 68]|language=en}}</ref> Ihlelwa, njengeSaturn, i-Uranus kunye neNeptune, njenge-gas giant (ezimbini zokugqibela zihluke ekubeni zihlelwe kumaxesha amva nje njengeengxilimbela ezinomkhenkce). I-Jupiter inokwakheka okufana [[UKat|neLanga]] : enyanisweni yenziwe kakhulu yi -hydrogen kunye ne-helium enemilinganiselo emincinci yezinye iigesi ezidibeneyo, ezifana ne-ammonia i-methane kunye [[Amanzi|namanzi]]. Kukholelwa ukuba iplanethi inesakhiwo esinemaleko amaninzi, kunye nesiseko esiqinileyo, ekucingelwa ukuba yindalo yamatye kwaye yenziwe nge [[I-carbon|-carbon]] kunye ne-silicates yentsimbi, apho i- mantle ye-metallic ye-hydrogen inobunzima kunye nesigqubuthelo esikhulu se-atmospheric bacinezela kakhulu kuyo. Umoya wangaphandle ubonakaliswe ngamaqela amaninzi kunye neendawo ze-shades ezihluka ukusuka kwikhilimu ukuya kumdaka, ofakwe kwi-cyclonic kunye ne-anticyclonic formations, phakathi kwayo i- Great Red Spot ivelele. <ref name="atmosphere">{{Cite web|title=Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere|url=https://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/ingersolletal-2004.pdf|publisher=Lunar & Planetary Institute}}</ref> [[Ukujikeleza ndawonye|Ukujikeleza]] okukhawulezileyo kweplanethi kuyinika inkangeleko yespheroid ethe tyaba ezipalini kwaye ivelise imagnethi emandla eyenza i- magnetosphere ebanzi; ngaphezu koko, ngenxa ye-Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism, i-Jupiter (njengazo zonke ezinye izigebenga zerhasi) ikhupha isixa esikhulu samandla kunokuba iwafumana eLangeni Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kunye nokwakheka okufana noko kweLanga, iJupiter kudala ithathwa njenge " [[Inkwenkwezi|nkwenkwezi]] engaphumeleliyo ": eneneni kuphela ukuba ibinethuba lokunyusa ubunzima bayo ukuya kuma-75-80 amaxesha angoku [ 2 <ref name="minimum">{{Cite web|title=Mass cut-off between stars and brown dwarfs revealed|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9771-mass-cutoff-between-stars-and-brown-dwarfs-revealed.html}}</ref> undoqo wayo ngewube ubambe ubushushu kunye neemeko zoxinzelelo ezivumayo ukuqalisa ukuhlangana kwe-hydrogen kwi-helium, nto leyo ebiya kwenza inkqubo yelanga ibe yinkqubo yeenkwenkwezi zokubini. <ref name="sis.solare">{{Cite web|title=An Overview of the Solar System|url=http://www.nineplanets.org/overview.html}}</ref> Ummandla onzulu womxhuzulane kaJupiter unempembelelo kwisakhiwo sesijikelezi-langa ngokuphazamisa imijikelo yezinye iiplanethi kwaye ngokuyinxenye “uyicoca” inkunkuma enokubetha kwezona planethi zingaphakathi. <ref name="jupfri">{{Cite web|date=14 giugno 2008|title=Jupiter: Friend or foe? I: the asteroids|url=https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.2795|publisher=Europlanet Commission}}</ref> Iisathelayithi ezininzi <ref name="shep">{{Cite web|title=The Jupiter Satellite Page|url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/|publisher=Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science|accessdate=2023-09-15|archive-date=2009-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kunye nenkqubo yamakhonkco angabonakaliyo ajikeleza iJupiter; isenzo esidibeneyo semimandla ye-gravitational ye-Jupiter kunye ne-Sun iphinda izinze ii-orbits zamaqela amabini e-Trojan asteroids. <ref name="count">{{Cite web|title=Trojan Minor Planets|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/Trojans.html|publisher=International Astronomical Union (IAU)}}</ref> Isijikelezi-langa, esasisaziwa ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, siye sadlala indima enkulu kwiinkolelo zonqulo zezithethe ezininzi, kuquka amaBhabhiloni, amaGrike namaRoma, awawafanisa nomlawuli wezithixo. <ref name="etymologyonline">{{Cite web|title=Jupiter|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> Isimboli yeenkwenkwezi yesijikelezi-langa (♃) luphawu olunesitayile lombane, olona phawu luphambili lwesithixo. == Imithombo == {{Reflist}} [[Uluhlu:IAstronomi]] afgou6lunonlmxg6kxhhvuelmwzy4x8 0 7509 41520 35546 2026-08-02T16:44:02Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugqabhuko-dubulo luka-1883 lweKrakatoa''' lwenzeka ngo-Agasti 27 waloo nyaka kwisiqithi saseKrakatoa, esiseSunda Strait, phakathi kweziqithi zaseSumatra neJava, kwiDutch East Indies ([[i-Indonesia]] yangoku). Isiqithi sanyamalala xa intaba-mlilo yegama elifanayo, kwiNtaba yePerboewatan - ekucingelwa ukuba ayisekho - yagqabhuka. Oku kuthathwa njengogqabhuko -dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lwesibini olubulalayo kwimbali, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwesithandathu olukhulu emhlabeni, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rachel Carson|title=The Sea Around Us|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/seaaroundus0000cars_s2m6|publisher=Oxford University Press US|isbn=9780195061864}}</ref> ukongeza ekubeni sisandi esikhulu kunazo zonke esakha saviwa embalini (Ingxolo yesithonga yayivakala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-5,000). <ref>[https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/geral-50308295 bbc.com/] ''Krakatoa, o inferno de Java: a erupção há 137 anos que foi sentida no planeta inteiro''</ref> == Iziphumo == [[File:Krakatoa_evolution_map-en.gif|left|thumb| Ukuvela kweziqithi phakathi kweKrakatoa ukusuka kwi-1880 ukuya kwi-2005.]] Ukulandelelana kogqabhuko-dubulo kunye nokudubula kwathatha iiyure ezingama-22 kwaye kwabangela ukufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwama-36,000. Ingxolo yafikelela [[Ostreliya|naseOstreliya]], [[kwiiPhilippines]] [[IIndia|naseIndiya]] . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Simon Winchester|title=Krakatoa|publisher=Objetiva|isbn=9788573026085}}</ref> [[File:Krakatoa_Tsunami_1883.jpg|thumb|287x287px| Imephu yoluhlu lwetsunami oluveliswe lugqabhuko-dubulo.]] Ngenxa yogqabhuko-dubulo, kwabakho iitsunami ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesijikelezi-langa. Kufuphi neziqithi zaseJava naseSumatra, amaza afikelela ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-40 ukuphakama. == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://pt.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell's%20Living%20Age/Volume%20160/Issue%202064/The%20Java%20Disaster Intlekele yaseJava] (1883), uKap. W. J. Watson 44pyi8n66wtnlncfipr1lakicbknkrx 0 7654 41534 35764 2026-08-02T16:57:41Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|name=Millicent Girling|honorific_suffix=|image=|image_size=|alt=|caption=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|birth_name=|birth_date=23 June 1900|birth_place=[[Waterford]], Ireland|death_date={{Death date and age|1992|11|02|1900|06|23|df=yes}}|death_place=|resting_place=|nationality=Irish|citizenship=|known_for=|notable_works=|parents=|relatives=|signature=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''UMillicent Girling''' (23 Juni 1900 – 2 Novemba 1993) wayengumyili we-Irish kunye nomzobi. UMillicent Girling wazalelwa eWaterford ngo-1900. Waqeqeshwa kwiSikolo soBugcisa esiseDublin seMetropolitan ngeminyaka yoo-1920. Wayila isitampu saseIreland sowe-1923 esibonisa amaphondo amane aseIreland. Wasweleka [[ENgilani|eNgilane]] ngomhla wesi-2 kuNovemba ka-1993.<ref name="Snoddy">{{Cite book|last=Snoddy|first=Theo|title=Dictionary of Irish artists: 20th century|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofiris0000snod|date=2006|publisher=Merlin Publishing|isbn=1903582172|edition=2nd|location=Dublin|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofiris0000snod/page/191 191]-192}}</ref> == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}}    rbn0qozwtys9ki6d059zt0knm3pyi8h 0 8008 41535 40757 2026-08-02T16:59:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41535 wikitext text/x-wiki    # '''[https://www.uthandosa.org/ Uthando]''' yimvakalelo yokutsaleleka ngamandla kunye nokuzibandakanya ngokweemvakalelo emntwini, kwisilwanyana, okanye kwinto. Lubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezininzi, eziquka uluhlu lwe'''meko''' eyomeleleyo neyakhayo yeemvakalelo kunye nemeko ye''ngqondo'', ukusuka kowona mgangatho ubalaseleyo okanye umkhwa olungileyo, okanye uthando olunzulu phakathi kwabantu, ukuya kolona lonwabo lulula. Umzekelo wolu luhlu lweentsingiselo kukuba uthando lukamama alufani nothando lweqabane lomtshato, kwanalo lube lwahlukile kuthando [[Ukutya|lokutya]]. Uthando lugqalwa njengolwakhayo nolungathandekiyo, yaye isidima salo simela ububele, imfesane nomsa— “inkxalabo yokungazingci, yokunyaniseka neyobubele ngokulunga komnye”—yaye uqheliselo lwalo lumela isiphako esifana [[Amampunge|nesakhe]], [[Ukulingana ngokwesini|ukuzingca,]] ukuzingca nokuzigwagwisa . Isenokuthi ichaze [[Izinto ezenzeka ngokwendalo|izenzo]] zovelwano nezothando kwabanye abantu, isiqu sakho, okanye izilwanyana. <ref name="Fromm">{{Cite book|last=Fromm|first=Erich|title=The Art of Loving|url=https://archive.org/details/artofloving00from|publisher=Harper Perennial|year=1956|isbn=978-0-06-095828-2|edition=Original English}}</ref> Ngeendlela zalo ezahlukeneyo, uthando lusebenza njengomququzeleli ophambili wobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, kwaye ngenxa yokubaluleka kwalo okusembindini ngokwasengqondweni, ngowona mxholo uxhaphakileyo kubugcisa bokuyila . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Abbas|first=Azhar|date=2011-04-11|title=Just Love|url=http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530043739/http://www.slideshare.net/azharabbas/just-love|archive-date=30 May 2012|accessdate=13 September 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Callerame|first=Emmanuelle|date=2022-02-03|title=An Exploration of Love in Art History|url=https://blog.artsper.com/en/a-closer-look/an-exploration-of-love-in-art-history/|accessdate=2023-08-24|website=Artsper Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> Uthando luye lwamiselwa ukuba lube ngumsebenzi ogcina abantu bemanyene ngokuchasene neengozi kunye nokuququzelela ukuqhubeka kohlobo . <ref name="Fisher">{{Cite book|last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the nature and chemistry of romantic love|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelovenaturec0000fish_b3n0|publisher=Henry Holt & Co.|year=2004|isbn=978-0805069136}}</ref> l6kcupp4j5fub6gd3pp0131eqtg583h 0 8080 41548 36584 2026-08-02T17:11:16Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mary|image=Madonna Advocata.png|alt=Slightly faded painting of a woman wearing a black veil, staring out of the portrait. Her hands are raised. The image is on a gold background.|caption=The [[Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)|''Madonna del Rosario'']] ({{circa|6th century}} or earlier), perhaps the oldest icon of Mary, in [[Rome]]|birth_date={{circa|18 BC}}{{efn|Per the [[Bar and bat mitzvah#Significance|Jewish customs surrounding marriage]] at the time, and the apocryphal [[Gospel of James]], Mary was approximately 13–14 years old when giving birth to Jesus.