Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3270 42162 42053 2026-09-27T05:15:14Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42162 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Isidlo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> 7l5pmx1t7s3jeu8xgevi5eaa6zv3flk 42163 42162 2026-09-27T05:16:24Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42163 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> l39vftxkqu9il51jl9pvv9z4wuh5ie3 42164 42163 2026-09-27T05:21:26Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42164 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> 2mmry1zznjzw40s3gumziwhugw8viw8 42165 42164 2026-09-27T05:25:15Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42165 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> 03dcd4zdfmvsemqmb6cc7hexu5doz4b 42166 42165 2026-09-27T05:27:34Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42166 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] qdecml79m9p71sd6e6zdxz6xvh4ovul 42167 42166 2026-09-27T05:28:28Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42167 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] [[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]] dg159qpgrfpst69un2cf2tyn7xdlrc5 42168 42167 2026-09-27T05:29:24Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42168 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] [[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]] [[File:Xhosa_women's_outfit.jpg|thumb| Isinxibo sabafazi baseXhosa, esenziwe ngelaphu lengubo yomqhaphu elinombala wobomvu (imbola) yaye lihonjiswe ngamaso eglasi, amaqhosha enziwe ngamaqokobhe e-oyster kunye nomphetho welaphu elimnyama (i-felt).]] 1d6reow2oorq9k0fs3ynmjstm8750jj 42169 42168 2026-09-27T05:32:31Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42169 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] [[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]] [[File:Xhosa_women's_outfit.jpg|thumb| Isinxibo sabafazi baseXhosa, esenziwe ngelaphu lengubo yomqhaphu elinombala wobomvu (imbola) yaye lihonjiswe ngamaso eglasi, amaqhosha enziwe ngamaqokobhe e-oyster kunye nomphetho welaphu elimnyama (i-felt).]] <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div>[[File:Amaxhosa_wear.jpg|thumb| Impahla yesiXhosa yale mihla.]][[File:Xhosa_people,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20518645211).jpg|thumb| Indoda yomXhosa, eMpuma Koloni.]][[File:Xhosa_girl,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20512280765).jpg|thumb| Intombazana yomXhosa.]]</div></div> dppw7w450vklli4p0o5ks9tr7pdrs6s 0 7305 42161 39350 2026-09-26T20:41:42Z ~2026-51840-46 16638 42161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Labib Sikder''' is a Bangladeshi Activist. {{Stub}} [[Uluhlu:Umculo]] hjkrjqr7mn6cjyfw6k6b9cdpujq4fo0 0 9376 42157 2026-09-26T16:54:48Z Lilly Justine 16589 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365941780|Veto]]" 42157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Signing_Veto_of_Defense_Authorization_Bill_with_George_Bush_Ken_Duberstein_Colin_Powell_in_The_Oval_Office_-_DPLA_-_9b8dbe0254eefd3899fe180c33c09b4d.jpg|thumb|UMongameli waseMerika [[Ronald Reagan|URonald Reagan]] utyikitya isibhengezo sokubekwa kwevoti]] IVeto ligunya elisemthethweni lokumisa isenzo esisemthethweni ngokuzimeleyo. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba umongameli okanye ukumkani avimbe umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ungabi ngumthetho. Kwilizwe ezininzi, amandla eveto abekwe kumgaqo-siseko welizwe. Amandla eveto afumaneka nakwamanye amanqanaba karhulumente, njengakurhulumente wengingqi okanye wengingqi, nakwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ezinye iiveto zinokoyiswa, ngokufuthi ngevoti yesininzi esikhulu: eMelika, ivoti yesibini kwisithathu yeNdlu yabaMeli kunye neNdlu yeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo inokoyisa iveto kamongameli. Ezinye iiveto, nangona kunjalo, azinakoyiswa kwaphela. Umzekelo, kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, amalungu amahlanu asisigxina (iTshayina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, neMelika) aneveto epheleleyo kuso nasiphi na isigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, igunya leveto linokusetyenziswa kuphela ukuthintela utshintsho kwimeko ekhoyo. Kodwa ezinye iiveto ziquka amandla okwenza okanye ukuphakamisa utshintsho. Umzekelo, umongameli waseIndiya unokusebenzisa iveto yokulungisa ukuphakamisa izilungiso kwiibhilikhi ezivetiweyo. Igunya lesigqeba lokuvimba umthetho lelinye lawona mathuluzi aphambili esigqeba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye negunya lokwenza isindululo. Lidla ngokufumaneka kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, intloko yelizwe idla ngokuba neveto ebuthathaka okanye ingabinayo kwaphela. Kodwa nangona ezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko zingenawo amandla eveto asemthethweni, zonke iinkqubo zepolitiko zinabadlali beveto, abantu okanye amaqela anokusebenzisa amandla entlalo nezopolitiko ukuthintela utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo. Igama elithi "veto" livela kwisiLatini elithetha "ndiyala". Ingcamango yeveto yaqala kwiiofisi zaseRoma zeeconsul kunye neetribuni zabantu. Kwakukho iiconsul ezimbini minyaka yonke; nayiphi na iconsul yayinokuvimba isenzo somkhosi okanye sombutho yenye. Iitribuni zazinamandla okumisa ngokuzimeleyo