Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika

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    <title>Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika</title>
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IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika ilawulwa ngamasebe amabini kazwelonke, angala: iSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elijongene nezikolo zamabanga aphantsi naphakathi, kunye neSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho (DHET), elijongene nemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, la masebe mabini ayemelwe kwiSebe lezeMfundo elinye.

Ngo-2025, izinani lokufunda nokubhala eMzantsi Afrika lalingama-95%, kwaye lalikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika (emva kweSeychelles).

I-DBE ijongene nezikolo zikarhulumente, izikolo zabucala (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo), amaziko ophuhliso lwabantwana abancinci (ECD), kunye nezikolo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo. Izikolo zikarhulumente nezikolo zabucala zidibene zaziwa ngokuba zizikolo eziqhelekileyo, ezimalunga nama-97% ezikolo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, izikolo ezininzi zikarhulumente zihlawulisa imali yokufunda (ebizwa ngokuba ziifizi). Izikolo ezingahlawulisi zafakwa ngomda othile ngo-2007.

I-DHET ijongene nezimfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (FET) ezaziwa ngoku njengeeKholeji zeMfundo yobuGcisa noQeqesho lomSebenzi (TVET), amaziko emfundo noqeqesho olusisiseko lwabantu abadala (ABET), kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo (HE).

Olithoba amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika nawo anamasebe awo ezemfundo ajongene nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe likazwelonke nokujongana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngo-2010, inkqubo yezemfundo esisiseko yayinabafundi abayi-12,644,208, izikolo ezingama-30,586, nootitshala abangama-439,394. Ngo-2009, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho yayinabafundi abangama-837,779 kumaziko e-HE, abafundi abangama-420,475 kumaziko e-FET alawulwa ngurhulumente nabama-297,900 kumaziko e-ABET alawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ngo-2013, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wasebenzisa  i-21% yohlahlo lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke kwezemfundo. Malunga ne-10% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezemfundo yeyemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ifumanisa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uzalisekisa kuphela i-57.1% yoko bekufanele ukuba uyazalisekisa kwilungelo lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengeniso yelizwe. I-HRMI yahlula ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye naphakathi. Ngokuthathela ingqalelo inqanaba lengeniso yoMzantsi Afrika, isizwe sifikelela kwi-70.8% yoko bekuya kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zayo (ingeniso) kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye ne-80.9% kwimfundo yamabanga aphakathi, kodwa i-19.6% iyonke kumgangatho wemfundo.

* UMthetho weZikolo zoMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 uququzelela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukhuthaza umgangatho nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezikolo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayafikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
* UMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kaZwelonke ka-1996 ubhala umthetho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, uxanduva lwezomthetho nokubeka iliso loMphathiswa weMfundo esiSiseko, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kazwelonke nawamaphondo.
* UMthetho wokuQeshwa kooTitshala ka-1998 ulawula uxanduva lobungcali, lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okukuko kootitshala kunye neemfuno zobuchule bootitshala.

== Inkqubo yemfundo esisiseko (izikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo) ==
Imfundo esisiseko eMzantsi Afrika yenzeka kumabanga aphantsi naphakathi ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 (abantwana abaneminyaka emi-6–7) ukuya kwiBanga le-12 (abaneminyaka eyi-18–21). Abafundi abaphumelelayo kwiBanga le-12 baphumelela ngesatifikethi sokungena kwiyunivesithi, esibavumela ukuba badlulele kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

I-DBE ngokusemthethweni yahlula amabanga ngokwamaqela amabini &quot;amabhendi&quot; abizwa ngokuba yiMfundo noQeqesho Jikelele (GET), ebandakanya iBanga R (elilingana neKindergarten yaseMzantsi Afrika) kunye namaBanga 1 ukuya ku-9, kunye neMfundo noQeqesho oluQhubekayo (FET), ebandakanya amaBanga 10 ukuya ku-12 kunye namaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi olungelulo olwemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-bhanti le-GET lahlulwa kwakhona kwizigaba ezibizwa ngokuba siGaba seSiseko (amaBanga R ukuya ku-3), isiGaba esiPhakathi (amaBanga 4 ukuya ku-6), kunye nesiGaba esiPhezulu (amaBanga 7 ukuya ku-9). Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, izigaba seSiseko nesiPhakathi zihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, ngelixa isiGaba esiPhezulu sihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume bolawulo lwezikolo eziqhelekileyo ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika abubonisi ulwahlulo lwamabhendi neziganeko. Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, izikolo ezininzi &quot;zizikolo zamabanga aphantsi&quot; (iBanga R kunye namabanga 1 ukuya ku-7) okanye &quot;izikolo zamabanga aphakathi,&quot; ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo eziphakamileyo (amabanga 8 ukuya ku-12).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-width:3px&quot;
|+Amanqanaba emfundo ephambili naphakathi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)|url=https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SADCQF-alignment-report_25102018.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2023|publisher=South African Qualifications Authority|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Iminyaka
!Inqanaba leBakala
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba sesiseko
|-
|5–6
|I-R grade
|-
|6–7
|I-Grade 1
|-
|7–8
|Ibakala lesi-2
|-
|8–9
|Ibakala 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiPhakathi
|-
|9–10
|Ibakala 4
|-
|10–11
|Ibakala lesi-5
|-
|11–12
|Ibakala 6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiphezulu (esisezantsi sesibini) 
|-
|12–13
|Ibakala 7
|-
|13–14
|Ibakala lesi-8
|-
|14–15
|Ibakala 9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba semfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (Isikolo esiPhakathi) 
|-
|15–16
|Ibakala 10
|-
|16–17
|Ibakala 11
|-
|17–18
|Ibakala 12
|}

=== Amanqaku akhethiweyo ===
Ezinye izikolo zasekhaya nezikolo zabucala zibonelela ngokukhetha ukuphumelela unyaka owongezelelweyo emva kwebanga le-12, ngamanye amaxesha owaziwa ngokuba yi-&quot;post-matric&quot;, uyinxalenye yeekharityhulam ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Afrika ezihlala zilandelwa zizikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika.

IsiGaba seSiseko se-DBE siquka ibanga langaphambi kwesikolo elaziwa ngokuba yiBanga R, elithetha &quot;reception&quot;. IBanga R sisinyanzelo, kodwa asizo zonke izikolo zamabanga aphantsi ezinikezela ngeBanga R. IBanga R linokuphinda liqhutywe kumaziko angaphambi kwesikolo. Amanye amabanga anokuphunyezwa kwiziko langaphambi kwesikolo abandakanya iBanga 00 neBanga 000 (nangona amagama athi 000 no-00 engasetyenziswa ngokubanzi). IBanga R ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba liBanga 0 (libizwa ngokuba &quot;grade nought&quot;), ngakumbi kwizikolo ebezizezabamhlophe ngaphambili, apho ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwakuxhaphakile

=== Imali engenayo neendleko zesikolo ===
Izikolo eMzantsi Afrika zifumana isibonelelo kurhulumente kwiindleko zazo zokusebenza, ezinjengokugcina iindawo, iindleko zolawulo, imivuzo, iincwadi nezixhobo zemfundo, kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Uninzi lwezikolo longeza isibonelelo sikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela zengeniso, ezinjengemali yokufunda ehlawulwa ngabazali, imisitho yokuqokelela ingxowa-mali, nokufumana iminikelo. Ngokubanzi, iifizi eziphezulu zokufunda zithintela abantwana abahluphekileyo ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezizizityebi. Akukho mda kwimali yeefizi enokubekwa sisikolo. Abazali banokufaka isicelo esikolweni sokuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kweefizi zesikolo. Izikolo ezininzi ezizizityebi zibonelela ngoncedo lwezemali kubafundi abambalwa (umzekelo, ukuba abazali bangabafundi bakudala), kodwa ayisosinyanzelo somthetho.

Abantwana kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika badla ngokufuneka bathenge kwaye banxibe iyunifomu yesikolo nangona kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuyithenga kwimpahla esele isetyenzisiwe. Uninzi lwezikolo lubonelela ngemisebenzi yangaphandle enjengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, efuna imali ukuyigcina. Izikolo ezininzi zigcina neendawo zazo zemidlalo.

==== Ubuhlwempu nemirhumo yesikolo ====
Izikolo azinakwala ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abahlala kufutshane nesikolo. Izikolo azinakwala ukungena kwabantwana okanye zenqabe ukunikezela ngeekhadi zerekhodi nokuba abazali babo bayakutyela ukuhlawula iifizi zesikolo, kodwa izikolo zivunyelwe ukumangalela abazali ngokungahlawuli iifizi zesikolo

Ukususela ngo-1996, abantwana abanabazali abahlupheka kakhulu ngokusemthethweni bakhululwe kwezinye okanye kuzo zonke iifizi zesikolo. Ukususela ngo-1998, ifomula yile ilandelayo. Ukuba ingeniso yonyaka edityanisiweyo yabazali ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo yonyaka, umntwana ukhululwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba ingeniso ingaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo kodwa ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezingamashumi amathathu kwefizi yesikolo, umntwana unelungelo ngokusemthethweni lokuncitshiswa okuthile kweefizi zesikolo. Ngokwenene, loo migaqo inceda kuphela iintsapho ezihlupheka kakhulu, hayi iintsapho zodidi olusezantsi nabaphakathi.

Abantwana abasweleyo nabantwana babazali abafumana izibonelelo zentlalo ezinxulumene nentlupheko nabo bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni iifizi zesikolo

=== Izikolo ezizimeleyo ===


Izikolo zabucala, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo, zizikolo ezingezizo ezikarhulumente. Zihlala ziphethwe kwaye ziqhutywa yitrasti, icawa okanye uluntu, okanye yinkampani engenisa inzuzo. Asizo zonke izikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika ezihlawulisa iifizi eziphezulu. Ezinye izikolo zabucala zikwafumana isibonelelo kurhulumente, kuxhomekeke kuluntu olukhonzwayo kunye neefizi ezihlawuliswayo


Ekungeneni kwiyunivesithi, i-&quot;Matriculation Endorsement&quot; iyafuneka, nangona ezinye iiyunivesithi zibeka ezazo iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo. UMzantsi Afrika unecandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo elidlamkileyo, elinabafundi abangaphezu kwesigidi ababhalise kwiiyunivesithi zelizwe, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi zetekhnoloji. Zonke iiyunivesithi zizimele, zinxibelelana namabhunga azo kunokuba zinxibelelane norhulumente. Inkqubo yeSakhelo seZiqinisekiso sikaZwelonke (NQF) yokulawula imfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi elizweni iqhutywa liGunya leZiqinisekiso loMzantsi Afrika

Ukungaqeshwa kwabaphumeleleyo kunye nokungaqeshwa ngokwaneleyo ziingxaki eziqhubekayo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundi luqhubeka nokubhalisa kwi-humanities, ubugcisa, kunye nesayensi yezentlalo. Bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abakhetha ukufunda izifundo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izifundo ze-STEM, kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

UMthetho wokuNgezwa kweYunivesithi ka-1959 wawubonelela ngeeYunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kubuhlanga obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-homelands ezizimeleyo zanikwa ezazo iiyunivesithi. Emva kokubuyiselwa kwee-homelands ezizimeleyo, kwakukho iiyunivesithi ezingama-36 kunye neetekhnikhoni eMzantsi Afrika, ezihlala zikufutshane kwaye zibonelela ngezifundo ezifanayo.

Ngo-1994, urhulumente waqalisa ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeyunivesithi neetekhnikhoni ngothotho lweendibaniselwano nokudityaniswa. Oku kwagqitywa ngoJanuwari 2005. Kwadala amaziko amatsha angama-22 ukusuka kwangama-36 angaphambili. Ishumi leeyunivesithi zafumana amagama amatsha

== Imbali ==
1652 ukuya ku-1900
Izikolo zokuqala zaseYurophu eMzantsi Afrika zasekwa kwiKoloni yaseKapa yamaDatshi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabadala beCawa yamaDatshi eRiform eyayizinikele kwimfundiso yebhayibhile, eyayiyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso secawa. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ootitshala abahambahambayo (meesters) babefundisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala olusisiseko kunye nezakhono zezibalo. Izikolo zevangeli zaseBritane zanda emva kowe-1799, xa amalungu okuqala eLondon Missionary Society afika kwiKoloni yaseKapa.
Ulwimi ngokukhawuleza lwaba ngumcimbi onobuzaza kwezemfundo. Ubuncinane izikolo zesiNgesi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zazisebenza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwiKoloni yaseBritane yaseKapa ngo-1827, kodwa ubukho bazo babucaphukisa amanye amalungu oluntu oluthetha isiDatshi, ababecinga ukuba ulwimi lwesiNgesi nekharityhulam yazo ayinamsebenzi kubomi basemaphandleni kunye neenqobo zazo. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abalimi abangamaDatshi baxhathisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ejolise ekusasazeni ulwimi lwesiNgesi kunye neenqobo zaseBritane, kwaye abaninzi bafundisa abantwana babo ekhaya okanye ezicaweni.

Emva kokuba amagosa aseBritane eqalise ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zifuduke zisuka eBritane ziye kwiKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1820, iOfisi yamaKholoni yahlola abafaki-zicelo zokufuduka ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi. Bakhetha iintsapho ezifundileyo, ubukhulu becala, ukuseka ubukho baseBritane kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Emva kokufika kwabo, ezi ntsapho zabeka phambili imfundo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zenkolo kwiMpuma-Koloni lwamkela abantwana abangamaXhosa ababefaka izicelo zokwamkelwa; eNatali amanye amaqela amaninzi athetha isiNguni athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo zevangeli emva kweminyaka yoo-1850. Urhulumente waxhasa ngeemali iiklasi zoqeqesho lootitshala baseAfrika njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe lokuzola kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

=== 1994 ukuya ku-2022 ===
Phantsi kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho amasebe emfundo asibhozo awayelandela iikharityhulam ezahlukeneyo kwaye enikezela ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wokufunda. Oku kwakubandakanya amasebe kazwelonke abantsundu, amaIndiya nabantsundu, isebe lezikolo ezizimeleyo, kunye namasebe amaphondo abamhlophe kwiphondo ngalinye kula mane angaphambili. Ezinye iiBantustan ezathi zadityaniswa kwakhona noMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 nazo zazineesebe zazo zemfundo.

=== 1997 ukuya ku-2005 ===
Ngo-1997, urhulumente waphehlelela inkqubo yakhe entsha yemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiKharityhulam 2005, eyayiza kusekelwe &quot;kwimfundo esekwe kwiziphumo&quot; (OBE). Ngo-2006 kwacaca ukuba i-OBE njengovavanyo lwentlalo yayisilele, kwaye yabekwa ecaleni ngokuzolileyo.

Ngo-2005, umbono weKharityhulam yeMfundo esekwe kwiziphumo (OBE) wachonga isakhelo sekharityhulam entsha kazwelonke eyaqaliswa kwibanga loku-1 ngo-1998, eyathi yafakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumabanga alandelayo emfundo esisiseko. IMfundo esekwe kwiZiphumo ithatha ukufunda eMzantsi Afrika njengenkqubo yokunxibelelana phakathi kootitshala nabafundi, umfundi esembindini kwaye umfundisi-ntsapho esebenza njengomququzeleli.

== Iinkcukacha ==
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      <text bytes="24968" sha1="f1841pxm6lm8a5bwxgi9jaspw09yjql" xml:space="preserve">[[IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika]][[File:Mitchells-plain-schoolkids.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Abantwana besikolo [[IKapa]]]]
[[IMfundo]] eMzantsi Afrika ilawulwa ngamasebe amabini kazwelonke, angala: iSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elijongene nezikolo zamabanga aphantsi naphakathi, kunye neSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho (DHET), elijongene nemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, la masebe mabini ayemelwe kwiSebe lezeMfundo elinye.

Ngo-2025, izinani lokufunda nokubhala eMzantsi Afrika lalingama-95%, kwaye lalikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika (emva kweSeychelles).

I-DBE ijongene nezikolo zikarhulumente, izikolo zabucala (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo), amaziko ophuhliso lwabantwana abancinci (ECD), kunye nezikolo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo. Izikolo zikarhulumente nezikolo zabucala zidibene zaziwa ngokuba zizikolo eziqhelekileyo, ezimalunga nama-97% ezikolo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, izikolo ezininzi zikarhulumente zihlawulisa imali yokufunda (ebizwa ngokuba ziifizi). Izikolo ezingahlawulisi zafakwa ngomda othile ngo-2007.

I-DHET ijongene nezimfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (FET) ezaziwa ngoku njengeeKholeji zeMfundo yobuGcisa noQeqesho lomSebenzi (TVET), amaziko emfundo noqeqesho olusisiseko lwabantu abadala (ABET), kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo (HE).

Olithoba amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika nawo anamasebe awo ezemfundo ajongene nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe likazwelonke nokujongana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngo-2010, inkqubo yezemfundo esisiseko yayinabafundi abayi-12,644,208, izikolo ezingama-30,586, nootitshala abangama-439,394. Ngo-2009, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho yayinabafundi abangama-837,779 kumaziko e-HE, abafundi abangama-420,475 kumaziko e-FET alawulwa ngurhulumente nabama-297,900 kumaziko e-ABET alawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ngo-2013, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wasebenzisa  i-21% yohlahlo lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke kwezemfundo. Malunga ne-10% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezemfundo yeyemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ifumanisa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uzalisekisa kuphela i-57.1% yoko bekufanele ukuba uyazalisekisa kwilungelo lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengeniso yelizwe. I-HRMI yahlula ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye naphakathi. Ngokuthathela ingqalelo inqanaba lengeniso yoMzantsi Afrika, isizwe sifikelela kwi-70.8% yoko bekuya kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zayo (ingeniso) kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye ne-80.9% kwimfundo yamabanga aphakathi, kodwa i-19.6% iyonke kumgangatho wemfundo.

* UMthetho weZikolo zoMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 uququzelela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukhuthaza umgangatho nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezikolo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayafikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
* UMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kaZwelonke ka-1996 ubhala umthetho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, uxanduva lwezomthetho nokubeka iliso loMphathiswa weMfundo esiSiseko, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kazwelonke nawamaphondo.
* UMthetho wokuQeshwa kooTitshala ka-1998 ulawula uxanduva lobungcali, lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okukuko kootitshala kunye neemfuno zobuchule bootitshala.

== Inkqubo yemfundo esisiseko (izikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo) ==
Imfundo esisiseko eMzantsi Afrika yenzeka kumabanga aphantsi naphakathi ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 (abantwana abaneminyaka emi-6–7) ukuya kwiBanga le-12 (abaneminyaka eyi-18–21). Abafundi abaphumelelayo kwiBanga le-12 baphumelela ngesatifikethi sokungena kwiyunivesithi, esibavumela ukuba badlulele kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

I-DBE ngokusemthethweni yahlula amabanga ngokwamaqela amabini &quot;amabhendi&quot; abizwa ngokuba yiMfundo noQeqesho Jikelele (GET), ebandakanya iBanga R (elilingana neKindergarten yaseMzantsi Afrika) kunye namaBanga 1 ukuya ku-9, kunye neMfundo noQeqesho oluQhubekayo (FET), ebandakanya amaBanga 10 ukuya ku-12 kunye namaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi olungelulo olwemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-bhanti le-GET lahlulwa kwakhona kwizigaba ezibizwa ngokuba siGaba seSiseko (amaBanga R ukuya ku-3), isiGaba esiPhakathi (amaBanga 4 ukuya ku-6), kunye nesiGaba esiPhezulu (amaBanga 7 ukuya ku-9). Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, izigaba seSiseko nesiPhakathi zihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, ngelixa isiGaba esiPhezulu sihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume bolawulo lwezikolo eziqhelekileyo ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika abubonisi ulwahlulo lwamabhendi neziganeko. Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, izikolo ezininzi &quot;zizikolo zamabanga aphantsi&quot; (iBanga R kunye namabanga 1 ukuya ku-7) okanye &quot;izikolo zamabanga aphakathi,&quot; ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo eziphakamileyo (amabanga 8 ukuya ku-12).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-width:3px&quot;
|+Amanqanaba emfundo ephambili naphakathi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)|url=https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SADCQF-alignment-report_25102018.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2023|publisher=South African Qualifications Authority|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Iminyaka
!Inqanaba leBakala
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba sesiseko
|-
|5–6
|I-R grade
|-
|6–7
|I-Grade 1
|-
|7–8
|Ibakala lesi-2
|-
|8–9
|Ibakala 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiPhakathi
|-
|9–10
|Ibakala 4
|-
|10–11
|Ibakala lesi-5
|-
|11–12
|Ibakala 6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiphezulu (esisezantsi sesibini) 
|-
|12–13
|Ibakala 7
|-
|13–14
|Ibakala lesi-8
|-
|14–15
|Ibakala 9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba semfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (Isikolo esiPhakathi) 
|-
|15–16
|Ibakala 10
|-
|16–17
|Ibakala 11
|-
|17–18
|Ibakala 12
|}

=== Amanqaku akhethiweyo ===
Ezinye izikolo zasekhaya nezikolo zabucala zibonelela ngokukhetha ukuphumelela unyaka owongezelelweyo emva kwebanga le-12, ngamanye amaxesha owaziwa ngokuba yi-&quot;post-matric&quot;, uyinxalenye yeekharityhulam ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Afrika ezihlala zilandelwa zizikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika.

IsiGaba seSiseko se-DBE siquka ibanga langaphambi kwesikolo elaziwa ngokuba yiBanga R, elithetha &quot;reception&quot;. IBanga R sisinyanzelo, kodwa asizo zonke izikolo zamabanga aphantsi ezinikezela ngeBanga R. IBanga R linokuphinda liqhutywe kumaziko angaphambi kwesikolo. Amanye amabanga anokuphunyezwa kwiziko langaphambi kwesikolo abandakanya iBanga 00 neBanga 000 (nangona amagama athi 000 no-00 engasetyenziswa ngokubanzi). IBanga R ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba liBanga 0 (libizwa ngokuba &quot;grade nought&quot;), ngakumbi kwizikolo ebezizezabamhlophe ngaphambili, apho ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwakuxhaphakile

=== Imali engenayo neendleko zesikolo ===
Izikolo eMzantsi Afrika zifumana isibonelelo kurhulumente kwiindleko zazo zokusebenza, ezinjengokugcina iindawo, iindleko zolawulo, imivuzo, iincwadi nezixhobo zemfundo, kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Uninzi lwezikolo longeza isibonelelo sikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela zengeniso, ezinjengemali yokufunda ehlawulwa ngabazali, imisitho yokuqokelela ingxowa-mali, nokufumana iminikelo. Ngokubanzi, iifizi eziphezulu zokufunda zithintela abantwana abahluphekileyo ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezizizityebi. Akukho mda kwimali yeefizi enokubekwa sisikolo. Abazali banokufaka isicelo esikolweni sokuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kweefizi zesikolo. Izikolo ezininzi ezizizityebi zibonelela ngoncedo lwezemali kubafundi abambalwa (umzekelo, ukuba abazali bangabafundi bakudala), kodwa ayisosinyanzelo somthetho.

Abantwana kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika badla ngokufuneka bathenge kwaye banxibe iyunifomu yesikolo nangona kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuyithenga kwimpahla esele isetyenzisiwe. Uninzi lwezikolo lubonelela ngemisebenzi yangaphandle enjengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, efuna imali ukuyigcina. Izikolo ezininzi zigcina neendawo zazo zemidlalo.

==== Ubuhlwempu nemirhumo yesikolo ====
Izikolo azinakwala ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abahlala kufutshane nesikolo. Izikolo azinakwala ukungena kwabantwana okanye zenqabe ukunikezela ngeekhadi zerekhodi nokuba abazali babo bayakutyela ukuhlawula iifizi zesikolo, kodwa izikolo zivunyelwe ukumangalela abazali ngokungahlawuli iifizi zesikolo

Ukususela ngo-1996, abantwana abanabazali abahlupheka kakhulu ngokusemthethweni bakhululwe kwezinye okanye kuzo zonke iifizi zesikolo. Ukususela ngo-1998, ifomula yile ilandelayo. Ukuba ingeniso yonyaka edityanisiweyo yabazali ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo yonyaka, umntwana ukhululwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba ingeniso ingaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo kodwa ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezingamashumi amathathu kwefizi yesikolo, umntwana unelungelo ngokusemthethweni lokuncitshiswa okuthile kweefizi zesikolo. Ngokwenene, loo migaqo inceda kuphela iintsapho ezihlupheka kakhulu, hayi iintsapho zodidi olusezantsi nabaphakathi.

Abantwana abasweleyo nabantwana babazali abafumana izibonelelo zentlalo ezinxulumene nentlupheko nabo bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni iifizi zesikolo

=== Izikolo ezizimeleyo ===


Izikolo zabucala, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo, zizikolo ezingezizo ezikarhulumente. Zihlala ziphethwe kwaye ziqhutywa yitrasti, icawa okanye uluntu, okanye yinkampani engenisa inzuzo. Asizo zonke izikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika ezihlawulisa iifizi eziphezulu. Ezinye izikolo zabucala zikwafumana isibonelelo kurhulumente, kuxhomekeke kuluntu olukhonzwayo kunye neefizi ezihlawuliswayo


Ekungeneni kwiyunivesithi, i-&quot;Matriculation Endorsement&quot; iyafuneka, nangona ezinye iiyunivesithi zibeka ezazo iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo. UMzantsi Afrika unecandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo elidlamkileyo, elinabafundi abangaphezu kwesigidi ababhalise kwiiyunivesithi zelizwe, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi zetekhnoloji. Zonke iiyunivesithi zizimele, zinxibelelana namabhunga azo kunokuba zinxibelelane norhulumente. Inkqubo yeSakhelo seZiqinisekiso sikaZwelonke (NQF) yokulawula imfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi elizweni iqhutywa liGunya leZiqinisekiso loMzantsi Afrika

Ukungaqeshwa kwabaphumeleleyo kunye nokungaqeshwa ngokwaneleyo ziingxaki eziqhubekayo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundi luqhubeka nokubhalisa kwi-humanities, ubugcisa, kunye nesayensi yezentlalo. Bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abakhetha ukufunda izifundo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izifundo ze-STEM, kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

UMthetho wokuNgezwa kweYunivesithi ka-1959 wawubonelela ngeeYunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kubuhlanga obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-homelands ezizimeleyo zanikwa ezazo iiyunivesithi. Emva kokubuyiselwa kwee-homelands ezizimeleyo, kwakukho iiyunivesithi ezingama-36 kunye neetekhnikhoni eMzantsi Afrika, ezihlala zikufutshane kwaye zibonelela ngezifundo ezifanayo.

Ngo-1994, urhulumente waqalisa ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeyunivesithi neetekhnikhoni ngothotho lweendibaniselwano nokudityaniswa. Oku kwagqitywa ngoJanuwari 2005. Kwadala amaziko amatsha angama-22 ukusuka kwangama-36 angaphambili. Ishumi leeyunivesithi zafumana amagama amatsha

== Imbali ==
1652 ukuya ku-1900
Izikolo zokuqala zaseYurophu eMzantsi Afrika zasekwa kwiKoloni yaseKapa yamaDatshi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabadala beCawa yamaDatshi eRiform eyayizinikele kwimfundiso yebhayibhile, eyayiyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso secawa. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ootitshala abahambahambayo (meesters) babefundisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala olusisiseko kunye nezakhono zezibalo. Izikolo zevangeli zaseBritane zanda emva kowe-1799, xa amalungu okuqala eLondon Missionary Society afika kwiKoloni yaseKapa.
Ulwimi ngokukhawuleza lwaba ngumcimbi onobuzaza kwezemfundo. Ubuncinane izikolo zesiNgesi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zazisebenza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwiKoloni yaseBritane yaseKapa ngo-1827, kodwa ubukho bazo babucaphukisa amanye amalungu oluntu oluthetha isiDatshi, ababecinga ukuba ulwimi lwesiNgesi nekharityhulam yazo ayinamsebenzi kubomi basemaphandleni kunye neenqobo zazo. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abalimi abangamaDatshi baxhathisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ejolise ekusasazeni ulwimi lwesiNgesi kunye neenqobo zaseBritane, kwaye abaninzi bafundisa abantwana babo ekhaya okanye ezicaweni.

Emva kokuba amagosa aseBritane eqalise ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zifuduke zisuka eBritane ziye kwiKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1820, iOfisi yamaKholoni yahlola abafaki-zicelo zokufuduka ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi. Bakhetha iintsapho ezifundileyo, ubukhulu becala, ukuseka ubukho baseBritane kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Emva kokufika kwabo, ezi ntsapho zabeka phambili imfundo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zenkolo kwiMpuma-Koloni lwamkela abantwana abangamaXhosa ababefaka izicelo zokwamkelwa; eNatali amanye amaqela amaninzi athetha isiNguni athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo zevangeli emva kweminyaka yoo-1850. Urhulumente waxhasa ngeemali iiklasi zoqeqesho lootitshala baseAfrika njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe lokuzola kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

=== 1994 ukuya ku-2022 ===
Phantsi kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho amasebe emfundo asibhozo awayelandela iikharityhulam ezahlukeneyo kwaye enikezela ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wokufunda. Oku kwakubandakanya amasebe kazwelonke abantsundu, amaIndiya nabantsundu, isebe lezikolo ezizimeleyo, kunye namasebe amaphondo abamhlophe kwiphondo ngalinye kula mane angaphambili. Ezinye iiBantustan ezathi zadityaniswa kwakhona noMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 nazo zazineesebe zazo zemfundo.

=== 1997 ukuya ku-2005 ===
Ngo-1997, urhulumente waphehlelela inkqubo yakhe entsha yemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiKharityhulam 2005, eyayiza kusekelwe &quot;kwimfundo esekwe kwiziphumo&quot; (OBE). Ngo-2006 kwacaca ukuba i-OBE njengovavanyo lwentlalo yayisilele, kwaye yabekwa ecaleni ngokuzolileyo.

Ngo-2005, umbono weKharityhulam yeMfundo esekwe kwiziphumo (OBE) wachonga isakhelo sekharityhulam entsha kazwelonke eyaqaliswa kwibanga loku-1 ngo-1998, eyathi yafakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumabanga alandelayo emfundo esisiseko. IMfundo esekwe kwiZiphumo ithatha ukufunda eMzantsi Afrika njengenkqubo yokunxibelelana phakathi kootitshala nabafundi, umfundi esembindini kwaye umfundisi-ntsapho esebenza njengomququzeleli.

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* USadike, Mashudu (2021-02-26). &quot;UMphathiswa wezeMfundo waseLimpopo utyhola 'ootitshala abavilayo' ngezinga lokuphumelela elingu-0% kwezinye izikolo&quot;. iol.co.za. IOL. Ibuyiswe 2021-02-26.
* UWorkman, Michael (2023-07-16). &quot;Inkqubo yethu yoviwo lwematriki yakudala isukela ngo-1858 kwaye inokubangela amanxeba engqondo ubomi bonke&quot;. Opinionista. dailymaverick.co.za. Daily Maverick. Ibuyiswe 2023-07-17.
* Ubundlobongela buxhaphakile ezikolweni zaseMzantsi Afrika. (12 Matshi 2008). E-Venda, abantwana baphathwa gadalala ngootitshala ngokubabethela ngeentonga. Ngoko urhulumente angathetha ngezikolo ezifana neMulenca Secondary School &amp; Mutititi Primary ngokuchasene nobundlobongela ezikolweni. BBC Online. London.
* &quot;Abantwana bomsindo&quot;. IMail &amp; Guardian. 2008-08-22. Ikhutshelwe kwi-2015-02-06. Ibuyiswe 2013-05-06.

[[Uluhlu:Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika]]</text>
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      <text bytes="24964" sha1="b8f6up6qgberdp1gp0r3zx5dqwshb00" xml:space="preserve">[[IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika]][[File:Mitchells-plain-schoolkids.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Abantwana besikolo [[IKapa]]]]
IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika ilawulwa ngamasebe amabini kazwelonke, angala: iSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elijongene nezikolo zamabanga aphantsi naphakathi, kunye neSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho (DHET), elijongene nemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, la masebe mabini ayemelwe kwiSebe lezeMfundo elinye.

Ngo-2025, izinani lokufunda nokubhala eMzantsi Afrika lalingama-95%, kwaye lalikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika (emva kweSeychelles).

I-DBE ijongene nezikolo zikarhulumente, izikolo zabucala (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo), amaziko ophuhliso lwabantwana abancinci (ECD), kunye nezikolo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo. Izikolo zikarhulumente nezikolo zabucala zidibene zaziwa ngokuba zizikolo eziqhelekileyo, ezimalunga nama-97% ezikolo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, izikolo ezininzi zikarhulumente zihlawulisa imali yokufunda (ebizwa ngokuba ziifizi). Izikolo ezingahlawulisi zafakwa ngomda othile ngo-2007.

I-DHET ijongene nezimfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (FET) ezaziwa ngoku njengeeKholeji zeMfundo yobuGcisa noQeqesho lomSebenzi (TVET), amaziko emfundo noqeqesho olusisiseko lwabantu abadala (ABET), kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo (HE).

Olithoba amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika nawo anamasebe awo ezemfundo ajongene nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe likazwelonke nokujongana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngo-2010, inkqubo yezemfundo esisiseko yayinabafundi abayi-12,644,208, izikolo ezingama-30,586, nootitshala abangama-439,394. Ngo-2009, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho yayinabafundi abangama-837,779 kumaziko e-HE, abafundi abangama-420,475 kumaziko e-FET alawulwa ngurhulumente nabama-297,900 kumaziko e-ABET alawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ngo-2013, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wasebenzisa  i-21% yohlahlo lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke kwezemfundo. Malunga ne-10% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezemfundo yeyemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ifumanisa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uzalisekisa kuphela i-57.1% yoko bekufanele ukuba uyazalisekisa kwilungelo lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengeniso yelizwe. I-HRMI yahlula ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye naphakathi. Ngokuthathela ingqalelo inqanaba lengeniso yoMzantsi Afrika, isizwe sifikelela kwi-70.8% yoko bekuya kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zayo (ingeniso) kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye ne-80.9% kwimfundo yamabanga aphakathi, kodwa i-19.6% iyonke kumgangatho wemfundo.

* UMthetho weZikolo zoMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 uququzelela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukhuthaza umgangatho nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezikolo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayafikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
* UMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kaZwelonke ka-1996 ubhala umthetho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, uxanduva lwezomthetho nokubeka iliso loMphathiswa weMfundo esiSiseko, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kazwelonke nawamaphondo.
* UMthetho wokuQeshwa kooTitshala ka-1998 ulawula uxanduva lobungcali, lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okukuko kootitshala kunye neemfuno zobuchule bootitshala.

== Inkqubo yemfundo esisiseko (izikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo) ==
Imfundo esisiseko eMzantsi Afrika yenzeka kumabanga aphantsi naphakathi ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 (abantwana abaneminyaka emi-6–7) ukuya kwiBanga le-12 (abaneminyaka eyi-18–21). Abafundi abaphumelelayo kwiBanga le-12 baphumelela ngesatifikethi sokungena kwiyunivesithi, esibavumela ukuba badlulele kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

I-DBE ngokusemthethweni yahlula amabanga ngokwamaqela amabini &quot;amabhendi&quot; abizwa ngokuba yiMfundo noQeqesho Jikelele (GET), ebandakanya iBanga R (elilingana neKindergarten yaseMzantsi Afrika) kunye namaBanga 1 ukuya ku-9, kunye neMfundo noQeqesho oluQhubekayo (FET), ebandakanya amaBanga 10 ukuya ku-12 kunye namaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi olungelulo olwemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-bhanti le-GET lahlulwa kwakhona kwizigaba ezibizwa ngokuba siGaba seSiseko (amaBanga R ukuya ku-3), isiGaba esiPhakathi (amaBanga 4 ukuya ku-6), kunye nesiGaba esiPhezulu (amaBanga 7 ukuya ku-9). Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, izigaba seSiseko nesiPhakathi zihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, ngelixa isiGaba esiPhezulu sihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume bolawulo lwezikolo eziqhelekileyo ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika abubonisi ulwahlulo lwamabhendi neziganeko. Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, izikolo ezininzi &quot;zizikolo zamabanga aphantsi&quot; (iBanga R kunye namabanga 1 ukuya ku-7) okanye &quot;izikolo zamabanga aphakathi,&quot; ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo eziphakamileyo (amabanga 8 ukuya ku-12).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-width:3px&quot;
|+Amanqanaba emfundo ephambili naphakathi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)|url=https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SADCQF-alignment-report_25102018.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2023|publisher=South African Qualifications Authority|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Iminyaka
!Inqanaba leBakala
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba sesiseko
|-
|5–6
|I-R grade
|-
|6–7
|I-Grade 1
|-
|7–8
|Ibakala lesi-2
|-
|8–9
|Ibakala 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiPhakathi
|-
|9–10
|Ibakala 4
|-
|10–11
|Ibakala lesi-5
|-
|11–12
|Ibakala 6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiphezulu (esisezantsi sesibini) 
|-
|12–13
|Ibakala 7
|-
|13–14
|Ibakala lesi-8
|-
|14–15
|Ibakala 9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba semfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (Isikolo esiPhakathi) 
|-
|15–16
|Ibakala 10
|-
|16–17
|Ibakala 11
|-
|17–18
|Ibakala 12
|}

=== Amanqaku akhethiweyo ===
Ezinye izikolo zasekhaya nezikolo zabucala zibonelela ngokukhetha ukuphumelela unyaka owongezelelweyo emva kwebanga le-12, ngamanye amaxesha owaziwa ngokuba yi-&quot;post-matric&quot;, uyinxalenye yeekharityhulam ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Afrika ezihlala zilandelwa zizikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika.

IsiGaba seSiseko se-DBE siquka ibanga langaphambi kwesikolo elaziwa ngokuba yiBanga R, elithetha &quot;reception&quot;. IBanga R sisinyanzelo, kodwa asizo zonke izikolo zamabanga aphantsi ezinikezela ngeBanga R. IBanga R linokuphinda liqhutywe kumaziko angaphambi kwesikolo. Amanye amabanga anokuphunyezwa kwiziko langaphambi kwesikolo abandakanya iBanga 00 neBanga 000 (nangona amagama athi 000 no-00 engasetyenziswa ngokubanzi). IBanga R ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba liBanga 0 (libizwa ngokuba &quot;grade nought&quot;), ngakumbi kwizikolo ebezizezabamhlophe ngaphambili, apho ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwakuxhaphakile

=== Imali engenayo neendleko zesikolo ===
Izikolo eMzantsi Afrika zifumana isibonelelo kurhulumente kwiindleko zazo zokusebenza, ezinjengokugcina iindawo, iindleko zolawulo, imivuzo, iincwadi nezixhobo zemfundo, kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Uninzi lwezikolo longeza isibonelelo sikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela zengeniso, ezinjengemali yokufunda ehlawulwa ngabazali, imisitho yokuqokelela ingxowa-mali, nokufumana iminikelo. Ngokubanzi, iifizi eziphezulu zokufunda zithintela abantwana abahluphekileyo ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezizizityebi. Akukho mda kwimali yeefizi enokubekwa sisikolo. Abazali banokufaka isicelo esikolweni sokuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kweefizi zesikolo. Izikolo ezininzi ezizizityebi zibonelela ngoncedo lwezemali kubafundi abambalwa (umzekelo, ukuba abazali bangabafundi bakudala), kodwa ayisosinyanzelo somthetho.

Abantwana kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika badla ngokufuneka bathenge kwaye banxibe iyunifomu yesikolo nangona kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuyithenga kwimpahla esele isetyenzisiwe. Uninzi lwezikolo lubonelela ngemisebenzi yangaphandle enjengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, efuna imali ukuyigcina. Izikolo ezininzi zigcina neendawo zazo zemidlalo.

==== Ubuhlwempu nemirhumo yesikolo ====
Izikolo azinakwala ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abahlala kufutshane nesikolo. Izikolo azinakwala ukungena kwabantwana okanye zenqabe ukunikezela ngeekhadi zerekhodi nokuba abazali babo bayakutyela ukuhlawula iifizi zesikolo, kodwa izikolo zivunyelwe ukumangalela abazali ngokungahlawuli iifizi zesikolo

Ukususela ngo-1996, abantwana abanabazali abahlupheka kakhulu ngokusemthethweni bakhululwe kwezinye okanye kuzo zonke iifizi zesikolo. Ukususela ngo-1998, ifomula yile ilandelayo. Ukuba ingeniso yonyaka edityanisiweyo yabazali ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo yonyaka, umntwana ukhululwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba ingeniso ingaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo kodwa ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezingamashumi amathathu kwefizi yesikolo, umntwana unelungelo ngokusemthethweni lokuncitshiswa okuthile kweefizi zesikolo. Ngokwenene, loo migaqo inceda kuphela iintsapho ezihlupheka kakhulu, hayi iintsapho zodidi olusezantsi nabaphakathi.

Abantwana abasweleyo nabantwana babazali abafumana izibonelelo zentlalo ezinxulumene nentlupheko nabo bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni iifizi zesikolo

=== Izikolo ezizimeleyo ===


Izikolo zabucala, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo, zizikolo ezingezizo ezikarhulumente. Zihlala ziphethwe kwaye ziqhutywa yitrasti, icawa okanye uluntu, okanye yinkampani engenisa inzuzo. Asizo zonke izikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika ezihlawulisa iifizi eziphezulu. Ezinye izikolo zabucala zikwafumana isibonelelo kurhulumente, kuxhomekeke kuluntu olukhonzwayo kunye neefizi ezihlawuliswayo


Ekungeneni kwiyunivesithi, i-&quot;Matriculation Endorsement&quot; iyafuneka, nangona ezinye iiyunivesithi zibeka ezazo iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo. UMzantsi Afrika unecandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo elidlamkileyo, elinabafundi abangaphezu kwesigidi ababhalise kwiiyunivesithi zelizwe, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi zetekhnoloji. Zonke iiyunivesithi zizimele, zinxibelelana namabhunga azo kunokuba zinxibelelane norhulumente. Inkqubo yeSakhelo seZiqinisekiso sikaZwelonke (NQF) yokulawula imfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi elizweni iqhutywa liGunya leZiqinisekiso loMzantsi Afrika

Ukungaqeshwa kwabaphumeleleyo kunye nokungaqeshwa ngokwaneleyo ziingxaki eziqhubekayo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundi luqhubeka nokubhalisa kwi-humanities, ubugcisa, kunye nesayensi yezentlalo. Bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abakhetha ukufunda izifundo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izifundo ze-STEM, kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

UMthetho wokuNgezwa kweYunivesithi ka-1959 wawubonelela ngeeYunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kubuhlanga obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-homelands ezizimeleyo zanikwa ezazo iiyunivesithi. Emva kokubuyiselwa kwee-homelands ezizimeleyo, kwakukho iiyunivesithi ezingama-36 kunye neetekhnikhoni eMzantsi Afrika, ezihlala zikufutshane kwaye zibonelela ngezifundo ezifanayo.

Ngo-1994, urhulumente waqalisa ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeyunivesithi neetekhnikhoni ngothotho lweendibaniselwano nokudityaniswa. Oku kwagqitywa ngoJanuwari 2005. Kwadala amaziko amatsha angama-22 ukusuka kwangama-36 angaphambili. Ishumi leeyunivesithi zafumana amagama amatsha

== Imbali ==
1652 ukuya ku-1900
Izikolo zokuqala zaseYurophu eMzantsi Afrika zasekwa kwiKoloni yaseKapa yamaDatshi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabadala beCawa yamaDatshi eRiform eyayizinikele kwimfundiso yebhayibhile, eyayiyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso secawa. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ootitshala abahambahambayo (meesters) babefundisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala olusisiseko kunye nezakhono zezibalo. Izikolo zevangeli zaseBritane zanda emva kowe-1799, xa amalungu okuqala eLondon Missionary Society afika kwiKoloni yaseKapa.
Ulwimi ngokukhawuleza lwaba ngumcimbi onobuzaza kwezemfundo. Ubuncinane izikolo zesiNgesi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zazisebenza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwiKoloni yaseBritane yaseKapa ngo-1827, kodwa ubukho bazo babucaphukisa amanye amalungu oluntu oluthetha isiDatshi, ababecinga ukuba ulwimi lwesiNgesi nekharityhulam yazo ayinamsebenzi kubomi basemaphandleni kunye neenqobo zazo. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abalimi abangamaDatshi baxhathisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ejolise ekusasazeni ulwimi lwesiNgesi kunye neenqobo zaseBritane, kwaye abaninzi bafundisa abantwana babo ekhaya okanye ezicaweni.

Emva kokuba amagosa aseBritane eqalise ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zifuduke zisuka eBritane ziye kwiKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1820, iOfisi yamaKholoni yahlola abafaki-zicelo zokufuduka ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi. Bakhetha iintsapho ezifundileyo, ubukhulu becala, ukuseka ubukho baseBritane kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Emva kokufika kwabo, ezi ntsapho zabeka phambili imfundo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zenkolo kwiMpuma-Koloni lwamkela abantwana abangamaXhosa ababefaka izicelo zokwamkelwa; eNatali amanye amaqela amaninzi athetha isiNguni athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo zevangeli emva kweminyaka yoo-1850. Urhulumente waxhasa ngeemali iiklasi zoqeqesho lootitshala baseAfrika njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe lokuzola kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

=== 1994 ukuya ku-2022 ===
Phantsi kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho amasebe emfundo asibhozo awayelandela iikharityhulam ezahlukeneyo kwaye enikezela ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wokufunda. Oku kwakubandakanya amasebe kazwelonke abantsundu, amaIndiya nabantsundu, isebe lezikolo ezizimeleyo, kunye namasebe amaphondo abamhlophe kwiphondo ngalinye kula mane angaphambili. Ezinye iiBantustan ezathi zadityaniswa kwakhona noMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 nazo zazineesebe zazo zemfundo.

=== 1997 ukuya ku-2005 ===
Ngo-1997, urhulumente waphehlelela inkqubo yakhe entsha yemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiKharityhulam 2005, eyayiza kusekelwe &quot;kwimfundo esekwe kwiziphumo&quot; (OBE). Ngo-2006 kwacaca ukuba i-OBE njengovavanyo lwentlalo yayisilele, kwaye yabekwa ecaleni ngokuzolileyo.

Ngo-2005, umbono weKharityhulam yeMfundo esekwe kwiziphumo (OBE) wachonga isakhelo sekharityhulam entsha kazwelonke eyaqaliswa kwibanga loku-1 ngo-1998, eyathi yafakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumabanga alandelayo emfundo esisiseko. IMfundo esekwe kwiZiphumo ithatha ukufunda eMzantsi Afrika njengenkqubo yokunxibelelana phakathi kootitshala nabafundi, umfundi esembindini kwaye umfundisi-ntsapho esebenza njengomququzeleli.

== Iinkcukacha ==
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      <text bytes="24977" sha1="gihhbs7g82hzbsqng8pchqaste2opbt" xml:space="preserve">[[IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika]][[File:Mitchells-plain-schoolkids.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Abantwana besikolo [[IKapa]]]]
IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika ilawulwa ngamasebe amabini kazwelonke, angala: iSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elijongene nezikolo zamabanga aphantsi naphakathi, kunye neSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho (DHET), elijongene nemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, la masebe mabini ayemelwe kwiSebe lezeMfundo elinye.

