Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6734 41859 38992 2026-09-10T04:54:20Z ~2026-48914-87 16559 FIX IT 41859 wikitext text/x-wiki SFEFEECQWS[[File:Australia (orthographic projection).svg|250px|right|thumb|Ostreliya.]] = I'''Ostreliya''' lilizwe elise[[Oceania]]. Inabantu abangaphezu kwe-26,000,000 ukusukela ngo-2021. Ikomkhulu laseOstreliya yi[[Khanberra]] kwaye esona sixeko sikhulu yi[[Sidni]]. DDDDDDDD = ==IJografi== IOstreliya inemimandla esibhozo; [[UMzantsi Omtsha Wales]] (''New South Wales''), [[Viktoria]] (''Victoria''), [[Kwinsland]] (''Queensland''), [[KwiNtshona yeOstreliya]] (''Western Australia''), [[UMzantsi Ostreliya]] (''South Australia''), [[Ummandla Wekomkhulu laseOstreliya]] (''Australian Capital Territory''), [[Tasmaniya]] kwaye [[Ummandla osemantla]] (''Northern Territory''). ==Izilwanyana== I-Ostreliya ineentlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana zasendle, kuquka i[[ikhangaru]], i[[ikoala]], i[[iemu]] kunye nezinye ezahlukeneyo. ==Igalari== <gallery> File:Flag of Australia.svg|250px|centre|thumb|I[[flegi]]. File:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Australia.svg|250px|centre|thumb|Idyasi yengalo. File:Kangaroo Australia 01 11 2008 - retouch.JPG|250px|centre|thumb|[[Ikhangaru]]. File:Koala climbing tree.jpg|250px|centre|thumb|[[Ikoala]] ekhwela umthi we-[[eucalyptus]]. File:Scott Morrison 2014 crop.jpg|250px|centre|thumb|U[[Scott Morrison]] inkulumbuso yangoku yaseOstreliya. File:Uluru, helicopter view, cropped.jpg|250px|centre|thumb|[[Uluru]]. File:Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge Dusk (2) 2019-06-21.jpg|250px|centre|thumb|[[Sidni]]. File:Melbourne montage 2019.jpg|250px|centre|thumb|[[Melben]]. </gallery>SKIBIDI SIGMA TUFF CACA PEEPEEPOOPOO AURA [[Category:Oceania]] [[Category:Ostreliya| ]] oytnxqb7ak9nw4rwq5sbwd4ws3olz2t 2 8695 41848 39218 2026-09-09T16:05:28Z Derek J Moore 13488 41848 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Xhipedia/styles.css" /> <div class="xhipedia-header"><div class="xhipedia-header-left"><div class="xhipedia-logo"><span class="xhiki-logo-lead">Wikipedi</span><span class="xhiki-logo-end">A</span></div><div class="xhipedia-tagline">Die vrye ensiklopedie</div><div class="xhipedia-meta"> <span class="xhipedia-pill">[[Ilungu:Derek_J_Moore# | Ilungu]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Begin|Begin]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Middle|Revise]]</span></div></div><div class="xhipedia-header-right">[[File:Greetings in many languages.png|thumb|Groete in baie tale]]</div> </div> o6wtzu9cyfkgtdf2o14bitetao5detp 41860 41848 2026-09-10T08:57:42Z Derek J Moore 13488 Added 41860 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Xhipedia/styles.css" /> <div class="xhipedia-header"><div class="xhipedia-header-left"><div class="xhipedia-logo"><span class="xhiki-logo-lead">Wikipedi</span><span class="xhiki-logo-end">A</span></div><div class="xhipedia-tagline">The Free Encylopedia</div><div class="xhipedia-meta"> <span class="xhipedia-pill">[[Ilungu:Derek_J_Moore# | Ilungu]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Begin|Begin]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Middle|Revise]]</span></div></div><div class="xhipedia-header-right">[[File:Greetings in many languages.png|thumb|Groete in baie tale]]</div> </div> 65jqbaaqfd4c5pz4e1ckwd3rgy7jpe9 41867 41860 2026-09-10T09:55:36Z Derek J Moore 13488 done 41867 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Xhipedia/styles.css" /> <div class="xhipedia-header"><div class="xhipedia-header-left"><div class="xhipedia-logo"><span class="xhiki-logo-lead">Wikipedi</span><span class="xhiki-logo-end">A</span></div><div class="xhipedia-tagline">The Free Encylopedia</div><div class="xhipedia-meta"> <span class="xhipedia-pill">[[Ilungu:Derek_J_Moore# | Ilungu]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Begin|Begin]]</span><span class="xhipedia-pill">[[User:Derek_J_Moore/Middle|Revise]]</span></div></div><div class="xhipedia-header-right">[[File:Greetings in many languages.png|thumb|Groete in baie tale]]</div> </div> {{Layisha_umfanekiso}} 2pxmsfeka1s5qpwgapznewyrsfhiafj 0 9285 41847 41845 2026-09-09T13:40:38Z Dumbassman 8587 41847 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg|right|thumb| Uyilo lukaWilliam Morris lwephepha lodonga leTrellis, ngonyaka ka-1862]] '''Intshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa''' yayiyimbonakaliso yamazwe ngamazwe kubugcisa bokuhombisa nobobugcisa obuhle obaphuhliswa kwasekuqaleni nakwiZiqithi zaseBritane <ref name="grove">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gordon|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518948-3}}</ref> baza emva koko basasazeka kulo lonke [[UbuKumkani bamaBritane|uBukhosi baseBritane]] nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu naseMntla Melika. Ngokubanzi, ukuqala kwale ntshukumo kunokuthiwa kuqale ngeminyaka yoo-1880, kwaye eli gama ngokwalo laqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1887, kwaye malunga nowe-1920 linokuthathwa njengeliphelileyo e-UK, nangona eli gama laqhubeka lisetyenziswa ngokungeyonyani kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezidumileyo kuyilo. Lo mbutho, wasungulwa ngenxa yokunganeliseki kokwehla komgangatho wobugcisa bokuhombisa kunye neemeko ezenziwa phantsi kwazo ezo zinto,<ref name="king">{{Cite book|last=King|first=Brenda M.|title=Silk and Empire|date=2005|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6}}</ref> le ntshukumo yachuma eYurophu naseMntla Melika phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1880 nowe-1920. Abanye bawubona njengengcambu ye-Modern Style, uhlobo lwaseBritane labonakalisa elo kamva laze labizwa ngokuba yiArt Nouveau movement. <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2023|title=Arts and Crafts movement &#124; British and international movement|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Arts-and-Crafts-movement|url-status=live|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Abanye bawuthatha njengomfanekiso we-Art Nouveau eNgilane. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Maingon|first=Claire|date=2018|title=L'Art Nouveau en trois minutes|url=https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/lart-nouveau-en-3-minutes/|website=Beaux Arts Magazine}}</ref> Kwakukho nabanye abacinga ukuba uBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla zichasene ne-Art Nouveau. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Férré|first=Benjamin|date=2015|title=L'inspiration Arts & Crafts|url=https://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917195709/http://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|archive-date=17 September 2024|accessdate=6 March 2024|website=Coline Blot - Espace Saint-Cyprien, Toulouse}}</ref> I-Arts and Crafts ngokwenene yayigxeka i-Art Nouveau ngokusebenzisa kwayo izinto zoshishino ezifana nentsimbi. EJapan, yavela ngonyaka ka-1920 njengentshukumo yeMingei, ikhuthaza ubugcisa bemveli bokwenza izinto zezandla. Eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa nguTJ Cobden-Sanderson kwintlanganiso ye- Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society ngonyaka ka-1887, <ref name="crawford">Alan Crawford, ''C. R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10939-3}}</ref> nangona imigaqo kunye nendlela eyalisekelwe kuyo yayisele iphuhliswa eNgilani ubuncinane bamashumi amabini eminyaka. Yaphefumlelwa ziingcinga zombhali-mbali uThomas Carlyle, umhlalutyi wezobugcisa uJohn Ruskin, kunye nomyili uWilliam Morris . <ref name="triggs">{{Cite book|last=Triggs|first=Oscar Lovell|url=https://archive.org/details/chaptersinhistor00trig|title=Chapters in the History of the Arts and Crafts Movement|publisher=Bohemia Guild of the Industrial Art League|year=1902}}</ref> EScotland, inxulunyaniswa nabantu ababalulekileyo abafana noCharles Rennie Mackintosh . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumpner|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCMDwAAQBAJ&q=key+Rennie|title=My Revision Notes: Pearson Edexcel A Level Design and Technology (Product Design)|last2=Morrison|first2=Julia|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-5104-7422-2|language=en}}</ref> Iincwadi zikaViollet-le-Duc ezimalunga nendalo kunye nobugcisa beGothic nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ubuhle bentshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. == Imvelaphi kunye neempembelelo == Intshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye Misebenzi yoBugcisa yavela kwimizamo yokuguqula uyilo kunye nemihombiso eBritane phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. Yayiyindlela yokusabela ngokuchasene nokuhla kwemigangatho okubonwayo ngabahlaziyi ababenxulumanisa noomatshini kunye nemveliso yefektri. Ukugxekwa klwabo lwaqiniswa zizinto abazibonayo kwiGreat Exhibition ka-1851, ababezijonga [[wiktionary:ornate|njengezihonjiswe]] kakhulu, ezenziwe ngumntu, kwaye zingazi kakuhle iimpawu zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Isazi-mbali yobugcisa uNikolaus Pevsner ubhala ukuba imiboniso ibonise "ukungazi loo mfuneko isisiseko ekudaleni iipateni, ukuthembeka komphezulu", kunye nokubonisa "ubumdaka ngokweenkcukacha". <ref name="pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10571-1}}</ref> [[File:Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_(first_page).jpg|thumb| ''Isihloko sencwadi*The Nature of Gothic*'' umbhali nguJohn Ruskin, ze yashicilelwa nguWilliam Morris kwiKelmscott Press ngonyaka ka-1892 kwisetyenziswe uhlobo loonobumba Golden Type eyayiphefumlelwe ngumshicileli wenkulungwane ye-15 uNicolas Jenson . Esi sahluko sivela ''kwiThe Stones of