Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 4 2127 41917 41497 2026-09-15T12:58:11Z MediaWiki message delivery 4063 /* I-wiki yakho iza kuba kukufunda kuphela kungekudala */ new section 41917 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ [[/Archive/]] - [[/Archive2/]] - [[/Archive3/]] - [[/Archive4/]] - [[/Archive5/]] ---- * '''xh:''' Izicelo zeflegi yebot kufuneka zenziwe kweli phepha. Le wiki isebenzisa umthetho womgangatho we-bot, kwaye uvumela ii-bot zehlabathi kunye nokugunyaziswa kweentlobo ezithile ze-bot oko kusenzeka ngaphandle kokulawulwa ngumntu. ezinye ii-bots zimelwe kukwenzeka apha ngaphantsi, kuze ke emva koko, [[kucelwe indlela yokufikelela]] kulowo ubekiweyo ukuba abeliliso xa kungekho mpikiswano. * '''en:''' Requests for the [[m:bot|bot]] flag should be made on this page. This wiki uses the [[m:bot policy|standard bot policy]], and allows [[m:bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] and [[m:bot policy#Automatic_approval|automatic approval of certain types of bots]]. Other bots should apply below, and then [[m:Steward requests/Bot status|request access]] from a steward if there is no objection. == Ingxoxo yababini == [[Mahluko:Contributions/&#126;2025-35191-47|&#126;2025-35191-47]] ([[Ingxoxo nelungu:&#126;2025-35191-47|talk]]) 19:22, 20 Eye Nkanga 2025 (UTC) :cela ubuza yini i G 20 [[Mahluko:Contributions/&#126;2025-35191-47|&#126;2025-35191-47]] ([[Ingxoxo nelungu:&#126;2025-35191-47|talk]]) 19:24, 20 Eye Nkanga 2025 (UTC) == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:44, 16 EyoMqungu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 13:21, 18 EyoMqungu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:02, 19 EyoMqungu 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Proposals for closing projects == Hello, There is a proposal to closing the project in Meta-Wiki: [[:m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Xhosa Wikipedia 3]], you're invited to join the discussion. Thanks, Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 23:13, 1 EyoKwindla 2026 (UTC) Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 23:13, 1 EyoKwindla 2026 (UTC) : I '''oppose''' this proposal in principle. The community should decide for itself what quality looks like. Also by own admission the proposer is not a native speaker of the language and has admitted to sub-quality contributions as an attempt to "'''''take over the wiki'''''". --[[Mahluko:Contributions/&#126;2026-15525-52|&#126;2026-15525-52]] ([[Ingxoxo nelungu:&#126;2026-15525-52|talk]]) 11:31, 11 EyoKwindla 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 17:11, 3 EkaTshazimpuzi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 00:58, 26 EkaTshazimpuzi 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == Remove African language == idk Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 19:39, 20 Inyanga kaCanz... 2026 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:15, 27 Inyanga kaCanz... 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|inthetho]])</bdi> 17:12, 23 EyeSilimela 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 EyeSilimela 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Isixhosa == [[Hxmoj😝❤️😁hknm dknlblslspjgk kelcmfkelxkclemclf|Hxmoj😝❤️😁]] Iqonga lakho othetha kulo 16:41, 16 EyeKhala 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:25, 24 EyeKhala 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == I-wiki yakho iza kuba kukufunda kuphela kungekudala == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Funda lo myalezo ngolunye ulwimi]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.</span>''' * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Then you should be able to save your edit.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Other effects'':</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 Eyo Msintsi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> bsl7m89ukob9nvqckw2giu4trsx6rtf 0 8220 41927 39913 2026-09-16T10:24:27Z Makenzis 8220 41927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=Etoile de Kivu|image=|fullname=|nickname=|founded=|ground=[[Kadutu Concord Stadium]]<br>[[Bukavu]], [[DR Congo]]|capacity=10,000|chairman=|manager=|league=[[Linafoot]] |season=2025-26|position=8th, Group B |website=|pattern_la1=_jomatoletum2ow|pattern_b1=_jomatoletum2ow|pattern_ra1=_jomatoletum2ow|pattern_sh1=|leftarm1=FF8000|body1=FF8000|rightarm1=FF8000|shorts1=FF7700|socks1=FFFFFF |pattern_la2=_domzale1819t|pattern_b2=_domzale1819t|pattern_ra2=_domzale1819t|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FF7700 |pattern_la3=_domzale1819t|pattern_b3=_domzale1819t|pattern_ra3=_domzale1819t|leftarm3=FFFFFF|body3=FFFFFF|rightarm3=FFFFFF|shorts3=FF7700|socks3=FFFFFF }} '''U-Etoile de Kivu''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Iriphabliki yaseKhongo Ekhululekile|yaseCongo]] esekelwe [[Bukavu|eBukavu]], kwiphondo [[IPhondo laseMzantsi Kivu|laseMzantsi Kivu]] kwaye ngoku idlala [[Linafoot|kwiLinafoot]], inqanaba lokuqala lebhola lebhola [[Iriphabliki yaseKhongo Ekhululekile|laseCongo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LINAFOOT.com|url=https://linafoot.com/|accessdate=2022-02-23|website=linafoot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo DR - Etoile de Kivu FC - Results, fixtures, squad, statistics, photos, videos