Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.20 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6709 41955 33020 2026-09-18T04:19:46Z Max 13154 Max moved page [[Ingxoxo nelungu:SHB2000]] to [[Ingxoxo nelungu:SHB]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB2000|SHB2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB|SHB]]" 33020 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="border: 1rem #dd0000 ridge; padding: 0.5em;">Hello! Please message me on [[m:User talk:SHB2000|meta.wikimedia.org]] instead. I may not notice messages on this page.</div> ojy2vkqs676esjrcfi79dwyt0tjr5xc 0 7437 41958 39866 2026-09-18T10:15:33Z Makenzis 8220 41958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|||clubname=AS Police|image=|fullname=Association Sportive de la Police Nationale|nickname=|founded=1993|ground=<br>[[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=|chairman=|manager=|league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025-26|position=4th |pattern_la1=_maritimo1516h|pattern_b1=_maritimo1516h|pattern_ra1=_maritimo1516h|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1=|leftarm1=008000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=008000|shorts1=008000|socks1=008000|pattern_la2=_nigeria16a|pattern_b2=_nigeria16a|pattern_ra2=_nigeria16a|pattern_sh2=|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF}} {{Infobox football club|fullname=Association Sportive de la Police Nationale|founded=1993|ground=Niamey, Niger|league=[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Niger Premier League]]}} [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] '''I-Association Sportive Police''', eyaziwa ngokuba yi '''AS-Police''', yiklabhu [[ibhola ekhatywayo]] [[Nayija|yaseNiger]] esekelwe [[Niamey|eNiamey]] kwaye ixhaswa yiPolisa [[Amapolisa kaZwelonke eNiger|yeSizwe]] yaseNigerien. Yasekwa ngo-1993, AS Police iphumelele [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|iNiger Premier League]] kunye [[Indebe yaseNiger|neNiger Cup]] kabini ngo-2008 <ref>{{Cite web|last=Batalha|first=José|date=21 December 2009|title=Niger 2008|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html|accessdate=17 March 2011|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]] : 1''' :: 2008. * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]] : 1''' :: 2008. * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]] : 0''' == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''I-CAF Champions League : Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2009 - Umjikelo wokuqala * '''I-CAF Confederation Cup : Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2022 - Umjikelo wokuqala == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}}{{Football in Niger}}{{Niger Premier League}} ccwetj35xc3bqt54o64uh3c37esbpjs 0 8047 41964 39869 2026-09-18T10:39:10Z Makenzis 8220 41964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=Sahel SC|image=<!-- [[File:Sahel.jpg]] -->|fullname=Sahel Sporting Club|nickname=|founded=1974|ground=[[Terrain musulmans]]<br />[[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|chairman=[[El Hadj Ibrahim Danssoussou]]|manager={{flagicon|Niger}} [[Zakaryaou]] |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–26|position=7th }} '''ISahel Sporting Club''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola ekhatywayo]] yaseNiger esekelwe [[Niamey|eNiamey]]. Iklabhu yasekwa ngo-1974 ukusuka kwiqela lebhola lebhola '''le-Secteur 7'''. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|INiger Premier League]]: 13''' ** 1973 (njengeCandelo lesi-7) ** 1974, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009 * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 12''' ** 1974, 1978, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017 ** Owaphuma kwindawo yesibini: 1991, 1999 == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[I-CAF Champions League]] : Imidlalo emithathu''' :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2004|2004]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wesibini :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2008|2008]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2010|2010]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe ye-Afrika yeeKlabhu zeeNtshatsheli|I-African Cup of Champions Clubs]] : 3 ukubonakala''' :: [[Indebe yeeNtshatsheli ze-Afrika ngo-1991|1991]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-African Cup of Champions Clubs ngo-1992|1992]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-African Cup of Champions Clubs ngo-1993|1993]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe yeConfederations yeCAF|I-CAF Confederation Cup]]: imidlalo emi-4''' :: [[I-CAF Confederation Cup ka-2006|2006]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[CAF Confederation Cup 2007|2007]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[2011 CAF Confederation Cup|2011]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[2012 CAF Confederation Cup|2012]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe yeCAF yabaphumeleleyo|I-CAF Cup Winners' Cup]]: imidlalo emi-3''' :: 1975&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: 1994&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: 1997&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala == Iimbekiselo == {{Football in Niger}}{{Niger Premier League}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Ngo-1974 ukusekwa eNiger]] [[Category:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] [[Category:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo asekwe ngo-1974]] 7b045irvfykc3086l7jypn70qdfu5eg 41965 41964 2026-09-18T10:39:21Z Makenzis 8220 /* Iimbekiselo */ 41965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=Sahel SC|image=<!-- [[File:Sahel.jpg]] -->|fullname=Sahel Sporting Club|nickname=|founded=1974|ground=[[Terrain musulmans]]<br />[[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|chairman=[[El Hadj Ibrahim Danssoussou]]|manager={{flagicon|Niger}} [[Zakaryaou]] |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–26|position=7th }} '''ISahel Sporting Club''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola ekhatywayo]] yaseNiger esekelwe [[Niamey|eNiamey]]. Iklabhu yasekwa ngo-1974 ukusuka kwiqela lebhola lebhola '''le-Secteur 7'''. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|INiger Premier League]]: 13''' ** 1973 (njengeCandelo lesi-7) ** 1974, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2009 * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 12''' ** 1974, 1978, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1996, 2004, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2017 ** Owaphuma kwindawo yesibini: 1991, 1999 == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[I-CAF Champions League]] : Imidlalo emithathu''' :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2004|2004]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wesibini :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2008|2008]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2010|2010]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe ye-Afrika yeeKlabhu zeeNtshatsheli|I-African Cup of Champions Clubs]] : 3 ukubonakala''' :: [[Indebe yeeNtshatsheli ze-Afrika ngo-1991|1991]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-African Cup of Champions Clubs ngo-1992|1992]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-African Cup of Champions Clubs ngo-1993|1993]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe yeConfederations yeCAF|I-CAF Confederation Cup]]: imidlalo emi-4''' :: [[I-CAF Confederation Cup ka-2006|2006]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[CAF Confederation Cup 2007|2007]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[2011 CAF Confederation Cup|2011]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[2012 CAF Confederation Cup|2012]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[Indebe yeCAF yabaphumeleleyo|I-CAF Cup Winners' Cup]]: imidlalo emi-3''' :: 1975&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: 1994&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: 1997&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala == Iimbekiselo == {{Niger Premier League}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Ngo-1974 ukusekwa eNiger]] [[Category:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] [[Category:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo asekwe ngo-1974]] ky3vgwfb6cghdzzwbrim7cytx41y4c8 0 8060 41939 36530 2026-09-17T15:31:36Z Makukhanye 16592 By Translating from Xhosa To English. 41939 wikitext text/x-wiki UZolani Mkiva yimbongi yomthonyama, iLungu lePalamente, nowayesakuba yiMbongi yoMongameli ongasekhoyo, uNelson Mandela. Liqongqolo lomthonyama wooGcwanini, ooMiya, ooSbewu, nenzalelwane yaseBholothwa, enye yeelali zaseDutywa, eMpuma Koloni. Lo kaMkiva ukhulele kwikhaya lamaciko namacaluza acimba, acivothe kuvokotheke, nawathi amqaphula, amhlikihla ngomhlabelo wokubonga. Phakathi kwabantu ababalulayo ekumfakeni iintlanga zokubonga ngukhokho wakhe, ongasekhoyo uPauzen Jacula Mkiva, nowayeyimbongi, umlondolozimbali, netshantliziyo lomzabalazo. UMkiva umzoba njengoyena waqoqa, wakhulisa isakhono sakhe sokubonga. Ukwakhankanya notatomncinci wakhe, uKhaya Mkiva, awayemana emkhapha xa esiya kumatheko amenyelwe ukubonga kuwo. Ukuhamba nokuphawula utatomncinci wakhe kwamkhokelela ekubongeni okokuqala esidlangalaleni eneminyaka elithoba. Kananjalo, uMkiva ukhankanya notata wakhe, uGwebindlala Mkiva, namzoba njengomntu "oliciko lokuthetha, esebenzisa izafobe nezangotshe zeembongi, kodwa ebengazange ade abe uyimbongi ngokwakhe" (Mkiva, 2018). Xa uphulaphule isihobe sikaMkiva, uva uncuthu mazangwa lwesigama esityebileyo, nesidakanca kudundubale oku kweqanda leseme oko athetha ngako, esebenzisa ezo zafobe nezangotshe awakhuliselwa kuzo ngutata wakhe xa ethetha. NgokukaMakhenyane (2015; 2020), isihobe sikaMkiva sishukuxa imiba etshisa ibunzi nesemdleni wesizwe ngokubanzi. UMakhenyane (Ibid.) usihlalutye isihobe sikaMkiva phantsi kweengcingambono ezintathu: isihobe esinkqangiyelela inguqu kwimiba yentlalo, yopolitiko, yentlalo neyenkcubeko; isihobe esiphenjelelwa ngumoya wobuthandazwe, nalapho atyityimba ngezachola zesizwe samaXhosa nezeAfrika ngokubanzi, esazisa iAfrika njengelizwe elinye, hayi ilizwekazi elinamazwe amaninzi; isihobe esimumathe ibali lomzabalazo, apho avuma izango zeengoma, eqhwabela iizandla iinkokheli ezazibalula ngokuzabalazela inkululeko yoMzantsi Afrika neyeAfrika ngeenjongo zokuntlantlatha amadolo iinkokheli zanamhlanje, ekwatsalela umdla wesizwe kumzabalazo omtsha weli xesha lirhorhozela ezithendeni zobandlululo. Translated from Xhosa To English. UZolani Mkiva is an indigenous poet, Member of Parliament, and former Presidential Poet to the late President Nelson Mandela. He is a member of the traditional clan of amaGcwanini, ooMiya, and ooSbewu, and hails from Bholothwa, one of the villages in Dutywa in the Eastern Cape. Mkiva was raised in a family deeply rooted in artistic and oral traditions, where poets and accomplished oral performers composed and recited praise poetry with remarkable skill. It was within this cultural and artistic environment that his aptitude for praise poetry was nurtured and cultivated. Among those whom Mkiva credits with playing a significant role in the development of his praise-poetry abilities is his late grandfather, Pauzen Jacula Mkiva, who was himself a poet, historian, and activist in the liberation struggle. Mkiva identifies his grandfather as the person who first recognised, nurtured, and cultivated his poetic talent. He also acknowledges the influence of his uncle, Khaya Mkiva, whom he frequently accompanied to ceremonies and other occasions at which his uncle had been invited to perform praise poetry. Through accompanying and observing his uncle, Mkiva was introduced to the practice of public praise performance, which culminated in his first public performance at the age of nine. Mkiva further acknowledges the influence of his father, Gwebindlala Mkiva, whom he describes as “a skilled orator who employed the metaphors and poetic devices characteristic of praise poets, although he himself never became a praise poet” (Mkiva, 2018). A close engagement with Mkiva’s poetry reveals the richness, musicality, and expressive density of his language. His poetic diction is characterised by an intricate deployment of figurative language and other rhetorical devices through which he vividly evokes and elaborates upon his subject matter. These metaphorical and poetic modes of expression can be traced, in part, to the linguistic and cultural environment in which he was raised, particularly the influence of his father. According to Makhenyane (2015; 2020), Mkiva’s poetry engages with pressing issues that occupy the consciousness of society and the nation at large. Makhenyane (ibid.) analyses Mkiva’s poetry through three broad conceptual lenses. First, it constitutes