Venice'' sasiluhlobo lwemanifesto yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Uhlaziyo loyilo lwaqalisa ngabaququzeleli bomboniso uHenry Cole ngonyaka ka (1808–1882), uOwen Jones (1809–1874), uMatthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877), kunye noRichard Redgrave (1804–1888), <ref>{{Cite web|title=V&A, "Wallpaper Design Reform"|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/wallpaper-design-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref> bonke abangazange basebenzise imihombiso egqithisileyo kunye nezinto ezingasebenziyo okanye ezenziwe kakubi. [ 12 ] Abaququzeleli "babengavumelani ekugxekeni imiboniso." [ 13 ] Umzekelo, u-Owen Jones wakhalaza ngelithi "umyili wezakhiwo, umlungisi wezinto zokuhombisa, umchasi wephepha, umluki, umshicileli we-calico, kunye nombumbi" bavelise "izinto ezintsha ngaphandle kobuhle, okanye ubuhle ngaphandle kobukrelekrele." [ 13 ] Kolu gxeko lweempahla ezenziweyo kwavela iimpapasho ezininzi ezazichaza oko ababhali babekugqala njengemigaqo echanekileyo yoyilo. ''Ingxelo eyongezelelekileyo kaRichard Redgrave malunga noYilo'' (1852) yahlalutya imigaqo yoyilo kunye nokuhombisa yaza yacela "ingqiqo engakumbi ekusebenziseni ukuhombisa." [ 12 ] Kwalendelwa ezinye iincwadi ezikoluhlobo, ezifana ne ''Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century'' kaWyatt (1853), i-Wissenschaft kaGottfried Semper '', i-Industrie und Kunst'' ("inzululwazi, Ishishini kunye noBugcisa") (1852), ''i-Analysis of Ornament'' kaRalph Wornum (1856), ''i-Manual of Design'' kaRedgrave (1876), kunye ''ne-Grammar of Ornament'' kaJones (1856). [ 12 ] Incwadi ethi ''Grammar of Ornament'' yabanefuthe elikhulu, yaze yasasazwa ngokubanzi njengembasa yabafundi kwaye yaphinda yashicilelwa ngokutsha izihlandlo ezilithoba ngaphambili ngonyaka ka -1910. [ 12 ] UJones wathi umhombiso "kufuneka ube semva kwento ehonjisiweyo", ukuba kufuneka kubekho "ukufaneleka komhombiso kwinto ehonjisiweyo", kwaye amaphepha odonga kunye neekhaphethi akufuneki zibe neepateni "ezibonisa nantoni na ngaphandle komgangatho okanye ulula". <ref>Quoted in Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design''</ref> Ilaphu okanye iphepha lodonga kwiMboniso eNkulu linokuhonjiswa ngemotif yendalo eyenziwe ukuba ibonakale iyinyani kangangoko. Ngelixa ababhali bekhuthaza imihombiso yendalo ethe tyaba nelula. URedgrave wagxininisa ukuba "isitayile" sifuna ukwakhiwa kwesandi ngaphambi kokuhombisa, kunye nokuqonda ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. " ''Isixhobo esiluncedo'' kufuneka sibe phambili kunesihombiso." [ 15 ] Nangona kunjalo, abaguquli boyilo benkulungwane ye-19 abazange bafikelele kwinqanaba elifanayo nabo babeyinxalenye yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla. Babegxile kakhulu ekuhombisa kunasekwakhiweni, babengenalo ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeendlela zokuvelisa,[15 ] kwaye abazange bagxeke iindlela zoshishino. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, intshukumo yoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yayiyintshukumo yohlaziyo lwentlalo kanye njengoko yayiyeyohlaziyo loyilo, kwaye iinkokheli zayo eziphambili azizange zihlukanise ezi zinto zimbini. [[File:The_Grange,_Ramsgate_1.jpg|right|thumb| Indlu kaPugin ebizwa ngokuba yi- "The Grange" eRamsgate, uyakhiwe ngonyaka ka-1843. Isitayile sayo sokuvuselelwa kweGothic esilula, esilungelelaniswe nesakhiwo sasekhaya, sanceda ekwakheni uyilo lwentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Ezinye zeengcinga zale ntshukumo zazilindelwe ngu- Augustus Pugin (1812–1852), inkokeli kwi- Gothic Revival kwi-architecture . Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi, njengoko benzayo abaculi bezobuGcisa kunye nezakhiwo <ref name="V&A">{{Cite web|title=Victoria and Albert Museum|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802095131/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|archive-date=2 August 2012|accessdate=28 August 2010|publisher=Vam.ac.uk}}</ref> UPugin wachaza umkhwa wabagxeki bezentlalo wokuthelekisa iimpazamo zoluntu lwanamhlanje kunye namaXesha Aphakathi, <ref name="hill">Rosemary Hill, ''God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain'', London: Allen Lane, 2007</ref> njengokukhula okukhulu kwezixeko kunye nokuphathwa kwamaxhwitha-ntamo, umkhwa owaba yinto eqhelekileyo kuRuskin, uMorris, kunye nentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Incwadi yakhe ''ethi Contrasts'' (1836) idwebe imizekelo yezakhiwo zanamhlanje ezimbi kunye nocwangciso lwedolophu ngokuchaseneyo nemizekelo emihle yamaxesha aphakathi, kwaye umbhali-mbali wakhe uRosemary Hill uphawula ukuba "wafikelela kwizigqibo, phantse kancinci, malunga nokubaluleka kobugcisa kunye nesithethe kwizakhiwo zokwakha ukuba kuya kuthatha inkulungwane yonke kunye nemizamo edibeneyo kaRuskin noMorris ukuba basebenze ngokweenkcukacha." Uchaza ifenitshala eseleyo awayichazayo yesakhiwo ngo-1841, "izitulo ze-rush, iitafile ze-oki", "njengengaphakathi lezoBugcisa nezoBugcisa ebuntwaneni." <ref name="hill" /> Ifilosofi yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yafunyanwa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lukaJohn Ruskin lwentlalo, okwaphenjelelwe kakhulu ngumsebenzi kaThomas Carlyle . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blakesley|first=Rosalind P.|url=https://archive.org/details/artscraftsmoveme0000blak|title=The arts and crafts movement|date=2006|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-3849-6|publication-place=London|oclc=1147708297|url-access=registration}}</ref> URuskin wanxulumanisa impilo yokuziphatha neyentlalo yesizwe neempawu zoyilo lwaso kunye nohlobo lomsebenzi waso. URuskin wayecinga ukuba uhlobo lwemveliso eyenziwe ngoomatshini kunye nolwahlulo lwabasebenzi olwadalwa kwiNguquko yezeMizi-mveliso "luyimisebenzi yobukhoboka", kwaye wayecinga ukuba uluntu olusempilweni nolunesimilo lufuna abasebenzi abazimeleyo abayila izinto abazenzileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba imisebenzi eyenziwe kwifektri "ayinyanisekanga," kwaye loo msebenzi wezandla kunye nobugcisa kudibanisa isidima nomsebenzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Ruskin – Artist Philosopher Writer – Arts & Crafts Leader|url=http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218182444/http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|archive-date=18 December 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=www.arts-crafts.com}}</ref> Kwicala lobugcisa, uRuskin waphenjelelwa ngumntu ababephila ngexesha elinye uViollet-le-Duc lowo wayefundisa izimvo zakhe kubo bonke abafundi bakhe. Kwincwadi eya kwenye kubafundi bakhe uRuskin ubhala athi: "Kukho incwadi enye kuphela yoyilo lwezakhiwo exabisekileyo kwaye equlethe yonke into ngokuchanekileyo, isichazi-magama sikaMonsieur Viollet-le-Duc. Wonke umyili wezakhiwo kufuneka afunde isiFrentshi". <ref>{{Cite web|last=Choay|first=Françoise|title=The Relations between Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc or the Longevity of the Taken-for-Granted Ideas/ Frangoise CHOAY|url=https://arhitectura-1906.ro/en/2018/07/the-relations-between-ruskin-and-viollet-le-duc-or-the-longevity-of-the-taken-for-granted-ideas-frangoise-choay/|url-status=live|accessdate=2026-01-20|website=arhitectura-1906.ro|language=en}}</ref> Ngokutsho kwabanye, impembelelo kaRuskin kwizobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yathatyathelw’ indawo yileyo kaViollet-le-Duc ngo-1860. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brock Kennedy|first=Travis|title=The great flaw in the man|date=2018|publisher=Columbia University NY.}}</ref> Abalandeli bakhe babekhetha indlela yokwenza izinto ngobuchule bezandla kunemveliso yemizi-mveliso kwaye babexhalabile ngokulahlekelwa zizakhono zemveli, kodwa babekhathazwa kakhulu yimiphumo yenkqubo yefektri kunangoomatshini ngokwabo. <ref name="sarsby">Jacqueline Sarsby" Alfred Powell: Idealism and Realism in the Cotswolds", ''Journal of Design History'', Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375–397.</ref> Iingcinga zika William Morris "yemisebenzi yezandla" yayikukusebenza ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi kunokuba kusebenze ngaphandle koomatshini. UMorris wayeyithanda incwadi kaRuskin ethi ''The Seven Lamps of Architecture'' kunye ''nethi The Stones of Venice'' kwaye wayefunde ''iincwadi zikaModern Painters'', kodwa wayengayithandi indlela uRuskin awayeyincoma ngayo uJMW Turner kwaye imibhalo yakhe yobugcisa ibonisa ukungabi namdla kumzobo we-easel. Kwicala lakhe, uRuskin akazange avumelane ngokupheleleyo nengcamango eyaba yi-orthodoxy ye-Arts-and-Crafts, yokuba imihombiso mayibe tyaba kwaye ingamelanga iimo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu. [[File:William_Morris_age_53.jpg|thumb| UWilliam Morris, umyili kunye nengcali yengcinga eyaba nempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yezandla.]] UWilliam Morris (1834–1896) wayengumntu ogqwesileyo kwicandelo loyilo lwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye wayenempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Imbono yale ntshukumo malunga nobuhle nentlalo yavela kwiingcinga awayeziqulunqe kwiminyaka yoo-1850 kunye neBirmingham Set – iqela labafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kuquka uEdward Burne-Jones, abadibanisa uthando loncwadi lweRomantic kunye nokuzinikela ekuguquleni uluntu. [ 26 ] UJohn William Mackail uphawula ukuba, kwiSeti, " ''Ixesha elidlulileyo nelangoku'' likaCarlyle lalime ecaleni ''kwabaPainters banamhlanje'' [bakaRuskin] njengenyaniso ephefumlelweyo nepheleleyo." <ref>Mackail, J. W. (2011). ''The Life of William Morris''. New York: Dover Publications. p. 38. {{ISBN|978-0-486-28793-5}}.