<ref name="NewAdvent" /> Her year of birth is therefore contingent on [[Date of birth of Jesus|that of Jesus]], and though some posit slightly different dates (such as [[John P. Meier|Meier]]'s dating of {{c.|7}} or 6&nbsp;BC)<ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |url=https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john/page/407 407]}}</ref> general consensus places Jesus' birth in {{c.|4}}&nbsp;BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E.&nbsp;P.|author-link=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|url-status=live|pages=10–11}}</ref> thus placing Mary's birth in {{c.|18}}&nbsp;BC.}}|birth_place=[[Herodian kingdom|Herodian Judea]]|death_date=After {{c.|33 AD}}|death_place=[[Jerusalem]], [[Province of Judea|Province of Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]<br />or [[Ephesus]], [[Province of Asia]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Enncyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=New Advent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Mary: Location and Significance: University of Dayton, Ohio |url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/t/tomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=udayton.edu}}</ref>|spouse=[[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]|children=[[Jesus]]|parents=[[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anne]] (according to some apocryphal writings)}} <references /> '''UMariya''' {{efn|{{lang-he|מִרְיָם|translit=Mīryām}}; {{lang-syc|ܡܪܝܡ|translit=Maryam}}; {{lang-ar|مريم|translit=Maryam}}; {{lang-grc|Μαρία|translit=María}}; {{lang-la|Maria}}; {{lang-cop|Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ|translit=Maria}}}} wayengumfazi ongumYuda waseNazarete ngenkulungwane yokuqala, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Raymond Edward Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140|title=Mary in the New Testament|last2=Joseph A. Fitzmyer|last3=Karl Paul Donfried|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0809121687|location=NJ|page=140|quote=...consonant with Mary's Jewish background|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817232637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140|archive-date=17 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> umfazi kaYosefu nomama [[UYesu Kristu|kaYesu]] . Ungoyena mntu uphambili kubuKristu, uhlonelwa phantsi kwezihloko ezahlukeneyo ezifana nentombi enyulu okanye ukumkanikazi, uninzi lwazo olukhankanywe kwiLitany yaseLoreto . AmaOthodoki aseMpuma naseMpuma, iCawa yaseMpuma, yamaKatolika, yamaTshetshi namaLuthere akholelwa ukuba uMariya, unina kaYesu, nguMama kaThixo . Iincwadi zeVangeli ezishwankathelayo zithi uMariya ngumama kaYesu. Incwadi yevangeli [[Mateyu|kaMateyu]] nekaLuka zichaza uMariya njengentombi enyulu {{efn|{{lang|grc|παρθένος|translit="parthénos"}}; Matthew 1:23<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:23}}</ref> uses the Greek {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}}, "virgin", whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|7:14|HE}}</ref> from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes, as {{transliteration|hbo|Almah}} – "young maiden". See article on {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}} in Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature''.<ref>Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature'', 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1979, p. 627.</ref>}} eyanyulwa nguThixo ukuba akhawule uYesu ngoMoya Oyingcwele . Emva kokuzala uYesu eBhetelehem, wamkhulisela kwisixeko saseNazarete eGalili, kwaye [[IJerusalem|wayeseYerusalem]] ekubethelweni kwakhe emnqamlezweni kunye nabapostile emva kokunyuka kwakhe. Iindlela ezininzi zokuzinikela kukaMarian zibandakanya imithandazo eyahlukahlukeneyo kunye namaculo, ukubhiyozelwa kweentsuku ezininzi zemibhiyozo kaMarian kwinkonzo yonqulo, ukuhlonelwa kwemifanekiso kunye nezinto ezingcwele, ukwakhiwa kweecawe ezinikelwe kuye kunye nokuhambela kwiindawo ezingcwele zaseMarian . Imibono emininzi yaseMarian kunye nemimangaliso ebangelwa kukuthethelelwa kwakhe kuye kwachazwa ngamakholwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ube sisifundo semveli kubugcisa, ngakumbi kubugcisa baseByzantine, ubugcisa bexesha eliphakathi kunye nobugcisa beRenaissance . <references group="lower-alpha" /> pquyjdq4jly4v6odm1tms6t2zecn1ke 0 8171 41541 39965 2026-08-02T17:04:20Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Villa Nova|image=Villa Nova AC (Estr) - MG.svg|fullname=Villa Nova Atlético Clube|nickname=''Leão'' ([[Lion]])<br>''Leão do Bonfim'' (Lion of Bonfim)<br>''Alvirrubro'' (Red & white)<br>''Glorioso'' (The glorious)|founded=28 June 1908|ground=[[Estádio Castor Cifuentes|Castor Cifuentes]], [[Nova Lima]], [[Brazil]]|capacity=5,160|chairman=Bruno Sarti|manager=Vinícius Munhoz|league={{Brazilian football updater|Villa Nova}}|pattern_la1=_villanova23h|pattern_b1=_villanova23h|pattern_ra1=_villanova23h|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1=|leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000|pattern_la2=_villanova23a|pattern_b2=_villanova23a|pattern_ra2=_villanova23a|pattern_sh2=|pattern_so2=|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF|position={{Brazilian football updater|Villa Nova3}}|season={{Brazilian football updater|Villa Nova2}}}}'''IVilla Nova Atlético Clube''', eyaziwa njengeVilla '''Nova''', yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] ekhatywayo yaseBrazil esekelwe [[Nova Lima|eNova Lima]], [[Minas Gerais|eMinas Gerais]]. Iqela lidlala e[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série D|Série D]], inqanaba lesine lenkqubo [[Inkqubo yeligi yebhola yaseBrazil|yebhola ekhatywayo yaseBrazil]], kunye nakwi[[Campeonato Mineiro]], inqanaba [[Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo aseBrazil|eliphezulu leligi yebhola ekhatywayo]] yaseMinas Gerais. == Imbali == I-Villa Nova yiklabhu yesibini endala iklabhu esebenzayo yeMinas Gerais. Iklabhu yasekwa ngomhla wama-28 kuJuni 1908, eNova Lima, ngabasebenzi bemizi-mveliso yamaNgesi kunye nabasebenzi basezimayini [[Morro Velho|baseMorro Velho]] Mining Inc.<ref name="cbf">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-28|title=Villa Nova-MG completa 109 anos de história|trans-title=Villa Nova completes 109 years of history|url=https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato-brasileiro-serie-d/villa-nova-mg-completa-109-anos-de-historia|accessdate=2024-01-11|website=CBF - Confederação Brasileira de Futebol|language=Portuguese}}</ref> Iminyaka yee-1930 yayilelona xesha likhulu leklabhu. I-Villa Nova yaphumelela itayitile yayo yokuqala yelizwe ngo-1932 kwaye waphumelela [[Campeonato Mineiro|ubuntshatsheli]] bokuqala abathathu kwixesha lobuchwephesha ngo-1933, ngo-1934 nango-1935. Inkwenkwezi etyheli kwilogo yeklabhu ibhekisa kwezi zihloko.<ref name="portal1">{{Cite web|title=Momentos históricos do Villa Nova|trans-title=Historic moments of Villa Nova|url=https://portalvillanova.com/titulos-villa-nova-mg/|accessdate=2024-01-11|website=Portal do Villa Nova|language=Portuguese|archive-date=2024-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111234342/https://portalvillanova.com/titulos-villa-nova-mg/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> I-Villa iphumelele iCampeonato Mineiro kwakhona ngo-1951, yoyisa [[Clube Atlético Mineiro|i-Atlético Mineiro]] kumdlalo wokugqibela e- [[Estádio Independencia|Independência]]. [[UMartim Francisco]], umqeqeshi weklabhu ngo-1951, Umqeqeshi weklabhu ngo-1951, wachazwa njengomqambi we-4-2-4 kwincwadi 'Inverting The Pyramid' nguJonathan [[UJonathan Wilson (umbhali)|Wilson]], echaza ngendaleko yamaqhinga [[Umbutho amaqhinga ebhola kunye nezakhono|ebhola]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jonathan|title=Inverting the Pyramid: A History of Football Tactics|url=https://archive.org/details/invertingpyramid0000wils|date=2008|publisher=Orion|page=[https://archive.org/details/invertingpyramid0000wils/page/119 119]}}</ref> Kwi-1971, i-Villa Nova iphumelele i[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|-Campeonato Brasileiro Série B]] uhlelo lokuqala, emva kokubetha [[Iqela leRemo|i-Remo]] kumdlalo wokugqibela. Inkwenkwezi eluhlaza kwilogo yabo ifanekisela esi sihloko sikazwelonke.<ref name="portal2">{{Cite web|title=Símbolos do Villa Nova|trans-title=Symbols of Villa Nova|url=https://portalvillanova.com/simbolos-villa-nova-mg/|accessdate=2024-01-11|website=Portal do Villa Nova|language=Portuguese|archive-date=2024-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111234401/https://portalvillanova.com/simbolos-villa-nova-mg/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Ibala lemidlalo == Ibala lemidlalo laseVilla Nova yi-Estádio Castor Cifuentes, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi''"Alçapão do Bonfim"''. Yakhiwa ngo-1908 yaza yaphinda yakhiwa ngo-1989. inomthamo omkhulu wabantu abangama-5,160. == Iimbeko == === Kuzwelonke === * '''[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B]]''' ** '''Abaphumeleleyo (1):''' 1971 === Umbuso === * '''[[Campeonato Mineiro]]''' ** '''Abaphumeleleyo (5):''' 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1951 ** ''Abaphume phambili'' (6): 1937, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1953, 1997<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minas Gerais State - List of champions|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesfq/mgcamp.htm|accessdate=2024-01-11|website=[[RSSSF]] Brasil}}</ref> * '''[[Taça Minas Gerais]]''' ** '''Abaphumeleleyo (2):''' 1977, 2006 ** ''Abaphume phambili'' (2): 2009, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minas Gerais Cup - List of Champions|url=https://rsssfbrasil.com/tablesfq/mgtcamp.htm|accessdate=2024-01-11|website=[[RSSSF]] Brasil}}</ref> * '''[[Campeonato Mineiro Módulo II]]''' ** '''Abaphumeleleyo (2):''' 1995, 2021 == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411060903/http://www.villanovamg.com.br/ IWebhusayithi esemthethweni yaseVilla Nova] {{Campeonato Brasileiro Série D}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:1908 ukusekwa eBrazil]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eMinas Gerais]] [[Category:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo asekwe ngo-1908]] [[Category:Villa Nova Atlético Clube]] b2jt4gxmn3kbi5eyq2vf66px4ld1n3k 3 8445 41519 37751 2026-08-02T15:47:23Z Pathoschild 556 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 41519 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User talk:Revi C.]] o9z79lcc9a9pfmqmrod5w3eyk4q9i0o 2 8446 41518 37752 2026-08-02T15:12:04Z Pathoschild 556 global user pages ([[m:Synchbot|requested by Revi C.]]) 41518 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Revi C.]] 88g0cv17whfgb1wkeh281mptujwtlut 0 8468 41540 37871 2026-08-02T17:03:45Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41540 wikitext text/x-wiki Unyulo lwasePalamente lwabanjwa [[Burundi|eBurundi]] ngomhla we-10 kuMeyi 1965, olokuqala ukususela oko yafumana inkululeko ngowe-1962. Abavoti bonyule [[INdlu yoWiso-mthetho (eBurundi)|iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe]], ethotyiweyo ukusuka kwizihlalo ezingama-64 ukuya kwezingama-33. Balandela ukubulawa [[Iintloko zikaRhulumente waseBurundi|kweNkulumbuso]] [[Pierre Ngendandumwe|uPierre Ngendandumwe]] ngomhla we-15 kuJanuwari ka-1965, kwaye baphunyelelwa yi[[IManyano yeNkqubela kwiSizwe|Manyano elawulayo yeNkqubela yeSizwe.]] elawulayo. == Imvelaphi == NgoJanuwari 15, 1965, iNkulumbuso yaseBurundi uPierre Ngendandumwe wagwintwa.