poetry that advocates for transformation in the social, political, and cultural spheres. Through his poetic interventions, Mkiva engages critically with prevailing social conditions and calls attention to the need for change. Second, Mkiva’s poetry is informed by a strong sense of patriotism and draws extensively on Xhosa and broader African cultural and national symbols. Within this framework, he invokes the cultural heritage of the Xhosa people while simultaneously articulating a broader conception of African unity. Africa is represented not merely as a continent comprising numerous individual states, but as a collective entity characterised by a shared identity, history, and destiny. Third, Mkiva’s poetry embodies and commemorates the history of the liberation struggle. He celebrates the achievements of the struggle and pays tribute to the leaders who distinguished themselves through their commitment to securing political freedom in South Africa and across Africa. In doing so, his poetry not only preserves and commemorates the historical memory of liberation but also invokes the legacy of these leaders as a means of challenging and holding contemporary leadership to account. At the same time, Mkiva directs public attention towards the struggles of the present era, which continues to bear the enduring social, political, and cultural legacies of apartheid. q7rsla2dflfzomcov679o1kddald6uo 0 8196 41959 39865 2026-09-18T10:22:47Z Makenzis 8220 41959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=AS GNN|image=|fullname=Association sportive de la Garde nationale nigérienne|nickname=|founded={{start date and age|1974}} njenge AS–FNIS<br>{{start date and age|1974}} njenge AS–GNN|ground=[[Général Seyni Kountché Stadion]]<br>[[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=50,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Super Ligue (Niger)|Super Ligue ]]|season=2025–26|position=5th of 14 |pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=ffffff|body1=ffffff|rightarm1=ffffff|shorts1=ff0000|socks1=ffffff |pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_unknown|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF }} '''I-Association sportive de la Garde nationale nigérienne''' okanye ngokulula '''i-AS GNN''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNigerien]] esekelwe e[[Niamey|-Niamey]] kwaye ixhaswa yiMikhosi [[National Forces for Intervention and Security (FNIS)|yeSizwe yoNgenelelo kunye noKhuseleko (FNIS)]]. Ngo-2011 iklabhu yathiywa ngokutsha ukusuka ku-AS-FNIS ukuya kwi-AS GNN. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]] : 6''' :: 2005, 2006, 2011, 2014, 2023, 2024 * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]] : 3''' :: 2007, 2018, 2023 * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]] : 1''' :: 2011. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[I-CAF Champions League]]: Imidlalo emithathu''' :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2006|2006]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[I-CAF Champions League ngo-2007|2007]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala :: [[2012 CAF Champions League|2012]]&nbsp;- * '''[[Indebe yeConfederations yeCAF|I-CAF Confederation Cup]]: Imbonakalo enye''' :: [[CAF Confederation Cup 2008|2008]]&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html INiger Premier League, ngo-2008] – iSiseko seRSSSF {{Football in Niger}}{{Niger Premier League}} [[Category:Ngo-1974 ukusekwa eNiger]] [[Category:Amaqela ebhola ekhatywayo asekwe ngo-1974]] [[Category:Sport in Niamey]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] [[Category:Ukuthotyelwa komthetho eNiger]] 3ujc51c4u2mj1oxp3ylh4zaa78jwesf 0 8197 41966 39870 2026-09-18T11:45:34Z Makenzis 8220 41966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club| |clubname=Urana|image=|fullname=Urana FC d'Arlit|nickname=|founded=|ground=[[Stade d'Arlit]]<br>[[Akokan, Niger|Akokan]]|capacity=7,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Niger Premier League]] |season=2025–26 |position=12th |pattern_la1 = _levski1617t |pattern_b1 = _dunav1617h |pattern_ra1 = _levski1617t |pattern_sh1 = |pattern_so1 = |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = FFDF00 |socks1 = 000066 |pattern_la2 = |pattern_b2 = _jomawinner19bn |pattern_ra2 = |pattern_sh2 = |pattern_so2 = |leftarm2 = 181146 |body2 = FFFFFF |rightarm2 = 181146 |shorts2 = 0033FF |socks2 = 0033FF |pattern_la3 = |pattern_b3 = _jomachampion19ybr |pattern_ra3 = |pattern_sh3 = |pattern_so3 = |leftarm3 = 000066 |body3 = FFFFFF |rightarm3 = 000066 |shorts3 = FFFF00 |socks3 = FFFF00 }} '''I-Urana FC d'Arlit''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola ekhatywayo]] [[Nayija|yaseNiger]] esekelwe [[Arlit|eArlit]]. Iklabhu idlala [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|kwiNiger Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mozambique - Clube Ferroviário de Pemba - Results and fixtures - Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/mozambique/clube-ferroviario-de-pemba/15264/matches/}}</ref> == Ibala lemidlalo == Imidlalo yasekhaya idlala kumthamo we-7,000 [[eStade d'Arlit|weStade d'Arlit]]. == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/niger/urana-fc-darlit/17524/ Indlela yebhola] * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger2014.html RSSSF] {{Niger Premier League}} [[Category:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] kjiozsf5vl6cxj1pqlfdv67f4q7u2wi 0 8309 41957 39867 2026-09-18T10:04:01Z Makenzis 8220 41957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club|clubname=US GN|image=|fullname=Union Sportive de la Gendarmerie Nationale|nickname=|founded={{Start date and age|df=yes|1996}}|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Super Ligue (Niger)|Super Ligue]]|season=2025/26|position=Super Ligue, 2nd of 14}} '''I-Union Sportive de la Gendarmerie Nationale''' yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNiger]] esekelwe [[Niamey|eNiamey]]. Yasekwa ngo-1996,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger - List of Foundation Dates|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerfound.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=RSSSF}}</ref> kwaye ikhuphisana kwiNiger [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger - Union Sportive Gendarmerie Nationale - Results and fixtures|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/niger/union-sportive-gendarmerie-nationale/17520/matches/|accessdate=24 July 2021|website=Soccerway}}</ref> Ngo-2021, yaphumelela zombini iligi kunye nendebe, izihloko zokuqala kwimbali yeklabhu.