</ref> Imfundiso yexesha eliphakathi ''kaMorte d'Arthur'' kaMalory yamisela umgangatho wesitayile sabo sokuqala. [ 28 ] Ngokwamazwi kaBurne-Jones, babenenjongo "yokulwa imfazwe engcwele nxamnye neli xesha". [ 29 ] [[File:Philip_Webb's_Red_House_in_Upton.jpg|thumb| Indlu ebomvu kaWilliam Morris eBexleyheath, eyilwe nguPhilip Webb yaza yagqitywa ngonyaka ka-1860; yenye yezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zombutho wezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Trust, Iconic Arts and Crafts home of William Morris|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/red-house#Overview|url-status=live}}</ref>]] UMorris waqala ukuzama izinto ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ngokuyila ifenitshala kunye nezinto zangaphakathi. [ 31 ] Wayebandakanyeka ngokwakhe kwimveliso kunye noyilo, [ 31 ] eyayiluphawu lombutho wezobuGcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. URuskin wayephikisa ngelithi ukwahlulwa kwesenzo soyilo lwengqondo kwisenzo sendalo esisetyenziswa ngesandla kwakuyonakalisa intlalo kunye nobuhle. UMorris waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ingcinga, egxininisa ukuba akukho msebenzi ufanele wenziwe kwiindawo zakhe zokusebenzela ngaphambi kokuba azi kakuhle iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, esithi "ngaphandle komsebenzi womntu onesidima nowokudala abantu bayahlukana nobomi". [ 31 ] [[File:Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg|thumb| Ishedi yokuluka efektri kaMorris & Co, iMerton Abbey Works, eyavulwa ngonyaka ka-1880.]] Ngonyaka ka-1861, uMorris waqala ukwenza ifenitshala kunye nezinto zokuhombisa ngorhwebo, elinganisa uyilo lwakhe kwiindlela zamandulo kwaye esebenzisa iifom eziqinileyo kunye nemibala eqinileyo. Iipateni zakhe zazisekelwe kwizityalo nezilwanyana, kwaye iimveliso zakhe zaziphefumlelwe zizithethe zomthonyama okanye zasekhaya zaseBritane. Ezinye zashiywa ngabom zingagqitywanga ukuze kuboniswe ubuhle bezinto zokwakha kunye nomsebenzi wegcisa, ngaloo ndlela kwakheka inkangeleko yasemaphandleni. UMorris wazama ukudibanisa zonke izinto zobugcisa ngaphakathi kokuhombisa ikhaya, egxininisa indalo kunye nokulula kwendlela yokwenza izinto. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=The Arts and Crafts Movement in America|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm|url-status=live|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> == Imigaqo yentlalo kunye noyilo. ==   UWilliam Morris uchubelane ngengcaciso kaRuskin ngoluntu lwemizi-mveliso kwaye ngaxa lithile wahlasela umzi-mveliso wanamhlanje, ukusetyenziswa koomatshini, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, ubungxowankulu kunye nokulahleka kweendlela zobugcisa zemveli. Kodwa indlela awayejonga ngayo oomatshini yayingaguquguquki. Wathi ngaminazana ithile ukuveliswa koomatshini “kwakukubi ngokupheleleyo”, <ref name="pevsner" /> kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, wayezimisele ukunika umsebenzi kubavelisi ababekwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yakhe ngoncedo loomatshini. <ref>Graeme Shankland, "William Morris – Designer", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> UMorris uthe "kuluntu lokwenyani", apho kungenziwanga izinto zodidi okanye inkunkuma engabizi kakhulu, oomatshini banokuphuculwa kwaye basetyenziswe ukunciphisa iiyure zomsebenzi. <ref>William Morris, "Useful Work versus Useless Toil", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> Isazi-mbali yenkcubeko uFiona McCarthy uthe ngoMorris "ngokungafaniyo nabantu ababelandela emva kwexesha njengoGandhi, UWilliam Morris wayengenazo izizathu ezivakalayo zokusetyenziswa koomatshini logama nje oomatshini bevelisa umgangatho awufunayo." [ 36 ] UMorris wagxininisa ukuba lo mzobi kufuneka abe ngumzobi-umyili osebenza ngezandla <ref name="pevsner" /> kwaye wayekhuthaza uluntu lwabantu abanobuchule abakhululekileyo, njengoko wayekholelwa ukuba belukho ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi. "Ngenxa yokuba iingcibi zaziyonwabela umsebenzi wazo", wabhala, "iXesha Eliphakathi yayilixesha lobukhulu kubugcisa babantu abaqhelekileyo. ... Ubuncwane obukwiimyuziyam zethu ngoku zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiintsapho zelo xesha, xa amakhulu eecawa zamandulo&nbsp;- nganye nganye ngumsebenzi wobugcisa, zakhiwe ngabalimi abangenalwazi. <ref name="mingei">Elisabeth Frolet, Nick Pearce, Soetsu Yanagi and Sori Yanagi, ''Mingei: The Living Tradition in Japanese Arts'', Japan Folk Crafts Museum/Glasgow Museums, Japan: Kodashani International, 1991.</ref> Ubugcisa bamandulo babungumzekelo woyilo oluninzi lwezobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, kwaye ubomi bamandulo, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo zaphuculwa yintshukumo. Idolophu yaseBedford Park eseLondon, eyakhiwe kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1880 ukuya kunyaka ka-1890, inezindlu ezingamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu zesitayile soBugcisa noBugcisa kwaye yayikade idumile ngabahlali bayo be-Aesthetic . Izindlu ezininzi zokunceda abantu zakhiwe ngendlela yoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, umzekelo, iWhiteley Village, eSurrey, eyakhiwe phakathi konyaka ka-1914 ukuyotsho kunyaka ka-1917, inezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwama-280, kunye neDyers Almshouses, eSussex, eyakhiwe phakathi kowe-1939 nowe-1971. ILetchworth Garden City, isixeko sokuqala segadi, yaphefumlelwa ziingcamango zobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. <ref name="maccarthy2014">Fiona MacCarthy, ''Anarchy and Beauty: William Morris and his Legacy 1860–1960'', London: National Portrait Gallery, 2014 {{ISBN|978 185514 484 2}}</ref> Izindlu zokuqala zayilwa nguBarry Parker noRaymond Unwin ngendlela yolwimi lwesintu eyayithandwa kakhulu yintshukumo kwaye idolophu yaziwa ngendlela yokuxhasa iingcinga eziphakameyo kunye nendlela yokuphila elula. Iworkshop yokwenza iimbadada yasekwa nguEdward Carpenter yasuka eYorkshire yaya eLetchworth Garden City kwaye intetho kaGeorge Orwell malunga "nabani na osela ijusi yeziqhamo, abathanda ukuhamba ze, onxiba iimbadada, abanomdla ogqithisileyo kwezesondo, oQuaker, othanda i-'Nyango lwendalo', abachasene nemfazwe kunye namalungu wentshukumo zamalungelo wabasetyhini base Ngilane" Ababehamba besiya kwindawo yama- Socialist kwisixeko sase Letchworth ayadume kakhulu. <ref>George Orwell, ''The Road to Wigan Pier''</ref> == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eetqm38wtm85ufz6h8ufx42n0rrpxm5 41852 41847 2026-09-09T20:34:41Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369461241|Arts and Crafts movement]]" 41852 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg|right|thumb| Uyilo lukaWilliam Morris lwephepha lodonga leTrellis, ngonyaka ka-1862]] '''Intshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa''' yayiyimbonakaliso yamazwe ngamazwe kubugcisa bokuhombisa nobobugcisa obuhle obaphuhliswa kwasekuqaleni nakwiZiqithi zaseBritane <ref name="grove">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gordon|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518948-3}}</ref> baza emva koko basasazeka kulo lonke [[UbuKumkani bamaBritane|uBukhosi baseBritane]] nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu naseMntla Melika. Ngokubanzi, ukuqala kwale ntshukumo kunokuthiwa kuqale ngeminyaka yoo-1880, kwaye eli gama ngokwalo laqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1887, kwaye malunga nowe-1920 linokuthathwa njengeliphelileyo e-UK, nangona eli gama laqhubeka lisetyenziswa ngokungeyonyani kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezidumileyo kuyilo. Lo mbutho, wasungulwa ngenxa yokunganeliseki kokwehla komgangatho wobugcisa bokuhombisa kunye neemeko ezenziwa phantsi kwazo ezo zinto,<ref name="king">{{Cite book|last=King|first=Brenda M.|title=Silk and Empire|date=2005|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6}}</ref> le ntshukumo yachuma eYurophu naseMntla Melika phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1880 nowe-1920. Abanye bawubona njengengcambu ye-Modern Style, uhlobo lwaseBritane labonakalisa elo kamva laze labizwa ngokuba yiArt Nouveau movement. <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2023|title=Arts and Crafts movement &#124; British and international movement|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Arts-and-Crafts-movement|url-status=live|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Abanye bawuthatha njengomfanekiso we-Art Nouveau eNgilane. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Maingon|first=Claire|date=2018|title=L'Art Nouveau en trois minutes|url=https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/lart-nouveau-en-3-minutes/|website=Beaux Arts Magazine}}</ref> Kwakukho nabanye abacinga ukuba uBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla zichasene ne-Art Nouveau. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Férré|first=Benjamin|date=2015|title=L'inspiration Arts & Crafts|url=https://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917195709/http://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|archive-date=17 September 2024|accessdate=6 March 2024|website=Coline Blot - Espace Saint-Cyprien, Toulouse}}</ref> I-Arts and Crafts ngokwenene yayigxeka i-Art Nouveau ngokusebenzisa kwayo izinto zoshishino ezifana nentsimbi. EJapan, yavela ngonyaka ka-1920 njengentshukumo yeMingei, ikhuthaza ubugcisa bemveli bokwenza izinto zezandla. Eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa nguTJ Cobden-Sanderson kwintlanganiso ye- Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society ngonyaka ka-1887, <ref name="crawford">Alan Crawford, ''C. R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10939-3}}</ref> nangona imigaqo kunye nendlela eyalisekelwe kuyo yayisele iphuhliswa eNgilani ubuncinane bamashumi amabini eminyaka. Yaphefumlelwa ziingcinga zombhali-mbali uThomas Carlyle, umhlalutyi wezobugcisa uJohn Ruskin, kunye nomyili uWilliam Morris . <ref name="triggs">{{Cite book|last=Triggs|first=Oscar Lovell|url=https://archive.org/details/chaptersinhistor00trig|title=Chapters in the History of the Arts and Crafts Movement|publisher=Bohemia Guild of the Industrial Art League|year=1902}}</ref> EScotland, inxulunyaniswa nabantu ababalulekileyo abafana noCharles Rennie Mackintosh . