AmaXhosa

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'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. .</text>
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'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. .

Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana  zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.</text>
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'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. .

Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana  zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.

Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke  kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo,  [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa  noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] .</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe</title>
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uMkhonto weSizwe Party elifinyezwe njenge MKP kwixesha elininzi libizwa ngokuba yi MK Party liqela lozopolitiko lase Mzantsi Afrika elixhasa abantu kunye nedemokhrasi elasekwa ngenyanga yeThupha ngomnyaka ka 2023. Igama layo livela ku '''uMkhonto weSizwe (MK)''', elaliliphiko lomkhosi ongengowasemthethweni we '''ANC''' ngexesha lobandlululo. Elathi lachithwa emva kokukhululwa kuka Nelson Mandela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo 1990. I ANC igrogrise ukuthatha  amanyathelo asemthethweni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweli gama  emva kokuba ilahlekelwe kwityala lonyulo enkundleni. 

Eli qela lifumene udumo ngenyanga yeDwarha ngonyaka ka 2023 ngethuba owayesakuba ngumongameli uJacob Zuma wayebhengeza ukuba nangona wayenezicwangciso zokuhlala elilungu le ANC ubomi bakhe bonke,  wayengazi kuthatha nxaxheba kukhankaso lweANC kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka 2024 uza kuvotela iMKP. Udanduluke ngelithi “Andinakukwazi kwaye andizukwazi” ukuqhuba iphulo le ANC likamongameli wangoku uCyril Ramaphosa, ongene emva kuka Zuma esihlalweni kwaye ngokwenza njalo kuya kuba kukungcatsha. 

Kwiveki phambi konyulo lukazwelonke luka 2024 ngomhla we 21 kuCanzibe iNkundla yoMgaqo siseko yagweba ukuba inkokheli yeqela uJcob Zuma ukuba wayenganakufaneleka ukusebenza ePalamente njongoko isigwebo sakhe seenynga ezilishumi elinesihlanu entilongweni ngenxa yokudelela inkundla sasingamvumeli. Nangona umfanekiso wakhe wayezakuhlala kumaphepha okuvota ecaleni kwelogo yeqela lakhe igama lika Zuma laliza kususwa kuluhlu labagqatswa bepalamente yeMK. Kwinyanga yeKhala ngo 2024 uJacob Zuma wagxothwa kwi African National Congress ngenxa yokuba wayekhankasela iqela elikhuphisanayo I MK kunyulo jikelle  ngomhla we 29 kuCanzibe. 

== Inkcazelo ==
Eli qela lichazwe njengeqela elixhasa abantu abaqhelekileyo (populist), elixhasa ubuZulu (Zulu nationalist), kwaye “lichasene nabangaphandle”. Ngo-2024 iVoice of America yalibiza njengeqela elingasekho mngeni lasekhohlo (radical left-wing party), ngelixa i-Al Jazeera yachaza imigaqo nkqubo yalo njengezobusoshiyali. Eli qela lixhase imigaqo-nkqubo elondolozayo kwezentlalo, kuquka ukurhoxisa imithetho evumela umtshato phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. Lixhase imigaqo-nkqubo ephikisanayo, ebonakala ngathi zizohlwayo, ezifana nokuthatha umhlaba wabamhlophe ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Ukubhala kwi-Mail &amp; Guardian, u-Imraan Buccus uchaze ithiyori yeqela njenge “ubuzwe obuxhaphazayo nobugunyaziso obunezimvo ezikude ekhohlo kwezentlalo.” Eli qela lidibanise ukwanda kokufudukela eMzantsi Afrika nolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona lizibiza njengeqela lobusoshiyali, lixhasa ukwandiswa kwamandla ookumkani bezizwe zesintu. Sele kuqatshelwe umbuzo wokuba ngaba eli qela linobuso lobusoshiyali okanye hayi.  

== Ulwakhiwo lweqela ==
Iqela eli zange labamba naluphi na ukhetho kwaye ukususela ngenyanga yeThupha 2025 ayikhange ibenazo izicwangciso zokubamba naluphi na ukhetho lwangaphakthi. Bonke abakhokeli batyUnjwe yinkokheli yeqela uJacob Zuma.

== Isiseko Senxaso ==


Ukusukela ekusekweni kwalo eli qela, zonke iziphumo zophando lwezimvo zibonise ukuba linenkxaso eqinileyo kwiphondo laseKwaZulu-Natal, apho abemi abamnyama kunye nabamhlophe abaxutywe (coloured) bebonakala bexhasa kakhulu eli qela. Ekuqaleni kuka2024, iziphumo zophando lwezimvo ezapapashwa zibonise ukuba i-MK Party iza kunciphisa kakhulu ivoti yeANC kweli phondo, kwaye yafumana ipesenti yokuxhaswa efikelela kwipesenteji eziyi 35.6. Eli qela likwafumene ipesenti ebalulekileyo kwiphondo elikufutshane ngasentshona-mpuma, iMpumalanga. Emva kokubhengezwa kweziphumo zonyulo lukazwelonke kunye nolwephondo, i-MK Party ifumene imiphumela yeepesenteji eziyi 14.58% yevoti kazwelonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba ifumene izihlalo ezingama58 kwindlu yowisomthetho kazwelonke (National Assembly).

== Imbali ==
Eli qela lijongene nokungavisisani ngaphakathi, nto leyo ekhokelele kwiirhoxiso kunye nokugxothwa kwabanye, kuquka umsunguli weqela uJabulani Khumalo kunye nabanye ababe kuluhlu lonyulo luka-2024.Emva kokugxothwa kwakhe, uKhumalo wathi usengumongameli weqela, uZuma engumcebisi kuphela, waza wammisa uZuma, ecela kwiIEC ukuba isuse igama likaZuma kuluhlu lwabagqatswa. I IEC kamva yagqiba ngelokuxhasa uZuma, yamvumela ukuba ahlale kuluhlu lweqela, yathi uqinisekisiwe njengenkokeli ebhalisiweyo ye-MK Party.

KweyeSilimela ngo2024 inkokeli yeqela iBlack First Land First (BLF) uAndile Mngxitama, wabhengeza ukuba ungena kweli qela. Nangona kunjalo, wathi i-BLF ayizukuphela kuba oku bekusisivumelwano sonyulo.

Nge nyanga yeKhala ngo2024, iMK yaqinisekiswa njengeqela eliphikisayo elisemthethweni kwiNdlu yoWisomthetho yeSizwe. Eli qela leMK lithathe indawo yeDemocratic Alliance (DA), eliye lajoyina urhulumente wamazwe amaninzi okhokelwa yiANC.

Ngomhla we15 kwinyanga yeThupa ngo2024, owayesakuba ngumongameli oncedisayo we-EFF kunye nentloko yeWhip yepalamente, uFloyd Shivambu, wajoyina eli qela. USivambu wonyulwa njengonobhala jikelele, kodwa wagxothwa kweso sikhundla kwinyanga yeSilimela ngonyaka ka 2025. 

Ngomhla we 5 kweyeThupha ka 2024, inkundla ephakamileyo yaseNtshona Koloni iye yavavanya iingxoxo zokuba indlu yowisomthetho yesizwe yenze into engahambelani nomthetho ngokudlulisa uxanduva lwayo xa yamkela ukutyunjwa kweMK Party komgwebi owayegxothiwe, uJohn Hlophe, kwikhomishini yeNkonzo zoBugwebi (JSC) ngaphandle kophicotho oluzimeleyo. Abamangali bezomthetho bathi esi sigqibo asinangqiqo kwaye siphazamisa ukuthembeka kobugwebi, ngelixa uHlophe kunye neMK Party besithi ukutyunjwa kwakhe kusemthethweni. Owayesakuba ngusodolophu waseMidvaal phantsi kweDemocratic Alliance, uBongani Baloyi, wajoyina iqela uMkhonto weSizwe ngomhla we5 kweyeThupha ka 2024.

== Ukuyeka nokugxothwa kwamalungu ngo 2025 ==
Ngomhla we-5 kwinyanga yeNkanga ngo2025, uJohn Hlophe, owayengumongameli oncedisayo weqela kunye nenkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo leMK, wamiswa kwisikhundla sakhe ngenxa yeenguqu eziphikisanayo zobunkokeli. UHlophe, njengenkokeli yendlu, wayegxothile intloko yeWhip yeMK, uColleen Makhubele, waza wambuyisela ngoDes van Rooyen. Oku kwalandela iingxelo zokuba uMakhubele “uzame ukufumana isivumelwano senkonzo yeMKP esixabisa ngaphezulu kwe R180 000 ngenyanga kwinkampani apho indoda yakhe ingumlawuli”. Emva kokumiswa kukaHlophe, uMakhubele wabuyiselwa njengontloko yeWhip.

Ngomhla we 28 kwinynag yeNkanga  ngo2025, intombi kaZuma, uDuduzile Zuma-Sambudla, yabhengeza ukurhoxa kwakhe njengomphathiswa wepalamente weMK emva kokubandakanywa kwakhe ekutyholweni ngokutsala abantu ukuze bafumane uqeqesho lomkhosi eRashiya, kodwa ekugqibeleni abo madoda banyanzelwa ukuba bajoyine imfazwe eqhubekayo eUkraine. Endaweni yakhe epalamente, kwangena enye intombi kaZuma, uBrumelda Zuma. 

Ukurhoxa kukaDuduzile Zuma Sambudla kwalandelwa kwiveki elandelayo ngowayesakuba yintloko yePrasa kwaye ngoku elilungu lepalamente yeMK, uLucky Montana. UMontana, ohlala engumhlali weqela, wazisa ubunkokeli ngomhla we-30 kweyeThupa ukuba unenjongo yokurhoxa kwisikhundla sakhe ePalamente, nto leyo eya kusebenza ekupheleni konyaka''.''

== Utshintsho kubunkokheli beqela ==
Kwinyanga yeSilimela  kunyaka ka2026, uZuma wagxotha uMakhubele waze wafaka endaweni yakhe uMmabatho Nthabiseng Mokoena-Zondi.

KweyeDwarha ngonyaka ka 2026, uZuma wagxotha uNobhala Jikelele uBongani Mncwango waze wonyula uSibonelo Nomvalo. UNomvalo waba ngumntu wesibhozo ukubamba esi sikhundla ukusukela ekusekweni kweqela ngo 2023.Kwangelo xesha kwabhengezwa utshintsho oluninzi kubunkokeli beqela eKwaZulu-Natal.

Kwinyanga yeNkanga ka2026 intloko yeWhip yeqela uMmabatho Nthabiseng Mokoena Zondi wabanjwa. Kutyholwa ukuba uqeshe abasebenzi abane egameni leqela, waza wabanyanzela ukuba bahlawule iipesenti ezinga 50 ukuya ku 60  yemivuzo yabo kuye ukuze bagcine izikhundla zabo.

Kwinyanga yeSilimela ku2026 iqela lagxotha intombi kaZuma, uDuduzile Zuma Sambudla, kunye nelungu lepalamente uNhlamulo Ndhlela. UNobhala Jikelele, uSibonelo Nomvalo, wathi bobabini benze iingxelo zoluntu kunye neeposti kwiintanethi zentlalo eziphindaphindiweyo ezaziphazamisa igunya lobunkokeli beqela kwaye zakhokelela ekwahlukaneni ngaphakathi kweqela.

== Iziphumo zonyulo ==
Ngenyanga yeSilimela ku2024 iqela lakhuphisana kunyulo lwalo lokuqala, laze lagqiba kwindawo yesithathu ngeepesenteji ezili 19 eevoti kunyulo oluphindwayo kwa wadi 18  kumasipala wendawo  Abaqulusi KwaZulu-Natal. Eli qela lwaluhleli  emva kwe Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) efumene iipesenti eziyi 47 kunye ne African National Congress (ANC) efumene iipesenti eziyi 35.

Kungekudala ngalo nyanga, iqela liphinde lagqiba kwindawo yesithathu, lifumana iipesenti ezi 28 eevoti kunyulo oluphindwayo ePhongolo, emva kwe Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) efumene iipesenti eziyi 36 kunye neAfrican National Congress (ANC) efumene iipesenti eziyi 33. 

Ngomhla we 28 kweyeSilimela ngo2024, iqela lakhuphisana kunyulo oluphindwayo eGovan Mbeki eMpumalanga, olo yayilunyulo lokuqala ngaphandle kweKwaZululo-Natal. Eli qela lagqiba kwindawo yesibini ngepesenti eziyi 28  zeevoti, emva kwe-African National Congress (ANC) efumene iipesenti eziyi 51.

Ngomhla we 14 kweyeSilimela ku2024, iqela lafumana umqobo eKwaZulu-Natal emva kokuba indlu yowisomthetho yephondo ikhethe ilungu le-IFP, uThami Ntuli, njengomphathiswa wephondo laseKwaZulu-Natal. UNtuli woyisa umgqatswa we-MK Party wesikhundla sikaMphathiswa wePhondo, uSekela Mphathiswa kaZulu Nation, uPhathisizwe Chiliza, ngevoti  eziyi 41 xa kuthelekiswa kweziyi 39.

Ukusukela kweyeNkanga ngo 2025, iqela sele liphumelele kunyulo oluphindwayo lwesithandathu, uninzi lwazo eKwaZulu-Natal.

Ngomhla we28 kwinyanga yeNkanga ku2025, umphathiswa wephondo lakwaZulu Natal ovela kwi-IFP, uThami Ntuli, usinde kancinci emva kokuba ephumelele ngeevoti eziyi 40  xa kuthelekiswa neziyi 39  kunyulo lokungabi nathemba oluxhaswe yi-MK.</text>
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    <title>Umculo womdaniso wendabuko weNordic</title>
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[[File:Europeade_2015_dans_01.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Into encinci kakhulu]]
'''Umculo wemveli womdaniso waseNordic''' luhlobo lomculo wemveli okanye umculo wabantu (folk music) owayeqhele ukudlalwa kwimimandla engundoqo yamazwe aseNordic — iScandinavia kunye [[IFinland|neFinland]] . Umntu odlala olu hlobo lomculo unokubizwa ngokuba yi ''-speleman'' (isiSwidi/isiNorway), ''i-spelman'' (isiSweden), ''i-spel(l)emann'' (isiNorway), ''i-pelimanni'' (isiFinnish) okanye ''i-spillemand'' (isiDanish). Umculo womdaniso wendabuko waseFinland udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ''ngumculo we-pelimanni'' ngesiNgesi, ngelixa kubonakala ngathi akukho gama lifanayo neliqhelekileyo lomculo ofanayo ovela kwamanye amazwe. Kudla ngokuba nentsingiselo ngakumbi ukwahlula phakathi komculo wendabuko womdaniso ovela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunomculo ovela kumazwe anjalo. Ezinye iingcamango ezikwintsimi zingachazwa njengeNorway okanye iFinnish, kodwa uninzi lwazo ziqhelekile kuwo onke amazwe amane okanye asekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kwesiko lomculo womdaniso, onke amazwe anezinye izithethe zomculo wesintu ezingahlanganyelwanga ngokulinganayo

Umculo womdaniso wemveli waseNordic uquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zezingqi zomdaniso ezingaqalanga kumazwe aseNordic, kodwa ezakha zathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abakwizinga eliphezulu eYurophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le midaniso yasasazekela nakubantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko yaqhubeka isenziwa nangemva kokuba abo bantu bakwizinga eliphezulu beyishiyile ukuze bamkele eminye imidaniso emitsha eyayithandwa ngelo xesha. Uninzi lwezi zingqi lunokufumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kwaye ezinye zazo ziye zasetyenziswa nakumculo weklasikhi .