<ref name="league">{{Cite web|title=Niger - List of Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerchamp.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=RSSSF}}</ref><ref name="cup">{{Cite web|title=Niger - List of Cup Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigercuphist.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=RSSSF}}</ref> == Ibala lemidlalo == Iqela lidlala imidlalo yalo yasekhaya kwindawo engama-35,000 [[Stade Général Seyni Koutché|yeStade Général Seyni Kounché]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Union Sportive Gendarmerie Nationale|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/niger/union-sportive-gendarmerie-nationale/17520/|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|ILigue enkulu]] : 1''' :: [[2020–21 Super Ligue (Niger)|2020–21]] <ref name="league">{{Cite web|title=Niger - List of Champions|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerchamp.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=RSSSF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigerchamp.html "Niger - List of Champions"]. ''RSSSF''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]] : 1''' :: 2021 <ref name="cup">{{Cite web|title=Niger - List of Cup Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigercuphist.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|website=RSSSF}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nigercuphist.html "Niger - List of Cup Winners"]. ''RSSSF''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]] : 0''' == Ingxelo yokhuphiswano lweCAF == ''Uhlaziyo lokugqibela: 24 February 2023'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:100%" !Season !Competition !Round !Club !Home !Away !Aggregate |- |[[2019–20 CAF Confederation Cup|2019–20]] |[[CAF Confederation Cup]] |PR |{{Flagicon|LBY}} [[Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli)|Al-Ittihad]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |0–2 | align="center" |'''1–3''' |- | rowspan="2" |[[2020–21 CAF Confederation Cup|2020–21]] | rowspan="2" |[[CAF Confederation Cup]] |PR |{{Flagicon|MLI}} [[Yeelen Olympique]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center; background:#dfd;" |1–0 | align="center" |'''2–1''' |- |1R |{{Flagicon|ALG}} [[JS Kabylie]] | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |1–2 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |2–0 | align="center" |'''1–4''' |- | rowspan="6" |2021–22 | rowspan="2" |[[CAF Champions League]] |1R |{{Flagicon|BDI}} [[Le Messager Ngozi FC|Le Messager Ngozi]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center; background:#dfd;" |1–0 | align="center" |'''2–1''' |- |2R |{{Flagicon|EGY}} [[Al Ahly SC|Al-Ahly]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |1–6 | align="center" |'''2–7''' |- | rowspan="4" |[[CAF Confederation Cup]] |PO |{{Flagicon|DRC}} [[Daring Club Motema Pembe|DC Motema Pembe]] | style="text-align:center; background:#dfd;" |2–0 | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |0–1 | align="center" |'''2–1''' |- | rowspan="3" |GS |{{Flagicon|MAR}} [[RS Berkane]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |2–2 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |3–5 | rowspan="3" align="center" |'''4th''' |- |{{Flagicon|TAN}} [[Simba S.C.|Simba]] | style="text-align:center; background:#ffd;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |0–4 |- |{{Flagicon|CIV}} [[ASEC Mimosas]] | style="text-align:center; background:#dfd;" |2–0 | style="text-align:center; background:#fdd;" |1–2 |} ; Amanqaku * '''PR''' : Umjikelo wokuqala * '''1R''' : Umjikelo wokuqala * '''I-2Q''' : Umjikelo wesibini wokufaneleka * '''PO''' : Umjikelo wokudlala * '''GS''' : Inqanaba leqela == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}}{{Football in Niger}}{{Niger Premier League}} [[Category:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Category:Super Ligue (eNiger)]] [[Category:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] jcdbji86ugvr1jfnfxj0iq6is2dccfq 0 8716 41960 39861 2026-09-18T10:31:39Z Makenzis 8220 41960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=AS Douanes|image=|fullname=Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey|nickname=|founded= |ground=[[Général Seyni Kountché Stadion]] and [[Stade municipal de Niamey]], [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=50,000 and 5,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–2026|position=6th |pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=FFFFFF }} '''I-AS Douanes''' (''Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey'', 'Niamey Customs Enforcement Sports Association') yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNigerien]] esekelwe e[[Niamey|-Niamey]] kwaye ixhaswa ngamapolisa erhafu karhulumente. Ngaphambi kwexesha le-2005-6 badlala kwisixeko [[Tillabéri|saseTillabéry]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger04.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005143029/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger04.html|archive-date=2008-10-05|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> kwaye baye bakhuphisana kwiligi ephezulu yelizwe ukusukela kwisizini ka-2004, xa banyuswayo besuka kwicandelo lesi-2 lengingqi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2003|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger03.html|archive-date=2008-10-08|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> I-AS Douanes iphumelele iligi yaseNiger kube kanye kodwa ayizange iphumelele ubuntshatsheli bekomityi. == 2008 isizini == U-AS Douanes ugqibile kwindawo yesithathu kwiQela A lomjikelo wokuqala we-2008 [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Niger Premier League]]. Abaphumelelanga ukufikelela kumjikelo wobuntshatsheli, kodwa bawunqanda ngokulula umdlalo wokuhluthwa, okuthetha ukuba baya kubuya kwisizini ka-2009. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 2''' :: 2016, 2022. * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[CAF Champions League|I-CAF Champions League]]: Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2014&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[CAF Confederation Cup]]: 0 ukubonakala''' == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html I-Niger 2008: icandelo le-Championnat national de première] kwi- [[RSSSF]] {{Football in Niger}}{{Niger Premier League}} [[Uluhlu:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] kouewk4eqh9iud4csap6746axwjfc2o 41961 41960 2026-09-18T10:33:14Z Makenzis 8220 /* Amakhonkco angaphandle */ 41961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=AS Douanes|image=|fullname=Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey|nickname=|founded= |ground=[[Général Seyni Kountché Stadion]] and [[Stade municipal de Niamey]], [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=50,000 and 5,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–2026|position=6th |pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=FFFFFF }} '''I-AS Douanes''' (''Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey'', 'Niamey Customs Enforcement Sports Association') yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNigerien]] esekelwe e[[Niamey|-Niamey]] kwaye ixhaswa ngamapolisa erhafu karhulumente. Ngaphambi kwexesha le-2005-6 badlala kwisixeko [[Tillabéri|saseTillabéry]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger04.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005143029/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger04.html|archive-date=2008-10-05|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> kwaye baye bakhuphisana kwiligi ephezulu yelizwe ukusukela kwisizini ka-2004, xa banyuswayo besuka kwicandelo lesi-2 lengingqi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2003|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger03.html|archive-date=2008-10-08|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> I-AS Douanes iphumelele iligi yaseNiger kube kanye kodwa ayizange iphumelele ubuntshatsheli bekomityi. == 2008 isizini == U-AS Douanes ugqibile kwindawo yesithathu kwiQela A lomjikelo wokuqala we-2008 [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Niger Premier League]]. Abaphumelelanga ukufikelela kumjikelo wobuntshatsheli, kodwa bawunqanda ngokulula umdlalo wokuhluthwa, okuthetha ukuba baya kubuya kwisizini ka-2009. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 2''' :: 2016, 2022. * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[CAF Champions League|I-CAF Champions League]]: Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2014&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[CAF Confederation Cup]]: 0 ukubonakala''' == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html I-Niger 2008: icandelo le-Championnat national de première] kwi- [[RSSSF]] {{Niger Premier League}} [[Uluhlu:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] qq84rxgbso4hr821fu9qya30ce838rm 41962 41961 2026-09-18T10:33:25Z Makenzis 8220 /* Amakhonkco angaphandle */ 41962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=AS Douanes|image=|fullname=Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey|nickname=|founded= |ground=[[Général Seyni Kountché Stadion]] and [[Stade municipal de Niamey]], [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=50,000 and 5,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–2026|position=6th |pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=FFFFFF }} '''I-AS Douanes''' (''Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey'', 'Niamey Customs Enforcement Sports Association') yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNigerien]] esekelwe e[[Niamey|-Niamey]] kwaye ixhaswa ngamapolisa erhafu karhulumente. Ngaphambi kwexesha le-2005-6 badlala kwisixeko [[Tillabéri|saseTillabéry]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger04.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005143029/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger04.html|archive-date=2008-10-05|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> kwaye baye bakhuphisana kwiligi ephezulu yelizwe ukusukela kwisizini ka-2004, xa banyuswayo besuka kwicandelo lesi-2 lengingqi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2003|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger03.html|archive-date=2008-10-08|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> I-AS Douanes iphumelele iligi yaseNiger kube kanye kodwa ayizange iphumelele ubuntshatsheli bekomityi. == 2008 isizini == U-AS Douanes ugqibile kwindawo yesithathu kwiQela A lomjikelo wokuqala we-2008 [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Niger Premier League]]. Abaphumelelanga ukufikelela kumjikelo wobuntshatsheli, kodwa bawunqanda ngokulula umdlalo wokuhluthwa, okuthetha ukuba baya kubuya kwisizini ka-2009. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 2''' :: 2016, 2022. * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[CAF Champions League|I-CAF Champions League]]: Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2014&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[CAF Confederation Cup]]: 0 ukubonakala''' == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html I-Niger 2008: icandelo le-Championnat national de première] kwi-RSSSF {{Niger Premier League}} [[Uluhlu:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] rgmgcu0yzaq5jv812wcn6jtef97bqku 41963 41962 2026-09-18T10:33:35Z Makenzis 8220 /* Amakhonkco angaphandle */ 41963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club||clubname=AS Douanes|image=|fullname=Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey|nickname=|founded= |ground=[[Général Seyni Kountché Stadion]] and [[Stade municipal de Niamey]], [[Niamey]], [[Niger]]|capacity=50,000 and 5,000|chairman=|manager= |league=[[Niger Premier League]]|season=2025–2026|position=6th |pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|leftarm1=0000FF|body1=0000FF|rightarm1=0000FF|shorts1=0000FF|socks1=FFFFFF }} '''I-AS Douanes''' (''Association Sportive des Douanes de Niamey'', 'Niamey Customs Enforcement Sports Association') yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola]] [[Nayija|yaseNigerien]] esekelwe e[[Niamey|-Niamey]] kwaye ixhaswa ngamapolisa erhafu karhulumente. Ngaphambi kwexesha le-2005-6 badlala kwisixeko [[Tillabéri|saseTillabéry]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2004|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger04.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005143029/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger04.html|archive-date=2008-10-05|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> kwaye baye bakhuphisana kwiligi ephezulu yelizwe ukusukela kwisizini ka-2004, xa banyuswayo besuka kwicandelo lesi-2 lengingqi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger 2003|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger03.