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumpner|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCMDwAAQBAJ&q=key+Rennie|title=My Revision Notes: Pearson Edexcel A Level Design and Technology (Product Design)|last2=Morrison|first2=Julia|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-5104-7422-2|language=en}}</ref> Iincwadi zikaViollet-le-Duc ezimalunga nendalo kunye nobugcisa beGothic nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ubuhle bentshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. == Imvelaphi kunye neempembelelo == Intshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye Misebenzi yoBugcisa yavela kwimizamo yokuguqula uyilo kunye nemihombiso eBritane phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. Yayiyindlela yokusabela ngokuchasene nokuhla kwemigangatho okubonwayo ngabahlaziyi ababenxulumanisa noomatshini kunye nemveliso yefektri. Ukugxekwa klwabo lwaqiniswa zizinto abazibonayo kwiGreat Exhibition ka-1851, ababezijonga [[wiktionary:ornate|njengezihonjiswe]] kakhulu, ezenziwe ngumntu, kwaye zingazi kakuhle iimpawu zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Isazi-mbali yobugcisa uNikolaus Pevsner ubhala ukuba imiboniso ibonise "ukungazi loo mfuneko isisiseko ekudaleni iipateni, ukuthembeka komphezulu", kunye nokubonisa "ubumdaka ngokweenkcukacha". <ref name="pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10571-1}}</ref> [[File:Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_(first_page).jpg|thumb| ''Isihloko sencwadi*The Nature of Gothic*'' umbhali nguJohn Ruskin, ze yashicilelwa nguWilliam Morris kwiKelmscott Press ngonyaka ka-1892 kwisetyenziswe uhlobo loonobumba Golden Type eyayiphefumlelwe ngumshicileli wenkulungwane ye-15 uNicolas Jenson . Esi sahluko sivela ''kwiThe Stones of Venice'' sasiluhlobo lwemanifesto yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Uhlaziyo loyilo lwaqalisa ngabaququzeleli bomboniso uHenry Cole ngonyaka ka (1808–1882), uOwen Jones (1809–1874), uMatthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877), kunye noRichard Redgrave (1804–1888), <ref>{{Cite web|title=V&A, "Wallpaper Design Reform"|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/wallpaper-design-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref> bonke abangazange basebenzise imihombiso egqithisileyo kunye nezinto ezingasebenziyo okanye ezenziwe kakubi. [ 12 ] Abaququzeleli "babengavumelani ekugxekeni imiboniso." [ 13 ] Umzekelo, u-Owen Jones wakhalaza ngelithi "umyili wezakhiwo, umlungisi wezinto zokuhombisa, umchasi wephepha, umluki, umshicileli we-calico, kunye nombumbi" bavelise "izinto ezintsha ngaphandle kobuhle, okanye ubuhle ngaphandle kobukrelekrele." [ 13 ] Kolu gxeko lweempahla ezenziweyo kwavela iimpapasho ezininzi ezazichaza oko ababhali babekugqala njengemigaqo echanekileyo yoyilo. ''Ingxelo eyongezelelekileyo kaRichard Redgrave malunga noYilo'' (1852) yahlalutya imigaqo yoyilo kunye nokuhombisa yaza yacela "ingqiqo engakumbi ekusebenziseni ukuhombisa." [ 12 ] Kwalendelwa ezinye iincwadi ezikoluhlobo, ezifana ne ''Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century'' kaWyatt (1853), i-Wissenschaft kaGottfried Semper '', i-Industrie und Kunst'' ("inzululwazi, Ishishini kunye noBugcisa") (1852), ''i-Analysis of Ornament'' kaRalph Wornum (1856), ''i-Manual of Design'' kaRedgrave (1876), kunye ''ne-Grammar of Ornament'' kaJones (1856). [ 12 ] Incwadi ethi ''Grammar of Ornament'' yabanefuthe elikhulu, yaze yasasazwa ngokubanzi njengembasa yabafundi kwaye yaphinda yashicilelwa ngokutsha izihlandlo ezilithoba ngaphambili ngonyaka ka -1910. [ 12 ] UJones wathi umhombiso "kufuneka ube semva kwento ehonjisiweyo", ukuba kufuneka kubekho "ukufaneleka komhombiso kwinto ehonjisiweyo", kwaye amaphepha odonga kunye neekhaphethi akufuneki zibe neepateni "ezibonisa nantoni na ngaphandle komgangatho okanye ulula". <ref>Quoted in Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design''</ref> Ilaphu okanye iphepha lodonga kwiMboniso eNkulu linokuhonjiswa ngemotif yendalo eyenziwe ukuba ibonakale iyinyani kangangoko. Ngelixa ababhali bekhuthaza imihombiso yendalo ethe tyaba nelula. URedgrave wagxininisa ukuba "isitayile" sifuna ukwakhiwa kwesandi ngaphambi kokuhombisa, kunye nokuqonda ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. " ''Isixhobo esiluncedo'' kufuneka sibe phambili kunesihombiso." [ 15 ] Nangona kunjalo, abaguquli boyilo benkulungwane ye-19 abazange bafikelele kwinqanaba elifanayo nabo babeyinxalenye yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla. Babegxile kakhulu ekuhombisa kunasekwakhiweni, babengenalo ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeendlela zokuvelisa,[15 ] kwaye abazange bagxeke iindlela zoshishino. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, intshukumo yoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yayiyintshukumo yohlaziyo lwentlalo kanye njengoko yayiyeyohlaziyo loyilo, kwaye iinkokheli zayo eziphambili azizange zihlukanise ezi zinto zimbini. [[File:The_Grange,_Ramsgate_1.jpg|right|thumb| Indlu kaPugin ebizwa ngokuba yi- "The Grange" eRamsgate, uyakhiwe ngonyaka ka-1843. Isitayile sayo sokuvuselelwa kweGothic esilula, esilungelelaniswe nesakhiwo sasekhaya, sanceda ekwakheni uyilo lwentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Ezinye zeengcinga zale ntshukumo zazilindelwe ngu- Augustus Pugin (1812–1852), inkokeli kwi- Gothic Revival kwi-architecture . Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi, njengoko benzayo abaculi bezobuGcisa kunye nezakhiwo <ref name="V&A">{{Cite web|title=Victoria and Albert Museum|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802095131/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|archive-date=2 August 2012|accessdate=28 August 2010|publisher=Vam.ac.uk}}</ref> UPugin wachaza umkhwa wabagxeki bezentlalo wokuthelekisa iimpazamo zoluntu lwanamhlanje kunye namaXesha Aphakathi, <ref name="hill">Rosemary Hill, ''God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain'', London: Allen Lane, 2007</ref> njengokukhula okukhulu kwezixeko kunye nokuphathwa kwamaxhwitha-ntamo, umkhwa owaba yinto eqhelekileyo kuRuskin, uMorris, kunye nentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Incwadi yakhe ''ethi Contrasts'' (1836) idwebe imizekelo yezakhiwo zanamhlanje ezimbi kunye nocwangciso lwedolophu ngokuchaseneyo nemizekelo emihle yamaxesha aphakathi, kwaye umbhali-mbali wakhe uRosemary Hill uphawula ukuba "wafikelela kwizigqibo, phantse kancinci, malunga nokubaluleka kobugcisa kunye nesithethe kwizakhiwo zokwakha ukuba kuya kuthatha inkulungwane yonke kunye nemizamo edibeneyo kaRuskin noMorris ukuba basebenze ngokweenkcukacha." Uchaza ifenitshala eseleyo awayichazayo yesakhiwo ngo-1841, "izitulo ze-rush, iitafile ze-oki", "njengengaphakathi lezoBugcisa nezoBugcisa ebuntwaneni." <ref name="hill" /> Ifilosofi yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yafunyanwa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lukaJohn Ruskin lwentlalo, okwaphenjelelwe kakhulu ngumsebenzi kaThomas Carlyle . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blakesley|first=Rosalind P.|url=https://archive.org/details/artscraftsmoveme0000blak|title=The arts and crafts movement|date=2006|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-3849-6|publication-place=London|oclc=1147708297|url-access=registration}}</ref> URuskin wanxulumanisa impilo yokuziphatha neyentlalo yesizwe neempawu zoyilo lwaso kunye nohlobo lomsebenzi waso. URuskin wayecinga ukuba uhlobo lwemveliso eyenziwe ngoomatshini kunye nolwahlulo lwabasebenzi olwadalwa kwiNguquko yezeMizi-mveliso "luyimisebenzi yobukhoboka", kwaye wayecinga ukuba uluntu olusempilweni nolunesimilo lufuna abasebenzi abazimeleyo abayila izinto abazenzileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba imisebenzi eyenziwe kwifektri "ayinyanisekanga," kwaye loo msebenzi wezandla kunye nobugcisa kudibanisa isidima nomsebenzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Ruskin – Artist Philosopher Writer – Arts & Crafts Leader|url=http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218182444/http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|archive-date=18 December 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=www.arts-crafts.com}}</ref> Kwicala lobugcisa, uRuskin waphenjelelwa ngumntu ababephila ngexesha elinye uViollet-le-Duc lowo wayefundisa izimvo zakhe kubo bonke abafundi bakhe. Kwincwadi eya kwenye kubafundi bakhe uRuskin ubhala athi: "Kukho incwadi enye kuphela yoyilo lwezakhiwo exabisekileyo kwaye equlethe yonke into ngokuchanekileyo, isichazi-magama sikaMonsieur Viollet-le-Duc. Wonke umyili wezakhiwo kufuneka afunde isiFrentshi". <ref>{{Cite web|last=Choay|first=Françoise|title=The Relations between Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc or the Longevity of the Taken-for-Granted Ideas/ Frangoise CHOAY|url=https://arhitectura-1906.ro/en/2018/07/the-relations-between-ruskin-and-viollet-le-duc-or-the-longevity-of-the-taken-for-granted-ideas-frangoise-choay/|url-status=live|accessdate=2026-01-20|website=arhitectura-1906.ro|language=en}}</ref> Ngokutsho kwabanye, impembelelo kaRuskin kwizobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yathatyathelw’ indawo yileyo kaViollet-le-Duc ngo-1860. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brock Kennedy|first=Travis|title=The great flaw in the man|date=2018|publisher=Columbia University NY.}}</ref> Abalandeli bakhe babekhetha indlela yokwenza izinto ngobuchule bezandla kunemveliso yemizi-mveliso kwaye babexhalabile ngokulahlekelwa zizakhono zemveli, kodwa babekhathazwa kakhulu yimiphumo yenkqubo yefektri kunangoomatshini ngokwabo. <ref name="sarsby">Jacqueline Sarsby" Alfred Powell: Idealism and Realism in the Cotswolds", ''Journal of Design History'', Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375–397.</ref> Iingcinga zika William Morris "yemisebenzi yezandla" yayikukusebenza ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi kunokuba kusebenze ngaphandle koomatshini. UMorris wayeyithanda incwadi kaRuskin ethi ''The Seven Lamps of Architecture'' kunye ''nethi The Stones of Venice'' kwaye wayefunde ''iincwadi zikaModern Painters'', kodwa wayengayithandi indlela uRuskin awayeyincoma ngayo uJMW Turner kwaye imibhalo yakhe yobugcisa ibonisa ukungabi namdla kumzobo we-easel. Kwicala lakhe, uRuskin akazange avumelane ngokupheleleyo nengcamango eyaba yi-orthodoxy ye-Arts-and-Crafts, yokuba imihombiso mayibe tyaba kwaye ingamelanga iimo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu. [[File:William_Morris_age_53.jpg|thumb| UWilliam Morris, umyili kunye nengcali yengcinga eyaba nempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yezandla.]] UWilliam Morris (1834–1896) wayengumntu ogqwesileyo kwicandelo loyilo lwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye wayenempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Imbono yale ntshukumo malunga nobuhle nentlalo yavela kwiingcinga awayeziqulunqe kwiminyaka yoo-1850 kunye neBirmingham Set – iqela labafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kuquka uEdward Burne-Jones, abadibanisa uthando loncwadi lweRomantic kunye nokuzinikela ekuguquleni uluntu. [ 26 ] UJohn William Mackail uphawula ukuba, kwiSeti, " ''Ixesha elidlulileyo nelangoku'' likaCarlyle lalime ecaleni ''kwabaPainters banamhlanje'' [bakaRuskin] njengenyaniso ephefumlelweyo nepheleleyo." <ref>Mackail, J. W. (2011). ''The Life of William Morris''. New York: Dover Publications. p. 38. {{ISBN|978-0-486-28793-5}}.</ref> Imfundiso yexesha eliphakathi ''kaMorte d'Arthur'' kaMalory yamisela umgangatho wesitayile sabo sokuqala. [ 28 ] Ngokwamazwi kaBurne-Jones, babenenjongo "yokulwa imfazwe engcwele nxamnye neli xesha". [ 29 ] [[File:Philip_Webb's_Red_House_in_Upton.jpg|thumb| Indlu ebomvu kaWilliam Morris eBexleyheath, eyilwe nguPhilip Webb yaza yagqitywa ngonyaka ka-1860; yenye yezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zombutho wezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Trust, Iconic Arts and Crafts home of William Morris|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/red-house#Overview|url-status=live}}</ref>]] UMorris waqala ukuzama izinto ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ngokuyila ifenitshala kunye nezinto zangaphakathi. [ 31 ] Wayebandakanyeka ngokwakhe kwimveliso kunye noyilo, [ 31 ] eyayiluphawu lombutho wezobuGcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. URuskin wayephikisa ngelithi ukwahlulwa kwesenzo soyilo lwengqondo kwisenzo sendalo esisetyenziswa ngesandla kwakuyonakalisa intlalo kunye nobuhle. UMorris waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ingcinga, egxininisa ukuba akukho msebenzi ufanele wenziwe kwiindawo zakhe zokusebenzela ngaphambi kokuba azi kakuhle iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, esithi "ngaphandle komsebenzi womntu onesidima nowokudala abantu bayahlukana nobomi". [ 31 ] [[File:Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg|thumb| Ishedi yokuluka efektri kaMorris & Co, iMerton Abbey Works, eyavulwa ngonyaka ka-1880.]] Ngonyaka ka-1861, uMorris waqala ukwenza ifenitshala kunye nezinto zokuhombisa ngorhwebo, elinganisa uyilo lwakhe kwiindlela zamandulo kwaye esebenzisa iifom eziqinileyo kunye nemibala eqinileyo. Iipateni zakhe zazisekelwe kwizityalo nezilwanyana, kwaye iimveliso zakhe zaziphefumlelwe zizithethe zomthonyama okanye zasekhaya zaseBritane. Ezinye zashiywa ngabom zingagqitywanga ukuze kuboniswe ubuhle bezinto zokwakha kunye nomsebenzi wegcisa, ngaloo ndlela kwakheka inkangeleko yasemaphandleni. UMorris wazama ukudibanisa zonke izinto zobugcisa ngaphakathi kokuhombisa ikhaya, egxininisa indalo kunye nokulula kwendlela yokwenza izinto. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=The Arts and Crafts Movement in America|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm|url-status=live|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> == Imigaqo yentlalo kunye noyilo. ==   UWilliam Morris uchubelane ngengcaciso kaRuskin ngoluntu lwemizi-mveliso kwaye ngaxa lithile wahlasela umzi-mveliso wanamhlanje, ukusetyenziswa koomatshini, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, ubungxowankulu kunye nokulahleka kweendlela zobugcisa zemveli. Kodwa indlela awayejonga ngayo oomatshini yayingaguquguquki. Wathi ngaminazana ithile ukuveliswa koomatshini “kwakukubi ngokupheleleyo”, <ref name="pevsner" /> kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, wayezimisele ukunika umsebenzi kubavelisi ababekwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yakhe ngoncedo loomatshini. <ref>Graeme Shankland, "William Morris – Designer", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> UMorris uthe "kuluntu lokwenyani", apho kungenziwanga izinto zodidi okanye inkunkuma engabizi kakhulu, oomatshini banokuphuculwa kwaye basetyenziswe ukunciphisa iiyure zomsebenzi. <ref>William Morris, "Useful Work versus Useless Toil", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> Isazi-mbali yenkcubeko uFiona McCarthy uthe ngoMorris "ngokungafaniyo nabantu ababelandela emva kwexesha njengoGandhi, UWilliam Morris wayengenazo izizathu ezivakalayo zokusetyenziswa koomatshini logama nje oomatshini bevelisa umgangatho awufunayo." [ 36 ] UMorris wagxininisa ukuba lo mzobi kufuneka abe ngumzobi-umyili osebenza ngezandla <ref name="pevsner" /> kwaye wayekhuthaza uluntu lwabantu abanobuchule abakhululekileyo, njengoko wayekholelwa ukuba belukho ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi. "Ngenxa yokuba iingcibi zaziyonwabela umsebenzi wazo", wabhala, "iXesha Eliphakathi yayilixesha lobukhulu kubugcisa babantu abaqhelekileyo. ... Ubuncwane obukwiimyuziyam zethu ngoku zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiintsapho zelo xesha, xa amakhulu eecawa zamandulo&nbsp;- nganye nganye ngumsebenzi wobugcisa, zakhiwe ngabalimi abangenalwazi. <ref name="mingei">Elisabeth Frolet, Nick Pearce, Soetsu Yanagi and Sori Yanagi, ''Mingei: The Living Tradition in Japanese Arts'', Japan Folk Crafts Museum/Glasgow Museums, Japan: Kodashani International, 1991.</ref> Ubugcisa bamandulo babungumzekelo woyilo oluninzi lwezobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, kwaye ubomi bamandulo, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo zaphuculwa yintshukumo. Abalandeli bakaMorris nabo babenembono ezahlukeneyo malunga noomatshini kunye nenkqubo yemizi-mveliso. Umzekelo, uC.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAUs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>UR. Ashbee, umntu ophambili kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, wathi ngonyaka ka-1888, "Asiyilahli le matshini, siyayamkela. Kodwa singathanda ukuyibona ilawulwa kakuhle." <ref name="pevsner" /> Emva kokungaphumeleli ekuqhathaniseni iGuild yakhe kunye neSchool of Handicraft guild neendlela zanamhlanje zokwenza izinto, wavuma ukuba "Impucuko yanamhlanje ixhomekeke koomatshini", <ref name="pevsner" /> kodwa waqhubeka egxeka iziphumo ezibi zento ayibiza ngokuba "yindlela yokusebenza", esithi "ukuveliswa kwezinto ezithile zoomatshini kubi kwimpilo yesizwe njengoko kunjalo nokuveliswa kwentonga ekhuliswe ngamakhoboka okanye iimpahla ezifuthwe ngabantwana." Kwelinye icala, uWilliam Arthur Smith uBenson wayengenangxaki malunga nokulungelelanisa isitayile soBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla kwimisebenzi yesinyithi eyenziwe phantsi kweemeko zoshishino (jonga isicatshulwa saseCrawford esingentla). Idolophu yaseBedford Park eseLondon, eyakhiwe kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1880 ukuya kunyaka ka-1890, inezindlu ezingamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu zesitayile soBugcisa noBugcisa kwaye yayikade idumile ngabahlali bayo be-Aesthetic . Izindlu ezininzi zokunceda abantu zakhiwe ngendlela yoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, umzekelo, iWhiteley Village, eSurrey, eyakhiwe phakathi konyaka ka-1914 ukuyotsho kunyaka ka-1917, inezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwama-280, kunye neDyers Almshouses, eSussex, eyakhiwe phakathi kowe-1939 nowe-1971. ILetchworth Garden City, isixeko sokuqala segadi, yaphefumlelwa ziingcamango zobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. <ref name="maccarthy2014">Fiona MacCarthy, ''Anarchy and Beauty: William Morris and his Legacy 1860–1960'', London: National Portrait Gallery, 2014 {{ISBN|978 185514 484 2}}</ref> Izindlu zokuqala zayilwa nguBarry Parker noRaymond Unwin ngendlela yolwimi lwesintu eyayithandwa kakhulu yintshukumo kwaye idolophu yaziwa ngendlela yokuxhasa iingcinga eziphakameyo kunye nendlela yokuphila elula. Iworkshop yokwenza iimbadada yasekwa nguEdward Carpenter yasuka eYorkshire yaya eLetchworth Garden City kwaye intetho kaGeorge Orwell malunga "nabani na osela ijusi yeziqhamo, abathanda ukuhamba ze, onxiba iimbadada, abanomdla ogqithisileyo kwezesondo, oQuaker, othanda i-'Nyango lwendalo', abachasene nemfazwe kunye namalungu wentshukumo zamalungelo wabasetyhini base Ngilane" Ababehamba besiya kwindawo yama- Socialist kwisixeko sase Letchworth ayadume kakhulu. <ref>George Orwell, ''The Road to Wigan Pier''</ref> 661ro4ka7q2eh10d6tsfrtkdouv5dc1 0 9288 41846 41821 2026-09-09T13:40:05Z Dumbassman 8587 41846 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Aloe arborescens 01.JPG|thumb|196x196px|Ikhala edotyeni]] '''Ikhala''' sisityalo esikhula ethafeni okanye emadotyeni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu ne zomileyo zase[[Mpuma-Koloni|Mpuma Koloni]] naseNtshona Koloni. Linamagqabi ashinyeneyo aluhlaza, anameva ecaleni kwaye ajonge phezulu kwaye linegquba elide eligqunywe ngamagqabi omileyo.