Uninzi lweengoma lukwiiqhosha ezincinci . Ngokwesiko, bekukho iingoma ezininzi kwizitshixo ezingenakwahlulwa njengeencinci okanye ezinkulu ( iiModes ). Kukho imikhondo yoku, kodwa uninzi lwayo lwanyamalala xa i -accordion yaduma. Uninzi lwemidaniso ehamba nalo mculo yimidaniso yamaqabane, nangona kukho iimeko ezahlukileyo. Ezi zinto zingabandakanyiyo ziquka ii- minuets eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo [[IFinland|zaseFinland]] kwaye zinokufumaneka nakwiindawo ezithile [[Swiden|zaseSweden]], i-solo-dance halling, edla ngokujongwa [[Norowe|njengeNorway]] kodwa ikwafumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseSweden, kunye ne-Finnish quadrille edanswa zizibini ezininzi ezikwimo yazo. Isingqisho somdaniso esiqhelekileyo yi- polska . Ikwi-3/4 ( ukubetha kathathu ukuya kwibhari ). Kwi-polskas eziqhelekileyo, isingqisho sesithathu sigxininiswa kakuhle njengesokuqala. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zesingqisho se-polska, kwaye ngokubanzi iinguqulelo zasekuhlaleni zomdaniso ohamba naye zihambelana nale mahluko, nangona uninzi lwale midaniso yasekuhlaleni iphelile. I- schottische, ekwaziwa njenge-reinlender, i-polka kunye ne -waltz zezinye izingqisho eziqhelekileyo zomdaniso. Ukongeza kukho nezinye izingqisho ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga (umz. isiNgesi ), nangona zimbalwa iingoma ezisaphilayo.

Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo yi-fiddle. Kwiimeko ezininzi kusetyenziswa ii-violin eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-hardingfele, esetyenziswa kwiindawo [[Norowe|zaseNorway]], eneseti yeentambo ezisebenzisanayo ukongeza kwiintambo ezine eziqhelekileyo. Esinye isixhobo  esikhethekileyo, i- nyckelharpa (i-fiddle enesihluthulelo), isixhobo somculo esiqhelekileyo esifumaneka eSweden kuphela. Ezinye izixhobo zomculo ezazisetyenziswa ngokwesiko yayizii -clarinets ezilula, kunye nee-accordions kamva. I -säckpipa yaseSweden, kunye neentlobo ezindala ze-nyckelharpa kunye ne-hurdy-gurdy, zidibanisa amasiko amadala omculo we-drone . Abaculi bomdaniso wesintu banamhlanje basenokusebenzisa nezinye izixhobo zomculo ezingezozasemveli, kunye nokubhala iingoma ezintsha ngendlela yakudala.</text>
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[[File:Europeade_2015_dans_01.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Into encinci kakhulu]]
'''Umculo wemveli womdaniso waseNordic''' luhlobo lomculo wemveli okanye umculo wabantu (folk music) owayeqhele ukudlalwa kwimimandla engundoqo yamazwe aseNordic — iScandinavia kunye [[IFinland|neFinland]] . Umntu odlala olu hlobo lomculo unokubizwa ngokuba yi ''-speleman'' (isiSwidi/isiNorway), ''i-spelman'' (isiSweden), ''i-spel(l)emann'' (isiNorway), ''i-pelimanni'' (isiFinnish) okanye ''i-spillemand'' (isiDanish). Umculo womdaniso wendabuko waseFinland udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ''ngumculo we-pelimanni'' ngesiNgesi, ngelixa kubonakala ngathi akukho gama lifanayo neliqhelekileyo lomculo ofanayo ovela kwamanye amazwe. Kudla ngokuba nentsingiselo ngakumbi ukwahlula phakathi komculo wendabuko womdaniso ovela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunomculo ovela kumazwe anjalo. Ezinye iingcamango ezikwintsimi zingachazwa njengeNorway okanye iFinnish, kodwa uninzi lwazo ziqhelekile kuwo onke amazwe amane okanye asekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kwesiko lomculo womdaniso, onke amazwe anezinye izithethe zomculo wesintu ezingahlanganyelwanga ngokulinganayo

Umculo womdaniso wemveli waseNordic uquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zezingqi zomdaniso ezingaqalanga kumazwe aseNordic, kodwa ezakha zathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abakwizinga eliphezulu eYurophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le midaniso yasasazekela nakubantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko yaqhubeka isenziwa nangemva kokuba abo bantu bakwizinga eliphezulu beyishiyile ukuze bamkele eminye imidaniso emitsha eyayithandwa ngelo xesha. Uninzi lwezi zingqi lunokufumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kwaye ezinye zazo ziye zasetyenziswa nakumculo weklasikhi .

Uninzi lweengoma lukwiiqhosha ezincinci . Ngokwesiko, bekukho iingoma ezininzi kwizitshixo ezingenakwahlulwa njengeencinci okanye ezinkulu ( iiModes ). Kukho imikhondo yoku, kodwa uninzi lwayo lwanyamalala xa i -accordion yaduma. Uninzi lwemidaniso ehamba nalo mculo yimidaniso yamaqabane, nangona kukho iimeko ezahlukileyo. Ezi zinto zingabandakanyiyo ziquka ii- minuets eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo [[IFinland|zaseFinland]] kwaye zinokufumaneka nakwiindawo ezithile [[Swiden|zaseSweden]], i-solo-dance halling, edla ngokujongwa [[Norowe|njengeNorway]] kodwa ikwafumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseSweden, kunye ne-Finnish quadrille edanswa zizibini ezininzi ezikwimo yazo. Isingqisho somdaniso esiqhelekileyo yi- polska . Ikwi-3/4 ( ukubetha kathathu ukuya kwibhari ). Kwi-polskas eziqhelekileyo, isingqisho sesithathu sigxininiswa kakuhle njengesokuqala. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zesingqisho se-polska, kwaye ngokubanzi iinguqulelo zasekuhlaleni zomdaniso ohamba naye zihambelana nale mahluko, nangona uninzi lwale midaniso yasekuhlaleni iphelile. I- schottische, ekwaziwa njenge-reinlender, i-polka kunye ne -waltz zezinye izingqisho eziqhelekileyo zomdaniso. Ukongeza kukho nezinye izingqisho ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga (umz. isiNgesi ), nangona zimbalwa iingoma ezisaphilayo.

Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo yi-fiddle. Kwiimeko ezininzi kusetyenziswa ii-violin eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-hardingfele, esetyenziswa kwiindawo [[Norowe|zaseNorway]], eneseti yeentambo ezisebenzisanayo ukongeza kwiintambo ezine eziqhelekileyo. Esinye isixhobo  esikhethekileyo, i- nyckelharpa (i-fiddle enesihluthulelo), isixhobo somculo esiqhelekileyo esifumaneka eSweden kuphela. Ezinye izixhobo zomculo ezazisetyenziswa ngokwesiko yayizii -clarinets ezilula, kunye nee-accordions kamva. I -säckpipa yaseSweden, kunye neentlobo ezindala ze-nyckelharpa kunye ne-hurdy-gurdy, zidibanisa amasiko amadala omculo we-drone . Abaculi bomdaniso wesintu banamhlanje basenokusebenzisa nezinye izixhobo zomculo ezingezozasemveli, kunye nokubhala iingoma ezintsha ngendlela yakudala.

== Jonga kwakhona ==</text>
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[[File:Europeade_2015_dans_01.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Into encinci kakhulu]]
'''Umculo wemveli womdaniso waseNordic''' luhlobo lomculo wemveli okanye umculo wabantu (folk music) owayeqhele ukudlalwa kwimimandla engundoqo yamazwe aseNordic — iScandinavia kunye [[IFinland|neFinland]] . Umntu odlala olu hlobo lomculo unokubizwa ngokuba yi ''-speleman'' (isiSwidi/isiNorway), ''i-spelman'' (isiSweden), ''i-spel(l)emann'' (isiNorway), ''i-pelimanni'' (isiFinnish) okanye ''i-spillemand'' (isiDanish). Umculo womdaniso wendabuko waseFinland udla ngokubizwa ngokuba ''ngumculo we-pelimanni'' ngesiNgesi, ngelixa kubonakala ngathi akukho gama lifanayo neliqhelekileyo lomculo ofanayo ovela kwamanye amazwe. Kudla ngokuba nentsingiselo ngakumbi ukwahlula phakathi komculo wendabuko womdaniso ovela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunomculo ovela kumazwe anjalo. Ezinye iingcamango ezikwintsimi zingachazwa njengeNorway okanye iFinnish, kodwa uninzi lwazo ziqhelekile kuwo onke amazwe amane okanye asekuhlaleni. Ngaphandle kwesiko lomculo womdaniso, onke amazwe anezinye izithethe zomculo wesintu ezingahlanganyelwanga ngokulinganayo

Umculo womdaniso wemveli waseNordic uquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zezingqi zomdaniso ezingaqalanga kumazwe aseNordic, kodwa ezakha zathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabantu abakwizinga eliphezulu eYurophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le midaniso yasasazekela nakubantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko yaqhubeka isenziwa nangemva kokuba abo bantu bakwizinga eliphezulu beyishiyile ukuze bamkele eminye imidaniso emitsha eyayithandwa ngelo xesha. Uninzi lwezi zingqi lunokufumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu, kwaye ezinye zazo ziye zasetyenziswa nakumculo weklasikhi .

Uninzi lweengoma lukwiiqhosha ezincinci . Ngokwesiko, bekukho iingoma ezininzi kwizitshixo ezingenakwahlulwa njengeencinci okanye ezinkulu ( iiModes ). Kukho imikhondo yoku, kodwa uninzi lwayo lwanyamalala xa i -accordion yaduma. Uninzi lwemidaniso ehamba nalo mculo yimidaniso yamaqabane, nangona kukho iimeko ezahlukileyo. Ezi zinto zingabandakanyiyo ziquka ii- minuets eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo [[IFinland|zaseFinland]] kwaye zinokufumaneka nakwiindawo ezithile [[Swiden|zaseSweden]], i-solo-dance halling, edla ngokujongwa [[Norowe|njengeNorway]] kodwa ikwafumaneka nakwezinye iindawo zaseSweden, kunye ne-Finnish quadrille edanswa zizibini ezininzi ezikwimo yazo. Isingqisho somdaniso esiqhelekileyo yi- polska . Ikwi-3/4 ( ukubetha kathathu ukuya kwibhari ). Kwi-polskas eziqhelekileyo, isingqisho sesithathu sigxininiswa kakuhle njengesokuqala. Kukho iinguqulelo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni zesingqisho se-polska, kwaye ngokubanzi iinguqulelo zasekuhlaleni zomdaniso ohamba naye zihambelana nale mahluko, nangona uninzi lwale midaniso yasekuhlaleni iphelile. I- schottische, ekwaziwa njenge-reinlender, i-polka kunye ne -waltz zezinye izingqisho eziqhelekileyo zomdaniso. Ukongeza kukho nezinye izingqisho ezininzi ezingaqhelekanga (umz. isiNgesi ), nangona zimbalwa iingoma ezisaphilayo.

Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo yi-fiddle. Kwiimeko ezininzi kusetyenziswa ii-violin eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-hardingfele, esetyenziswa kwiindawo [[Norowe|zaseNorway]], eneseti yeentambo ezisebenzisanayo ukongeza kwiintambo ezine eziqhelekileyo. Esinye isixhobo  esikhethekileyo, i- nyckelharpa (i-fiddle enesihluthulelo), isixhobo somculo esiqhelekileyo esifumaneka eSweden kuphela. Ezinye izixhobo zomculo ezazisetyenziswa ngokwesiko yayizii -clarinets ezilula, kunye nee-accordions kamva. I -säckpipa yaseSweden, kunye neentlobo ezindala ze-nyckelharpa kunye ne-hurdy-gurdy, zidibanisa amasiko amadala omculo we-drone . Abaculi bomdaniso wesintu banamhlanje basenokusebenzisa nezinye izixhobo zomculo ezingezozasemveli, kunye nokubhala iingoma ezintsha ngendlela yakudala.

== Jonga kwakhona ==

* I-Fiddle
* I-fiddle yeHardanger
* Nyckelharpa
* Umculo wesintu waseDenmark</text>
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    <title>ICongress yoKhuseleko lwase-Afrika</title>
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'''I-African Security Congress''' (ASC) liqela lezopolitiko laseMzantsi Afrika elasekelwa ngenjongo yokumela iimfuno zoonogada bokhuseleko abasebenza kwiinkampani zabucala, ngakumbi ukufuna ukuba urhulumente abaqashe ngokuthe ngqo.</text>
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'''I-African Security Congress''' (ASC) liqela lezopolitiko laseMzantsi Afrika elasekwa ngenjongo yokumela iimfuno zoonogada bokhuseleko abasebenza kwiinkampani zabucala, ngakumbi ukufuna ukuba urhulumente abaqashe ngokuthe ngqo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guards demand to work directly for government|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-10-30-guards-demand-to-work-directly-for-government/|accessdate=2019-04-05|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

KweyeNkanga ngonyaka ka-2017, owasekuba ngusopolitiko we-African National Congress (ANC), uMakhosi Khoza, owashiya i-ANC emva kokuba ebize uJacob Zuma ukuba arhoxe, wamenya ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiqela ekwisikhundla sobunkekheli. Ubuye wathatha inxaxheba kuqhankqalazo olwalumela iimfuno zoonogada bokhuseleko eGermistone.

Iqela lakhuphisana kunyulo jikelele lowama-2019, kodwa alizange liphumelele nasinye.{{Reflist}}{{Politics of South Africa navbox}}</text>
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Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisele ekabandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbona wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavele kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi ebaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilosofi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundo ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kweimfundo eneemfno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo jubo bobabini abafundi bemfundo eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafuindi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.</text>
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      <text bytes="1429" sha1="qdmwj5nr4nm0go2mquei2p2ftqclrls" xml:space="preserve">Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisele ekabandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbona wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavele kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi ebaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilosofi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundo ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kweimfundo eneemfno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo jubo bobabini abafundi bemfundo eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafuindi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.</text>
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      <text bytes="2973" sha1="filjx4419c4dzxskt31jmpc6p2l1goj" xml:space="preserve">Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisele ekabandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbona wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavele kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi ebaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilosofi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundo ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kweimfundo eneemfno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo jubo bobabini abafundi bemfundo eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafuindi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.


Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kayahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanuya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;, endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; okanye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot;, eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le indlela ibeka ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwengqondo kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhliu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkinson noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona ngayo nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindlele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izkhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha. Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yophuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi</text>
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Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangacunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekiselele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eKhanda naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi, abakholelwa ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakwiklasi ezibandakanya bonke abafundi.</text>
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'''Ukubandakanywa''' kwimfundo kubhekisela ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilosofi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundo ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundo eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.</text>
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'''Ukubandakanywa''' kwimfundo kubhekisela ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilosofi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundo ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundo eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo “zemfundo jikelele” kunye “nemfundo eyodwa”; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo “yokudibanisa” okanye “yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo”, eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwengqondo kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abohluka ngazo. URichard Wilkinson noKate Pickett babhala bathi, “indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha. Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.[3]

== Ukudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa izinto ngokubanzi ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekiselele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eKhanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi, abakholelwa ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakwiiklasi ezibandakanya bonke abafundi.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

=== Imikhwa eqhelekileyo kumagumbi okufundela ebandakanya bonke ===
Abafundi abakumagumbi okufundela abandakanya bonke abafundi badla ngokubekwa kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo ngobudala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafunda kwinqanaba lemfundo elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kwelo liqhelekileyo kubudala babo. Ukuze kukukhuthazwe imvakalelelo yokuba yinxanyele yoluntu, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwixabiso lobuhlobo. Ootithsla badla ngokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi komfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa kunye nomfundi olingana naye ngobudala onenazo iimfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Enye indlela esetyenziswa rhoqo kukwabela umfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa umhlobo oza kumnceda oza kuhamaba naye ngamaxesha onke, umzekelo kwindawo yokutyela, kwibala lokudlala, ebhasini nakwezinye indawo. Oku kusetyuenziswa ukubonisa abafundi ukuba uluntu lwenziwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, nokuba akukho ntlobo yabafundi engcono kunabanye abafundi. Kukwaquququzelela ukususa imiqobo enokuthintela ubuhlobo xa umfundi ejongwa &quot;njengongakwaziyo ukuzinceda&quot;.  Ezi ndlela zinokunciphisanamathuba okuba kubekho imvakalelo yokuba abanye abafundi bangaphezulu kunabanye kumabanga aphezulu, kwaye zikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi.

Ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukwakha uluntu ngapahakathi kwigumbi lokufundela:

* Ukusebenzisa imidlalo eyenzelwe ukwakha uluntu ngaphathi kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukubandakanya abafundi ekusombululeni iingxaki.
* Ukwabelana ngeengoma neencwadi ezifundisa ngokubaluleka koluntu nentsebenziswano.
* Ukuxoxa ngokukhululekileyo ngomahluko phakathi kwabantu. 
* Ukwabela abafundi imisebenzi yakwigumbi lokufundela ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa koluntu.
* Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bakhangele indlela zokuncedana.
* Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango lomzimba, ezifana nezixhobo zokuma, ukuze abafundi abadla ngokusebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili bakwazi ukuma xa abanye abafundi bemile baze bathathe inxaxheba ngakumbi kwimisebenzi
* Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathathe indima yokuba ngootitshala baze bafundise abanye, umzekelo ukundela umfundi onokukhubazeka okunzima inxalenye yencwadi.
* Ukugxininisa kwizakhono namandla omfundi oneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa.
* Ukwenzela uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukunika abafundi ikhefu xa kuyimfuneko.
* Ukwenza indawo apho abantwana banokuzola khona.
* Ukulungiselela idesika zabafundi ngokwamaqela.
* Ukwenza indawo yokufundela ezimeleyo, ekhuselekileyo nenobubele kubo bonke abafundi.
* Ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko yaseklasini nokuyithobela.
* Ukunceda abafundi ukuba bazibekele iinjongo zexesha elifutshane.
* Ukwenza ikharityhulam ebanzi equka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
* Ukunxibelelan rhoqo nabazali lunye/ okanye nabagcini babafundi.
* Ukufuna inkxaso kwabanye ootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

=== Imikhwa eqhelekileyo kumagumbi okufundela ebandakanya bonke ===
Abafundi abakumagumbi okufundela abandakanya bonke abafundi badla ngokubekwa kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo ngobudala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafunda kwinqanaba lemfundo elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kwelo liqhelekileyo kubudala babo. Ukuze kukukhuthazwe imvakalelelo yokuba yinxanyele yoluntu, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwixabiso lobuhlobo. Ootithsla badla ngokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi komfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa kunye nomfundi olingana naye ngobudala onenazo iimfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Enye indlela esetyenziswa rhoqo kukwabela umfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa umhlobo oza kumnceda oza kuhamaba naye ngamaxesha onke, umzekelo kwindawo yokutyela, kwibala lokudlala, ebhasini nakwezinye indawo. Oku kusetyuenziswa ukubonisa abafundi ukuba uluntu lwenziwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, nokuba akukho ntlobo yabafundi engcono kunabanye abafundi. Kukwaquququzelela ukususa imiqobo enokuthintela ubuhlobo xa umfundi ejongwa &quot;njengongakwaziyo ukuzinceda&quot;.  Ezi ndlela zinokunciphisanamathuba okuba kubekho imvakalelo yokuba abanye abafundi bangaphezulu kunabanye kumabanga aphezulu, kwaye zikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi.

Ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukwakha uluntu ngapahakathi kwigumbi lokufundela:

* Ukusebenzisa imidlalo eyenzelwe ukwakha uluntu ngaphathi kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukubandakanya abafundi ekusombululeni iingxaki.
* Ukwabelana ngeengoma neencwadi ezifundisa ngokubaluleka koluntu nentsebenziswano.
* Ukuxoxa ngokukhululekileyo ngomahluko phakathi kwabantu. 
* Ukwabela abafundi imisebenzi yakwigumbi lokufundela ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa koluntu.
* Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bakhangele indlela zokuncedana.
* Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango lomzimba, ezifana nezixhobo zokuma, ukuze abafundi abadla ngokusebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili bakwazi ukuma xa abanye abafundi bemile baze bathathe inxaxheba ngakumbi kwimisebenzi
* Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathathe indima yokuba ngootitshala baze bafundise abanye, umzekelo ukundela umfundi onokukhubazeka okunzima inxalenye yencwadi.
* Ukugxininisa kwizakhono namandla omfundi oneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa.
* Ukwenzela uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukunika abafundi ikhefu xa kuyimfuneko.
* Ukwenza indawo apho abantwana banokuzola khona.
* Ukulungiselela idesika zabafundi ngokwamaqela.
* Ukwenza indawo yokufundela ezimeleyo, ekhuselekileyo nenobubele kubo bonke abafundi.
* Ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko yaseklasini nokuyithobela.
* Ukunceda abafundi ukuba bazibekele iinjongo zexesha elifutshane.
* Ukwenza ikharityhulam ebanzi equka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
* Ukunxibelelan rhoqo nabazali lunye/ okanye nabagcini babafundi.
* Ukufuna inkxaso kwabanye ootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.

'''Indlela zokubandakanya bonke abafundi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokufundisa ngokusebenzisana:'''

* Omnye uyafundisa, Omnye uyaxhasa:

Kule modeli, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa ancede ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomfuni ngamnye kwaye ancede ekulawuleni iklasi xa kuyimfuneko.

* Uyafundisa omnye, uyaqwalasela omnye:

Kule modeli, utitshala onamava amaninzi kumxholo wesifundo nguye oza kufundisa isifundo, aze omnye utitshala ajikeleze kwigumbi lokufundela okanye aqwalasele. Le modeli idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ngexesha lokuqwalasela kwe-IEP okanye xa kusenziwa uHlolo lokuZiphatha oluSebenzayo (''Functional Behavior Analysis).''

* Ukufundisa ngokwezikhululo (ukufundisa ngokujikelezana):

Kule modeli, igumbi lokufundela lahlulwa libe zizikhululo apho abafundi baya kuhamba khona ngokwamaqela amancinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kwiqela lakhe, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa enze uphononongo lwesifundo okanye afundise inguqulelo yesifundo elungelelaniswe neemfuno zabafundi.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

=== Imikhwa eqhelekileyo kumagumbi okufundela ebandakanya bonke ===
Abafundi abakumagumbi okufundela abandakanya bonke abafundi badla ngokubekwa kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo ngobudala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafunda kwinqanaba lemfundo elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kwelo liqhelekileyo kubudala babo. Ukuze kukukhuthazwe imvakalelelo yokuba yinxanyele yoluntu, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwixabiso lobuhlobo. Ootithsla badla ngokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi komfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa kunye nomfundi olingana naye ngobudala onenazo iimfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Enye indlela esetyenziswa rhoqo kukwabela umfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa umhlobo oza kumnceda oza kuhamaba naye ngamaxesha onke, umzekelo kwindawo yokutyela, kwibala lokudlala, ebhasini nakwezinye indawo. Oku kusetyuenziswa ukubonisa abafundi ukuba uluntu lwenziwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, nokuba akukho ntlobo yabafundi engcono kunabanye abafundi. Kukwaquququzelela ukususa imiqobo enokuthintela ubuhlobo xa umfundi ejongwa &quot;njengongakwaziyo ukuzinceda&quot;.  Ezi ndlela zinokunciphisanamathuba okuba kubekho imvakalelo yokuba abanye abafundi bangaphezulu kunabanye kumabanga aphezulu, kwaye zikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi.

Ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukwakha uluntu ngapahakathi kwigumbi lokufundela:

* Ukusebenzisa imidlalo eyenzelwe ukwakha uluntu ngaphathi kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukubandakanya abafundi ekusombululeni iingxaki.
* Ukwabelana ngeengoma neencwadi ezifundisa ngokubaluleka koluntu nentsebenziswano.
* Ukuxoxa ngokukhululekileyo ngomahluko phakathi kwabantu. 
* Ukwabela abafundi imisebenzi yakwigumbi lokufundela ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa koluntu.
* Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bakhangele indlela zokuncedana.
* Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango lomzimba, ezifana nezixhobo zokuma, ukuze abafundi abadla ngokusebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili bakwazi ukuma xa abanye abafundi bemile baze bathathe inxaxheba ngakumbi kwimisebenzi
* Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathathe indima yokuba ngootitshala baze bafundise abanye, umzekelo ukundela umfundi onokukhubazeka okunzima inxalenye yencwadi.
* Ukugxininisa kwizakhono namandla omfundi oneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa.
* Ukwenzela uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukunika abafundi ikhefu xa kuyimfuneko.
* Ukwenza indawo apho abantwana banokuzola khona.
* Ukulungiselela idesika zabafundi ngokwamaqela.
* Ukwenza indawo yokufundela ezimeleyo, ekhuselekileyo nenobubele kubo bonke abafundi.
* Ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko yaseklasini nokuyithobela.
* Ukunceda abafundi ukuba bazibekele iinjongo zexesha elifutshane.
* Ukwenza ikharityhulam ebanzi equka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
* Ukunxibelelan rhoqo nabazali lunye/ okanye nabagcini babafundi.
* Ukufuna inkxaso kwabanye ootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.

'''Indlela zokubandakanya bonke abafundi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokufundisa ngokusebenzisana:'''

* Omnye uyafundisa, Omnye uyaxhasa:

Kule modeli, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa ancede ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomfuni ngamnye kwaye ancede ekulawuleni iklasi xa kuyimfuneko.

* Uyafundisa omnye, uyaqwalasela omnye:

Kule modeli, utitshala onamava amaninzi kumxholo wesifundo nguye oza kufundisa isifundo, aze omnye utitshala ajikeleze kwigumbi lokufundela okanye aqwalasele. Le modeli idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ngexesha lokuqwalasela kwe-IEP okanye xa kusenziwa uHlolo lokuZiphatha oluSebenzayo (''Functional Behavior Analysis).''

* Ukufundisa ngokwezikhululo (ukufundisa ngokujikelezana):

Kule modeli, igumbi lokufundela lahlulwa libe zizikhululo apho abafundi baya kuhamba khona ngokwamaqela amancinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kwiqela lakhe, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa enze uphononongo lwesifundo okanye afundise inguqulelo yesifundo elungelelaniswe neemfuno zabafundi.

* Ukufundisa ngokuhambelanayo:

Kule modeli, isiqingatha segumbi lokufundela sifundiswa ngutitshala ofundisa umxholo, esinye sona isiqingatha sifundiswa ngutitshala wemfundo eyodwa. Omabini la amaqela afundiswa isifundo esinye, kodwa afundiswa ngokwamaqela amancinci.

* Ukufundisa okuhlukile:

Kule ndlela, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kiklasi tonke, ngelixa utitshala wemfundo ekhethekile efundisa iqela elincinci labafundi esinye isifundo esilungelelaniswew neemfuno zabo.

* Ukufundisa kwamaqela (umxholo/inkxaso yabelwana ngayo 50/50):

Bobabini ootitshala babelana ngokulinganayo ekucwangciseni, ekufundiseni nasekuxhaseni abafundi. Le yindlela yemveli yokufundisa ngokusebenzisana, kwaye idla ngokuthathwa njengenye yeemodeli zokufundisa ngobambisana esetyenziswa kakhulu.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

=== Imikhwa eqhelekileyo kumagumbi okufundela ebandakanya bonke ===
Abafundi abakumagumbi okufundela abandakanya bonke abafundi badla ngokubekwa kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo ngobudala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafunda kwinqanaba lemfundo elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kwelo liqhelekileyo kubudala babo. Ukuze kukukhuthazwe imvakalelelo yokuba yinxanyele yoluntu, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwixabiso lobuhlobo. Ootithsla badla ngokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi komfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa kunye nomfundi olingana naye ngobudala onenazo iimfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Enye indlela esetyenziswa rhoqo kukwabela umfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa umhlobo oza kumnceda oza kuhamaba naye ngamaxesha onke, umzekelo kwindawo yokutyela, kwibala lokudlala, ebhasini nakwezinye indawo. Oku kusetyuenziswa ukubonisa abafundi ukuba uluntu lwenziwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, nokuba akukho ntlobo yabafundi engcono kunabanye abafundi. Kukwaquququzelela ukususa imiqobo enokuthintela ubuhlobo xa umfundi ejongwa &quot;njengongakwaziyo ukuzinceda&quot;.  Ezi ndlela zinokunciphisanamathuba okuba kubekho imvakalelo yokuba abanye abafundi bangaphezulu kunabanye kumabanga aphezulu, kwaye zikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi.

Ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukwakha uluntu ngapahakathi kwigumbi lokufundela:

* Ukusebenzisa imidlalo eyenzelwe ukwakha uluntu ngaphathi kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukubandakanya abafundi ekusombululeni iingxaki.
* Ukwabelana ngeengoma neencwadi ezifundisa ngokubaluleka koluntu nentsebenziswano.
* Ukuxoxa ngokukhululekileyo ngomahluko phakathi kwabantu. 
* Ukwabela abafundi imisebenzi yakwigumbi lokufundela ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa koluntu.
* Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bakhangele indlela zokuncedana.
* Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango lomzimba, ezifana nezixhobo zokuma, ukuze abafundi abadla ngokusebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili bakwazi ukuma xa abanye abafundi bemile baze bathathe inxaxheba ngakumbi kwimisebenzi
* Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathathe indima yokuba ngootitshala baze bafundise abanye, umzekelo ukundela umfundi onokukhubazeka okunzima inxalenye yencwadi.
* Ukugxininisa kwizakhono namandla omfundi oneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa.
* Ukwenzela uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukunika abafundi ikhefu xa kuyimfuneko.
* Ukwenza indawo apho abantwana banokuzola khona.
* Ukulungiselela idesika zabafundi ngokwamaqela.
* Ukwenza indawo yokufundela ezimeleyo, ekhuselekileyo nenobubele kubo bonke abafundi.
* Ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko yaseklasini nokuyithobela.
* Ukunceda abafundi ukuba bazibekele iinjongo zexesha elifutshane.
* Ukwenza ikharityhulam ebanzi equka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
* Ukunxibelelan rhoqo nabazali lunye/ okanye nabagcini babafundi.
* Ukufuna inkxaso kwabanye ootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.

'''Indlela zokubandakanya bonke abafundi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokufundisa ngokusebenzisana:'''

* Omnye uyafundisa, Omnye uyaxhasa:

Kule modeli, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa ancede ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomfuni ngamnye kwaye ancede ekulawuleni iklasi xa kuyimfuneko.

* Uyafundisa omnye, uyaqwalasela omnye:

Kule modeli, utitshala onamava amaninzi kumxholo wesifundo nguye oza kufundisa isifundo, aze omnye utitshala ajikeleze kwigumbi lokufundela okanye aqwalasele. Le modeli idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ngexesha lokuqwalasela kwe-IEP okanye xa kusenziwa uHlolo lokuZiphatha oluSebenzayo (''Functional Behavior Analysis).''

* Ukufundisa ngokwezikhululo (ukufundisa ngokujikelezana):

Kule modeli, igumbi lokufundela lahlulwa libe zizikhululo apho abafundi baya kuhamba khona ngokwamaqela amancinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kwiqela lakhe, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa enze uphononongo lwesifundo okanye afundise inguqulelo yesifundo elungelelaniswe neemfuno zabafundi.

* Ukufundisa ngokuhambelanayo:

Kule modeli, isiqingatha segumbi lokufundela sifundiswa ngutitshala ofundisa umxholo, esinye sona isiqingatha sifundiswa ngutitshala wemfundo eyodwa. Omabini la amaqela afundiswa isifundo esinye, kodwa afundiswa ngokwamaqela amancinci.

* Ukufundisa okuhlukile:

Kule ndlela, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kiklasi tonke, ngelixa utitshala wemfundo ekhethekile efundisa iqela elincinci labafundi esinye isifundo esilungelelaniswew neemfuno zabo.

* Ukufundisa kwamaqela (umxholo/inkxaso yabelwana ngayo 50/50):

Bobabini ootitshala babelana ngokulinganayo ekucwangciseni, ekufundiseni nasekuxhaseni abafundi. Le yindlela yemveli yokufundisa ngokusebenzisana, kwaye idla ngokuthathwa njengenye yeemodeli zokufundisa ngobambisana esetyenziswa kakhulu.

Olunye uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inkuphumelela xa kuthathwa amanyathelo athile okunceda ootitshala bafumane ulwazi olwaneleyo ngendlela yokuyiphumeza. ULen Barton, uNjingalwazi weMfundo eBandakanya bonke abafundi kwi-Institute of Education kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, wanikela intetho echaza ukuba imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inokuba luncedo xa kuhlatyangezwa neemeko ezithile. Kwintetho yakhe, uBrtona wathi imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ayisosisumbulolu sodwa kwimingeni yemfundo, kodwa inokuba linyathetlo eliya phambili. Iziphumo zophando lwakhe zichaza iimeko ezininzi ezifunwa nhgootitshala ukuze imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iphumelele. Umqathango wokuqala kukuba umba wemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ube yinxalenyue ephambili yeenkqubo zoqeqesho lootitshala, ukuze kugxininiswe ukubaluleka kwawo ekwandiseni ukufunda nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo bonke abafundi. UBarton ukwabalula ukubaluleka koqeqesho malunga nokukhubazeka nokulingana, olunikwa ootitshala nabasenzi bezikolo ziingcali eziqeqeshiweyo, ukuze kuphunculwe ukuqonda kwabo ngemigaqo nemisebenzi yemfundo ebandakanyanbonke abafundi.</text>
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[[File:Students_in_Ghana_in_a_parade_for_inclusive_education.jpg|thumb| Abafundi eGhana bakwiphulo lokubandakanya amantombazana nabasetyhini kwezemfundo]]
Ukubandakanywa kwimfundo kubhekisa ekubandakanyeni bonke abafundi ukuze bafumane amathuba alinganayo okufikelela kwimfundo nasekufundeni. Oku kwahlukile kumbono wokulingana kwimfundo okanye wobulungisa kwimfundo. Umbono wokubandakanywa wavela kwimeko yemfundo yabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa, kusetyenziswa isicwangciso semfundo esilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye okanye isicwangciso esaziwa ngokuba yi-504 plan. Lo mgaqo usekelwe kwingcinga yokuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa banokuzuza ngakumbi ngokufunda kunye nabanye abafundi, kuba amava afanayo anokubanceda ekuphuhliseni izakhono zokunxibelelana nabanye, nto leyo enokuthi ibe negalelo kwimpumelelo yabo ebomini. Ifilososfi esisiseko semodeli yokubandakanywa ayikubeki phambili ukusetyenziswa kweeklasi ezizodwa okanye kwezikolo ezizodwa, nangona zisavunyelwa ukuba zisetyenziswe ekufundiseni abafundi abakhubazekileyo. Iimodeli zemfundo ebandakanyabonke abafundi ziphunyezwa ngabalawuli bezemfundoi ngenjongo yokunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa ukwahlulwa kwabafundi kwimfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ingcamango esisiseko kukuba ukubandakanywa kunokuba luncedo kubo bobabini abafundi bemfundoi eqhelekileyo kunye nabafundi abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Abafundi abanezakhono eziphuhlileyo banokusebenza njengemizekelo koontanga babo, ngelixa abafundi abafuna inkxaso engakumbi benokunceda abanye abafundi ekuphuhliseni ukuqonda novelwano ngabanye.

Ukuphunyezwa kwezi ndlela kuyahluka ngokwezikolo. Izikolo ezininzi zisebenzisa imodeli yokubandakanya abafundi abathile abaneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa eziphakathi ukuya kwezilinganiselweyo. Izikolo ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;; endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kwimodeli yemfundo &quot;yokudibanisa&quot; oksnye &quot;yokubandakanya abafundi kwimfundo eqhelekileyo&quot; eyayisetyenziswa ngaphambili. Le ndlela ibeka ugxiniso ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, nasekuhlonipheni amalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imvakalelo yokubandakanyeka ayiphelelanga kubafundi abakhubazekileyo ngakwasemzimbeni okanye engqondweni kuphela, koko ibandakanya lonke uluhlu lokwahluka kwabantu ngokumalunga nobuchule, ulwimi, inkcubeko, isini, ubudala kunye nezinye iindlela abantu abahluka ngazo. URichard Wilkison noKate Pickett babhala bathi, &quot;indlela umfundi aziva ngayo, indlela abanye abambona nabamgweba ngayo, inokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela aqhuba ngayo nakwindlela aziphethe ngayo kwimisebenzi yemfundo. Xa silindele ukuba abanye basibone singaphantsi kwabanye, izakhono zethu zibonakala ngathi ziyancipha.&quot; Ngenxa yoko, iNjongo yesi-4 yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweziseko ezifanelekileyo zomzimba kunye nemfuneko yeendawo zokufunda ezikhuselekileyo nezibandakanya bonke abafundi.

== Ukudibanisa nokuhambisa ==
Ukubandakanywa kwabafundi kuneengcambu okanye imvelaphi eyahlukahlukeneyo ngokwembali. Kusenokuba kubandakanya ukudityaniswa kwabafundi abakhubazeke kakhulu eUnited States, ababenokuthi ngaphambili bangavunyelwa ukuya ezikolweni okanye bade bahlaliswe kumaziko akhethekileyo. Kusenokuba kwakhona kubhekisele kwimodeli yokubandakanya abafundi evela eCanada naseUnited States, umzekelo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse eNew York. Le modeli ithandwa kakhulu ngootitshala abaxhasa imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi abakholelwa ukuba ekufundeni ngokuthatha inxaxheba, ekufundeni ngentsebenziswano, nakumagumbi ofundela abandakanya bonke abafundi.

Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi yahlukile kumsebenzi wokuqala woonjingalwazi baseYunivesithi, umzekelo umsebenzi kCarol Berrigan, uNjingalwazi weMfundo kwiYunivesithi yaseSyracuse ngeminyaka yo-1970 nakwi-1985, kunye noDouglas Biklen, owayeyiNtloko yeSikolo seMfundo kwade kwangu-2011, malunga &quot;nokudityaniswa kwezemfundo&quot; kunye &quot; nokubandakanywa kwimfundok eqhelekileyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela zazifundiswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi kuquka nakwi ''seminars'' zamazwe ngazwe eItaly. Ukubandakanya kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakudla ngogxininisa &quot;ekulungeleni&quot; kwabo bonke ababandakanyekayo ekudibaniseni abafundi abaneemfuno ezibalulekileyo zemfundo. Ngoko ke, ukudityaniswa kwezemfundo kunye nokubandakanywa kwimfundo eqhelekileyo kwakugxininisa ikakhulu kwimiba yokukhubazeka kunye &quot;neemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa&quot;, kuba aba bantwana babengafundeli kwizikolo eziqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo yayibandakanya ootitshala, abafundi, iiqununu, abalawuli, iibodi zezikolo kunye nabazali ababefanele ukutshintsha iindlela zabo nokulungela ukufundisa abafundi ababefuna uhlengahlengiso okanye iindlela ezintsha zekharityhulam nokufundiosa. Umzekelo woku yayizinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (IEP- ''Individual Education Program'') ezazifunwa ngumthetho womanyano. Ezi nkqubo zazisetyenziswa ukuze abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa bakwazi ukufunda kwiindawo zemfundo eqhelekileyo.

Ngakwahlukileyo koko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi igxininisa kwilungelo lomntwana lokuthatha inxaxheba nakuxanduva lwesikolo lokwamkela umntwana, nto leyo enxulumene nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwityala i-Brown vs Board of Education kunye noMthetho oMtsha weMfundo yaBantu abakhubazekileyo (Individual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act- IDEIA). Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iyakugatya ukusetyenziswa kwezikolo ezizodwa okanye amagumbi akufundela awodwa, ezisathandwa ngamaziko amakhulu abonelela ngeekonzo ezininzi, ngenjongo yokwahlula abafundi abakhubazekileyo kubafundi abangenaziphene. Kubekwa ugxininiso ekuthatheni inxaxheba nngokupheleyo kwabafundi abakhubazekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo kumbono wangaphambili wokuthata inxaxheba ngokuyinxenye kwimfundo eqhelekileyo, kunye nokuhlonitshwa kwamalungelo abo entlalo, oluntu nawemfundo. Imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inika abafundi abakhubazekileyo izakhono abanokuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwegumbi lofundela.

== Imigaqo kunye nezixhobo eziyimfuneko ==
Nangona kwakukhe kwanconywa njengendlela yokuphucula impumelelo yezifundo ngelixa kuncitshiswa iindleko, imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ngoku pheleleyo ayizinciphisi indleko. Ayenzelwanga ukunciphisa iimfuno zabafundi, yaye eyona nto iphambili kuyo isenokungabi kukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ithetha nje ukuba iingcali zemfundo eyodwa, ezithi kwamanye amazwe zibe neziqinisekiso zokufundisa bonke abafundi, zisuswe kumagumbi azo okufundela emfundo eyodwa ziye kwikona yegumbi lofundela eliqhelekileyo, okanye zibekwe kwenye indawoi ngokwendlela ecwangciswe ngayo &quot;ngutitshala ophetheyo&quot; kunye &quot;nomlawuli ophetheyo&quot;. Ukuze kuthintelwe ukuchaphazeleka kakubi kwemfundo yaba fundi abakhubazekileuyo, kufuneka kubekho uluhlu olupheleleyo lweenkonzo nezixhobo zemfundo, kuquka:

* Iinkxaso neenkonzo ezaneleyo kumfundi.
* Iinkqubo zemfundo ezilungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye (I''ndividual Education Programs'').
* Uqeqesho nophuhliso lobungcali kubo bonke ootitshala ababandakanyekayo, kuquka ootitshala bemfundo jikelele kunye nootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.
* Ixesha elaneleyo lokuba ootitshala bacwangcise, badibane, benze imisebenzi baze bavavanye abafundi kunye
* Ukuncitshiswa kwenani labafundi kwigumbi lokufundela ngokuxhomekeke kubunzima neemfundo zomfundi.
* Ukuphuhliswa kwezakhona zobungcali kwiinkalo ezifana nokufunda ngentsebenziswano, ukufundisana phakathi kwabafundi kunye nekharityhulam elungiselelweyo.
* Intsebenziswano phakathi kwabazali okanye abagcini babantwana, ootitshala okanye abancedisi bootitshala, iingcali, abaphathi bezikolo namaziko angaphandle.
* Inkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ukuze izikolo zikwazi ukuphuhlisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zabafundi, endaweni yokuba iinkqubo zixhomekeke kubukho bemali.