and news - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/congo-dr/etoile-de-kivu/41447/|accessdate=2022-02-23|website=int.soccerway.com}}</ref> == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Linafoot}} [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eLubumbashi]] [[Category:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo eDemocratic Republic of the Congo]] okamydqazuahrccejy0vknbo6gn2i7g 0 8565 41926 39911 2026-09-16T10:16:31Z Makenzis 8220 41926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=FC Lubumbashi Sport|image=|fullname=Football Club Lubumbashi Sport|nickname=Kamikazes|founded=1929<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zairefound.html|title = Congo-Kinshasa (DR Congo, Zaire) - Foundation Dates of Clubs}}</ref>|ground=[[Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba]], [[Lubumbashi]], [[IRiphabliki yeDemocratic Congo|DR Congo]]|capacity=20,000|chairman=|manager=|league=[[Linafoot]] |season=[[2025–26 Linafoot|2025–26]]|position=7th, Group A}} '''Iqela lebhola ekhatywayo iLubumbashi Imidlalo''' liqela lebhola ekhatywayo elisuka [[IRiphabliki yeDemocratic Congo|eDR Congo]]. Ngoku badlala [[Linafoot|kwiLinafoot]] ye-DR Congo ephezulu. Imidlalo yabo yasekhaya ibanjelwe [[Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba|eStade Frederic Kibassa Maliba]] [[Lubumbashi|eLubumbashi]]. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[Indebe yaBaphumeleleyo kwiNdebe ye-Afrika]]''': Imidlalo e-1 :: [[1981 African Cup Winners' Cup|1981]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala == Iimbekiselo == <references /> == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/congo-dr/lubumbashi-sport/25697/ Iprofayile] ''yeklabhu-Soccerway.com'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150604030647/http://www.weltfussballarchiv.com/images/club_logos/200x200/13143.png I-logo yeklabhu] {{Linafoot}} [[Uluhlu:Ngowe-1929 amaziko eBelgian Congo]] [[Uluhlu:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo asekwe ngo-1929]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zebhola eLubumbashi]] [[Uluhlu:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo eDemocratic Republic of the Congo]] dw7eo5gs6xo0twyex5grs73i8kihx1s 0 9306 41918 41916 2026-09-15T19:03:09Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41918 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture g97a67086xzs27yk1ok31aasqidj7x0 41919 41918 2026-09-15T19:15:11Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41919 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture lwv8k6kyigiehzxvegtygrv4oj855aa 41920 41919 2026-09-15T19:31:52Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41920 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture ssh612t3gvle91hodbt64e6bhxlim76 41921 41920 2026-09-15T19:46:18Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41921 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture 7ionbzesq4946ol5jrlh2gp79ypo3u1 41922 41921 2026-09-15T20:07:34Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41922 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture r4n7c01zyie0gfn501dyhg3620gydvg 41923 41922 2026-09-15T20:12:51Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41923 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture 1wvmnssrqaqgg3myxmr7u82oowfcaz0 41924 41923 2026-09-15T20:25:33Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41924 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> # Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki. # Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture fv1xena7gs8u4614sfbkuhbslpqu5k5 41925 41924 2026-09-15T20:39:54Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the section "Cultural studies" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374669882|Culture]]" 41925 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> # Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki. # Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=53|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=95}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=125}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=89}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=4}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> # Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki. # Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu. Ngonyaka ka 2016, uRein Raud,<ref name="meaning-in-action">{{Cite book|title=Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture|date=2016|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|isbn=978-1-5095-1124-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=944339574}}</ref> waphakamisa indlela entsha yokuqonda inkcubeko, eyichaza njengengqokelela yezixhobo ezikhoyo ukuze abantu baqonde ihlabathi labo, waphakamisa indlela equka amanqanaba amabini, edibanisa uphando lwezicatshulwa (zonke iintsingiselo ezimiselweyo nezisasazekileyo) kunye nezenzo zenkcubeko (zonke izenzo ezinokuphindaphindwa ezibandakanya ukuveliswa, ukusasazwa okanye ukudluliswa kweenjongo), ngaloo ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudibanisa kwakhona uphando lwezenkcubeko olusekelwe kwi-anthropology nakwi-sociology kunye nesithethe sethiyoni yezicatshulwa. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture 7n2s1a3bs3iwype5l3s8tn4myrrd433