Ngo-2025, izinani lokufunda nokubhala eMzantsi Afrika lalingama-95%, kwaye lalikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika (emva kweSeychelles).

I-DBE ijongene nezikolo zikarhulumente, izikolo zabucala (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo), amaziko ophuhliso lwabantwana abancinci (ECD), kunye nezikolo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo. Izikolo zikarhulumente nezikolo zabucala zidibene zaziwa ngokuba zizikolo eziqhelekileyo, ezimalunga nama-97% ezikolo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, izikolo ezininzi zikarhulumente zihlawulisa imali yokufunda (ebizwa ngokuba ziifizi). Izikolo ezingahlawulisi zafakwa ngomda othile ngo-2007.

I-DHET ijongene nezimfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (FET) ezaziwa ngoku njengeeKholeji zeMfundo yobuGcisa noQeqesho lomSebenzi (TVET), amaziko emfundo noqeqesho olusisiseko lwabantu abadala (ABET), kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo (HE).

Olithoba amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika nawo anamasebe awo ezemfundo ajongene nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe likazwelonke nokujongana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngo-2010, inkqubo yezemfundo esisiseko yayinabafundi abayi-12,644,208, izikolo ezingama-30,586, nootitshala abangama-439,394. Ngo-2009, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho yayinabafundi abangama-837,779 kumaziko e-HE, abafundi abangama-420,475 kumaziko e-FET alawulwa ngurhulumente nabama-297,900 kumaziko e-ABET alawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ngo-2013, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wasebenzisa  i-21% yohlahlo lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke kwezemfundo. Malunga ne-10% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezemfundo yeyemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ifumanisa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uzalisekisa kuphela i-57.1% yoko bekufanele ukuba uyazalisekisa kwilungelo lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengeniso yelizwe. I-HRMI yahlula ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye naphakathi. Ngokuthathela ingqalelo inqanaba lengeniso yoMzantsi Afrika, isizwe sifikelela kwi-70.8% yoko bekuya kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zayo (ingeniso) kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye ne-80.9% kwimfundo yamabanga aphakathi, kodwa i-19.6% iyonke kumgangatho wemfundo.

* UMthetho weZikolo zoMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 uququzelela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukhuthaza umgangatho nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezikolo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayafikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
* UMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kaZwelonke ka-1996 ubhala umthetho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, uxanduva lwezomthetho nokubeka iliso loMphathiswa weMfundo esiSiseko, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kazwelonke nawamaphondo.
* UMthetho wokuQeshwa kooTitshala ka-1998 ulawula uxanduva lobungcali, lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okukuko kootitshala kunye neemfuno zobuchule bootitshala.

== Inkqubo yemfundo esisiseko (izikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo) ==
Imfundo esisiseko eMzantsi Afrika yenzeka kumabanga aphantsi naphakathi ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 (abantwana abaneminyaka emi-6–7) ukuya kwiBanga le-12 (abaneminyaka eyi-18–21). Abafundi abaphumelelayo kwiBanga le-12 baphumelela ngesatifikethi sokungena kwiyunivesithi, esibavumela ukuba badlulele kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

I-DBE ngokusemthethweni yahlula amabanga ngokwamaqela amabini &quot;amabhendi&quot; abizwa ngokuba yiMfundo noQeqesho Jikelele (GET), ebandakanya iBanga R (elilingana neKindergarten yaseMzantsi Afrika) kunye namaBanga 1 ukuya ku-9, kunye neMfundo noQeqesho oluQhubekayo (FET), ebandakanya amaBanga 10 ukuya ku-12 kunye namaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi olungelulo olwemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-bhanti le-GET lahlulwa kwakhona kwizigaba ezibizwa ngokuba siGaba seSiseko (amaBanga R ukuya ku-3), isiGaba esiPhakathi (amaBanga 4 ukuya ku-6), kunye nesiGaba esiPhezulu (amaBanga 7 ukuya ku-9). Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, izigaba seSiseko nesiPhakathi zihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, ngelixa isiGaba esiPhezulu sihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume bolawulo lwezikolo eziqhelekileyo ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika abubonisi ulwahlulo lwamabhendi neziganeko. Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, izikolo ezininzi &quot;zizikolo zamabanga aphantsi&quot; (iBanga R kunye namabanga 1 ukuya ku-7) okanye &quot;izikolo zamabanga aphakathi,&quot; ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo eziphakamileyo (amabanga 8 ukuya ku-12).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-width:3px&quot;
|+Amanqanaba emfundo ephambili naphakathi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)|url=https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SADCQF-alignment-report_25102018.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2023|publisher=South African Qualifications Authority|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Iminyaka
!Inqanaba leBakala
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba sesiseko
|-
|5–6
|I-R grade
|-
|6–7
|I-Grade 1
|-
|7–8
|Ibakala lesi-2
|-
|8–9
|Ibakala 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiPhakathi
|-
|9–10
|Ibakala 4
|-
|10–11
|Ibakala lesi-5
|-
|11–12
|Ibakala 6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiphezulu (esisezantsi sesibini) 
|-
|12–13
|Ibakala 7
|-
|13–14
|Ibakala lesi-8
|-
|14–15
|Ibakala 9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba semfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (Isikolo esiPhakathi) 
|-
|15–16
|Ibakala 10
|-
|16–17
|Ibakala 11
|-
|17–18
|Ibakala 12
|}

=== Amanqaku akhethiweyo ===
Ezinye izikolo zasekhaya nezikolo zabucala zibonelela ngokukhetha ukuphumelela unyaka owongezelelweyo emva kwebanga le-12, ngamanye amaxesha owaziwa ngokuba yi-&quot;post-matric&quot;, uyinxalenye yeekharityhulam ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Afrika ezihlala zilandelwa zizikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika.

IsiGaba seSiseko se-DBE siquka ibanga langaphambi kwesikolo elaziwa ngokuba yiBanga R, elithetha &quot;reception&quot;. IBanga R sisinyanzelo, kodwa asizo zonke izikolo zamabanga aphantsi ezinikezela ngeBanga R. IBanga R linokuphinda liqhutywe kumaziko angaphambi kwesikolo. Amanye amabanga anokuphunyezwa kwiziko langaphambi kwesikolo abandakanya iBanga 00 neBanga 000 (nangona amagama athi 000 no-00 engasetyenziswa ngokubanzi). IBanga R ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba liBanga 0 (libizwa ngokuba &quot;grade nought&quot;), ngakumbi kwizikolo ebezizezabamhlophe ngaphambili, apho ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwakuxhaphakile

=== Imali engenayo neendleko zesikolo ===
Izikolo eMzantsi Afrika zifumana isibonelelo kurhulumente kwiindleko zazo zokusebenza, ezinjengokugcina iindawo, iindleko zolawulo, imivuzo, iincwadi nezixhobo zemfundo, kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Uninzi lwezikolo longeza isibonelelo sikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela zengeniso, ezinjengemali yokufunda ehlawulwa ngabazali, imisitho yokuqokelela ingxowa-mali, nokufumana iminikelo. Ngokubanzi, iifizi eziphezulu zokufunda zithintela abantwana abahluphekileyo ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezizizityebi. Akukho mda kwimali yeefizi enokubekwa sisikolo. Abazali banokufaka isicelo esikolweni sokuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kweefizi zesikolo. Izikolo ezininzi ezizizityebi zibonelela ngoncedo lwezemali kubafundi abambalwa (umzekelo, ukuba abazali bangabafundi bakudala), kodwa ayisosinyanzelo somthetho.

Abantwana kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika badla ngokufuneka bathenge kwaye banxibe iyunifomu yesikolo nangona kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuyithenga kwimpahla esele isetyenzisiwe. Uninzi lwezikolo lubonelela ngemisebenzi yangaphandle enjengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, efuna imali ukuyigcina. Izikolo ezininzi zigcina neendawo zazo zemidlalo.

==== Ubuhlwempu nemirhumo yesikolo ====
Izikolo azinakwala ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abahlala kufutshane nesikolo. Izikolo azinakwala ukungena kwabantwana okanye zenqabe ukunikezela ngeekhadi zerekhodi nokuba abazali babo bayakutyela ukuhlawula iifizi zesikolo, kodwa izikolo zivunyelwe ukumangalela abazali ngokungahlawuli iifizi zesikolo

Ukususela ngo-1996, abantwana abanabazali abahlupheka kakhulu ngokusemthethweni bakhululwe kwezinye okanye kuzo zonke iifizi zesikolo. Ukususela ngo-1998, ifomula yile ilandelayo. Ukuba ingeniso yonyaka edityanisiweyo yabazali ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo yonyaka, umntwana ukhululwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba ingeniso ingaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo kodwa ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezingamashumi amathathu kwefizi yesikolo, umntwana unelungelo ngokusemthethweni lokuncitshiswa okuthile kweefizi zesikolo. Ngokwenene, loo migaqo inceda kuphela iintsapho ezihlupheka kakhulu, hayi iintsapho zodidi olusezantsi nabaphakathi.

Abantwana abasweleyo nabantwana babazali abafumana izibonelelo zentlalo ezinxulumene nentlupheko nabo bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni iifizi zesikolo

=== Izikolo ezizimeleyo ===


Izikolo zabucala, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo, zizikolo ezingezizo ezikarhulumente. Zihlala ziphethwe kwaye ziqhutywa yitrasti, icawa okanye uluntu, okanye yinkampani engenisa inzuzo. Asizo zonke izikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika ezihlawulisa iifizi eziphezulu. Ezinye izikolo zabucala zikwafumana isibonelelo kurhulumente, kuxhomekeke kuluntu olukhonzwayo kunye neefizi ezihlawuliswayo


Ekungeneni kwiyunivesithi, i-&quot;Matriculation Endorsement&quot; iyafuneka, nangona ezinye iiyunivesithi zibeka ezazo iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo. UMzantsi Afrika unecandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo elidlamkileyo, elinabafundi abangaphezu kwesigidi ababhalise kwiiyunivesithi zelizwe, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi zetekhnoloji. Zonke iiyunivesithi zizimele, zinxibelelana namabhunga azo kunokuba zinxibelelane norhulumente. Inkqubo yeSakhelo seZiqinisekiso sikaZwelonke (NQF) yokulawula imfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi elizweni iqhutywa liGunya leZiqinisekiso loMzantsi Afrika

Ukungaqeshwa kwabaphumeleleyo kunye nokungaqeshwa ngokwaneleyo ziingxaki eziqhubekayo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundi luqhubeka nokubhalisa kwi-humanities, ubugcisa, kunye nesayensi yezentlalo. Bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abakhetha ukufunda izifundo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izifundo ze-STEM, kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

UMthetho wokuNgezwa kweYunivesithi ka-1959 wawubonelela ngeeYunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kubuhlanga obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-homelands ezizimeleyo zanikwa ezazo iiyunivesithi. Emva kokubuyiselwa kwee-homelands ezizimeleyo, kwakukho iiyunivesithi ezingama-36 kunye neetekhnikhoni eMzantsi Afrika, ezihlala zikufutshane kwaye zibonelela ngezifundo ezifanayo.

Ngo-1994, urhulumente waqalisa ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeyunivesithi neetekhnikhoni ngothotho lweendibaniselwano nokudityaniswa. Oku kwagqitywa ngoJanuwari 2005. Kwadala amaziko amatsha angama-22 ukusuka kwangama-36 angaphambili. Ishumi leeyunivesithi zafumana amagama amatsha

== Imbali ==
1652 ukuya ku-1900
Izikolo zokuqala zaseYurophu eMzantsi Afrika zasekwa kwiKoloni yaseKapa yamaDatshi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabadala beCawa yamaDatshi eRiform eyayizinikele kwimfundiso yebhayibhile, eyayiyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso secawa. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ootitshala abahambahambayo (meesters) babefundisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala olusisiseko kunye nezakhono zezibalo. Izikolo zevangeli zaseBritane zanda emva kowe-1799, xa amalungu okuqala eLondon Missionary Society afika kwiKoloni yaseKapa.
Ulwimi ngokukhawuleza lwaba ngumcimbi onobuzaza kwezemfundo. Ubuncinane izikolo zesiNgesi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zazisebenza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwiKoloni yaseBritane yaseKapa ngo-1827, kodwa ubukho bazo babucaphukisa amanye amalungu oluntu oluthetha isiDatshi, ababecinga ukuba ulwimi lwesiNgesi nekharityhulam yazo ayinamsebenzi kubomi basemaphandleni kunye neenqobo zazo. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abalimi abangamaDatshi baxhathisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ejolise ekusasazeni ulwimi lwesiNgesi kunye neenqobo zaseBritane, kwaye abaninzi bafundisa abantwana babo ekhaya okanye ezicaweni.

Emva kokuba amagosa aseBritane eqalise ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zifuduke zisuka eBritane ziye kwiKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1820, iOfisi yamaKholoni yahlola abafaki-zicelo zokufuduka ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi. Bakhetha iintsapho ezifundileyo, ubukhulu becala, ukuseka ubukho baseBritane kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Emva kokufika kwabo, ezi ntsapho zabeka phambili imfundo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zenkolo kwiMpuma-Koloni lwamkela abantwana abangamaXhosa ababefaka izicelo zokwamkelwa; eNatali amanye amaqela amaninzi athetha isiNguni athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo zevangeli emva kweminyaka yoo-1850. Urhulumente waxhasa ngeemali iiklasi zoqeqesho lootitshala baseAfrika njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe lokuzola kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

=== 1994 ukuya ku-2022 ===
Phantsi kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho amasebe emfundo asibhozo awayelandela iikharityhulam ezahlukeneyo kwaye enikezela ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wokufunda. Oku kwakubandakanya amasebe kazwelonke abantsundu, amaIndiya nabantsundu, isebe lezikolo ezizimeleyo, kunye namasebe amaphondo abamhlophe kwiphondo ngalinye kula mane angaphambili. Ezinye iiBantustan ezathi zadityaniswa kwakhona noMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 nazo zazineesebe zazo zemfundo.

=== 1997 ukuya ku-2005 ===
Ngo-1997, urhulumente waphehlelela inkqubo yakhe entsha yemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiKharityhulam 2005, eyayiza kusekelwe &quot;kwimfundo esekwe kwiziphumo&quot; (OBE). Ngo-2006 kwacaca ukuba i-OBE njengovavanyo lwentlalo yayisilele, kwaye yabekwa ecaleni ngokuzolileyo.

Ngo-2005, umbono weKharityhulam yeMfundo esekwe kwiziphumo (OBE) wachonga isakhelo sekharityhulam entsha kazwelonke eyaqaliswa kwibanga loku-1 ngo-1998, eyathi yafakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumabanga alandelayo emfundo esisiseko. IMfundo esekwe kwiZiphumo ithatha ukufunda eMzantsi Afrika njengenkqubo yokunxibelelana phakathi kootitshala nabafundi, umfundi esembindini kwaye umfundisi-ntsapho esebenza njengomququzeleli.

== Iinkcukacha ==
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'''UJacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma''' wazalwa ngomhla we-12 kuTshazimpunzi ngo1942. Ungusopolitiko waseMzantsi Afrika owayengumongameli wesine woMzantsi Afrika ukususela ngo2009 ukuya ku2018. UZuma wayengumphikisi ongaphambili wengcinezelo, ilungu loUMkhonto weSizwe, kunye nomongameli we[[African National Congress]] (ANC) ukusuka ngo2007 ukuya ku2017. Unguyise mkhwenyana kuKumkani waseS[[Eswatini|watini]] uMswati III.

UZuma uzalelwe kwingingqi ya[[KwaZulu-Natal]]&quot; eNkandla, ngoku eyinxalenye yephondo lakwaZulu-Natal kunye neziko lenkxaso kaZuma. UngenekwiANC eneminyaka eli-17 ngowama1959 waza wachitha iminyaka elishumi kwiNtolongo yase Robben Island njengebanjwa lezopolitiko. Wahlala ekuziyili ngo-1975 waza ekugqibeleni wanyulwa waba yintloko yecandelo leengxelo ze-ANC. Emva kokuba i-ANC ibuyiselwe eluvalelweni ngo-1990, wakhawuleza wakhula kwiqela lakhe  waza waba ngusekela Nobhala ngo1991, usihlalo wesizwe ngo1994, kunye nesekela likamongameli ngo1997. Wayengu sekela mongameli woMzantsi Afrika ukususela ngo1999 ukuya ku2005 phantsi koMongameli u[[Thabo Mbeki]], olandela [[Nelson Mandela|UNelson Mandela]]. UMbeki wamgxotha uZuma ngomhla we14 kweYesilimela 2005 emva kokuba umcebisi wezezimali kaZuma, USchabir Shaik, egwetywe ngokwenza iintlawulo ezingekho semthethweni kuZuma ngokunxulumene neNgxowa-mali yeZikhali. UZuma utyholwa ngorhwaphilizo waza waxolelwa nangetyala lokudlwengula kwityala lika2006 elaziwa kakhulu. Wakwazi ukugcina inkxaso yeqela lasekhohlo ngaphakathi kweANC, eyamvumela ukuba asuse uMbekki njengomongameli weANC kweyoMnga 2007 kwingqungquthela yoNyulo ye-ANC ePolokwane.

UZuma wanyulwa njengoMongameli woMzantsi Afrika kUnyulo jikelele luka-2009 waza wathatha isikhundla ngoCanzibe 9. Njengomongameli, waqalisa iPlani yeSizwe yeZiseko zoLwakhiwo lweR4 trillion kwaye wasayina isivumelwano esincedisana ngombani kunye norhulumente waseRussia, esavalwa yinkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNtshona Koloni ngo2017. Njengelungu langaphambili iqela lamaKomanisi eMzantsi Afrika, wayethembele ngakumbi kwintetho yabase khohlo , kwaye kwintetho yakhe ka2017  wabhengeza umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha &quot;wenguqu yoqoqosho olukhulu&quot;. Phakathi kwemigaqo ebalekayo eyenziwa phambi kokuba aphume kulawulo kwakukho ukuhluthwa komhlaba ngaphandle kwembuyekezo, [[Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika|imfundo ephakamileyo]] yasimahla, uthotho lweziganeko zokulungisa izakhiwo kumacandelo aphambili abandakanya izithintelo zobunikazi bamazwe angaphandle, kunye neemfuno eziqongqo zokwamkelwa koqoqosho lwabantu abamnyama. Kwindawo yamazwe ngamazwe, uZuma wagxininisa Intsebenziswano yaseMzantsi kunye nediplomacy yezoqoqosho. Ukwamkelwa koMzantsi Afrika kwiqela [[BRICS|iBRICS]] kuye kwachazwa njengempumelelo enkulu kaZuma, kwaye uye wanconywa ngenkqubo yakhe yeHIV/AIDS.

Ngexesha likaZuma lolawulo kwakugcwele impikiswano, ingakumbi ngexesha lakhe lesibini. Ngo2014, umkhuseli woluntu wafumanisa ukuba uZuma wayexhamle ngokungekho semthethweni kwiindleko zikarhulumente zokuphucula indawo yakhe yaseNkandla, kwaye ngo2016, inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yagqiba ekubeni  uZama akazange aphakamise uMgaqo-sisekelo, oku kwakhokelela kwizicelo zokumiswa kwakhe kunye nokuzama ukuchithwa kwesigwebo kwiNdlu yowiso-mthetho. Ekuqaleni kuka2016, kwakukho nezityholo ezandisiweyo, kamva ezathi zaphengulwa yiKomishoni kaZondo, ukuba usapho lukaGupta lwalunefuthe elikhulu lokonakala lolawulo lukaZuma, olwabangela ukubanjwa korhulumento lukaZuma. Kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokuba usekela-mongameli [[UCyril Ramaphosa]] ekhethwe ukuba alandele uZuma njengomongameli weANC kweyoMnga ngo2017, ikomiti yolawulo yesizwe yeANC yabiza uZuma. Emva kokuvota kwesihlanu kokungathembani epalamente, wacela ukuyeka kweyoMdumba 14, ngo2018 waza wathathelwa indawo nguRamaphosa ngosuku olulandelayo.

Emva kokumiswa kwakhe, ngomhla we16 kweyeKwindla ngo2018, igunya lotshutshiso lesizwe labhengeza ukuba liza kuphinda liqalise izityholo zokurhwaphiliza kukaZuma ngokunxulumene nengxowa-mali yezikhali ka1999. Uvumile ukuba akanatyala ngoCanzibe 26, ngo2021, kodwa ityala lakhe lalingalindelekanga ukuba lenzeke de kube sekuqaleni ko2023. Ityala liye lamiselwa uTshazimpunzi ngo2025. Kwimeko eyahlukileyo, kweyeSilimela ngo2021, inkundla yomgaqo-siseko yamgweba uZuma ngokonyelisa inkundla ngenxa yokungawuthobeli umyalelo wenkundla owawunyanzelisa ubungqina bakhe phambi kwekomishoni kaZondo. Wagwetywa iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ejele waza wabanjwa ngomhla we7 kweyeKhala ngo2021 eEstcourt, KwaZulu-Natal. Noko ke, wakhululwa phantsi kwesigwebo sesigxina emva kweenyanga ezimbini ngoSeptemba 5. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yamrhoxisa ngelithi uza kukhululwa ngokusemthethweni kweyoMnga 15. Isigwebo sokukhululwa kwamagqwetha savakaliswa singekho mthethweni yiNkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno, kodwa lavumela iSebe leNkonzo yobuLungisa ukuba liqwalasele ukuba lifanele lithathe ixesha elingakanani ukuze lichithwe . NgeyeThupha 11, ngo2023, iSebe leNkonzo yokuLungisa lamnika uZuma ukuxolelwa kwisigwebo sakhe seenyanga ezili-15.</text>
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    <title>Oliver Tambo</title>
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== Ibali lobomi ==

=== Ubuntwana ===
UOliver Tambo wazalwa ngomhla wama-27 kweyeDwarha ngowe-1917 kwilalana yaseNkantolo, malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20 ukusuka eBizana, empuma yePondoland, kwindawo ngoku eyiMpuma Koloni. IPondoland, eyaziwa ngomhlaba wayo ocebileyo nonemveliso, yaba yeyona nkosana yokugqibela eMzantsi Afrika eyahlala izimele; ukuthathwa kwayo ngamaNgesi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaphawula isigaba sokugqibela sokuhluthwa komhlaba ngobukoloniyali kule ngingqi [1]. Uninzi lwabantu belali yayingabalimi.

Uyise, uMzimeni Tambo, wayengunyana womlimi kwaye wayesebenza njengomncedisi kwivenkile yorhwebo yasekuhlaleni. UMzimeni wayenabafazi abane nabantwana abalishumi, bonke babefundile. Umama kaOliver, uJulia, wayengumfazi wesithathu kaMzimeni. Uyise kaTambo wayeyazi kakuhle into yokuthathwa ngamaBritane, kwaye wavakalisa imvakalelo yakhe ngokubiza uOliver ngokuthi &quot;Kaizana&quot;, egameni likaKaiser Wilhelm II waseJamani, owayelutshaba lwamaBritane ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=His Life and Legacy - Oliver Tambo {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/archive/his-life-and-legacy-oliver-tambo|accessdate=2026-05-05|website=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imfundo ===
UOliver waqala imfundo yakhe esemthethweni eneminyaka esixhenxe kwiSikolo saseLudeke Methodist, kwaye wagqiba imfundo yakhe yokuqala kwiHoly Cross Mission [1]. Kamva wafudukela eGoli apho waya kwiKholeji yaseSt Peter's (ngoku eyiSikolo saseSt Martin's) eRosettenville, waphumelela ngo-1938 njengomnye wabafundi abaphezulu.

Ekuqaleni uTambo wayefuna ukufunda ubugqirha kodwa ngelo xesha abafundi abamnyama babengavunyelwanga ukuba benze oko [2]. Wagqiba ekubeni afunde isayensi xa wamkelwa kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare, kodwa ngo-1940 yena, kunye nabanye abaninzi kuquka uNelson Mandela, bagxothwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba kuqhankqalazo lwabafundi awayelukhokela efuna ibhunga labafundi elikhethwe ngentando yesininzi.

Ngo 1942, uTambo wabuyela kwisikolo sakhe samabanga aphakamileyo eRhawutini ukuze afundise inzululwazi nemathematika. Apho wafundisa abanye abantu abaphambili bexesha elizayo njengoDuma Nokwe, ummeli wokuqala weNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseAfrika kwaye kamva waba ngunobhala-jikelele we-ANC.

=== Iqela lolutsha ===
Ngo 1944, kunye noNelson Mandela noWalter Sisulu, uTambo waseka i-ANC Youth League, apho waba nguNobhala wayo wokuqala weSizwe kunye nelungu leKomiti yeSizwe ngo-1948. I-Youth League yaphakamisa utshintsho kwiindlela zokulwa nocalucalulo.

Ngaphambili, i-ANC yayifuna ukuqhubela phambili injongo yayo ngezenzo ezinje ngezikhalazo kunye nemiboniso; i-Youth League yavakalelwa kukuba ezi zenzo azanelanga ukufezekisa iinjongo zeqela kwaye yaphakamisa &quot;iNkqubo yeZenzo&quot;. Le nkqubo yayixhasa iindlela ezifana nokuqubisana, ukungathobeli umthetho, uqhankqalazo kunye nokungasebenzisani.
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-T0515-008,_Berlin,_Besuch_ANC-Delegation,_Axen,_Tambo.jpg|thumb|UTambo wamkelwa xa efika eMpuma Jamani (1978) ]]
Ngo 1955, uTambo waba nguNobhala Jikelele we-ANC emva kokuba uWalter Sisulu evaliwe ngurhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika phantsi koMthetho wokuCinezelelo koBukomanisi. Ngo 1958, waba nguSekela Mongameli we-ANC kwaye ngo 1959 wakhutshwa ngumyalelo wokuvalwa iminyaka emihlanu ngurhulumente.

=== Ukufudukela eLondon ===
Emva kweSharpeville ngomhla we-21 kuMatshi 1960, uTambo wathunyelwa phesheya yi-ANC ukuze ahlanganise inkcaso yamazwe ngamazwe ngokuchasene nocalucalulo [1]. Wawela iBechuanaland (ngoku yiBotswana) waze waqalisa oko kwabizwa ngokuba yi &quot;Mission in Exile&quot; ye-ANC, efuna inkxaso kwezopolitiko nezemali. Nangona wayegxothiwe kwaye evalelwe eGoli, wavunyelwa ukuba agcine isikhundla sakhe sobunkokeli kwi-ANC [2].

Ngoncedo lweengcali ezinjengoYusuf Dadoo noFrene Ginwala, uTambo wahamba eAfrika, ekhangela amaxwebhu okuhamba, wadibana neenkokeli ezinempembelelo ezinjengoJulius Nyerere waseTanganyika (eTanzania), uKwame Nkrumah waseGhana kunye noGamal Abdel Nasser waseYiputa, echaza ityala le-ANC kwaye efuna inkxaso. Wahlala nentsapho yakhe eMuswell Hill, kumntla weLondon, apho wahlala khona de kwango-1990. Ukufuduka kwakhe phesheya kwamchaphazela kakhulu kwaye akazange abone umfazi wakhe nabantwana bakhe abathathu rhoqo, kodwa umfazi wakhe uAdelaide waxhasa i-ANC ekhaya ngokuthatha amalungu e-ANC afika evela e-UK [1].

Ngo 1967, emva kokusweleka kukaAlbert Luthuli, uTambo waba nguMongameli we-ANC [1]. Esuka ekuthinjweni, wafuna ukugcina i-ANC kunye nokwandisa ubukho bayo bamazwe ngamazwe. Ngenxa yenkathalo yakhe ngobuchule wakwazi ukutsala isizukulwana esitsha sabaphambukeli baseMzantsi Afrika abanetalente, omnye wabo nguThabo Mbeki. Ukongeza ekuncedeni ukwakha inkxaso yehlabathi kumzabalazo wokulwa nocalucalulo [2].

[[File:OlivierTambo1983.jpg|thumb|UOliver Tambo]]

=== Umsebenzi weengcungcu ===
UTambo wayenoxanduva  lokuququzelela amaqela ohlaselo. Kunye namaqabane akhe phakathi kwawo uNelson Mandela, uJoe Slovo noWalter Sisulu, uTambo wakhokela waza walungiselela uhlaselo lwabantu eMzantsi Afrika [1].

Kwinkomfa yabeendaba ngo-1985, uTambo wacatshulwa esithi: &quot;Ngemva, besisithi i-ANC ayiyi kubulala abantu abamsulwa, kodwa ngoku xa sijonga okwenzekayo eMzantsi Afrika kunzima ukutsho ukuba abemi beli abayi kufa&quot; [2].

IKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso (i-TRC)emva kocalu-calulo yachaza uTambo njengomntu owamkela ngokupheleleyo eli nyathelo, phakathi ko1978 no 1979, oku kwakunxulumene nokuqhushumba kwe Church Street ngomhla we 20 kuMeyi 1983, okwakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abali-19 nasekukwenzakaleni kwabantu abayi 197 ukuya kuma-217 [1][2]. Olu hlaselo lwacwangciswa liqela lemisebenzi ekhethekileyo le-ANC uMkhonto weSizwe (MK), phantsi kolalwulo luka Aboobaker Ismail. La maqela ayegunyaziswe nguTambo njengoMongameli we-ANC ngo 1979. Ngexesha lohlaselo, babika kuJoe Slovo njengomphathi wabasebenzi.

I-ANC yathi uqhushumbo lwaluyimpendulo yohlaselo olunqamleza umda lwasentshona eMzantsi Afrika eLesotho ngoDisemba 1982 apho kwabulawa abaxhasi be-ANC abangama-42 kunye nabemi, kunye nokubulawa kukaRuth First , intshatsheli ye-ANC kunye nomfazi kaJoe Slovo, eMaputo, eMozambique. I-SADF yona yathi, yayijolise ukubulala abantu ababini abathile. Ummeli osemthethweni laa xoxa ngelithi ngenxa yokuba  babengasebenzi base-ofisini, kuquka abacwangcisi beefowuni nabachwethezi, babengenothathwa njengeethageth ezisemthethweni zomkhosi.

Amalungu ali-10 e-MK, kuquka noIsmail, afuna ukuxolelwa ngenxa yale ntlekele nezinye. Izicelo zachaswa ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuba yayiyintlekele yobugebenga engahambelaniyo neenjongo zopolitiko. I-TRC yafumanisa ukuba inani labantu ababuleweyo ngokuthelekiswa nabasebenzi basemkhosini alicacanga. Iinkcukacha-manani zamapolisa aseMzantsi Afrika zibonisa ukuba amalungu asixhenxe eSADF abulawa. Ikomishoni yafumanisa ukuba ubuncinane abangama-84 kwabaxhwalekileyo babengamalungu okanye abasebenzi beSADF. U-Amnesty wanikwa yi-TRC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Justice Home|url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/decisions/2001/ac21003.htm|accessdate=8 January 2018|website=www.doj.gov.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nelson Mandela University</title>
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'''IYunivesithi yaseNelson Mandela''', eyayikade iyiDyunivesithi iNelson Nelson Mandela Metropolitan, idyunivesithi  yawo wonke [[UMzantsi Afrika]]. Ngokukodwa kwisixeko esiselunxwemeni saseGqeberha (ngaphambili iPort Elizabeth), yasekwa ngo-1882 njengePort Elizabeth Art School kwaye ibandakanya idyunivesithi yasePort Elizabeth yangaphambili, iPort Elizabeth Technikon kunye nePort Elizabeth kampasi yedyunivesithi yeVista. 

iNelson Mandela dyunivesithi yasekwa ngokudityaniswa kwamaziko amathathu ngeyoMqungu ngo2005, kodwa imbali yayo ibuyela ku1882, ngokusekwa kwePort Elizabeth Art School. Yidyunivesithi epheleleyo enikezela ngoqeqesho lwezobugcisa nolweengcali. Idyunivesithi ineekhampasi ezisixhenxe , ezintandathu eGqeberha kunye nenye eGeorge. Ikhampasi ephambili yedyunivesithi yiSouth Campus. Abafundi kwidyunivesithi yaseNelson Mandela banokufunda kwidiploma okanye kwidegree ukuya kwinqanaba lobugqirha. Ezinye izifundo zibandakanya amava emisebenzi njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokufunda kwidyunivesithi yaseNelson Mandela. IsiNgesi sisisombululo semfundo yeyunivesithi.

== Imbali kunye nokuqaliswa ==
Izicwangciso zeNMMU ngelo xesha apho zachazwa okokuqala ngo2002, nguMphathiswa wezeMfundo ngelo xesha, uKader Asmal. Esisiphakamiso sasiyinxalenye yesicwangciso esikhulu sokulungiswa kwemfundo ephakamileyo eMzantsi Afrika..Inyathelo lokuqala lokudibanisa lafika ngokufakwa kweVista PE yiUPE ngomhla we2 kweyoMqungu ngo2004, kulandele ukudityaniswa kwePE Technikon neUPE ngomihla we1 kweyoMqungu ngo2005.

iNMU yasekwa ngo2005 ngokudibanisa iPort Elizabeth Technikon, kunye nedyunivesithi yasePort Elizabeth. Ngo2004, ngaphambi kokudibanisa, iUPE yayitshintshe ulawulo lwePort Elizabeth khampasi idyunivesithi yaseVista. Yona iPE Technikon yayine campus yesatellite iGeorge, nayo eyayihlanganisiwe. Umongameli wokuqala wedyunivesithi wayenguMongameli weJaji uPious Langa, kwaye uJustice Ronnie Pillay waye ngumongameli wokuqala weBhunga. URolf Stumpf wayengumongameli wokuqala kunye nomphathi oyintloko wedyunivesithi, kwaye walandelwa ngunjingalwazi Derrick Swartz ngomhla we1 kuMqungu  ngo2008. UNjingalwazi Sibongile Muthwa unguGosa weNgcali ngoku emva kokutyunjwa kwakhe ngo2017.

Igama le dyunivesithi laguqulwa ngokusemthethweni ukusuka kwidyunivesithi yaseMetropolitan yaseNelson Mandela  ukuya kwidyunivesiti yaseNelton Mandela ngomhla we20 kweyeKhala 2017. 

iPE Technikon ineengcambu zayo kwiPort Elizabeth Art School, eyasekwa ngo1882 kwaye yayiyeyona ndawo indala yezobugcisa eMzantsi Afrika, ibekwe eRussell Road, Central. Kamva yathiywa ngokuba yiKholeji yeMfundo ePhucukileyo yoBugcisa (CATE). Ikholeji yafudukela kwidyunivesithi yendlela eSummerstrand ngo1974, kwaye yaba yiPE Technikon ngo1979. Ikholeji yoQeqesho loTitshala ePort Elizabeth yayikwisibini Avenue, eSummerstrand. Yafunyanwa yiPE Technikon ngo1994, kwaye yaziwa njengeKholeji Campus. 

iSaasveld Forestry College yasekwa njenge Tokai School for Forest Apprentices ngo1912 [[IKapa|eMpumaKapa]]. Esisikolo sasikwisigaba Iezikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika. Ngo1932, yafudukela kwindawo yayo yangoku, phakathi kukaGeorge noKnysna. Le khampasi yathatyathwa yiPE Technikon kwiSebe lezoLimo ngo-1985.

Ikholeji yeAlgoa yezeMfundo yayiseStruandale, malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukusuka eSummerstrand. Eliziko lezemfundo laba  yinxalenye yePE Technikon ngo2001, kwaye yaziwa njengeAlgoa khampusi.  Ngowe2001, iGeorge khampusi eliziko longezwa ngokuthengwa kweHurteria Building kumbindi wesixeko. 

Ngexesha lokudibanisa, iPE Technikon yayinabafundi abangaphezu kwamawaka angamashumi.uSihlalo owayengumongameli weliziko wokuqala  wePalamente wangaphambili uFrene Ginwala, usekela mongameli wokugqibela uProf Hennie Snyman kunye nosihlalo wokugqibela webhunga nguMnu Clive Stanton.

=== iDyunivesithi yasePort Elizabeth ===
Idyunivesithi yasePort Elizabeth yayidyunivesithi yokuqala yokuhlala yelizwe. Yaqala ukusebenza ngomhla we31 kweyoMqungu, xa ipalamente yamkela uMthetho 1 ngo1964. Unyaka wokuqala wezifundo waqala ngomhla ka1 kweyeKwindla ngo1965. Ekuqaleni ibekwe kuthotho lwezakhiwo kwiBird Street, kwisithili esikuMzantsi, iUPE yafudukela kwikhampasi yanamhlanje, eyakhiwe ngenjongo ibandakanya izindlu zokuhlala, indawo yezemidlalo kunye neNdlu enkulu ephakamileyo eSummerstrand ngo1974. Ikhampasi yavulwa ngokusemthethweni kweyeThupha ngo1975, kwaye intshukumo yokugqibela ukusuka eBird Street yafika ngo1979 ngokuvulwa kweebhlorho zesayensi eSummerstrand. Idyunivesithi yazigcina ezinye izakhiwo zayo zeBird Street kwaye ezi zaba liziko lemisebenzi yokufikelela kuluntu.

Yakhiwe kwiihektare ezingamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi amathathu zomhlaba onikelwe liBhunga lesiXeko sasePort Elizabeth, le khampasi yabhengezwa njengendawo yokugcina indalo ngo1983.&amp;nbsp;

Ngexesha lokudibanisa, iUPE yayinabafundi abangaphezu ko9 000 abaqhagamshelana nabo kunye nabafundi abaphantse babeyi5 000 abafunda kude. Umongameli wokugqibela nguBrigalia Bam, usekela mongameli wokugqibela uProf Nthabiseng Ogude kunye nosihlalo wokugqibela weBhunga uMnu Trevor Jennings.

=== IDyunivesithi yaseVista ===
IVista yasekwa ngo1981. Ikhampasi yasePort Elizabeth yakhiwa ngo1982. Emva koko, kwasekwa iikhampasi ezisixhenxe zokufunda ezixhomekeke ekuxhaseni, ezijolise kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni apho imfuno yemfundo ephakamileyo efikelelekayo nefikelelekayo yayiphantse ibe yinto engxamisekileyo. Ngo1982 ikhampasi yasePort Elizabeth yayibunjwa sisakhiwo esincinci, esenziwe kwangaphambili esabekwa phakathi kwendlela yesizwe eya eUitenhage kunye nomda wedolophu iZwide. Indawo yayo yavula indlela yokufumana imfundo ephakamileyo kubafundi abaninzi abasuka kumakhaya angathathi ntweni

Ikhampasi yaba nonyaka wayo wokuqala wezifundo ngo1983, kwaye ngo1991 kwakhiwa isakhiwo sezitena esisigxina. Ukongezelela kamva, njengeHolo yeNdibano neArena, kwanceda abantu abahlala kufutshane bakwazi ukufikelela kwimibhiyozo emikhulu. Enesithuba se5 000, iArena yeyona ndawo inkulu yaseMpuma Koloni.

Ekuqaleni yayijolise ekuphuculeni ootitshala ngeFakthithi yayo yezeMfundo, ekukhuleni kwayo kamva iVista yadlula kakhulu kwicandelo elincinci leengcali elalinikezelwe kuyo, ivelisa abaphumelele kwishishini, ezomthetho, ezenzululwazi kunye nezobuntu.


[[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5731" sha1="mbrcpc77tdiivtklt9j4chii40b25j1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement|name=Brazlândia|settlement_type=[[Administrative region (Brazil)|Administrative region]]|official_name=''Região Administrativa de Brazlândia''&lt;br&gt;Administrative Region of Brazlândia|nickname=|motto=|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_flag=Bandeira de Brazlândia.jpg|image_seal=|image_map=Distrito Federal RA Brazlandia.svg|mapsize=250px|map_caption=Localization of Brazlândia in Federal District|pushpin_map=|pushpin_map_caption=|coordinates_region=|subdivision_type=[[List of countries|Country]]|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Brazil|Region]]|subdivision_type2=[[States of Brazil|State]]|subdivision_name={{flag|Brazil}}|subdivision_name1=[[Central-West Region, Brazil|Central-West]]|subdivision_name2=[[Image:Bandeira do Distrito Federal (Brasil).svg|border|22px]] [[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]|leader_title=[[Regional administrator]]|leader_name=Devanir Gonçalves de Oliveira&lt;ref name=adm&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.brazlandia.df.gov.br/category/sobre-a-ra/perfil-do-administrador/ | title = Perfil do administrador | language = Portuguese | publisher = Administração Regional de Brazlândia, DF | accessdate = 2015-01-01 | archive-date = 2016-11-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130122932/http://www.brazlandia.df.gov.br/category/sobre-a-ra/perfil-do-administrador/ | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;|established_title=Founded|established_date=December 10, 1964|area_magnitude=|area_total_km2=474.83|area_land_km2=|area_water_km2=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=|area_metro_km2=|population_as_of=2010|population_note=|population_footnotes=&lt;ref name=totalpop&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.codeplan.df.gov.br/images/CODEPLAN/PDF/Pesquisas%20Socioecon%C3%B4micas/PDAD/2011/PDAD%20%C3%81guas%20Claras%202011.pdf |title=Pesquisa Distrital por Amostra de Domicílios - 2010/2011 |language=Portuguese |publisher=[[Codeplan]] |format= PDF |accessdate=2013-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;|population_total=53.874|population_urban=|population_density_km2=|population_demonym=|timezone=[[Time in Brazil|BRT]]|utc_offset=&amp;minus;3|timezone_DST=|utc_offset_DST=|elevation_m=|area_code=+55 61|postal_code_type=Postal Code (CEP)|postal_code=72700-000|blank_name=|blank_info=|website=[http://www.brazlandia.df.gov.br www.brazlandia.df.gov.br]|footnotes=}}
[[Category:Articles with short description]]
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
'''I-Brazlândia''' ngummandla wesibini weyona [[Ummandla wolawulo (eBrazil)|midala yolawulo]] [[ISithili soMdibaniso (eBrazil)|kwiSithili seFederal]] [[Brasil|eBrazil]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CONFIRA PROGRAMAÇÃO DE ANIVERSÁRIO DE 90 ANOS DE BRAZLÂNDIA – Administração Regional de Brazlândia|url=https://www.brazlandia.df.gov.br/2023/06/05/confira-programacao-de-aniversario-de-90-anos-de-brazlandia/|accessdate=2023-11-18|language=pt-BR|archive-date=2023-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118180203/https://www.brazlandia.df.gov.br/2023/06/05/confira-programacao-de-aniversario-de-90-anos-de-brazlandia/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;Umda [[Sobradinho II|weSobradinho II]] ukuya emantla mpuma, [[Brasília|iBrasília]] ngasempuma, kunye [[eTaguatinga, kwiSithili soMdibaniso|neTaguatinga]] kunye [[eCeilândia|neCeilândia]] emazantsi. IBrazlândia yasekwa ngo-1964. Umlawuli wayo ngoku nguDevanir Gonçalves de Oliveira. Inabemi abamalunga nama-55,000 abantu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-06-04|title=Brazlândia comemora 90 anos com investimentos e programação festiva especial; confira|url=https://www.oitoquatronoticias.com.br/brasilia/brazlandia-comemora-90-anos-com-investimentos-e-programacao-festiva-especial-confira/|accessdate=2023-11-18|website=84 Notícias|language=pt-br}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== IJografi ==
I-Brazlandia inesimo [[Imozulu yaseTropiki yasesavanna|sezulu se-savanna esitshisayo]] ( ''Aw'', ngokutsho [[Ukuhlelwa kwemozulu yaseKöppen|kokuhlelwa kwemozulu yaseKöppen]]). Ngokubanzi, iqondo lobushushu liqala kwi-14 °C ukuya kuma-30 °C kwaye akafane abe ngaphantsi kwe-10 °C okanye ngaphezulu kwe-30 °C. Uninzi lonyaka imozulu ishushu kwaye imnandi, kwaye oku kuqhubeka phakathi kuka-Agasti no-Okthobha, kunye nobushushu bemihla ngemihla obuphezulu obungaphezulu kwe-22 °C. Eyona nyanga ishushu enyakeni ngu-Okthobha, ubuninzi be-29 °C kunye nobuncinane be-18 °C kumndilili.

== Ezothutho ==
Eyona ndlela iphambili yokungena eBrazlândia yi-Expresso São José 27, kunye neendlela eziphambili ezifikelela kummandla wolawulo yi-Estrada Parque do Contorno - EPCT (DF-001), DF-170, DF-180, DF-206, DF- 220 kunye ne-DF-240, BR-251, kwakunye neFederal Highway BR-080 eqhagamshela kuhola weBelém-Brasília, ukunciphisa ukufikelela emantla nakumazantsi elizwe malunga nama-300 km. Ngamanye amazwi, iBrazlândia liziko lamaZiko oManyano eLizwe aseMantla naseMzantsi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Morais|first=Jéssica|date=2022-06-25|title=UNB. ESTUDO E REFLEXÕES SOBRE O PLANEJAMENTO OPERACIONAL DO SISTEMA DE TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO POR ÔNIBUS: Estudo de Caso da Região Administrativa de Brazlândia, DF|url=https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/19244/1/2017_JessicaRayanedeAraujoMorais.pdf|accessdate=2023-11-18|website=UnB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bona kwakho ==

* [[Uluhlu lwemimandla yolawulo lweSithili esiManyeneyo (eBrazil)|Uluhlu lwemimandla yolawulo lweSithili seFederal]]

== Iimbekiselo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Amakhonkco angaphandle ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625040004/http://df.gov.br/ Ulawulo lweNgingqi yewebhusayithi yaseBrazlândia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140625040004/http://df.gov.br/ Urhulumente wewebhusayithi yeSithili seFederal]
[[Category:1964 ukusekwa eBrazil]]
[[Category:Iindawo ezihlala abantu zasekwa ngo-1964]]
[[Category:Imimandla yolawulo kwiSithili soMdibaniso (eBrazil)]]</text>
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    <title>Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe</title>
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'''UMkhonto weSizwe Party'''  elifinyezwe njenge '''MKP''' kwixesha elininzi libizwa ngokuba yi '''MK Party l'''iqela lozopolitiko lase Mzantsi Afrika elixhasa abantu kunye nedemokhrasi elasekwa ngenyanga yeThupha ngomnyaka ka 2023. Igama layo livela ku '''uMkhonto weSizwe'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-20|title=uMkhonto weSizwe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMkhonto_weSizwe&amp;oldid=1375900434|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''(MK)''', elaliliphiko lomkhosi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-10|title=Paramilitary|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramilitary&amp;oldid=1374190355|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ongengowasemthethweni we '''ANC''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-15|title=African National Congress|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&amp;oldid=1375043316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ngexesha lobandlululo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Apartheid|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apartheid&amp;oldid=1376393952|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Elathi lachithwa emva kokukhululwa kuka Nelson Mandela &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=Nelson Mandela|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelson_Mandela&amp;oldid=1376141110|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo 1990. I ANC igrogrise ukuthatha  amanyathelo asemthethweni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kweli gama  emva kokuba ilahlekelwe kwityala lonyulo enkundleni.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-19|title=Electoral Court of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_Court_of_South_Africa&amp;oldid=1375678625|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eli qela lifumene udumo ngenyanga yeDwarha ngonyaka ka 2023 ngethuba owayesakuba ngumongameli uJacob Zuma &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-22|title=Jacob Zuma|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Zuma&amp;oldid=1370695783|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;wayebhengeza ukuba nangona wayenezicwangciso zokuhlala elilungu le ANC ubomi bakhe bonke,  wayengazi kuthatha nxaxheba kukhankaso lweANC kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka 2024 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-01|title=2024 South African general election|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_South_African_general_election&amp;oldid=1372667606|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;uza kuvotela iMKP. Udanduluke ngelithi “Andinakukwazi kwaye andizukwazi” ukuqhuba iphulo le ANC likamongameli wangoku uCyril Ramaphosa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-14|title=Cyril Ramaphosa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Ramaphosa&amp;oldid=1374847127|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ongene emva kuka Zuma esihlalweni kwaye ngokwenza njalo kuya kuba kukungcatsha. 