<ref name="AP1">{{Cite news|date=20 October 1964|title=Burundi Revolt Erupts but Is Reported Quelled|pages=2, 10|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Ukuphendula, uMwami Mwambutsa IV wayichitha iPalamente ngoMatshi 4 kwaye wabiza unyulo olutsha. Unyulo olutsha lwabhengezwa ngoMatshi 29 kwaye lwabanjwa ngoMeyi 10.<ref name="Ndayizeye">{{Cite web|last=Ndayizeye|first=Jean Bosco|date=10 December 2011|title=Historique|url=https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228230229/https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1|archive-date=28 December 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021|website=Assemblée Nationale du Burundi.|publisher=National Assembly of Burundi|language=French}}</ref> == Iziphumo == === INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe === === INdlu yeeNgwevu === Emva konyulo lweNdlu yoWiso-mthetho, kwazaliswa iSenethi enamalungu ali-16. Amalungu asibhozo eNdlu yeeNgwevu anyulwa ngamalungu eNdlu yoWiso-mthetho—lilinye limele elinye lamaphondo enqila. Amalungu eNdlu yeeNgwevu ezisibhozo onyule amanye amalungu amane, aze amane atyunjwe yiKumkani.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 June 1965|title=Senate Election, Regulations Are Announced|page=I1|work=Daily Report : Foreign Radio Broadcasts|publisher=United States [[Foreign Broadcast Information Service]]|issue=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxr4N5t9EIC&pg=RA8-PP6}}</ref> UPRONA ubambe izihlalo ezisibhozo kwezili-12.<ref name="Ndayizeye">{{Cite web|last=Ndayizeye|first=Jean Bosco|date=10 December 2011|title=Historique|url=https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228230229/https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1|archive-date=28 December 2021|accessdate=29 December 2021|website=Assemblée Nationale du Burundi.|publisher=National Assembly of Burundi|language=French}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNdayizeye2011">Ndayizeye, Jean Bosco (10 December 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211228230229/https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1 "Historique"]. ''Assemblée Nationale du Burundi.'' (in French). National Assembly of Burundi. Archived from [https://assemblee.bi/spip.php?article1 the original] on 28 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Emva koko == Nangona uloyiso oluqinisekileyo lwabaviwa abangamaHutu kunyulo, uKumkani [[Mwambutsa IV waseBurundi|Mwambutsa IV]] wamisela inkosana yamaTutsi, [[uLéopold Biha]], njengeNkulumbuso. Kwada kwaqhambuka udushe emva kokuzama ubhukuqo-mbuso ngamagosa omkhosi wamaHutu ngo-Okthobha ka-1965. Ubhukuqo-mbuso olungaphumelelanga lwalandelwa kukuhlanjululwa okukhulu kwamaHutu emkhosini. Kwabulawa abezobupolitika abangamaHutu nabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kunyaka olandelayo uMwambutsa [[NgoJulayi 1966 ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseBurundi|wabhukuqwa]] ngunyana wakhe [[UNtare V waseBurundi|uNtare V]], owathi wagxothwa [[NgoNovemba 1966 ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaseBurundi|kubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini]] ngasekupheleni konyaka, [[Ukupheliswa kobukhosi|nto leyo eyaphelisa ubukhosi belizwe]]. == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Imisebenzi ekhankanyiweyo == * {{Cite news|last=Cornevin|first=Robert|date=24 August 1966|title=Chance of Re-Establishing Peace In Burundi After Coup D'Etat|pages=11–16|work=Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa|publisher=United States Joint Publications Research Service|issue=420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVNEAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA10-PA11}} * {{Cite book|last=Lemarchand|first=René|url=https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00103151/00001?|title=Rwanda and Burundi|date=1970|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=New York|oclc=254366212}} * {{Cite book|last=Russell|first=Aiden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtGoDwAAQBAJ|title=Politics and Violence in Burundi: The Language of Truth in an Emerging State|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108499347}} * {{Cite book|last=Weinstein|first=Warren|title=Historical Dictionary of Burundi|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000wein_e0d2|date=1976|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810809628|location=Metuchen}} [[Uluhlu:Ngowe-1965 eBurundi]] [[Uluhlu:1965 unyulo eAfrika]] [[Uluhlu:Unyulo lwePalamente eBurundi]] 35wr9j5yc9o44sn7fc7fnpmqwz81u5z 0 8578 41527 38555 2026-08-02T16:50:42Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Alibheniya''' lilizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A first-time guide to Albania: explore this beautiful nation|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/first-time-guide-to-albania|accessdate=2025-01-28|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> Imida iMontenegro ukuya kuMntla-ntshona, iKosovo ukuya kuMntla-mpuma, uMntla weMakedoni ukuya empuma kunye neGrisi emazantsi nakumazantsi-ntshona.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-23|title=Which Countries Border Albania?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-countries-border-albania.html|accessdate=2025-01-28|website=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}</ref> Ilizwe lijikelezwe lulwandle lwe-Adriatic ukuya emantla-ntshona, entshona nakumazantsi-ntshona kunye nolwandle lwase-Ionian ukuya emazantsi-ntshona. Imozulu yaseAlbania ikwiMeditera, yaye ihlobo lishushu nobusika obubandayo. Ikomkhulu kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu saseAlbania yiTirana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=City of Tirana {{!}} Coleurope|url=https://www.coleurope.eu/tirana/academic-offer/ma-european-transformation-and-integration/student-life/city-tirana|accessdate=2025-01-28|website=www.coleurope.eu}}</ref> Ilizwe limi ngoku apho lalimi khona "Illyria" kumaxesha amandulo kunye ne "Arbëria" kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ilizwe laliphantsi kolawulo lwe-Ottoman Empire iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500. IAlbania yafumana inkululeko kuBukhosi baseOttoman ngowe-1912. Ngowe-1944, elo lizwe lalawulwa nguEnver Hoxha wolawulo lwamakomanisi kangangeminyaka engama-41. Emva kokuwa kolawulo lwamakomanisi, iQela leDemokhrasi lalawula ilizwe iminyaka ethile, apho laphuhlisa amasimi amaninzi ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho awonakaliswa ngexesha lokuhlala kwelizwe yi-Ottoman Empire kunye nolawulo lwamakomanisi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights in Post-Communist Albania|url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/hrw/1996/en/33471|accessdate=2025-01-28|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> Ukususela ngo-2013, i-Albania ilawulwa yi-Socialist Party yase-Albania kunye no-Edi Rama eyinkulumbuso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edi Rama|url=https://www.osce.org/chairmanship/chairperson-in-office-2020|accessdate=2025-01-28|website=www.osce.org|language=en}}</ref> '''<big>Imbali</big>''' Indawo yokuhlala ye-Mesolitiki e-Alibheniya ibonakaliswe kwiindawo ezininzi zomoya ezivulekileyo ngelo xesha zazikufutshane nonxweme lwe-Adriyatiki kunye neendawo zomqolomba. Izinto ze-Mesolitiki ezifunyenwe kumqolomba okufutshane ne-Zare(Xarrë) ziquka izinto zelitye lelitye leyaspisi kunye namathambo esilwanyana, ngelixa ezo zifunyenwe kwiNtaba yeDajt ziquka izixhobo zamathambo kunye namatye afana nawo enkcubeko yaseAurignacian.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1984-10|title=&lt;sc&gt;john boardman&lt;/sc&gt;&lt;italic&gt;et al&lt;/italic&gt;., editors. &lt;italic&gt;The Cambridge Ancient History&lt;/italic&gt;. Volume 3, part 1, &lt;italic&gt;The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C&lt;/italic&gt;. 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Pp. xx, 1059. $79.50|url=https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/89.4.1054|journal=The American Historical Review|doi=10.1086/ahr/89.4.1054|issn=1937-5239}}</ref> Ixesha le-Nolitiki e-Alibheniya laqala malunga ne-7000 ku-BC kwaye ingqinwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ezibonisa ukugcinwa kweegusha, iibhokhwe kunye nezolimo ezincinci. Inxalenye yabantu baseNolitiki inokuba yayifana nabemi baseMesolitiki bamazantsi eBhalkani njengasemqolombeni waseKonispol apho umaleko we-Mesolitiki ukhona kunye nofunyanwo womdongwe wangaphambili weNolitiki. Inkcubeko yomdongwe we-Khadiyamu ibonakala kunxweme lwaseAlibheniya nakwi-Adriyatiki emva kwe6500 ku-BC, ngelixa iindawo zokuhlala zangaphakathi zithatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezenza inkcubeko yaseStarčevo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bunguri|first=Adem|date=2014-12-30|title=Different models for the Neolithisation of Albania|url=https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.41.4|journal=Documenta Praehistorica|volume=41|pages=79–94|doi=10.4312/dp.41.4|issn=1854-2492}}</ref> Imigodi ye-bhithumene yase-Alibheniya ku-Selenice inika ubungqina bokuqala bokusetyenziswa kwebhithumene eYurophu, eyaqala kwi-Alibheniya ye-Nolitiki ye-Alibheniya (ukusuka kwi-5000 ku-BC), xa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lwalusebenzisa njengepeyinti yokuhlobisa i-seramikhi, uthintelo lwamanzi, kunye nokuncamathelisa ukulungisa izitya eziphukileyo. Ibhithumene yaseSelenice yayihamba isiya empuma ye-Alibheniya ukususela ekuqaleni kwewaka leminyaka lesi-5 ku-BC. Ubungqina bokuqala bokurhweba kwamanye amazwe buvela kwiNolitiki kunye neXesha leBronz kumazantsi e-Ithali. Ibhithumene ekumgangatho ophezulu yaseSelenice iye yasetyenziswa kuyo yonke iminyaka yembali ukususela kwixesha leNolitiki kude kube namhlanje.