<ref name="Yates">Yates A. (2002) ''Yates Garden Guide''. Harper Collins Australia</ref> Lidume kakhulu ngencindi yalo ekrakrayo esetyenziswa njengeyeza lokunyanga isisu kwakunye nokunyanga amantshonsho xa egulayo (enentshulube). Liyafana nomaweni kuba lithanda ukukhula ematyeni. Ikhala xa ulijongile indawo efana nomhlaba, kwaye abantu abaninzi bavamise ukusibhidanisa esisibini njengamawele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vitality® Aloe Vera Gel 100ml|url=https://avidbrands.co.za/product/vitality-aloe-vera-gel-100ml/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Avid Brands|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Umhlaba wona usetyenziswa ngabantu xa befuna ukwenza igwada(snif) okanye intsu. Umhlaba unamagqabii abomvu kwaye naye unameva ahlabayo kanje ngekhala. Uyakuthi akoma umhlaba ubase ngawo umlilo uza kuvutha njengenkuni. Bayakwazi nokusebenzisa ikhala xa bebiya iyadi kuba ebusuka incidi isokolo ikhona, lonto inceda ukuba umlilo wasebusika anganwenwi angene eziyadini zabantu. Abantu bexesha lakudala balixabisile kakhulu ikhala ngoba linceda ngento yonke. Lithomalalisa intlungu xa enenxeba elincinci. Ikhala likhula kakhulu kwinyanga uJulayi, kwaye lonyanga ibizwa ngokuba yeyekhala ngoba ikhala lixhaphakile kakhulu. Ngo-Julayi kushushu kwaye akukho mvula, komile ikhala liyayithanda indawo eyomileyo neshushu. [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Ikhala 1.jpg|thumb|157x157px|Umhlaba uzimele]] == Umsebenzi walo == * Ukhathalelo lolusu: Abantu bathatha incindi ecacileyo ephuma ngaphakthi emagqabini ukuthambisa ukutsha lilanga, amanxeba amancinci, kunye nolusu olomileyo (amashubaba).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-07|title=7 Amazing Uses for Aloe Vera|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/7-amazing-uses-aloe-vera|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> * Uncedo lwesisu: Amayeza athile akwaNtu asebenzisa lencindi ityheli ephuma kwikhala njengeyeza lokukhulula ukuqhinwa khona ukuze umntu atyatyaze. * Iimveliso: Inkampani zongeza isicatshulwa sekhala kwiimveliso zokuthambisa, iiloshini, iisepha, kunye neziselo ezithile.<ref name="Reynolds">Reynolds, Tom (Ed.) (2004) ''Aloes: The genus Aloe (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles''. CRC Press.</ref> * Uncedo kwizilwanyane: Liyathathwa linqunqwe, lifakwe esityeni ligalelwe amanzi iinkukhu kunye namantshantsho zisele. == Ukhathalelo lwesityalo == Uyakwazi nokusikhulisa endlini okanye eyadini yakho esisityalo xa ungumntu ofuna ukuzikhulisela. Kufunela wenze ngoluhlobo: * Ukukhanya: Beka isityalo sakho elangeni eliqaqambileyo kodwa lingathi ntsho esityalweni sakho, khona ukuze amagqabi angatshi okanye oluleke kakhulu. * [[Amanzi]]: Sincancise kakuhle, kodwa yeka umhlaba wome ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba uphinde usincancise. Oku ukunqanda ukubola kweengcambu. *Ukhuseleko: Sigcine kude neekati nezinja kuba ikhala elikrwada likwayityhefu kwizilwanyana. Kufuneka ulisebenzise ngobunono ungaliseli kakhulu ngoba lizakuphuma kakubi lingabiloncedo. == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Plant]] [[Uluhlu:Isityalo]] [[Uluhlu:Wild plant]] 47jzymi47wik42re4ll7vi9dul7eqw8 41857 41846 2026-09-10T00:10:43Z Ano Miller 16528 /* */ 41857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Aloe arborescens 01.JPG|thumb|196x196px|Ikhala edotyeni]] '''Ikhala''' sisityalo esikhula ethafeni okanye emadotyeni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu ne zomileyo zase[[Mpuma-Koloni|Mpuma Koloni]] naseNtshona Koloni. Linamagqabi ashinyeneyo aluhlaza, anameva ecaleni kwaye ajonge phezulu kwaye linegquba elide eligqunywe ngamagqabi omileyo.<ref name="Yates">Yates A. (2002) ''Yates Garden Guide''. Harper Collins Australia</ref> Lidume kakhulu ngencindi yalo ekrakrayo esetyenziswa njengeyeza lokunyanga isisu kwakunye nokunyanga amantshonsho xa egulayo (enentshulube). Liyafana nomaweni kuba lithanda ukukhula ematyeni. Ikhala xa ulijongile lindawo efana nomhlaba, kwaye abantu abaninzi bavamise ukusibhidanisa esisibini njengamawele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vitality® Aloe Vera Gel 100ml|url=https://avidbrands.co.za/product/vitality-aloe-vera-gel-100ml/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Avid Brands|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Umhlaba wona usetyenziswa ngabantu xa befuna ukwenza igwada(snif) okanye intsu. Umhlaba unamagqabii abomvu kwaye naye unameva ahlabayo kanje ngekhala. Uyakuthi akoma umhlaba ubase ngawo umlilo uza kuvutha njengenkuni. Bayakwazi nokusebenzisa ikhala xa bebiya iyadi kuba ebusuka incidi isokolo ikhona, lonto inceda ukuba umlilo wasebusika anganwenwi angene eziyadini zabantu. Abantu bexesha lakudala balixabisile kakhulu ikhala ngoba linceda ngento yonke. Lithomalalisa intlungu xa enenxeba elincinci. Ikhala likhula kakhulu kwinyanga uJulayi, kwaye lonyanga ibizwa ngokuba yeyekhala ngoba ikhala lixhaphakile kakhulu. Ngo-Julayi kushushu kwaye akukho mvula, komile ikhala liyayithanda indawo eyomileyo neshushu. [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Ikhala 1.jpg|thumb|157x157px|Umhlaba uzimele]] == Umsebenzi walo == * Ukhathalelo lolusu: Abantu bathatha incindi ecacileyo ephuma ngaphakthi emagqabini ukuthambisa ukutsha lilanga, amanxeba amancinci, kunye nolusu olomileyo (amashubaba).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-07|title=7 Amazing Uses for Aloe Vera|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/7-amazing-uses-aloe-vera|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> * Uncedo lwesisu: Amayeza athile akwaNtu asebenzisa lencindi ityheli ephuma kwikhala njengeyeza lokukhulula ukuqhinwa khona ukuze umntu atyatyaze. * Iimveliso: Inkampani zongeza isicatshulwa sekhala kwiimveliso zokuthambisa, iiloshini, iisepha, kunye neziselo ezithile.<ref name="Reynolds">Reynolds, Tom (Ed.) (2004) ''Aloes: The genus Aloe (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles''. CRC Press.</ref> * Uncedo kwizilwanyane: Liyathathwa linqunqwe, lifakwe esityeni ligalelwe amanzi iinkukhu kunye namantshantsho zisele. == Ukhathalelo lwesityalo == Uyakwazi nokusikhulisa endlini okanye eyadini yakho esisityalo xa ungumntu ofuna ukuzikhulisela. Kufunela wenze ngoluhlobo: * Ukukhanya: Beka isityalo sakho elangeni eliqaqambileyo kodwa lingathi ntsho esityalweni sakho, khona ukuze amagqabi angatshi okanye oluleke kakhulu. * [[Amanzi]]: Sincancise kakuhle, kodwa yeka umhlaba wome ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba uphinde usincancise. Oku ukunqanda ukubola kweengcambu. *Ukhuseleko: Sigcine kude neekati nezinja kuba ikhala elikrwada likwayityhefu kwizilwanyana. Kufuneka ulisebenzise ngobunono ungaliseli kakhulu ngoba lizakuphuma kakubi lingabiloncedo. == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Plant]] [[Uluhlu:Isityalo]] [[Uluhlu:Wild plant]] 62vtn05htlgvpl0u8kzlne2dt233aae 41858 41857 2026-09-10T00:11:14Z Ano Miller 16528 /* */ 41858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Aloe arborescens 01.JPG|thumb|196x196px|Ikhala edotyeni]] '''Ikhala''' sisityalo esikhula ethafeni okanye emadotyeni, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezishushu ne zomileyo zase[[Mpuma-Koloni|Mpuma Koloni]] naseNtshona Koloni. Linamagqabi ashinyeneyo aluhlaza, anameva ecaleni kwaye ajonge phezulu kwaye linegquba elide eligqunywe ngamagqabi omileyo.<ref name="Yates">Yates A. (2002) ''Yates Garden Guide''. Harper Collins Australia</ref> Lidume kakhulu ngencindi yalo ekrakrayo esetyenziswa njengeyeza lokunyanga isisu kwakunye nokunyanga amantshonsho xa egulayo (enentshulube). Liyafana nomaweni kuba lithanda ukukhula ematyeni. Ikhala xa ulijongile linendawo efana nomhlaba, kwaye abantu abaninzi bavamise ukusibhidanisa esisibini njengamawele.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vitality® Aloe Vera Gel 100ml|url=https://avidbrands.co.za/product/vitality-aloe-vera-gel-100ml/|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Avid Brands|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Umhlaba wona usetyenziswa ngabantu xa befuna ukwenza igwada(snif) okanye intsu. Umhlaba unamagqabii abomvu kwaye naye unameva ahlabayo kanje ngekhala. Uyakuthi akoma umhlaba ubase ngawo umlilo uza kuvutha njengenkuni. Bayakwazi nokusebenzisa ikhala xa bebiya iyadi kuba ebusuka incidi isokolo ikhona, lonto inceda ukuba umlilo wasebusika anganwenwi angene eziyadini zabantu. Abantu bexesha lakudala balixabisile kakhulu ikhala ngoba linceda ngento yonke. Lithomalalisa intlungu xa enenxeba elincinci. Ikhala likhula kakhulu kwinyanga uJulayi, kwaye lonyanga ibizwa ngokuba yeyekhala ngoba ikhala lixhaphakile kakhulu. Ngo-Julayi kushushu kwaye akukho mvula, komile ikhala liyayithanda indawo eyomileyo neshushu. [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Ikhala 1.jpg|thumb|157x157px|Umhlaba uzimele]] == Umsebenzi walo == * Ukhathalelo lolusu: Abantu bathatha incindi ecacileyo ephuma ngaphakthi emagqabini ukuthambisa ukutsha lilanga, amanxeba amancinci, kunye nolusu olomileyo (amashubaba).