Kwiveki phambi konyulo lukazwelonke luka 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-01|title=2024 South African general election|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2024_South_African_general_election&amp;oldid=1372667606|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngomhla we 21 kuCanzibe iNkundla yoMgaqo siseko y&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-24|title=Constitutional Court of South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa&amp;oldid=1365833108|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;agweba ukuba inkokheli yeqela uJacob Zuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-22|title=Jacob Zuma|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Zuma&amp;oldid=1370695783|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ukuba wayenganakufaneleka ukusebenza ePalamente njongoko isigwebo sakhe seenyanga ezilishumi elinesihlanu entilongweni &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-24|title=Jacob Zuma corruption charges|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges&amp;oldid=1371075880|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ngenxa yokudelela inkundla sasingamvumeli. Nangona umfanekiso wakhe wayezakuhlala kumaphepha okuvota ecaleni kwelogo yeqela lakhe igama lika Zuma laliza kususwa kuluhlu labagqatswa bepalamente yeMK. Kwinyanga yeKhala ngo 2024 uJacob Zuma wagxothwa kwi African National Congress ngenxa yokuba wayekhankasela iqela elikhuphisanayo I MK kunyulo jikelle  ngomhla we 29 kuCanzibe. 

== Inkcazelo ==
Eli qela lichazwe njengeqela elixhasa abantu abaqhelekileyo (populist)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=Populism|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Populism&amp;oldid=1376199813|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, elixhasa ubuZulu (Zulu nationalist), kwaye “lichasene nabangaphandle”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xenophobia in South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenophobia_in_South_Africa&amp;oldid=1374497711|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngo-2024 iVoice of America&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-29|title=Voice of America|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&amp;oldid=1371873408|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yalibiza njengeqela elingasekho mngeni lasekhohlo (radical left-wing party), ngelixa i-Al Jazeera &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Al Jazeera Media Network|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Jazeera_Media_Network&amp;oldid=1376293726|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;yachaza imigaqo nkqubo yalo njengezobusoshiyali. Eli qela lixhase imigaqo-nkqubo elondolozayo kwezentlalo, kuquka ukurhoxisa imithetho evumela umtshato phakathi kwabantu besini esinye. Lixhase imigaqo-nkqubo ephikisanayo, ebonakala ngathi zizohlwayo, ezifana nokuthatha umhlaba wabamhlophe ngaphandle kwentlawulo. Ukubhala kwi-Mail &amp; Guardian&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-13|title=Mail &amp;amp; Guardian|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mail_%26_Guardian&amp;oldid=1369206715|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, u-Imraan Buccus uchaze ithiyori yeqela njenge “ubuzwe obuxhaphazayo nobugunyaziso obunezimvo ezikude ekhohlo kwezentlalo.” Eli qela lidibanise ukwanda kokufudukela eMzantsi Afrika nolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona lizibiza njengeqela lobusoshiyali, lixhasa ukwandiswa kwamandla ookumkani bezizwe zesintu. Sele kuqatshelwe umbuzo wokuba ngaba eli qela linobuso lobusoshiyali okanye hayi.  

== Ulwakhiwo lweqela ==
Iqela eli zange labamba naluphi na ukhetho kwaye ukususela ngenyanga yeThupha 2025 ayikhange ibenazo izicwangciso zokubamba naluphi na ukhetho lwangaphakthi. Bonke abakhokeli batyUnjwe yinkokheli yeqela uJacob Zuma.

== Isiseko Senxaso ==


Ukusukela ekusekweni kwalo eli qela, zonke iziphumo zophando lwezimvo zibonise ukuba linenkxaso eqinileyo kwiphondo laseKwaZulu-Natal,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=KwaZulu-Natal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal&amp;oldid=1376584192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; apho abemi abamnyama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=Ethnic groups in South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_South_Africa&amp;oldid=1376123072|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kunye nabamhlophe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-05|title=Coloureds|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coloureds&amp;oldid=1373357911|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; abaxutywe (coloured) bebonakala bexhasa kakhulu eli qela. Ekuqaleni kuka2024, iziphumo zophando lwezimvo ezapapashwa zibonise ukuba i-MK Party iza kunciphisa kakhulu ivoti yeANC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-15|title=African National Congress|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&amp;oldid=1375043316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kweli phondo, kwaye yafumana ipesenti yokuxhaswa efikelela kwipesenteji eziyi 35.6. Eli qela likwafumene ipesenti ebalulekileyo kwiphondo elikufutshane ngasentshona-mpuma, iMpumalanga. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-24|title=Mpumalanga|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&amp;oldid=1365841294|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Emva kokubhengezwa kweziphumo zonyulo lukazwelonke kunye nolwephondo, i-MK Party ifumene imiphumela yeepesenteji eziyi 14.58% yevoti kazwelonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba ifumene izihlalo ezingama58 kwindlu yowisomthetho kazwelonke (National Assembly).

== Imbali ==
Eli qela lijongene nokungavisisani ngaphakathi, nto leyo ekhokelele kwiirhoxiso kunye nokugxothwa kwabanye, kuquka umsunguli weqela uJabulani Khumalo kunye nabanye ababe kuluhlu lonyulo luka-2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-02|title=Party lists for the 2024 South African election|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Party_lists_for_the_2024_South_African_election&amp;oldid=1372911840|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.Emva kokugxothwa kwakhe, uKhumalo wathi usengumongameli weqela, uZuma engumcebisi kuphela, waza wammisa uZuma, ecela kwiIEC ukuba isuse igama likaZuma kuluhlu lwabagqatswa. I IEC kamva yagqiba ngelokuxhasa uZuma, yamvumela ukuba ahlale kuluhlu lweqela, yathi uqinisekisiwe njengenkokeli ebhalisiweyo ye-MK Party.

Kwinynga yoMga ngo2024 inkokeli yeqela iBlack First Land First&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-07|title=Black First Land First|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_First_Land_First&amp;oldid=1331689723|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (BLF) uAndile Mngxitama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-18|title=Andile Mngxitama|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andile_Mngxitama&amp;oldid=1349767404|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wabhengeza ukuba ungena kweli qela. Nangona kunjalo, wathi i-BLF ayizukuphela kuba oku bekusisivumelwano sonyulo.

Nge nyanga yeKhala ngo2024, iMK yaqinisekiswa njengeqela eliphikisayo elisemthethweni kwiNdlu yoWisomthetho yeSizwe. Eli qela leMK lithathe indawo yeDemocratic Alliance (DA), eliye lajoyina urhulumente wamazwe amaninzi okhokelwa yiANC.

Ngomhla we15 kwinyanga yeThupa ngo2024, owayesakuba ngumongameli oncedisayo we-EFF &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-24|title=Economic Freedom Fighters|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economic_Freedom_Fighters&amp;oldid=1376520665|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kunye nentloko yeWhip yepalamente, uFloyd Shivambu, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-23|title=Floyd Shivambu|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floyd_Shivambu&amp;oldid=1370775439|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;wajoyina eli qela. USivambu wonyulwa njengonobhala jikelele, kodwa wagxothwa kweso sikhundla kwinyanga yeSilimela ngonyaka ka 2025. 

Ngomhla we 5 kweyeThupha ka 2024, inkundla ephakamileyo yaseNtshona Koloni iye yavavanya iingxoxo zokuba indlu yowisomthetho yesizwe yenze into engahambelani nomthetho ngokudlulisa uxanduva lwayo xa yamkela ukutyunjwa kweMK Party komgwebi owayegxothiwe, uJohn Hlophe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-06|title=John Hlophe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hlophe&amp;oldid=1368058271|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kwikhomishini yeNkonzo zoBugwebi (&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-05-04|title=Judicial Service Commission (South Africa)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_Service_Commission_(South_Africa)&amp;oldid=1288766727|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;JSC) ngaphandle kophicotho oluzimeleyo. Abamangali bezomthetho bathi esi sigqibo asinangqiqo kwaye siphazamisa ukuthembeka kobugwebi, ngelixa uHlophe kunye neMK Party besithi ukutyunjwa kwakhe kusemthethweni. Owayesakuba ngusodolophu waseMidvaal phantsi kweDemocratic Alliance, uBongani Baloyi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-04|title=Bongani Baloyi|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bongani_Baloyi&amp;oldid=1347087180|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;wajoyina iqela uMkhonto weSizwe ngomhla we5 kweyeThupha ka 2024.

== Ukuyeka nokugxothwa kwamalungu ngo 2025 ==
Ngomhla we-5 kwinyanga yeNkanga ngo2025, uJohn Hlophe, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-06|title=John Hlophe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Hlophe&amp;oldid=1368058271|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;owayengumongameli oncedisayo weqela kunye nenkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-07|title=Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leader_of_the_Opposition_(South_Africa)&amp;oldid=1373724650|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; leMK, wamiswa kwisikhundla sakhe ngenxa yeenguqu eziphikisanayo zobunkokeli. UHlophe, njengenkokeli yendlu, wayegxothile intloko yeWhip yeMK, uColleen Makhubele&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-03|title=Colleen Makhubele|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colleen_Makhubele&amp;oldid=1346948675|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, waza wambuyisela ngoDes van Rooyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-09|title=Des van Rooyen|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Des_van_Rooyen&amp;oldid=1353252269|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oku kwalandela iingxelo zokuba uMakhubele “uzame ukufumana isivumelwano senkonzo yeMKP esixabisa ngaphezulu kwe R180 000 ngenyanga kwinkampani apho indoda yakhe ingumlawuli”. Emva kokumiswa kukaHlophe, uMakhubele wabuyiselwa njengontloko yeWhip.

Ngomhla we 28 kwinyanga yeNkanga  ngo2025, intombi kaZuma, uDuduzile Zuma-Sambudla,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-28|title=Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duduzile_Zuma-Sambudla&amp;oldid=1371761051|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yabhengeza ukurhoxa kwakhe njengomphathiswa wepalamente weMK emva kokubandakanywa kwakhe ekutyholweni ngokutsala abantu ukuze bafumane uqeqesho lomkhosi eRashiya, kodwa ekugqibeleni abo madoda banyanzelwa ukuba bajoyine imfazwe eqhubekayo eUkraine. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-19|title=List of wars involving Ukraine|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_wars_involving_Ukraine&amp;oldid=1375757494|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Endaweni yakhe epalamente, kwangena enye intombi kaZuma, uBrumelda Zuma. 

Ukurhoxa kukaDuduzile Zuma Sambudla kwalandelwa kwiveki elandelayo ngowayesakuba yintloko yePrasa kwaye ngoku elilungu lepalamente yeMK, uLucky Montana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-19|title=Lucky Montana|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucky_Montana&amp;oldid=1375683819|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. UMontana, ohlala engumhlali weqela, wazisa ubunkokeli ngomhla we-30 kweyeThupa ukuba unenjongo yokurhoxa kwisikhundla sakhe ePalamente, nto leyo eya kusebenza ekupheleni konyaka''.''

== Utshintsho kubunkokheli beqela ==
Kwinyanga yeSilimela  kunyaka ka2026, uZuma wagxotha uMakhubele waze wafaka endaweni yakhe uMmabatho Nthabiseng Mokoena-Zondi.

KweyeDwarha ngonyaka ka 2026, uZuma wagxotha uNobhala Jikelele uBongani Mncwango waze wonyula uSibonelo Nomvalo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-18|title=Sibonelo Nomvalo|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sibonelo_Nomvalo&amp;oldid=1364858000|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. UNomvalo waba ngumntu wesibhozo ukubamba esi sikhundla ukusukela ekusekweni kweqela ngo 2023.Kwangelo xesha kwabhengezwa utshintsho oluninzi kubunkokeli beqela eKwaZulu-Natal.

Kwinyanga yeNkanga ka2026 intloko yeWhip yeqela uMmabatho Nthabiseng Mokoena Zondi wabanjwa. Kutyholwa ukuba uqeshe abasebenzi abane egameni leqela, waza wabanyanzela ukuba bahlawule iipesenti ezinga 50 ukuya ku 60  yemivuzo yabo kuye ukuze bagcine izikhundla zabo.

Kwinyanga yeSilimela ku2026 iqela lagxotha intombi kaZuma, uDuduzile Zuma Sambudla,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-28|title=Duduzile Zuma-Sambudla|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duduzile_Zuma-Sambudla&amp;oldid=1371761051|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kunye nelungu lepalamente uNhlamulo Ndhlela&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-17|title=Nhlamulo Ndhlela|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nhlamulo_Ndhlela&amp;oldid=1364614538|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. UNobhala Jikelele, uSibonelo Nomvalo, wathi bobabini benze iingxelo zoluntu kunye neeposti kwiintanethi zentlalo eziphindaphindiweyo ezaziphazamisa igunya lobunkokeli beqela kwaye zakhokelela ekwahlukaneni ngaphakathi kweqela.

== Iziphumo zonyulo ==
Ngenyanga yeSilimela ku2024 iqela lakhuphisana kunyulo lwalo lokuqala, laze lagqiba kwindawo yesithathu ngeepesenteji ezili 19 eevoti&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-03-19|title=Abaqulusi Local Municipality elections|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abaqulusi_Local_Municipality_elections&amp;oldid=1344269636|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kunyulo oluphindwayo kwa wadi 18  kumasipala wendawo  Abaqulusi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-06|title=Abaqulusi Local Municipality|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abaqulusi_Local_Municipality&amp;oldid=1373614416|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; KwaZulu-Natal. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=KwaZulu-Natal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal&amp;oldid=1376584192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Eli qela lwaluhleli  emva kwe Inkatha Freedom Party &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-08|title=Inkatha Freedom Party|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inkatha_Freedom_Party&amp;oldid=1373879086|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; efumene iipesenti eziyi 47 kunye ne African National Congress (ANC) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-15|title=African National Congress|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress&amp;oldid=1375043316|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;efumene iipesenti eziyi 35.

Kungekudala ngalo nyanga, iqela liphinde lagqiba kwindawo yesithathu, lifumana iipesenti ezi 28 eevoti kunyulo oluphindwayo ePhongolo, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-01-14|title=uPhongolo Local Municipality elections|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UPhongolo_Local_Municipality_elections&amp;oldid=1332850498|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;emva kwe Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) efumene iipesenti eziyi 36 kunye neAfrican National Congress (ANC) efumene iipesenti eziyi 33. 

Ngomhla we 28 kweyeSilimela ngo2024, iqela lakhuphisana kunyulo oluphindwayo eGovan Mbeki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-11-06|title=Govan Mbeki Local Municipality elections|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Govan_Mbeki_Local_Municipality_elections&amp;oldid=1320722867|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;eMpumalanga &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-24|title=Mpumalanga|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mpumalanga&amp;oldid=1365841294|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;olo yayilunyulo lokuqala ngaphandle kweKwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=KwaZulu-Natal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KwaZulu-Natal&amp;oldid=1376584192|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eli qela lagqiba kwindawo yesibini ngepesenti eziyi 28  zeevoti, emva kwe-African National Congress (ANC) efumene iipesenti eziyi 51.

Ngomhla we 14 kweyeSilimela ku2024, iqela lafumana umqobo eKwaZulu-Natal emva kokuba indlu yowisomthetho yephondo ikhethe ilungu le-IFP, uThami Ntuli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-31|title=Thami Ntuli|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thami_Ntuli&amp;oldid=1357048891|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; njengomphathiswa wephondo laseKwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-07|title=Premier of KwaZulu-Natal|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premier_of_KwaZulu-Natal&amp;oldid=1373758271|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNtuli woyisa umgqatswa we-MK Party wesikhundla sikaMphathiswa wePhondo, uSekela Mphathiswa kaZulu Nation, uPhathisizwe Chiliza, ngevoti  eziyi 41 xa kuthelekiswa kweziyi 39.

Ukusukela kweyeNkanga ngo 2025, iqela sele liphumelele kunyulo oluphindwayo lwesithandathu, uninzi lwazo eKwaZulu-Natal.

Ngomhla we28 kwinyanga yeNkanga ku2025, umphathiswa wephondo lakwaZulu Natal ovela kwi-IFP, uThami Ntuli, usinde kancinci emva kokuba ephumelele ngeevoti eziyi 40  xa kuthelekiswa neziyi 39  kunyulo lokungabi nathemba oluxhaswe yi-MK.

== Imithombo yolwazi ==
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  <page>
    <title>Imfundo Yasimahla kumntu wonke</title>
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      <id>42136</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:42:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Sinesihle1</username>
        <id>16543</id>
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      <text bytes="12603" sha1="rhsptwxbt7kszt2zbceufzpdymronc5" xml:space="preserve">== '''Inkcazelo''' ==
'''Free Education for Everyone''' '''(FEE)''' yayiliqela labafundi laseIreland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Republic of Ireland|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&amp;oldid=1376316219|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; elaqalwa ngo2008 kweyoMsintsi kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=University College Dublin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_College_Dublin&amp;oldid=1376161854|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;(UCD) ngenjongo yokulwa isindululo sokubuyisela imirhumo yokufunda eyunivesithi. I‑FEE yayisebenza kwiiyunivesithi eziphambili zaseIreland, kuquka iYunivesithi yaseLimerick &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-05|title=University of Limerick|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Limerick&amp;oldid=1362631810|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iYunivesithi yaseDublin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-04|title=Trinity College Dublin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College_Dublin&amp;oldid=1373131499|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; , iTrinity College Dublin &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-04|title=Trinity College Dublin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinity_College_Dublin&amp;oldid=1373131499|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iNUI Maynooth&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-13|title=Maynooth University|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynooth_University&amp;oldid=1374747237|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; , iYunivesithi yaseCork&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=University College Cork|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_College_Cork&amp;oldid=1376002929|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iNUI Galway  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-20|title=University of Galway|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Galway&amp;oldid=1375845070|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kunye neQueen's University Belfast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-18|title=Queen's University Belfast|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_University_Belfast&amp;oldid=1375545235|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Abalwela amalungelo''' baququzelela iindibane zoluntu ezinkulu ngokudibeneyo neyuniyoni yabafundi eIreland (USI)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-18|title=Aontas na Mac Léinn in Éirinn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aontas_na_Mac_L%C3%A9inn_in_%C3%89irinn&amp;oldid=1375512589|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Eli qela laziwa kakhulu ngokuhlala kwiiofisi zeenkokeli zikarhulumente, ukunqanda abaphathiswa, kunye nokuthintela izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Abapolitiki abanjengoTaoiseach wangaphambili uBertie Ahern, kunye noMphathiswa uBatt O’Keeffe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-27|title=Batt O'Keeffe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batt_O%27Keeffe&amp;oldid=1371526432|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uÉamon Ó Cuív&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-27|title=Éamon Ó Cuív|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89amon_%C3%93_Cu%C3%ADv&amp;oldid=1366400995|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uBrian Lenihan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-01|title=Brian Lenihan Jnr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Lenihan_Jnr&amp;oldid=1372546467|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kunye nomntakwabo uConor Lenihan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-28|title=Conor Lenihan|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conor_Lenihan&amp;oldid=1366533720|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, babejoliswe ngabo. 

== Imbali ==
Ngomhla we11 kweyeThupha 2008, ungqongqoshe wemfundo kunye nezenzululwazi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-07|title=Minister for Education and Youth|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Education_and_Youth&amp;oldid=1373766646|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uBatt O'Keeffe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-27|title=Batt O'Keeffe|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batt_O%27Keeffe&amp;oldid=1371526432|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wase-Ireland wabonisa ukuba imali yokufunda yabafundi baseyunivesithi zazibuyela kwimbali kwinyathelo elaliphikisana nemigaqo karhulumente yangaphambili. Njengoko oogqirha beyunivesithi bephosa uxinzelelo kurhulumente ukuba avume eso siphakamiso, umphathiswa wezemali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-07|title=Minister for Finance (Ireland)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)&amp;oldid=1373766800|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, uBrian Lenihan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-01|title=Brian Lenihan Jnr|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Lenihan_Jnr&amp;oldid=1372546467|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;wabhengeza ngokunyuka kwemali yokubhalisa kwikholeji ngonyaka ngo-€600 ngosuku lolwabiwo mali, nge 14 kweyeDywarha ngo2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-04-17|title=2009 Irish budget|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2009_Irish_budget&amp;oldid=1349537864|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. I-Union of Students e-Ireland&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-18|title=Aontas na Mac Léinn in Éirinn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aontas_na_Mac_L%C3%A9inn_in_%C3%89irinn&amp;oldid=1375512589|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (USI), ngokudibana ne-FEE esakhula, balungiselela  ubugcisa bokuchasana ngobuninzi buphendula kwiimangalo zokuba nakuphi na ukunyuka kwamaxabiso  emfundo kungathintela abaninzi ukuya ekholejini.

== Izithintelo kwiyunivesithi ==
Uninzi  lwabaphathiswa bakarhulumente baye badibana  nokuchasana kwabafundi ngexesha lokutyelela iikhampasi eUCD naseNUIG. Amalungu amathathu eFEE, kuquka usihlalo weSinn Féin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Sinn Féin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinn_F%C3%A9in&amp;oldid=1376307356|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kwisebe laseUCD, baye babanjwa ngenxa yokophula uxolo emva kweengxabano ezimbini ezincinci xa abafundi abali‑100 bethathe inxaxheba kwintshukumo zabafundi  ephethe iibhena eClinton Auditorium kwikhampasi iBelfield&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-09|title=Belfield, Dublin|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfield,_Dublin&amp;oldid=1368565052|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  yaseUCD ngomhla we‑20 eyeDwarha ku2008. Abo bathathu bakhululwa kamva ngaphandle kwetyala. UBrian Lenihan wayecwangciselwe ukuqhuba umsitho kwiziko kodwa wadibana nezithintelo njengoko abafundi baphendula kwisindululo esithintela imfundo yabo ngokudala isithintelo somzimba ngokuchasene nomphathiswa. Ngobusuku bomhla we12 kweyeNkanga  ku2008, abalwela amalungelo eFEE bazama ukuthintela umphathiswa wesizwe, uConor Lenihan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-28|title=Conor Lenihan|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conor_Lenihan&amp;oldid=1366533720|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;(umntakwabo kamphathiswa wezemali uBrian Lenihan) ekutyelelweni kwakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseDublin, njengentlanganiso zokuchasa  ngokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwemirhumo yeeyunivesithi.

Ngomhla we‑9 kweyoMga ngonyaka ka 2008, uÉamon Ó Cuív watyholwa ngokuphatha kakubi umfundi owayengumhlali mboniso eNUI Galway emva kokuba ethe umncedisi wakhe wayecinezelwe eludongeni ngexesha abafundi bemkhaba kwaye omnye ephethe intonga enkulu emoyeni. Umfundi uthe wayekwelinye icala lerailing, kwaye ubungqina obufotografi bubonise ukuba kunjalo, omnye umfanekiso ucacisa kakuhle uMphathiswa esilwa nomfundi.

Utyelelo lukaBertie Ahern&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-07|title=Bertie Ahern|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertie_Ahern&amp;oldid=1373773484|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; eNUI Galway ngomhla we‑2 kweyeSilimela  ngo2009 luphazanyiswe ngabalwela amalungelo beFEE, nto leyo eyanyanzela uTaoiseach&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Taoiseach|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taoiseach&amp;oldid=1376242244|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wangaphambili ukuba arhoxise intetho ebicwangciselwe kwikhampasi. Kwabakho iingxabano ne‑gardaí xa uAhern ebhoxwa ekungeneni kwindawo yekholeji kwaye wagxekwa ngamaqela eFEE kunye nabanye abafundi baseNUIG. Indoda enye yabanjwa kodwa kamva yakhululwa ngaphandle kwetyala.

== Isithintelo kwi ofisi kaPaul Gogarty ==
Ngomhla we 4 kweyoMga 2008 abalwela amalungelo abali 11 beFEE abavela eUCD bahlala kwi‑ofisi kaPaul Gogarty, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-26|title=Paul Gogarty|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gogarty&amp;oldid=1371459763|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;owayengumthethi weqela leGreen Party kwezemfundo eLucan, njengenxalenye yosuku lwemibhikisho yesizwe ebaluleke kulo lonke ilizwe. Ukuthatha loo ofisi kwathatha malunga neeyure ezine de abalwela amalungelo kunye nomnyango basuswa yiGardaí. Aba babizwa ngokuba yi “Lucan 11” babanjwa kodwa abatyholwanga ngeli tyala. Kwangolo suku, ngaphezulu kwama 20 abalwela amalungelo eFEE (Free Education for Everyone) eCork bahlala kwigumbi kwi ofisi kaMongameli weUCC ngaphezulu kweyure enye ngaphambi kokuba basuswe yiGardaí, kwaye phantse abafundi abangama 20 benza imibhikisho ngaphakathi kwi ofisi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Constituency office|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constituency_office&amp;oldid=1376340235|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kaÉamon Ó Cuív eGalway phantse iiyure ezimbini.

== Ireferandamu ==
NgoMatshi ka‑2009 iphulo lagxila ekucwangciseni usuku olunye lokumisa ngokupheleleyo imfundo yeziqinisekiso eziphezulu (third level education). E‑UCD kwenziwa ireferendamu ngabalwela amalungelo beFEE becela iUnion of Students ukuba icwangcise ukumiswa kosuku olunye kwekholeji kwaye iphuhlise iphulo lokumisa ngokwesizwe, nto leyo eyaphumelela ngama‑83% evoti (ngaphezulu kwabafundi abayi‑4000). Ireferendamu ezifanayo zenzelwe kulo lonke ilizwe.

== Isithintelo kwisebe lezemali ==
Ngomhla we 16 kuTshazimpuzi abafundi abavela kwiNational University of Ireland Maynooth (NUIM) nakwiUniversity College Dublin (UCD), amalungu eFEE, benza imibhikisho yokuthatha inyathelo ngqo kwisebe lezemali. Phantse abafundi abangama‑30 babambe umboniso phandle kwesele, ngelixa abali 15 bengaphakathi. Oku kwafumana ingqalelo enkulu kwimithombo yeendaba, kwasasazwa kumajelo eendaba afana neNewstalk,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-23|title=Newstalk|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Newstalk&amp;oldid=1360835916|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Q102&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-05-18|title=Dublin's Q102|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin%27s_Q102&amp;oldid=1354745268|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Phantom FM&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-30|title=TXFM|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TXFM&amp;oldid=1372177678|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kunye neFM104, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-28|title=FM104|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM104&amp;oldid=1366562290|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kwangena kwi intanethi nakwiiphephandaba zosuku olulandelayo kuquka iIrish Independent.

Abafundi bahlala ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo sesebe phantse iiyure ezintathu. Akukho bani ubanjwayo ekugqibeleni, kwaye iqela lamka ngokuzithandela emva kokunikezela ngeleta kwisebe. Kwaxhonywa ibhena ethi &quot;UCD ICHASENE NEMIHLUMO!&quot; phezu kwezitepsi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, ngelixa phandle ibhena yeNUIM ibhale &quot; IMFUNDO HAYI UKUFUDUKA&quot;. 

== Ukuthatha i ofisi yesithili sika Brian Walsh ==

Nge30  kuNovemba ngo2011, abafundi abayi 9 beFEE bathatha inxaxheba kumboniso woxolo wokuhlala phantsi ngokuthatha iofisi yesithili kaBrian Walsh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-28|title=Brian Walsh (politician)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Walsh_(politician)&amp;oldid=1366548364|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iFine Gael TD nowayesakuba ngusodolophu, eBohermore, eGalway, ngexesha lemini. Bavule ibhena ephezu kophahla enomyalezo othi “IMFUNDO YASIMAHLA, AKUNGEKHO NTO INGAPHANTSI&quot;. Babanjwa ngamapolisa kodwa bakhululwa emva kwexesha elifutshane.

== Ukugxekwa kuka Enda Kenny ==
Nge 29 kuNovemba ngo 2012, amalungu eFEE UCD aphazamisa uvulo lweUCD Student Centre kunye neSports Complex nguEnda Kenny&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-26|title=Enda Kenny|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enda_Kenny&amp;oldid=1366199106|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, njengomboniso wokubhikisha ngokuchasene nokuncitshiswa kwemfundo. Amaqanda amabini aphoswa kuKenny ngaphambi kokuba abafundi abane basuswe ngenkani kumbindi yiGardaí. Elinye lawo amaqanda aliphumelelanga ukumchaphazela, laqinisekisa isekela mongameli wabafundi ngempazamo.

== Imithobo yolwazi ==
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Ingqungquthela ye-50 ye-African National Congress (ANC) yabanjwa ukusuka ngomhla we-16 ukuya ku-20 kuDisemba ka-1997 kwiYunivesithi yaseNorth West[1] kwidolophu eyayibizwa ngelo xesha ngokuba yiMafikeng. Yathatyathwa inxaxheba ngama-delegate avotayo ayi-3,000,[2] kwaye kule ngqungquthela kwanyulwa umongameli omtsha oza kuthatha indawo kaNelson Mandela, owayengafunanga ukuhlala kwelinye ixesha. UThabo Mbeki wonyulwa engenabakhuphisani, kwaza uJacob Zuma wonyulwa engenabakhuphisana njengomongameli wesibini; kamva bobabini bonyulwa njengoMongameli noMongameli wesibini welizwe kwiinyulo ezibanzi zika-1999, apho i-ANC yaphumelela ngama-66.35% evoti, yenyuka isuka kuma-62.65% ngo-1994.

Nangona le nkomfa yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukwakheka kobunkokeli obuphezulu beqela, uMbeki noZuma bengabo kuphela abasala kwiqela elalibizwa ngokuba yi-“Top Six”, njengoko babonyulwe ngo-1994, uninzi lwabagqatswa lwanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano. Kwakubonakala ngathi kukho ukungavisisani okuncinci phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo ngaphakathi kumbutho. Ngokwezinye iingxelo, oku kwakungenxa yokuba iinkokeli eziphezulu zazilungiselele kakhulu le nkomfa. Zazikhuthaza ubunye nokuqhubeka komsebenzi wombutho, zixhasa uluhlu lwabagqatswa ezazibathanda, kwaye zenza uthethathethwano ukuze kufikelelwe kwizivumelwano nabo babenokungavumelani nazo.

Nangona kunjalo, izikhundla ezibini eziphezulu – uSihlalo weSizwe kunye noSekela Nobhala-Jikelele – zakhuphiswana, kwaye akukho nasinye kwezi zikhundla esaya kumgqatswa owayexhaswa liqela likaMbeki. Le nkomfa yaphinda yanyula iKomiti eLawulayo yeSizwe (NEC), eyayinamalungu angama-60, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okukhulu okanye iziphumo ezazingalindelekanga.

Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zale nkomfa zaxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu eqela kwizikhundla ezithile zikarhulumente (''cadre deployment''). Kwakhona zaxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo we-Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR), owawuphikiswa ngabanye abantu. Le nkomfa yaphinda yatshintsha umgaqo-siseko we-ANC ukuze kuncitshiswe amaxesha okubanjwa kweenkomfa zesizwe, kwanokwenza inkqubo yokunyulwa kwabaviwa bezikhundla zePalamente ibe phantsi kolawulo oluphakathi.

== Ukurhoxa kukaNelson Mandela ==
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UMongameli uNelson Mandela, owayengumongameli ophumayo we-African National Congress (ANC), wayesele ecacisile esidlangalaleni ukusukela ngoFebruwari ka-1995[1] okanye ngaphambili ukuba ujolise ekuthatheni umhlala-phantsi emva kweenyulo ezibanzi zika-1999. Ngenxa yoko, iNgqungquthela ye-50 yeSizwe yayijolise ekunyuleni umphathi omtsha oza kuthatha indawo kaMandela njengoMongameli we-ANC, owayeya kuba ngumgqatswa we-ANC kwiinyulo zesizwe kwaye ngenxa yoko wayenokuthi abe nguMongameli omtsha welizwe

Ingxelo kaMandela yezopolitiko awayinikezela kule nkomfa ngomhla wema16 kweyo Mnga, yathatha ngaphezu kweeyure ezine ukuyinikezela. Kule ngxelo, wasebenzisa amazwi anamandla egxeka abo babechasa utshintsho kwezentlalo. UMandela wagxeka kabukhali abo wayebabiza ngokuba “yimikhosi echasene nedemokhrasi yotshintsho oluchasene nenguquko.” Phakathi kwabo wayebala imibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente eyayifumana inkxaso-mali evela kwamanye amazwe, “amaqela ahlukeneyo awayeyinxalenye yombutho owawulawula ngaphambili,” kunye “nenxalenye enkulu yamajelo eendaba.”

Wathi, ukusukela kwiNkomfa yeSizwe yama-49 ye-ANC eyayibanjwe ngexesha lokupheliswa kolawulo localucalulo, bekukho “uhlaselo oluchaseneyo olwalujolise ekugcineni amalungelo awodwa abantu abamhlophe.” Waphinda wathi amaqela ezopolitiko awayekhokelwa ngabantu abamhlophe “aye essentially athatha isigqibo sokungalandeli ajenda yesizwe,” endaweni yoko akhetha “isikhundla esinotyekelo lokubuyisela izinto emva, esiyingozi nesilandela amathuba aso.”

Ngexesha leseshini yokuvala, uThabo Mbeki, owayesandula kunyulwa njengoMongameli we-ANC, wasebenzisa iintetho zakhe phambi kwabathunywa benkomfa ukuze anike imbeko kuMandela. Naye uMandela wanika imbeko kwiinkokeli zangaphambili ze-ANC kwintetho yakhe yokugqibela.

== Ukhetho Lobunkokheli ==

=== UMongameli ===


UMbeki, owayelisekela likaMandela kumbutho nakurhulumente ukusukela ngo-1994, wayesaziwa ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwi-ANC njengomgqatswa owayefunwa nguMandela nezinye iinkokeli eziphezulu ukuba abe nguMongameli olandelayo we-ANC. NgoJulayi 1996, uMandela wathi uMbeki “unetalente kakhulu kwaye waziwa kakhulu, kwaye ukuba umbutho ubemnyula, bendiya kuvakalelwa kukuba wenze isigqibo esifanelekileyo.”

Kudliwanondlebe olwalusasazwa kumabonakude ngomhla we-14 kweyo Mnga 1997, kwiintsuku ezimbini ngaphambi kwenkomfa, wathi:&lt;blockquote&gt;... UThabo Mbeki sele enguMongameli welizwe '''ngokwenyan'''i. Ndinikezela yonke into kuye, kwaye mna ndinguMongameli wesithethe. Bangandicela nangaluphi na usuku ukuba ndinikezele onke amagunya kuThabo Mbeki — nguye osele eqhuba urhulumente welizwe. Ukurhoxa kwam kuya kuhamba kakuhle, kwaye akuyi kubangela nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Kwakunjalo ngokwenene ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje wayesele enikezela ngakumbi amagunya akhe kuMbeki wayesele ethathwa njengoyena mntu kunokwenzeka ukuba angene ezihlangwini zikaMandela ukusukela ngoFebruwari 1995. Nangona kunjalo, kwakusoloko kukho amarhe okuba umntu owayekhethwa nguMandela ukuba angene ezihlangwini zakhe yayinguCyril Ramaphosa, owayesakuba yinkokeli yemanyano yabasebenzi kunye noNobhala-Jikelele we-ANC. URamaphosa wayeshiye ezopolitiko kunyaka ongaphambili ukuze aqale umsebenzi kwicandelo loshishino. Kodwa , uMbeki wanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano.
[[File:Winnie_Mandela_2.jpg|left|thumb| [[U-Winnie Madikizela Mandela|UWinnie Madikizela-Mandela]] ngo-1996]]

=== Usekela Mongameli ===
NgoSeptemba, i-ANC Women’s League yabhengeza ukuba iza kutyumba umongameli wayo, uWinnie Madikizela-Mandela, kwisikhundla sobusekela mongameli be-ANC. Iinkokeli eziphezulu zephondo leMpuma Koloni nazo kwaxelwa ukuba zazimxhasa uMadikizela-Mandela.Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuvela kwakhe okwakunempikiswano kwiKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso, ukutyunjwa kwakhe yi-Women’s League kwaba yinto engekhoyo ngenxa yomcimbi wobugcisa, kwaye akazange afumane nakuphi na ukutyunjwa phambi kwenkomfa.Ngomhla wesibini wenkomfa, watyunjwa phambi kwabathunywa. NgokoMgaqo-siseko we-ANC, ukutyunjwa okwenziwa phambi kwabathunywa kwakusebenza kuphela ukuba kwakuxhaswe ubuncinane ngama-25 eepesenti abathunywa, inani elalisandula ukunyuswa ukusuka kwi-10 eepesenti. Ukutyunjwa kukaMadikizela-Mandela kwaxelwa ukuba kwafumana inkxaso yabathunywa abali-125 okanye ngaphantsi, nto leyo eyayingaphantsi kakhulu kwenani elifunekayo. Kodwa, ngaphambi kokuba kubhengezwe inani, wathetha ne-NEC waza emva koko wabhengeza eqongeni, eqhwatyelwa izandla, ukuba uza kulwala olo tyumbo.UPeter Mokaba wathi wayesele enexesha elide ecwangcise ukungangeneli kunyulo, ngoxa abanye, kuquka uCheryl Carolus, owayenguNobhala-Jikelele obambeleyo ophumayo, bathi akazange enze eso sigqibo de kwakubalwa abantu abaxhasa ukutyunjwa kwakhe.USihlalo weSizwe ophumayo, uJacob Zuma, ekugqibeleni wanyulwa ngaphandle kokhuphiswano njengoSekela Mongameli. ULindiwe Sisulu noJulius Malema ukusukela ngoko baye bayigxeka i-ANC ngokunyusela uZuma ngaphezu kukaMadikizela-Mandela eMafikeng, uMalema esithi iinkokeli eziphezulu zazimkhuphele ngaphandle uMadikizela-Mandela kukhuphiswano.

=== USihlalo weSizwe ===
Nangona kwakuqondakala ukuba iinkokeli eziphezulu zazixhasa uMphathiswa weMidlalo noLonwabo, uSteve Tshwete, owayengumxhasi kaMbeki, kwisikhundla sokuba nguSihlalo wombutho, amasebe atyumba abanye abagqatswa ababini: uMathews Phosa, iNkulumbuso yaseMpumalanga, kunye noTerror Lekota, uSihlalo weNational Council of Provinces. UPhosa walwala olo tyumbo, nto leyo eyashiya ukhuphiswano phakathi kukaTshwete noLekota, ababedume ngokungavani.ULekota wayexhaswa ngamasebe amathandathu kumasebe alithoba amaphondo, kunye neCongress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) neSouth African Communist Party (SACP). UTshwete wayexhaswa ngamanye amaphondo amathathu, yi-ANC Youth League, kwaye ekuqaleni wayexhaswa yi-Women’s League. Emva kwesigaba sokutyunjwa, uTshwete wabandakanyeka kwingxabano esidlangalaleni noMadikizela-Mandela, uMongameli we-Women’s League, malunga nokubonelelwa kweenkonzo ngurhulumente.Kule nkomfa, uLekota waphumelela kuvoto ngomda omkhulu kakhulu.

=== Ezinye izikhundla ===
Esinye kuphela isikhundla kwi-Top Six esavotelwayo yayiseso sikaSekela Nobhala-Jikelele. Umgqatswa owayexhaswa nguMbeki yayinguMavivi Myakayaka-Manzini, kodwa uThejiwe Mtintso, exhaswa yi-COSATU, ekugqibeleni waphumelela unyulo ngomda omncinane.

I-COSATU iphinde yaxhasa uPravin Gordhan kwisikhundla sikaNondyebo-Jikelele, kodwa akazange angenele unyulo.

=== Iziphumo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Isikhundla
! Umviwa
! Iivoti
! %
|-
| UMongameli
| '''[[Thabo Mbeki|Ngumxelelanisi kwizizwe zase Afrika]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| Usekela Mongameli
| '''[[UJacob Zuma]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | USihlalo weSizwe
| '''Uloyiko uLekota'''
| '''1,775'''
| '''67.39%'''
|-
| USteve Tshwete
| 859
| 32.61%
|-
| Unobhala Jikelele
| '''[[Kgalema Motlanthe|uKgalema Motlanthe]]'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Usekela Nobhala Jikelele
| '''Thenjiwe Mtintso'''
| '''1,398'''
| '''54.40%'''
|-
| Mavivi Manzini
| 1,172
| 45.60%
|-
| Umgcini-mali Jikelele
| '''Mendi Msimang'''
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Akuchaswanga
|}

== Unyulo lweKomiti yoLawulo yeSizwe ==

== Izisombululo ==
IINkomfa yeSizwe yama-50 yaphawula ukuqaliswa ngokusesikweni komgaqo-nkqubo we-ANC '''wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho''' kwinkonzo karhulumente. Le nkomfa yagqiba kwelokuba i-ANC mayilandele isicwangciso sokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho “kumaziko aphambili amagunya,” kuquka nokuseka iikomiti zokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho kwinqanaba ngalinye lombutho.

Esi sigqibo saqalisa ukusetyenziswa ukusukela ngo-1998, xa kwasekwa ikomiti yesizwe yokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho phantsi kobunkokeli bukaZuma, owayesandula kunyulwa njengoSekela Mongameli we-ANC. Emva kwezityholo zokuthathwa kukarhulumente kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, umgaqo-nkqubo wokuthunyelwa kwamalungu ombutho uye waba ngumba ophikisanayo.

Le nkomfa iphinde yathetha ngempikiswano eyayisanda kukhula malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo we-'''Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)''', umgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho olukhulu we-neoliberal owawusungulwe ngo-1997, kunye neziphumo zawo kwi-'''Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)''', eyayiyeyona nkqubo iphambili ye-ANC.

Le nkomfa yamkela i-GEAR njengenxalenye ephambili yesicwangciso se-ANC kwezoqoqosho nakwezentlalo, yaza yagqiba kwelokuba i-GEAR ayithathi indawo ye-RDP, koko “ijolise ekuphumezeni ukufezekiswa kwe-RDP.”

Nangona kwakukhe kwakho ukugxekwa ngamandla kwe-GEAR ngaphakathi embuthweni nakumaqabane e-'''Tripartite Alliance''', esi sigqibo samkelwa ngazwi-nye emva kwengxoxo yemizuzu elishumi elinesihlanu. Oku kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwakungenxa yokuba iinkokeli zazithethathethane kakhulu nabo babegxeka lo mgaqo-nkqubo ngaphambi kwenkomfa.

Ekugqibeleni, le nkomfa yenza utshintsho kumgaqo-siseko we-ANC, nto leyo ebonwa njengento eyomeleze amandla olawulo ngaphakathi embuthweni. Umgaqo-siseko watshintshwa ukuze iinkomfa zesizwe zibanjwe kanye kwiminyaka emihlanu kuphela, endaweni yokuba zibanjwe qho emva kweminyaka emithathu. Kwakhona kwaziswa iikhansili zesizwe jikelele ezaziza kuba ziintlanganiso zesizwe ze-ANC phakathi kweenkomfa zesizwe.Oku kwandisa ixesha lokuhlala ezikhundleni kwe-Top Six kunye ne-NEC ngokulinganayo. Umgaqo-siseko watshintshwa kwakhona ukuze kusekwe '''“ikomiti yoluhlu lwesizwe,”''' eyayiza kuba namalungu aphakathi kwesihlanu nesithoba akhethwe yi-NEC, kwaye le komiti yayiza kulawula inkqubo yokunyulwa kwabaviwa bePalamente.

== Iireferensi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}
References
 Duke, Lynne (18 December 1997). &quot;Winnie Mandela drops bid for ANC's no. 2 post&quot;. Washington Post. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: Credentials Report&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Booysen, Susan (2011). &quot;State institutions as sites of struggle in ANC war&quot;. The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power. Wits University Press. ISBN 978-1-77614-166-1.
 Lodge, Tom (1998). &quot;The ANC's 50th Conference: A House of Many Mansions?&quot;. Southern Africa Report. 13 (2). Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
 &quot;50th National Conference: Nelson Mandela's closing address&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Mandela says he will not stand a second term&quot;. The Independent. 16 February 1995. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
 &quot;1997 Conference, leadership dynamics and Presidential transition&quot;. Nelson Mandela: The Presidential Years. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Mandela, Nelson (25 April 2015). &quot;50th National Conference: Report by the President of the ANC&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: address by ANC President Thabo Mbeki, at the Mafikeng stadium&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: Closing statement by ANC President Thabo Mbeki&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Lodge, Tom (2006). Mandela : a critical life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-19-151723-5. OCLC 99996633.
 &quot;ANC women nominate Winnie for deputy president&quot;. SAPA. 14 September 1997. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Daley, Suzanne (18 December 1997). &quot;Winnie Mandela Stops Trying to Rekindle Political Career&quot;. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Winnie Mandela ruled out of race for top ANC post&quot;. The Independent. 9 December 1997. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Winnie saves face at ANC conference&quot;. SAPA. 17 December 1997. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;After Mandela: Winnie bows out of race for deputy leader&quot;. The Independent. 18 December 1997. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Patriarchy robbed Winnie of the opportunity to be the first woman president - Malema&quot;. Polity. 4 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;EFF 'would not exist' if Winnie Madikizela-Mandela had been ANC president: Lindiwe Sisulu&quot;. Sowetan. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Lekota and Tshwete battle for the chair&quot;. The Mail &amp; Guardian. 12 December 1997. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Who is ... THENJIWE MTINTSO?&quot;. The Mail &amp; Guardian. 23 January 1998. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Laurence, Patrick (19 December 1997). &quot;ANC elects a 'nice guy' to chair&quot;. The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;Terror Lekota bounces back as ANC Chair&quot;. Sowetan. 19 December 1997. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: NEC Election Results&quot;. ANC. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: Resolutions – Building the ANC&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 &quot;50th National Conference: Resolutions – Economic Transformation&quot;. ANC. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
 Booysen, Susan (2011). &quot;Policy, pursuit of the 'turn to the left' and the paradox of continuity&quot;. The African National Congress and the Regeneration of Political Power. Wits University Press. ISBN 978-1-77614-166-1.
 Munusamy, Ranjeni (7 September 2014). &quot;The road to perdition: How the ANC lost its way, one conference at a time&quot;. Daily Maverick. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
Further reading
Twala, Chitja (2014-11-01). &quot;The African National Congress (ANC) and the Cadre Deployment Policy in the Postapartheid South Africa: A Product of Democratic Centralisation or a Recipe for a Constitutional Crisis?&quot;. Journal of Social Sciences. 41 (2): 159–165. doi:10.1080/09718923.2014.11893352.
External links
ANC documents from the conference
Mandela's political report at the conference
AP footage of the conference (1)
AP footage of the conference (2)
AP footage of the conference (3)
AP footage of the nominations
vte
African National Congress
Leaders	
Presidents	
John Langalibalele Dube (1912–1917)Sefako Makgatho (1917–1924)Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1924–1927)Josiah Tshangana Gumede (1927–1930)Pixley ka Isaka Seme (1930–1936)Zacharias Richard Mahabane (1937–1940)Alfred Bitini Xuma (1940–1949)James Moroka (1949–1952)Albert Luthuli (1952–1967)Oliver Tambo (1967–1991)Nelson Mandela (1991–1997)Thabo Mbeki (1997–2007)Jacob Zuma (2007–2017)Cyril Ramaphosa (2017–present)
Deputy Presidents	
Walter Rubusana (1912–1936)Nelson Mandela (1952–1958)Oliver Tambo (1958–1985)Nelson Mandela (1985–1991)Walter Sisulu (1991–1994)Thabo Mbeki (1994–1997)Jacob Zuma (1997–2007)Kgalema Motlanthe (2007–2012)Cyril Ramaphosa (2012–2017)David Mabuza (2017–2022)Paul Mashatile (2022–present)
Secretary-General	
Sol Plaatje (1912–1915)Selope Thema (1915–1917)Saul Msane (1917–1919)Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)TD Mweli Skota (1923–1927)E. J. Khaile (1927–1930)Elijah Mdolomba (1930–1936)James Calata (1936–1949)Walter Sisulu (1949–1955)Oliver Tambo (1955–1958)Duma Nokwe (1958–1969)Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo (1969–1991)Cyril Ramaphosa (1991–1997)Kgalema Motlanthe (1997–2007)Gwede Mantashe (2007–2017)Ace Magashule (2017–2022)Fikile Mbalula (2022–present)
National Conferences	
Morogoro (1969)48th (1991)49th (1994)50th (1997)51st (2002)52nd (2007)53rd (2012)54th (2017)55th (2022)
Structure and wings	
National Working CommitteeNational Executive CommitteeProvincial Executive CommitteesANC Women's LeagueANC Youth LeagueANC Veterans' LeagueLuthuli HouseANC Today
History	
Defiance CampaignCongress of the PeopleFreedom CharterRivonia TrialLittle Rivonia TrialuMkhonto weSizweRadio FreedomSolomon Mahlangu Freedom CollegeOperation VulaBisho massacreShell House massacre
Allied organisations	
Congress of South African Trade UnionsSouth African Communist Party
 Category
edit
Categories: National Conferences of the African National Congress1997 in South Africa1997 conferences1997 in politicsDecember 1997 in South Africa1990s political conferencesCyril RamaphosaThabo Mbeki
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'''Isebe Lezemfundo yeBantu''' yayintlangano eyasekwa lIiqela lesizwe [[UMzantsi Afrika|loMzantsi Afrika]] ngowe-1953. Umthetho weMfundo yeBantu, ka-1953 yanika isakhelo somthetho kweli sebe.