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Connan|first=J.|last2=Elezi|first2=G.|last3=Engel|first3=M.H.|last4=Zumberge|first4=A.|date=2024-02|title=Natural asphalt on Late Neolithic (5000–4500 BCE) potsherds from southeastern Albania: A geochemical study|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X23005187|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports|language=en|volume=53|pages=104343|doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104343}}</ref> '''<big>Ubukhosi bamaOthomani</big>''' Emva kokuwa kweConstantinople, uBukhosi bamaOthomani baqhubeka ixesha elide boqoqosho nokwanda kwimida yabo ukuya nzulu kuMzantsi-mpuma eYurophu. Bafikelela [[Unxweme lwase-Alibheniya loLwandle lwe-Ayoniyani|kunxweme lwase-Alibheniya loLwandle lwe-Ayoniyani]] ngo-1385 baza bamisa amagumbi abo kumzantsi we-Alibheniya ngo-1415 baza bahlala khona ngo-1431.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2010-12-31|title=7. Locating Fragmented Identities in Switzerland's Ottoman-Albanian Diaspora, 1899-1920|url=https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463225513-009|journal=Rethinking the Late Ottoman Empire|publisher=Gorgias Press|pages=123–134}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Legvold|first=Robert|last2=Hupchick|first2=Dennis P.|date=2002|title=The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/20033051|journal=Foreign Affairs|volume=81|issue=1|pages=222|doi=10.2307/20033051|issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Amawaka amaAlibhani ngoko abalekela eNtshona Yurophu, ingakumbi eKhalabriya, eNaples, eRagusa naseSisili, apho abanye bafuna ukukhuselwa kwiiNtaba zaseAlibheniya ezingafikelelekiyo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gjonça|first=Arjan|title=Communism, health, and lifestyle: the paradox of mortality transition in Albania, 1950-1990|url=https://archive.org/details/communismhealthl0000gjon|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-31586-2|series=Studies in population and urban demography|location=Westport, Conn}}</ref> Ama-Alibhani, njengamaKristu, ayejongwa njengodidi oluphantsi lwabantu, kwaye ngenxa yoko babephantsi kweerhafu ezinzima phakathi kwabanye yinkqubo yeDevshirme eyavumela uSulthan ukuba aqokelele ipesenti efunekayo yolutsha lwamaKristu kwiintsapho zabo ukwenza iJanisari. Uloyiso lwama-Othomani lwalukhatshwa yinkqubo yokuhamba ngokuthe ngcembe kwamaSilamsi kunye nokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kweeMoski. Uhlaziyo oluphumeleleyo nolwalukade lukho lwaqhambuka emva kokubunjwa kweLezhë Ligi kwade kwawa iShkodër phantsi kobunkokheli bukaGjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, owathi ngokuqhubekayo woyisa imikhosi emikhulu yama-Othomani ekhokelwa ngamaSulthani uMurad II noMehmed II. USkanderbeg wakwazi ukudibanisa amaqela amaninzi aseAlibheniya, phakathi kwawo kwakukho amaAriyana, amaDukagjinis, amaZahariya kunye namaThopi, kunye nokumisela igunya eliphakathi kuninzi lwemimandla engaphumelelanga, eba yiNkosi yaseAlibheniya. Ukwanda koBukhosi beOthomani kwaphazamiseka ngexesha apho imikhosi kaSkanderbeg yayichasa, kwaye kuye kwathiwa yenye yezona zizathu eziphambili zokulibaziseka kolwandiso lwamaOthomani eNtshona Yurophu, enika amakhosazana ase-Ithali ixesha elingakumbi lokulungiselela ngcono ukufika lwamaOthomani. Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela kweentlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu, ngaphandle kweNaples, ekumnikeni inkxaso, kunye nokusilela kwezicwangciso zikaPopu Pius II zokuququzelela umnqamlezo othenjisiweyo ngokuchasene nama-Ottomans kwakuthetha ukuba akukho nalunye uloyiso lukaSkanderbeg olwayithintela ngokusisigxina ama-Othomani ekuhlaseleni amaBhalkani aseNtshona. Phezu kwako nje ukuba yinkokeli yomkhosi ekrelekrele, uloyiso lukaSkanderbeg lwaluyicothisa impumelelo yakhe yokugqibela. Ukungenelela rhoqo kwamaOthomani kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu eAlibheniya, kunciphisa kakhulu inani labemi kwaye kutshabalalisa imihlambi yezilwanyana nezityalo. Ngaphandle kokunikezela, kwakungekho ndlela yokuba uSkanderbeg akwazi ukumisa uhlaselo lwama-Othomani nangona wayephumelele ngokuchasene nabo. Amandla akhe omntu kunye nezibonelelo azizange zanele, zimthintele ekwandiseni iinzame zemfazwe kunye nokugxotha kwamaTheki kwimida yaseAlibheniya. Ngenxa yoko iAlibheniya yajamelana neentlaselo ezininzi zama-Othomani de ekugqibeleni kwiminyaka emininzi emva kokufa kwakhe. == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} b1l0nquzlt480je33udlw1ikxw8tdny 0 8632 41552 38864 2026-08-02T17:15:52Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imithombo yeendaba zoluntu''' bubuxhakaxhaka bobuchwephesha obusebenzisanayo obenza undlela lula bokuyilwa, ukwabelana kunye nokudityaniswa komxholo (njengezimvo, umdla, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuthetha) phakathi koluntu olubonakalayo kunye nothungelwano . <ref name="Kietzmann">{{Cite journal|last=Kietzmann|first=Jan H.|last2=Hermkens|first2=Kristopher|year=2011|title=Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media|url=http://summit.sfu.ca/item/18103|journal=Business Horizons|type=Submitted manuscript|volume=54|issue=3|pages=241–251|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2011.01.005}}</ref> <ref name="SMDefinition" /> Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka: <ref name="SMDefinition">{{Cite journal|last=Obar|first=Jonathan A.|last2=Wildman|first2=Steve|date=2015|title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue|journal=Telecommunications Policy|volume=39|issue=9|pages=745–750|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2647377|issn=1556-5068|ssrn=2647377|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Amaqonga e-Intanethi enza abasebenzisi bayo bakwazi ukwenza kwaye babelane ngomxholo, bathathe inxaxheba kwinethiwekhi zentlalo. <ref name="SMDefinition">{{Cite journal|last=Obar|first=Jonathan A.|last2=Wildman|first2=Steve|date=2015|title=Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue|journal=Telecommunications Policy|volume=39|issue=9|pages=745–750|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2647377|issn=1556-5068|ssrn=2647377|doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFObarWildman2015">Obar, Jonathan A.; Wildman, Steve (2015). [[doi:10.2139/ssrn.2647377|"Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue"]]. ''Telecommunications Policy''. '''39''' (9): <span class="nowrap">745–</span>750. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.2139/ssrn.2647377|10.2139/ssrn.2647377]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068 1556-5068]. [[SSRN (identifier)|SSRN]]&nbsp;[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2647377 2647377].</cite></ref> <ref name="Fuchs-2017">{{Cite book|last=Fuchs|first=Christian|title=Social media: a critical introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmediacriti0000fuch|date=2017|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4739-6683-3|edition=2nd|location=Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne}}</ref> * Umxholo owenziwe ngumsebenzisi- ozifana neetekisi ezibhaliweyo okanye amagqabantshintshi, iifoto zedijithali okanye iividiyo, kunye nedatha eyenziwe ngonxibelelwano lwe-intanethi . <ref name="SMDefinition" /> <ref name="usersoftheworld" /> * Iiprofayili ezikhethekileyo zenkonzo eziyilwe kwaye zagcinwa ngumbutho wentlalo yoluntu . <ref name="SMDefinition" /> <ref name="boydEllison">{{Cite journal|last=Boyd|first=Danah M.|last2=Ellison|first2=Nicole B.|year=2007|title=Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=13|issue=1|pages=210–30|doi=10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> * Imithombi yeendaba zoluntu inceda kuphuhliso lwe-intanethi yentlalo zoluntu ngokudibanisa iprofayile yomntu omnye kwezabanye abantu okanye amaqela. <ref name="SMDefinition" /> <ref name="boydEllison" /> cb9yv9eon6o1fy7wjt8cvuxlw75z171 0 8682 41549 39131 2026-08-02T17:12:10Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Marriage_symbol.svg|thumb| Uphawu lomtshato, elisoloko sisetyenziswa kumlibo wokuzalwa]]   '''Umtshato''', ukwabizwa ngokuba '''ngumendo''' okanye '''umtshato''', lumanyano ngokwenkcubeko kwaye ngokufuthi olwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwabantu ababizwa ngokuba ngamaqabane . Imisela amalungelo neembopheleleko phakathi kwabo, kwanaphakathi kwabo nabantwana babo (ukuba bakho) naphakathi kwabo nabazala babo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Haviland|first=William A.|title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalanthropo0000havi_j8a3|last2=Prins|first2=Harald E.L.|last3=McBride|first3=Bunny|last4=Walrath|first4=Dana|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2011|isbn=978-0-495-81178-7|edition=13th|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturalanthropo0000havi_j8a3/page/209 209]|chapter=Chapter 9: Sex, Marriage, and Family|author-link2=Harald Prins|author-link3=Bunny McBride}} "A nonethnocentric definition of marriage is a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws."</ref> Phantse inkcubeko yehlabathi jikelele, kodwa inkcazo yomtshato iyahluka phakathi kweenkcubeko kunye neenkolo, kwaye nokuhamba kwexesha. Ngokwesiqhelo, liziko apho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokwesondo, buvunywa okanye buvunyiwe. Kwezinye iindawo, umtshato uyanconyelwa okanye ugqalwa njengesinyanzelo ngaphambi kokuba ube neentlobano zesini . Umsitho wotshato ubizwa ngokuba ngumtshato, ngelixa umtshato wabucala ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba yi- elopement . d09cv85dp0y6ygcygi9ubfg6rjp9q2v 0 8813 41523 40755 2026-08-02T16:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition|name=Depression|image=A man diagnosed as suffering from melancholia with strong su Wellcome L0026693.jpg|caption=[[Lithograph]] of a person diagnosed with ''[[melancholia]]'' and strong suicidal tendency in 1892}}  # '''Ukudakumba''' yimeko yengqondo yemo ephantsi kunye nokungafuni ukwenza umsebenzi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Depression Basics|url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611091923/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/complete-index.shtml|archive-date=11 June 2013|accessdate=22 October 2020|website=NIMH}}</ref> Ichaphazela malunga ne- 3.5% yabantu kwihlabathi jikelele, okanye malunga ne-280 yezigidi zabantu kwihlabathi jikelele, ukususela ngo-2020. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Depression|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226072232/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression|archive-date=26 December 2020|accessdate=7 April 2021|website=[[World Health Organization]]|language=en}}</ref> '''Uxinzelelo'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yintoni ixinzelelo lwengqondo?