Enyanisweni, abafundi abanemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa bafumana inkxaso-mali kurhulumente womanyano ngokumthetho. Oku kwaqala ngoMthetho weMfundo yaBntwana abaKhubazekileyo wowe-1974 (''Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974'') kwaye kuyaqhubeka nanamhlanje phantsi koMthetho woPhuculwa kweMfundo yaBantu abaKhubazekileyo (I''ndividual with Disabilities Education Improvement Act''). Lo mthetho ufuna ukuba le nkxaso isetyenziswe kweyona ndawo yemfundo idibanisa umfundi nabanye abafundi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

=== Imikhwa eqhelekileyo kumagumbi okufundela ebandakanya bonke ===
Abafundi abakumagumbi okufundela abandakanya bonke abafundi badla ngokubekwa kunye nabafundi abalingana nabo ngobudala, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafunda kwinqanaba lemfundo elingaphezulu okanye elingaphantsi kwelo liqhelekileyo kubudala babo. Ukuze kukukhuthazwe imvakalelelo yokuba yinxanyele yoluntu, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwixabiso lobuhlobo. Ootithsla badla ngokukhuthaza ubudlelwane phakathi komfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa kunye nomfundi olingana naye ngobudala onenazo iimfuno zemfundo ezizodwa. Enye indlela esetyenziswa rhoqo kukwabela umfundi oneemfuno ezizodwa umhlobo oza kumnceda oza kuhamaba naye ngamaxesha onke, umzekelo kwindawo yokutyela, kwibala lokudlala, ebhasini nakwezinye indawo. Oku kusetyuenziswa ukubonisa abafundi ukuba uluntu lwenziwa ngabantu abahlukeneyo, nokuba akukho ntlobo yabafundi engcono kunabanye abafundi. Kukwaquququzelela ukususa imiqobo enokuthintela ubuhlobo xa umfundi ejongwa &quot;njengongakwaziyo ukuzinceda&quot;.  Ezi ndlela zinokunciphisanamathuba okuba kubekho imvakalelo yokuba abanye abafundi bangaphezulu kunabanye kumabanga aphezulu, kwaye zikhuthaze intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abafundi.

Ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukunceda ukwakha uluntu ngapahakathi kwigumbi lokufundela:

* Ukusebenzisa imidlalo eyenzelwe ukwakha uluntu ngaphathi kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukubandakanya abafundi ekusombululeni iingxaki.
* Ukwabelana ngeengoma neencwadi ezifundisa ngokubaluleka koluntu nentsebenziswano.
* Ukuxoxa ngokukhululekileyo ngomahluko phakathi kwabantu. 
* Ukwabela abafundi imisebenzi yakwigumbi lokufundela ekhuthaza ukwakhiwa koluntu.
* Ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bakhangele indlela zokuncedana.
* Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zonyango lomzimba, ezifana nezixhobo zokuma, ukuze abafundi abadla ngokusebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili bakwazi ukuma xa abanye abafundi bemile baze bathathe inxaxheba ngakumbi kwimisebenzi
* Ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bathathe indima yokuba ngootitshala baze bafundise abanye, umzekelo ukundela umfundi onokukhubazeka okunzima inxalenye yencwadi.
* Ukugxininisa kwizakhono namandla omfundi oneemfuno zemfundo ezizodwa.
* Ukwenzela uluhlu lwezinto ekufuneka zenziwe kwigumbi lokufundela.
* Ukunika abafundi ikhefu xa kuyimfuneko.
* Ukwenza indawo apho abantwana banokuzola khona.
* Ukulungiselela idesika zabafundi ngokwamaqela.
* Ukwenza indawo yokufundela ezimeleyo, ekhuselekileyo nenobubele kubo bonke abafundi.
* Ukumisela imigaqo esisiseko yaseklasini nokuyithobela.
* Ukunceda abafundi ukuba bazibekele iinjongo zexesha elifutshane.
* Ukwenza ikharityhulam ebanzi equka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda.
* Ukunxibelelan rhoqo nabazali lunye/ okanye nabagcini babafundi.
* Ukufuna inkxaso kwabanye ootitshala bemfundo eyodwa.

'''Indlela zokubandakanya bonke abafundi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela zilandelayo zokufundisa ngokusebenzisana:'''

* Omnye uyafundisa, Omnye uyaxhasa:

Kule modeli, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa ancede ekuhlangabezaneni neemfuno zomfuni ngamnye kwaye ancede ekulawuleni iklasi xa kuyimfuneko.

* Uyafundisa omnye, uyaqwalasela omnye:

Kule modeli, utitshala onamava amaninzi kumxholo wesifundo nguye oza kufundisa isifundo, aze omnye utitshala ajikeleze kwigumbi lokufundela okanye aqwalasele. Le modeli idla ngokusetyenziswa ukuqokelela iinkcukacha ngexesha lokuqwalasela kwe-IEP okanye xa kusenziwa uHlolo lokuZiphatha oluSebenzayo (''Functional Behavior Analysis).''

* Ukufundisa ngokwezikhululo (ukufundisa ngokujikelezana):

Kule modeli, igumbi lokufundela lahlulwa libe zizikhululo apho abafundi baya kuhamba khona ngokwamaqela amancinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kwiqela lakhe, aze utitshala wemfundo eyodwa enze uphononongo lwesifundo okanye afundise inguqulelo yesifundo elungelelaniswe neemfuno zabafundi.

* Ukufundisa ngokuhambelanayo:

Kule modeli, isiqingatha segumbi lokufundela sifundiswa ngutitshala ofundisa umxholo, esinye sona isiqingatha sifundiswa ngutitshala wemfundo eyodwa. Omabini la amaqela afundiswa isifundo esinye, kodwa afundiswa ngokwamaqela amancinci.

* Ukufundisa okuhlukile:

Kule ndlela, utitshala ofundisa umxholo uya kufundisa isifundo kiklasi tonke, ngelixa utitshala wemfundo ekhethekile efundisa iqela elincinci labafundi esinye isifundo esilungelelaniswew neemfuno zabo.

* Ukufundisa kwamaqela (umxholo/inkxaso yabelwana ngayo 50/50):

Bobabini ootitshala babelana ngokulinganayo ekucwangciseni, ekufundiseni nasekuxhaseni abafundi. Le yindlela yemveli yokufundisa ngokusebenzisana, kwaye idla ngokuthathwa njengenye yeemodeli zokufundisa ngobambisana esetyenziswa kakhulu.

Olunye uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inkuphumelela xa kuthathwa amanyathelo athile okunceda ootitshala bafumane ulwazi olwaneleyo ngendlela yokuyiphumeza. ULen Barton, uNjingalwazi weMfundo eBandakanya bonke abafundi kwi-Institute of Education kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, wanikela intetho echaza ukuba imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi inokuba luncedo xa kuhlatyangezwa neemeko ezithile. Kwintetho yakhe, uBrtona wathi imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ayisosisumbulolu sodwa kwimingeni yemfundo, kodwa inokuba linyathetlo eliya phambili. Iziphumo zophando lwakhe zichaza iimeko ezininzi ezifunwa nhgootitshala ukuze imfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi iphumelele. Umqathango wokuqala kukuba umba wemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi ube yinxalenyue ephambili yeenkqubo zoqeqesho lootitshala, ukuze kugxininiswe ukubaluleka kwawo ekwandiseni ukufunda nokuthatha inxaxheba kwabo bonke abafundi. UBarton ukwabalula ukubaluleka koqeqesho malunga nokukhubazeka nokulingana, olunikwa ootitshala nabasenzi bezikolo ziingcali eziqeqeshiweyo, ukuze kuphunculwe ukuqonda kwabo ngemigaqo nemisebenzi yemfundo ebandakanyanbonke abafundi.

=== Abantwana abaneemfuno ezibanzi zokuncedwa ===
Kubantwana abakhubazeke kakhulu okanye abaneemfuno ezinzulu, iinkqubo zemfundo zinofuna oko kubizwa ngokuba ziinkonzo zenkxaso yezempilo, umzekelo ukunceiswa ekubekweni komzimba nasekuphunyisweni, okanye ukutyelele ikliniki yomongikazi.  Zisenokufuna noncedo lomntu omnye nomnye ngqo kwigumbi lokufundela, ubuxhakaxhaka balemihla obuncedisayo, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo elungiselelwe umfundi ngamnye. Le nkqubo inokubandakanya umfundi ngokuyinxenye kwisicwangciso esipheleleyo sesifundo sabafundi bemfundo jikelele, umzekelpo ngokusebenzisa ividiyo namakhadi okukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo ngokubonwayo, okanye ngokumamela iimpendulo. Kwakhona, kusenokufuneka kusetyenziswe iindlela zokufundisa ezisetyenziswa rhoqo, umzekelo ukwazisa nokukhuthaza umdla kwizifundo zenzululwazi, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ootitshala abazisebenzisi rhoqo kumagumbi okufundela alandela ikharityhulam engundoqo.

Enye indlela yokuqonda iinkonzo zenkxaso yezempilo kukuzijonga njengoluhlu lweenkonzo ezifuneka kwiingcali ezithile okanye ngamanye amaxesha kwiingcali eziqeqeshelwe iinkalo ezininzi. Ezi nkonzo zinokususela kwiinkonzo zentetho nolwimi, ukuya kwiinkonzo ezinxulumene nokubona nokuva (ukuphazamiseka kwemvakalelo), indlela yokuziphatha, ukufunda, amathambo nentshukumo, i-autism, ukungeva nokungaboni, kunye nokwenzakala kwengqoindo okubangelwa sisiganeko esibuhlungu, ngokutsho kukaGqr Paul Wehman weYunivesithi yaseVirginia Commonwealth. Njengoko uGqr Wehman echazile, ulindelo lunokubandakanya ukuqhubeka nemfundo emva kwesikoo samabanga aphakamileyo, ukuqeshwa kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza ngenkxaso efanelekileyo, kunye nokuhlala nosapho okanye kwezinye iindawo zokuhlala ezibonelela ngenkxaso phakathi koluntu.

Ngo-2005, iinkonzo zenkxaso yezempilo ezibanzi zachazwa kwi-''Ntional Goals for Interllectual and Development Disabilities'' njengeenkonzo ekufuneka zifumaneke kuye wonke umntu, zifikeleleke ngokweendleko, kwaye zikhuthaze ukubandakanywa kwabantu. Kwachazwa ukuba ezi nkonzo kufuneka zixhase izigqibo ezimalunga nokukhathalela ngokukhululekileyo, zihambelane neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, zikhuthaze ukukhuselwa nokuphuculwa kwempilo, kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba ababoneleli ngeenkonzo zempilo baqeqeshwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye babaphathe abantu ngentlonipho. Ukungeza, iimfuno ezinxulumene nempilo yengqondo, indlela yokziphatha, unxibelelwano kunye neemeko zobunzima okanye zonxunguphalo zinokufuna ukucwangcisa kwangaphambili kunye nokujongana nazo ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Ukubandakanywa ngokupheleleyo - ingcamango yokuba bonke abantwana, kuquka abo bakhubazeke kakhulu, banako yaye kufuneka bafunde kwigumbi lokufundela eliqhelekileyo, nayo ieye yamkelwe kwinkqubo ezininzi zemfundok, ingalkumbi kwiphondo laseNew Brunswick.

=== Izikolo ezibandakanya ngokupheleleyo nemigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo jikelele okanye ekhethekileyo ===
[[File:Harmony_Day_(5475651018).jpg|thumb| Usuku lweHarmony (5475651018)]]
Izikole ezibandakanya bonke abafundi ngokupheleleyo, ezinqabileyo, azisahluli phakathi kweenkqubo &quot;zemfundo jikelele&quot; kunye &quot;nemfundo eyodwa&quot;. Oku kuxulumene neengxoxo kunye namanyathelo karhulumente womanyano ngeminyaka yo0-1980, afana neProjekthi yokuDityaniswa koLuntu (''Community Intergration Project'') kunye neengxoxo malunga nezikolo zasekuhlaleni, kwakunye namagumbi okufundela emfundo eyodwa nawemfundo jikelele. Endaweni yoko, isikolo sihlengahlengiswa ukuze bonke abafundi bafunde kunye. Zonke iindlela zemfundo ebandakanya bonke abafundi zifuna utshintsho kulawulo nakwindlela yokuphathwa kwezikolo, ukuze kusekwe kwindlela zemveli zemfundo zabanga aphantsi, naphezulu.</text>
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    <title>Imfundo Yasimahla kumntu wonke</title>
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      <id>41996</id>
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'''Free Education for Everyone''' '''(FEE)''' yayiliqela labafundi laseIreland elaqalwa ngo2008 kweyoMsintsi kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin (UCD) ngenjongo yokulwa isindululo sokubuyisela imirhumo yokufunda eyunivesithi. I‑FEE yayisebenza kwiiyunivesithi eziphambili zaseIreland, kuquka iYunivesithi yaseLimerick (UL), iYunivesithi yaseDublin (UCD), iTrinity College Dublin (TCD), iNUI Maynooth (NUIM), iYunivesithi yaseCork (UCC), iNUI Galway (NUIG) kunye neQueen's University Belfast.</text>
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'''Free Education for Everyone''' '''(FEE)''' yayiliqela labafundi laseIreland elaqalwa ngo2008 kweyoMsintsi kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin (UCD) ngenjongo yokulwa isindululo sokubuyisela imirhumo yokufunda eyunivesithi. I‑FEE yayisebenza kwiiyunivesithi eziphambili zaseIreland, kuquka iYunivesithi yaseLimerick (UL), iYunivesithi yaseDublin (UCD), iTrinity College Dublin (TCD), iNUI Maynooth (NUIM), iYunivesithi yaseCork (UCC), iNUI Galway (NUIG) kunye neQueen's University Belfast.

'''Abalwela amalungelo''' baququzelela iindibane zoluntu ezinkulu ngokudibeneyo neyuniyoni yabafundi eIreland (USI). Eli qela laziwa kakhulu ngokuhlala kwiiofisi zeenkokeli zikarhulumente, ukunqanda abaphathiswa, kunye nokuthintela izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Abapolitiki abanjengoTaoiseach wangaphambili uBertie Ahern, kunye noMphathiswa uBatt O’Keeffe, uÉamon Ó Cuív, uBrian Lenihan kunye nomntakwabo uConor Lenihan, babejoliswe ngabo.  

== Imbali ==
Ngomhla we11 kweyeThupha 2008, ungqongqoshe wemfundo kunye nezenzululwazi, uBatt O'Keeffe wase-Ireland wabonisa ukuba imali yokufunda yabafundi baseyunivesithi zazibuyela kwimbali kwinyathelo elaliphikisana nemigaqo karhulumente yangaphambili. Njengoko oogqirha beyunivesithi bephosa uxinzelelo kurhulumente ukuba avume eso siphakamiso, umphathiswa wezemali, uBrian Lenihan wabhengeza ngokunyuka kwemali yokubhalisa kwikholeji ngonyaka ngo-€600 ngosuku lolwabiwo mali, ngo-14 kweyeDywarha ngo2008. I-Union of Students e-Ireland (USI), ngokudibana ne-FEE esakhula, balungiselela  ubugcisa bokuchasana ngobuninzi buphendula kwiimangalo zokuba nakuphi na ukunyuka kwamaxabiso  emfundo kungathintela abaninzi ukuya ekholejini.