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-11-07|title=7 Amazing Uses for Aloe Vera|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/7-amazing-uses-aloe-vera|accessdate=2026-09-08|website=Healthline|language=en}}</ref> * Uncedo lwesisu: Amayeza athile akwaNtu asebenzisa lencindi ityheli ephuma kwikhala njengeyeza lokukhulula ukuqhinwa khona ukuze umntu atyatyaze. * Iimveliso: Inkampani zongeza isicatshulwa sekhala kwiimveliso zokuthambisa, iiloshini, iisepha, kunye neziselo ezithile.<ref name="Reynolds">Reynolds, Tom (Ed.) (2004) ''Aloes: The genus Aloe (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles''. CRC Press.</ref> * Uncedo kwizilwanyane: Liyathathwa linqunqwe, lifakwe esityeni ligalelwe amanzi iinkukhu kunye namantshantsho zisele. == Ukhathalelo lwesityalo == Uyakwazi nokusikhulisa endlini okanye eyadini yakho esisityalo xa ungumntu ofuna ukuzikhulisela. Kufunela wenze ngoluhlobo: * Ukukhanya: Beka isityalo sakho elangeni eliqaqambileyo kodwa lingathi ntsho esityalweni sakho, khona ukuze amagqabi angatshi okanye oluleke kakhulu. * [[Amanzi]]: Sincancise kakuhle, kodwa yeka umhlaba wome ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba uphinde usincancise. Oku ukunqanda ukubola kweengcambu. *Ukhuseleko: Sigcine kude neekati nezinja kuba ikhala elikrwada likwayityhefu kwizilwanyana. Kufuneka ulisebenzise ngobunono ungaliseli kakhulu ngoba lizakuphuma kakubi lingabiloncedo. == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Plant]] [[Uluhlu:Isityalo]] [[Uluhlu:Wild plant]] 2geyyjrez0fg8c6cyefnqbnqaejjdj3 10 9305 41849 2026-09-09T16:05:52Z Derek J Moore 13488 added 41849 sanitized-css text/css /****************************/ /*** xhipedia ***/ /****************************/ .xhipedia-handfont { font-family: sans-serif; } /****************************/ /*** HEADER ***/ /****************************/ .xhipedia-header { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr auto; background-color:#ee8019; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; margin-top: -20px; margin-bottom: 1em; } .xhipedia-header-left { padding: 1.4rem 1.75rem; color: white; } .xhipedia-logo { color:#333333;font-size:4rem;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia, serif;font-variant:small-caps;line-height:100%; padding-top:4px;} .xhi-logo-lead { color: #fff; } .xhi-logo-end { color: #fff; } .xhipedia-tagline { font-family: sans-serif; 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width: 250px; height: 400px; } .shade { display: block; position: relative; width: 100px; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-top: 30px solid #2c3e50; border-bottom: 30px solid transparent; border-radius: 50%; z-index: 40; } .top-light { position: absolute; height:0; width:20px; border-bottom:75px solid #f2ce3a; border-right:15px solid #f2ce3a; border-left:15px solid #f2ce3a; top: 10px; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); z-index: 10; } .pole { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 20px; height: 320px; background: #2c3e50; } .base { position: absolute; bottom: 0; left: 50%; transform: translateX(-50%); width: 40px; height: 20px; background: #1a252f; border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0; } .contain { height: 100vh; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background-color: #D2CBD5; transition: color 0.3s, background-color 0.3s; } .lamp-row { display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: flex-end; gap: 20px; flex-wrap: wrap; } /****************************/ /*** MOBILE ***/ /****************************/ @media screen and (max-width: 560px) { .xhipedia-header { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } .xhipedia-header-right { min-width: unset; border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15); padding: 1rem 1.25rem 1.25rem; } .xhipedia-logo { font-size: 1.9em; } .xhipedia-tagline { font-size: 1.1em; } } /****************************/ /*** Ta Txikipedia ***/ /****************************/ 6jsx64ri72gkkmh4bco64ro1gxhxq6w 0 9306 41853 2026-09-09T20:43:10Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371646960|Culture]]" 41853 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] 3h7oojyewcsqfjmqmm4s4nz91id7psd 41854 41853 2026-09-09T20:55:40Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371646960|Culture]]" 41854 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] cg61dc3t50hx68u61w4sqbmo6y3eap0 41855 41854 2026-09-09T21:29:41Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371646960|Culture]]" 41855 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] 9ifnoqo8r72vqf4qbovj2fzx71o0qj5 41856 41855 2026-09-09T21:46:12Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371646960|Culture]]" 41856 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] 1f84x635619g3n9wbuok2d2tb3v7yeo 10 9307 41861 2026-09-10T09:07:32Z Derek J Moore 13488 added 41861 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;">[[File:{{#switch: {{{1|{{{type|}}}}}} | 1 = Gthumb.svg | 2 = Replace this image JA.svg | 3 = Requestpicture.JPG | #default = Gthumb.svg }}|{{#if: {{{2|{{{size|}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{size}}}}}} | {{#switch: {{{1|{{{type|}}}}}} | 2 = 150px | 3 = 230px | #default = {{{size}}}<!-- size? --> }} }}|link=commons:Special:UploadWizard]]<br /><!-- --><span style="font-size: smaller;"><!-- -->{{Clickable button|c:Special:UploadWizard|Upload Image|class=mw-ui-progressive}}<!-- --></span></div><includeonly>{{#switch: {{NAMESPACE}} | {{ns:0}} | {{ns:1}} = {{#if:{{{cat|}}} | [[Category:{{{cat}}} Image Request]] }} | #default= }}{{#if: {{{cat1|}}} | [[Category:{{{cat1}}} Image Request]] }}{{#if: {{{cat2|}}} | [[Category:{{{cat2}}} Image Request]] }}{{#if: {{{cat3|}}} | [[Image Request for Category:{{{cat3}}}]] }}{{#if: {{{cat4|}}} | [[Image Request for Category:{{{cat4}}}]] }}{{#if: {{{cat5|}}} | [[Image Request for Category:{{{cat5}}}]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> 8azvn0eevg3z67vpo45uxw6sw9bfdmu 10 9308 41862 2026-09-10T09:08:53Z Derek J Moore 13488 added 41862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Clickable button|main}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> p9tti49lmjq7ifp2faksbrk6uifwc4d 828 9309 41863 2026-09-10T09:09:50Z Derek J Moore 13488 added the module 41863 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{clickable button 2}}. local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local delink = require('Module:Delink')._delink local p = {} function p.main(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame) return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) -- If first arg or a url is not provided, -- but we have a second arg, make a button. -- Otherwise, return nothing. args.originalInput = args[1] args[1] = delink({args[1]}) if args[1] == "" then args[1] = nil end if not args[1] and not args.url then if args[2] then p.nolink = true else return '' end end local data = p.makeLinkData(args) local link = p.renderLink(args.originalInput, data) local trackingCategories = p.renderTrackingCategories(args) return link .. trackingCategories end function p.makeLinkData(args) local data = {} -- Get the link and display values, -- and find whether we are outputting -- a wikilink or a URL. if args.url then data.isUrl = true data.link = args.url if args[1] then data.display = args[1] elseif args[2] then data.display = args[2] else data.display = args.url p.urlisdisplay = true end else data.isUrl = false p.urlisdisplay = false data.link = args[1] if args[2] then data.display = args[2] else data.display = args[1] end if args[1] and args[1]:find('http') then data.isUrl = true end end if yesno(args.link) == false then p.nolink = true end -- Colours -- For the merge with {{clickable button}} local colour = args.color and args.color:lower() -- Classes local class = args.class and args.class:lower() data.classes = {} if class == 'ui-button-green' or class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'ui-button-red' then table.insert( data.classes, 'submit ui-button ui-widget ui-state-default ui-corner-all' .. ' ui-button-text-only ui-button-text' ) else table.insert(data.classes, 'mw-ui-button') end --If class is unset, --then let color determine class if not class then if colour == 'blue' then class = 'mw-ui-progressive' elseif colour == 'red' then class = 'mw-ui-destructive' elseif colour == 'green' then class = 'mw-ui-constructive' end end if class then table.insert(data.classes, class) end -- Styles do --[[ -- Check whether we are on the same page as we have specified in -- args[1], but not if we are using a URL link, as then args[1] is only -- a display value. If we are currently on the page specified in -- args[1] make the button colour darker so that it stands out from -- other buttons on the page. --]] local success, linkTitle, currentTitle if not data.isUrl then currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() success, linkTitle = pcall(mw.title.new, args[1]) elseif p.urlisdisplay then currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end if success and linkTitle and mw.title.equals(currentTitle, linkTitle) and not p.urlisdisplay then if class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'mw-ui-progressive' or class == 'mw-ui-constructive' then data.backgroundColor = '#2962CB' data.color = '#fff' elseif class == 'ui-button-green' then data.backgroundColor = '#008B6D' elseif class == 'ui-button-red' or class == 'mw-ui-destructive' then data.backgroundColor = '#A6170F' else data.backgroundColor = '#CCC' data.color = '#666' end elseif p.urlisdisplay then data.dummyLink = tostring(currentTitle) end -- Add user-specified styles. data.style = args.style end return data end function p.renderLink(originalInput, data) -- Render the display span tag. local display do local displaySpan = mw.html.create('span') for i, class in ipairs(data.classes or {}) do displaySpan:addClass(class) end displaySpan :css{ ['background-color'] = data.backgroundColor, color = data.color } if data.style then displaySpan:cssText(data.style) end displaySpan:wikitext(data.display) display = tostring(displaySpan) end -- Render the link local link if originalInput and originalInput:find('|') then link = string.format('[[%s|%s]]', delink({originalInput, wikilinks = 'target'}), display) elseif p.nolink then if p.urlisdisplay then link = string.format('[[%s|%s]]', data.dummyLink, display) else link = string.format('%s', display) end else if data.isUrl then link = string.format('[%s %s]', data.link, display) else link = string.format('[[%s |%s]]', data.link, display) end end return string.format('<span class="plainlinks clickbutton">%s</span>', link) end function p.renderTrackingCategories(args) if yesno(args.category) == false then return '' end local class = args.class and args.class:lower() if class == 'ui-button-green' or class == 'ui-button-blue' or class == 'ui-button-red' then return '[[Category:Pages using old style ui-button-color]]' else return '' end end return p 2y4zqg2drz0jqpm59tyakc7koi33ehg 828 9310 41864 2026-09-10T09:13:48Z Derek J Moore 13488 added delink 41864 Scribunto text/plain -- This module de-links most wikitext. require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs local function delinkReversePipeTrick(s) if s:match("^%[%[|.*[|\n]") then -- Check for newlines or multiple pipes. return s end return s:match("%[%[|(.*)%]%]") end local function delinkPipeTrick(s) -- We need to deal with colons, brackets, and commas, per [[Help:Pipe trick]]. -- First, remove the text before the first colon, if any. if s:match(":") then s = s:match("%[%[.-:(.*)|%]%]") -- If there are no colons, grab all of the text apart from the square brackets and the pipe. else s = s:match("%[%[(.*)|%]%]") end -- Next up, brackets and commas. if s:match("%(.-%)$") then -- Brackets trump commas. s = s:match("(.-) ?%(.-%)$") elseif s:match(",") then -- If there are no brackets, display only the text before the first comma. s = s:match("(.-),.*$") end return s end -- Return wikilink target |wikilinks=target local function getDelinkedTarget(s) local result = s -- Deal with the reverse pipe trick. if result:match("%[%[|") then return delinkReversePipeTrick(result) end result = mw.uri.decode(result, "PATH") -- decode percent-encoded entities. Leave underscores and plus signs. result = mw.text.decode(result, true) -- decode HTML entities. -- Check for bad titles. To do this we need to find the -- title area of the link, i.e. the part before any pipes. local target_area if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)|.*%]%]") else target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end -- Check for bad characters. if mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") and mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") ~= "?" then return s end return target_area end local function getDelinkedLabel(s) local result = s -- Deal with the reverse pipe trick. if result:match("%[%[|") then return delinkReversePipeTrick(result) end result = mw.uri.decode(result, "PATH") -- decode percent-encoded entities. Leave underscores and plus signs. result = mw.text.decode(result, true) -- decode HTML entities. -- Check for bad titles. To do this we need to find the -- title area of the link, i.e. the part before any pipes. local target_area if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)|.*%]%]") else target_area = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end -- Check for bad characters. if mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") and mw.ustring.match(target_area, "[%[%]<>{}%%%c\n]") ~= "?" then return s end -- Check for categories, interwikis, and files. local colon_prefix = result:match("%[%[(.-):.*%]%]") or "" -- Get the text before the first colon. local ns = mw.site.namespaces[colon_prefix] -- see if this is a known namespace if mw.language.isKnownLanguageTag(colon_prefix) or (ns and (ns.canonicalName == "File" or ns.canonicalName == "Category")) then return "" end -- Remove the colon if the link is using the [[Help:Colon trick]]. if result:match("%[%[:") then result = "[[" .. result:match("%[%[:(.*%]%])") end -- Deal with links using the [[Help:Pipe trick]]. if mw.ustring.match(result, "^%[%[[^|]*|%]%]") then return delinkPipeTrick(result) end -- Find the display area of the wikilink if result:match("|") then -- Find if we're dealing with a piped link. result = result:match("^%[%[.-|(.+)%]%]") -- Remove new lines from the display of multiline piped links, -- where the pipe is before the first new line. result = result:gsub("\n", "") else result = result:match("^%[%[(.-)%]%]") end return result end local function delinkURL(s) -- Assume we have already delinked internal wikilinks, and that -- we have been passed some text between two square brackets [foo]. -- If the text contains a line break it is not formatted as a URL, regardless of other content. if s:match("\n") then return s end -- Check if the text has a valid URL prefix and at least one valid URL character. local valid_url_prefixes = {"//", "http://", "https://", "ftp://", "gopher://", "mailto:", "news:", "irc://"} local url_prefix for _ ,v in ipairs(valid_url_prefixes) do if mw.ustring.match(s, '^%[' .. v ..'[^"%s].*%]' ) then url_prefix = v break end end -- Get display text if not url_prefix then return s end s = s:match("^%[" .. url_prefix .. "(.*)%]") -- Grab all of the text after the URL prefix and before the final square bracket. s = s:match('^.-(["<> ].*)') or "" -- Grab all of the text after the first URL separator character ("<> ). s = mw.ustring.match(s, "^%s*(%S.*)$") or "" -- If the separating character was a space, trim it off. local s_decoded = mw.text.decode(s, true) if mw.ustring.match(s_decoded, "%c") then return s end return s_decoded end local function delinkLinkClass(text, pattern, delinkFunction) if type(text) ~= "string" then error("Attempt to de-link non-string input.", 2) end if type(pattern) ~= "string" or mw.ustring.sub(pattern, 1, 1) ~= "^" then error('Invalid pattern detected. Patterns must begin with "^".', 2) end -- Iterate over the text string, and replace any matched text. using the -- delink function. We need to iterate character by character rather -- than just use gsub, otherwise nested links aren't detected properly. local result = "" while text ~= "" do -- Replace text using one iteration of gsub. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, pattern, delinkFunction, 1) -- Append the left-most character to the result string. result = result .. mw.ustring.sub(text, 1, 1) text = mw.ustring.sub(text, 2, -1) end return result end function p._delink(args) local text = args[1] or "" if args.refs == "yes" then -- Remove any [[Help:Strip markers]] representing ref tags. In most situations -- this is not a good idea - only use it if you know what you are doing! text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "UNIQ%w*%-ref%-%d*%-QINU", "") end if args.comments ~= "no" then text = text:gsub("<!%-%-.-%-%->", "") -- Remove html comments. end if args.wikilinks ~= "no" and args.wikilinks ~= "target" then -- De-link wikilinks and return the label portion of the wikilink. text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[%[.-%]%]", getDelinkedLabel) elseif args.wikilinks == "target" then -- De-link wikilinks and return the target portions of the wikilink. text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[%[.-%]%]", getDelinkedTarget) end if args.urls ~= "no" then text = delinkLinkClass(text, "^%[.-%]", delinkURL) -- De-link URLs. end if args.whitespace ~= "no" then -- Replace single new lines with a single space, but leave double new lines -- and new lines only containing spaces or tabs before a second new line. text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "([^\n \t][ \t]*)\n([ \t]*[^\n \t])", "%1 %2") text = text:gsub("[ \t]+", " ") -- Remove extra tabs and spaces. end return text end function p.delink(frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return p._delink(getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Delink'})) end return p eo4wg7bc1xprj4aiuc09it1k7bqcd6y 10 9311 41865 2026-09-10T09:40:27Z Derek J Moore 13488 added 41865 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Template explanation== This template is to upload, share and show localized images (and another media) in the language of the current page. Users can be create and insert an image file onto Wikimedia. A specific article might requires more openly licensed pictures or illustrations. <pre> {{Layisha umfanekiso|type=1|size=300px|cat=Category:Light poles}} </pre> p6o60migu76l46xp2uz9bj7fc2z31lm 41866 41865 2026-09-10T09:44:02Z Derek J Moore 13488 added 41866 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Explanation== This template is to upload, share and show localized images (and another media) in the language of the current page. Users can be create and insert an image file onto Wikimedia. A specific article might requires more openly licensed pictures or illustrations. <pre> {{Layisha umfanekiso|type=1|size=300px|cat=Light poles}} </pre> i8u8pldpmolia6gd30nl1wlf5eak609