|url=https://xh.reoveme.com/yintoni-ixinzelelo-lwengqondo/|accessdate=2026-06-12|website=xh.reoveme.com}}</ref> luchaphazela iingcinga zomntu, ukuziphatha, iimvakalelo kunye nengqondo yokuphila kakuhle . <ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=de Zwart PL, Jeronimus BF, de Jonge P|date=October 2019|title=Empirical evidence for definitions of episode, remission, recovery, relapse and recurrence in depression: a systematic review|journal=Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences|volume=28|issue=5|pages=544–562|doi=10.1017/S2045796018000227|pmc=7032752|pmid=29769159|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uvuyo olufunyanwa ngumntu kumava athile luyancitshiswa, Kwaye umntu oxhwalekileyo udla ngokulahlekelwa yintshukumisa okanye umdla kuloo misebenzi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Psychotherapy and counselling for depression|url=https://archive.org/details/psychotherapycou0000gilb|vauthors=Gilbert P|date=2007|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-1-84920-349-4|edition=3rd|location=Los Angeles|oclc=436076587}}</ref> Kumatyeli amaninzi abantu abokukudakumba bafumana unxunguphalo oluninzi bambi bazive ''besebumnyameni'' kakhulu yaye kubenzima ukuthatha ingqalelo kwanokwenza izinto ezibalulekile nokucinga, batya ngokugqithiseleyo yaye babanazo neengcnga zokuzibulala. gnlgmirftl2m7fbl0i6d5m3jbr975wz 0 8939 41537 40886 2026-08-02T17:00:45Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41537 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox settlement|name=Gcuwa|official_name=|other_name=Butterworth|image_skyline=Butterworth main street (1569685818).jpg|image_caption=Butterworth, Main Street|pushpin_map=South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa|subdivision_type=[[Country]]|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Eastern Cape]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of South Africa|District]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]|subdivision_name3=[[Mnquma Local Municipality|Mnquma]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|leader_title=Councillor|area_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/271161 |title=Main Place Butterworth |work=Census 2011 |accessdate=2026-03-11 |archive-date=2025-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003035052/http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/271161 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|area_total_km2=26.34|population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|population_total=44041|population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=98.2%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=0.7%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=0.4%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=0.5%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=0.2% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics2_title1=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info1=92.7%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=3.0%|demographics2_title3=|demographics2_info3=|demographics2_title4=|demographics2_info4=|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=4.3% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|timezone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=4960|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=4960|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|area_code=047}}'''I-Gcuwa''', ekwabizwa ngokuba yi'''-Butterworth''', yidolophu ekwiPhondo iMpuma Koloni, [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]]. IGcuwa inabemi abangama-45,900 kwaye ikuhola wendlela u-N2 kumgama oli-111 km kumantla kaKuGompo.<ref name="Rand House Atlas p59">{{Cite book|title=Random House Compact World Atlas|url=https://archive.org/details/randomhousecompa0000geor|publisher=Random House|year=2006|isbn=0-375-72189-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/randomhousecompa0000geor/page/59 59]}}</ref>&nbsp; == Imbali == Iindawo ezazijikeleze iGcuwa zazihlala amaXhosa kwakunye namaQhakancu IGcuwa yaqala yasekwa njengesikhululo semishini iWesleyan ngomnyaka-1827 emantla komlambo iNciba phantsi kolawulo lamabhulu. IGcuwa yayeyathiywa ngegama likaJoseph Butterworth. <ref name="R01">{{Cite book|last=Erasmus|first=B. P. J.|url=http://archive.org/details/onrouteinsouthaf0000eras|title=On Route in South Africa|publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers|others=Internet Archive|year=1995|isbn=978-1-86842-026-1|location=Johannesburg|pages=205}}</ref> Isikhululo semishini kunye nendawo yokuhlala yabamhlophe iButterworth yatshiswa izihlandlo ezintathu kwimfazwe eyayiphakathi kwamaXhosa kunye namaBhulu. Nangona kunjalo, yenye yendawo zokuqala ezazihlala abantu abamhlophe ezindala eMpuma Koloni. Xa amaBhulu athimba isiqithi eNtshona Koloni, uninzi lwamaBhulu lwanyukela emantla apho lwafika lwaseke urhulumento lwazo. Ukufunyanwa kweedayimani ngomnyaka ka-1867 kunye negolide ngomnyaka ka-1886 eMzantsi Afrika kwakhuthaza ubutyebi kunye nofuduko kwamanye amazwe kwaye kwaqinisa ukuthotyelwa kwabemi bomgquba. Idolophu yayikufutshane nesihlalo [[Hintsa kaKhawuta|sikaHintsa kaKhawuta]], uKumkani wama[[AmaXhosa|Xhosa]] . Yayibaluleke kakhulu kwiqhinga. [[Uluhlu:I-Transkei]] 1p9zqrnya1hqzodxhgq77sh936tq2if 0 8945 41543 40153 2026-08-02T17:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41543 wikitext text/x-wiki UTrevor Noah wazalwa ngomhla wama-20 kuFebruwari 1984, [[EGoli|eRhawutini]], eTransvaal (ebizwa ngokuba yi[[IPhondo yaRhawuti|Gauteng]] ngoku), eMzantsi Afrika. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Wemple|first=Erik|date=31 March 2015|title=New 'Daily Show' host tweeted a 'fat-chick joke' at age 27!|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2015/03/31/new-daily-show-host-tweeted-a-fat-chick-joke-at-age-27/|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704210625/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2015/03/31/new-daily-show-host-tweeted-a-fat-chick-joke-at-age-27/|archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Odhiambo|first=Tom|date=28 April 2017|title=Trevor Noah: The making of a global star from Mama's Boy|work=Daily Nation|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/Trevor-Noah-The-making-of-a-global-star-from-Mama-Boy/1220-3907478-q73aj4/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208111659/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/Trevor-Noah-The-making-of-a-global-star-from-Mama-Boy/1220-3907478-q73aj4/index.html|archive-date=8 December 2019}}</ref> Uyise wakhe nguRobert, ongumSwiss - German, kwaye unina wakhe nguPatricia Nombuyiselo Noah, [[AmaXhosa|ongumXhosa]]. <ref name=":34">{{Cite web|last=Gambino|first=Lauren|date=31 March 2015|title=Daily Show's Trevor Noah under fire for Twitter jokes about Jews and women|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/mar/31/trevor-noah-backlash-highlights-jokes-jews-women|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420011814/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/mar/31/trevor-noah-backlash-highlights-jokes-jews-women|archive-date=20 April 2013|accessdate=18 March 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gross|first=Terry|date=22 November 2016|title=Trevor Noah Says He Grew Up 'In The Shadow Of A Giant' (His Mom)|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=503009220|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031215503/https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=503009220|archive-date=31 October 2019|accessdate=18 January 2017|publisher=NPR}}</ref> Phantsi komthetho wocalucalulo, umama kaTrevor wayechazwa njengomntu omnyama, uyise yena engumntu omhlophe. UTrevor yena wayechazwa njemntu webala. Ngexesha lokuzalwa kwakhe ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlanga babungekho mthethweni nto leyo ayithetha ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kwabazali bakhe babungavemelekanga, lonto leyo UNoah uyayixela kwincwadi yobomi bakhe ethi ''Born a Crime''. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Noah|first=Trevor|title=Born a crime: stories from a South African childhood|url=https://archive.org/details/borncrimestories0000trev_e3i2|date=2016|publisher=One World|isbn=978-0-525-50902-8|edition=A One World international|location=New York}}</ref> Ubudlelwane besondo phakathi kweentlanga kunye nemitshato yavumeleka emva konyaka ezelwe uTrevor yinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngethuba uMthetho woBundlobongela ulungiswa ngonyaka ka-1985. UTrevor ukhuliswengunina wakhe uPatricia kunye nomakhulu wakhe uNomalizo Frances Noah kwilokishi yabantsundu [[Soweto|yaseSoweto]]. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2015|title=Trevor Noah's tough upbringing in Soweto will help him: granny|work=[[The New Age (South African newspaper)|The New Age]]|url=http://www.thenewage.co.za/155558-1007-53-Trevor_Noahs_tough_upbringing_in_Soweto_will_help_himgranny|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407183359/http://www.thenewage.co.za/155558-1007-53-Trevor_Noahs_tough_upbringing_in_Soweto_will_help_himgranny|archive-date=7 April 2015}}</ref> UNoah waqala ukufunda amabanga aphantsi kwisikolo sabucala samaRoma Katolika iMaryvale College waze wenza amabanga aphezulu eMaryvale, eGauteng, kwidolophu yaseGoli. <ref name="nytimes33114">{{Cite news|last=Itzkoff|first=Dave|author-link=Dave Itzkoff|date=30 March 2015|title=Trevor Noah to Succeed Jon Stewart on 'The Daily Show'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/arts/television/trevor-noah-to-succeed-jon-stewart-on-the-daily-show.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604005340/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/31/arts/television/trevor-noah-to-succeed-jon-stewart-on-the-daily-show.html|archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> <ref name="Armstrong">{{Cite news|last=Armstrong|first=Stephen|date=16 December 2012|title=Heard the one about the Swiss South African?