== Izithintelo kwiyunivesithi ==
uninzi  lwabaphathiswa bakarhulumente baye badibana  nokuchasana kwabafundi ngexesha lokutyelela iikhampasi eUCD naseNUIG. Amalungu amathathu eFEE, kuquka usihlalo weSinn Féin kwisebe laseUCD, baye babanjwa ngenxa yokophula uxolo emva kweengxabano ezimbini ezincinci xa abafundi abali‑100 bethathe inxaxheba kwintshukumo zabafundi  ephethe iibhena eClinton Auditorium kwikhampasi iBelfield  yaseUCD ngomhla we‑20 eyeDwarha ku2008. Abo bathathu bakhululwa kamva ngaphandle kwetyala. UBrian Lenihan wayecwangciselwe ukuqhuba umsitho kwiziko kodwa wadibana nezithintelo njengoko abafundi baphendula kwisindululo esithintela imfundo yabo ngokudala isithintelo somzimba ngokuchasene nomphathiswa. Ngobusuku bomhla we12 kweyeNkanga  ku2008, abalwela amalungelo eFEE bazama ukuthintela umphathiswa wesizwe, uConor Lenihan (umntakwabo kamphathiswa wezemali uBrian Lenihan) ekutyelelweni kwakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin, njengentlanganiso zokuchasa  ngokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwemirhumo yeeyunivesithi.

Ngomhla we‑9 kweyoMga ngonyaka ka 2008, uÉamon Ó Cuív watyholwa ngokuphatha kakubi umfundi owayengumhlali mboniso eNUI Galway emva kokuba ethe umncedisi wakhe wayecinezelwe eludongeni ngexesha abafundi bemkhaba kwaye omnye ephethe intonga enkulu emoyeni. Umfundi uthe wayekwelinye icala lerailing, kwaye ubungqina obufotografi bubonise ukuba kunjalo, omnye umfanekiso ucacisa kakuhle uMphathiswa esilwa nomfundi.

Utyelelo lukaBertie Ahern eNUI Galway ngomhla we‑2 kweyeSilimela  ngo2009 luphazanyiswe ngabalwela amalungelo beFEE, nto leyo eyanyanzela uTaoiseach wangaphambili ukuba arhoxise intetho ebicwangciselwe kwikhampasi. Kwabakho iingxabano ne‑gardaí xa uAhern ebhoxwa ekungeneni kwindawo yekholeji kwaye wagxekwa ngamaqela eFEE kunye nabanye abafundi baseNUIG. Indoda enye yabanjwa kodwa kamva yakhululwa ngaphandle kwetyala.

== February 2009 protest ==
Ngomhla we‑4 Disemba ka‑2008, abalwela amalungelo abali‑11 beFEE abavela eUCD bahlala kwi‑ofisi kaPaul Gogarty, owayengumthethi weQela leGreen Party kwezemiFundo eLucan, njengenxalenye yosuku lwemibhikisho yesizwe ebaluleke kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuthatha loo ofisi kwathatha malunga neeyure ezine de abalwela amalungelo kunye nomnyango basuswa yiGardaí. Aba babizwa ngokuba yi “Lucan 11” babanjwa kodwa abatyholwanga ngeli tyala. Kwangolo suku, ngaphezulu kwama‑20 abalwela amalungelo eFEE (Free Education for Everyone) eCork bahlala kwigumbi kwi‑ofisi kaMongameli weUCC ngaphezulu kweyure enye ngaphambi kokuba basuswe yiGardaí, kwaye phantse abafundi abangama‑20 benza imibhikisho ngaphakathi kwi‑ofisi kaÉamon Ó Cuív eGalway phantse iiyure ezimbini.

NgoMatshi ka‑2009 iphulo lagxila ekucwangciseni usuku olunye lokumisa ngokupheleleyo imfundo yeziqinisekiso eziphezulu (third level education). E‑UCD kwenziwa ireferendamu ngabalwela amalungelo beFEE becela iUnion of Students ukuba icwangcise ukumiswa kosuku olunye kwekholeji kwaye iphuhlise iphulo lokumisa ngokwesizwe, nto leyo eyaphumelela ngama‑83% evoti (ngaphezulu kwabafundi abayi‑4000). Ireferendamu ezifanayo zenzelwe kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ngomhla we‑16 Aprili, abafundi abavela kwiNational University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM) nakwiUniversity College Dublin (UCD), amalungu eFEE, benza imibhikisho yokuthatha inyathelo ngqo kwiSebe lezeMali. Phantse abafundi abangama‑30 babambe umboniso phandle kwesele, ngelixa abali‑15 bengaphakathi. Oku kwafumana ingqalelo enkulu kwimithombo yeendaba, kwasasazwa kumabonakude nakumajelo eendaba afana neNewstalk, Q102, Phantom FM kunye neFM104, kwangena kwi‑intanethi nakwiiphephandaba zosuku olulandelayo kuquka iIrish Independent.</text>
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    <title>INkomfa yeSizwe yama-50 ye-African National Congress</title>
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Ingqungquthela ye-50 ye-African National Congress (ANC) yabanjwa ukusuka ngomhla we-16 ukuya ku-20 kuDisemba ka-1997 kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth West[1] kwidolophu eyayibizwa ngelo xesha ngokuba yiMafikeng. Yathatyathwa inxaxheba ngama-delegate avotayo ayi-3,000,[2] kwaye kule ngqungquthela kwanyulwa umongameli omtsha oza kuthatha indawo kaNelson Mandela, owayengafunanga ukuhlala kwelinye ixesha. UThabo Mbeki wonyulwa engenabakhuphisani, kwaza uJacob Zuma wonyulwa engenabakhuphisana njengomongameli wesibini; kamva bobabini bonyulwa njengoMongameli noMongameli wesibini welizwe kwiinyulo ezibanzi zika-1999, apho i-ANC yaphumelela ngama-66.35% evoti, yenyuka isuka kuma-62.65% ngo-1994.

Nangona le nkomfa yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukwakheka kobunkokeli obuphezulu beqela, uMbeki noZuma bengabo kuphela abasala kwiqela elalibizwa ngokuba yi-“Top Six”, njengoko babonyulwe ngo-1994, uninzi lwabagqatswa lwanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano. Kwakubonakala ngathi kukho ukungavisisani okuncinci phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kumbutho. Ngokwezinye iingxelo, oku kwakungenxa yokuba iinkokeli eziphezulu zazilungiselele kakhulu le nkomfa. Zazikhuthaza ubunye nokuqhubeka komsebenzi wombutho, zixhasa uluhlu lwabagqatswa ezazibathanda, kwaye zenza uthethathethwano ukuze kufikelelwe kwizivumelwano nabo babenokungavumelani nazo.

Nangona kunjalo, izikhundla ezibini eziphezulu – uSihlalo weSizwe kunye noSekela Nobhala-Jikelele – zakhuphiswana, kwaye akukho nasinye kwezi zikhundla esaya kumgqatswa owayexhaswa liqela likaMbeki. Le nkomfa yaphinda yanyula iKomiti eLawulayo yeSizwe (NEC), eyayinamalungu angama-60, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu okanye iziphumo ezazingalindelekanga.

Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zale nkomfa zaxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu eqela kwizikhundla ezithile zikarhulumente (''cadre deployment''). Kwakhona zaxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo we-Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), owawuphikiswa ngabanye abantu. Le nkomfa yaphinda yatshintsha umgaqo-siseko we-ANC ukuze kuncitshiswe amaxesha okubanjwa kweenkomfa zesizwe, kwanokwenza inkqubo yokunyulwa kwabaviwa bezikhundla zePalamente ibe phantsi kolawulo oluphakathi.

== Ukurhoxa kukaNelson Mandela ==
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UMongameli uNelson Mandela, owayengumongameli ophumayo we-African National Congress (ANC), wayesele ecacisile esidlangalaleni ukusukela ngoFebruwari ka-1995[1] okanye ngaphambili ukuba ujolise ekuthatheni umhlala-phantsi emva kweenyulo ezibanzi zika-1999. Ngenxa yoko, iNgqungquthela ye-50 yeSizwe yayijolise ekunyuleni umphathi omtsha oza kuthatha indawo kaMandela njengoMongameli we-ANC, owayeya kuba ngumgqatswa we-ANC kwiinyulo zesizwe kwaye ngenxa yoko wayenokuthi abe nguMongameli omtsha welizwe

Ingxelo kaMandela yezopolitiko awayinikezela kule nkomfa ngomhla wema16 kweyo Mnga, yathatha ngaphezu kweeyure ezine ukuyinikezela. Kule ngxelo, wasebenzisa amazwi anamandla egxeka abo babechasa utshintsho kwezentlalo. UMandela wagxeka kabukhali abo wayebabiza ngokuba “yimikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi yotshintsho oluchasene nenguquko.” Phakathi kwabo wayebala imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente eyayifumana inkxaso-mali evela kwamanye amazwe, “amaqela ahlukeneyo awayeyinxalenye yombutho owawulawula ngaphambili,” kunye “nenxalenye enkulu yamajelo eendaba.”

Wathi, ukusukela kwiNkomfa yeSizwe yama-49 ye-ANC eyayibanjwe ngexesha lokupheliswa kolawulo localucalulo, bekukho “uhlaselo oluchaseneyo olwalujolise ekugcineni amalungelo awodwa abantu abamhlophe.” Waphinda wathi amaqela ezopolitiko awayekhokelwa ngabantu abamhlophe “aye essentially athatha isigqibo sokungalandeli ajenda yesizwe,” endaweni yoko akhetha “isikhundla esinotyekelo lokubuyisela izinto emva, esiyingozi nesilandela amathuba aso.”

Ngexesha leseshini yokuvala, uThabo Mbeki, owayesandula kunyulwa njengoMongameli we-ANC, wasebenzisa iintetho zakhe phambi kwabathunywa benkomfa ukuze anike imbeko kuMandela. Naye uMandela wanika imbeko kwiinkokeli zangaphambili ze-ANC kwintetho yakhe yokugqibela.

== Ukhetho Lobunkokheli ==

=== UMongameli ===


UMbeki, owayelisekela likaMandela kumbutho nakurhulumente ukusukela ngo-1994, wayesaziwa ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwi-ANC njengomgqatswa owayefunwa nguMandela nezinye iinkokeli eziphezulu ukuba abe nguMongameli olandelayo we-ANC. NgoJulayi 1996, uMandela wathi uMbeki “unetalente kakhulu kwaye waziwa kakhulu, kwaye ukuba umbutho ubemnyula, bendiya kuvakalelwa kukuba wenze isigqibo esifanelekileyo.”

Kudliwanondlebe olwalusasazwa kumabonakude ngomhla we-14 kweyo Mnga 1997, kwiintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kwenkomfa, wathi:&lt;blockquote&gt;... UThabo Mbeki sele enguMongameli welizwe '''ngokwenyan'''i. Ndinikezela yonke into kuye, kwaye mna ndinguMongameli wesithethe. Bangandicela nangaluphi na usuku ukuba ndinikezele onke amagunya kuThabo Mbeki — nguye osele eqhuba urhulumente welizwe. Ukurhoxa kwam kuya kuhamba kakuhle, kwaye akuyi kubangela nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Kwakunjalo ngokwenene ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje wayesele enikezela ngakumbi amagunya akhe kuMbeki wayesele ethathwa njengoyena mntu kunokwenzeka ukuba angene ezihlangwini zikaMandela ukusukela ngoFebruwari 1995. Nangona kunjalo, kwakusoloko kukho amarhe okuba umntu owayekhethwa nguMandela ukuba angene ezihlangwini zakhe yayinguCyril Ramaphosa, owayesakuba yinkokeli yemanyano yabasebenzi kunye noNobhala-Jikelele we-ANC. URamaphosa wayeshiye ezopolitiko kunyaka ongaphambili ukuze aqale umsebenzi kwicandelo loshishino. Kodwa , uMbeki wanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano.
[[File:Winnie_Mandela_2.jpg|left|thumb| [[U-Winnie Madikizela Mandela|UWinnie Madikizela-Mandela]] ngo-1996]]

=== Usekela Mongameli ===
NgoSeptemba, i-ANC Women’s League yabhengeza ukuba iza kutyumba umongameli wayo, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, kwisikhundla sobusekela mongameli be-ANC. Iinkokeli eziphezulu zephondo leMpuma Koloni nazo kwaxelwa ukuba zazimxhasa uMadikizela-Mandela.Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuvela kwakhe okwakunempikiswano kwiKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso, ukutyunjwa kwakhe yi-Women’s League kwaba yinto engekhoyo ngenxa yomcimbi wobugcisa, kwaye akazange afumane nakuphi na ukutyunjwa phambi kwenkomfa.Ngomhla wesibini wenkomfa, watyunjwa phambi kwabathunywa. NgokoMgaqo-siseko we-ANC, ukutyunjwa okwenziwa phambi kwabathunywa kwakusebenza kuphela ukuba kwakuxhaswe ubuncinane ngama-25 eepesenti abathunywa, inani elalisandula ukunyuswa ukusuka kwi-10 eepesenti. Ukutyunjwa kukaMadikizela-Mandela kwaxelwa ukuba kwafumana inkxaso yabathunywa abali-125 okanye ngaphantsi, nto leyo eyayingaphantsi kakhulu kwenani elifunekayo. Kodwa, ngaphambi kokuba kubhengezwe inani, wathetha ne-NEC waza emva koko wabhengeza eqongeni, eqhwatyelwa izandla, ukuba uza kulwala olo tyumbo.UPeter Mokaba wathi wayesele enexesha elide ecwangcise ukungangeneli kunyulo, ngoxa abanye, kuquka uCheryl Carolus, owayenguNobhala-Jikelele obambeleyo ophumayo, bathi akazange enze eso sigqibo de kwakubalwa abantu abaxhasa ukutyunjwa kwakhe.USihlalo weSizwe ophumayo, uJacob Zuma, ekugqibeleni wanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano njengoSekela Mongameli. ULindiwe Sisulu noJulius Malema ukusukela ngoko baye bayigxeka i-ANC ngokunyusela uZuma ngaphezu kukaMadikizela-Mandela eMafikeng, uMalema esithi iinkokeli eziphezulu zazimkhuphele ngaphandle uMadikizela-Mandela kukhuphiswano.

=== USihlalo weSizwe ===
Nangona kwakuqondakala ukuba iinkokeli eziphezulu zazixhasa uMphathiswa weMidlalo noLonwabo, uSteve Tshwete, owayengumxhasi kaMbeki, kwisikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo wombutho, amasebe atyumba abanye abagqatswa ababini: uMathews Phosa, iNkulumbuso yaseMpumalanga, kunye noTerror Lekota, uSihlalo weNational Council of Provinces. UPhosa walwala olo tyumbo, nto leyo eyashiya ukhuphiswano phakathi kukaTshwete noLekota, ababedume ngokungavani.ULekota wayexhaswa ngamasebe amathandathu kumasebe alithoba amaphondo, kunye neCongress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) neSouth African Communist Party (SACP). UTshwete wayexhaswa ngamanye amaphondo amathathu, yi-ANC Youth League, kwaye ekuqaleni wayexhaswa yi-Women’s League. Emva kwesigaba sokutyunjwa, uTshwete wabandakanyeka kwingxabano esidlangalaleni noMadikizela-Mandela, uMongameli we-Women’s League, malunga nokubonelelwa kweenkonzo ngurhulumente.Kule nkomfa, uLekota waphumelela kuvoto ngomda omkhulu kakhulu.