== Umsebenzi weSebe ==
Ngaphambi kokuba kupasiswe uMthetho weMfundo yeBantu, ucalucalulo kwimfundo lwaludla ngokuphunyezwa ngendlela engacwangciswanga nengalinganiyo. Injongo yalo mthetho yayikukudibanisa imfundo yabantu abamnyama, oko kukuthi, imfundo yabantu abamnyama, ukuze iindlela zemfundo ezicalucalulayo ziphunyezwe ngokufanayo kulo lonke [[UMzantsi Afrika|elaseMzantsi Afrika]] .  Ngaphambili, imfundo yabantu abamnyama yayilawulwa ngooRhulumente bamaPhondo. Ngokusekwa kweli candelo, uRhulumente wesizwe ophakathi wathabatha ulawulo [[Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika|lwemfundo yabantu abamnyama eMzantsi Afrika]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;msu.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid|url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/sidebar.php?id=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukwahlulwahlulwa ngokobuhlanga kwimfundo kwaba yimfuneko phantsi koMthetho.

Ekuqaleni, irhafu yokuvota eyayithatyathwa kuphela kubantu abamnyama baseMzantsi Afrika yayiqokelelwa ukuhlawula imfundo yamaBantu.&lt;ref name=&quot;msu.edu&quot; /&gt; Ngowe-1972, uRhulumente waqalisa ukusebenzisa irhafu eqhelekileyo eqokelelwe kubantu abantu abamhlophe boMzantsi Afrika ukuxhasa inxalenye yemfundo yabantu abamnyama.&lt;ref name=&quot;msu.edu&quot; /&gt; Enye yezinto ezazithandwa yimfundo yamaBantu yayikukungafani phakathi komgangatho wemfundo ekhoyo kumaqela ahlukeneyo eentlanga. Imfundo yabantsundu yafumana iseshumi semithombo eyabelwe imfundo yabantsho; ngexesha lonke localulo, abantwana abamnyama bafundiswa kwiiklasi ezinomlinganiselo wotitshala-umfundi we-1: 56.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hartshorne, K. B 1990&quot; /&gt; Izakhiwo zesikolo eziphosakeleyo, ukunqongophala kweencwadi zesikolo, kunye noqeqesho olungafanelekanga lootitshala ziingxaki ekwakungekho namnye owaziyo (okanye ozimiseleyo) ukuzisombulula.&lt;ref name=&quot;msu.edu&quot; /&gt;

== Izicwangciso zemfundo zeSebe ==
Eli sebe lafuna ukuxhobisa abafundi abamnyama ngezakhono ezifunekayo ukuze basebenze njengabasebenzi abanobuchule obungaphantsi. Ukucinga okucacileyo kunye nezifundo ezibonwa zingenamsebenzi kubasebenzi bezandla (njengezibalo kunye nenzululwazi) zazigcinwe zingenamdla.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising - South African History Online|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/bantu-education-policy|website=sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukufundisa abafundi iinguqulelo ezibuhlobo ne-(apartheid) zexabiso lamaKristu kwakukwabaluleka. Kwizixhobo zemfundo, inkcubeko emnyama yaboniswa njengento yokuqala, yasemaphandleni, kwaye ayitshintshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;msu.edu&quot; /&gt;

== Iimpendulo ==
Imibutho emininzi yabathunywa bevangeli yayibonelela ngemfundo kubantwana besikolo sabamnyama. Ezi zikolo zazixhaswa ngokuyinxalenye kaRhulumente wesizwe kodwa zisebenza ngokuzimela okuthile. Ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga kwakungeyonto eyabangela ukuba kufunyanwe imfundo yobuvangeli basemazweni. Umthetho weMfundo yamaBantu wadibanisa ucalucalulo lwemfundo kunye nezikolo ezisemsebenzini ezinyanzelisa ukuba zisebenzise ukwahlukana ngokobuhlanga ukuze zifanelekele uncedo lwezemali. Izikolo ezininzi zevangeli zawala ukusebenzisana noRhulumente weqela leSizwe kwaye zaphela ukusebenza emva kokugqitywa komthetho.

== Ukuphela kwecandelo ==
Ngowe-1994, emva kokhetho lokuqala olwenziwa eMzantsi Afrika, eli sebe lapheliswa. Yonke imisebenzi yayo yafunyanwa ngamasebe kaRhulumente aliqela. Nangona uRhulumente wangemva kocalulo lwabantu uzibophelele ekuboneleleni ngemfundo esemgangathweni kubafundi bazo zonke iintlanga,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANC Education Policy|url=http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Govern_Political/ANC_Education.html|website=upenn.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; imfundo eMzantsi Afrika iyaqhubeka iphazanyiswa lifa lesebe kunye namanye amaziko.[tone]

== Imithombo ==

== Nanga amanye amaphepha ekusekelezelwe kulo olu lwazi. ==

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;1.South Afrika: Overcoming Apartheid

2. Hartshorne, K. B. Crisis and Challenge : Black Education 1910-1990. Cape Town: New York: Oxford University Press, 1992

3. The June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising South African History Online. 

4. Kallaway, Peter. Apartheid and Education : The Education of Black South Africans. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1984

5. ANC Education Policy</text>
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 {{Infobox journal|title=Gender and Education|cover=|discipline=[[Gender studies]], [[education]]|abbreviation=Gend. Educ.|editor=Carol Taylor&lt;br /&gt;Susanne Gannon&lt;br /&gt;Jayne Osgood&lt;br /&gt;Kathryn Scantlebury|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|country=[[United Kingdom]]|frequency=8/year|history=1989–present|impact=2.081|impact-year=2020|website=http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cgee20|link1=http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/cgee20/current|link1-name=Online access|link2=http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cgee20|link2-name=Online archive|ISSN=0954-0253|eISSN=1360-0516|OCLC=19946680|LCCN=|CODEN=}}'''''i Sini ne mfundo''''' yijenali ephononongwe ngoontanga, epapashwa kasibhozo ngonyaka nguTaylor and Francis, egxininisa kwiimbono zehlabathi jikelele ngemfundo, isini nenkcubeko.

Le jenali ihambelana neGender and Education Association (GEA), kwaye ihlelwa ngokudibeneyo nguCarol Taylor (University of Bath), uSusanne Gannon (Western Sydney University), uJayne Osgood (Middlesex University) kunye noKathryn Scantlebury (University of Delaware).

== Umahluko phakathi koBuni noBuni ekuFundiseni ==
Phakathi konyaka we-1881 nowe-1930, ukufundisa kwakungomnye wemisebenzi eyayithandwa kakhulu, kodwa kwakusekutsha eluntwini ukuba amadoda nabafazi bobabini bafundise iingqondo zabantu abatsha. Abafazi babesandula ukungena kwicandelo lezabasebenzi, kwaye nangona kwathatha ixesha ukuba abantu baqhele oko, inani labafazi ababekwicandelo lezemfundo eUnited States lenyuka ukusuka kuma-55% ukuya kuma-75%.[1] Kungekudala, abafazi baba ngabona baninzi kwimisebenzi yokufundisa, kuba babecingelwa ukuba banobubele kwaye bayakwazi ukukhathalela ngakumbi, ngoxa amadoda ayefuna amanye amathuba emisebenzi. Oku kwadala uluvo eluntwini lokuba ukufundisa ngumsebenzi ofaneleke ngakumbi kwabasetyhini.

== Umahluko ngokwesini kwiMfundo ==
Ubuhlanga nodidi loluntu zezinye zeendlela ezinkulu zokungalingani, kodwa ingcinezelo esekelwe kwisini ibiyeyona ibonakala kakhulu ixesha elide.[1] Amantombazana adla ngokungahoywa ngootitshala xa kuthelekiswa namakhwenkwe, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iimfuno zawo zemfundo zibekwe emva. Oku kubangela ukuba amantombazana asokole kungekuphela nje kwezemfundo, kodwa nakwingqondo.Ngenxa yokungahoywa ngootitshala, amantombazana aba semngciphekweni omkhulu wokuba neengxaki zokutya, ukudandatheka, ukulahlekelwa kukuzithemba, nokuzonzakalisa. Amanqaku awo ezifundo nawo ayancipha, ngakumbi kwizifundo zesayensi nezemathematika, ezizezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Kananjalo, awafumani ngqalelo rhoqo njengamakhwenkwe afunda nawo. Xa efumana ingqalelo, ayisoloko iluncedo okanye ikhuthaza ngendlela eyakhayo.

Uphononongo lwenkqubela phambili yokufunda phakathi kwamakhwenkwe namantombazana aneminyaka eli-15 lubonisa ukuba amantombazana afumana amanqaku aphezulu ekufundeni kunamakhwenkwe, nto leyo eyenza amakhwenkwe abe nenzondo kumantombazana. Ukukhethwa kwemfundo yamakhwenkwe kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi kumantombazana ukuba aqhubele phambili aye kwimfundo ephakamileyo, kuba amanqaku ovavanyo lwamakhwenkwe ayawathintela. Nangona amantombazana eqhuba kakuhle, ootitshala abayi kuvumela ukuba amakhwenkwe ashiyelekele kakhulu emva, nto leyo ebangela ukubhaliswa kwabafundi bazo zombini izini kwiikholeji

== Ukufinyeza kunye nokufaka izalathiso ==
 
Ngokwe-''Journal Citation Reports'', le jenali yayine-'''impact factor''' eyi-2.081 ngo-2020, nto leyo eyayiyibeka kwindawo ye-152 kwezili-254 iijenali kudidi lwe-“Education &amp; Educational Research”.[1]

== Iireferensi ==
 &quot;Gender and Education: About this journal: aims and scope&quot;. Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
 &quot;Gender and Education Journal Editors&quot;. WordPress. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
 Bailey, Lucy E.; Graves, Karen (March 2016). &quot;Gender and Education&quot;. Review of Research in Education. 40 (1): 682–722. doi:10.3102/0091732X16680193. ISSN 0091-732X.
 Acker, Sandra (1987-12-01). &quot;Feminist theory and the study of gender and education&quot;. International Review of Education. 33 (4): 419–435. Bibcode:1987IREdu..33..419A. doi:10.1007/BF00615157. ISSN 1573-0638.
 &quot;Sage Journals: Discover world-class research&quot;. Sage Journals. doi:10.3102/00346543073004471. Retrieved 2026-04-30.
 Stoet, Gijsbert (June 23, 2020). &quot;Gender differences in the pathways to higher education&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (25): 14073–14076. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11714073S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2002861117. JSTOR 26934933. PMC 7322061. PMID 32513710.
 &quot;Journals Ranked by Impact: Women's Studies&quot;. 2014 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Education &amp; Educational Research ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2015.
External links
Official website


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Categories: Education journalsEnglish-language journalsGender studies journalsAcademic journals established in 1989Taylor &amp; Francis academic journals7 times per year journals8 times per year journalsGender studies journal stubs</text>
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|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Umhlaba
| class=&quot;infobox-data label&quot; |[[Danie Craven Stadium|Danie Craven]], [[Stellenbosch|I-Stellenbosch]] &lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;558&quot;&gt;[https://www.stellenboschfc.com/about/home-venues/ &quot;Home Venues: Stellenbosch Football Club&quot;]. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;559&quot;&gt;Stellenbosch Football Club. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;560&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190705133313/https://www.stellenboschfc.com/about/home-venues/ Archived] from the original on 5 July 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;561&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Umthamo
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |16,000&lt;ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot;&gt;[https://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/psl/stellenbosch-fc-to-play-home-games-at-historic-danie-craven-stadium-4d0997f8-82ec-4728-a552-1d8f2953e8c7 &quot;Stellenbosch FC to play home games at historic Danie Craven Stadium&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Umqeqeshi
| class=&quot;infobox-data agent&quot; |[[Gavin Hunt|UGavin Hunt]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |Iqela
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[South African Premiership|I-South African Premier League]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |[[2025–26 South African Premiership|2025–26]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |9th of 16
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap; text-align:left&quot; |IWebhsayithi
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://stellenboschfc.com stellenboschfc.com]&lt;/span&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-hiddenrow&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;&quot; |
{| role=&quot;presentation&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding:0&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #a11b1b;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm_claretborder.png|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #a11b1b;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #e6c200;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm_claretborder.png|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #a11b1b;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #a11b1b;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''[[Kit (association football)|Imibala yasekhaya]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;padding:0&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm_claretborder.png|link=|alt=|top|Team colours]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_body_boca-mercosur98.png|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm_claretborder.png|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_socks_band_claret.png|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|top]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;'''[[Away colours|Imibala elahlekileyo]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 88%; width: 22em; text-align: center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; background-color: #800000; color: #ffffff; border:1px solid #800000; text-align:center;&quot; |Amacandelo asebenza eStellenbosch F.C.&lt;br /&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; |[[File:Football_pictogram.svg|30x30px]]
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; |[[File:Football_pictogram.svg|30x30px]]
|-
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''Ibhola ekhatywayo (yamadoda)''' 
! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |Ibhola ekhatywayo (yeBhinqa) 
|}
I-Stellenbosch Football Club liqela lebhola ekhatywayo elise Stellenbosch, eMzantsi Afrika. Yasekwa ngo-2016 emva kokudluliselwa kweVasco da Gama F.C. eStellenbosch, le nklabhu yeyona qela lokuqala I-Premier Soccer League evela kwingingqi yaseCape Winelands kwaye yathunyelwa kwiPremiership yaseMzantsi Afrika ngo-2019. Iqela lokuqala lidlala imidlalo yalo yasekhaya kwibala laseDanie Craven.

Eli qela laphumelela iNational First Division ngo-2019, lazuza ukunyuselwa kwinqanaba eliphezulu okokuqala kule nkqubo, kunye neCarling Knockout Cup ka-2023, apho iqela laba ziintshatsheli zokuqala kolo khuphiswano luhlaziyiweyo. I-Stellenbosch ikhe yakhuphisana kabini kwi-Continental I-CAF Confederation Cup kwaye lafikelela kwisigaba sesigqibela sokugqibela sokhuphiswano ekubonakaleni kwayo kokuqala kweli qela ngexesha le-2024-25. 

== Imbali ==
I-Stellenbosch Football Club yasekwa kweyeThupha ngo 2016 xa iKomiti yoLawulo ye-Premier Soccer League ivume isicelo seqela leDivision yokuqala yelizwe, uVasco Da Gama sokutshintsha igama emva kokutshintshwa kweqela ukusuka i-Parow ukuya kwiStellenbosch Academy of Sport (SAS) eStellenbosch.

USammy Troughton wamiselwa njengomqeqeshi oyintloko kwaye umdlalo wokuqala weNational First Division kaStellies wadlalwa ngomhla wama-28 kweyeThupha ngo-2016 xa iqela lalibethwa ngamanqaku amaThathu kwelinye yiMthatha Bucks, kunye noStanley Muishond owafaka inqaku lokuqala leqembu ngexesha lomlo. Le nkampani yaphela ixesha layo lokuqala kwindawo yesithathu kwimisebenzi ye-log, yafumana indawo yokugqibela yokunyuswa / yokudlula kwi-playoff ngamanqaku, kodwa ekugqibeleni yaphoswa kukunyuswa ngexesha le-mini league elandelayo. 

Emva komzamo ongaphumelelanga wokufumana ukunyuswa, iqela lahlula iTrooughton kwaye lambuyisela USteve Barker, owayemiselwe njengomqeqeshi ongumncedisi phakathi kweli xesha lonyaka. Iqela emva koko labhalwa irekhodi elihlukanisiweyo le-10 yempumelelo, i-10 elinganayo, kunye ne-10 ilahleko ukufikelela kwindawo yesibhozo kwiligi, ngaloo ndlela lingakwazi ukufanelekela i-playoffs. Oku ekugqibeleni kwaholela kutshintsho lobunikazi kweyeThupha ngo-2018 xa i-Stellenbosch Academy of Sport, ephethwe yi-billionaire UJohann Rupert's I-Remgro, yathenga iklabhu ukuvula ixesha elitsha.
[[File:Angelo_Kerspuy_of_Stellenbosch_F.C._lifts_the_2018-19_National_First_Division_Trophy.jpg|left|thumb|UAngelo Kerspuy weStellenbosch F.C. uphakamise indebe yeNdima yokuqala yelizwe ka-2018-19.]]
Kwixesha elilandelayo, iqela likaBarker lafumana ukunyuselwa kwiPremiership, eyona ndawo iphambili kwibhola yaseMzantsi Afrika, njengeqela leqela leDivision First emva kokubhala umlo ongenasiphelo ngo-0-0 nxamnye neMaccabi FC ngomhla wokugqibela wephulo. I-Stellenbosch yaqala iphulo layo lokuqala lePremiership ngokuthelekisa ngaphandle kwegoli I-Chippa United, ngaphambi kokuba iphele ixesha lesizini kwindawo ye-10 kunyaka owaphazamiseka kwaye uchaphazeleka yindyikitya yokufa ye-COVID-19.

Kwixesha elilandelayo, iqela laqala ukudlala imidlalo yasekhaya kwiDanie Craven Stadium, esetyenziselwa umbala werugby, apho lidlale khona uninzi lwemidlalo yalo ukusukela ngoko, ngamanye amaxesha lihlala kwi-Athlone Stadium IKapa. I-Stellenbosch yaze yafika kwindawo ye-14 kwimisebenzi yasekhaya ka-2020-21, indawo ye-4 kwimisebenzi yeqela ngexesha le-2021-22, ngaloo ndlela yafaneleka okokuqala ukhuphisana kwimidlalo ye-I-MTN 8, kunye ne-6th kumjikelo ka-2022-23. NgoDisemba 2023, iqela laphumelela ukhuphiswano lwayo lokuqala lweNdebe emva kokugqitywa njengengqwelwana yokuqala ICarling Knockout emva kokuphumelela kwe-penalty shootout kwI-TS Galaxy kwi Moses Mabhida Stadium eThekwini.  Ngo-Aprili 2025 iStellenbosch FC yenza imbali ngokufikelela kwisiqingatha sokugqibela seCaf Confederation Cup ka-2024-25, iphumelele iqela lebhola ekhatywayo laseYiputa iZamalek SC nge-1-0 eCairo.

Igosa eliyintloko lokusebenza kwiklabhu, uRob Benadie uthe &quot;Igama elithi 'Stellenbosch FC' libonisa injongo yethu yokudala iklabhu emele uluntu lwaseCape Winelands. Sisendleleni yokwakha into ekhethekileyo, kwaye sifuna ukuhamba nalo luntu.&quot;  Incochoyi yeklabhu ineediliya ezininzi, njengoko iStellenbosch ikwiCape Winelands District Municipality . 

== Iqela langoku ==
{{updated|21 August 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/south-africa/vasco-da-gama/10763/squad/|title=Stellenbosch FC&amp;nbsp;– Squad|website=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410200725/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/south-africa/vasco-da-gama/10763/squad/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Iimbeko ==
[[File:Stellenbosch_FC_players_celebrate_winning_the_2023_Carling_Knockout_trophy.jpg|thumb|I-Stellenbosch FC ibhiyozela ukuphumelela iCarlings Knockout trophy ka-2023.]]

* '''Iqela lokuqala leSizwe'''
** Abaphumeleleyo (1): 2018-19&lt;ref name=&quot;NFD&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ditlhobolo|first=Austin|date=5 May 2019|title=Stellenbosch FC secure promotion to PSL after clinching NFD title|publisher=Goal|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/stellenbosch-fc-secure-promotion-to-psl-after-clinching-nfd-title/12ef87xmrunc11q8q6z3ccgmmf|access-date=20 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''I-Carling Knockout Cup'''
** Abaphumeleleyo (1): 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;carl_2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Modiba|first=Katlego|date=16 December 2023|title=Stellenbosch make history to claim Carling Knockout|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/sport/soccer/local-soccer/stellenbosch-make-history-claim-carling-knockout/|accessdate=17 December 2023|website=The Citizen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''I-MTN 8'''
** Abaphumeleleyo (2): 2024,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sherman|first=Michael|date=5 October 2024|title=Moment of referee madness helps Orlando Pirates beat Stellenbosch FC to MTN8 title|publisher=Independent Online|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/psl/moment-of-referee-madness-helps-orlando-pirates-beat-stellenbosch-fc-to-mtn8-title-e4b92e20-e5af-472b-9a19-c50d8b985e84|access-date=15 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2025&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Abiola|first=Raphael|date=13 September 2025|title=Steve Barker Explains Why Stellenbosch FC Lost to Orlando Pirates in MTN8 Final – Briefly.co.za|url=https://briefly.co.za/sports/football/224315-steve-barker-explains-stellenbosch-fc-lost-orlando-pirates-mtn8-final/|accessdate=14 September 2025|website=briefly.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iinkonzo (U-23) ===

* '''Umceli mngeni weDStv Diski'''
** Abaphumeleleyo (2): 2021-22,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=14 May 2022|title=Stellenbosch crowned Diski Challenge champions|publisher=SuperSport|url=https://supersport.com/football/wta/news/45082af6-9d3a-4003-b90b-56ffdfb6d578/stellenbosch-crowned-diski-challenge-champions|access-date=22 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2023-24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=11 May 2024|title=Stellenbosch are two-times DStv Diski Challenge champions!|publisher=SuperSport|url=https://supersport.com/football/dstv-diski-challenge/news/923c80a9-ace7-4c53-9c1e-1e6b57a5339c/stellenbosch-are-two-times-dstv-diski-challenge-champions-|access-date=14 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''I-Premier League Next Gen Cup'''
** Abaphumeleleyo (2): 2022, 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 July 2022|title=Stellies thump Leicester to win Next Generation Cup|url=https://supersport.com/football/dstv-diski-challenge/news/5b042b16-1d3d-433e-b98e-12266de9655e/stellies_thump_leicester_to_win_next_generation_cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329083026/https://supersport.com/favicon.ico?v=xQd4x5levN|archive-date=29 March 2023|accessdate=29 March 2023|website=Super Sport|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Abaphumeleleyo (1): 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 May 2023|title=U19 report: Stellenbosch 1–1 Wolves (4–5 pens)|publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers|url=https://www.wolves.co.uk/news/academy/20230526-u19-report-stellenbosch-1-1-wolves-4-5-pens/|access-date=20 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ingxelo yeligi ===

==== Iqela lokuqala leSizwe ====

* 2016-17 - 3rd&amp;nbsp;
* 2017-18 - 8th&amp;nbsp;
* 2018-19 - 1st (kukhuthazwa) &amp;nbsp;

==== Ubume beNdlu yowiso-mthetho ====
 

== Umdlali Wonyaka ==
{|
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Unyaka
!Umphumeleleyo
|-
|2019
|[[Iqraam Rayners|U-Iqraam Rayners]]
|-
|2020
|[[Robyn Johannes|URobyn Johannes]]
|-
|2021
|[[Deano van Rooyen|UDeano van Rooyen]]
|-
|2022
|[[Zitha Kwinika|UZitha Kwinika]]
|-
|2023
|[[Júnior Mendieta|UJunior Mendieta]]
|-
|2024
|[[Iqraam Rayners|U-Iqraam Rayners]] (2) 
|-
|2025
|[[Fawaaz Basadien|UFawaaz Basadien]]
|-
|}
|}

== Imithombo ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gjcq06agnal34mz1z3zojr0qst7s05i</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ezopolitiko zaseMzantsi Afrika</title>
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      <text bytes="21376" sha1="9vnhjplhfo96n2ldbsjhex1vs4s636n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;gallery&gt;
File:South-africa-anc-percent.svg|alt=The ANC's performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Indlela i-ANC esebenza ngayo ngokweengingqi kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika lwango-2024 .
File:South-africa-da-percent-2024.svg|alt=The Democratic Alliance (South Africa) performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Ukusebenza kweDemocratic Alliance (eMzantsi Afrika) ngokwemimandla kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka-2024 .
File:South-africa-mk-percent.svg|alt=The uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party) performance by region.| Ukusebenza [[Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe|koMkhonto weSizwe (iqela lezopolitiko)]] ngokwemimandla.
File:South-africa-eff-percent-2024.svg|alt=The Economic Freedom Fighters performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Ukusebenza kweQela leNkululeko yezoQoqosho ngokwemimandla kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka-2024 .
File:South-africa-anc-seat-loss-2024.svg|alt=The ANC's seat loss by region and national ballot in the 2024 election.| Ukulahlekelwa sisihlalo yi-ANC ngokwemimandla kunye nevoti yesizwe kunyulo luka-2024 .
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti floatright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:392px;max-width:392px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:110px;max-width:110px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Houses_of_Parliament_(Cape_Town).jpg|108x108px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Izindlu zePalamente ezikwidolophu enkulu yaseKapa zilapho iParliament ihlala khona.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:139px;max-width:139px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Uniegebou.jpg|137x137px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Izakhiwo ze-Union kwikomkhulu lolawulo ePitoli.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:137px;max-width:137px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Supreme_Court_of_Appeal,_Bloemfontein,_South_Africa.jpg|135x135px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Isiko leNkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno likwidolophu enkulu yezokugweba [[Bloemfontein|I-Bloemfontein]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:South-africa-anc-percent.svg|The ANC's performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.
File:South-africa-da-percent-2024.svg|The Democratic Alliance (South Africa) performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.
File:South-africa-mk-percent.svg|The [[Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)]] performance by region.
File:South-africa-eff-percent-2024.svg|The Economic Freedom Fighters performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.
File:South-africa-anc-seat-loss-2024.svg|The ANC's seat loss by region and national ballot in the 2024 election.
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti floatright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:392px;max-width:392px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:110px;max-width:110px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Houses_of_Parliament_(Cape_Town).jpg|108x108px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Izindlu zePalamente ezikwidolophu enkulu yaseKapa zilapho iParliament ihlala khona.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:139px;max-width:139px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Uniegebou.jpg|137x137px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Izakhiwo ze-Union kwikomkhulu lolawulo ePitoli.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:137px;max-width:137px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; style=&quot;height:89px;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;[[File:Supreme_Court_of_Appeal,_Bloemfontein,_South_Africa.jpg|135x135px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Isiko leNkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno likwidolophu enkulu yezokugweba [[Bloemfontein|I-Bloemfontein]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;IRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika i-parliamentary democratic republic. UMongameli woMzantsi Afrika ukhonza njengentloko karhulumente kunye intloko karhulumente. Umongameli ukhethwa yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho (indlu esezantsi yePalamente yoMzantsi Afrika) kwaye kufuneka agcine ukuthembela kweNdlu ukuze ahlale esesikhundleni. Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika bakhetha nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamaphonndo ezilawula iphondo ngalinye kumaphondo alithoba elizweni.

Ukususela ekuphelisweni ucalulo ngowe-1994, IAfrican National Congress (ANC) iye yalawula kwezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika. I-ANC liqela elilawulayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, kunye namaphondo amaninzi, kwaye ikhokelwa ngu Cyril Ramaphosa, okhonza njengoMongameli woMzantsi Afrika. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isabelo sevoti ye-ANC siye sehla kakhulu. Eli qela lafumana i-40.18% yevoti ngexesha lonyulo jikelele luka-2024 - ixesha lokuqala iANC ingaphumelelanga ininzi yepalamente kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika wentando yesininzi. 

Iqela lesibini elikhulu kwaye ngokwesiko eliphambili elichasene ne-ANC yi-Democratic Alliance (DA), ekhokelwa ngUGeordin Hill-Lewis, okhonza njengosodolophu waseKapa. I-DA ibone isabelo sayo kwivoti inyuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye iqela lifumene i-21.81% yevoti kunyulo luka-2024. Okwangoku lilungu leqela elidibeneyo elibizwa ngokuba yiRhulumente woManyano lweSizwe, kwaye linobunini obuhlukeneyo.

Amanye amaqela aphambili ezopolitiko amelwe kwiPalamente aquka Umkhponto weSizwe(MKP), osebenza njengeMchasi esemthethweni, amaLwebe oNkululeko yoqoqosho (EFF), kunye neQela leNkululeko ye-Inkatha (IFP). 

Iqela eliphambili eliyiNew National Party (NNP), elaphumeza kwaye laphelisa ucalulo ngeqela elaliphambi kwalo, iNational Party (NP), lahlukana ngo-2005 ukuze lihlanganiswe ne-ANC.

UNelson Mandela wayengumongameli ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-1999, kwaye abalandela emva kwakhe yayinguThabo Mbeki (1999−2008), uKgalema Motlanthe (2008−2009) kunye noJacob Zuma (2009−2018). UZuma wathatyathelwa indawo nguCyril Ramaphosa emva kokuba lowo wayesakuba ngumongameli erhoxile kweyoMdumba 2018.

Olona nyulo lukhulu lwakutshanje lwenziwa ngomhla wama-29 kuCanzibe 2024, kwaye lwaphumela kurhulumente we-coalition - owokuqala kolu hlobo ukusukela ngo-1994.  Nangona ilahlekelwe yinani elikhulu ngo-2024, iANC yakwazi ukugcina amandla kunye norhulumente wokwabelana.  Unyulo olulandelayo eMzantsi Afrika lukhetho lwasedolophini ngo-2026, apho abavoti baya kukhetha amagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Unyulo luza kuba ngomhla we-4 kweyeNkanga.

UMzantsi Afrika yidemokhrasi. Isigqibo sokhetho sabantu bonke sanikwa ngowe-1994 xa kwaphela ucalulo. Ukususela ngoko, ukhetho luvulekile kwaye lukhuphisana, kwaye ubomi babantu baseMzantsi Afrika buye baphucuka kwiimethrikhi ezininzi.  Nangona kunjalo, ibhekene nemingeni njengoluntu olunobuhlanga obuninzi, olutsha lwentando yesininzi.  yachaza uMzantsi Afrika &quot;njengedemokhrasi enesiphene [kufuneka uhlaziye] Lilizwe elidibeneyo elinesibini elona lizwe likhulu elinomdla wolwakhiwo (kunye neMauritius neCabo Verde) kunye nelizwe elinesithathu elinomdla woluvo wolwakhiwo lwaseAfrika (kunye naseCabo Verde), kunye nelizwe eliphambili elinomdla wokhetho nolwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lolwazi lolwakhiwo lweAfrika, ngokutsho kwe-V-I-V-Dem Institute.

== Umongo ==
Ngomhla wama 31 kuCanzibe 1910 iCape Colony, I-Natal Colony, I-Transvaal kunye I-Orange River Colony zadityaniswa kwimo enye ebizwa ngokuba yi Union of South Africa. Umanyano loMzantsi Afrika lwamkele inkqubo yolawulo esekwe kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yaseUnited Kingdom. Umlawuli waseBritani wayengumongameli welizwe loMzantsi Afrika yaye wayemelwe nguRhuluneli-Jikelele. Amandla okwenene ezopolitiko ayephantsi kweNdlu yoMphathiswa noKhabhinethi. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zale nkqubo ezifana norhulumente wamasebe amathathu nePalamente enamandla zisaqhubeka zisebenza namhlanje.

Ngomhla we-15 kweyeNkanga 1926, iBalfour Declaration yamkelwa kwiNgqungquthela yoBukhosi ka 1926. Olu xwebhu lwenza ukuba ubukhosi boBukhosi baseBritane kuquka uMzantsi Afrika bufane omnye nomnye kunye neUnited Kingdom. Ngokwenyani, oku kwenza i-Union of South Africa yaba ligunya elizilawulayo loBukhosi baseBritani. Umanyano loMzantsi Afrika lwaba ngowomntu ngamnye ngo-1931 xa kwavunywa Umgaqo-siseko waseWestminster. Inika iParliament yaseMzantsi Afrika igunya lokwenza imithetho yoMzantsi Afrika ngaphandle kokuvunywa yiParliament yaseUnited Kingdom.

Ngowe-1948, Iqela lesizwe laseMzantsi Afrika lamkela umgaqo-nkqubo wokwahlulahlula ngokobuhlanga obizwa ngokuba yi-apartheid. Abantu abanebala, ingakumbi abantu abamnyama abaninzi, baphulukana namalungelo ambalwa ababenayo. Ukwahlulahlula ngokobuhlanga nokwahlulahlulwa kwakusetyenziselwa ukwahlula izixhobo zoqoqosho nokulawula amandla ezopolitiko. Abamhlophe, ngokukodwa Abantu baseAfrika, babelawula inkqubo yezopolitiko. Abantu abamnyama abazange babe namalungelo okuhlala kuwo onke amaphondo eMzantsi Afrika.

Ngowe-1961, uMzantsi Afrika waba yiRiphablikhi. UKumkani waseBritani wathatyathelw' indawo njengentloko karhulumente ngumphathi okhethwe yinani elincinane labantu ngeembongi ezikhethiweyo. Ngowe-1970, kwaphunyezwa uMthetho Wokuhlaliswa Kwabahlali BaseKhaya. Yakha kwinkqubo yokugcina abantu abamnyama baseAfrika ukuze yenze inkqubo yamazwe abamnyama azimeleyo. Abantu abaninzi abamnyama baphulukana nobumi babo baseMzantsi Afrika baza baba ngabemi I-Bantustan yesizwe sabo. Zange zaziwe ngamazwe amaninzi ehlabathini yaye umlinganiselo wolawulo lwazo oluzimeleyo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi wawulinganiselwe kakhulu.

IAfrican National Congress (ANC) yayikhokela ukulwa nale nkqubo yocalucalulo. Emva koxinzelelo olunzulu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemfazwe yasekhaya, urhulumente uDe Klerk wacima okanye wanciphisa imithetho emininzi yocalucalulo. Emva kweengxoxo phakathi kwe-ANC, Inkatha Freedom Party, NP kunye neminye imibutho, ucalulo lwapheliswa ngokusesikweni kwaye uMgaqo-siseko weNqanaba wawamkelwa. AmaBantustans aqedwa aza abuyela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye abemi bawo bafumana ubuzwe baseMzantsi Afrika.

Urhulumente woManyano lweSizwe (i-GNU) owasekwa phantsi komgaqo-siseko ongeyomfuneko wahlala esebenzayo de kwaba kunyulo luka-1999. Amaqela aqala aquka i-GNU - African Natinal Congress (ANC), i-National Party (NP), kunye ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) - babelana ngamandla aphantsi. Ngomhla wama-30 kuJuni 1996, i-NP yazihoxisa kwi-GNU ukuze ibe yinxalenye yeqela elichasayo.

Uninzi lwemigaqo yokulingana ngokobuhlanga, idemokhrasi yabaninzi kunye namalungelo abantu abambalwa eyawasekayo yaguqulelwa kuMgaqo -siseko wokugqibela waseMzantsi Afrika owamkelwa ngo-1996 kwaye usasebenza. Ichaza ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente, ikhusela amalungelo oluntu asisiseko, idala iindlela zokuphendula kwaye yahlulahlula amandla omthetho nawolawulo phakathi kwamacandelo karhulumente kazwelonke, amaphondo kunye nawasekuhlaleni.

Kwivoti ka-2024, i-ANC yalahlekelwa yinani layo kwiPalamente okokuqala kwimbali yentando yesininzi ye-SA. Ngenxa yeengxoxo ezalandelayo, kwaqaliswa umanyano lwamaqela amaninzi. Eli yayiyiRhulumente wokuqala woManyano lweSizwe (i-GNU) kweli lizwe ukususela ngo-1994. I-GNU yayinabantu abane ababumba, kwaye abanye abathathu bajoyina kamva. Bonke abasixhenxe babemelwe kwiKhabhinethi yesithathu kaCyril Ramaphosa, benqunywe kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo zoMphathiswa. Amaqela amabini ongezelelweyo amelwe ngabaSekela boMphathiswa, kwaye elinye iqela elinye lithathe inxaxheba kwi-coalition kodwa alimele kwiKhabhinethi. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho amalungu ali-10 ukususela ngo-2026.

Iipolisi ze-I-Afrobarometer zibonise ukuba imiba ephambili ukususela ngo-2026 yayikungasebenzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye norhwaphilizo, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kokungonelisekanga kwentando yesininzi.

== Urhulumente ==
UMzantsi Afrika i-parliamentary representative democratic republic, apho UMongameli woMzantsi Afrika, okhethwe yiparliament, iyintloko karhulumente, kwaye kwinkqubo yamaqela amaninzi. Iquka amasebe amathathu.

Igosa elilawulayo libunjwa ngumongameli woMzantsi Afrika kunye IKhabhinethi yoMzantsi Afrika. UMongameli ukhethwa yiPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika ixesha leminyaka emihlanu. UMongameli unokukhonza nje izihlandlo ezibini. Ngokwenkomfa eli sikhundla sihlala yinkokeli yeqela elikhulu kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho. UMongameli umisela amanye amalungu eKhabhinethi abizwa ngokuba ngabalungiseleli. Oonongameli balawula amasebe karhulumente. IKhabhinethi yenza kwaye iphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye uninzi lweziphakamiso zomthetho zivela kwiKhabhinethi.

Umongameli kunye namalungu eKhabhinethi banoxanduva kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Inegunya lokubasusa esikhundleni ngokudlulisa isicelo sokungathembi nokubabamba ukuba baphendule imibuzo ebuzwa ngamalungu ePalamente ngomlomo nangokubhaliweyo.

Igumbi elishukumayo libunjwa yiPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika, apho Amalungu ePhalamende akhethwe ngokwentando yesininzi (iMPs) emele abo bakhetha wona. IParliament ineendawo ezimbini ezinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ezihlala abantu abangama-490.

Indlu enkulu, ephantsi yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho, enamalungu angama-400 ePalamente, kwaye isebenza kakhulu kwizindlu ezimbini. Ilawula ubume karhulumente yaye imvume yayo iyafuneka ukuze uninzi lweziphakamiso zomthetho zibe ngumthetho. I-National Assembly ikhethwa ngokumelwa ngamaqela. 

Indlu ephezulu yiBhunga leSizwe laMaphondo (i-NCOP), elinama-MP angama-90. Inika ummeli olinganayo kumaphondo asithoba oMzantsi Afrika, kwaye imvume yayo iyafuneka kwimithetho echaphazela amaphondo kunye noluntu lwenkcubeko yoMzantsi Afrika. I-NCOP ikhethwa ziinkundla ezisemthethweni zephondo ngalinye.

Isebe lezomthetho libunjwa ziinkundla. Lithetha yaye liphumeza imithetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo yemibandela yomgaqo-siseko yiNkundla yoMgaqo-sisiseko yoMzantsi Afrika. Inamandla okuphelisa imithetho engqubanayo noMgaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwimicimbi engekho kumgaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika yinkundla enegunya eliqhelekileyo lokubhena. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo anegunya kummandla welizwe. Iinkundla zoMantyi zisebenza njengeenkundla zesigxina sokuqala. Kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo neenkundla ezinegunya elinganiselwa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo Yokufaka Izibheno.

== Umgaqo-siseko ==
[[File:ConstitutionalCourtofSouthAfrica-20070622.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ihlala iJohannersburg kwi Constitution Hill. Nguwo umgwebi wokugqibela womgaqo-siseko kwaye izigqibo zawo zibopha zonke iinkundla kwiRiphablikhi]]
Emva konyulo lwango-1994, uMzantsi Afrika wawulawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko wesithuba. Lo mgaqo-siseko wawufuna ukuba iNdibano yoMgaqo-sisiseko (CA) ibhale kwaye ivume umgaqo-sisekelo osisigxina ngoMeyi 9, 1996. Umgaqo-siseko wangoku wamkelwa ngo-1996 waza wamkelwa nguMongameli Nelson Mandela ngo-1997. Ngumthetho ophakamileyo kweli lizwe; yonke eminye imithetho kulindeleke ukuba ilandele kwaye ihambelane nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko awubeki nje kuphela ulwakhiwo lwamasebe amathathu karhulumente kunye namalungelo oluntu asisiseko abo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ukwakha nokulawulwa kwezimali zikarhulumente, umda nemida yoMbutho wePhondo kunye nokwakhiwa kweZiko kwiSahluko 9 ukuze urhulumente abe noxanduva.

== Amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nesabelo sawo sevoti ngoku ==
Unyulo jikelele lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Unyulo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi olungenacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga lwabanjwa ngo- 1994 . Unyulo olulandelayo lwabanjwa ngo- 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019, nango -2024 . Kude kube ngu-2008, amagosa anyuliweyo ayevunyelwe ukutshintsha amaqela ezopolitiko, ngelixa egcina izihlalo zawo, ngexesha leefestile ezibekiweyo ezenzeka kabini kwixesha ngalinye lonyulo, ngenxa yezilungiso eziphikisanayo zomthetho ezenziwa ngo-2002. Iifestile ezimbini zokugqibela zokuwela umgangatho zenzeka ngo-2005 nango-2007.

Emva konyulo luka-2009, iANC yalahlekelwa lnani le-2/3 kwisigqeba sesizwe esisemthethweni, nto leyo eyayivumela ukuba itshintshe umgaqo-siseko ngokwahlukileyo.

ICongress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) kunye ne-South African Communist Party (SACP) zikwisivumelwano esisemthethweni ne-ANC (i-Tripartite Alliance) ekhoyo, kwaye ke azizimele ngokwahlukeneyo kunyulo.

Ngexesha lonyulo jikelele luka 2024, i-ANC yalahlekelwa linani layo kwiparlamende yesizwe okokuqala kwimbali yentando yesininzi yoMzantsi Afrika, nangona yayisaqhubeka njengeqela elikhulu lezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho urhulumente wobunye besizwe (GNU) weqela lamaqela amaninzi. Yayineengxenye ezine zokuqalisa, kwaye ine-10 iyonke, ukususela ngo-2026.

== Amalungelo oluntu ==
Umgaqo-siseko unikeza iziqinisekiso ezininzi, kuquka ukulingana phambi komthetho kunye nokuvalwa kokwahlulahlula; ilungelo lobomi, ubumfihlo, impahla, nenkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu; ukunqandwa kobukhoboka kunye nokusebenza ngokunyanzelwa; inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, yokuhlanganisana, nentlangano. Amalungelo asemthethweni abasolwayo ngokolwaphulo-mthetho nawo abhalwe phantsi. Kwakhona iquka iziqinisekiso ezibanzi ukufikelela ekutyeni, emanzini, kwimfundo, kwizonyango nakwimibutho yoluntu. Umgaqo-siseko ubeka iinkqubo zenkundla ezimeleyo nezingakhethi buso, yaye, enyanisweni, ezi nkalo ziyahlonitshwa.

Amalungelo abemi okufumana indawo ekhuselekileyo, izindlu, imfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo aqukwe kuMthetho wamaLungelo, kwaye aziwa njengamalungelo omgaqo-siseko wesibini. Ngowama-2003 amalungelo esibini ngokomgaqo-siseko asetyenziswa yi- Treatment Action Campaign, iqela elilwela amalungelo e-HIV/AIDS njengendlela yokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wezempilo.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo, kuquka ugonyamelo olubhekiswe kumabhinqa nabantwana, nolwaphulo mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo zikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye ziyinto enzulu. Ngenxa yoko, maxa wambi kubakho isenzo sokuphepha isigwebo nesigwebo esivela kwiqela labantu. Abanye abezopolitiko baseMzantsi Afrika babekhuthaza ugonyamelo olusekwe kuhlanga okanye ubulungu bezopolitiko ngokutsho kweNkundla yoLingano yaseMzantsi Afrika.

Amanye amapolisa atyholwa ngokusebenzisa amandla ngokugqithiseleyo nangokuxhaphaza abantu abasemagunyeni; ngenxa yoko, inani labantu abafa besemagunyweni lisengumcimbi. kweyeDwarha 1997, urhulumente waseka iSebe lezikhalazo elizimeleyo ukuze liphonononge ukufa kwabantu abasemagunyeni nakubantu abafa ngenxa yokungenelela kwamapolisa.

Olunye ucalulo olwenziwe kumabhinqa luyaqhubeka, nangona luye lwaphucuka ngokubanzi, yaye ucalulo olunikwe abo baphila neHIV/AIDS luye lwaba ngumcimbi onzulu.

Kukho ukunyamezela okungaphezulu kwezopolitiko kunye noxinzelelo, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni.

== Oopolitiko ababalaseleyo ==
UBantubonke Holomisa, owayengumkhosi omkhulu kwilizwe laseTranskei ukususela ngo-1987, uye wakhonza njengomongameli weUnited Democratic Movement ukususela ngo-1997. Namhlanje ulilungu lePalamente.

UGeneral UConstand Viljoen wayengumlawuli wangaphambili weMikhosi yoKhuselo yaseMzantsi Afrika, owathi, njengenkokeli ye-I-Afrikaner Volksfront, wathumela ama-1500  amajoni akhe ukuba axhase urhulumente ULucas Mangope kwaye aphikisane nokupheliswa kweBophuthatswana njengekhaya ngo-1994. Wayesebenzisana nokuseka iFront Freedom ngo-1994. Uthathe umhlalaphantsi ekubeni lilungu lePalamente ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-2020.

ULucas Mangope, owayesakuba yinkokeli yeqela lama Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane, owayesengumongameli weBantustan yaseBophuthatswana, wayengumongameli weqela leUnited Christian Democratic Party.