|pages=12–13|publisher=[[Sunday Times]] Culture magazine|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/heard-the-one-about-the-swiss-south-african-lzx9jq6nth8|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209153726/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/heard-the-one-about-the-swiss-south-african-lzx9jq6nth8|archive-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Laws|first=Roz|date=22 November 2013|title=South African comedian Trevor Noah to play Birmingham's Glee Club|url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/comedy-gigs/south-african-comedian-trevor-noah-6319931|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327083710/http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/whats-on/comedy-gigs/south-african-comedian-trevor-noah-6319931|archive-date=27 March 2015|accessdate=30 March 2015|website=Birmingham Post}}</ref> Wakhulela [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]] kwindawo ebonisa imvelaphi yakhe yabamhlophe nabantsundu eneenkcubeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ukhulele kwikhaya lamaKrestu, efunda kwaye eboniswa namasiko amaYuda,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fairbanks|first=Eve|date=29 April 2022|title=Trevor Noah Is an Outsider's Outsider|url=https://momentmag.com/trevor-noah/?srsltid=AfmBOorP2UusqbxgBw4rl017OdN2Q1nqOLCmJkbluWqBGM461RXZmaxJ|website=[[Moment (magazine)|Moment]]}}</ref> oku kuquka nokubhiyozela ibar mitzvah ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2016|title=Trevor Noah Says He Grew Up 'In The Shadow Of A Giant' (His Mom)|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/12/16/505847054/trevor-noah-says-he-grew-up-in-the-shadow-of-a-giant-his-mom|website=[[National Public Radio]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dolsten|first=Josefin|date=23 November 2016|title=Why 'Daily Show' host Trevor Noah had a bar mitzvah|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/why-daily-show-host-trevor-noah-had-a-bar-mitzvah/|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref> == Umsebenzi == === 2002–2013: Umsebenzi wokuqala kunye nokuphumelela === Ngowama-2002, uNoah waba nendima encinci kwisiqendu se -soap opera yaseMzantsi Afrika ''i-Isidingo''. Kamva wabamba umboniso wakhe werediyo ''<span lang="Fr" dir="ltr">iNoah's</span> Ark'' kwisikhululo sikanomathotholo solutsha esiphambili [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|saseGauteng]] esaziwa ngokuba yi-YFM. Ngethuba eseneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, abahlobo bakhe bamkhuthaza ukuba enze ucwangciso lwehlaya kwiklabhu yasebusuku. Wonwabisa abaphulaphuli ngamabali ahlekisayo ngabahlobo bakhe nobomi bakhe. UNoah waziwa waqatshalwa ngabaninzi ngokuqhubeka nokuhlekisa abantu kwiiklabhu zamahlaya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2015|title=Trevor Noah's Drunk Friends Got Him into Stand-Up|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=94yi2g4V93g|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502061220/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94yi2g4V93g|archive-date=2 May 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Washiya umboniso wakhe werediyo kunye nokudlala ukuze agxile kwihlaya, kwaye udlale namahlaya aseMzantsi Afrika afana noKagiso Lediga, uRiaad Moosa, uDarren Simpson, [[uMarc Lottering]], uBarry Hilton, kunye noNik Rabinowitz ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bafunny Bafunny official website|url=http://www.bafunnybafunny.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103140131/http://www.bafunnybafunny.com/|archive-date=3 January 2013|accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> amahlaya aphesheya afana noPaul Rodriguez, uCarl Barron, uDan Ilic, kunye noPaul Zerdin ; kwaye njengomdlalo wokuqala wehlaya laseMelika uGabriel Iglesias ngoNovemba ka-2007 kunye nomhlekisi waseKhanada uRussell Peters kuhambo lwakhe lwaseMzantsi Afrika. n8dt5cl1b7v2idrcw9m63hxn0qqpso6 0 8950 41533 40256 2026-08-02T16:56:26Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41533 wikitext text/x-wiki AmaSan, okanye amaBushmen, ngabantu bomthonyama eMzantsi Afrika ngakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[UMzantsi Afrika|yiMzantsi Afrika]] [[IBotswana|neBotswana]] . Imizobo yabo yamandulo yamatye kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo (ebizwa ngokuba yi-rock art ) ifumaneka emiqolombeni nakwiindawo zokukhosela amatye . Lo msebenzi wobugcisa ubonisa abantu abangengobantu, abazingeli, kunye nezilwanyana ezixutyiweyo ezingabantu abangengabo abantu. Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zityalo zixutyiweyo ezingabantu abangengabo abantu okanye abaphilisi ababandakanyeka kumdaniso wokuphilisa. UGall ubhala athi, "Iphaneli kaLaurens van der Post eTsodilo yenye yezona mizobo zidumileyo zelitye." Phezulu kweli litye eBotswana kukho umfanekiso "wenkunzi yenkomo ebomvu eqaqambileyo" epeyintwe, ngokutsho kukaVan der Post, "kuphela nje ngokuba uBushman owayenobume obunzulu nenkomo wayenokuyipeyinta." Kwakhona kweli litye kukho indlulamthi yebhinqa engashukumiyo, ngokungathi yothuswe yirhamncwa. Eminye imifanekiso emininzi yezilwanyana iboniswe apho, kunye neminwe yezandla ebomvu njengegazi esayinwe ngumzobi ongaziwayo. AmaDrakensberg kunye [[ELuSuthu|neLesotho]] aziwa kakhulu ngobugcisa bawo belitye laseSan. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Walsham How|first=Marion|title=The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland|publisher=J. L. Van Schaik Ltd.|year=1962|isbn=|location=Pretoria|pages=}}</ref> ITsodilo yaqatshelwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi ye-UNESCO ngo-2001; ayizizo zonke izinto zobugcisa ezigutyungelwe koku ngabantu baseSan okanye ookhokho babo. == Ukufunda kubugcisa be-rock == Ngokutsho kukaThomas Dowson, "ubugcisa obuninzi belitye bukwiimpawu kunye neefaniso." Umzekelo, iinkunzi zeenkomo zazithetha umtshato kunye nokuphilisa okanye umdaniso wetrance. Ubugcisa belitye businika umbono wembali yamaSan, kunye nendlela ababephila ngayo ubomi babo. Ubugcisa beSan babusoloko bunemvelaphi yonqulo kwaye busekelwe kwi -cosmology yamaSan ; izifundo zazingakhethwanga ngokukhetha, kodwa endaweni yoko ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo kohlobo oluthile, njengoqoqosho okanye lwentlalo. <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Chirikure|first=Shadreck|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pa7CgAAQBAJ&dq=kingdom+of+mapungubwe&pg=PT6|title=Mapungubwe Reconsidered: A Living Legacy: Exploring Beyond the Rise and Decline of the Mapungubwe State|last2=Delius|first2=Peter|last3=Esterhuysen|first3=Amanda|last4=Hall|first4=Simon|last5=Lekgoathi|first5=Sekibakiba|last6=Maulaudzi|first6=Maanda|last7=Neluvhalani|first7=Vele|last8=Ntsoane|first8=Otsile|last9=Pearce|first9=David|date=2015-10-01|publisher=Real African Publishers Pty Ltd.|isbn=978-1-920655-06-8|language=en}}</ref> : 65–6 Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lobugcisa bamatye luye lwaqoshwa okanye lwatshatyalaliswa ngabantu. USan wasebenzisa ubugcisa berock ukurekhoda izinto ezenzeka ebomini babo. Ubugcisa berock bungasetyenziswa ukubonisa ubomi bentsapho okanye busetyenziswe kwisiganeko esisesikweni. Kufunyenwe imizekelo emininzi yobugcisa berock efana neenqwelo kunye namakoloni. UDowson uphawula ukuba, "Abantu abazise iinqwelo njalo njalo baba, nokuba bayazi okanye abazazi, inxalenye yemveliso yoluntu yobugcisa berock baseMzantsi Afrika. Bongeza umlinganiselo omtsha. UDorothea Bleek, umbhali wenqaku elithi "Beliefs and Customs of the /Xam Bushmen", elapapashwa ngo-1933, uthi amaSan aphinde arekhode "izilwanyana zomdaniso wemvula". Xa babesenza imidaniso yemvula babesiya kwi-trance ukuze "babambe" esinye sezi zilwanyana. Kwi-trance yabo babesibulala, kwaye igazi laso nobisi lwaba yimvula. Njengoko kubonisiwe kubugcisa berock, izilwanyana zomdaniso wemvula "abazibonayo" zazidla ngokufana nemvubu okanye i-antelope, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zazijikelezwe yintlanzi ngokutsho kukaDowson. <ref name="Dowson, Thomas A. 1994" /> Sinokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela amaSan awayephila ngayo ngobugcisa babo bamatye. Wonke umntu uyafana; enye ayichazwanga ngakumbi okanye ayinankcukacha ngakumbi kunomnye. Oku kubonisa ukuba nangona amaxhwele ayenamandla akhethekileyo, ayengagqalwa njengawona aphezulu okanye abhetele. Ukuphilisa kwakungekokuba ngumntu obalaseleyo nonamandla, kodwa kwakulungelwe uluntu luphela. H. C. Woodhouse, umbhali wencwadi ethi Archaeology in Southern Africa, uthi imithombo yembali ikwathi amaSan ayedla ngokuzenza izilwanyana ukuze akwazi ukusondela ngokwaneleyo edlelweni ukuze adubule. Intloko yembabala yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesi sigqubuthelo kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukudanisa kunye nokulinganisa izenzo zezilwanyana. Inani elikhulu lemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwimizobo bubungqina bokuba amaSan akwenzile oku. Kamva umzobo we-San rock waqala ukubonisa ukunxibelelana nabemi baseYurophu. Umzekelo odumileyo ngowenqanawa yokuhamba ngenqanawa, eyaziwa ngokuba yiPorterville Galleon (efunyenwe kwiikhilomitha ezili-150 ngaphakathi elizweni kwiiNtaba zaseSkurweberg kufutshane nedolophu yasePorterville ). Lo mfanekiso kucingelwa ukuba umele inqanawa yaseDatshi kwaye yenziwe phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17. Imizekelo kamva yezihloko zekoloniyali ibandakanya abafazi abanxibe iilokhwe zesitayile saseYurophu, amadoda anemipu, kunye neenqwelo kunye neenqwelo ezenziwe ngenkulungwane ye-19. == Imveliso yobugcisa belitye == AmaSan asebenzisa amatye anemibala eyahlukeneyo ukwenza imizobo. UWoodhouse uthi, "Babedla ngokusebenzisa ilitye elibomvu, abaligaya lide libe lihle, baze balixube namafutha." Emva koko bahlikihla eli litye ukuze benze imifanekiso. Le peyinti imelana nemvula kunye nemozulu ixesha elide kakhulu. Ngokutsho kukaPhillip V. Tobias, uNjingalwazi oHloniphekileyo wePalaeoanthropology kwiBernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, amaSan asebenzise le peyinti ngeendlela ezine: "iimonochrome, ii-animal outlines kwimigca ebomvu etyebileyo, imifanekiso emincinci edweliswe kancinci, kunye nemifanekiso emhlophe enesitayile." U-AR Willcox, umbhali wenqaku elithi "Australian and South African Rock-Art Compared", elapapashwa ngo-1959, uthi isixhobo esasetyenziswa ukwenza le mizobo "yayiyibrashi eyenziwe ngeenwele zesilwanyana okanye uboya obuncinci." Abantu babesebenzisa nezandla zabo kunye namathambo ezilwanyana ukupenda. Oku kusenokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba umzobo wabo ube mhle kakhulu kwaye umnandi. I. kunye no-J. Rudner, ababhali bejenali ethi "Who Were the Artists? Archaeological Notes from South West Africa", eyapapashwa ngo-1959, bathi uhlobo olusetyenziswa ngamaSan ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiDynamic School. "Inentshukumo eninzi nombala, kwaye ifikelele kwincopho yayo kwimifanekiso yeembabala ezinemibala." Idla ngokunxulunyaniswa namaSan. Ngokutsho kukaWoodhouse, kunikwe izikhokelo zokuba ngubani osebenze kubugcisa bamatye ngabantu abakhethiweyo. Kukho imifanekiso emininzi ye-eland, i-reybuck, i-hartebeest kunye nengonyama, kunye ne-San kunye nokulwa. Nangona kunjalo, zimbalwa imifanekiso yezityalo. UWilcox uphawula ukuba, "izityalo zazidla ngokuwela kumhlaba wabafazi, ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba ababhali bale mizobo yayingamadoda." == Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kunye nokugcinwa == [https://web.archive.org/web/20191121211042/http://sarada.co.za/#/library/ I-South African Rock Art Digital Archive] (SARADA) iqulethe imifanekiso engaphezulu kwama-250,000, ukulandelwa kwemifanekiso, kunye namaxwebhu embali yobugcisa bamandulo base-Afrika. Ukongeza ekwenzeni imifanekiso yobugcisa ifikeleleke kuluntu olubanzi, le projekthi inceda ekukhuseleni ubugcisa kumonakalo obangelwa kukutyelela ubuso ngobuso. <ref>{{Cite web|title=In South Africa, Discovering the World's Oldest Drawing|url=https://mellon.org/resources/shared-experiences-blog/archaeologists-discovery-worlds-oldest-drawing-highlights-strong-interest-ancient-rock-art/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309004930/https://mellon.org/shared-experiences-blog/archaeologists-discovery-worlds-oldest-drawing-highlights-strong-interest-ancient-rock-art/|archive-date=March 9, 2020|accessdate=7 December 2018|website=The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation}}</ref> == Bona kwakho == * Iindlela zokunyanga zaseSan * Unqulo lwamaSan '''Imizobo''' * IDriekops Eiland * ''Inenekazi elimhlophe'' * Umqolomba we-Apollo 11 * IDrakensberg * I-Tsodilo Hills, indawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi eBotswana * Twyfelfontein, indawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi eNamibia * IZiko loBugcisa beWildebeest eKuil Rock == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [http://lloydbleekcollection.cs.uct.ac.za/ I-Digital Bleek kunye noLloyd] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191121211042/http://sarada.co.za/#/library/ I-Archive yeDijithali yoBugcisa beRock baseMzantsi Afrika] == Ukufunda okungakumbi == * {{Cite book|last=Lewis-Williams|first=D. J.|title=Discovering Southern African Rock Art|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveringsouth0000lewi|publisher=David Philip|year=1990|isbn=0-86486-167-2|location=Cape Town}} * {{Cite book|last=Eastwood|first=Edward and Cathelijne|title=Capture the Spoor|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AJS-608|publisher=David Philip of New Africa Books|year=2006|isbn=<!--0-86486-679-8-->978-0-86486-679-0|location=Cape Town}} * {{Cite book|last=Dowson|first=Thomas A.|title=Rock engravings of southern Africa|date=1992|publisher=Witwatersrand Univ. Press|isbn=978-1-86814-120-3|edition=1. publ|location=Johannesburg}} * Ardatürk, Ahmet Sadi, and Tugba Kural. “San People Culture, Arts And Designs”. ''AIS - Architecture Image Studies'', vol. 6, no. 1, Apr. 2025, pp. 172-87, doi:10.48619/ais.v6i1.1130.[http://journals.wisethorough.com/index.php/AIS/article/view/1147/776] == Amanqaku == az07knkovokx32ethol4afrc5zehs6y 0 9035 41556 40449 2026-08-03T01:06:25Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 41556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2023-11-16 Gala de los Latin Grammy, 03 (cropped)02.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Shakira (2023)]] '''UShakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll''', owaziwa kakhulu njengo '''Shakira''', ngumculi, umbhali weengoma kunye nomdanisi waseColombia. Wazalwa ngomhla we-2 kuFebruwari 1977 eBarranquilla, eColombia. Uyise ngowaseLebhanon kwaye umama wakhe ngowaseColombia.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/mar/23/colombia.world</ref> Umsebenzi wakhe womculo waqala esemncinci, apho watyikitya isivumelwano noSony Music Colombia eneminyaka eli-13, kwaye icwecwe lakhe lokuqala elithi ''Magia'' lakhutshwa ngo-1991.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/story/shakira-biography</ref> Emva kwempumelelo elingeneleyo kwiicwecwe zakhe zokuqala, wafumana impumelelo yokwenene eLatin America nge-''Pies Descalzos'' ngo-1995 kunye ne-''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' ngo-1998.<ref>https://www.latimes.com/delos/story/2023-09-29/shakira-donde-estan-los-ladrones-25-years-shakira-day</ref> Ezi albhamu zamenza ukuba abe ngumntu obalaseleyo kumculo we-pop nowe-rock waseLatin, edibanisa iimpembelelo zelifa lakhe leenkcubeko ezininzi. Wazuza udumo lwamazwe ngamazwe nge-albhamu yakhe yokuqala ngesiNgesi ethi ''Laundry Service'' ngo-2001, eyayineengoma ezaziwayo njenge-"Whenever, Wherever".<ref>https://people.com/music/shakira-celebrates-20-years-laundry-service/</ref> Ingoma yakhe ethi "Hips Don't Lie" yango-2006 yaba yenye yeengoma ezithengiswa kakhulu kwinkulungwane yama-21. Kulo lonke ixesha lomsebenzi wakhe, uShakira uthengise izigidi zee-albhamu kwihlabathi liphela kwaye waphumelela amabhaso amaninzi, kuquka i-Grammy kunye nee-Latin Grammy Awards. Waziwa kwakhona ngomsebenzi wakhe wokunceda uluntu nge-Pies Descalzos Foundation, eyakha izikolo eColombia.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/07/magazine/07Shakira-t.html</ref> Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, wakhupha i-albhamu ethi ''Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran'' ngo-2024 kwaye waqhuba ukhenketho lwehlabathi eyaphula iirekhodi zokuzimasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aol.com/articles/shakiras-las-mujeres-ya-no-010030284.html |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2026-04-16 |archive-date=2026-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407085115/https://www.aol.com/articles/shakiras-las-mujeres-ya-no-010030284.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Idiskografi == *1991 — ''Magia'' *1993 — ''Peligro'' *1995 — ''Pies Descalzos'' *1998 — ''Dónde Están los Ladrones?'' *2001 — ''Laundry Service'' *2005 — ''Fijación Oral, Vol. 1'' *2005 — ''Oral Fixation, Vol. 2'' *2009 — ''She Wolf'' *2010 — ''Sale el Sol'' *2014 — ''Shakira'' *2017 — ''El Dorado'' *2024 — ''Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran'' == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://shakira.com shakira.com] == Iimbekiselo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Umculo]] qant48jk7nwti2hpjzxejukrjr7244p 0 9064 41530 40660 2026-08-02T16:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Long_live_racist_Turkey.jpg|thumb|280x280px|'ITurkey Enobuhlanga Ehlala Ihleli' epeyintwe ngabantu abangaziwayo eludongeni lwecawa yaseArmenia eIstanbul <ref name="weekly">{{Cite news|date=22 February 2015|title=Khojali: A Pretext to Incite Ethnic Hatred|agency=[[Armenian Weekly]]|url=http://armenianweekly.com/2015/02/22/ethnic-hate-against-armenians/}}</ref>]] [[ITurkiya|ETurkey]], ucalucalulo lwabantu bamanye amazwe kunye nocalucalulo kuluntu lwayo nakwimbali yayo yonke lukho, kuqukwa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, ucalucalulo ngokwenkolo kunye [[Ucalucalulo lwamaziko|nocalucalulo ngokweziko]] kubantu abangengabo abantu baseTurkey, abangengabo amaKemalist, abangengabo amaSilamsi kunye nabangengabo amaSunni . {{Refn|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Xypolia|first=Ilia|date=2016-02-18|title=Racist Aspects of Modern Turkish Nationalism|journal=Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies|volume=18|issue=2|pages=111–124|doi=10.1080/19448953.2016.1141580|issn=1944-8953|hdl=2164/9172|s2cid=147685130|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Racist violence in Europe">{{cite book|editor-last=Björgo|editor-first=Tore|editor2=Witte, Rob|title=Racist violence in Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/racistviolencein0000unse|year=1993|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=Basingstoke [etc.]|isbn=9780312124090}}</ref><ref name="Human rights in Turkey">{{cite book|editor-first=Zehra F. Kabasakal|editor-last=Arat|others=Foreword by Richard Falk|title=Human rights in Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/humanrightsintur0000unse|year=2007|publisher=Univ. of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780812240009}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lauren|first=Fulton|title=A Muted Controversy: Freedom of Speech in Turkey|journal=Harvard International Review|date=Spring 2008|volume=30|issue=1|pages=26–29|issn=0739-1854|quote=Free speech is now in a state reminiscent of the days before EU accession talks. Journalists or academics who speak out against state institutions are subject to prosecution under the aegis of loophole laws. Such laws are especially objectionable because they lead to a culture in which other, more physically apparent rights abuses become prevalent. Violations of freedom of expression can escalate into other rights abuses, including torture, racism, and other forms of discrimination. Because free speech is suppressed, the stories of these abuses then go unreported in what becomes a vicious cycle.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gooding|first=Emily|title=Armchair Guide to Discrimination: Religious Discrimination in Turkey|year=2011|publisher=BiblioBazaar|isbn=9781241797812}}</ref><ref name=Pinar>{{cite journal|last=Kenanoğlu|first=Pinar Dinç|title=Discrimination and silence: minority foundations in Turkey during the Cyprus conflict of 1974|journal=Nations and Nationalism|year=2012|volume=18|issue=2|pages=267–286|quote=Comprehensive reading of the newspaper articles show that the negative attitude towards the non-Muslim minorities in Turkey does not operate in a linear fashion. There are rises and falls, the targets can vary from individuals to institutions, and the agents of discrimination can be politicians, judicial offices, government-operated organisations, press members or simply individuals in society.|doi=10.1111/j.1469-8129.2011.00531.x}}</ref><ref name=bulent>{{cite journal|last1=Toktas|first1=Sule|last2=Aras|first2=Bulent|title=The EU and Minority Rights in Turkey|journal=Political Science Quarterly|date=Winter 2009|volume=124|issue=4|pages=697–0_8|issn=0032-3195|quote=In the Turkish context, the solution to minority rights is to handle them through improvements in three realms: elimination of discrimination, cultural rights, and religious freedom. However, reforms in these spheres fall short of the spirit generated in the Treaty of Lausanne.