=== Ezinye izikhundla ===
Esinye kuphela isikhundla kwi-Top Six esavotelwayo yayiseso sikaSekela Nobhala-Jikelele. Umgqatswa owayexhaswa nguMbeki yayinguMavivi Myakayaka-Manzini, kodwa uThejiwe Mtintso, exhaswa yi-COSATU, ekugqibeleni waphumelela unyulo ngomda omncinane.

I-COSATU iphinde yaxhasa uPravin Gordhan kwisikhundla sikaNondyebo-Jikelele, kodwa akazange angenele unyulo.

=== Iziphumo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Isikhundla
! Umviwa
! Iivoti
! %
|-
| UMongameli
| '''[[Thabo Mbeki|Ngumxelelanisi kwizizwe zase Afrika]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| Usekela Mongameli
| '''[[UJacob Zuma]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | USihlalo weSizwe
| '''Uloyiko uLekota'''
| '''1,775'''
| '''67.39%'''
|-
| USteve Tshwete
| 859
| 32.61%
|-
| Unobhala Jikelele
| '''[[Kgalema Motlanthe|uKgalema Motlanthe]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Usekela Nobhala Jikelele
| '''Thenjiwe Mtintso'''
| '''1,398'''
| '''54.40%'''
|-
| Mavivi Manzini
| 1,172
| 45.60%
|-
| Umgcini-mali Jikelele
| '''Mendi Msimang'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|}

== Unyulo lweKomiti yoLawulo yeSizwe ==

== Izisombululo ==
IINkomfa yeSizwe yama-50 yaphawula ukuqaliswa ngokusesikweni komgaqo-nkqubo we-ANC '''wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho''' kwinkonzo karhulumente. Le nkomfa yagqiba kwelokuba i-ANC mayilandele isicwangciso sokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho “kumaziko aphambili amagunya,” kuquka nokuseka iikomiti zokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho kwinqanaba ngalinye lombutho.

Esi sigqibo saqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukusukela ngo-1998, xa kwasekwa ikomiti yesizwe yokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho phantsi kobunkokeli bukaZuma, owayesandula kunyulwa njengoSekela Mongameli we-ANC. Emva kwezityholo zokuthathwa kukarhulumente kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho uye waba ngumba ophikisanayo.

Le nkomfa iphinde yathetha ngempikiswano eyayisanda kukhula malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo we-'''Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)''', umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho olukhulu we-neoliberal owawusungulwe ngo-1997, kunye neziphumo zawo kwi-'''Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)''', eyayiyeyona nkqubo iphambili ye-ANC.

Le nkomfa yamkela i-GEAR njengenxalenye ephambili yesicwangciso se-ANC kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo, yaza yagqiba kwelokuba i-GEAR ayithathi indawo ye-RDP, koko “ijolise ekuphumezeni ukufezekiswa kwe-RDP.”

Nangona kwakukhe kwakho ukugxekwa ngamandla kwe-GEAR ngaphakathi embuthweni nakumaqabane e-'''Tripartite Alliance''', esi sigqibo samkelwa ngazwi-nye emva kwengxoxo yemizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu. Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakungenxa yokuba iinkokeli zazithethathethane kakhulu nabo babegxeka lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngaphambi kwenkomfa.

Ekugqibeleni, le nkomfa yenza utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko we-ANC, nto leyo ebonwa njengento eyomeleze amandla olawulo ngaphakathi embuthweni. Umgaqo-siseko watshintshwa ukuze iinkomfa zesizwe zibanjwe kanye kwiminyaka emihlanu kuphela, endaweni yokuba zibanjwe qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. Kwakhona kwaziswa iikhansili zesizwe jikelele ezaziza kuba ziintlanganiso zesizwe ze-ANC phakathi kweenkomfa zesizwe.Oku kwandisa ixesha lokuhlala ezikhundleni kwe-Top Six kunye ne-NEC ngokulinganayo. Umgaqo-siseko watshintshwa kwakhona ukuze kusekwe '''“ikomiti yoluhlu lwesizwe,”''' eyayiza kuba namalungu aphakathi kwesihlanu nesithoba akhethwe yi-NEC, kwaye le komiti yayiza kulawula inkqubo yokunyulwa kwabaviwa bePalamente.

== Iireferensi ==
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  <page>
    <title>Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika</title>
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      <id>42006</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-21T19:41:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tar Sbora</username>
        <id>16594</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369323115|Government of South Africa]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="5653" sha1="c3jmqftwbwepotnycz6tl2ezozjde8t" xml:space="preserve">URhulumente woMzantsi Afrika nguRhulumente kazwelonke weRiphablikhi yoMzantsi Afrika enenkqubo ezintathu zePalamente ezisebenzayo kunye nendlu yoWiso Mthetho ezimeleyo esebenza kwigqubo yasePalamente. Ezomthetho zigcinwe yiPalamente yase Mzantsi Afrika. Isekela lomthethe limanyane kunye noMongameli woMzantsi Afrika okwanguye nentloko yelizwe kunye nekaRhulumente. UMongamele unyulwe yindlu yePalamente ukuba asebenze ithutyana alinikiweyo.

URhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wahlukile kwamanye amazwe I-(Commonwealth)..Amaziko kaRhulumente kazwelonke, amaphondo,kunye neendawo zonke zinegunya elisemthethweni nendawo yawo kumagunya azo, kwaye zichazwe kumgaqo siseko waseMzantsi Afrika &quot;njengomntu ohlukileyo, ozimeleyo, kwaye onxulumeneyo&quot;.

Ukusebenza kumazwe ngamazwe nakumazwe (&quot;i-domes&quot;) ngamaqumrhu okucebisa avela kwiinkokheli zemveli zoMzantsi Afrika. Injongo ekhankanyiweyo kuMgaqo-siseko kukuba ilizwe lilawulwe kwinkqubo yolawulo lwentsebenziswano. Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwale nkqubo kungumsebenzi ISebe loLawulo loSebenziswano.

[[Rhulumente|URhulumente]] wesizwe wakhiwe ngamasebe amathathu adibeneyo. Elokuqala yiPalamente, equka iPalamente, eyakhiwa yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho kunye neBhunga leSizwe laMaphondo) elinamalungu ePalamente angama-490. Owesibini sisigqeba sesigqeba esilawulayo, esiphathwa nguMongameli, oyintloko kaRhulumente kunye neNtloko kaRhulumente.)  Okwesithathu, lelobuchule bokugweba, obunxulumene neNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, Inkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno neNkundla ePhezulu).

Onke amaqumrhu kaRhulumente woMzantsi Afrika angaphantsi komgaqo-siseko, onguMthetho oPhakamileyo woMzantsi-Afrika.

== Umthetho ==
{{excerpt|Parliament of South Africa}}

== Isigqeba ==
UMongameli, uSekela-Mongameli kunye nooMinisita bakaRhulumente woMzantsi Afrika benza isebe elilawulayo likaRhulumente wesizwe. IMinisita ngamalungu ePalamente amiswe nguMongameli ukuba akhokele amasebe ahlukeneyo kuRhulumente wesizwe. UMongameli ukhethwa yiPalamente phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

== Iinkundla ==
Isebe lesithathu likaRhulumente wesizwe ligunya lezomthetho elizimeleyo. Isebe lezomthetho lichaza imithetho, lisebenza njengesiseko ,imithetho njengoko isenziwa kunye nezitatimente ezicacisa ezenziwe kwiSishwankathelo ngexesha lokwenziwa komthetho. Inkqubo yezomthetho isekelwe kumthetho waseRoma-waseDatshi nomthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani kwaye yamkela igunya le-ICJ, kunye nokugcinwa. Umgaqo-siseko wePalamente amalungelo nomthetho ubeka phambili inkqubo efanelekileyo kuquka ilungelo lokugwetywa ngokusesikweni esidlangalaleni ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

* Iinkundla zoMantyi - Inkundla apho amatyala ezobuRhulumente angaphantsi kwe-R100 000, amatyala.

== URhulumente wephondo ==
{{excerpt|Provincial governments of South Africa}}URhulumente womMzantsi Afrika wakhiwa ng'''oomasipala''' bohlobo olwahlukeneyo. Iindawo ezinkulu zeedolophu zilawulwa ngoomasipala beedolophu, ngelixa ilizwe lonke lahlulwe laba ngoomasipala bezithili, nganye nganye ibandakanya oomasipala abaninzi basekuhlaleni.

Ngowe-2026, kukho oomasipala abasibhozo beedolophu ezinkulu, oomasipala bezithili abangama-44, kunye noomasipala basekuhlaleni abangama-205, bebonke abangama-257.&lt;ref name=&quot;The South African Government - Local Government&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=|title=The South African Government - Local Government|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government|accessdate=14 August 2026|publisher=The South African Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oomasipala balawulwa liBhunga loomasipala abakhethwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Iikomiti zomasipala ezisemagqagaleni nezisemagqagqagalini zikhethwa ngenkqubo yokumelwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwamalungu, ngelixa iziko lamasipala beziphaluka zikhethwa ngokumelwa ngokwabemi kwaye zikhethwe ngokumalunga neekomiti zamasipala basekuhlaleni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Understanding Local Government|url=http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/localgov/webundrstdlocgov.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426083315/http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/localgov/webundrstdlocgov.html|archive-date=26 April 2012|accessdate=24 May 2012|website=Community Organisers Toolbox|publisher=Education and Training Unit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuchaswa ==
Kwidiphozithi nganye, iqela okanye intlangano yamaqela enezihlalo ezininzi yenza uRhulumente. Iqela elikhulu elingaphantsi koRhulumente libizwa ngokuba yi(Opposition Official), kwaye likhokhelwa yiNkokheli ye(Opposition).&lt;ref name=&quot;Parliament - National Assembly&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=|title=Parliament - National Assembly|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/national-assembly|accessdate=14 August 2026|publisher=Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-(Shadow Cabinet) ngokwemveli yenziwa ngabachasi. Umzekelo yiKhabhinethi ye(Shadow) yangaphambili kaJohn Steenhuisen. IKhabhinethi ye(Shadow) ibunjwa ngamalungu ePalamente aneepothifoliyo ze(Shadow), ezibizwa ngokuba ziNgqongqoshe zeShadow. Umsebenzi wabo kukuhlolisisa abaphathi babo (Abalungiseleli) kwiKhabhinethi, kunye nokuphuhlisa imigaqo-nkqubo eyenye kwiipothifoliyo zabo. Kucingelwa ukuba ukuba iqela elichasayo elisemthethweni libumba urhulumente, abo baNgqongqoshe beMithunzi babeya kuba ngaBongqongqoshe beepotifoliyo zabo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shadow Cabinet: DA Announces Changes With A Focus On Election 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=John Steenhuisen|date=21 April 2023|title=Shadow Cabinet: DA Announces Changes With A Focus On Election 2024|url=https://www.da.org.za/2023/04/shadow-cabinet-da-announces-changes-with-a-focus-on-election-2024|accessdate=14 August 2026|publisher=Democratic Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imithombo ==
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        <id>16532</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357084364|Economic Freedom Fund]]&quot;</comment>
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I- '''Economic Freedom Fund''' ( '''EFF''' ) liqela lama-527 elaqalwa ngonyaka wama-2006 nguBob J. Perry, ngomnikelo we-$5 yezigidi zeerandi. Mnye kuphela umntu onxulumene ngokusesikweni neliqela; uCharles H. Bell Jr., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Federal Elections Commission&amp;#93;&amp;#93; filing, September 13, 2006, by the EFF|url=http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/eff-fec/?resultpage=1&amp;|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233411/http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/eff-fec/?resultpage=1&amp;|archive-date=March 10, 2007|accessdate=September 15, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; oligqwetha [[IKhalifoniya|laseCalifornia]], elingumcebisi jikelele weqela le-California Republican Party,  kunye nosekela mongameli weRepublican National Lawyers Association kwibhunga leengcebiso ngemfundo yonyulo. 

Lo mnikelo wokuqala we-$5 yezigidi wenza i-EFF ibe yenye yamaqela alishumi angama-527 aphezulu kumjikelo wonyulo luka-2006 ngokwemali efunyenweyo. 

I-EFF ithi injongo yayo &quot;kukufundisa uluntu malunga nemiba enxulumene nokugcinwa kwenkululeko yezoqoqosho, ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nempumelelo yabantu base-United States of America.&quot; 

== Ingqwalasela yemizamo ==
Zonke iintengiso ze-EFF zomkhankaso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zihlasele abagqatswa beDemocratic .  Okwangoku uhlaselo luye lwenziwe kwaba balandelayo:

* U-John Barrow (D-GA)
* U-Leonard Boswell (D-IA)
* U-Baron Hill (umceli mngeni kwiSithili sesi-9 sase-Indiana)
* U-Jim Marshall (D-GA)
* U-Alan Mollohan (D-WV) 
* U-Darlene Hooley (D-OR) 

== Iivoti ezingxamisekileyo ==

=== I-Indiana ===
Kweyo Msintsi kunyaka wama-2006, eli qela lisenokuba laphula umthetho [[I-Indiyana|wase-Indiana]] ka-1988 owawuthintela iinkampani ekubeni zifake umnxeba orekhodiweyo, owenziwe ngokuzenzakalela kwi ngxoxo eqhubekayo, ngaphambi kokuba athethe kwaye afumane imvume yokuwudlala lomnxeba sele wenziwe. Ezi zicelo bezixhasa uMmeli okhoyo u-Mike Sodrel,  kwaye beziluphando oluqhelekileyo, olujoliswe ekungcoliseni umchasi ka-Sodrel, u-Baron Hill, ngelixa zazibonakala ngathi luphando olusemthethweni.  Emva kokuba kwenziwe izikhalazo ezisixhenxe ubuncinane kwi-ofisi yommeli-jikelele karhulumente, iphulo lazisa i-ofisi ukuba liyimisile iminxeba. Umthetho wase-Indiana uvumela isohlwayo esifikelela kwi-$5,000 ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye (ngomnxeba ngamnye owenziweyo, hayi ngesikhalazo ngasinye). 

Ekupheleni kwenyanga yoMsintsi, iFreeEats.com, eyinkampani yasemntla Virginia eyenza iifowuni zepolitiki ngokuzenzekelayo, yafaka isimangalo kwinkundla yombuso e-Indianapolis, icela ukuba inkundla iyalele igqwetha jikelele lase-Indiana ukuba liyeke ukunyanzelisa umthetho welizwe. Le nkampani yathi umthetho welizwe uphula amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wase-United States nase-Indiana, kwaye ukuvalwa kwale mithetho kwakuchasene nomgaqo-siseko worhwebo phakathi kwamazwe.