== Bona kwakho ==

* Uhlolisiso lweInternet eMzantsi Afrika
* Imithetho yokuthetha inzondo eMzantsi Afrika

== Imithombo ==

== Iincwadi ==

* UMzantsi Afrika. Umgaqo-siseko weRiphablikhi yoMzantsi Afrika, 1996. Iyafumaneka kwi-[https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996 https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-South-Africa-1996].
* I-United Kingdom. Umthetho woMzantsi Afrika, ka-1909. Ifumaneka kw[https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104730/https://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/jzhy2/cbsa1.pdf I-http://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/jzhy2/cbsa1.pdf]
* I-United Kingdom. Umgaqo-siseko waseWestminster, ngowe-1931. Iyafumaneka kwi-&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpGA_19310004_en.pdf&lt;/nowiki&gt;[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpga_19310004_en.pdf https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpGA_19310004_en.pdf]
* I-United Kingdom. Isibhengezo sikaBalfour, ngowe-1926.
* UMzantsi Afrika. Umthetho woBumi bamaBantu, 1970. Iyafumaneka kwi-http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/leg19700309028020026
* UMzantsi Afrika. Umgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika, uMthetho 200 ka-1993. Iyafumaneka kwi-[https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-act-200-1993 https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constituction-republic-south-Africa-act-200-1993]
* UMzantsi Afrika. Imeko yeManyano, Umthetho 69 ka 1934.

== Funda ngokugqithisileyo ==

* {{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Adam|title=South Africa's suspended revolution - Hopes and prospects|publisher=Wits University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-86814-608-6|author-link=Adam Habib}}
* {{Cite book|last=Plaut|first=Martin|title=Who Rules South Africa?|last2=Holden|first2=Paul|publisher=Biteback Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-1849544085}}
* {{Cite book|title=Political Parties in South Africa - Do They Undermine or Underpin Democracy?|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|year=2017|isbn=978-0-7983-0514-3|editor-last=Thuynsma|editor-first=Heather}}
[[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isini, Indawo kunye neNkcubeko</title>
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        <username>Princess Natty</username>
        <id>16612</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* IReferentsi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3120" sha1="livwwqaq8l75vlnitd1n4hl2n2zcbr8" xml:space="preserve">'''''Isini, Indawo kunye neNkcubeko: Ijenali yeJografi yabasetyhini''''' yijenali ephononongwa ngoontanga epapashwa izihlandlo ezili-12 ngonyaka nguTaylor noFrancis . Yijenali yamazwe ngamazwe kwijografi yabasetyhini kwaye ijolise ekuboneleleni &quot;ngeqonga lengxoxo kwijografi yabantu kunye nezifundo ezinxulumene noko kuphando olunolwazi oluphathelele imiba yesini &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gender, Place &amp; Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography: About this journal: aims &amp; scope|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&amp;journalCode=cgpc20|accessdate=31 August 2015|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukufinyeza kunye nokufaka izalathiso ==
 
Ngokwe-''Journal Citation Reports'', le jenali yayine-'''impact factor''' eyi-1.180 ngo-2015, nto leyo eyayiyibeka kwindawo ye-13 kwiijenali ezingama-40 kudidi lwe-“Women’s Studies”

== Impikiswano ==
Ngo-2018, le jenali yaba kujoliswe kuyo kwisenzo sobuqhetseba kupapasho lwezifundo esabizwa ngokuba yi-''Grievance Studies affair''. Apapashwa liqela lababhali abathathu, uPeter Boghossian, uJames A. Lindsay, noHelen Pluckrose, ngenjongo yokubonisa oko babekubona njengophando olungekho mgangathweni kunye nokwehla kwemigangatho kwiinkalo eziliqela zemfundo. Iphepha elalinesihloko esithi '''“Human Reactions to Rape Culture and Queer Performativity in Urban Dog Parks in Portland, Oregon”''' lahlaziywa, lamkelwa, laza lafumana ibhaso. Eli phepha lacebisa ukuba amadoda kufuneka '''“aqeqeshwe ngendlela esiqeqesha ngayo izinja ukuze kuthintelwe inkcubeko yodlwengulo.'''

Eli nqaku larhoxiswa emva kokuba ubuqhetseba buvezwe. Ngexesha lokubhengezwa kobuqhetseba, amaphepha asixhenxe kumashumi amabini eqela ayesele amkelwe ukuba apapashwe, asixhenxe ayesaphononongwa, aza amathandathu alahlwa. Phakathi kwamanqaku awayepapashiwe kwakukho iingxoxo ezazisithi izinja zibandakanyeka kwinkcubeko yodlwengulo nokuba amadoda anokunciphisa ucalucalulo lwawo oluchasene nabantu abatshintsha isini ngokuzifaka ngokwawo izinto zokudlala zesondo ezimpundu, kwakunye nenxalenye yesahluko sencwadi kaAdolf Hitler ethi ''Mein Kampf'' eyaphinda yabhalwa ngolwimi lobufeminist. Elinye lala maphepha lalipapashiwe, ngakumbi, lafumana ukuqatshelwa okukhethekileyo yijenali.

== IReferentsi ==
References
 &quot;Gender, Place &amp; Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography: About this journal: aims &amp; scope&quot;. Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
 &quot;Gender, Place &amp; Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography: About this journal: editorial board&quot;. Taylor and Francis. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
 &quot;Journals Ranked by Impact: Women's Studies&quot;. 2015 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Social Sciences ed.). Thomson Reuters. 2016.
 &quot;'Sokal Squared': Is Huge Publishing Hoax 'Hilarious and Delightful' or an Ugly Example of Dishonesty and Bad Faith?&quot;. The Chronicle of Higher Education. 2018-10-03. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
 &quot;Hoaxers Slip Breastaurants and Dog-Park Sex Into Journals&quot;. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
 Kennedy, Laura. &quot;Hoax papers: The Shoddy, Absurd and Unethical Side of Academia&quot;. The Irish Times. Retrieved February 15, 2021.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>I-Operation Dudula</title>
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        <username>Blueskieees</username>
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      <text bytes="5175" sha1="a8et26nzcgpt4go16zlrnltq68qzdl8" xml:space="preserve">I-Operation Dudula ngumbutho owatshintsha waba liqela lezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika. Idla ngokuchazwa njengombutho oyi ''fascist,'' kwaye yaziwa ngokubanzi njengeqela elithiya abemi bangaphandle , futhi linxulunyaniswa nokusongela ngogonyamelo abantu bamanye amazwe abaneempepha kunye nabangenazo. Eli qela lityhola imida yaseMzantsi Afrika enemingxuma, iindlela zokufudukela ezikhululekileyo kunye nokubakho kwabafuduki njengezona zinto ziphambili kwiingxaki ezininzi zentlalo zaseMzantsi Afrika. Inkokheli yeliqela nguZandile Dabula.

I-Operation Dudula yasungulwa eSoweto, ilokishi yaseRhawutini, kwaye ukususela ngoko isasazeke nakwezinye iindawo zelizwe. Igama elithi &quot;Dudula&quot; lithetha &quot;ukugxotha ngenkani&quot; okanye &quot;ukubetha uwise&quot; ngesiZulu, kwaye libhekisa kwinjongo yentshukumo yokugxotha abemi bangaphandle. Nangona betyholwa ngokujolisa ugonyamelo kubafuduki, i-Operation Dudula iyaphika ukuba inento yokwenza neenjongo zokucalucalula abantu bamanye amazwe.


== Imvelaphi, iinjongo kunye nemisebenzi ==
I-Operation Dudula yasekwa nguNhlanhla &quot;Lux&quot; Dlamini (okwangu Mohlauhi). UDlamini waduma kakhulu ngendima yakhe ekukhuseleni iMaponya Mall kubaphangi kwisiphithiphithi esenzeka ngeyeKhala ngonyaka wama-2021. Eli qela lavela kwingxoxo eyayigxeka abemi bangaphandle ngenxa yokuwa kunye nobunzima bezoqoqosho, ukufa  okudalwe yi-COVID-19 kunye nokuvalwa kwelizwe. I-Operation Dudula yakhokela umngcelele wayo wokuqala ngomhla we 16 kunyaka wama-2021 idlula eSoweto ijolise kubantu ababekholelwa ukuba ngabathengisi beziyobisi bamanye amazwe kunye namashishini ababecinga ukuba aqesha abemi bangaphandle. Umngcelele wonyusa udumo lwabo kwaye kwiinyanga ezalandelayo, amaqela amaninzi achasene nabemi bangaphandle nawo abizwa ngokuba yiDudula okanye uhlobo oluthile lwegama, njenge-Alexandra Dudula Movement eyahlukileyo, asekwa. NgekaTshazimpuzi kunyaka wama-2022, iOperation Dudula yanda yaya eThekwini, KwaZulu Natal, kwaye ngekaCanzibe kowama-2022, yaya kwiPhondo laseNtshona Koloni.

I-Operation Dudula ithi iphulo layo lijoliswe ekusombululeni ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi kunye neenkonzo zempilo ezikwi meko ezimbi ezibangelwa &quot;kukwanda kwabantu abafudukayo abangena mpepha&quot;. Baye bakhankasela ukuba amashishini amancinci aqeshe abantu baseMzantsi Afrika kuphela, kunye nabafuduki abagcina iivenkile bavale baze baphume eMzantsi Afrika. I-Operation Dudula ityholwa ngeziganeko ezininzi zobundlobongela obujoliswe kubafuduki baseAfrika kwiilokishi zaseMzantsi Afrika, kuquka ukuvala iivenkile ngenkani kunye nokuhlasela iipropati. 

NgeyoKwindla kowama-2022, uDlamini wabanjwa ngezityholo zokucwangcisela ukuhlasela ikhaya lelungu le-EFF uVictor Ramerafe eDobsonville apho iOperation Dudula yathi kuthengiswa iziyobisi; wafumana izigwebo ezibini ezixhonyiweyo ngokufanelekileyo. NgeyeKhala kwama-2022, uDlamini washiya iOperation Dudula ukuze agxile emsebenzini wakhe kunye nePalamente yaseSoweto; oku kwakubangelwa kukungaboni ngasonye phakathi kwamaqela amabini malunga nomba wemfuduko.

NgeyeKhala nangeyeThupha kowama-2022, iOperation Dudula yayijolise kwaye ijongene nabafuduki abangekho mthethweni ababehlala kwizakhiwo ezikwisixeko esiphakathi eGoli. Eli qela alinasakhiwo samalungu, libonakala kakhulu kumakhasi onxibelelwano kwaye lwakhiwe ngamalungu oluntu achaphazeleka kakhulu.


KuCanzibe kowama-2023, yazazisa njengeqela lezopolitiko eliceba ukukhuphisana kunyulo kunyaka wama-2024. 

Eminye imibutho enxulumene neOperation Dudula ibandakanya:


* South Africa First campaign 
* Alexandra Dudula Movement 
* All Truck Drivers Foundation 
* MKMVA- UMkhonto weSizwe Military Veterans' Association (echithwe).

== Impendulo ==
I-Operation Dudula ibizwe ngokuba iAfrophobic. Abaxhasi bamalungelo abafuduki bathi iOperation Dudula igxeka abafuduki ngokungafanelekanga ngobunzima bezoqoqosho obubangelwe bubunzulu bokungalingani eMzantsi Afrika.

Amanye amaqela aphikisayo achasene neOperation Dudula asekiwe. I-Kopanang Africa against Xenophobia (KAAX) liqela elasekwa ngokuchasene neOperation Dudula. Ngowama-2023, iKAAX kunye namanye amaqela oluntu afaka ityala enkundleni ngokuchasene neOperation Dudula, befuna ukuthintela eli qela ekuhlaseleni abemi bangaphandle kunye nokuphelisa imizamo yokuvala ufikelelo ezikolweni nakwinkonzo zempilo kubantu basemzini. ISebe leMicimbi yaseKhaya kunye neeNkonzo zamaPolisa laseMzantsi Afrika longezwa kamva kweli tyala, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukukhusela uluntu olubuthathaka. Ekugqibeleni ityala lafika enkundleni ngeyeSilimela kowama-2025.

KuTshazimpuzi kowama-2022, emva koxinzelelo loluntu, umongameli uCyril Ramaphosa wayigxeka iOperation Dudula ngokuthathela umthetho ezandleni ngendlela engekho mthethweni . Nangona iOperation Dudula ngelo xesha yayingabandakanyeki naqela lezopolitiko, iinkokheli zayo zafumana inkxaso yoluntu kwiinkokheli zePatriotic Alliance uGayton McKenzie noKenny Kunene.

== Iziphumo zonyulo ==
Eli qela lifumene iivoti ezingama 2,664 okanye 0.07% eRhawutini, iivoti ezingama 736 okanye 0.05% eLimpopo.

=== Unyulo lwephondo ===

== Bona futhi ==

* Makwerekwere
* Ubuzwe baseMzantsi Afrika
* Ucalucalulo lwabemi bangaphandle eMzantsi Afika 

== Iimbelekiselo ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Usuku lweNtwasahlobo</title>
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        <username>Sinesihle1</username>
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      <text bytes="11457" sha1="c6fhfgvop89vbahppgt3e27hrey3ymi" xml:space="preserve">Usuku lweNtwasahlobo luhlobo lweholide ebonisa ukufika kwexesha lentwasahlobo, oluthi lubhiyozelwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngeentsuku ezahlukeneyo.

== Ihemisphere engasentla ==

=== Albania ===
[[File:Zjarri.jpg|thumb|Zjarri yokubhiyozela iDita e Verës&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-02|title=Dita e Verës|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dita_e_Ver%C3%ABs&amp;oldid=1372851644|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  eTropojë, emantla eAlbania. Ivuthwa ngobusuku bangaphambi okanye phambi kokuphuma kwelanga ukuze inike amandla kuLanga (uDielli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-11|title=Dielli (Albanian paganism)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)&amp;oldid=1374391485|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Abantu bayadanisa kwaye bacule bejikeleze yona okanye bayitsibe, isithethe esenziwa ukuphawula ukuphela kobusika, ukuvuselelwa, ukuhlanjululwa kunye neenjongo zokukhusela.]]
Abemi base Albania&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-19|title=Albanians|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanians&amp;oldid=1375662554|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; babhiyozela ''usuku  lwentwasahlobo'', ngesiAlbania: ''Dita e Verës''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-02|title=Dita e Verës|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dita_e_Ver%C3%ABs&amp;oldid=1372851644|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (‘Usuku lweHlobo’), nge 14 ngo  Matshi, kwaye ngo 2004 lwaba yiholide yesizwe eAlbania. Luhlobo lwesithethe sakudala samaAlbania esingokwenkolo yakudala&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-11|title=Albanian paganism|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanian_paganism&amp;oldid=1374391248|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, lubhiyozela amandla oLanga (uDielli&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-11|title=Dielli (Albanian paganism)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)&amp;oldid=1374391485|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) kunye nokuvuselelwa kwendalo. Minyaka le, umbutho okhethekileyo walo mthendeleko wesintu wenziwa kwisixeko saseElbasan, kwaye izithethe zesintu ziqhutywa kulo lonke ummandla ohlala amaAlbania'''.'''

Ngo‑14 Matshi, amaArbëreshë&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Arbëreshë people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people&amp;oldid=1376615334|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; asecaleni lolwandle lwaseItali, uluntu lwamaAlbania oluhlala eItali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Italy|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy&amp;oldid=1376623246|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye‑15, aqokelela ingcambu yengca kunye nomhlaba, aze ayise ekhaya ukukhumbula usuku lokufuduka kwawo ukusuka eAlbania. Enyanisweni, imithombo ethile ibuyisela lo mthendeleko kwixesha lama illyria &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=Illyria|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illyria&amp;oldid=1376194706|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;amandulo. Ngelo xesha, umthendeleko wawubhiyozelwa ngo‑1 Matshi, owawuhambelana noSuku lokuqala lonyaka ngokweKhalenda kaJulian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-22|title=Julian calendar|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_calendar&amp;oldid=1370601235|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uhambo lokuhambela lwenziwa kwiintaba ezingcwele &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Sacred mountains|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sacred_mountains&amp;oldid=1376648883|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;zaseAlbania eziphakamileyo ukuze abantu babe kufutshane kangangoko noThixo weLanga baze bathandaze ngobubele kunye nempumelelo yonyaka omtsha. Umlilo omkhulu (uZjarri&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-11|title=Enji (deity)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enji_(deity)&amp;oldid=1374391347|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) uvuthwa ngobusuku bangaphambi okanye phambi kokuphuma kwelanga ukuze unike amandla kuLanga, abantu badanisa kwaye bacule bejikeleze wona okanye bawutsibe, isithethe esenziwa ukuphawula ukuphela kobusika, ukuvuselelwa, ukuhlanjululwa kunye neenjongo zokukhusela. Iintyatyambo kunye neengqekembe zifakwa emnyango weendawo zokuhlala ngenhlanhla.

Umbhiyozo weDita e Verës uqala ngosuku olungaphambili ngokulungiselela izimuncumuncu: irevani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-12|title=Basbousa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basbousa&amp;oldid=1369103442|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kunye neballakume, ezidibanisa ibhotolo, iswekile, umgubo weenkanga kunye namaqanda atyheli, zize ziphekwe kwiofeni yomthi. Ngexesha langokuhlwa, iBallakume, iifigi ezomisiweyo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-28|title=Fig|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fig&amp;oldid=1371790571|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, iiwolnathi, imilenze yenkuku, amaqanda abilisiweyo, kunye neSimit (isandwich esiqhelekileyo sesixeko) zisasazwa kumalungu entsapho. Owesifazane omdala wendlu uhlale evukile ebusuku aze ahambe egumbini ukuya egumbini ebeka ingca kwiipilo zabathandanayo, ulutsha kunye nabantwana, isithethe esimele ukuvuselelwa nokukhawulezisa.

Ngentsasa yo‑14 Matshi, abadala bashiya umnyango uvulekile njengophawu lobubele, befumana imbiza egcwele amanzi amatsha baze bathathe ingca eluhlaza bayise ekhaya. Abancinci bafaka umgquba kwizityalo zeorenji kunye nezi‑oliva, kodwa abancinci kakhulu ngabo bokuqala ukwenza ‘iindwendwe zenhlanhla’ kumamelwane nakwizalamane, ababanika imilenze yenkuku, iifigi ezomisiweyo kunye neenkozo. Ekugqibeleni, isidlo sasemini ngo‑14 Matshi kufuneka sidliwe phandle kunye nabahlobo nezalamane.

=== Bangladesh ===
IBangladesh &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=Bangladesh|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh&amp;oldid=1376037113|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ibhiyozela usuku  lwentwasahlobo nge 14 Februwari njengosuku lokuqala kwinyanga kaFalgun&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-10|title=Phalguna|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phalguna&amp;oldid=1363484803|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Luthathwa njengesiqalo seBoshonto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Bengali calendar|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengali_calendar&amp;oldid=1374578707|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ixesha lentwasahlobo kumaBengali&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=Bengalis|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bengalis&amp;oldid=1376002062|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Phambi ko2019, usuku lokuqala lukaFalgun lwaluwela nge13 Februwari ngokwekhalenda kaGregorian&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-11|title=Gregorian calendar|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorian_calendar&amp;oldid=1374418208|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, kodwa ukusukela ngo2020 ngenxa yeenguqu kwikhalenda yaseBangladesh, iPohela Falgun&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-18|title=Pohela Falgun|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pohela_Falgun&amp;oldid=1339037848|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ibhiyozelwa nge14 Februwari, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ihambelane nosuku lweValentine &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-07|title=Valentine's Day|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valentine%27s_Day&amp;oldid=1368166512|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kweli lizwe.

== Ihemisphere esezantsi ==

=== Argentina ===
I[[Ajentina|Argentina]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-20|title=Argentina|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argentina&amp;oldid=1375817612|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ibhiyozela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo, ngokwesiko, nge21 Septemba, usuku olunye okanye amabini ngaphambi kweEquinox &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Equinox|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equinox&amp;oldid=1376271655|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;yokwenene yentwasahlobo. Olu suku lukwaphawula.

Nangona olu suku lungelulo iholide yesizwe yokungasebenzi, luhambelana nosuku lwabafundi, olungelusuku lwesikolo kubafundi bamanqanaba onke enkqubo yemfundo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-07-18|title=Education in Argentina|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Argentina&amp;oldid=1364849655|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Le holide ke ibhiyozelwa kakhulu kwaye iphambili kubafundi abakwiminyaka yobutsha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-01|title=Adolescence|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolescence&amp;oldid=1372499207|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; kunye nolutsha, abathatha ngobuninzi iipak&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-19|title=Park|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Park&amp;oldid=1375748687|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;i zikawonkewonke, iilwandle &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-12-04|title=Beach|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beach&amp;oldid=1325598349|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;kunye neendawo zangaphandle ezisemazibukweni amakhulu, baze bonwabele imidlalo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-08-30|title=Sport|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport&amp;oldid=1372102110|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; okanye iipikniki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-24|title=Picnic|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picnic&amp;oldid=1376427578|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ulawulo lwengingqi luhlala lunika uluntu imiboniso yokuzonwabisa, efana neekonsathi zamatye zasimahla. Kule minyaka yakutshanje, imisebenzi yokhuseleko iye yenziwa ukunqanda iziganeko ezifana nokulwa kunye nokonakalisa izinto, kwakunye nolawulo lokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweziselo ezinxilisayo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=Alcoholic beverage|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_beverage&amp;oldid=1376000028|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Paraguay ===
IParaguay&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-21|title=Paraguay|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraguay&amp;oldid=1376021681|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ibhiyozela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo nge21 Septemba, usuku olunye okanye amabini ngaphambi kweEquinox yokwenene yentwasahlobo. Olu suku lukwaphawula usuku lolutsha

=== Uruguay ===
IUruguay ibhiyozela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo ngo‑21 Septemba, usuku olunye okanye amabini ngaphambi kweequinox&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Equinox|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equinox&amp;oldid=1376271655|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; yokwenene yentwasahlobo

=== Bolivia ===
''IBolivia''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-22|title=Bolivia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&amp;oldid=1376183058|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''ibhiyozela ukuqala kwentwasahlobo nge‑21 Septemba. Olu suku lukwaphawula usuku lwabafundi'' kunye ‘día del amor’. Ngalo mhla, ulutsha luthumela amakhadi, iitshokolethi kunye neentyatyambo kubahlobo, kwiqabane okanye kumthandi wabo.

=== South Africa ===
UMzantsi Afrika&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-17|title=South Africa|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Africa&amp;oldid=1375439630|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ubhiyozela usuku lwentwasahlobo nge 1 ka  Septemba. Izithethe zolu suku ziquka abantwana ababhiyozela ngokutshizana ngamanzi kunye nokunikwa abafundi usuku lwecivvies&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-23|title=Mufti (dress)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mufti_(dress)&amp;oldid=1376320220|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (usuku lokungafaki iiyunifomu zesikolo). Nangona kunjalo, kwezinye iindawo ezisemadolobheni wonke umntu uyathatha inxaxheba'''.'''

== Imithombo yolwazi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UJan Slabbert</title>
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        <username>African linguist</username>
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      <comment>/* Indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo */</comment>
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'''UJan Hendrik Slabbert''' (owazalwa nge-28 kaJuni 1933) ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika osolethathe umhlala-phantsi osebenze kwindlu yowisomthetho yesizwe ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya kutsho ngo-2003. Emva koko wazimanya nendlu yowisomthetho yephondo laKwaZulu-Natal. Ukwangusodolophu wangaphambili waseVryheid, KwaZulu-Natal.

USlabbert wangena kwezopolitiko ngorhulumente wasekhaya eVryheid waza wamela i -Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-2003. ngelixa iqela limthumela kwiNdlu yowisomthetho yephondo laKwaZulu-Natal ngoMatshi 2003, washiya esikhundleni eqhankqalaza waza waseka elakhe iqela elingazange libeyimpumelelo, '''iPeace and Development Party''' (PDP). Kamva ngo-2003, wazibandakanya ne- [[African National Congress]] (ANC) waza wonyulwa kwakhona kwezinye izihlandlo ezibini kwindlu yowisomthetho yephondo emele i-ANC.

== Ubomi nentsebenzo ==
USlabbert wazalwa ngomhla wama-28 kweyeSilimela ngo-1933  eVryheid. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Pressly|first=Donwald|date=4 March 2003|title=Musical chairs for IFP MPs|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/musical-chairs-for-ifp-mps-20030304|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangena kwezopolitiko wahlala iminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe kurhulumente wesixeko, kuquka iminyaka emithandathu njengosodolophu wedolophu yakowabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Segar|first=Sue|date=8 April 2003|title=Ex-IFP Slabbert flees home|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/ex-ifp-slabbert-flees-home-20030408|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-04-04|title=Defectors swarm to ruling party|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-04-04-defectors-swarm-to-ruling-party/|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngokutsho kukaSlabbert, wazibandakanya ne-IFP ngexesha localucalulo ngo-1987. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-04-02|title=SA gets yet another political party|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-04-02-sa-gets-yet-another-political-party/|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== INdlu yoWisomthetho yeSizwe ==
Kunyulo jikelele luka-1994, uSlabbert wonyulwa ukumela i-IFP kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26-|title=South Africa: Campaign and Election Report April 26–29, 1994|publisher=[[International Republican Institute]]|year=1994|access-date=13 April 2023|via=Yumpu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wonyulwa kwakhona kunyulo jikelele luka-1999 .  Nangona kunjalo, ekuqaleni kukaMatshi ngowama-2003, i-IFP yahlengahlengisa iqela labameli bayo kwindlu yowiso mthetho yaza yayalela uSlabbert ukuba arhoxe kwiPalamente kazwelonke ukuze azibandakanye nedlu yowisomthetho yaKwaZulu-Natal. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Segar|first=Susan|date=18 March 2003|title=IFP disloyalty costs R155 000|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/ifp-disloyalty-costs-r155-000-20030318|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=News24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo ==
Kweka Tshazimpunzi ngowama- 2003, uSlabbert wabhengeza ukuba uyashiya kwisikhundla kwi-IFP ukuze aseke iqela lakhe elitsha, iPDP. Wathi uyahamba kuba i-IFP imfudusele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo ngaphandle kokubonisana naye okanye ukunika ingcaciso wakwatsho ukuba uyibone lonto &quot;njengokuhlaziswa esidlangalaleni kulandela inkolo ebenayo yokuba ngumsebenzi ohloniphekileyo nozinikeleyo kubomi boluntu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; USlabbert yaba nguye kuphela ummeli wePDP owathi uza kulandela intsebenziswano engenamkhethe ne-IFP kunye notshaba lwayo, i-ANC. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Emva kokurhoxa kwakhe, iNews24 yabika ukuba ufudukile ekhayeni lakhe eVryheid, ikomkhulu le-IFP, emva kokutsalelwa umnxeba amatyeli aliqela awoyikisayo kunye nezigrogriso zokufa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

kweyeDwarha kowama-2003, uSlabbert wadweliswa kuluhlu lweqela le-ANC kunyulo oluzayo luka-2004 waza wabhengeza ukurhoxa kwakhe kwi-PDP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-11-21|title=Alliance split over election list|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2003-11-21-alliance-split-over-election-list/|accessdate=2023-05-14|website=The Mail &amp; Guardian|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emi phantsi kwebhanile ye-ANC, waphinda wonyulwa kwisihlalo sakhe kwindlu yowisomthetho yephondo ngo-2004  nango- 2009 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 April 2009|title=KwaZulu-Natal MPLs elected April 22|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/kwazulunatal-mpls-elected-april-22|accessdate=2023-02-01|website=Politicsweb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Imfundo eParaguay</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-25T20:37:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Khwini</username>
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      <text bytes="6262" sha1="nmhm8vu64cw4vgjoowhmjy7iyl0kgl6" xml:space="preserve">Ngexesha lobongameli bukaAlfredo Stroessner Mattiauda ngo 1954 ukuya ku 1989 izicwangciso zemfundo zathatha indawo engasemva kwiingxaki zoqoqosho kunye nomsebenzi wokulawula abachasi bezopolitiko, kwaye xa kuthathwa lawomanyathelo imivuzo yotishala yehla kakhulu. Umgaqo siseko ka1992 wazama ukulungisa izigaba zemfundo ezazilityelwe ixesha elide. Umgaqosiseko uchaza kwinqaku lamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu uchaza ukuba i20% yebhaso likaRhulumente kufuneka ikhokelwe kwiindleko zemfundo. Nangona kunjalo, eli nyathelo liye langathathelwa ngqalelo lalahlwa. 

Nangona kunjalo, ukuzenzela intando yeningi kuye kwahamba nokuphuculwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwenkqubo yemfundo. Iindleko zemfundo ziye zanda, zafikelela kuma-4.7 ekhulwini kwi-GDP ngowe - 2000, ukusuka kuma1.7 ekhulwini ngowe 1989. Uninzi lweemali ezongeziweyo zazisetyenziselwa ukunyusa imivuzo yootitshala nokuhlaziya iikharityhulam. Abafundi bafunwa baye esikolweni ukususela kwiminyaka esixhenxe ukusa kweyi-13, yaye uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba iParaguay inepesenti engama-92 yabantu abafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi. Imfundo karhulumente isimahla kubo bonke, kodwa amazinga okuyeka ayaqhubeka ephezulu.

Kude kube yiminyaka yoo-1990, I-Universidad Nacional de Asunción kunye ne-Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción zisebenzela bonke abemi baseParaguay. Njengenxalenye yeenguqu zemfundo kwiminyaka yee-1990, urhulumente wavula iiyunivesithi ezintsha ezili-10. Ngowe-2003 i-paraguay's national military academy yamkela amabhinqa angama-cadets okokuqala, ivula omnye umnyango kubafazi abafuna imfundo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|accessdate=2022-03-26|website=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ifumanisa ukuba iParaguay izalisekisa kuphela i-70.7% yoko kufanele ukuba izalisekise ilungelo lemfundo ngokusekwe kwinqanaba leengeniso zelizwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paraguay - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/|archive-date=2022-03-24|accessdate=2022-03-26|website=rightstracker.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-HRMI ichitha ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo ephambili kunye nemfundo ephakamileyo. Nangona ithathelwa ingqalelo inqanaba leengeniso zaseParaguay, ilizwe lifikelela kwi-73.0% yento ekufuneka yenziwe ngokusekwe kwizixhobo zalo (ingeniso) yemfundo esisiseko kunye ne-68.4% kuphela yemfundo ephakamileyo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paraguay - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/|archive-date=2022-03-24|accessdate=2022-03-26|website=rightstracker.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
!Inqanaba/Ibakala
!Ubudala obuqhelekileyo
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |I-Pre-school (Educación Inicial) 
|-
|Umama
|3
|-
|I-Pre-Jardín
|3-5
|-
|IJardín
|4-5
|-
|Imfundo yexesha elisezantsi
|5-6
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isikolo Esisiseko (Educación Primaria) 
|-
|Ibanga 1 (Ibanga lokuqala) 
|6-7
|-
|Ibanga lesibini (Segundo Grado) 
|7–8
|-
|Ibanga lesi-3 (i-Tercer Grado) 
|8–9
|-
|Ibanga 4 (Cuarto Grado) 
|9–10
|-
|Ibanga lesi-5 (Grado yesihlanu) 
|10–11
|-
|Ibanga lesi-6 (iBanga lesi-6) 
|11–12
|-
|Ibanga lesi-7 (Séptimo Grado) 
|12–13
|-
|Ibanga lesi-8 (Octavo Grado) 
|13–14
|-
|Ibanga lesi-9 (iNoveno Grado) 
|14-15
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isikolo esiphakamileyo (Educación Secundaria) 
|-
|Unyaka wokuqala (Primer Año de la Media) 
|15-16
|-
|Unyaka wesibini (Segundo Año de la Media) 
|16-17
|-
|Unyaka wesithathu (Tercer Año de la Media) 
|17–18
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Imfundo ye-Tertiary-University (Educación Terciaria-Universidad) 
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Imfundo ye-graduate
|- style=&quot;background:silver;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Imfundo yabantu abadala
|-
|}
Imfundo esemthethweni, yobuchwephesha kunye neyobugcisa eParaguay ikhona ngeenkqubo ezimbini eziphambili zemfundo: &quot;iBachilleratos Técnicos&quot; kunye ne &quot;Formación Profesional Media&quot;. I-Bachilleratos Técnicos ihlala iminyaka emithathu kwaye ikhokelela kwi-Bachiler Técnico enika ukufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Ihlanganisa abafundi abangama-60.000 kwilizwe liphela abahlukaniswe kwii-600 zezikolo eziphakamileyo zobuchwephesha. Abantu abashiye inkqubo yemfundo ngaphambili banokujoyina iinkqubo zoqeqesho lobungcali ezilawulwa liSebe lezeMfundo neNkcubeko, ukuba nje baphumelela ngokwaneleyo kwiimviwo zokungena. Abaphumelele kwezi nkqubo kunye ne &quot;Formacion Profesional Media&quot; kufuneka bapase i-Academic Competency Assessment Test (ACAT) ukuze ekugqibeleni baqhubeke nemfundo ephakamileyo. Ekugqibeleni, abafundi banokujoyina inkqubo &quot;Técnicos Superiores&quot; (imfundo yasemva kwesikolo esiphakamileyo) enikelwa ngamaziko angama-287 (88% ngamaziko abucala) kwaye enika isidanga &quot;seTexnician Advanced&quot; emva kweminyaka emithathu.

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo yemfundo esemthethweni, kukho ikharikhulamu yabantu abangaphezu kweminyaka eli-15 ubudala: uqeqesho lobuchwephesha, uqeqesho lokuqala lobuchwepheshe, uqeqeshwa lobuchwephesheni, kunye neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokungena kunye neenkqubo, ezinikezelwa ngamaziko karhulumente nawangasese. I-Ministry of Justice ikwanikezela ngemfundo noqeqesho ngeNkonzo yeSizwe yokuKhuthaza ubuchule (Servicio Nacional de Promoción Profesional de Paraguay). I-&quot;SNPP&quot; inikezela ngezifundo zeprogram yekhompyutha; inkqubo yoqeqesho ekude; inkqubo yokufunda ulutsha; inkqubo yophuhliso lweshishini; kunye nenkqubo yoqeqesho lwabaqeqeshi. Abafundi ikakhulu ngabantu abadala abaselula. Ezinye iziko zikarhulumente (uMphathiswa wezoLimo, ezempilo, iChamber of Construction yaseParaguay, iCentre Paraguayan of Productivity and Quality njl.) zenza imisebenzi ngaphandle kweenkqubo zobugcisa nezobugcisa. Imfundo engekho semthethweni nayo ibaluleke kakhulu eParaguay, nangona kunzima ukuyilinganisa.
Ilizwe lase Paraguay kwicandelo lezophando (October 2005){{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Blueskieees</username>
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      <text bytes="8670" sha1="dgw651jkojpdicvlvh3so0ugxgeklu1" xml:space="preserve">ISolomon Mahlangu Freedom College (SOMAFCO), yayiliziko lemfundo elasekwa yi-African National Congress (ANC) eyayiselubhacweni ngo-1978 eMazimbu, eTanzania. Yayibonelela ngemfundo yamabanga aphantsi naphezulu kubafundi ababebalekele eMzantsi Afrika emva kweSoweto Uprising ngonyaka we-1976 okanye ababengabantwana babo babesele beselubhacweni. Yayifundisa izifundo zemfundo nezomsebenzi, ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yemfundo iBantu, eyayifundisa abafundi abamnyama eMzantsi Afrika. Amasimi abonelela ngokutya kweliziko kwaye laliquka nesibhedlele. Yavulwa ngokusesikweni ngu Oliver Tambo ngo-1985.

== Imbali ==
I-ANC yaseka iziko layo lemfundo eMorogoro, eTanzania kumhlaba owanikelwa ngurhulumente waseTanzania ngonyaka we-1977, yaqhutywa ngu Anna Abdallah waseTanzania. Umhlaba waseMazimbu wawunezakhiwo ezithile zefama kwiihektare ezingama 600.Esi sikolo sathiywa ngegama likaSolomon Mahlangu, ilungu lephiko lomkhosi le ANC, uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) kunye nowagxothwa ngexesha le Soweto Uprising ngonyaka we-1976. Amanye amagama awayephakanyisiwe ekuthiyweni kwesi sikolo yayiyiAlbert Luthuli Institute (ethiywe ngoAlbert Luthuli) kunye neANC Freedom School.

Esi sakhiwo sakhiwa nguOswald Dennis, injineli yeANC eqeqeshwe eMpuma Jamani. Kamva waxhaswa ngumyili wezakhiwo uSpenser Hodgson. Umsebenzi waqala ngeyeKhala kunyaka we-1977, wakhiwa ngabasebenzi baseTanzania phantsi kweliso leANC, ngelixa imfundo yaqala phantsi kwemithi okanye kwizakhiwo zasefama ezazikho. Ekugqibeleni, malunga namashumi asibhozo ekhulwini labasebenzi yayingabantu baseTanzania. Njengoko yayiza kuba sisikolo sabafundi abahlala esikolweni, kwakufuneka indawo yokuhlala; ngoko ke kwakhiwa iiyunithi ezintandathu ezaziza kuhlala abafundi abayi-144, apho kwakuhlala abafundi abasibhozo kwigumbi ngalinye. Indlu yokuhlala yokuqala yagqityezelwa ukuze ihlalwe ngabafundi nootitshala ngasekupheleni konyaka we-1979. Ngowe-1980, umhlaba wawusele ucocwe, izindlu ezazikulo mhlaba zilungisiwe, kukho inkqubo yethutyana yokubonelela ngamanzi neyokulawula amanzi amdaka, kwaye izakhiwo ziqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lombane lwasekuhlaleni. Izicwangciso zexesha elizayo zazifuna iindawo zokulala ezininzi, izindlu, ikhitshi, amagumbi okutyela kunye nethala leencwadi.

Ekuqaleni, isakhiwo sasicetyelwe ukuba sibe sisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sabo babeselubhacweni ngenxa yeSoweto Uprising ngowe-1976 kunye nabantwana bangaphambi kowe-1976, kodwa kungekudala kwasekwa isikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo esikolweni, kwaye ngowe-1984 sabizwa ngokusesikweni ngokuba yiCharlotte Maxeke Children's Centre. Eli ziko laqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 njengesikolo sabantwana abancinci , saqala edolophini ngaphambi kokuba sibuyiselwe endlwini eyalungiswa eSOMAFCO ngowe-1981 njenge ''crèche'' kunye nesikolo sabantwana abancinci.

Ngonyaka we-1985 isikolo samabanga aphantsi samiselwa ngokusesikweni. Ngowe-1980, abemi baseNew Zealand uTerry noBarbara Bell bafika eTanzania ukuza kuseka isikolo samabanga aphantsi esasisebenza kwenye yezindlu ezilungisiweyo nangona ukuxinana kwakuthetha ukuba abanye bafanele baye kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi edolophini. Konke ukufundisa kwakusenziwa ngesiNgesi. AbakwaBell bashiya ngo 1982 emva kokungavisisani ngohlobo lolawulo lwesikolo. UDennis noHazel September bathatha ulawulo lwesikolo samabanga aphantsi kwaye uhlobo lokufundisa lwatshintsha labaloluqhelekileyo, yabalelokulinganisa amanqaku.

Ukutya kweli ziko kwakunikelwa kumhlaba weefama owawuza kubonelela ngobisi, amaqanda, inyama yehagu, inyama yenkomo kunye nombona. Ubungcali bukaHans Jurgen njengomcebisi wezolimo babuzakunikezelwa yi [[:en:Swedish_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency|Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.]] Wayezakuqala ukwakha isicwangciso sefama ukuze enze esi sakhiwo sikwazi ukuzimela ngo 1984 kubahalali abangama 2,500. Ootitshala nabafundi babelindeleke ukuba bachithe ixesha veki nganye besebenza ezifama. Ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo lwalubonelelwa yi Tanzania People's Defence Force.

Ekuqaleni, imiba yezonyango yayisingathwa yikliniki ekwelo ziko, kodwa xa imiba yezopolitiko neyobuqu iqalisa ukuba nempembelelo apho ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo 1980, kunye nokwanda kwesidingo sokubonelela ngonyango oluphucukileyo, i-ANC yagqiba kwelokuba makwakhiwe isibhedlele. Kamva sabizwa ngokuba yi-ANCHolland Solidarity Hospital, savulwa ngomhla woku 1 kuCanzibe ngo 1984. Iqela elimanyeneyo eNetherlands phantsi kukaHenk Odenk lasixhasa ngemali kwaye i-ANC yayinoxanduva lokwakhiwa kwaso.

Ifektri yefenitshala eyayixhaswa yiFinland, yavulwa ngo 1980 kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yiVuyisile Mini Furniture Factory, ebizwa ngegama likaVuyisile Mini, ijoni le MK elabulawayo. Ukongeza ekulungiseni

ifenitshala eyaphukileyo, yabonelela ngeeprojekthi zokwakha iingcango, iifreyimu zeefestile kunye nefenitshala.

== Ukufundisa kunye nekharityhulam ==
Ootitshala baqeshwa kwimithombo emithathu ephambili: phakathi kwamalungu e-ANC aneemfuno zobungcali; phakathi kwamalungu aphumelele ibanga le matriki alo mbutho; kunye nootitshala bamanye amazwe ababexhasa iinjongo ze-ANC.

I-ANC yayifuna ukugxininisa ukufundiswa kwezifundo zenzululwazi ezinzima , ezifana nenzululwazi kunye nebhayoloji, izifundo ezazingafundiswa rhoqo kubafundi abamnyama eMzantsi Afrika phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente we''Bantu Education'' kwaye kwakukho ukunqongophala kootitshala bayo. Ekugqibeleni ootitshala baqeshwa eYurophu - kuquka i-United Kingdom, amazwe aseNordic, iNetherlands kunye ne-GDR - kwaye kamva bavela eNigeria, eZambia naseTanzania.

Abafundi babefundiswa ngesiNgesi kuphela, befumana imfundo yesintu engeyiyo eyeBantu kunye nemfundo yezopolitiko. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo 1980, izifundo zaziquka isiNgesi, izibalo, imbali, ijografi, ikhemistri, i-biology, ifiziksi, inzululwazi yezolimo, ukuchwetheza, inzululwazi edityanisiweyo, umzobo wobugcisa, uphuhliso lwezentlalo, uncwadi, kunye nembali yomzabalazo Ezi zintathu zokugqibela zihlolwe ngaphakathi, ezinye izifundo zihlolwe ngaphandle e-United Kingdom njengeemviwo ze-GCE O level. Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sasineefom ezintandathu okanye amabanga, kwaye iiklasi ziqhutywa ukususela ngoMvulo ukuya kuLwesihlanu, iyunifomu inxitywa nangona inganyanzeliswanga ngokungqongqo.Ukohlwaywa ngokubetha nangona kwakungavumelekanga ngokusesikweni kwakusenziwa ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye kuxhomekeke kutitshala obandakanyekayo. 

Imfundo ephakamileyo ayizange iqhutywe yikholeji kodwa ngokusebenzisa izibonelelo zemfundo, abafanelekileyo bafumana imfundo eyongezelelweyo kwiiyunivesithi zaseBritane, eYurophu naseMelika; mmazwe obuKomanisi akwanceda, kodwa ikakhulu kwicandelo lezolimo, i-''paramedicine'', kunye nobunjineli, kunye nezinye izakhono zobugcisa.

== UMlawuli Oyintloko / UMlawuli weZikolo ==

* 1982 - 1986 [[:en:Mohammed_Tikly|Mohammed Tikly]]
* 1987 - 1988 Tim Maseko
* 1989 - 1992 Alpheus Mangezi

== Iinqununu zezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo ==

* Oct 1978 Winston Njobe
* 1981 - 1985 Tim Maseko
* 1986 - 1990 Andrew Masondo
* 1990 - 1991 Don Mgakana
* 1991 - 1992 Ray Marutle

== Ootitshala ==

* [[:en:Lionel_Bernstein|Lionel Bernstein]] - titshala
* [[:en:Ruth_First|Ruth First]] - ikharityhulam yembali
* John Pampallis - titshala
* [[:en:Jack_Simons_(academic)|Jack Simons]] - titshala
* [[:en:Lindiwe_Zulu|Lindiwe Zulu]] - alumna
* Peter Knoope - titshala
* Aubrey Matlole - titshala
* Zandisile Pase - titshala
* Mzwandile Kibi - titshala

== Abaxhasi bezemali ==
Ikholeji ifumene inkxaso-mali evela kubanikeli bamanye amazwe. Uninzi lweminikelo yaseScandinavia kwi ANC isetyenziselwe imfundo, apho iNorway neSweden zinikele nge $12 yezigidi ngo 1985 kunye ne $25 yezigidi ngokulandelelana ngo 1988.Uncedo lwaseSweden lubonelelwe yi Swedish International Developmental Cooperation Agency. Eminye iminikelo yomsebenzi yayivela kwi German Democratic Republic, kwi Soviet Union, kwi United Nations Development Programme, kwimibutho yomanyano lwe World Health Organization (WHO), nakubanye abantu.

== Ukuvalwa ==
Xa yayivalwa ngomhla wesi 9 kweyoMsintsi 1992, icandelo lemfundo laliquka isikolo samabanga aphantsi, isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ifama, ifenitshala kunye nezinye iiyunithi zenxaso.  Iziseko ezisele zisele zahlanganiswa ne Soikone University of Agriculture. Ngowe 1991, i ''National Co-ordinating Committee on for the Return of Exiles'' yaseka iBatlagae Trust, eyadibanisa abafundi besikolo kwinkqubo yemfundo yaseMzantsi Afrika xa bebuya kwilizwe ngezibonelelo zemfundo.

Iingxelo zesikolo zigcinwe kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare. Amaxwebhu aqala ukufika ngoSeptemba 1992 kwaye agcinwa kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko ngaphambi kokuba athuthelwe kwiThala leeNcwadi laseHoward Pim ngowe 1995.</text>
      <sha1>dgw651jkojpdicvlvh3so0ugxgeklu1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>42134</id>
      <parentid>42132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T19:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Blueskieees</username>
        <id>16617</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Iziphene nendlela izivakalisi ezivakala ngayo</comment>
      <origin>42134</origin>
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      <text bytes="8690" sha1="d4owkxrhamzypj1xenc6pe64zw4e74f" xml:space="preserve">ISolomon Mahlangu Freedom College (SOMAFCO), yayiliziko lemfundo elasekwa yi-African National Congress (ANC) eyayiselubhacweni ngo-1978 eMazimbu, eTanzania. Yayibonelela ngemfundo yamabanga aphantsi naphezulu kubafundi ababebalekele eMzantsi Afrika emva kwe''Soweto Uprising'' ngonyaka we-1976 okanye ababengabantwana babo babesele beselubhacweni. Yayifundisa izifundo zemfundo nezomsebenzi, ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yemfundo iBantu, eyayifundisa abafundi abamnyama eMzantsi Afrika. Amasimi abonelela ngokutya kweliziko kwaye laliquka nesibhedlele. Yavulwa ngokusesikweni ngu Oliver Tambo ngo-1985.

