Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9306 41915 41908 2026-09-14T10:34:57Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41915 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture 9vj0s2jm702own9xfoxvvsz7oor7m11