Igqwetha jikelele lase-Indiana u-Steve Carter umangalele i-EFF ekuqaleni kwenyanga yoMsintsi, kwiNkundla yeSithili saseBrown County emva kokufumana izikhalazo zabathengi ezili-12 malunga neminxeba eyayisenzeka. Ityala likarhulumente lifuna imiqathango yokuzithintela kunye neentlawulo ze-$5,000 ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye. Ityala liza kuxoxwa ngomhla wama-27 kweyoMsintsi. 

=== Amanye amazwe ===
Kubonakala ngathi eli qela lisebenzise indlela efanayo &quot;yokutyhala abantu ukuba bavote&quot; kwimidyarho yase [[I-Ayowa|-Iowa]] [[IJojiya|naseGeorgia]] ngenyanga yoMsintsi kunyaka wama-2006. 

== Bona kwakho ==

* AmaMelika ngokunyaniseka kwimiba
* Ingxowa-mali yamaShishini yasimahla
* U-Bob J. Perry

== Umthombo wolwazi ==</text>
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I- '''Economic Freedom Fund''' ( '''EFF''' ) liqela lama-527 elaqalwa ngonyaka wama-2006 nguBob J. Perry, ngomnikelo we-$5 yezigidi zeerandi. Mnye kuphela umntu onxulumene ngokusesikweni neliqela; uCharles H. Bell Jr., &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&amp;#91;&amp;#91;Federal Elections Commission&amp;#93;&amp;#93; filing, September 13, 2006, by the EFF|url=http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/eff-fec/?resultpage=1&amp;|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310233411/http://www.talkingpointsmemo.com/docs/eff-fec/?resultpage=1&amp;|archive-date=March 10, 2007|accessdate=September 15, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; oligqwetha [[IKhalifoniya|laseCalifornia]], elingumcebisi jikelele weqela le-California Republican Party,  kunye nosekela mongameli weRepublican National Lawyers Association kwibhunga leengcebiso ngemfundo yonyulo. 

Lo mnikelo wokuqala we-$5 yezigidi wenza i-EFF ibe yenye yamaqela alishumi angama-527 aphezulu kumjikelo wonyulo luka-2006 ngokwemali efunyenweyo. 

I-EFF ithi injongo yayo &quot;kukufundisa uluntu malunga nemiba enxulumene nokugcinwa kwenkululeko yezoqoqosho, ukukhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nempumelelo yabantu base-United States of America.&quot; 

== Ingqwalasela yemizamo ==
Zonke iintengiso ze-EFF zomkhankaso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zihlasele abagqatswa beDemocratic .  Okwangoku uhlaselo luye lwenziwe kwaba balandelayo:

* U-John Barrow (D-GA)
* U-Leonard Boswell (D-IA)
* U-Baron Hill (umceli mngeni kwiSithili sesi-9 sase-Indiana)
* U-Jim Marshall (D-GA)
* U-Alan Mollohan (D-WV) 
* U-Darlene Hooley (D-OR) 

== Iivoti ezingxamisekileyo ==

=== I-Indiana ===
Kweyo Msintsi kunyaka wama-2006, eli qela lisenokuba laphula umthetho [[I-Indiyana|wase-Indiana]] ka-1988 owawuthintela iinkampani ekubeni zifake umnxeba orekhodiweyo, owenziwe ngokuzenzakalela kwi ngxoxo eqhubekayo, ngaphambi kokuba athethe kwaye afumane imvume yokuwudlala lomnxeba sele wenziwe. Ezi zicelo bezixhasa uMmeli okhoyo u-Mike Sodrel,  kwaye beziluphando oluqhelekileyo, olujoliswe ekungcoliseni umchasi ka-Sodrel, u-Baron Hill, ngelixa zazibonakala ngathi luphando olusemthethweni.  Emva kokuba kwenziwe izikhalazo ezisixhenxe ubuncinane kwi-ofisi yommeli-jikelele karhulumente, iphulo lazisa i-ofisi ukuba liyimisile iminxeba. Umthetho wase-Indiana uvumela isohlwayo esifikelela kwi-$5,000 ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye (ngomnxeba ngamnye owenziweyo, hayi ngesikhalazo ngasinye). 

Ekupheleni kwenyanga yoMsintsi, iFreeEats.com, eyinkampani yasemntla Virginia eyenza iifowuni zepolitiki ngokuzenzekelayo, yafaka isimangalo kwinkundla yombuso e-Indianapolis, icela ukuba inkundla iyalele igqwetha jikelele lase-Indiana ukuba liyeke ukunyanzelisa umthetho welizwe. Le nkampani yathi umthetho welizwe uphula amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo phantsi komgaqo-siseko wase-United States nase-Indiana, kwaye ukuvalwa kwale mithetho kwakuchasene nomgaqo-siseko worhwebo phakathi kwamazwe.

Igqwetha jikelele lase-Indiana u-Steve Carter umangalele i-EFF ekuqaleni kwenyanga yoMsintsi, kwiNkundla yeSithili saseBrown County emva kokufumana izikhalazo zabathengi ezili-12 malunga neminxeba eyayisenzeka. Ityala likarhulumente lifuna imiqathango yokuzithintela kunye neentlawulo ze-$5,000 ngolwaphulo-mthetho ngalunye. Ityala liza kuxoxwa ngomhla wama-27 kweyoMsintsi. 

=== Amanye amazwe ===
Kubonakala ngathi eli qela lisebenzise indlela efanayo &quot;yokutyhala abantu ukuba bavote&quot; kwimidyarho yase [[I-Ayowa|-Iowa]] [[IJojiya|naseGeorgia]] ngenyanga yoMsintsi kunyaka wama-2006. 

== Bona kwakho ==

* AmaMelika ngokunyaniseka kwimiba
* Ingxowa-mali yamaShishini yasimahla
* U-Bob J. Perry

== Umthombo wolwazi ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>National Student Financial Aid Scheme</title>
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I '''-National Student Financial Aid Scheme''' ( '''NSFAS''' ) yinkqubo yoncedo lwezemali yabafundi [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|baseMzantsi Afrika,]] enika uncedo lwezemali kubafundi abasaqala imfundo yabo enomsila ekuncediseni ekuhlawuleni iindleko zemfundo  emva kokugqiba isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NSFAS Application: How To Apply For Funding Online|url=https://helloyouth.co.za/hy/nsfas-application|accessdate=2021-08-03|website=helloyouth.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ixhaswa liSebe lezeMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=NSFAS|title=NSFAS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/|accessdate=21 November 2018|website=www.nsfas.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) - Overview|url=https://nationalgovernment.co.za/units/view/260/national-student-financial-aid-scheme-nsfas|accessdate=2019-11-29|website=nationalgovernment.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le nkqubo ikwalawula iibhasari ezifana neFunza Lushaka Teacher Bursary (yabafundi abafundela isiqinisekiso sokufundisa). Ibhasari yoKhubazeko ye-DHET kunye nezinye iibhasari ezivela kwiCandelo leMfundo noQeqesho (ii-SETA). &lt;ref name=&quot;dut&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 January 2018|title=NSFAS National Student Financial Aid Scheme – R350K Funding – All You Need to Know|url=http://www.dut.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NewFunding-NSFAS-FAQ.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901135917/https://www.dut.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/NewFunding-NSFAS-FAQ.pdf|archive-date=1 September 2024|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The National Student Financial Aid Scheme|url=https://shinyloans.com/blog/The+National+Student+Financial+Aid+Scheme|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229223101/https://shinyloans.com/blog/The+National+Student+Financial+Aid+Scheme|archive-date=29 December 2019|accessdate=27 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imbali ==
I-National Student Financial Aid Scheme yasungulwa ngonyala wama-1996, ithatha indawo ye-Tertiary Education Fund of South Africa (TEFSA) kunyaka wama-1999. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsfas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 August 2014|title=NSFAS National Student Financial Aid Scheme Annual Report 2014|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/reports/105879%20NSFAS%20AR%20CD.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  I-TEFSA yayiyinkampani engenzi nzuzo eyayilawula kwaye ilawula i-NSFAS ukususela ekusekweni kwayo ukuya kuthi ga ngonyaka wama-2000. Kunyaka wama-1999, i-TEFSA yaguqulwa yaba liqumrhu elisemthethweni elibizwa ngokuba yi-NSFAS.  Le nkqubo ixhaswa nge-30 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi( in 2018  )  ngenkxaso-mali evela kwiSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho, kunye neminikelo yasekuhlaleni neyehlabathi. Lebhasari zigubungela imali yokufunda, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nemali yokutya kunye nokuhamba kwabafundi &quot;abasisigxina&quot;, kwaye kuphela imali yokufunda yabafundi &quot;abangesosigxina&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;nsfas2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 January 2017|title=NSFAS National Student Financial Aid Scheme – How to apply|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/downloads/NSFAS%20Outreach%20Information.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukusukela kumhla wama-20 kunyaka wama-2019 kwinyanga yeNkanga , i-NSFAS ifumene izicelo zoncedo lwemali ezingama-365,922 ngo-2020, xa kuthelekiswa nezicelo ezingama-278,738 eyayizifumene kunyaka ophelileyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=20 November 2019|title=10 DAYS LEFT BEFORE THE CLOSING OF THE NSFAS 2020 APPLICATIONS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/media-releases/website%20MEDIA%20RELEASE%20-%2010%20DAYS%20LEFT%20BEFORE%20THE%20CLOSING%20OF%20THE%20NSFAS%202020%20APPLICATIONS.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=|website=NSFAS Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngonyaka wama-2019, umphathiswa weMfundo ePhakamileyo, iSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji uGqr. Blade Nzimande wathi urhulumente ubeke imali ephantse ibe yi-80 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwi-NSFAS kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2019|title=STATEMENT BY THE MINISTER OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, DR BLADE NZIMANDE, ON THE OCCASION OF THE NSFAS 2020 APPLICATIONS OFFICIAL OPENING HELD AT THE GCIS TSHEDIMOSETSO HOUSE, PRETORIA|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/media-releases/STATEMENT%20BY%20DR%20BLADE%20NZIMANDE%20ON%20THE%20NSFAS%202020%20APPLICATIONS%20OFFICIAL%20OPENING.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umncedi ngezemali ==

=== Abafanelekileyo ===
Abemi baseMzantsi Afrika ababhalisa okokuqala kwiziko lemfundo enomsila y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              aseMzantsi Afrika abahlangabezana novavanyo lwemali banokufumana lebhasari. &lt;ref name=&quot;dut&quot; /&gt; Uvavanyo lwendlela yokufumana imali lufuna ukuba ingeniso losapho ludibene lomfaki-sicelo ( ingeniso iyonke ) lungadluli kuma-R350,000 ngonyaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;dut&quot; /&gt; Le bhasari ikwabandakanyeka ekubhataleni izifundo ezimbalwa zabafundi abaphumelele isidanga sokuqala (ezifana nesatifikethi se-postgraduate kwezemfundo). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=10 Things You Need to Know about NSFAS|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/student-guide-funding-nsfas?toc_page=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525220944/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/student-guide-funding-nsfas?toc_page=4|archive-date=25 May 2024|accessdate=21 November 2018|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=NSFAS|title=NSFAS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/postgraduate.html|accessdate=21 November 2018|website=www.nsfas.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Intlawulo yemali mboleko (ngaphambi kowama-2018) ===
Ngaphambi kokuba uMongameli wangaphambili [[uJacob Zuma]] abhengeze imfundo ephakamileyo yasimahla kubafundi abahlwempuzekileyo ngonyaka wama-2017, iibhasari ze-NSFAS &quot;zaziyimali-mboleko&quot; ezazifuna ukuhlawulwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=NSFAS Funding South Africa 2019 - 2020|url=http://www.zabursaries.co.za/nsfas-funding/|accessdate=2019-11-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;dut&quot; /&gt; Intlawulo yemali mboleko yayiqala xa umfundi efumene umsebenzi kwaye athi kanti ufumana ama-R80,000 nangaphezulu ngonyaka.  Ukuba umfundi akaphangeli, bekunganyanzelekanga ukuba ahlawule imali yakhe de aqeshwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=NSFAS|title=NSFAS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/repayments.html|accessdate=21 November 2018|website=www.nsfas.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukuba umfundi ushiye iyunivesithi okanye ikholeji, kwimeko apho angakhange agqibe izifundo zakhe, imali mboleko  bekufuneka ayihlawule. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=NSFAS|title=NSFAS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/faqs.html|accessdate=21 November 2018|website=www.nsfas.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;nsfas3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ursulas|date=19 September 2012|title=NSFAS - Salary Deduction Table (R30,000 - R304,000)|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/downloads/Salary%20Deduction%20Table.pdf|accessdate=30 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukusukela kunyaka wama-2019 , zonke &quot;iimali mboleko&quot; ezifunyenwe kwi-NSFAS ngaphambi kowama-2018 kufuneka zihlawulwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=NSFAS|url=http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/faqs.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-11-29|website=www.nsfas.org.za|quote=NSFAS has not received any commitment by government at this stage to write of any outstanding student debts. The free education pronouncement was clear that it will be effective starting from the 2018 academic year. As far as we are concerned, previous loans will still need to be paid back by those who benefited.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imfundo ephakamileyo exhaswa simahla (emva kowama-2018) ===

[[Uluhlu:Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika]]</text>
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    <title>Cleo Wilskut</title>
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'''UCleo Wilskut''' (owazalwa ngomnyaka wamawaka amabini anesine ngenyanga kaTshazimpuzi ngomsha wamashumi amabini anesixhenxe)   ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika. Umele iqela lePatriotic Alliance (PA) kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseMzantsi Afrika ukusukela nla ngomnyaka wamamwaka amabini anesine, de warhoxa ngeyeNkanga kulomnyaka umnye. Wayengumgqatswa wesine kuluhlu lonyulo lwe-PA ngomnyaka wamawaka amabini anamashumi ababini anesine. &lt;ref name=&quot;NPE&quot; /&gt;

UWilskut wayelilungu leKomiti yePotifoliyo yezoNxibelelwano kunye neeThekhnoloji zeDijithali kwipalamente yaseMzantsi Afrika.

UWilskut warhoxa kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ngomhla wesixhenxe kweyeNkanga ngomnyaka wamawaka amabini anamashumi anesine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Felix|first=Jason|date=7 November 2024|title=Four Patriotic Alliance members resign as MPs after 5 months in office|work=News24|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/parliament/four-patriotic-alliance-members-resign-as-mps-after-5-months-in-office-20241107|access-date=7 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Moichela|first=Kamogelo|date=7 November 2024|title=PA and SA's youngest MP Cleo Wilskut resigns from Parliament|url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/pa-and-sa-s-youngest-mp-cleo-wilskut-resigns-from-parliament/ar-AA1tFfkt?ocid=BingNewsSerp|accessdate=2025-01-27|website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wayelelona lungu elincinci lePalamente eMzantsi Afrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;</text>
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