== Imbali ==
I-ANC yaseka iziko layo lemfundo eMorogoro, eTanzania kumhlaba owanikelwa ngurhulumente waseTanzania ngonyaka we-1977, yaqhutywa ngu Anna Abdallah waseTanzania. Umhlaba waseMazimbu wawunezakhiwo ezithile zefama kwiihektare ezingama-600.Esi sikolo sathiywa ngegama likaSolomon Mahlangu, ilungu lephiko lomkhosi le ANC, uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) kunye nowagxothwa ngexesha le ''Soweto Uprising'' ngonyaka we-1976. Amanye amagama awayephakanyisiwe ekuthiyweni kwesi sikolo yayiyiAlbert Luthuli Institute (ethiywe ngoAlbert Luthuli) kunye neANC Freedom School.

Esi sakhiwo sakhiwa nguOswald Dennis, injineli yeANC eqeqeshwe eMpuma Jamani. Kamva waxhaswa ngumyili wezakhiwo uSpenser Hodgson. Umsebenzi waqala ngeyeKhala kunyaka we-1977, wakhiwa ngabasebenzi baseTanzania phantsi kweliso leANC, ngelixa imfundo yaqala phantsi kwemithi okanye kwizakhiwo zasefama ezazikho. Ekugqibeleni, malunga namashumi asibhozo ekhulwini labasebenzi yayingabantu baseTanzania. Njengoko yayiza kuba sisikolo sabafundi abahlala esikolweni, kwakufuneka indawo yokuhlala; ngoko ke kwakhiwa iiyunithi ezintandathu ezaziza kuhlala abafundi abayi-144, apho kwakuhlala abafundi abasibhozo kwigumbi ngalinye. Indlu yokuhlala yokuqala yagqityezelwa ukuze ihlalwe ngabafundi nootitshala ngasekupheleni konyaka we-1979. Ngowe-1980, umhlaba wawusele ucocwe, izindlu ezazikulo mhlaba zilungisiwe, kukho inkqubo yethutyana yokubonelela ngamanzi neyokulawula amanzi amdaka, kwaye izakhiwo ziqhagamshelwe kuthungelwano lombane lwasekuhlaleni. Izicwangciso zexesha elizayo zazifuna iindawo zokulala ezininzi, izindlu, ikhitshi, amagumbi okutyela kunye nethala leencwadi.

Ekuqaleni, isakhiwo sasicetyelwe ukuba sibe sisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sabo babeselubhacweni ngenxa yeSoweto Uprising ngowe-1976 kunye nabantwana bangaphambi kowe-1976, kodwa kungekudala kwasekwa isikolo sabantwana abasaqalayo esikolweni, kwaye ngowe-1984 sabizwa ngokusesikweni ngokuba yiCharlotte Maxeke Children's Centre. Eli ziko laqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 njengesikolo sabantwana abancinci , saqala edolophini ngaphambi kokuba sibuyiselwe endlwini eyalungiswa eSOMAFCO ngowe-1981 njenge ''crèche'' kunye nesikolo sabantwana abancinci.

Ngonyaka we-1985 isikolo samabanga aphantsi samiselwa ngokusesikweni. Ngowe-1980, abemi baseNew Zealand uTerry noBarbara Bell bafika eTanzania ukuza kuseka isikolo samabanga aphantsi esasisebenza kwenye yezindlu ezilungisiweyo nangona ukuxinana kwakuthetha ukuba abanye bafanele baye kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi edolophini. Konke ukufundisa kwakusenziwa ngesiNgesi. AbakwaBell bashiya ngowe-1982 emva kokungavisisani ngohlobo lolawulo lwesikolo. UDennis noHazel September bathatha ulawulo lwesikolo samabanga aphantsi kwaye uhlobo lokufundisa lwatshintsha labaloluqhelekileyo, yabalelokulinganisa amanqaku nokusebenza.

Ukutya kweli ziko kwakunikelwa kumhlaba weefama owawuza kubonelela ngobisi, amaqanda, inyama yehagu, inyama yenkomo kunye nombona. Ubungcali bukaHans Jurgen njengomcebisi wezolimo babuzakunikezelwa yi [[:en:Swedish_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency|Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.]] Wayezakuqala ukwakha isicwangciso sefama ukuze enze esi sakhiwo sikwazi ukuzimela ngowe-1984 kubahalali abangama-2500. Ootitshala nabafundi babelindeleke ukuba bachithe ixesha veki nganye besebenza ezifama. Ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo lwalubonelelwa yi Tanzania People's Defence Force.

Ekuqaleni, imiba yezonyango yayisingathwa yikliniki ekwelo ziko, kodwa xa imiba yezopolitiko neyobuqu iqala ukuba nempembelelo apho ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1980, kunye nokwanda kwesidingo sokubonelela ngonyango oluphucukileyo, i-ANC yagqiba kwelokuba makwakhiwe isibhedlele. Sabizwa ngokuba yi-ANCHolland Solidarity Hospital, savulwa ngomhla woku-1 kuCanzibe ngowe-1984. Iqela elimanyeneyo eNetherlands phantsi kukaHenk Odenk lasixhasa ngemali kwaye i-ANC yayinoxanduva lokwakhiwa kwaso.

Ifektri yefenitshala eyayixhaswa yiFinland, yavulwa ngowe-1980 kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yiVuyisile Mini Furniture Factory, ebizwa ngegama likaVuyisile Mini, ijoni le MK elabulawayo. Ukongeza ekulungiseni ifenitshala eyaphukileyo, yabonelela ngeeprojekthi zokwakha iingcango, iifreyimu zeefestile kunye nefenitshala.

== Ukufundisa kunye nekharityhulam ==
Ootitshala baqeshwa kwimithombo emithathu ephambili: phakathi kwamalungu e-ANC aneemfuno zobungcali; phakathi kwamalungu aphumelele ibanga le matriki alo mbutho; kunye nootitshala bamanye amazwe ababexhasa iinjongo ze-ANC.

I-ANC yayifuna ukugxininisa ukufundiswa kwezifundo zenzululwazi ezinzima , ezifana nenzululwazi kunye nebhayoloji, izifundo ezazingafundiswa rhoqo kubafundi abamnyama eMzantsi Afrika phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente we''Bantu Education'' kwaye kwakukho ukunqongophala kootitshala bayo. Ekugqibeleni ootitshala baqeshwa eYurophu - kuquka i-United Kingdom, amazwe aseNordic, iNetherlands kunye ne-GDR - kwaye kamva bavela eNigeria, eZambia naseTanzania.

Abafundi babefundiswa ngesiNgesi kuphela, befumana imfundo yesintu engeyiyo eyeBantu kunye nemfundo yezopolitiko. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, izifundo zaziquka isiNgesi, izibalo, imbali, ijografi, ikhemistri, i-bhayoloji, ifiziksi, inzululwazi yezolimo, ukuchwetheza, inzululwazi edityanisiweyo, umzobo wobugcisa, uphuhliso lwezentlalo, uncwadi, kunye nembali yomzabalazo Ezi zintathu zokugqibela zihlolwe ngaphakathi, ezinye izifundo zihlolwe ngaphandle e-United Kingdom njengeemviwo ze-GCE O level. Isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sasineefomu ezintandathu okanye amabanga, kwaye iiklasi ziqhutywa ukususela ngoMvulo ukuya kuLwesihlanu, iyunifomu inxitywa nangona inganyanzeliswanga ngokungqongqo.Ukohlwaywa ngokubetha nangona kwakungavumelekanga ngokusesikweni kwakusenziwa ngamanye amaxesha, kwaye kuxhomekeke kutitshala obandakanyekayo. 

Imfundo ephakamileyo ayizange iqhutywe yikholeji kodwa ngokusebenzisa izibonelelo zemfundo, abafanelekileyo bafumana imfundo eyongezelelweyo kwiiyunivesithi zaseBritane, eYurophu naseMelika; amazwe obuKomanisi akwanceda, kodwa ikakhulu kwicandelo lezolimo, i-''paramedicine'', ubunjineli, kunye nezinye izakhono zobugcisa.

== UMlawuli Oyintloko / UMlawuli weZikolo ==

* 1982 - 1986 [[:en:Mohammed_Tikly|Mohammed Tikly]]
* 1987 - 1988 Tim Maseko
* 1989 - 1992 Alpheus Mangezi

== Iinqununu zezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo ==

* Oct 1978 Winston Njobe
* 1981 - 1985 Tim Maseko
* 1986 - 1990 Andrew Masondo
* 1990 - 1991 Don Mgakana
* 1991 - 1992 Ray Marutle

== Ootitshala ==

* [[:en:Lionel_Bernstein|Lionel Bernstein]] - titshala
* [[:en:Ruth_First|Ruth First]] - ikharityhulam yembali
* John Pampallis - titshala
* [[:en:Jack_Simons_(academic)|Jack Simons]] - titshala
* [[:en:Lindiwe_Zulu|Lindiwe Zulu]] - alumna
* Peter Knoope - titshala
* Aubrey Matlole - titshala
* Zandisile Pase - titshala
* Mzwandile Kibi - titshala

== Abaxhasi bezemali ==
Ikholeji ifumene inkxaso-mali evela kubanikeli bamanye amazwe. Uninzi lweminikelo yaseScandinavia kwi ANC isetyenziselwe imfundo, apho iNorway neSweden zinikele nge $12 yezigidi ngowe-1985 kunye ne $25 yezigidi ngokulandelelana ngowe-1988.Uncedo lwaseSweden lubonelelwe yi Swedish International Developmental Cooperation Agency. Eminye iminikelo yomsebenzi yayivela kwi German Democratic Republic, kwi Soviet Union, kwi United Nations Development Programme, kwimibutho yomanyano lwe World Health Organization (WHO), nakubanye abantu.

== Ukuvalwa ==
Xa yayivalwa ngomhla wesi-9 kweyoMsintsi 1992, icandelo lemfundo laliquka isikolo samabanga aphantsi, isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ifama, ifenitshala kunye nezinye iiyunithi zenxaso.  Iziseko ezisele zisele zahlanganiswa neYunivesithi yase Soikone yezoLimo . Ngowe-1991, i ''National Co-ordinating Committee on for the Return of Exiles'' yaseka iBatlagae Trust, eyadibanisa abafundi besikolo kwinkqubo yemfundo yaseMzantsi Afrika xa bebuya kwilizwe ngezibonelelo zemfundo.

Iingxelo zesikolo zigcinwe kwiYunivesithi yaseFort Hare. Amaxwebhu aqala ukufika kweyoMsintsi -1992 kwaye agcinwa kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko ngaphambi kokuba athuthelwe kwiThala leeNcwadi laseHoward Pim ngowe-1995.</text>
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    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Umanyano</title>
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    <id>9368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>42123</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:48:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Havey Mjelo</username>
        <id>16624</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373413177|Coalition]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Umbimbi&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (ngesiNgesi: &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Coalition&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) ngumanyano lwamaqela ezopolitiko okanye amazwe avumelana ukusebenza kunye ngenjongo enye ethile. Oku kwenzeka xa kungekho qela linye linamandla okuphumelela lodwa.

== Ukwakhiwa ==
Ngokutsho kwe-&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Guide for Political Parties&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; epapashwe yi-National Democratic Institute kunye ne-Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, zintlanu izigaba zokwakha umanyano.

Isigaba sokuqala siquka ukuqulunqa isicwangciso seqela. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka lilungiselele isicwangciso salo phambi kothethwano. Okukhona amaqela efaka umzamo omninzi kwesi sigaba, kokukhona asenokwenzeka ukuba achonge amaqabane anobuchule, athethe isivumelwano esilungileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo.

Isigaba sesibini kukuthethathethana ngomanyano. Ngokusekelwe kwisicwangciso esiqulunqwe liqela ngalinye, amaqela ahlangana ukuze athethathethane kwaye afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga nemiqathango yomanyano. Kuxhomekeke kumxholo nakwiinjongo zomanyano, ezi ngxoxo zinokuba yimfihlo ngokupheleleyo okanye zibe sesidlangalaleni ngokuyinxenye. Nangona eminye imiba inokuvunyelwana ngayo ngokulula, eminye inokuba nzima kwaye ifune iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwisivumelwano.

Isigaba sesithathu kukutyikitya isivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Eli nqanaba liquka ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, ukufumana imvume esesikweni evela kumacandelo afanelekileyo amaqela angamalungu omanyano, kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngeenkcukacha zomanyano.

Isigaba sesine kukuqhuba umbimbi. Njengoko amaqabane omanyano eqalisa ukusebenza ukuphumeza isivumelwano sawo, kuya kufuneka agcine ubudlelwane obulungileyo ngokuqhubeka nokuzama ukwandisa okanye ukugcina ukuthembana nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela angamalungu. Iqela ngalinye liya kufuna ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokuhlonipha uxanduva lwalo emanyaneni nokugcina isazisi salo.

Amanyano abonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngeentlobo, nangexesha lobude bawo. Amanyano ephulo (campaign coalitions) anamandla aphezulu kwaye abandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide. Imibutho (federations) iphawulwa ngomlinganiselo osezantsi wokubandakanyeka, ubunzulu nokuthatha inxaxheba, ikwabandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide, kodwa ukuzinikela okuphambili kwamalungu kuhlala kukwimibutho yawo. Amanyano ezixhobo (instrumental coalitions) anokubandakanyeka okuphantsi ngaphandle kwesiseko sokulamla iingxabano. Okokugqibela, amanyano asekelwe kwiziganeko (event-based coalitions) ngalawo anomlinganiselo ophezulu wokubandakanyeka kunye nokubanakho kwentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nemibutho yamazwe (alliances), amanyano anokubizwa ngokuba zintsebenziswano zabangalinganiyo, kuba amandla ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nawezomkhosi athelekiswayo amisele impembelelo.

== Umsebenzi ==
Amanyano anokuhlelwa njengangaphakathi okanye angaphandle. Amanyano angaphakathi aqulunqwe ngabantu abasele bekumbutho, njengendawo yokusebenza. Umzekelo, umbutho wabasebenzi (trade union) luhlobo lomanyano olusekelwe ukumela imivuzo yabasebenzi, izibonelelo neemeko zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kolu manyano, abasebenzi banokucinezelwa kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nomvuzo ophantsi.

Amanyano angaphandle aqulunqwe ngabantu abangamalungu emibutho eyahlukeneyo abasebenzisanayo ukuze bafikelele usukelo olunye. Umzekelo, ukuze kuthintelwe ugonyamelo lwemipu, amaqela amaninzi, imibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho engenzi nzuzo yahlangana yaseka i-Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

== Ukusetyenziswa ==

=== Urhulumente nepolitiki ===
Oorhulumente bomanyano ngamanyano amaqela owiso-mthetho okwenza oorhulumente. Uninzi lohlalutyo lwamanyano kwezopolitiko lujongana nokuqulunqwa kweekhabhinethi zamaqela amaninzi kwiinkqubo zepalamente. EJamani, lonke ulawulo lube ngumanyano lwamaqela amaninzi ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. E-Mzantsi Afrika, emva konyulo lowama-2024, kwasekwa uRhulumente woManyano lwesizwe (GNU) phakathi kwe-ANC, DA kunye namanye amaqela.

Amanyano aguqukayo, atshintsha kuvoto ngalunye, akhona kwiPalamente yaseYurophu nakwipalamente yaseSwitzerland ukuze kupasiswe imithetho.

Amaqela adibana ngaphambi konyulo ngenxa yemiqobo yokungena epalamente abizwa ngokuba ngumbimbi wonyulo.

.{{Reflist}}

== Imithombo ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6oskb3ajwjztahvemsf0ohexutyy6dr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>42124</id>
      <parentid>42123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-25T16:48:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Quinlan83</username>
        <id>10462</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix</comment>
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      <text bytes="4318" sha1="8s2y5q5jjdb3gevgv8x6634bu4141wy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Umbimbi&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (ngesiNgesi: &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Coalition&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) ngumanyano lwamaqela ezopolitiko okanye amazwe avumelana ukusebenza kunye ngenjongo enye ethile. Oku kwenzeka xa kungekho qela linye linamandla okuphumelela lodwa.

== Ukwakhiwa ==
Ngokutsho kwe-&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Guide for Political Parties&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; epapashwe yi-National Democratic Institute kunye ne-Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, zintlanu izigaba zokwakha umanyano.

Isigaba sokuqala siquka ukuqulunqa isicwangciso seqela. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka lilungiselele isicwangciso salo phambi kothethwano. Okukhona amaqela efaka umzamo omninzi kwesi sigaba, kokukhona asenokwenzeka ukuba achonge amaqabane anobuchule, athethe isivumelwano esilungileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo.

Isigaba sesibini kukuthethathethana ngomanyano. Ngokusekelwe kwisicwangciso esiqulunqwe liqela ngalinye, amaqela ahlangana ukuze athethathethane kwaye afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga nemiqathango yomanyano. Kuxhomekeke kumxholo nakwiinjongo zomanyano, ezi ngxoxo zinokuba yimfihlo ngokupheleleyo okanye zibe sesidlangalaleni ngokuyinxenye. Nangona eminye imiba inokuvunyelwana ngayo ngokulula, eminye inokuba nzima kwaye ifune iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwisivumelwano.

Isigaba sesithathu kukutyikitya isivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Eli nqanaba liquka ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, ukufumana imvume esesikweni evela kumacandelo afanelekileyo amaqela angamalungu omanyano, kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngeenkcukacha zomanyano.

Isigaba sesine kukuqhuba umbimbi. Njengoko amaqabane omanyano eqalisa ukusebenza ukuphumeza isivumelwano sawo, kuya kufuneka agcine ubudlelwane obulungileyo ngokuqhubeka nokuzama ukwandisa okanye ukugcina ukuthembana nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela angamalungu. Iqela ngalinye liya kufuna ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokuhlonipha uxanduva lwalo emanyaneni nokugcina isazisi salo.

Amanyano abonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngeentlobo, nangexesha lobude bawo. Amanyano ephulo (campaign coalitions) anamandla aphezulu kwaye abandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide. Imibutho (federations) iphawulwa ngomlinganiselo osezantsi wokubandakanyeka, ubunzulu nokuthatha inxaxheba, ikwabandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide, kodwa ukuzinikela okuphambili kwamalungu kuhlala kukwimibutho yawo. Amanyano ezixhobo (instrumental coalitions) anokubandakanyeka okuphantsi ngaphandle kwesiseko sokulamla iingxabano. Okokugqibela, amanyano asekelwe kwiziganeko (event-based coalitions) ngalawo anomlinganiselo ophezulu wokubandakanyeka kunye nokubanakho kwentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nemibutho yamazwe (alliances), amanyano anokubizwa ngokuba zintsebenziswano zabangalinganiyo, kuba amandla ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nawezomkhosi athelekiswayo amisele impembelelo.

== Umsebenzi ==
Amanyano anokuhlelwa njengangaphakathi okanye angaphandle. Amanyano angaphakathi aqulunqwe ngabantu abasele bekumbutho, njengendawo yokusebenza. Umzekelo, umbutho wabasebenzi (trade union) luhlobo lomanyano olusekelwe ukumela imivuzo yabasebenzi, izibonelelo neemeko zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kolu manyano, abasebenzi banokucinezelwa kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nomvuzo ophantsi.

Amanyano angaphandle aqulunqwe ngabantu abangamalungu emibutho eyahlukeneyo abasebenzisanayo ukuze bafikelele usukelo olunye. Umzekelo, ukuze kuthintelwe ugonyamelo lwemipu, amaqela amaninzi, imibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho engenzi nzuzo yahlangana yaseka i-Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

== Ukusetyenziswa ==

=== Urhulumente nepolitiki ===
Oorhulumente bomanyano ngamanyano amaqela owiso-mthetho okwenza oorhulumente. Uninzi lohlalutyo lwamanyano kwezopolitiko lujongana nokuqulunqwa kweekhabhinethi zamaqela amaninzi kwiinkqubo zepalamente. EJamani, lonke ulawulo lube ngumanyano lwamaqela amaninzi ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. E-Mzantsi Afrika, emva konyulo lowama-2024, kwasekwa uRhulumente woManyano lwesizwe (GNU) phakathi kwe-ANC, DA kunye namanye amaqela.

Amanyano aguqukayo, atshintsha kuvoto ngalunye, akhona kwiPalamente yaseYurophu nakwipalamente yaseSwitzerland ukuze kupasiswe imithetho.

Amaqela adibana ngaphambi konyulo ngenxa yemiqobo yokungena epalamente abizwa ngokuba ngumbimbi wonyulo.

.{{Reflist}}

== Imithombo ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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        <id>16624</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373413177|Coalition]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Umbimbi&lt;nowiki&gt;'''&lt;/nowiki&gt; (ngesiNgesi: &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Coalition&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;) ngumanyano lwamaqela ezopolitiko okanye amazwe avumelana ukusebenza kunye ngenjongo enye ethile. Oku kwenzeka xa kungekho qela linye linamandla okuphumelela lodwa.

== Ukwakhiwa ==
Ngokutsho kwe-&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;Guide for Political Parties&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; epapashwe yi-National Democratic Institute kunye ne-Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, zintlanu izigaba zokwakha umanyano.

Isigaba sokuqala siquka ukuqulunqa isicwangciso seqela. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka lilungiselele isicwangciso salo phambi kothethwano. Okukhona amaqela efaka umzamo omninzi kwesi sigaba, kokukhona asenokwenzeka ukuba achonge amaqabane anobuchule, athethe isivumelwano esilungileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo.

Isigaba sesibini kukuthethathethana ngomanyano. Ngokusekelwe kwisicwangciso esiqulunqwe liqela ngalinye, amaqela ahlangana ukuze athethathethane kwaye afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga nemiqathango yomanyano. Kuxhomekeke kumxholo nakwiinjongo zomanyano, ezi ngxoxo zinokuba yimfihlo ngokupheleleyo okanye zibe sesidlangalaleni ngokuyinxenye. Nangona eminye imiba inokuvunyelwana ngayo ngokulula, eminye inokuba nzima kwaye ifune iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwisivumelwano.

Isigaba sesithathu kukutyikitya isivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Eli nqanaba liquka ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, ukufumana imvume esesikweni evela kumacandelo afanelekileyo amaqela angamalungu omanyano, kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngeenkcukacha zomanyano.

Isigaba sesine kukuqhuba umbimbi. Njengoko amaqabane omanyano eqalisa ukusebenza ukuphumeza isivumelwano sawo, kuya kufuneka agcine ubudlelwane obulungileyo ngokuqhubeka nokuzama ukwandisa okanye ukugcina ukuthembana nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela angamalungu. Iqela ngalinye liya kufuna ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokuhlonipha uxanduva lwalo emanyaneni nokugcina isazisi salo.

Amanyano abonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngeentlobo, nangexesha lobude bawo. Amanyano ephulo (campaign coalitions) anamandla aphezulu kwaye abandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide. Imibutho (federations) iphawulwa ngomlinganiselo osezantsi wokubandakanyeka, ubunzulu nokuthatha inxaxheba, ikwabandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide, kodwa ukuzinikela okuphambili kwamalungu kuhlala kukwimibutho yawo. Amanyano ezixhobo (instrumental coalitions) anokubandakanyeka okuphantsi ngaphandle kwesiseko sokulamla iingxabano. Okokugqibela, amanyano asekelwe kwiziganeko (event-based coalitions) ngalawo anomlinganiselo ophezulu wokubandakanyeka kunye nokubanakho kwentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nemibutho yamazwe (alliances), amanyano anokubizwa ngokuba zintsebenziswano zabangalinganiyo, kuba amandla ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nawezomkhosi athelekiswayo amisele impembelelo.

== Umsebenzi ==
Amanyano anokuhlelwa njengangaphakathi okanye angaphandle. Amanyano angaphakathi aqulunqwe ngabantu abasele bekumbutho, njengendawo yokusebenza. Umzekelo, umbutho wabasebenzi (trade union) luhlobo lomanyano olusekelwe ukumela imivuzo yabasebenzi, izibonelelo neemeko zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kolu manyano, abasebenzi banokucinezelwa kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nomvuzo ophantsi.

Amanyano angaphandle aqulunqwe ngabantu abangamalungu emibutho eyahlukeneyo abasebenzisanayo ukuze bafikelele usukelo olunye. Umzekelo, ukuze kuthintelwe ugonyamelo lwemipu, amaqela amaninzi, imibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho engenzi nzuzo yahlangana yaseka i-Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

== Ukusetyenziswa ==

=== Urhulumente nepolitiki ===
Oorhulumente bomanyano ngamanyano amaqela owiso-mthetho okwenza oorhulumente. Uninzi lohlalutyo lwamanyano kwezopolitiko lujongana nokuqulunqwa kweekhabhinethi zamaqela amaninzi kwiinkqubo zepalamente. EJamani, lonke ulawulo lube ngumanyano lwamaqela amaninzi ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. E-Mzantsi Afrika, emva konyulo lowama-2024, kwasekwa uRhulumente woManyano lwesizwe (GNU) phakathi kwe-ANC, DA kunye namanye amaqela.

Amanyano aguqukayo, atshintsha kuvoto ngalunye, akhona kwiPalamente yaseYurophu nakwipalamente yaseSwitzerland ukuze kupasiswe imithetho.

Amaqela adibana ngaphambi konyulo ngenxa yemiqobo yokungena epalamente abizwa ngokuba ngumbimbi wonyulo.

.{{Reflist}}

== Imithombo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Umanyano]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4215" sha1="81r9uicryej8bzhrebmqa4dr2c9frun" xml:space="preserve">'''Umbimbi''' (ngesiNgesi: ''Coalition'') ngumanyano lwamaqela ezopolitiko okanye amazwe avumelana ukusebenza kunye ngenjongo enye ethile. Oku kwenzeka xa kungekho qela linye linamandla okuphumelela lodwa.

== Ukwakhiwa ==
Ngokutsho kwe-''Guide for Political Parties'' epapashwe yi-National Democratic Institute kunye ne-Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, zintlanu izigaba zokwakha umanyano.

Isigaba sokuqala siquka ukuqulunqa isicwangciso seqela. Iqela ngalinye kufuneka lilungiselele isicwangciso salo phambi kothethwano. Okukhona amaqela efaka umzamo omninzi kwesi sigaba, kokukhona asenokwenzeka ukuba achonge amaqabane anobuchule, athethe isivumelwano esilungileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo.

Isigaba sesibini kukuthethathethana ngomanyano. Ngokusekelwe kwisicwangciso esiqulunqwe liqela ngalinye, amaqela ahlangana ukuze athethathethane kwaye afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga nemiqathango yomanyano. Kuxhomekeke kumxholo nakwiinjongo zomanyano, ezi ngxoxo zinokuba yimfihlo ngokupheleleyo okanye zibe sesidlangalaleni ngokuyinxenye. Nangona eminye imiba inokuvunyelwana ngayo ngokulula, eminye inokuba nzima kwaye ifune iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwisivumelwano.

Isigaba sesithathu kukutyikitya isivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Eli nqanaba liquka ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano esibhaliweyo, ukufumana imvume esesikweni evela kumacandelo afanelekileyo amaqela angamalungu omanyano, kunye nokwazisa uluntu ngokubanzi ngeenkcukacha zomanyano.

Isigaba sesine kukuqhuba umbimbi. Njengoko amaqabane omanyano eqalisa ukusebenza ukuphumeza isivumelwano sawo, kuya kufuneka agcine ubudlelwane obulungileyo ngokuqhubeka nokuzama ukwandisa okanye ukugcina ukuthembana nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela angamalungu. Iqela ngalinye liya kufuna ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokuhlonipha uxanduva lwalo emanyaneni nokugcina isazisi salo.

Amanyano abonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ngeentlobo, nangexesha lobude bawo. Amanyano ephulo (campaign coalitions) anamandla aphezulu kwaye abandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide. Imibutho (federations) iphawulwa ngomlinganiselo osezantsi wokubandakanyeka, ubunzulu nokuthatha inxaxheba, ikwabandakanya intsebenziswano yexesha elide, kodwa ukuzinikela okuphambili kwamalungu kuhlala kukwimibutho yawo. Amanyano ezixhobo (instrumental coalitions) anokubandakanyeka okuphantsi ngaphandle kwesiseko sokulamla iingxabano. Okokugqibela, amanyano asekelwe kwiziganeko (event-based coalitions) ngalawo anomlinganiselo ophezulu wokubandakanyeka kunye nokubanakho kwentsebenziswano yexesha elizayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nemibutho yamazwe (alliances), amanyano anokubizwa ngokuba zintsebenziswano zabangalinganiyo, kuba amandla ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho nawezomkhosi athelekiswayo amisele impembelelo.

== Umsebenzi ==
Amanyano anokuhlelwa njengangaphakathi okanye angaphandle. Amanyano angaphakathi aqulunqwe ngabantu abasele bekumbutho, njengendawo yokusebenza. Umzekelo, umbutho wabasebenzi (trade union) luhlobo lomanyano olusekelwe ukumela imivuzo yabasebenzi, izibonelelo neemeko zokusebenza. Ngaphandle kolu manyano, abasebenzi banokucinezelwa kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nomvuzo ophantsi.

Amanyano angaphandle aqulunqwe ngabantu abangamalungu emibutho eyahlukeneyo abasebenzisanayo ukuze bafikelele usukelo olunye. Umzekelo, ukuze kuthintelwe ugonyamelo lwemipu, amaqela amaninzi, imibutho yabasebenzi nemibutho engenzi nzuzo yahlangana yaseka i-Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

== Ukusetyenziswa ==

=== Urhulumente nepolitiki ===
Oorhulumente bomanyano ngamanyano amaqela owiso-mthetho okwenza oorhulumente. Uninzi lohlalutyo lwamanyano kwezopolitiko lujongana nokuqulunqwa kweekhabhinethi zamaqela amaninzi kwiinkqubo zepalamente. EJamani, lonke ulawulo lube ngumanyano lwamaqela amaninzi ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini. E-Mzantsi Afrika, emva konyulo lowama-2024, kwasekwa uRhulumente woManyano lwesizwe (GNU) phakathi kwe-ANC, DA kunye namanye amaqela.

Amanyano aguqukayo, atshintsha kuvoto ngalunye, akhona kwiPalamente yaseYurophu nakwipalamente yaseSwitzerland ukuze kupasiswe imithetho.

Amaqela adibana ngaphambi konyulo ngenxa yemiqobo yokungena epalamente abizwa ngokuba ngumbimbi wonyulo.

{{Reflist}}

== Imithombo ==
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''UMqulu wamalungelo ka-1689''' ( 1 Will. &amp;amp;amp; Mar. Sess. 2. c. 2) (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa njengo '''Mthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688''' )  ngumthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owamiselaamalungelo athile asisiseko abemi waza watshintsha indlela yokulandelelana kwesihlalo sobukumkani baseNgilani . Ihlala ingumthetho obalulekileyo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseNgilani .

Ubukhulu bayo isekelwe kwiingcamango zengcali yezopolitiko uJohn Locke, [ 3 ] lo Mthetho ubeka imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yokuba iSigqeba sifune imvume yabantu njengoko bemelwe ePalamente . &lt;ref name=&quot;British Library&quot; /&gt; [ 5 ] Ngaphandle kokubeka imida kumandla obukhosi, yamisela amalungelo ePalamente, kuquka iipalamente eziqhelekileyo, unyulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nelungelo lepalamente . &lt;ref name=&quot;ParliamentUK&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bill of Rights 1689|agency=Parliament UK|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/billofrights/|access-date=30 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikwadwelise amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kuquka ukuthintelwa kwesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga kunye nelungelo lokungahlawuli irhafu ehlawuliswayo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente. Ekugqibeleni, ichaze kwaye yagweba izenzo ezininzi ezimbi zikaJames II waseNgilani. &lt;ref name=&quot;British Library&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Britain's unwritten constitution|url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312163142/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|archive-date=12 March 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library|quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.}}&lt;/ref&gt; UMthetho wamaLungelo wafumana imvume yobukhosi ngomhla we-16 kweyoMnga ngo-1689. Yingxelo ephindwe ngokomthetho yeSibhengezo samaLungelo esanikezelwa yiPalamente yeSivumelwano kuWilliam III noMary II ngoFebruwari 1689, sibamema ukuba babe ngabalawuli abadibeneyo [[ENgilani|baseNgilani]], besusa uJames II, owathi warhoxa waza washiya itrone ingenanto.

e[[Iunited kingdom|United Kingdom]], lo Mthetho ujongelwa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lomgaqo -siseko waseBritane ongabhalwanga phantsi, kunye neMagna Carta, iSicelo saMalungelo, uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 kunye neMithetho yePalamente ka-1911 no-1949 . Uxwebhu olwahlukileyo kodwa olufana nalo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, lusebenza [[ESkotlani|eScotland]] . Lo Mthetho wawungomnye wemizekelo esetyenzisiweyo ekubhaleni uMthetho wamaLungelo eMelika, iSibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . &lt;ref name=&quot;ParliamentUK&quot; /&gt; Kunye noMthetho weSivumelwano sika-1701, usasebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth, njengoko ulungisiwe yiPerth Agreement .

== Imvelaphi ==
Ngexesha leshumi elinesixhenxe kwinkulungwane kwabakho umdla omtsha kwiMagna Carta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th&amp;nbsp;century|url=https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327042835/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=27 March 2015|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The British Library|postscript=none}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th&amp;nbsp;century|url=https://www.sal.org.uk/events/2015/06/magna-carta-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925053248/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=2018-09-25|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The Society of Antiquaries of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; IPalamente yaseNgilani yapasisa isicelo samalungelo ngo-1628 esasimisela amalungelo athile kubantu abaphantsi kwayo. IMfazwe Yamakhaya YaseNgilani (1642–1651) yaliwa phakathi koKumkani kunye nePalamente eyayikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi kodwa ikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Origins and growth of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rise of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/citizenship2.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; apho ingcamango yamaqela ezopolitiko exesha elide yaqala ukubonakala kunye neNew Model Army Grandees kunye nabantu abathobekileyo, abanempembelelo efanayo ababexoxa ngomgaqo-siseko omtsha kwiingxoxo zikaPutney zika-1647. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Putney debates|url=https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223321/https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|archive-date=22 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=The British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; IPalamente yayisoyikiswa kakhulu ngabaphathi ngexesha loLawulo (1653–1659) kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yoBuyiso lwesiNgesi lukaCharles II ukususela ngo-1660. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokukhula kweencwadana ezishicilelweyo kunye nenkxaso yeSixeko saseLondon, yakwazi ukunciphisa ezinye zezinto ezigqithisileyo, ubuqhetseba kunye nobukhulu bukarhulumente, ingakumbi uMnyango weCabal owatyikitya iSivumelwano esiyimfihlo saseDover esasidibanisa [[ENgilani|iNgilane]] neFransi kwimfazwe eyayiza kuba nxamnye namadlelane aseDutch Republic .  Yayisele ipasisile uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679, owaqinisa isivumelwano esasithintela ukubanjwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ubungqina obaneleyo.

=== Uguquko Oluzukileyo ===
{{Succession to the British throne}} 
Ukuchasa imigaqo-nkqubo kaKumkani uJames II waseNgilani (uJames&amp;nbsp;VII [[ESkotlani|yaseScotland]] kunye noJames&amp;nbsp;II yaseIreland), iqela lamaPalamente aseNgilane limema umnini-mhlaba waseDatshi uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwjw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III ka- Orange-Nassau (uWilliam wase-Orange) ukuze abhukuqe uKumkani. Ukuhlasela kukaWilliam ngempumelelo kunye neenqanawa zaseDatshi kunye nomkhosi kwakhokelela ekubeni uJames abalekele eFransi. NgoDisemba&amp;nbsp;Ngowe-1688, oontanga bombuso bammisela uWilliam njengerhuluneli yexeshana. Kwakuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba isenzo esinjalo sasihambelana nomgaqo-siseko ukuba uKumkani wayengenamandla okwenza izinto. Oontanga babize intlanganiso yamalungu amaninzi epalamente. Le ndibano ibize ukuba kunyulwe iPalamente yeNgqungquthela yesiNgesi, eyabanjwa ngomhla wama-22&amp;nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689. [ 13 ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/510billofrights.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231834/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/index.html|archive-date=22 September 2021|accessdate=23 June 2015|publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isibhengezo samaLungelo ===
 
[[File:Samuel_Wale,_The_Bill_of_Rights_Ratified_at_the_Revolution_by_King_William,_and_Queen_Mary,_Previous_to_their_Coronation_(1783).jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso wenkulungwane ye-18, osekelwe kumzobo kaSamuel Wale, woMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu owawunikwa uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwpQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III kunye noMariya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II]]
Isiphakamiso sokwenza ingxelo yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko kunye nolwaphulwa nguJames kwenziwa okokuqala ngomhla wama-29&amp;nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689 kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu zabameli, amalungu ephikisana ngelithi iNdlu &quot;ayinakuyiphendula isizwe okanye iNkosana yaseOrange de sibhengeze ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo ahlaselweyo&quot; kwaye uWilliam &quot;ayinakuyinyamezela into embi ukuba senza imiqathango yokuzikhusela kwixesha elizayo&quot; ukuze &quot;senze ubulungisa kwabo basithumele apha&quot;. Ngomhla wesibini kuFebruwari ikomiti ebizwe ngokukodwa yabika kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu 23&amp;nbsp;IiNtloko zezikhalazo, ezamkelwe yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaza yongeza ezinye zazo. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wesi-4&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yagqiba ekubeni iyalele ikomiti ukuba yahlule phakathi &quot;kweentloko ezipheleleyo, njengoko kungeniswa imithetho emitsha, kwezo zivakalisa amalungelo amandulo&quot;. Ngomhla wesi-7&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yamkele esi Sibhengezo seLungelo esihlaziyiweyo, kwaye ngomhla wesi-8&amp;nbsp;UFebruwari wayalela ikomiti ukuba ifake kwisicatshulwa esinye iSibhengezo (esisuswe iintloko &quot;ezazisungula imithetho emitsha&quot;), isigqibo se-29&amp;nbsp;uJanuwari kunye nesiphakamiso seeNkosi sokuba kuphinde kwamkelwe isifungo sokuthembeka. Yadlula kwi-Commons ngaphandle kokwahlulwahlulwa. [ 15 ]

Ngomhla we-13&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari unobhala weNdlu yeeNkosi wafunda iSibhengezo seLungelo, kwaye iMarquess yaseHalifax, egameni lawo onke amafa ommandla, yacela uWilliam noMary ukuba bamkele itrone. UWilliam waphendula egameni lomkakhe kunye naye ngokwakhe wathi: &quot;Siyayamkela ngethamsanqa into osinike yona.&quot; Emva koko bahamba ngomngcelele ukuya kwiSango eliKhulu eWhitehall. Kwitheko elalikwiNdlu yeMibhiyozo, uGarter King of Arms wabavakalisa njengoKumkani noKumkanikazi waseNgilani, eFransi naseIreland, apho babuyela kwiChapel Royal, kunye noBhishophu waseLondon eshumayela intshumayelo. [ 16 ] Bathweswe isithsaba ngomhla we-11&amp;nbsp;uApril, efunga ukuxhasa imithetho eyenziwe yiPalamente. UMthetho weSifungo soBukhosi ka-1688 wawunike isifungo esitsha soBukhosi, apho ookumkani babefanele &quot;bathembise baze bafunge ngokunyaniseka ukuba baza kulawula abantu bobu bukumkani baseNgilane, kunye nobukhosi obuphantsi kwabo, ngokwemithetho evunyelwene ngayo epalamente, kunye nemithetho namasiko aloo nto&quot;. Babefanele bagcine imithetho kaThixo, uvumo lokwenyani lweVangeli, kunye nokholo oluHlaziyiweyo lwamaProtestanti olusekwe ngumthetho. [ 17 ] Oku kwathatha indawo yesifungo esasibeke ngaphezulu kukumkani. Isifungo sangaphambili sasifuna ukuba ukumkani alawule ngokusekelwe &quot;kwimithetho namasiko ... anikwe ziiKumkani zaseNgilani&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;refUKPBoR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Convention and Bill of Rights|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/billofrights/|accessdate=2 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== UMthetho ==
Isibhengezo seLungelo samiselwa kuMthetho wePalamente, uMqulu wamaMqulu ka-1689, owafumana imvume yobukhosi ngoDisemba&amp;nbsp;1689. [ 19 ]

Lo Mthetho ugxininisa &quot;amalungelo athile amandulo kunye nenkululeko&quot; ngokuvakalisa ukuba: [ 20 ]

* Amandla okuzikhohlisa okumisa imithetho kunye nokuphelisa (oko kukuthi ukungawunaki) imithetho yigunya lolawulo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente asemthethweni;
* ikhomishini yezizathu zecawa ayisemthethweni;
* ukuhlawulisa irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente akukho mthethweni;
* Lilungelo labantu ukuba bafake isicelo kukumkani, kwaye ukutshutshiswa kweso sicelo akukho mthethweni;
* ukugcina umkhosi omiyo ngexesha loxolo, ngaphandle kokuba kungemvume yePalamente, kuchasene nomthetho;
* AmaProtestanti anokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo ngokweemeko zawo nanjengoko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho;
* unyulo lwamalungu ePalamente kufuneka lube lukhululeke;
* Inkululeko yokuthetha neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente akufanele ixoxwe okanye ibuzwe kuyo nayiphi na inkundla okanye indawo engaphandle kwePalamente;
* akufuneki kubekho ibheyile egqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izigwebo ezigqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izohlwayo eziqatha nezingaqhelekanga ;
* amajaji akwiinkundla zokungcatsha urhulumente kufuneka abe ngabantu abakhululekileyo;
* izithembiso zokuhlawula kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba ugwetywe azikho mthethweni kwaye azisebenzi;
* ukuze kulungiswe zonke izikhalazo, kwaye kulungiswe, kuqiniswe kwaye kugcinwe imithetho, iiPalamente kufuneka zibanjwe rhoqo.

Lo Mthetho wabhengeza ukubaleka kukaJames eNgilane emva kweNguquko Ezukileyo kukuyekiswa kubhukosi. Idwelise imigaqo elishumi elinesibini kaJames awayeyila ngayo uJames &quot;ukuzama ukuguqula nokutshabalalisa inkolo yamaProtestanti, kunye nemithetho kunye nenkululeko yalo mbuso&quot;. [ 21 ] Ezi yayizi: [ 22 ]

* ngokuthatha nokusebenzisa igunya lokuphelisa nokuphelisa imithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente;
* ngokumangalela ooBhishophu abaSixhenxe ;
* ngokuseka inkundla yabakomishinala ngenxa yezizathu zecawa;
* ngokuhlawulisa irhafu yokusetyenziswa kweSigqeba ngokwenza ngathi lilungelo elinjalo elinikwe yiPalamente;
* ngokuphakamisa nokugcina umkhosi omiyo ngaphakathi kobu bukumkani ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente;
* ngokubangela ukuba amaProtestanti ahluthwe izixhobo ngaxeshanye xa abalandeli bobupapa babexhobile kwaye besebenza ngokuchasene nomthetho;
* ngokuphula inkululeko yokukhethwa kwamalungu ukuba akhonze ePalamente;
* ngokutshutshiswa kwiNkundla yeNkundla kaKumkani ngemicimbi kunye nezizathu ezibonakala kuphela ePalamente, kunye nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ezahlukeneyo) ezingaqhelekanga nezingekho mthethweni;
* ngokuqesha abantu abangafanelekanga kwiijaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala, kunye neejaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala ngenxa yokungcatsha urhulumente okwakungengobantu abakhululekileyo;
* ngokubeka ibheyile egqithisileyo kubantu abenze amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nemithetho eyenzelwe inkululeko yabantu abachaphazelekayo;
* ngokubeka imirhumo egqithisileyo kunye nezohlwayo ezingekho mthethweni nezinoburhalarhume;
* ngokwenza izibonelelo ezininzi kunye nezithembiso ezenziwe ngeentlawulo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba kugwetywe okanye kugwetywe abantu ababeza kuhlawuliswa ezo zinto;

zonke ezo zathi zachasana ngokupheleleyo nangokuthe ngqo nemithetho nemimiselo eyaziwayo kunye nenkululeko yobukumkani.

Kwintshayelelo yoMthetho wokuHlaliswa eyayiza kuza emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesibini, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuthintela amaRoma Katolika ukuba angangeni esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNgilani njengoko &quot;kufunyenwe ngamava ukuba akuhambelani nokhuseleko nentlalo-ntle yalo mbuso wamaProtestanti ukulawulwa yinkosana yobuPapa&quot;; ngaloo ndlela uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwAQs&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III kunye noMariya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwAQ0&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II babizwa ngokuba ngabalandeli bakaJames II kwaye itrone yayiza kudlula kubo kuqala iye kwiindlalifa zikaMary, emva koko iye kudadewabo, uNkosazana uAnne waseDenmark kunye neendlalifa zakhe (kwaye, emva koko, nakweyiphi na indlalifa kaWilliam ngomtshato olandelayo).

== Utshintsho kunye nelifa ==
UMthetho wamaLungelo kamva wongezwa nguMthetho weNtlalo ka-1701, owavunyelwana ngawo yiPalamente yaseScotland njengenxalenye yeSivumelwano soManyano . UMthetho weSivumelwano watshintsha umgca wokulandelana kwitrone ochazwe kuMqulu wamaLungelo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Act of Settlement|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/actofsettlement/|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nangona kunjalo, zombini iBill of Rights kunye neBango leLungelo zinegalelo elikhulu ekusekweni kwengcamango yobukhosi bepalamente kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamandla okumkani. &lt;ref&gt;This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. {{Cite web|title=The Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209065519/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|archive-date=9 December 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ezi zithi zaseka ubukhosi obusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, [ 27 ] kwaye, kunye nemithetho yezohlwayo, zalungisa uninzi lwengxubakaxaka yezopolitiko neyenkolo eyayiphazamise iScotland, iNgilane neIreland nge-17th.&amp;nbsp;inkulungwane.

Lo mthetho womeleza iSicelo saMalungelo kunye noMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 ngokubeka imithetho ethile yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko. Echazwa nguWilliam Blackstone njengeMithetho ''eSiseko yaseNgilani'', amalungelo achazwe kule Mithetho anxulunyaniswa nengcamango yamalungelo abantu baseNgilani . [ 28 ] UMthetho wamaLungelo wawuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iSibhengezo samaLungelo saseVirginia sika-1776, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Conley|first=Patrick T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yyQXl4LmdAC&amp;pg=PA13|title=The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties|last2=States|first2=U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original|date=1992|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780945612292|pages=13–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ c ] esathi sona sachaphazela iSibhengezo soKuzimela . [ 30 ]

Nangona ingeyongxelo epheleleyo yenkululeko yoluntu neyezopolitiko, uMthetho wamaLungelo umi njengenye yeengxelo ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkululeko yoluntu e-United Kingdom kwaye ungumzekelo weengxelo zamalungelo ezizayo, ngokubanzi,; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d52OVwT_6PYC&amp;pg=PA1|title=The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights|date=1992|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780945612285|pages=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;refUKPBoR&quot; /&gt;  ezi ziquka uMthetho wamaLungelo wase-United States, iSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu kunye noMmi, iSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2011&quot;&gt;&quot;All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.&quot; {{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=2011 UK Memory of the World Register|url=http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230525/http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register/|archive-date=8 December 2015|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2011|title=Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary|url=http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215342/http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|archive-date=4 October 2013|accessdate=29 September 2012|publisher=History.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umzekelo, njengakwiBill of Rights ka-1689, uMgaqo-siseko wase-US uyakwalela ibheyile egqithisileyo kunye &quot; nesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga &quot;; eneneni, uLungiso lwesibhozo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States olubeka olu thintelo lufana nokuphinda-phinda inqaku elihambelanayo kwiBill of Rights ka-1689. Ngokufanayo, &quot; ukuphathwa okanye isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo, esingenabuntu okanye esithob’ isidima &quot; akuvumelekanga phantsi kweNqaku lesi-5 leSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu kunye neNqaku&amp;nbsp;3 yeSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu.