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008014806/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesn/niger03.html|archive-date=2008-10-08|accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> I-AS Douanes iphumelele iligi yaseNiger kube kanye kodwa ayizange iphumelele ubuntshatsheli bekomityi. == 2008 isizini == U-AS Douanes ugqibile kwindawo yesithathu kwiQela A lomjikelo wokuqala we-2008 [[Super Ligue (eNiger)|Niger Premier League]]. Abaphumelelanga ukufikelela kumjikelo wobuntshatsheli, kodwa bawunqanda ngokulula umdlalo wokuhluthwa, okuthetha ukuba baya kubuya kwisizini ka-2009. == Impumelelo == * '''[[Super Ligue (eNiger)|I-Niger Premier League]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. * '''[[Indebe yaseNiger|Indebe yeNiger]]: 2''' :: 2016, 2022. * '''[[Niger Super Cup|INiger Super Cup]]: 2''' :: 2013, 2015. == Ukusebenza kukhuphiswano lweCAF == * '''[[CAF Champions League|I-CAF Champions League]]: Imbonakalo enye''' :: 2014&nbsp;– Umjikelo wokuqala * '''[[CAF Confederation Cup]]: 0 ukubonakala''' == Iimbekiselo == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Amakhonkco angaphandle == * [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/niger08.html I-Niger 2008: icandelo le-Championnat national de première] kwi-RSSSF {{Niger Premier League}} [[Uluhlu:Imidlalo eNiamey]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zeSuper Ligue (Niger).]] [[Uluhlu:Iiklabhu zebhola eNiger]] k7g44wzzuoqmrc6gid06883pbnkc9gq 0 9322 41940 41935 2026-09-17T16:56:01Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41940 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == hdiyj1b0jy2916l74u1kfxh2i23oeze 41941 41940 2026-09-17T16:56:58Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41941 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] ga3t38noob5p2lja9o1tj3khlv3r58h 41942 41941 2026-09-17T17:26:06Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41942 wikitext text/x-wiki == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 8mqdzacwlniia4zc4ywjnruj4kbk86e 41943 41942 2026-09-17T17:33:11Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41943 wikitext text/x-wiki Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] suumx2yftntt9u9r29rdrebe2s8ahz7 41944 41943 2026-09-17T18:34:30Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41944 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] lwhzetz3jk6e1t0h2e86pmjfdq9dm9p 41945 41944 2026-09-17T18:39:08Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41945 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 165xqx6iq8hllxknrtjz7falfecxqmi 41946 41945 2026-09-17T18:44:44Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41946 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 5hf1jd3cflo32cpqskpnhx2ilh0ivme 41947 41946 2026-09-17T18:48:43Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41947 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 94124f7lztpz1iq4zqsbvkn1of4ou8v 41948 41947 2026-09-17T19:21:00Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41948 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 79ct2nrw8gfqr4fezea7m4f73301wjn 41949 41948 2026-09-17T19:22:35Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41949 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 0rkvpjt6chj5rx1bnpbxq5d2geu72lg 41950 41949 2026-09-17T19:41:05Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41950 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngonyaka ka 1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNashinali]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 68vs2spkxjyvm4vdvb2okixxjh4ntom 41951 41950 2026-09-17T19:43:19Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41951 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngonyaka ka 1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNashinali]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. === Inyathelo Elikhulu eliya Phambili === == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] ihekhmgtb9yerf9synqhl438intuxh4 41952 41951 2026-09-17T19:50:20Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41952 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngonyaka ka 1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNashinali]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. === Inyathelo Elikhulu eliya Phambili === {{Excerpt|Great Leap Forward|only=paragraph}}Ngomhla weshumi elinanye kwinyanga yoMqungu ngonyaka ka 1962, kwabanjwa inkomfa eyandisiweyo yengxoxo-msebenzi yeKomiti ePhakathi eyandisiweyo yeCCP yabanjwa eBeijing. Njengoko kwakukho abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kwama-7,000, yaziwa ngokuba yiNkomfa yamaKhadi eeNkulungwane eziSixhenxe . <ref name="Yang2021ST">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ|title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-71691-2|language=en|chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> ULiu Shaoqi, uMao Zedong, nabanye bazigxekile kule ngqungquthela. UMao uthe kwingqungquthela, "Naziphi na iimpazamo ezenziwe yiZiko mazibe luxanduva lwam ngqo, kwaye nam ndinetyala elingathanga ngqo kuba ndinguSihlalo weKomiti ePhakathi. Andifuni abanye abantu baphephe uxanduva lwabo. Kukho amanye amaqabane nawo anoxanduva, kodwa umntu onoxanduva kakhulu kufuneka abe ndim." Waqhubeka wathi: "Ukuba ilizwe lethu alizimiseli uqoqosho lwesoshiyali, sizakuba kwimeko enjani? Siza kuba lilizwe elifana neYugoslavia, eliye laba lilizwe elinobuqhophololo." Nangona kunjalo, "ngexesha lonke lesigaba sobuSoshalisti kusekho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nomzabalazo weklasi, kwaye lo mzabalazo weklasi ngumcimbi ode, onzima, ngamanye amaxesha onobundlobongela." <ref>{{Cite web|last=Mao|first=Zedong|date=30 January 1962|title=Talk At Working Conference|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm|accessdate=18 October 2025|website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] kc9wbd5e3raqe272fv11pzuouwll2j9 41953 41952 2026-09-17T20:02:41Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41953 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngonyaka ka 1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNashinali]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. === Inyathelo Elikhulu eliya Phambili === {{Excerpt|Great Leap Forward|only=paragraph}}Ngomhla weshumi elinanye kwinyanga yoMqungu ngonyaka ka 1962, kwabanjwa inkomfa eyandisiweyo yengxoxo-msebenzi yeKomiti ePhakathi eyandisiweyo yeCCP yabanjwa eBeijing. Njengoko