|doi=10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00664.x}}</ref>}} Oku kucace gca ngendlela yeengcinga nezenzo ezimbi ezenziwa ngabanye abantu kubantu abangathathwa njengabaseTurkey ngokobuhlanga, ngakumbi amaKurd, amaArmenia, ama-Arabhu, amaAsiriya, amaGrike, amaJuda, <ref name="cirakman">{{Cite journal|last=Cirakman|first=Asli|year=2011|title=Flags and traitors: The advance of ethno-nationalism in the Turkish self-image|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=34|issue=11|pages=1894–1912|doi=10.1080/01419870.2011.556746|issn=0141-9870|hdl-access=free}}</ref> kunye namaqela ahlala ecaleni njengabantu baseRoma, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Makogon|first=Kateryna|date=3 November 2022|title=Roma in Turkey: discrimination, exclusion, deep poverty and deprivation|url=https://crd.org/2022/11/03/roma-in-turkey-discrimination-exclusion-deep-poverty-and-deprivation/|accessdate=17 August 2023}}</ref> uDomari, uAbdals <ref name="ercc">{{Cite web|title=Romani, Domari, and Abdal earthquake victims face discrimination and hate crimes in Turkey|url=https://www.errc.org/news/romani-domari-and-abdal-earthquake-victims-face-discrimination-and-hate-crimes-in-turkey|accessdate=17 August 2023|website=European Roma Rights Centre}}</ref> kunye noLom . <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 February 2017|title=Lom or Bosha people from past to present|url=https://www.agos.com.tr/en/article/17704/lom-or-bosha-people-from-past-to-present|accessdate=17 August 2023|website=Agos}}</ref> Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ucalucalulo noku bekelwa bucala ngokobuhlanga eTurkey luye lwakhula kubantu baseMbindi Mpuma abanjengababaleki baseSyria, ama-Afghanistan, amaPakistan, kunye nabantu abavela e Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2019-07-16|title=Palestinians Were Spared Turkey's Rising anti-Arab Hate. Until Now|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/2019-07-16/ty-article/.premium/palestinians-were-spared-turkeys-rising-anti-arab-hate-until-now/0000017f-f76a-ddde-abff-ff6ff4ed0000|access-date=2019-08-27}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Tremblay|first=Pinar|date=2014-08-21|title=Anti-Arab sentiment on rise in Turkey|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/08/turkey-syria-anti-arab-sentiment-tremblay.html|accessdate=2019-08-27|website=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 March 2019|title=Syrian refugees who were welcomed in Turkey now face backlash|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/syrian-refugees-who-fled-turkey-face-backlash-n978831|accessdate=2019-08-27|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Halis|first=Mujgan|date=2013-11-13|title=Anti-Syrian sentiment on the rise in Turkey|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/politics/2013/11/turkey-anti-syria-sentiment-increase.html|accessdate=2019-08-29|website=Al-Monitor|language=tr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Afghan Migrants in Turkey Worried About Increased Deportations|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/afghan-migrants-in-turkey-worried-about-increased-deportations/6683702.html|accessdate=2022-08-27|website=Voice of America}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=ANI|last2=ANI|date=2022-04-22|title=Videos of 'Pakistani perverts' cause outrage on social media in Turkey|url=https://theprint.in/world/videos-of-pakistani-perverts-cause-outrage-on-social-media-in-turkey/927335/|accessdate=2022-08-27|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Kukwakho nengxelo yokuba kukho iintshukumo ezintsulayo malunga nokufika kwabantu baseRashiya, baseUkraine mhlawumbi nabaseBelarus kunye nabaseBulgaria kweli lizwe ngenxayo dushu nongqgquzulwano kwilizwe I-[[Ungquzulwano Russian-Ukrainian|Ukraine]] evela kubantu baseTurkey abathi idala ingxaki yezindlu kubemi balapha. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Soyturk|first=Kaan|last2=Caglayan|first2=Ceyda|last3=Erkoyun|first3=Ezgi|date=2022-12-14|title=Influx of Russians drives up home prices in Turkish resort, prompts call for ban|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/influx-russians-drives-up-home-prices-turkish-resort-prompts-call-ban-2022-12-14/|website=www.reuters.com|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 May 2022|title=A tragedy for Ukraine, a housing crisis for Turkey|url=https://asiatimes.com/2022/05/a-tragedy-for-ukraine-a-housing-crisis-for-turkey/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2022|title=The Russian-Ukrainian War Has Increased House Rents in Antalya by 100 Percent – Turkish Resident Permit, Visa|url=https://turkishresidencepermit.com/russian-ukrainian-antalya-property}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 October 2023|title=Russians have overrun my city and now we can't afford to live|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1822574/turkey-Russia-Antalya-inflation}}</ref> cs74vtkdn5bek1qf13rkeh79zqnref8 0 9208 41532 41341 2026-08-02T16:55:44Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260802)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 41532 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Feminism_symbol.svg|right|thumb|Uphawu lweVenus oludityanisiweyo olunenqindi eliphakanyisiweyo luphawu lokuxhasa amalungelo oluntu; uRobin Morgan wayila ngenxa yoqhankqalazo lokhuphiswano lukaMiss America luka1969, apho lwaduma khona. <ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Jon|date=17 April 2012|title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105|accessdate=7 July 2018|website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] '''Isithako sobufazi''' luluhlu lweentshukumo zentlalo nezopolitiko kunye neembono ezijolise ekuchazeni nasekusekeni ukulingana ngokwesini kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, zobuqu, kunye nezentlalo. <ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{Cite web|last=Brunell|first=Laura|last2=Burkett|first2=Elinor|authorlink2=Elinor Burkett|date=28 February 2024|title=Feminism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism|archive-date=7 March 2024|accessdate=10 March 2024|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lengermann|first=Patricia|title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology|last2=Niebrugge|first2=Gillian|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-40-518353-6|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=G.|page=223|chapter=Feminism|editor-last2=Ryan|editor-first2=J.M.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22}}</ref> <ref name="Mendus">{{Cite book|last=Mendus|first=Susan|title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7|editor-last=Honderich|editor-first=Ted|editor-link=Ted Honderich|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3/page/291 291]–294|chapter=Feminism|author-link=Susan Mendus}}</ref> <ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book|last=Hawkesworth|first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27}}</ref> <ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book|last=Beasley|first=Chris|title=What Is Feminism?|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|date=1999|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11|author-link=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher)}}</ref> Ubufazi bubamba isikhundla sokuba uluntu lwanamhlanje lunembono yamadoda lubeka phambili umbono wamadoda kwaye abafazi baphathwa ngokungekho sikweni kwezi ntlalo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gamble|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C|title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-24310-0|pages=VII|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Imizamo yokutshintsha oku ibandakanya ukulwa neengcinga ezichaseneyo ngokwesini, ukuqhekeza iindima zesini zesintu, kunye nokuphucula amathuba emfundo, ezobugcisa, kunye nobudlelwane kunye neziphumo zabasetyhini. Umntu okhuthaza ubufeminisi waziwa njengomfazi '''olwela ubufazi''' Imibutho yamalungelo abafazi eyaqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo eYurophu, iqale ukukhankasa kwaye iyaqhubeka nokulwela amalungelo abafazi, oku kuquka ilungelo lokuvota, ukubamba izikhundla zikarhulumente, ukusebenza, ukufumana umvuzo olinganayo, ukuba nepropathi, ukufumana imfundo, ukungena kwizivumelwano, ukuba namalungelo alinganayo emtshatweni, kunye nekhefu lokubeleka . Amalungelo abafazi asebenzele ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwizicwangciso zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukukhupha isisu okusemthethweni, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwentlalo, kunye nokukhusela abafazi namantombazana ekuhlaselweni ngokwesondo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, kunye nobundlobongela basekhaya.<ref name="Echols">{{Cite book|last=Echols|first=Alice|url=https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo|title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6|location=Minneapolis|author-link=Alice Echols|url-access=registration}}</ref> Utshintsho kwimigangatho yokunxiba kwabasetyhini kunye nemisebenzi yomzimba eyamkelekileyo yabasetyhini nayo ibe yinxalenye yentshukumo yamalungelo abafazi. Abaphengululi abaninzi bacinga ukuba amaphulo okulwela amalungelo abafazi angundoqo abangela utshintsho olukhulu kwimbali yoluntu kumalungelo abafazi, ngakumbi eNtshona, apho aziwa khona phantse kwihlabathi lonke ngokufikelela kwilungelo lokuvota labasetyhini, ulwimi olungathathi cala ngokwesini, amalungelo okuzala kwabasetyhini (kuquka ukufikelela kwiindlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwa kunye nokukhupha isisu), kunye nelungelo lokungena kwizivumelwano kunye nepropati yakho.<ref name="Messer-Davidow">{{Cite book|last=Messer-Davidow|first=Ellen|title=Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse|url=https://archive.org/details/discipliningfemi0000mess|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-2843-8|location=Durham, N.C.}}</ref> Nangona ukumela kwabafazi kujoliswe kakhulu kumalungelo abafazi, kwaye bekusoloko kunjalo, abanye bathi inkululeko yamadoda mayifakwe kwiinjongo zayo, kuba bakholelwa ukuba amadoda nawo ayonzakaliswa ziindima zesini zemveli.<ref name="hooks">{{Cite book|last=hooks|first=bell|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismisforeve00hook|title=Feminism Is for Everybody: Passionate Politics|date=2000|publisher=South End Press|isbn=978-0-89608-629-6|location=Cambridge, Mass.|author-link=Bell hooks}}</ref> Ingcamango yobufazi, evela kwiintshukumo zobufazi, ijolise ekuqondeni uhlobo lokungalingani ngokwesini ngokuhlola iindima zabasetyhini kwezentlalo kunye namava abaphila ngawo. Iingcamango zobufazi ziphuhlise iingcamango kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukuze ziphendule kwimiba ephathelele isini.<ref name="Chodorow1989">{{Cite book|last=Chodorow, Nancy|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismpsychoan00chod_0|title=Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory|date=1989|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-05116-2|location=New Haven, Conn.}}</ref> <ref name="gilligan1977">{{Cite journal|last=Gilligan|first=Carol|date=1977|title=In a Different Voice: Women's Conceptions of Self and of Morality|journal=Harvard Educational Review|volume=47|issue=4|pages=481–517|doi=10.17763/haer.47.4.g6167429416hg5l0}}</ref> sbee61wa21416zcmwiny6rs76pzreat