== Imeko esemthethweni yangoku ==
UMthetho wamaLungelo usasebenza ngokusemthethweni kwaye uyaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kwiinkqubo zomthetho e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe e-Commonwealth, ingakumbi iNqaku&amp;nbsp;9 malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente . [ 34 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Toporoski, Richard|date=Summer 1996|title=''Monarchy Canada'': The Invisible Crown|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970617074036/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-date=17 June 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emva kweSivumelwano sasePerth ngo-2011, umthetho olungisa uMthetho wamaLungelo kunye noMthetho wokuHlaliswa kweMihlaba ka-1701 waqala ukusebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth ngomhla wama-26 kuMfumfu.&amp;nbsp;NgoMatshi 2015 eyatshintsha imithetho yokulandelana kwitrone yaseBritane.

=== iAustralia ===
UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 usayinxalenye yomthetho wase-Australia, nangona kunjalo kwamanye amazwe lo Mthetho uphinde wasetyenziswa kumthetho wengingqi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDermott|first=Peter M.|date=1990-01-12|title=Imperial Statutes in Australia and New Zealand|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/BondLawRw/1990/13.pdf|journal=Bond Law Review|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.53300/001c.5180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

iLonto inqaku lesithoba, malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha, epalamente, lafunyanwa lilifa yiPalamente yeSizwe ngo-1901 phantsi kwecandelo 49 loMgaqo-siseko wase-Australia . Yafakwa kwi- ''Parliamentary Privileges Act ka-1987'' &quot;egcina ukusetyenziswa kwendlela eqhelekileyo yokubonakalisa eli lungelo, kodwa ichaza ngokweenkcukacha into enokugutyungelwa ligama elithi 'iinkqubo ePalamente '  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Infosheet 5 - Parliamentary privilege|publisher=Parliament of Australia|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_5_-_Parliamentary_privilege|access-date=16 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Khanada ===
EKhanada, uMthetho wamaLungelo uhlala usemthethweni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Senate of Canada|date=20 March 2013|title=LCJC Meeting No. 74|url=http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&amp;categoryid=-1&amp;eventid=8763&amp;Language=E|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614215631/http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&amp;categoryid=-1&amp;eventid=8763&amp;Language=E|archive-date=14 June 2013|accessdate=24 March 2013|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nangona uninzi lwawo luthatyathelwe indawo ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko wasekhaya. Inqaku lesithoba malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente lisasetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo. [ 34 ]

=== Ayalend ===
Ukusetyenziswa koMthetho wamaLungelo kuBukumkani baseIreland kwakungaqinisekanga. Nangona iPalamente yaseNgilani ngamanye amaxesha yayipasisa imithetho enxulumene neIreland, iQela lePatriot lase-Ireland lalikubona oku njengento engekho mthethweni, kwaye abanye babevakalelwa kukuba imithetho yaseNgilani yayifikelela eIreland kuphela xa kuchazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba yenze njalo, nto leyo eyayingenjalo kwiBill of Rights. UMthetho weCrown of Ireland ka-1542 wawuthetha ukuba utshintsho loMthetho oluya kulawulo lobukhosi lwanwenwela eIreland. Imithetho ebhalwe kwiBill of Rights yaziswa kwiPalamente yase-Ireland ngo-1695 nango-1697 kodwa ayizange iphunyezwe. Emva kweMithetho yoManyano ka-1800, amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo ePalamente adluliselwa e-Ireland ngokungangqalanga, kodwa amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo omntu ngamnye ayengacacanga. Abanye abagwebi abazange bawuthathe lo mthetho njengomthetho olungileyo kodwa njengowokubhengeza umthetho oqhelekileyo, kwaye njengoko usebenza eIreland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Osborough|first=W. N.|date=1998|title=The Failure To Enact An Irish Bill Of Rights: A Gap In Irish Constitutional History|journal=Irish Jurist|volume=33|pages=392–416|issn=0021-1273|jstor=44027310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UMgaqo-siseko we-Irish Free State, kunye noMgaqo -siseko olandelayo wase-Ireland, ziphethe imithetho esebenzayo kwi- United Kingdom yangaphambili ye-Great Britain kunye ne-Ireland kangangokuba yayingachaseki kuloo migaqo-siseko. UMthetho wamaLungelo awuzange ubhekiswe kuwo kwimithetho elandelayo yase-Ireland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Pre-1922 Legislation: Statutes of England Affected: 1688|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/isbc/esa1688.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Irish Statute Book}}&lt;/ref&gt; de kwaba nguMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute Law ka-2007, owawugcina,  watshintsha isihloko sawo esifutshane saba &quot;nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688&quot; [ a ] waza wasusa uninzi lwecandelo 1 (intshayelelo) njengelicalula ngokwenkolo, elaliquka:  &lt;ref&gt;Statute Law Revision Act 2007 [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2 §2(3)]; {{Cite web|last=Kitt|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Kitt (politician)|date=14 February 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Bill 2007: Committee Stage|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2007-02-14/speech/355/|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Seanad Éireann (22nd Seanad) Debates|publisher=Oireachtas|page=c.187|language=en-ie|nopp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; onke amagama ukuya kuthi ga kwi-&quot;Apho iileta zoNyulo zenziwe khona ngokufanelekileyo&quot;; iNqaku 7, elivumela amaProtestanti ukuba aphathe izixhobo; kunye nawo onke amagama avela kwi-&quot;And they doe Claime Demand and Insist&quot;.

UMthetho weZindlu ze-Oireachtas (Imibuzo, Amalungelo kunye neenkqubo) ka-2013 urhoxise iNqaku lesi-9 &quot;ngenkululeko yokuthetha kunye neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente&quot; njengenxalenye yokuhlanganiswa komthetho ngamalungelo epalamente . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 July 2013|title=Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Act 2013|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/33/enacted/en/html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== I-New Zealand ===
UMthetho wamaLungelo uyinxalenye yemithetho yaseNew Zealand.  Lo Mthetho wasetyenziswa kwityala ''likaFitzgerald v Muldoon and Others'' lika-1976, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Constitutional Setting|url=http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277&amp;pageno=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016073216/http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277|archive-date=16 October 2008|publisher=States Services Commission, New Zealand}}&lt;/ref&gt; elaligxile ekucingeni ukuba uNdunankulu osandula ukumiselwa uRobert Muldoon uza kucebisa uRhuluneli-Jikelele ukuba aphelise inkqubo yokuhlawula ipenshoni eyasekwa nguMthetho wokuhlawula ipenshoni waseNew Zealand ka-1974, ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. UMuldoon wayevakalelwa kukuba ukuchithwa kwale mithetho kuza kwenzeka ngoko nangoko aze kamva azise umthetho epalamente ukuze ukupheliswa kwale mithetho kube semthethweni. Eli bango laphikiswa enkundleni kwaye iJaji eyiNtloko yathi izenzo zikaMuldoon azikho mthethweni kuba zaphule iNqaku&amp;nbsp;1 yoMthetho wamaLungelo, ochaza &quot;ukuba amandla okuzenzisa okuhambisa imithetho okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ligunya lolawulo ... asemthethweni.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making|url=http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204112322/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-date=4 February 2010|publisher=New Zealand Law Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iunited kingdom ===
[[File:Allegory_of_the_English_Bill_of_Rights.png|thumb| Intsomi yoMthetho wamaLungelo, kunye neBritannia enika uWilliam noMary lo Mthetho]]
UMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eNgilane naseWales; wamiselwa kuBukumkani baseNgilane obabuquka iWales ngelo xesha. IScotland inomthetho wayo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, owapasiswa ngaphambi kweMithetho yoManyano phakathi kweNgilane neScotland. Kukho amathandabuzo malunga nokuba, okanye ukuya kuthi ga phi, uMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eMntla [[Northern Ireland|Ireland]], nto leyo ebonisa amathandabuzo angaphambili malunga neIreland . [ 34 ] [ d ]

Icandelo lesi- thathu lomthetho larhoxiswa licandelo loku-1, kunye neshedyuli, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute ka-1867 ( 30 kunye no-31 uVict. c. 59), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla we-15 kweyeKhala ngo-1867. 

Imfuneko yokuba amajaji abe ngabanini-matyala abakhululekileyo kwiimeko zokungcatsha urhulumente yapheliswa eNgilani naseWales yiJuries Act ka-1825, nakuMntla Ireland (ngokwendlela eyayisebenza ngayo) yiStatute Law Revision Act ka-1950 .

Ubulungisa bendalo, ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala ngokufanelekileyo, bulawulwa ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko ukuze bunciphise ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamalungelo epalamente. Ngomhla wama-21&amp;nbsp;NgoJulayi 1995 ityala lokunyelisa, ''uNeil Hamilton, i-MP v The Guardian'', laphela njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ukuba isithintelo esipheleleyo soMthetho wamaLungelo ekubuzeni nantoni na ethethiweyo okanye eyenziweyo kwiNdlu sithintele ''i-Guardian'' ekubeni ifumane ukuviwa ngokufanelekileyo . Ngaphandle koko uHamilton ebenokuba ne-card blanche yokutyhola nayiphi na imvelaphi okanye intsingiselo yamazwi akhe, kwaye akukho bungqina buchasayo, ingqiqo, ukungeniswa okongezelelweyo okanye ukuphononongwa kwamazwi akhe okunokwenzeka ngenxa yemiqathango eqinileyo yoMthetho wamaLungelo. Ngokufanayo, iNdlu yeeNkosi yagqiba kwelokuba, ngaphandle kwelungiselelo lomthetho ka-1996, ilungelo eliqinileyo leBill of Rights lepalamente laliza kuthintela ityala elifanelekileyo likaHamilton kwityala ''likaHamilton v Al-Fayed'' lika-2001 eladlula kumanqanaba amabini esibheno.  Elo lungiselelo yayilicandelo le-13 loMthetho woNgcoliso ka-1996, ovumela amalungu ePalamente ukuba ayeke ilungelo lawo lepalamente aze ngaloo ndlela akhankanye aze ahlole iintetho zawo ukuba zinxulumene netyala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Alexander Horne|last2=Oonagh Gay|date=21 May 2014|title=Ending the Hamilton Affair?|work=UK Constitutional Law Association|publisher=UK Constitutional Law Association Blog|url=http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2014/05/21/alexander-horne-and-oonagh-gay-ending-the-hamilton-affair/|access-date=19 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emva kwereferendamu yobulungu be-United Kingdom European Union ngo-2016, uMthetho wamaLungelo wakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAhA&quot;&gt;likaMiller&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, apho inkundla yagweba ukuba ukuqala ukuphuma kwi-EU kufuneka kugunyaziswe kuqala ngumthetho wePalamente, kuba ukungenzi njalo kuya kurhoxisa amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo nguMthetho wePalamente (oko kukuthi, amalungelo abemi be-EU avela kwizivumelwano ze-EU ezinikwe ukusebenza kumthetho wase-UK nguMthetho weeCommunity zaseYurophu ka-1972, njengoko ulungisiwe).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37864983|access-date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iphinde yakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwisigqibo sayo sika-2019 sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwepalamente kwakungekho mthethweni . INkundla ayivumelananga nesigqibo sikaRhulumente sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala akunakuphikiswa phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 &quot;njengokuqhubekeka kwePalamente&quot;; yagweba ngesigqibo esichaseneyo, sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala &quot;akunakuchazwa ngengqiqo 'njengokuqhubekeka ePalamente ' , njengoko kwabekwa kwaye kungaxoxwa ngako yiPalamente, kwaye kunokuzisa &quot;umsebenzi obalulekileyo okanye obalulekileyo wePalamente&quot; ekupheleni ngaphandle kwengxoxo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland)|url=https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515202341/https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|archive-date=2025-05-15|publisher=The Supreme Court|quote=It must therefore follow, as a concomitant of Parliamentary sovereignty, that the power to prorogue cannot be unlimited. Statutory requirements as to sittings of Parliament have indeed been enacted from time to time, for example by the Statute of 1362 (36 Edward III c 10), the Triennial Acts of 1640 and 1664, the Bill of Rights 1688, the Scottish Claim of Right 1689, the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, and most recently the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, section 3. Their existence confirms the necessity of a legal limit on the power to prorogue, but they do not address the situation with which the present appeals are concerned. ... The prorogation itself takes place in the House of Lords and in the presence of Members of both Houses. But it cannot sensibly be described as a 'proceeding in Parliament'. It is not a decision of either House of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it is something which is imposed upon them from outside. It is not something upon which the Members of Parliament can speak or vote. The Commissioners [when performing the prorogation] are not acting in their capacity as members of the House of Lords but in their capacity as Royal Commissioners carrying out the Queen's bidding. They have no freedom of speech. This is not the core or essential business of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it brings that core or essential business of Parliament to an end.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuqatshelwa ==
Iintlobo ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zeengqekembe zesikhumbuzo ezixabisa iiponti ezimbini zakhutshwa e-United Kingdom ngo-1989 ukubhiyozela iminyaka elikhulu yoGuquko oluGlorious. Omnye wabhekisa kuMqulu wamaLungelo kwaye omnye wabhekisa kwiBango lamaLungelo. Zombini zibonisa uKumkanikazi uWilliam noMary kunye nesacholo seNdlu yeeNgwevu, enye ikwabonisa umzobo woMqhele kaSt Edward kwaye enye ibonakalisa uMqhele waseScotland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Two Pound Coin|url=http://www.royalmint.com/discover/uk-coins/coin-design-and-specifications/two-pound-coin|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=The Royal Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NgoMeyi&amp;nbsp;Ngowama-2011, uMqulu wamaLungelo yabhalwa kwiRejista yeMemori yeHlabathi ye [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] yase-UK, eqaphela ukuba: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=Life, death and everything in between|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2011/may/unesco-parliamentary-documents/|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights.

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokwenza iPalamente, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuboniswa kwiNdlu zePalamente ngoFebruwari.&amp;nbsp;2015 nakwiThala leeNcwadi laseBritane ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba&amp;nbsp;2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta &amp; Parliament Exhibition|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/get-involved1/2015-parliament-in-the-making-events/magna-carta--parliament-exhibition/|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy|url=http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232538/http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|archive-date=3 March 2016|accessdate=24 January 2015|publisher=The British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uphuhliso olulandelayo ==
Kwintshayelelo yomthetho, amagama athi &quot;kunye namajaji agweba amadoda atyholwa ngokungcatsha umbuso ophakamileyo kufuneka abe ngabanini-nkululeko&quot; arhoxiswa [[Northern Ireland|eMntla Ireland]] ngecandelo 1(1) le, kunye neshedyuli yokuqala, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho ka-1950 ( 14 Geo. 6. c. 6), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla wama-23 kuMeyi 1950. 

== Bona kunye noku ==

* Ukungabikho kweKumkani William Act 1689 – Act of the Parliament of England
* uMthetho wokuQatshelwa kwekumkani neParliament ka1889- Umthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani.
* Uguquko lwezeMali ixesha lotshintsho kwezoqoqosho kwimbali yaseBritane.
* Imbali yenkululeko yezopolitiko 
* uMthetho woNyanzelo ka1689- uMthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owawunika inkululeko yokunqula kwezinye iinkolo ezingahambelaniyo neCawe yaseNgilani.
* Umthetho Siseko wase UK- Imithetho eyenza kwaye ilawule inkqubu yezopolitiko yoBukumkani obuManyeneyo.

== Imibhalo yeNotes ==
 
Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
 

== Imithobo yolwazi ==
 

== Uluhlu lweencwadi ==

* {{Cite web|last=Anon.|year=2010|title=The Glorious Revolution|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/guides/factsheets/general/g04/|series=Factsheet General Series|publisher=House of Commons Information Office}}
* {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurice|title=Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism|last2=Meuwese|first2=Anne|last3=Hirsch Ballin|first3=Ernst|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781316585221}}
* {{Cite book|last=Billias|first=George Athan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku0TCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54|title=American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776–1989: A global perspective|date=2011|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=9780814725177|location=New York|via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite web|last=Blick|first=Andrew|year=2015|title=Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/magna-carta-and-contemporary-constitutional-change|publisher=History and Policy}}
* {{Cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/protestantbishop0000carp|title=The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|year=1956|location=London|oclc=1919768|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8|title=Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William&amp;nbsp;III|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7190-0661-6|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Lock|first=Geoffrey|date=1989|title=The 1689 Bill of Rights|journal=Political Studies|volume=37|issue=4|pages=540–561|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x}}
* {{Cite book|last=Maier|first=Pauline|url=https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00maie|title=American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Knopf|year=1997|isbn=978-0-679-45492-2|location=New York|author-link=Pauline Maier|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Schwoerer|first=Lois G.|year=1990|title=Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=51|issue=4|pages=531–548|doi=10.2307/2709645|jstor=2709645}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog|title=The library of original sources|publisher=University Research Extension|year=1907|editor-last=Thatcher|editor-first=Oliver Joseph|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog/page/n25 10]|quote=Bill of Rights 1689 december 16.}}
* {{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Aileen|last2=Gay|first2=Oonagh|last3=Maer|first3=Lucinda|year=2009|title=Bill of Rights 1689|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917054254/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-date=September 17, 2025|accessdate=May 12, 2026|publisher=House of Commons Library}}
* {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=E. N.|title=The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1960|oclc=1146699}}
* {{Cite web|date=8 May 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Act 2007|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/enacted/en/index.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|publisher=[[Attorney General of Ireland]]|language=en}}
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 '''UMqulu wamalungelo ka-1689''' ( 1 Will. &amp;amp;amp; Mar. Sess. 2. c. 2) (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa njengo '''Mthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688''' )  ngumthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owamiselaamalungelo athile asisiseko abemi waza watshintsha indlela yokulandelelana kwesihlalo sobukumkani baseNgilani . Ihlala ingumthetho obalulekileyo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseNgilani .

Ubukhulu bayo isekelwe kwiingcamango zengcali yezopolitiko uJohn Locke, [ 3 ] lo Mthetho ubeka imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yokuba iSigqeba sifune imvume yabantu njengoko bemelwe ePalamente . &lt;ref name=&quot;British Library&quot; /&gt; [ 5 ] Ngaphandle kokubeka imida kumandla obukhosi, yamisela amalungelo ePalamente, kuquka iipalamente eziqhelekileyo, unyulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nelungelo lepalamente . &lt;ref name=&quot;ParliamentUK&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bill of Rights 1689|agency=Parliament UK|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/billofrights/|access-date=30 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikwadwelise amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kuquka ukuthintelwa kwesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga kunye nelungelo lokungahlawuli irhafu ehlawuliswayo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente. Ekugqibeleni, ichaze kwaye yagweba izenzo ezininzi ezimbi zikaJames II waseNgilani. &lt;ref name=&quot;British Library&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Britain's unwritten constitution|url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312163142/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|archive-date=12 March 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library|quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.}}&lt;/ref&gt; UMthetho wamaLungelo wafumana imvume yobukhosi ngomhla we-16 kweyoMnga ngo-1689. Yingxelo ephindwe ngokomthetho yeSibhengezo samaLungelo esanikezelwa yiPalamente yeSivumelwano kuWilliam III noMary II ngoFebruwari 1689, sibamema ukuba babe ngabalawuli abadibeneyo [[ENgilani|baseNgilani]], besusa uJames II, owathi warhoxa waza washiya itrone ingenanto.

e[[Iunited kingdom|United Kingdom]], lo Mthetho ujongelwa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lomgaqo -siseko waseBritane ongabhalwanga phantsi, kunye neMagna Carta, iSicelo saMalungelo, uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 kunye neMithetho yePalamente ka-1911 no-1949 . Uxwebhu olwahlukileyo kodwa olufana nalo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, lusebenza [[ESkotlani|eScotland]] . Lo Mthetho wawungomnye wemizekelo esetyenzisiweyo ekubhaleni uMthetho wamaLungelo eMelika, iSibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . &lt;ref name=&quot;ParliamentUK&quot; /&gt; Kunye noMthetho weSivumelwano sika-1701, usasebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth, njengoko ulungisiwe yiPerth Agreement .

== Imvelaphi ==
Ngexesha leshumi elinesixhenxe kwinkulungwane kwabakho umdla omtsha kwiMagna Carta . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th&amp;nbsp;century|url=https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327042835/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=27 March 2015|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The British Library|postscript=none}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th&amp;nbsp;century|url=https://www.sal.org.uk/events/2015/06/magna-carta-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925053248/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=2018-09-25|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The Society of Antiquaries of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; IPalamente yaseNgilani yapasisa isicelo samalungelo ngo-1628 esasimisela amalungelo athile kubantu abaphantsi kwayo. IMfazwe Yamakhaya YaseNgilani (1642–1651) yaliwa phakathi koKumkani kunye nePalamente eyayikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi kodwa ikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Origins and growth of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rise of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/citizenship2.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; apho ingcamango yamaqela ezopolitiko exesha elide yaqala ukubonakala kunye neNew Model Army Grandees kunye nabantu abathobekileyo, abanempembelelo efanayo ababexoxa ngomgaqo-siseko omtsha kwiingxoxo zikaPutney zika-1647. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Putney debates|url=https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223321/https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|archive-date=22 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=The British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; IPalamente yayisoyikiswa kakhulu ngabaphathi ngexesha loLawulo (1653–1659) kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yoBuyiso lwesiNgesi lukaCharles II ukususela ngo-1660. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokukhula kweencwadana ezishicilelweyo kunye nenkxaso yeSixeko saseLondon, yakwazi ukunciphisa ezinye zezinto ezigqithisileyo, ubuqhetseba kunye nobukhulu bukarhulumente, ingakumbi uMnyango weCabal owatyikitya iSivumelwano esiyimfihlo saseDover esasidibanisa [[ENgilani|iNgilane]] neFransi kwimfazwe eyayiza kuba nxamnye namadlelane aseDutch Republic .  Yayisele ipasisile uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679, owaqinisa isivumelwano esasithintela ukubanjwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ubungqina obaneleyo.

=== Uguquko Oluzukileyo ===
Ukuchasa imigaqo-nkqubo kaKumkani uJames II waseNgilani (uJames&amp;nbsp;VII [[ESkotlani|yaseScotland]] kunye noJames&amp;nbsp;II yaseIreland), iqela lamaPalamente aseNgilane limema umnini-mhlaba waseDatshi uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwjw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III ka- Orange-Nassau (uWilliam wase-Orange) ukuze abhukuqe uKumkani. Ukuhlasela kukaWilliam ngempumelelo kunye neenqanawa zaseDatshi kunye nomkhosi kwakhokelela ekubeni uJames abalekele eFransi. NgoDisemba&amp;nbsp;Ngowe-1688, oontanga bombuso bammisela uWilliam njengerhuluneli yexeshana. Kwakuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba isenzo esinjalo sasihambelana nomgaqo-siseko ukuba uKumkani wayengenamandla okwenza izinto. Oontanga babize intlanganiso yamalungu amaninzi epalamente. Le ndibano ibize ukuba kunyulwe iPalamente yeNgqungquthela yesiNgesi, eyabanjwa ngomhla wama-22&amp;nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689. [ 13 ] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/510billofrights.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231834/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/index.html|archive-date=22 September 2021|accessdate=23 June 2015|publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Isibhengezo samaLungelo ===
 
[[File:Samuel_Wale,_The_Bill_of_Rights_Ratified_at_the_Revolution_by_King_William,_and_Queen_Mary,_Previous_to_their_Coronation_(1783).jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso wenkulungwane ye-18, osekelwe kumzobo kaSamuel Wale, woMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu owawunikwa uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwpQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III kunye noMariya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwpw&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II]]
Isiphakamiso sokwenza ingxelo yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko kunye nolwaphulwa nguJames kwenziwa okokuqala ngomhla wama-29&amp;nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689 kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu zabameli, amalungu ephikisana ngelithi iNdlu &quot;ayinakuyiphendula isizwe okanye iNkosana yaseOrange de sibhengeze ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo ahlaselweyo&quot; kwaye uWilliam &quot;ayinakuyinyamezela into embi ukuba senza imiqathango yokuzikhusela kwixesha elizayo&quot; ukuze &quot;senze ubulungisa kwabo basithumele apha&quot;. Ngomhla wesibini kuFebruwari ikomiti ebizwe ngokukodwa yabika kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu 23&amp;nbsp;IiNtloko zezikhalazo, ezamkelwe yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaza yongeza ezinye zazo. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wesi-4&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yagqiba ekubeni iyalele ikomiti ukuba yahlule phakathi &quot;kweentloko ezipheleleyo, njengoko kungeniswa imithetho emitsha, kwezo zivakalisa amalungelo amandulo&quot;. Ngomhla wesi-7&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yamkele esi Sibhengezo seLungelo esihlaziyiweyo, kwaye ngomhla wesi-8&amp;nbsp;UFebruwari wayalela ikomiti ukuba ifake kwisicatshulwa esinye iSibhengezo (esisuswe iintloko &quot;ezazisungula imithetho emitsha&quot;), isigqibo se-29&amp;nbsp;uJanuwari kunye nesiphakamiso seeNkosi sokuba kuphinde kwamkelwe isifungo sokuthembeka. Yadlula kwi-Commons ngaphandle kokwahlulwahlulwa. [ 15 ]

Ngomhla we-13&amp;nbsp;NgoFebruwari unobhala weNdlu yeeNkosi wafunda iSibhengezo seLungelo, kwaye iMarquess yaseHalifax, egameni lawo onke amafa ommandla, yacela uWilliam noMary ukuba bamkele itrone. UWilliam waphendula egameni lomkakhe kunye naye ngokwakhe wathi: &quot;Siyayamkela ngethamsanqa into osinike yona.&quot; Emva koko bahamba ngomngcelele ukuya kwiSango eliKhulu eWhitehall. Kwitheko elalikwiNdlu yeMibhiyozo, uGarter King of Arms wabavakalisa njengoKumkani noKumkanikazi waseNgilani, eFransi naseIreland, apho babuyela kwiChapel Royal, kunye noBhishophu waseLondon eshumayela intshumayelo. [ 16 ] Bathweswe isithsaba ngomhla we-11&amp;nbsp;uApril, efunga ukuxhasa imithetho eyenziwe yiPalamente. UMthetho weSifungo soBukhosi ka-1688 wawunike isifungo esitsha soBukhosi, apho ookumkani babefanele &quot;bathembise baze bafunge ngokunyaniseka ukuba baza kulawula abantu bobu bukumkani baseNgilane, kunye nobukhosi obuphantsi kwabo, ngokwemithetho evunyelwene ngayo epalamente, kunye nemithetho namasiko aloo nto&quot;. Babefanele bagcine imithetho kaThixo, uvumo lokwenyani lweVangeli, kunye nokholo oluHlaziyiweyo lwamaProtestanti olusekwe ngumthetho. [ 17 ] Oku kwathatha indawo yesifungo esasibeke ngaphezulu kukumkani. Isifungo sangaphambili sasifuna ukuba ukumkani alawule ngokusekelwe &quot;kwimithetho namasiko ... anikwe ziiKumkani zaseNgilani&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;refUKPBoR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Convention and Bill of Rights|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/billofrights/|accessdate=2 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== UMthetho ==
Isibhengezo seLungelo samiselwa kuMthetho wePalamente, uMqulu wamaMqulu ka-1689, owafumana imvume yobukhosi ngoDisemba&amp;nbsp;1689. [ 19 ]

Lo Mthetho ugxininisa &quot;amalungelo athile amandulo kunye nenkululeko&quot; ngokuvakalisa ukuba: [ 20 ]

* Amandla okuzikhohlisa okumisa imithetho kunye nokuphelisa (oko kukuthi ukungawunaki) imithetho yigunya lolawulo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente asemthethweni;
* ikhomishini yezizathu zecawa ayisemthethweni;
* ukuhlawulisa irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente akukho mthethweni;
* Lilungelo labantu ukuba bafake isicelo kukumkani, kwaye ukutshutshiswa kweso sicelo akukho mthethweni;
* ukugcina umkhosi omiyo ngexesha loxolo, ngaphandle kokuba kungemvume yePalamente, kuchasene nomthetho;
* AmaProtestanti anokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo ngokweemeko zawo nanjengoko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho;
* unyulo lwamalungu ePalamente kufuneka lube lukhululeke;
* Inkululeko yokuthetha neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente akufanele ixoxwe okanye ibuzwe kuyo nayiphi na inkundla okanye indawo engaphandle kwePalamente;
* akufuneki kubekho ibheyile egqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izigwebo ezigqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izohlwayo eziqatha nezingaqhelekanga ;
* amajaji akwiinkundla zokungcatsha urhulumente kufuneka abe ngabantu abakhululekileyo;
* izithembiso zokuhlawula kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba ugwetywe azikho mthethweni kwaye azisebenzi;
* ukuze kulungiswe zonke izikhalazo, kwaye kulungiswe, kuqiniswe kwaye kugcinwe imithetho, iiPalamente kufuneka zibanjwe rhoqo.

Lo Mthetho wabhengeza ukubaleka kukaJames eNgilane emva kweNguquko Ezukileyo kukuyekiswa kubhukosi. Idwelise imigaqo elishumi elinesibini kaJames awayeyila ngayo uJames &quot;ukuzama ukuguqula nokutshabalalisa inkolo yamaProtestanti, kunye nemithetho kunye nenkululeko yalo mbuso&quot;. [ 21 ] Ezi yayizi: [ 22 ]

* ngokuthatha nokusebenzisa igunya lokuphelisa nokuphelisa imithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente;
* ngokumangalela ooBhishophu abaSixhenxe ;
* ngokuseka inkundla yabakomishinala ngenxa yezizathu zecawa;
* ngokuhlawulisa irhafu yokusetyenziswa kweSigqeba ngokwenza ngathi lilungelo elinjalo elinikwe yiPalamente;
* ngokuphakamisa nokugcina umkhosi omiyo ngaphakathi kobu bukumkani ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente;
* ngokubangela ukuba amaProtestanti ahluthwe izixhobo ngaxeshanye xa abalandeli bobupapa babexhobile kwaye besebenza ngokuchasene nomthetho;
* ngokuphula inkululeko yokukhethwa kwamalungu ukuba akhonze ePalamente;
* ngokutshutshiswa kwiNkundla yeNkundla kaKumkani ngemicimbi kunye nezizathu ezibonakala kuphela ePalamente, kunye nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ezahlukeneyo) ezingaqhelekanga nezingekho mthethweni;
* ngokuqesha abantu abangafanelekanga kwiijaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala, kunye neejaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala ngenxa yokungcatsha urhulumente okwakungengobantu abakhululekileyo;
* ngokubeka ibheyile egqithisileyo kubantu abenze amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nemithetho eyenzelwe inkululeko yabantu abachaphazelekayo;
* ngokubeka imirhumo egqithisileyo kunye nezohlwayo ezingekho mthethweni nezinoburhalarhume;
* ngokwenza izibonelelo ezininzi kunye nezithembiso ezenziwe ngeentlawulo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba kugwetywe okanye kugwetywe abantu ababeza kuhlawuliswa ezo zinto;

zonke ezo zathi zachasana ngokupheleleyo nangokuthe ngqo nemithetho nemimiselo eyaziwayo kunye nenkululeko yobukumkani.

Kwintshayelelo yoMthetho wokuHlaliswa eyayiza kuza emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesibini, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuthintela amaRoma Katolika ukuba angangeni esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNgilani njengoko &quot;kufunyenwe ngamava ukuba akuhambelani nokhuseleko nentlalo-ntle yalo mbuso wamaProtestanti ukulawulwa yinkosana yobuPapa&quot;; ngaloo ndlela uWilliam&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwAQs&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;III kunye noMariya&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwAQ0&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;II babizwa ngokuba ngabalandeli bakaJames II kwaye itrone yayiza kudlula kubo kuqala iye kwiindlalifa zikaMary, emva koko iye kudadewabo, uNkosazana uAnne waseDenmark kunye neendlalifa zakhe (kwaye, emva koko, nakweyiphi na indlalifa kaWilliam ngomtshato olandelayo).

== Utshintsho kunye nelifa ==
UMthetho wamaLungelo kamva wongezwa nguMthetho weNtlalo ka-1701, owavunyelwana ngawo yiPalamente yaseScotland njengenxalenye yeSivumelwano soManyano . UMthetho weSivumelwano watshintsha umgca wokulandelana kwitrone ochazwe kuMqulu wamaLungelo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Act of Settlement|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/actofsettlement/|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nangona kunjalo, zombini iBill of Rights kunye neBango leLungelo zinegalelo elikhulu ekusekweni kwengcamango yobukhosi bepalamente kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamandla okumkani. &lt;ref&gt;This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. {{Cite web|title=The Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209065519/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|archive-date=9 December 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;   Ezi zithi zaseka ubukhosi obusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, [ 27 ] kwaye, kunye nemithetho yezohlwayo, zalungisa uninzi lwengxubakaxaka yezopolitiko neyenkolo eyayiphazamise iScotland, iNgilane neIreland nge-17th.&amp;nbsp;inkulungwane.

Lo mthetho womeleza iSicelo saMalungelo kunye noMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 ngokubeka imithetho ethile yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko. Echazwa nguWilliam Blackstone njengeMithetho ''eSiseko yaseNgilani'', amalungelo achazwe kule Mithetho anxulunyaniswa nengcamango yamalungelo abantu baseNgilani . [ 28 ] UMthetho wamaLungelo wawuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iSibhengezo samaLungelo saseVirginia sika-1776, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Conley|first=Patrick T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yyQXl4LmdAC&amp;pg=PA13|title=The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties|last2=States|first2=U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original|date=1992|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780945612292|pages=13–15}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ c ] esathi sona sachaphazela iSibhengezo soKuzimela . [ 30 ]

Nangona ingeyongxelo epheleleyo yenkululeko yoluntu neyezopolitiko, uMthetho wamaLungelo umi njengenye yeengxelo ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkululeko yoluntu e-United Kingdom kwaye ungumzekelo weengxelo zamalungelo ezizayo, ngokubanzi,; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d52OVwT_6PYC&amp;pg=PA1|title=The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights|date=1992|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=9780945612285|pages=1–2}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;refUKPBoR&quot; /&gt;  ezi ziquka uMthetho wamaLungelo wase-United States, iSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu kunye noMmi, iSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . &lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2011&quot;&gt;&quot;All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights.&quot; {{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=2011 UK Memory of the World Register|url=http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230525/http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register/|archive-date=8 December 2015|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2011|title=Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary|url=http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215342/http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|archive-date=4 October 2013|accessdate=29 September 2012|publisher=History.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umzekelo, njengakwiBill of Rights ka-1689, uMgaqo-siseko wase-US uyakwalela ibheyile egqithisileyo kunye &quot; nesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga &quot;; eneneni, uLungiso lwesibhozo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States olubeka olu thintelo lufana nokuphinda-phinda inqaku elihambelanayo kwiBill of Rights ka-1689. Ngokufanayo, &quot; ukuphathwa okanye isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo, esingenabuntu okanye esithob’ isidima &quot; akuvumelekanga phantsi kweNqaku lesi-5 leSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu kunye neNqaku&amp;nbsp;3 yeSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu.

== Imeko esemthethweni yangoku ==
UMthetho wamaLungelo usasebenza ngokusemthethweni kwaye uyaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kwiinkqubo zomthetho e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe e-Commonwealth, ingakumbi iNqaku&amp;nbsp;9 malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente . [ 34 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Topo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Toporoski, Richard|date=Summer 1996|title=''Monarchy Canada'': The Invisible Crown|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970617074036/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-date=17 June 1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emva kweSivumelwano sasePerth ngo-2011, umthetho olungisa uMthetho wamaLungelo kunye noMthetho wokuHlaliswa kweMihlaba ka-1701 waqala ukusebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth ngomhla wama-26 kuMfumfu.&amp;nbsp;NgoMatshi 2015 eyatshintsha imithetho yokulandelana kwitrone yaseBritane.

=== iAustralia ===
UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 usayinxalenye yomthetho wase-Australia, nangona kunjalo kwamanye amazwe lo Mthetho uphinde wasetyenziswa kumthetho wengingqi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McDermott|first=Peter M.|date=1990-01-12|title=Imperial Statutes in Australia and New Zealand|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/BondLawRw/1990/13.pdf|journal=Bond Law Review|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.53300/001c.5180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

iLonto inqaku lesithoba, malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha, epalamente, lafunyanwa lilifa yiPalamente yeSizwe ngo-1901 phantsi kwecandelo 49 loMgaqo-siseko wase-Australia . Yafakwa kwi- ''Parliamentary Privileges Act ka-1987'' &quot;egcina ukusetyenziswa kwendlela eqhelekileyo yokubonakalisa eli lungelo, kodwa ichaza ngokweenkcukacha into enokugutyungelwa ligama elithi 'iinkqubo ePalamente '  . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Infosheet 5 - Parliamentary privilege|publisher=Parliament of Australia|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_5_-_Parliamentary_privilege|access-date=16 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Khanada ===
EKhanada, uMthetho wamaLungelo uhlala usemthethweni, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Senate of Canada|date=20 March 2013|title=LCJC Meeting No. 74|url=http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&amp;categoryid=-1&amp;eventid=8763&amp;Language=E|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614215631/http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&amp;categoryid=-1&amp;eventid=8763&amp;Language=E|archive-date=14 June 2013|accessdate=24 March 2013|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;  nangona uninzi lwawo luthatyathelwe indawo ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko wasekhaya. Inqaku lesithoba malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente lisasetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo. [ 34 ]

=== Ayalend ===
Ukusetyenziswa koMthetho wamaLungelo kuBukumkani baseIreland kwakungaqinisekanga. Nangona iPalamente yaseNgilani ngamanye amaxesha yayipasisa imithetho enxulumene neIreland, iQela lePatriot lase-Ireland lalikubona oku njengento engekho mthethweni, kwaye abanye babevakalelwa kukuba imithetho yaseNgilani yayifikelela eIreland kuphela xa kuchazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba yenze njalo, nto leyo eyayingenjalo kwiBill of Rights. UMthetho weCrown of Ireland ka-1542 wawuthetha ukuba utshintsho loMthetho oluya kulawulo lobukhosi lwanwenwela eIreland. Imithetho ebhalwe kwiBill of Rights yaziswa kwiPalamente yase-Ireland ngo-1695 nango-1697 kodwa ayizange iphunyezwe. Emva kweMithetho yoManyano ka-1800, amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo ePalamente adluliselwa e-Ireland ngokungangqalanga, kodwa amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo omntu ngamnye ayengacacanga. Abanye abagwebi abazange bawuthathe lo mthetho njengomthetho olungileyo kodwa njengowokubhengeza umthetho oqhelekileyo, kwaye njengoko usebenza eIreland. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Osborough|first=W. N.|date=1998|title=The Failure To Enact An Irish Bill Of Rights: A Gap In Irish Constitutional History|journal=Irish Jurist|volume=33|pages=392–416|issn=0021-1273|jstor=44027310}}&lt;/ref&gt;

UMgaqo-siseko we-Irish Free State, kunye noMgaqo -siseko olandelayo wase-Ireland, ziphethe imithetho esebenzayo kwi- United Kingdom yangaphambili ye-Great Britain kunye ne-Ireland kangangokuba yayingachaseki kuloo migaqo-siseko. UMthetho wamaLungelo awuzange ubhekiswe kuwo kwimithetho elandelayo yase-Ireland &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Pre-1922 Legislation: Statutes of England Affected: 1688|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/isbc/esa1688.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Irish Statute Book}}&lt;/ref&gt; de kwaba nguMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute Law ka-2007, owawugcina,  watshintsha isihloko sawo esifutshane saba &quot;nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688&quot; [ a ] waza wasusa uninzi lwecandelo 1 (intshayelelo) njengelicalula ngokwenkolo, elaliquka:  &lt;ref&gt;Statute Law Revision Act 2007 [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2 §2(3)]; {{Cite web|last=Kitt|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Kitt (politician)|date=14 February 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Bill 2007: Committee Stage|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2007-02-14/speech/355/|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Seanad Éireann (22nd Seanad) Debates|publisher=Oireachtas|page=c.187|language=en-ie|nopp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt; onke amagama ukuya kuthi ga kwi-&quot;Apho iileta zoNyulo zenziwe khona ngokufanelekileyo&quot;; iNqaku 7, elivumela amaProtestanti ukuba aphathe izixhobo; kunye nawo onke amagama avela kwi-&quot;And they doe Claime Demand and Insist&quot;.

UMthetho weZindlu ze-Oireachtas (Imibuzo, Amalungelo kunye neenkqubo) ka-2013 urhoxise iNqaku lesi-9 &quot;ngenkululeko yokuthetha kunye neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente&quot; njengenxalenye yokuhlanganiswa komthetho ngamalungelo epalamente . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 July 2013|title=Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Act 2013|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/33/enacted/en/html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|language=en}} &lt;/ref&gt;

=== I-New Zealand ===
UMthetho wamaLungelo uyinxalenye yemithetho yaseNew Zealand.  Lo Mthetho wasetyenziswa kwityala ''likaFitzgerald v Muldoon and Others'' lika-1976, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Constitutional Setting|url=http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277&amp;pageno=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016073216/http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277|archive-date=16 October 2008|publisher=States Services Commission, New Zealand}}&lt;/ref&gt; elaligxile ekucingeni ukuba uNdunankulu osandula ukumiselwa uRobert Muldoon uza kucebisa uRhuluneli-Jikelele ukuba aphelise inkqubo yokuhlawula ipenshoni eyasekwa nguMthetho wokuhlawula ipenshoni waseNew Zealand ka-1974, ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. UMuldoon wayevakalelwa kukuba ukuchithwa kwale mithetho kuza kwenzeka ngoko nangoko aze kamva azise umthetho epalamente ukuze ukupheliswa kwale mithetho kube semthethweni. Eli bango laphikiswa enkundleni kwaye iJaji eyiNtloko yathi izenzo zikaMuldoon azikho mthethweni kuba zaphule iNqaku&amp;nbsp;1 yoMthetho wamaLungelo, ochaza &quot;ukuba amandla okuzenzisa okuhambisa imithetho okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ligunya lolawulo ... asemthethweni.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making|url=http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204112322/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-date=4 February 2010|publisher=New Zealand Law Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iunited kingdom ===
[[File:Allegory_of_the_English_Bill_of_Rights.png|thumb| Intsomi yoMthetho wamaLungelo, kunye neBritannia enika uWilliam noMary lo Mthetho]]
UMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eNgilane naseWales; wamiselwa kuBukumkani baseNgilane obabuquka iWales ngelo xesha. IScotland inomthetho wayo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, owapasiswa ngaphambi kweMithetho yoManyano phakathi kweNgilane neScotland. Kukho amathandabuzo malunga nokuba, okanye ukuya kuthi ga phi, uMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eMntla [[Northern Ireland|Ireland]], nto leyo ebonisa amathandabuzo angaphambili malunga neIreland . [ 34 ] [ d ]

Icandelo lesi- thathu lomthetho larhoxiswa licandelo loku-1, kunye neshedyuli, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute ka-1867 ( 30 kunye no-31 uVict. c. 59), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla we-15 kweyeKhala ngo-1867. 

Imfuneko yokuba amajaji abe ngabanini-matyala abakhululekileyo kwiimeko zokungcatsha urhulumente yapheliswa eNgilani naseWales yiJuries Act ka-1825, nakuMntla Ireland (ngokwendlela eyayisebenza ngayo) yiStatute Law Revision Act ka-1950 .

Ubulungisa bendalo, ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala ngokufanelekileyo, bulawulwa ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko ukuze bunciphise ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamalungelo epalamente. Ngomhla wama-21&amp;nbsp;NgoJulayi 1995 ityala lokunyelisa, ''uNeil Hamilton, i-MP v The Guardian'', laphela njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ukuba isithintelo esipheleleyo soMthetho wamaLungelo ekubuzeni nantoni na ethethiweyo okanye eyenziweyo kwiNdlu sithintele ''i-Guardian'' ekubeni ifumane ukuviwa ngokufanelekileyo . Ngaphandle koko uHamilton ebenokuba ne-card blanche yokutyhola nayiphi na imvelaphi okanye intsingiselo yamazwi akhe, kwaye akukho bungqina buchasayo, ingqiqo, ukungeniswa okongezelelweyo okanye ukuphononongwa kwamazwi akhe okunokwenzeka ngenxa yemiqathango eqinileyo yoMthetho wamaLungelo. Ngokufanayo, iNdlu yeeNkosi yagqiba kwelokuba, ngaphandle kwelungiselelo lomthetho ka-1996, ilungelo eliqinileyo leBill of Rights lepalamente laliza kuthintela ityala elifanelekileyo likaHamilton kwityala ''likaHamilton v Al-Fayed'' lika-2001 eladlula kumanqanaba amabini esibheno.  Elo lungiselelo yayilicandelo le-13 loMthetho woNgcoliso ka-1996, ovumela amalungu ePalamente ukuba ayeke ilungelo lawo lepalamente aze ngaloo ndlela akhankanye aze ahlole iintetho zawo ukuba zinxulumene netyala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Alexander Horne|last2=Oonagh Gay|date=21 May 2014|title=Ending the Hamilton Affair?|work=UK Constitutional Law Association|publisher=UK Constitutional Law Association Blog|url=http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2014/05/21/alexander-horne-and-oonagh-gay-ending-the-hamilton-affair/|access-date=19 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emva kwereferendamu yobulungu be-United Kingdom European Union ngo-2016, uMthetho wamaLungelo wakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAhA&quot;&gt;likaMiller&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;, apho inkundla yagweba ukuba ukuqala ukuphuma kwi-EU kufuneka kugunyaziswe kuqala ngumthetho wePalamente, kuba ukungenzi njalo kuya kurhoxisa amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo nguMthetho wePalamente (oko kukuthi, amalungelo abemi be-EU avela kwizivumelwano ze-EU ezinikwe ukusebenza kumthetho wase-UK nguMthetho weeCommunity zaseYurophu ka-1972, njengoko ulungisiwe).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37864983|access-date=4 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iphinde yakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwisigqibo sayo sika-2019 sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwepalamente kwakungekho mthethweni . INkundla ayivumelananga nesigqibo sikaRhulumente sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala akunakuphikiswa phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 &quot;njengokuqhubekeka kwePalamente&quot;; yagweba ngesigqibo esichaseneyo, sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala &quot;akunakuchazwa ngengqiqo 'njengokuqhubekeka ePalamente ' , njengoko kwabekwa kwaye kungaxoxwa ngako yiPalamente, kwaye kunokuzisa &quot;umsebenzi obalulekileyo okanye obalulekileyo wePalamente&quot; ekupheleni ngaphandle kwengxoxo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland)|url=https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515202341/https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|archive-date=2025-05-15|publisher=The Supreme Court|quote=It must therefore follow, as a concomitant of Parliamentary sovereignty, that the power to prorogue cannot be unlimited. Statutory requirements as to sittings of Parliament have indeed been enacted from time to time, for example by the Statute of 1362 (36 Edward III c 10), the Triennial Acts of 1640 and 1664, the Bill of Rights 1688, the Scottish Claim of Right 1689, the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, and most recently the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, section 3. Their existence confirms the necessity of a legal limit on the power to prorogue, but they do not address the situation with which the present appeals are concerned. ... The prorogation itself takes place in the House of Lords and in the presence of Members of both Houses. But it cannot sensibly be described as a 'proceeding in Parliament'. It is not a decision of either House of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it is something which is imposed upon them from outside. It is not something upon which the Members of Parliament can speak or vote. The Commissioners [when performing the prorogation] are not acting in their capacity as members of the House of Lords but in their capacity as Royal Commissioners carrying out the Queen's bidding. They have no freedom of speech. This is not the core or essential business of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it brings that core or essential business of Parliament to an end.}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ukuqatshelwa ==
Iintlobo ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zeengqekembe zesikhumbuzo ezixabisa iiponti ezimbini zakhutshwa e-United Kingdom ngo-1989 ukubhiyozela iminyaka elikhulu yoGuquko oluGlorious. Omnye wabhekisa kuMqulu wamaLungelo kwaye omnye wabhekisa kwiBango lamaLungelo. Zombini zibonisa uKumkanikazi uWilliam noMary kunye nesacholo seNdlu yeeNgwevu, enye ikwabonisa umzobo woMqhele kaSt Edward kwaye enye ibonakalisa uMqhele waseScotland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Two Pound Coin|url=http://www.royalmint.com/discover/uk-coins/coin-design-and-specifications/two-pound-coin|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=The Royal Mint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

NgoMeyi&amp;nbsp;Ngowama-2011, uMqulu wamaLungelo yabhalwa kwiRejista yeMemori yeHlabathi ye [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] yase-UK, eqaphela ukuba: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=Life, death and everything in between|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2011/may/unesco-parliamentary-documents/|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights.

Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokwenza iPalamente, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuboniswa kwiNdlu zePalamente ngoFebruwari.&amp;nbsp;2015 nakwiThala leeNcwadi laseBritane ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba&amp;nbsp;2015. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta &amp; Parliament Exhibition|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/get-involved1/2015-parliament-in-the-making-events/magna-carta--parliament-exhibition/|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=UK Parliament}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy|url=http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232538/http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|archive-date=3 March 2016|accessdate=24 January 2015|publisher=The British Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uphuhliso olulandelayo ==
Kwintshayelelo yomthetho, amagama athi &quot;kunye namajaji agweba amadoda atyholwa ngokungcatsha umbuso ophakamileyo kufuneka abe ngabanini-nkululeko&quot; arhoxiswa [[Northern Ireland|eMntla Ireland]] ngecandelo 1(1) le, kunye neshedyuli yokuqala, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho ka-1950 ( 14 Geo. 6. c. 6), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla wama-23 kuMeyi 1950. 

== Bona kunye noku ==

* Ukungabikho kweKumkani William Act 1689 – Act of the Parliament of England
* uMthetho wokuQatshelwa kwekumkani neParliament ka1889- Umthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani.
* Uguquko lwezeMali ixesha lotshintsho kwezoqoqosho kwimbali yaseBritane.
* Imbali yenkululeko yezopolitiko 
* uMthetho woNyanzelo ka1689- uMthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owawunika inkululeko yokunqula kwezinye iinkolo ezingahambelaniyo neCawe yaseNgilani.
* Umthetho Siseko wase UK- Imithetho eyenza kwaye ilawule inkqubu yezopolitiko yoBukumkani obuManyeneyo.

== Imibhalo yeNotes ==
 
Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
 

== Imithobo yolwazi ==
 

== Uluhlu lweencwadi ==

* {{Cite web|last=Anon.|year=2010|title=The Glorious Revolution|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/guides/factsheets/general/g04/|series=Factsheet General Series|publisher=House of Commons Information Office}}
* {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurice|title=Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism|last2=Meuwese|first2=Anne|last3=Hirsch Ballin|first3=Ernst|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781316585221}}
* {{Cite book|last=Billias|first=George Athan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku0TCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54|title=American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776–1989: A global perspective|date=2011|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=9780814725177|location=New York|via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite web|last=Blick|first=Andrew|year=2015|title=Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/magna-carta-and-contemporary-constitutional-change|publisher=History and Policy}}
* {{Cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/protestantbishop0000carp|title=The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|year=1956|location=London|oclc=1919768|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8|title=Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William&amp;nbsp;III|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7190-0661-6|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Lock|first=Geoffrey|date=1989|title=The 1689 Bill of Rights|journal=Political Studies|volume=37|issue=4|pages=540–561|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x}}
* {{Cite book|last=Maier|first=Pauline|url=https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00maie|title=American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Knopf|year=1997|isbn=978-0-679-45492-2|location=New York|author-link=Pauline Maier|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Schwoerer|first=Lois G.|year=1990|title=Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=51|issue=4|pages=531–548|doi=10.2307/2709645|jstor=2709645}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog|title=The library of original sources|publisher=University Research Extension|year=1907|editor-last=Thatcher|editor-first=Oliver Joseph|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog/page/n25 10]|quote=Bill of Rights 1689 december 16.}}
* {{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Aileen|last2=Gay|first2=Oonagh|last3=Maer|first3=Lucinda|year=2009|title=Bill of Rights 1689|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917054254/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-date=September 17, 2025|accessdate=May 12, 2026|publisher=House of Commons Library}}
* {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=E. N.|title=The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1960|oclc=1146699}}
* {{Cite web|date=8 May 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Act 2007|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/enacted/en/index.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|publisher=[[Attorney General of Ireland]]|language=en}}
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      <text bytes="1574" sha1="scsl93gjmhxq7h42lffs10zx57jdhtv" xml:space="preserve">'''Isikolo uThongathi''' yayisisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kufutshane noThongathi, [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natal]], eMzantsi Afrika.. Esi sikolo savulwa kweyoMqungu ngowama-1986.

Esi sikolo yayisisikolo sokuqala esingenalo ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga esasekwa yiNew Era Schools Trust (NEST) eyavulwa ngabafundi abali-107 bephuma kwintlanga ngentlanga.

Ethetha kwindibano yokuqala yesikolo, inqununu uMnu. Richard Thompson wathi, &quot;xa kunamhlanje sithi kuphela isikolo esingenalo ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika. Ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika liphela liza kusijonga liqaphele kuba senza into entsha kraca. Namhlanje singena kwixesha elitsha kwimfundo eMzantsi Afrika. Isikolo apho umbala wolusu lwakho ungabalulekanga kwaphela. Sizama ukuba ngumzekelo eMzantsi Afrika kwaye sifuna ukungqina ukuba le yindlela imfundo ekufuneka ibe yiyo ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uya kuba lilizwe elinoxolo.&quot; [ 1 ]

Le khempasi yathengwa nguGraeme Crawford ngo-1997 kwaze kwasekwa isikolo esitsha esibizwa ngokuba yiCrawford College, eNorth Coast kwakuloo ndawo inye ngalonyaka mnye. &lt;ref name=&quot;nort_WATC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Troskie|first=Allan|date=10 May 2018|title=Fifth private school breaks ground in Ballito|url=https://northcoastcourier.co.za/108197/fifth-private-school-breaks-ground-ballito/|accessdate=1 September 2018|website=North Coast Courier|language=|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}} 

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Kwi sociolinguistics iregista yintlobo yeelwini ezahlukeneyo ezityenziswa kwiimeko okanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo xa uthetha ulwimi lwesingesi kwindawo esesikweni okanye ehloniphekileyo ulindeleke ukuba usebenzise ulwimi olusesikweni ungasebenzisi ulwimi lwengingqi olungekho sesikweni. Ulindeleke ukuba usebenzise amagama amnkelekileyo ngokwasesikweni hay amagama nje.

Njengakwezinye iintlobo zokwahluka kolwimi, kukho uluhlu lweerejista kunokuba kubekho iseti eyahlukileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokucacileyo, iirejista ezininzi zinokuchongwa kungekho mida icacileyo phakathi kwazo. Ukwahlulwa kweentetho ngokweendidi yingxaki enzima kwaye nangokwenkcazo ngokubanzi yokwahluka kolwimi echazwa kukusetyenziswa endaweni yomsebenzisi kukho iimeko apho ezinye iintlobo zokwahluka kolwimi ezifana nolwimi lwengingqi okanye ubudala zidibana. Ngenxa yobu bunzima akukafikelelwa kwisivumelwano seengcali malunga neenkcazo zamagama anje nge ''register'', ''ifield'', okanye ''itenor''  iinkcazo zabafundi ezahlukeneyo zala magama zihlala ziphikisana.

Amagama ongezelelweyo anje nge ''diatype'', ''uhlobo lonxibelelwano'', ''iintlobo zesicatshulwa'', ''isitayile'', ''iacrolect'', ''imesolect'', i ''basilect'', ''isociolect'', kunye ne ''ethnolect'', phakathi kwamanye amaninzi anokusetyenziswa ukugubungela isiseko esifanayo okanye esifanayo. Abanye bakhetha ukukhawulela indawo yegama elithi ''rejista'' kwisigama esithile [ 1 ] umntu unokuthi lulwimi olungekho sesikweni ngelixa abanye bephikisana nokusetyenziswa kweli gama ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, uCrystal noDavy bagxeke indlela eli gama elisetyenziswe ngayo &quot;ngendlela engakhethiyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa ingcamango yerejista ziphantsi kwecandelo lezifundo ezifana ne-sociolinguistics (njengoko kuphawuliwe apha ngasentla).

== Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa ==
Igama elithi ''rejista'' laqala ukusetyenziswa yingcali yeelwimi uTBW Reid ngonyaka ka 1956 laza laziswa ngokubanzi ngeminyaka yoo1960 liqela leengcali zeelwimi ezazifuna ukwahlula phakathi kokwahluka kolwimi ngokwendlela ''umsebenzisi athetha'' ngayo (echazwa ziinguqu ezifana nemvelaphi yoluntu, indawo, isini kunye neminyaka), kunye nokwahluka ngokwendlela ''athetha ngayo'', ngendlela yokuba isithethi ngasinye sineentlobo ngeentlobo kunye nokukhetha phakathi kwazo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.Ingqwalasela ikwindlela ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko ezithile, ezifana ne legalese okanye imotherese, ulwimi lwelebhu yophando lwebhayoloji, ingxelo yeendaba, okanye igumbi lokulala.

U-MAK Halliday kunye no-R. Hasan batolika ''irejista'' njenge mpawu zolwimi ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa noqwalaselo lweempawu zesimo  kunye namaxabiso athile entsimi, imo kunye netenor. ''Intsimi'' yabo &quot;sisiganeko esipheleleyo, apho umbhalo usebenza khona, kunye nomsebenzi onenjongo wesithethi okanye umbhali; kubandakanya umxholo njengenye yezinto.&quot; ''Imo'' &quot;ngumsebenzi wombhalo kwisiganeko, kuquka zombini itshaneli ethathwe lulwimi  okuthethiweyo okanye okubhaliweyo, okulungiselelweyo okanye okungenziwanga ngexesha elithile kunye nohlobo lwayo, indlela yokubhala, njengebali, i-didactic, ipresuming, ' iphatic communion ', njl.njl. &quot; ''Itenor'' ibhekisa &quot;kuhlobo lonxibelelwano lwendima, iseti yobudlelwane boluntu obufanelekileyo, obuhlala buhleli nobexeshana, phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababandakanyekayo&quot;. Ezi xabiso zintathu intsimi, imo kunye netenor ngoko ke zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiimpawu zolwimi zesicatshulwa. &quot;Irejista yiseti yeentsingiselo, ukwakheka kweepateni zesimantiki, ezidla ngokutsalwa phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo, kunye namagama kunye nezakhiwo ezisetyenziswa ekufezekiseni ezi ntsingiselo.&quot; IRejista, ngokwembono kaMAK Halliday noR. Hasan, yenye yeengcinga ezimbini ezichaza isicatshulwa. &quot;Isicatshulwa sisiqendu sentetho esihambelanayo kwezi nkalo zimbini: sihambelana ngokubhekiselele kumxholo wemeko, ngoko ke siyahambelana kwirejista; kwaye sihambelana ngokubhekiselele kuso, ngoko ke siyahambelana.&quot;

== Iregista njengesikali esisesikweni ==
Enye yezona ndawo zihlalutywa kakhulu apho kusetyenziswa khona ulwimi kuxhomekeka kwimeko yimilinganiselo yesiqhelo. Igama elithi ''irejista'' lidla ngokufinyezwa ngakumbi ekufundiseni ulwimi, njengendlela esesikweni okanye engekho sesikweni, nangona le iyinkcazo endala. Iincwadi zezifundo zolwimi zingasebenzisa igama elithi ''tenor'' endaweni yoko,  kodwa zikhetha ngakumbi igama elithi ''isitayile''&quot;sichaza iindlela njengeentlobo zolwimi ezijongwa ngokwembono yesiqhelo&quot; ngexesha sichaza ''iirejista'' ngokufutshane njengokusetyenziswa kolwimi okukhethekileyo okunxulumene nomsebenzi othile, njengolwimi olusetyenziswa kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Akukho sivumelwano sikhulu malunga nendlela ekufuneka yahlulwe ngayo uluhlu lwemisebenzi esemthethweni.

== I-Diatype ==
Igama elithi ''diatype'' ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza umahluko wolwimi omiselwa yinjongo yalo yentlalo. Kule ndlela yokubhala, ukwahluka kolwimi kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube ziindidi ezimbini: ulwimi lwe-dialect, oluya kuguqulelwa ''ngokomsebenzisi'', kunye nolwimi lwe-diatype oluya kuguqulelwa ''ngokokusetyenziswa'' (umz. ulwimi olukhethekileyo lwejenali yezemfundo). Le nkcazelo ye-diatype ifana kakhulu neye- ''register.'' Umahluko phakathi kwe-diatype kunye ne-diatype awucaci rhoqo; kwezinye iimeko ukuhlukahluka kolwimi kunokuqondwa njenge-diatype kunye ne-diatype. Idiatype idla ngokuhlalutywa ''ngokwentsimi'', umxholo okanye indawo; ''itenor'', abathathinxaxheba kunye nobudlelwane babo; kunye ''nemo'', ijelo lonxibelelwano, njengokuthetha, ukubhala okanye ukusayina.
[[Uluhlu:Igramma]]</text>
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Kwi sociolinguistics iregista yintlobo yeelwini ezahlukeneyo ezityenziswa kwiimeko okanye kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo xa uthetha ulwimi lwesingesi kwindawo esesikweni okanye ehloniphekileyo ulindeleke ukuba usebenzise ulwimi olusesikweni ungasebenzisi ulwimi lwengingqi olungekho sesikweni. Ulindeleke ukuba usebenzise amagama amnkelekileyo ngokwasesikweni hay amagama nje.

Njengakwezinye iintlobo zokwahluka kolwimi, kukho uluhlu lweerejista kunokuba kubekho iseti eyahlukileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokucacileyo, iirejista ezininzi zinokuchongwa kungekho mida icacileyo phakathi kwazo. Ukwahlulwa kweentetho ngokweendidi yingxaki enzima kwaye nangokwenkcazo ngokubanzi yokwahluka kolwimi echazwa kukusetyenziswa endaweni yomsebenzisi kukho iimeko apho ezinye iintlobo zokwahluka kolwimi ezifana nolwimi lwengingqi okanye ubudala zidibana. Ngenxa yobu bunzima akukafikelelwa kwisivumelwano seengcali malunga neenkcazo zamagama anje nge ''register'', ''ifield'', okanye ''itenor''  iinkcazo zabafundi ezahlukeneyo zala magama zihlala ziphikisana.

Amagama ongezelelweyo anje nge ''diatype'', ''uhlobo lonxibelelwano'', ''iintlobo zesicatshulwa'', ''isitayile'', ''iacrolect'', ''imesolect'', i ''basilect'', ''isociolect'', kunye ne ''ethnolect'', phakathi kwamanye amaninzi anokusetyenziswa ukugubungela isiseko esifanayo okanye esifanayo. Abanye bakhetha ukukhawulela indawo yegama elithi ''rejista'' kwisigama esithile [ 1 ] umntu unokuthi lulwimi olungekho sesikweni ngelixa abanye bephikisana nokusetyenziswa kweli gama ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, uCrystal noDavy bagxeke indlela eli gama elisetyenziswe ngayo &quot;ngendlela engakhethiyo&quot;. Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa ingcamango yerejista ziphantsi kwecandelo lezifundo ezifana ne-sociolinguistics (njengoko kuphawuliwe apha ngasentla).

== Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa ==
Igama elithi ''rejista'' laqala ukusetyenziswa yingcali yeelwimi uTBW Reid ngonyaka ka 1956 laza laziswa ngokubanzi ngeminyaka yoo1960 liqela leengcali zeelwimi ezazifuna ukwahlula phakathi kokwahluka kolwimi ngokwendlela ''umsebenzisi athetha'' ngayo (echazwa ziinguqu ezifana nemvelaphi yoluntu, indawo, isini kunye neminyaka), kunye nokwahluka ngokwendlela ''athetha ngayo'', ngendlela yokuba isithethi ngasinye sineentlobo ngeentlobo kunye nokukhetha phakathi kwazo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo.Ingqwalasela ikwindlela ulwimi olusetyenziswa ngayo kwiimeko ezithile, ezifana ne legalese okanye imotherese, ulwimi lwelebhu yophando lwebhayoloji, ingxelo yeendaba, okanye igumbi lokulala.

U-MAK Halliday kunye no-R. Hasan batolika ''irejista'' njenge mpawu zolwimi ezidla ngokunxulunyaniswa noqwalaselo lweempawu zesimo  kunye namaxabiso athile entsimi, imo kunye netenor. ''Intsimi'' yabo &quot;sisiganeko esipheleleyo, apho umbhalo usebenza khona, kunye nomsebenzi onenjongo wesithethi okanye umbhali; kubandakanya umxholo njengenye yezinto.&quot; ''Imo'' &quot;ngumsebenzi wombhalo kwisiganeko, kuquka zombini itshaneli ethathwe lulwimi  okuthethiweyo okanye okubhaliweyo, okulungiselelweyo okanye okungenziwanga ngexesha elithile kunye nohlobo lwayo, indlela yokubhala, njengebali, i-didactic, ipresuming, ' iphatic communion ', njl.njl. &quot; ''Itenor'' ibhekisa &quot;kuhlobo lonxibelelwano lwendima, iseti yobudlelwane boluntu obufanelekileyo, obuhlala buhleli nobexeshana, phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababandakanyekayo&quot;. Ezi xabiso zintathu intsimi, imo kunye netenor ngoko ke zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwiimpawu zolwimi zesicatshulwa. &quot;Irejista yiseti yeentsingiselo, ukwakheka kweepateni zesimantiki, ezidla ngokutsalwa phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo, kunye namagama kunye nezakhiwo ezisetyenziswa ekufezekiseni ezi ntsingiselo.&quot; IRejista, ngokwembono kaMAK Halliday noR. Hasan, yenye yeengcinga ezimbini ezichaza isicatshulwa. &quot;Isicatshulwa sisiqendu sentetho esihambelanayo kwezi nkalo zimbini: sihambelana ngokubhekiselele kumxholo wemeko, ngoko ke siyahambelana kwirejista; kwaye sihambelana ngokubhekiselele kuso, ngoko ke siyahambelana.&quot;

== Iregista njengesikali esisesikweni ==
Enye yezona ndawo zihlalutywa kakhulu apho kusetyenziswa khona ulwimi kuxhomekeka kwimeko yimilinganiselo yesiqhelo. Igama elithi ''irejista'' lidla ngokufinyezwa ngakumbi ekufundiseni ulwimi, njengendlela esesikweni okanye engekho sesikweni, nangona le iyinkcazo endala. Iincwadi zezifundo zolwimi zingasebenzisa igama elithi ''tenor'' endaweni yoko,  kodwa zikhetha ngakumbi igama elithi ''isitayile''&quot;sichaza iindlela njengeentlobo zolwimi ezijongwa ngokwembono yesiqhelo&quot; ngexesha sichaza ''iirejista'' ngokufutshane njengokusetyenziswa kolwimi okukhethekileyo okunxulumene nomsebenzi othile, njengolwimi olusetyenziswa kwimfundo ephakamileyo. Akukho sivumelwano sikhulu malunga nendlela ekufuneka yahlulwe ngayo uluhlu lwemisebenzi esemthethweni.

== I-Diatype ==
Igama elithi ''diatype'' ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziselwa ukuchaza umahluko wolwimi omiselwa yinjongo yalo yentlalo. Kule ndlela yokubhala, ukwahluka kolwimi kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube ziindidi ezimbini: ulwimi lwe-dialect, oluya kuguqulelwa ''ngokomsebenzisi'', kunye nolwimi lwe-diatype oluya kuguqulelwa ''ngokokusetyenziswa'' (umz. ulwimi olukhethekileyo lwejenali yezemfundo). Le nkcazelo ye-diatype ifana kakhulu neye- ''register.'' Umahluko phakathi kwe-diatype kunye ne-diatype awucaci rhoqo; kwezinye iimeko ukuhlukahluka kolwimi kunokuqondwa njenge-diatype kunye ne-diatype. Idiatype idla ngokuhlalutywa ''ngokwentsimi'', umxholo okanye indawo; ''itenor'', abathathinxaxheba kunye nobudlelwane babo; kunye ''nemo'', ijelo lonxibelelwano, njengokuthetha, ukubhala okanye ukusayina.
[[Uluhlu:Igramma]]</text>
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    <title>Celeste Ntuli</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Celeste Nonhlanhla Ntuli|image=Celeste Ntuli (cropped).jpg|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=|birth_name=&lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1979|8|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Empangeni]], KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;|death_place=|other_names=|education=[[Durban University of Technology|DUT]]|occupation={{hlist| actress|comedian 
}}|years_active=|known_for=[[Isibaya]]|notable_works=}}UCeleste Ntuli (owazalwa nge-25 Agasti 1979) ngumdlali ohlekisayo nosomahlaya waseMzansi Afrika. Waziwa njengendlovukazi yolonwabo lwesiZulu, kwaye udume ngokuba ngumfazi wokuqala wasekhaya ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu olubalulekileyo kuMzantsi Afrika, ingakumbi kwicandelo labasetyhini abazimeleyo kwezolonwabo.

== Iminyaka yokuqala nemfundo ==
UNtuli wazalelwa e-Empangeni, apho wafumana khona imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye neyamabanga aphezulu. Ungumntwana wesithandathu kubantwana abasibhozo. Usapho lwakhe lwafudukela eThekwini, kwaye apho wafunda khona ubugcisa bezolonwabo kwiYunivesithi yaseThekwini (Durban University of Technology). Le mfundo yamnika isiseko esomeleleyo sokwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlekisa.

== Umsebenzi ==
Ngo-2005, wadlala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wokuhlekisa ecaweni eThekwini. Waba ngumdlali wokugqibela kwi-season 2 ye-SABC 1's &quot;So You Think You're Funny&quot; ngo-2009. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuchwephesha kwezolonwabo ngo-2010. Okwangoku, waziwa ngokuba ngumdlali wokuqala ohlekisayo ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa obizwa ngokuba yi-&quot;Seriously, Celeste&quot;. Uye wadlala kwimiboniso ephambili yolonwabo, kuquka i-Blacks Only comedy showcase ngo-2010 no-2012, i-SA Comic's Choice Awards ngo-2012, kunye nomboniso wokuqala we-Stand Up Zulu comedy e-Durban Playhouse ngo-2011.

NgoFebruwari 2022, uCeleste wathatha umsebenzi wakhe kumazwe ngamazwe ngomboniso ogcweleyo owawulungiselelwe ngu-Akinlolu Jekins kwi-Leicester Square Theatre eLondon, e-UK. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe kwezolonwabo.

== I-Filmography ==
Uye wadlala kwiifilimu nemiboniso emininzi equka:

* Isibaya
* 10 Days in Sun City 
* Lockdown 
* Looking for Love
* Trippin with Skhumba
* Jiva 
* The Polygamist

== Amabhaso ==

* Uye waphumelela iGolden Horn Award yeBest Supporting Actress kwiTV Soap, kunye neSATMA ngo-2014. Ngo-2018, yena noSkhumba Hlophe baba nezona zindululo zininzi kwi-Comics' Choice Awards yesibhozo. Uye waphumelela iFlying Solo Award kunye neComedy G Award kwi-2019 Savanna Comics' Choice Awards.

== Iinkcukacha ==
{{Reflist}}

# &quot;PICS: Celeste Ntuli Working on Her Transformation!&quot;. ''DailySun''. 2019.
# Makena, K. (2019). &quot;Celeste Ntuli Biography&quot;. ''Briefly''.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli&quot;. ''TVSA''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli and Skhumba Hlophe Top Comics Choice Awards Noms&quot;. ''IOL Entertainment''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli Live in Leicester Square: London Mission&quot;. ''The List''. 2022.

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{{Infobox person|name=Celeste Nonhlanhla Ntuli|image=Celeste Ntuli (cropped).jpg|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=|birth_name=&lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1979|8|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Empangeni]], KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;|death_place=|other_names=|education=[[Durban University of Technology|DUT]]|occupation={{hlist| actress|comedian 
}}|years_active=|known_for=[[Isibaya]]|notable_works=}}UCeleste Ntuli (owazalwa nge-25 Agasti 1979) ngumdlali ohlekisayo nosomahlaya waseMzansi Afrika. Waziwa njengendlovukazi yolonwabo lwesiZulu, kwaye udume ngokuba ngumfazi wokuqala wasekhaya ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu olubalulekileyo kuMzantsi Afrika, ingakumbi kwicandelo labasetyhini abazimeleyo kwezolonwabo.

== Iminyaka yokuqala nemfundo ==
UNtuli wazalelwa e-Empangeni, apho wafumana khona imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye neyamabanga aphezulu. Ungumntwana wesithandathu kubantwana abasibhozo. Usapho lwakhe lwafudukela eThekwini, kwaye apho wafunda khona ubugcisa bezolonwabo kwiYunivesithi yaseThekwini (Durban University of Technology). Le mfundo yamnika isiseko esomeleleyo sokwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlekisa.

== Umsebenzi ==
Ngo-2005, wadlala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wokuhlekisa ecaweni eThekwini. Waba ngumdlali wokugqibela kwi-season 2 ye-SABC 1's &quot;So You Think You're Funny&quot; ngo-2009. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuchwephesha kwezolonwabo ngo-2010. Okwangoku, waziwa ngokuba ngumdlali wokuqala ohlekisayo ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa obizwa ngokuba yi-&quot;Seriously, Celeste&quot;. Uye wadlala kwimiboniso ephambili yolonwabo, kuquka i-Blacks Only comedy showcase ngo-2010 no-2012, i-SA Comic's Choice Awards ngo-2012, kunye nomboniso wokuqala we-Stand Up Zulu comedy e-Durban Playhouse ngo-2011.

NgoFebruwari 2022, uCeleste wathatha umsebenzi wakhe kumazwe ngamazwe ngomboniso ogcweleyo owawulungiselelwe ngu-Akinlolu Jekins kwi-Leicester Square Theatre eLondon, e-UK. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe kwezolonwabo.

== I-Filmography ==
Uye wadlala kwiifilimu nemiboniso emininzi equka:

* Isibaya
* 10 Days in Sun City 
* Lockdown 
* Looking for Love
* Trippin with Skhumba
* Jiva 
* The Polygamist

== Amabhaso ==

* Uye waphumelela iGolden Horn Award yeBest Supporting Actress kwiTV Soap, kunye neSATMA ngo-2014. Ngo-2018, yena noSkhumba Hlophe baba nezona zindululo zininzi kwi-Comics' Choice Awards yesibhozo. Uye waphumelela iFlying Solo Award kunye neComedy G Award kwi-2019 Savanna Comics' Choice Awards.

== Iinkcukacha ==
{{Reflist}}

# &quot;PICS: Celeste Ntuli Working on Her Transformation!&quot;. ''DailySun''. 2019.
# Makena, K. (2019). &quot;Celeste Ntuli Biography&quot;. ''Briefly''.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli&quot;. ''TVSA''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli and Skhumba Hlophe Top Comics Choice Awards Noms&quot;. ''IOL Entertainment''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli Live in Leicester Square: London Mission&quot;. ''The List''. 2022.[[Celeste Ntuli|Ntuli]]

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{{Infobox person|name=Celeste Nonhlanhla Ntuli|image=Celeste Ntuli (cropped).jpg|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=|birth_name=&lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1979|8|25|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Empangeni]], KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --&gt;|death_place=|other_names=|education=[[Durban University of Technology|DUT]]|occupation={{hlist| actress|comedian 
}}|years_active=|known_for=[[Isibaya]]|notable_works=}}[[UCeleste]] Ntuli (owazalwa nge-25 Agasti 1979) ngumdlali ohlekisayo nosomahlaya waseMzansi Afrika. Waziwa njengendlovukazi yolonwabo lwesiZulu, kwaye udume ngokuba ngumfazi wokuqala wasekhaya ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu olubalulekileyo kuMzantsi Afrika, ingakumbi kwicandelo labasetyhini abazimeleyo kwezolonwabo.

== Iminyaka yokuqala nemfundo ==
UNtuli wazalelwa e-Empangeni, apho wafumana khona imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye neyamabanga aphezulu. Ungumntwana wesithandathu kubantwana abasibhozo. Usapho lwakhe lwafudukela eThekwini, kwaye apho wafunda khona ubugcisa bezolonwabo kwiYunivesithi yaseThekwini (Durban University of Technology). Le mfundo yamnika isiseko esomeleleyo sokwenza umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlekisa.

== Umsebenzi ==
Ngo-2005, wadlala umdlalo wakhe wokuqala wokuhlekisa ecaweni eThekwini. Waba ngumdlali wokugqibela kwi-season 2 ye-SABC 1's &quot;So You Think You're Funny&quot; ngo-2009. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuchwephesha kwezolonwabo ngo-2010. Okwangoku, waziwa ngokuba ngumdlali wokuqala ohlekisayo ukurekhoda i-DVD yomboniso wakhe yedwa obizwa ngokuba yi-&quot;Seriously, Celeste&quot;. Uye wadlala kwimiboniso ephambili yolonwabo, kuquka i-Blacks Only comedy showcase ngo-2010 no-2012, i-SA Comic's Choice Awards ngo-2012, kunye nomboniso wokuqala we-Stand Up Zulu comedy e-Durban Playhouse ngo-2011.

NgoFebruwari 2022, uCeleste wathatha umsebenzi wakhe kumazwe ngamazwe ngomboniso ogcweleyo owawulungiselelwe ngu-Akinlolu Jekins kwi-Leicester Square Theatre eLondon, e-UK. Le nto yenza ukuba abe luphawu lwamazwe ngamazwe kwezolonwabo.

== I-Filmography ==
Uye wadlala kwiifilimu nemiboniso emininzi equka:

* Isibaya
* 10 Days in Sun City 
* Lockdown 
* Looking for Love
* Trippin with Skhumba
* Jiva 
* The Polygamist

== Amabhaso ==

* Uye waphumelela iGolden Horn Award yeBest Supporting Actress kwiTV Soap, kunye neSATMA ngo-2014. Ngo-2018, yena noSkhumba Hlophe baba nezona zindululo zininzi kwi-Comics' Choice Awards yesibhozo. Uye waphumelela iFlying Solo Award kunye neComedy G Award kwi-2019 Savanna Comics' Choice Awards.

== Iinkcukacha ==
{{Reflist}}

# &quot;PICS: Celeste Ntuli Working on Her Transformation!&quot;. ''DailySun''. 2019.
# Makena, K. (2019). &quot;Celeste Ntuli Biography&quot;. ''Briefly''.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli&quot;. ''TVSA''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli and Skhumba Hlophe Top Comics Choice Awards Noms&quot;. ''IOL Entertainment''. 2019.
# &quot;Celeste Ntuli Live in Leicester Square: London Mission&quot;. ''The List''. 2022.[[Celeste Ntuli|Ntuli]]

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    <title>Indebe yehlabathi</title>
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I-World Cup lukhuphiswano lwezemidlalo lwehlabathi apho amaqela okanye abantu abamele amazwe abo bekhuphisana khona ukuze baphumelele isihloko sokuba ziintshatsheli zehlabathi. Umsitho owaziwa kakhulu ngeli gama yi-FIFA World Cup yebhola ekhatywayo, eyaqala ngowe-1930. Ukususela ngelo xesha, kuye kwabakho imisitho emininzi yezemidlalo ebizwa ngokuba yi-&quot;World Cup&quot;, njenge-ICC Men's Cricket World Cup, i-ICC Men's T20 World Cup, iRugby World Cup, iRugby League World Cup, iBasketball World Cup, kunye neHockey World Cup.

Indebe yehlabathi ngokubanzi, nangona ingasoloko ithathwa njengokhuphiswano oluphambili kumdlalo wayo, apho ophumeleleyo efumana imbeko ephezulu kuloo mdlalo kwaye ekwazi ukubane sihloko seyona midlalo ibalaseleyo. Nangona kunjalo, kweminye imidlalo, isihloko seOlimpiki sinodumo olufanayo, ngelixa kweminye imidlalo efana nokuntywila kunye ne-gymnastics zobugcisa kwahlula phakathi kwemincintiswano yabo ephambili, njengeMidlalo yeHlabathi kunye neMidlalo yeOlimpiki, kunye &quot;neNdebe yeHlabathi&quot; yabo, eququzelelwa njengomsitho omncinci wokubonisa kodwa okumgangatho ophezulu onamabala amancinci. 

== Umahluko phakathi kweNdebe yeHlabathi kunye neNtshatsheli yeHlabathi ==
Imibutho emininzi elawula ezemidlalo ikhetha igama elithi &quot;ubuntshatsheli behlabathi&quot; okanye igama elihambelanayo; ezinye zide zilungiselele indebe yehlabathi kunye nobuntshatsheli behlabathi ngemithetho eyahlukileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, olu khuphiswano luthatha enye yeendlela ezimbini: ukhuphiswano olufutshane oluphindaphindwayo okanye uthotho lweentlanganiso oluthatha unyaka wonke. Imidlalo emininzi idla ngokuba neNdebe yeHlabathi (edla ngokuquka imisitho emininzi kwixesha lonyaka) kunye nobuNtshatsheli beHlabathi (obudla ngokuba ngumsitho omnye).

Indebe yehlabathi okanye ubuntshatsheli behlabathi obudla ngokuba yitumente ye-''knockout'' (mhlawumbi ibe nenqanaba lokuqala lamaqela). Lo msitho uqhutywa kangangeentsuku okanye iiveki ezininzi, apho inani labathathi-nxaxheba lincitshiswa kude kusheke ababini kuphela, kwaye uqukunjelwa ngumdlalo wokugqibela weNdebe yeHlabathi. Ophumeleleyo uthatha isihloko sokuba yiNtshatsheli yeHlabathi ze asigcine de kube lixesha elilandelayo lokubanjwa kwalo msitho (idla ngokuba ngunyaka omnye, emibini, okanye emine kamva). Le ndlela ixhaphake kakhulu kwimidlalo yamaqela. Kwimidlalo apho umntu edlala eyedwa, ixesha lokugcina isihloko linokwahluka, njengoko kuxhomekeke kwixesha lokhuphiswano olulandelayo olucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwalowo uyintshatsheli ekhuselayo kunye nalowo ungumceli-mngeni.

Kananjalo, eminye imidlalo ibandakanya umdlalo wembasa yobhedu, apho abakhuphisanayo abakwindawo yesithathu neyesine bakhuphisana khona ukuze bafumane imbasa yobhedu.

== Ifomathi yexesha elide ==
Umbono owahlukileyo, odumileyo kwimidlalo yomntu ngamnye, lukhuphiswano oluthatha unyaka wonke olubandakanya imisitho emininzi ngelo xesha. Kule ndlela, ukuphumelela kwintlanganiso yomntu ngamnye kuzuza amanqaku amaninzi, kwaye, ngesiqhelo, inani lezikhundla ezingezantsi lifumana amanqaku ahambelana nendawo yazo. Abathathi-nxaxheba baqokelela amanqaku kuwo wonke unyaka (okanye &quot;ixesha lokhuphiswano&quot;), kwaye isambuku samanqaku abo emva kokuba zonke iindibano zigqityiwe sazisa iNtshatsheli yeHlabathi okanye, ngokulula, ophumelele iNdebe yeHlabathi. Lowo uphumeleleyo uthathwa njengentshatsheli de kube kuza iNdebe yeHlabathi elandelayo.

== Bona futhi ==

* Uluhlu lweentshatsheli zehlabathi kwezemidlalo, kuquka nezo zibizwa ngokuba zii-&quot;World Cups&quot;

* Uluhlu lwee-&quot;World Cup&quot;

* World Series (ukucaciswa kwentsingiselo)

== Iimbekiselo ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ikamva leMfundo</title>
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'''I-Futures of Education''' linyathelo lehlabathi, elasungulwa ngo-2019, kwaye likhokelwa yi [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] (Umbutho Wezemfundo, Isayensi Nenkcubeko WeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo), elijolise ekucingeni ngokutsha nasekubumbeni ikamva lemfundo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019|title=Futures of Education: learning to become|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370801?posInSet=444&amp;queryId=812a8f42-ff53-4977-ab6a-cd13641a499e.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Injongo echaziweyo yale projekthi kukuhlanganisa ubukrelekrele obudibeneyo, ukukhuthaza iingxoxo, nokucinga ngokutsha ngendlela imfundo enokuba negalelo kwingenelo yoluntu ngokubanzi nakuluntu lonke. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000370738|title=#CommitToEducation|publisher=UNESCO|year=2019|isbn=978-92-3-100336-3|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umxholo ==
I-UNESCO ithi ngenxa yokukhawuleza kokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubuthathaka nobungozi beplanethi enguMhlaba buya bucaca ngakumbi. Ikwathi ukungalingani, ukwahlukana koluntu, kunye nokwanda kweembono ezigqithisileyo kwezopolitiko zizisa iindawo ezininzi zoluntu kwimeko yengxaki.

I-UNESCO ikwaphikisa ngelithi inkqubela phambili kunxibelelwano lwedijithali, kubukrelekrele bokwenziwa (Artificial Intelligence), nakwibhayotekhnoloji (Biotechnology) inamandla okuzisa amathuba amatsha. Nangona kunjalo, ezi nkqubela phambili ziphakamisa iinkxalabo zokuziphatha nezolawulo, ngakumbi kuba izinto ezintsha kunye notshintsho lwetekhnoloji azisoloko zinegalelo elilinganayo kuphuhliso loluntu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Iphulo le-UNESCO ==
Inyathelo le-UNESCO elithi Futures of Education lijolise ekuhlanganiseni iindlela ezininzi zokuphila, ukucinga nokwazi ukuze kusetyenziswe ubukrelekrele obudibeneyo boluntu.

Lixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokubonisana ebandakanya ulutsha, ootitshala, imibutho yoluntu, oorhulumente, amashishini kunye nabanye abachaphazelekayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ukuhlanganiswa nokuthatha inxaxheba kothungelwano lweeUNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo yokubandakanya abachaphazelekayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000372577?posInSet=1&amp;queryId=55a23994-b1f1-44f8-966b-fbbed29500e3|title=Humanistic futures of learning: perspectives from UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks|publisher=UNESCO|year=2020|isbn=978-92-3-100369-1|location=|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lo msebenzi wawukhokelwa yikomishoni yamazwe ngamazwe eyayiquka iinkokeli ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi. Le komishoni yapapasha ingxelo ngeziphumo zophando lwayo ngo-2021, enesihloko esithi ''Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education''.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707|title='Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education'|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-100478-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hess|first=Abigail Johnson|date=29 November 2021|title='Our future as humanity is in peril': UNESCO report says education should focus on these 4 problems|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/29/unesco-report-says-global-education-should-focus-on-these-4-problems.html|accessdate=2023-02-10|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jonga kwakhona ==

* Imfundo yoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo
* Imfundo yoBumi beHlabathi
* UPhuhliso oluZinzileyo

== Imithombo yolwazi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Imithombo ==

*  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Humanistic futures of learning: perspectives from UNESCO Chairs and UNITWIN Networks​, UNESCO. 
*  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from #CommitToEducation​, UNESCO. 
*  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from Reimagining our futures together: a new social contract for education​, 188, International Commission on the Futures of Education, UNESCO. &lt;nowiki&gt;https://unesdoc.unesco.org&lt;/nowiki&gt;.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>U-Asad (ifilimu ka-2012)</title>
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      <text bytes="5974" sha1="4350eyjcrg8uylv4zs3fhxbdt0623qm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|name=ASAD|image=ASAD filmstill1-1.jpg|caption=Film poster|director=[[Bryan Buckley]]|writer=Bryan Buckley|producer={{ubl|Mino Jarjoura|'''Associate:''' Matt Lefebvre|'''Executive:''' Kevin Byrne|Hank Perlman|'''Producers:''' Bryan Buckley|Rafiq Samsodien}}|starring={{ubl|Harun Mohammed|Ibrahim Moallim Hussein|Ali Mohammed|Abdiwale Mohmed Mohamed|Mariya Abdulle|Najah Abdi Abdullahi}}|cinematography=Scott Henriksen|editing=Chris Franklin|music=Marcel Khalife|distributor=[[ShortsHD]]&lt;ref name=NYT/&gt;&lt;ref name=NYT2/&gt;|released={{Film date|2012}}|country=United States&lt;br /&gt;South Africa}}'''''I-Asad''''' yifilimu emfutshane yaseMzantsi Afrika naseAmerika yango 2012 eveliswe nguBryan Buckley . Le filimu yonyulwama kwiMbasa ye-Academy ka-2012 yeFilimu emfutshane ye-Best Live Action . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/85/nominees.html|accessdate=2013-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iveliswe [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]] nguMino Jarjoura weHungry Man Productions, abalinganiswa beqela baquka abahambeli baseSomalia abahlala [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]], akukho namnye kubo owayenamava okulinganisa ngaphambi kokuba badlale. &lt;ref name=&quot;asadfilm-inspiration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asad - Inspiration|url=http://asadfilm.com/ASAD/INSPIRATION.html|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221024544/http://www.asadfilm.com/ASAD/INSPIRATION.html|archive-date=21 February 2013|accessdate=13 February 2013|publisher=asadfilm.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emva kokutyunjwa kwi- Oscar, le filimu yakhutshwa kunye nezinye iifilimu ezimfutshane ezili-15 ezazityunjwe kwi-Oscar kwiithiyetha yiShortsHD . &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2013|title=Oscar Nominated Short Films 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2013/02/01/movies/awardsseason/oscar-shorts.html|website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|year=2013|title=Asad|url=https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2013/02/01/movies/awardsseason/oscar-shorts-6.html|website=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uvuthondaba ==
UAsad yinkwenkwe elobayo yaseSomalia. Abahlobo bakhe, abakhokelwa nguLabhan bangabaphangi. UAsad uziva ngathi ufanelwe bubomi bamasela emfazwe. Umlobi weentlanzi omdala ogama linguErasto ukhetha ukuphila ubomi bokuloba ngokunyanisekileyo endaweni yokuba ngumphangi. UAsad akakaze wabambisa kuhambo lwakhe lokuloba kwaye seqala ukulahla ithemba. UErasto uye azame ukuvuselela umoya wakhe ngokubambisa ezityebileyo.

UAsad xa sele ethatha intlanzi esiya nayo ekhaya nomhlobo wakhe, abantu esitalatweni bambuza ukuba uyibambile na waze wabaphendula ngomsindo wabaxelela ukuba akayibambanga. Umhlobo wakhe wacebisa ukuba axoke kodwa uAsad wathi ukuba uyaxoka uya kuqalekiswa ngonaphakade kwaye akayi kuphinde abambise. Ngelixa bencokola badibana neqela labavukeli baseSomalia ababuza ukuba baphi abafazi abahle kule dolophi yabo. Xa umhlobo ka Asad esithi akayazi bamgrogrisa ngokumbulala. UAsad wabanika intlanzi ukuze asindise ubomi bomhlobo wakhe.

Ngosuku olulandelayo, uAsad waya elwandle ukuya kudibana noErasto bayoloba ukuze aqaphele ukuba indoda endala yonzaliswe sisikhephe. Abavukeli baseSomalia babeze kulanda uAsad nanjengoko wayechazile ukuba ibanjwe phi intlanzi. Ingalo kaErasto yayilimele kakhulu kangangokuba wayengakwazi ukuloba. Waxelela uAsad ukuba ithamsanqa lale nkwenkwe liza kutshintsha namhlanje kwaye uzakuphela ebambisa. 

Ngelixa eloba elwandle, uAsad wava intlanzi itsala intambo yakhe yokuloba. Wazama ukuyibamba kodwa le ntlanzi yatsala isikhephe sakhe yasisa phakathi elwandle. Emva koko wabona isikhephe sobunewunewu esifana nesikaLaban nabahlobo bakhe ababecebe ukusibamba ukuze bafune intlawulo. UAsad wahamba waya kujonga okwenzekileyo waze wafumana uLabhan, abahlobo bakhe kunye nomfazi owayenenqanawa beswelekile bonke. Wqala ukuhlola elinye igumbi waze wafumane ikati yasePersi wayibuyisela kuErasto. Akukho namnye kubo owayesazi ukuba yintoni ikati kodwa bathi ifana nengonyama emhlophe. UErasto waphawula ukuba igama lika Asad lithetha &quot;ingonyama&quot;. UAsad wathiya ikati nge  Lionfish waze wayibuyisela kwilali yakhe ukuze ayinakekele laze latshintsha ithamsanqa lakhe.

== Amawonga ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#94bfd3&quot;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''Amabhaso e- ''ASAD'''''
|- bgcolor=&quot;#94bfd3&quot;
! width=&quot;100&quot; | '''Unyaka'''
! width=&quot;250&quot; | '''Umbutho'''
! width=&quot;300&quot; | '''Udidi lweeMbasa'''
! width=&quot;150&quot; | '''Imeko'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; | 2013
| Amabhaso e-Academy
| Ifilimu emfutshane ebalaseleyo - i-Live Action | {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; | 2012
| UMnyhadala weFilimu weTribeca
| Ibali elifutshane eliBalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waseLos Angeles
| Ibhaso labaphulaphuli | {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | UMnyhadala weeFilimu waseAustin
| Ibhaso labaphulaphuli | {{won}}
|-
| Ibali elifutshane eliBalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weFilimu waseNew Orleans
| Ifilimu emfutshane yebali elibalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waMazwe ngaMazwe waseRhode Island
| Ibhaso Elikhulu - Ifilimu Emfutshane Ebalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waseTraverse City
| Ibhaso leJury elikhethekileyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weFilimu waseHollyShorts
| Ifilimu emfutshane ebalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| [[One Lens Film Festival|UMnyhadala weFilimu we-One Lens]]
| Indawo yoku-1 kunye neMbasa yoBulungisa beNtlalo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waseMill Valley
| Ibhaso le-BAFTA/LA - Ifilimu emfutshane ebalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| [[San Jose International Film Festival|UMnyhadala weeFilimu waMazwe ngaMazwe waseSan Jose]]
| Eyona Festile ibalaseleyo | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waseDenver
| Ibhaso leStarz People's Choice Award kwiFilimu emfutshane | {{won}}
|-
| UMnyhadala weeFilimu waMazwe ngaMazwe waseBoulder
| Ifilimu emfutshane ebalaseleyo| {{won}}
|}

== Imithombo yolwazi ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Amakhonkco angaphandle ==

* {{IMDb title|2136747}}</text>
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