kwakukho abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kwama-7,000, yaziwa ngokuba yiNkomfa yamaKhadi eeNkulungwane eziSixhenxe . <ref name="Yang2021ST">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ|title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-71691-2|language=en|chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> ULiu Shaoqi, uMao Zedong, nabanye bazigxekile kule ngqungquthela. UMao uthe kwingqungquthela, "Naziphi na iimpazamo ezenziwe yiZiko mazibe luxanduva lwam ngqo, kwaye nam ndinetyala elingathanga ngqo kuba ndinguSihlalo weKomiti ePhakathi. Andifuni abanye abantu baphephe uxanduva lwabo. Kukho amanye amaqabane nawo anoxanduva, kodwa umntu onoxanduva kakhulu kufuneka abe ndim." Waqhubeka wathi: "Ukuba ilizwe lethu alizimiseli uqoqosho lwesoshiyali, sizakuba kwimeko enjani? Siza kuba lilizwe elifana neYugoslavia, eliye laba lilizwe elinobuqhophololo." Nangona kunjalo, "ngexesha lonke lesigaba sobuSoshalisti kusekho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nomzabalazo weklasi, kwaye lo mzabalazo weklasi ngumcimbi ode, onzima, ngamanye amaxesha onobundlobongela." <ref>{{Cite web|last=Mao|first=Zedong|date=30 January 1962|title=Talk At Working Conference|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm|accessdate=18 October 2025|website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Emva kwentlanganiso, uLiu wazisa abanye ukuba "Iimpazamo zeGreat Leap Forward zazinzulu, kwaye esi sisihlandlo sokuqala sihlalutyo loo mava. Unyaka ngamnye ukususela ngoku kufuneka sijonge emva size sishwankathele kwakhona." Ngokuphathelele ukutya abantu ngexesha leGreat Leap Forward, waphawula kwakhona, "Oku kuya kukhunjulwa njengommiselo apho umlawuli avuma khona izenzo zakhe zolwaphulo-mthetho ebantwini." Emva kweNkomfa yamaKhadi aMawaka asixhenxe, uMao Zedong wathatha indawo engasemva kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. <ref name="Yang2021ST" /> <ref name="Mac">{{Cite book|last=MacFarquhar|first=Roderick|title=Mao's Last Revolution|last2=Schoenhals|first2=Michael|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> : 8 Nangona kunjalo, kwiNgqungquthela yaseXilou, uLiu Shaoqi wayesakholelwa ukuba iNgqungquthela yamaKhadi aMawaka asixhenxe ayizange ibonakalise ngokwaneleyo iGreat Leap Forward. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ|title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-71691-2|language=en|chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] p3kpn55kkuhbl9myipci3mkk6xx22v8 41954 41953 2026-09-17T20:11:06Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375295830|Cultural Revolution]]" 41954 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>Uguqulelo lweNkcubeko ( '''Cultural Revolution )''', eyayisaziwa ngokuba yi- '''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''', yayiyintshukumo yezopolitiko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]] (PRC). Yaqaliswa ngusihlalo we-CCP uMao Zedong ngonyaka ka1966 yaza yaqhubeka de kwasweleka ngonyaka ka1976. Injongo yayo yayikukulondoloza ubukomanisi baseTshayina ngokususa intsalela yezinto zobukhapitali kunye nezinto zemveli kuluntu lwaseTshayina . NgoMeyi 1966, ngoncedo lweQela leNguquko yeNkcubeko, uMao waqalisa inguqu waza wathi izinto zobunxila zingene kurhulumente nakuluntu ngenjongo yokubuyisela ubungxowankulu. UMao wabiza ulutsha ukuba ' luhlasele ikomkhulu ', waze wavakalisa "ukuvukela kulungile". Ingxubakaxaka enkulu yaqala eBeijing ngeRed August ngonyaka ka 1966. Ulutsha oluninzi lwasabela ngokwenza amaqela eeRed Guards kulo lonke elaseTshayina. ''Iingcaphuno zikaSihlalo uMao Tse-tung'' zahlonelwa ngaphakathi kweqela labantu abakholelwa kubuntu . Ngonyaka ka1967, abantu abanesibindi bavukela baza bathatha amandla koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nakumasebe eqela, baseka iikomiti zoguquko endaweni yazo ngelixa betshabalalisa iinkqubo zokhuseleko loluntu, ezoburhulumente kunye nezobulungisa . Ezi komiti zihlala zahlukana zibe ngamaqela, nto leyo ebangela iingxabano phakathi kwabantu abavukeli . Emva kokuwa kukaLin Biao ngonyaka ka 1971, iGang of Four yaba nefuthe ngonyaka ka 1972, kwaye uguquko lwaqhubeka de kwasweleka uMao ngonyaka ka 1976, kwalandela ukubanjwa kweGang of Four. UGuquko lweNkcubeko lwaluphawulwa bubundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi kuluntu lwaseTshayina. Uqikelelo lwamanani ababhubhileyo luyahluka, ukusuka kwisigidi esinye ukuya kwizigidi ezibini, kuquka nokubulawa kwabantu eGuangxi okwabandakanya ukutya abantu, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu abaninzi eBeijing, e-Inner Mongolia, eGuangdong, eYunnan, naseHunan . <ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|authorlink=Song Yongyi|date=(2011)|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|archive-date=2024-01-14|accessdate=27 December 2019|website=[[Sciences Po]]}}</ref> <ref name="Wang-2001">{{Cite web|last=Wang|first=Youqin|authorlink=Wang Youqin|date=2001|title=Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966|url=https://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223052419/http://ywang.uchicago.edu/history/docs/2001_03_05.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2018|accessdate=4 February 2026|publisher=[[The University of Chicago]]}}</ref> AmaRed Guards ayefuna ukutshabalalisa amaFour Olds (iingcamango ezindala, inkcubeko endala, amasiko amadala, kunye nemikhwa yakudala), awayedla ngokuthatha uhlobo lokutshabalalisa izinto zakudala kunye neendawo zenkcubeko nezonqulo. Amashumi ezigidi atshutshiswa, kuquka amagosa anjengoLiu Shaoqi, uDeng Xiaoping kunye noPeng Dehuai ; izigidi zatshutshiswa ngenxa yokuba ngamalungu eFive Black Categories, apho iingcali kunye nososayensi babizwa ngokuba yiStinking Old Ninth . Izikolo kunye neeyunivesithi zivaliwe, kwaye iimviwo zokungena kwiKholeji yeSizwe zarhoxiswa. Ngaphezulu kweshumi&nbsp;oluvela kwiindawo zasezidolophini lwezigidi olwafuduselwa phantsi kweDown to the Countryside Movement. Ngonyaka ka 1978, uDeng Xiaoping waba yinkokeli ephambili,ethatha indawo kaMao, uHua Guofeng . UDeng kunye namaqabane akhe bazisa inkqubo ''yeBoluan Fanzheng'' baza baqalisa utshintsho nokuvula, nto leyo, kunye nentshukumo yeNew Enlightenment, eyachitha ingcamango yoHlaziyo lweNkcubeko. Ngonyaka ka 1981, iQela lamaKomanisi lavuma esidlangalaleni ukusilela kweNguquko yeNkcubeko, lisithi "linoxanduva lokuphazamiseka okukhulu kunye nelahleko enkulu efunyenwe ngabantu, ilizwe, kunye neqela ukusukela ekusekweni kweRiphabliki yabantu." Iinkumbulo kunye nemibono yoVukelo lweNkcubeko zahlukile kwaye zintsonkothile eTshayina yanamhlanje. Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年动乱; ) okanye "iminyaka elishumi yesiphithiphithi" (十年浩劫; ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Translation Glossary for the CR/10 Project|url=https://culturalrevolution.pitt.edu/media/cr10-glossary.pdf|accessdate=November 28, 2023|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lu|first=Xing|title=Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought|year=2004|page=2|quote=Known to the Chinese as the ten years of chaos [...]}}</ref> == Imvelaphi yegama elithi “Etymology” == Igama elithi "inguqu yenkcubeko" lavela kwiingxoxo nakwiphephandaba leqela lamaKomanisi ngaphambi kokusekwa kweRiphabhliki yaBantu baseTshayina . Ngeli xesha, eli gama lalisetyenziswa ngokutshintshana nelithi "ukwakhiwa kwenkcubeko" kwaye libhekisa ekuphelisweni kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala ukuze kwandiswe ukubandakanyeka koluntu kwimiba yoluntu. Olu setyenziso lwe "revolution yenkcubeko" lwaqhubeka ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ukuya kunyaka ka 1960, kwaye lwaludla ngokubandakanya ukufana kwe- May Fourth Movement okanye i -Soviet cultural revolution ukususela ngonyaka ka1928 ukuya ku 1931. <ref name="Thornton2019">{{Cite book|last=Thornton|first=Patricia M.|title=Afterlives of Chinese Communism: Political Concepts from Mao to Xi|date=2019|publisher=[[Australian National University Press]]|isbn=978-1-76046-249-9|editor-last=Sorace|editor-first=Christian|location=Acton, Australia|chapter=Cultural Revolution|editor-last2=Franceschini|editor-first2=Ivan|editor-last3=Loubere|editor-first3=Nicholas}}</ref> : 56  == Imvelaphi == === Ukudalwa kweRiphabliki yabantu. === Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngonyaka ka 1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNashinali]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. === Inyathelo Elikhulu eliya Phambili === {{Excerpt|Great Leap Forward|only=paragraph}}Ngomhla weshumi elinanye kwinyanga yoMqungu ngonyaka ka 1962, kwabanjwa inkomfa eyandisiweyo yengxoxo-msebenzi yeKomiti ePhakathi eyandisiweyo yeCCP yabanjwa eBeijing. Njengoko kwakukho abathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kwama-7,000, yaziwa ngokuba yiNkomfa yamaKhadi eeNkulungwane eziSixhenxe . <ref name="Yang2021ST">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ|title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-71691-2|language=en|chapter=THE SEVEN THOUSAND CADRES CONFERENCE|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> ULiu Shaoqi, uMao Zedong, nabanye bazigxekile kule ngqungquthela. UMao uthe kwingqungquthela, "Naziphi na iimpazamo ezenziwe yiZiko mazibe luxanduva lwam ngqo, kwaye nam ndinetyala elingathanga ngqo kuba ndinguSihlalo weKomiti ePhakathi. Andifuni abanye abantu baphephe uxanduva lwabo. Kukho amanye amaqabane nawo anoxanduva, kodwa umntu onoxanduva kakhulu kufuneka abe ndim." Waqhubeka wathi: "Ukuba ilizwe lethu alizimiseli uqoqosho lwesoshiyali, sizakuba kwimeko enjani? Siza kuba lilizwe elifana neYugoslavia, eliye laba lilizwe elinobuqhophololo." Nangona kunjalo, "ngexesha lonke lesigaba sobuSoshalisti kusekho iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nomzabalazo weklasi, kwaye lo mzabalazo weklasi ngumcimbi ode, onzima, ngamanye amaxesha onobundlobongela." <ref>{{Cite web|last=Mao|first=Zedong|date=30 January 1962|title=Talk At Working Conference|url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-8/mswv8_62.htm|accessdate=18 October 2025|website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Emva kwentlanganiso, uLiu wazisa abanye ukuba "Iimpazamo zeGreat Leap Forward zazinzulu, kwaye esi sisihlandlo sokuqala sihlalutyo loo mava. Unyaka ngamnye ukususela ngoku kufuneka sijonge emva size sishwankathele kwakhona." Ngokuphathelele ukutya abantu ngexesha leGreat Leap Forward, waphawula kwakhona, "Oku kuya kukhunjulwa njengommiselo apho umlawuli avuma khona izenzo zakhe zolwaphulo-mthetho ebantwini." Emva kweNkomfa yamaKhadi aMawaka asixhenxe, uMao Zedong wathatha indawo engasemva kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho. <ref name="Yang2021ST" /> <ref name="Mac">{{Cite book|last=MacFarquhar|first=Roderick|title=Mao's Last Revolution|last2=Schoenhals|first2=Michael|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> : 8 Nangona kunjalo, kwiNgqungquthela yaseXilou, uLiu Shaoqi wayesakholelwa ukuba iNgqungquthela yamaKhadi aMawaka asixhenxe ayizange ibonakalise ngokwaneleyo iGreat Leap Forward. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC">{{Cite book|last=Yang|first=Jisheng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LjiDwAAQBAJ|title=The World Turned Upside Down: A History of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=978-0-374-71691-2|language=en|chapter=THE TENTH PLENUM OF THE EIGHTH CENTRAL COMMITTEE|author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)|access-date=18 October 2025}}</ref> Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika 1962, eTshayina kwavela inkqubo apho iintsapho nganye zazinoxanduva lokuvelisa imveliso yezolimo . Nangona kunjalo, uMao Zedong wayekholelwa ukuba lomkhwa uchasene nobuKomanisi kwaye yinto awayengenakuyinyamezela. <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> NgoJulayi 1962, uMao Zedong wavakalisa ukungoneliseki ngoLiu Shaoqi, esithi: "IiBhanile eziBomvu ezintathu zichithiwe, umhlaba uyahlulwahlulwa, kwaye awenzanga nto? Kuza kwenzeka ntoni emva kokuba ndifile?" ULiu Shaoqi uphinde wathi "Imbali iza kubhala indima endiyidlalileyo mna nawe ekubulaweni yindlala kwabantu abaninzi kangaka, kwaye ukubulawa kwabantu kuya kukhunjulwa!" <ref name="Yang2021TPECC" /> == 1966: Ukuqhambuka == [[File:SZ_深圳博物館_Shenzhen_Museum_深圳改革開放前歷史展廳_Before_Reform_and_Opening-up_History_Exhibition_Hall_文革時代紅色思想宣傳海布_political_posters_IX1_03.jpg|alt=|thumb| Iiposta ezivela kwixesha leNguqulelo yeNkcubeko]] [[File:1967-09_1967年_中国驻印使馆被烧毁后.jpg|right|thumb| I-Embassy yaseTshayina, eJakarta emva kokutshiswa.]] 7smk7thw4plfjsmh9kkdpx1otiwoemz 3 9323 41956 2026-09-18T04:19:46Z Max 13154 Max moved page [[Ingxoxo nelungu:SHB2000]] to [[Ingxoxo nelungu:SHB]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB2000|SHB2000]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/SHB|SHB]]" 41956 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ingxoxo nelungu:SHB]] efc88g6dfmm01oc4iqsopxjvzv0z664