nasiphi na isenzo somphathi waseRoma okanye imimiselo eyayipasiswa yiSenethi yaseRoma. == Imbali == === I-Veto yaseRoma === [[File:Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg|thumb|UTiberius Gracchus, umlawuli waseRoma]] Iqumrhu leveto, elalisaziwa ngamaRoma ngokuba yi-''intercessio'', lamkelwa yiRiphabliki yaseRoma ngenkulungwane yesi-6 BC ukuze iitribuni zikwazi ukukhusela iimfuno ze-plebeians (abemi abaqhelekileyo) kwiingenelelo ze-patricians, ababelawula iSenethi. Iveto yetribuni yayingathinteli iSenethi ekupasiseni umthetho oyilwayo kodwa yayithetha ukuba awunakuba namandla okuba ngumthetho. Iitribuni zazinokusebenzisa iveto ukuthintela umthetho oyilwayo ukuba ungeniswe kwindibano yabantu. Iiconsul nazo zazinamandla eveto, njengoko ukuthatha izigqibo ngokubanzi kwakufuna imvume yazo zombini iiconsul. Ukuba zazingavumelani, enye yayinokufaka i-intercessio ukuvimba isenzo senye. Iveto yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengcamango yamaRoma yokuba amandla asetyenziswa kungekuphela nje ukuphatha imicimbi yombuso kodwa nokulawula nokunciphisa amandla amagosa nequmrhu eliphezulu lombuso. Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kweveto yaseRoma kwenzeka kuguquko lomhlaba lwaseGracchan, olwaqalwa yitribuni uTiberius Gracchus ngo-133 BC. Xa itribuni yakhe uMarcus Octavius yavimba uguquko, iNdibano yavota ukumsusa ngenkcazo yokuba itribuni kufuneka imele iimfuno ze-plebeians. Kamva, iisenethi ezazicaphukileyo ngenxa yoguquko zambulala uGracchus nabalandeli bakhe, nto leyo eyaqala ixesha lobundlobongela bezopolitiko baseRoma. === I-Liberum veto === Kumgaqo-siseko wePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, yonke imithetho oyilwayo kwakufuneka ipasiswe yiSejm okanye "Seimas" (ipalamente) ngemvumelwano epheleleyo, kwaye ukuba nawuphi na ummeli wawusebenzisa i-liberum veto, oku kwakungavimbi nje loo mthetho kodwa yonke imithetho eyayipasiswe ngaphambili kwelo xesha, kwaye kwakuchithwa nendibano yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. Ingcamango yavela kwingcamango "yedemokhrasi yasePoland" yokuba nawuphi na umPoland onobuhandiba wayegqalwa njengolingana nomnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimo sakhe sempahla sasiphantsi okanye siphezulu kangakanani. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweli gunya leveto kwaqhawula amandla endlui yowiso-mthetho kwaye, kudityaniswa noluhlu lookumkani ababuthathaka, kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni kukwahlulwa nokuchithwa kombuso wasePoland ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. === Ukuvela kweeVeto zanamhlanje === [[File:P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg|thumb|UWilliam III waseNgilani enika imvume yasebukhosini kwi-Toleration Act ka-1688.]] Iveto yesigqeba yanamhlanje ivela kwiziko laseYurophu lemvume yobukhosi, apho imvume kakumkani yayifuneka ukuze imithetho ibe ngumthetho. Oku kwavela kwiinkqubo zobukhosi zangaphambili apho imithetho yayikhutshwa ngukumkani ngokwakhe, njengoko kwakunjalo eNgilani de kwaba ngulawulo luka-Edward III ngenkulungwane ye-14. ENgilani ngokwayo, amandla kakumkani okwala imvume yobukhosi awazange asetyenziswe emva ko-1708, kodwa asetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikoloni zaseBritane. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweli gunya kwakhankanywa kwiSibhengezo seenkululeko saseMelika ngo-1776. Emva kweMvukelo yaseFransi ngo-1789, iveto yobukhosi yaxoxwa kakhulu, kwaye amakhulu ezindululo angeniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeveto yobukhosi, njengepheleleyo, eyethutyana, okanye engekhoyo. Ngokwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko waseFransi ka-1791, uKumkani uLouis XVI waphulukana neveto yakhe epheleleyo waza wafumana igunya lokukhupha iveto yethutyana eyayinokoyiswa ngesininzi seevoti kwiiseshoni ezimbini zilandelelanayo zeNdibano yoWiso-mthetho, ezaziza kuthatha iminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu. Ngokupheliswa kobukhosi ngo-1792, umbuzo weveto yobukhosi yaseFransi waphelelwa yinto. Iveto kamongameli yaqalwa ziiriphabliki ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 njengesixhobo esichasene nesininzi, sinciphisa amandla esininzi sowiso-mthetho. Ezinye iingcali zepolitiko ezinjengoThomas Jefferson, nangona kunjalo, zaxoxa ngokuphelisa igunya leveto ngokupheleleyo njengentsalela yobukhosi. Ukuphepha ukunika umongameli amandla amaninzi, uninzi lweeveto zokuqala zikamongameli, njengegunya leveto eMelika, yayiziiveto ezifanelekileyo ezazinokoyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kodwa oku kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke ixesha: umgaqo-siseko waseChile ka-1833, umzekelo, wanika umongameli welo lizwe iveto epheleleyo. == Iindidi == Uninzi lweeveto zanamhlanje zenzelwe ukujonga amandla karhulumente, okanye isebe likarhulumente, ikakhulu isebe lowiso-mthetho. Ngoko ke, koorhulumente abanolwahlulo lwamagunya, iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngesebe likarhulumente elizisebenzisayo: iveto yesigqeba, iveto yowiso-mthetho, okanye iveto yenkundla. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindidi zamandla eveto zikhusela ezinye iimfuno. Ukwala imvume yobukhosi ngabalawuli kwiikoloni zaseBritane, okwaqhubeka emva kokuba umkhuba uphelile eBritane ngokwayo, kwakusebenza njengesithintelo selinye inqanaba likarhulumente ngokuchasene nelinye. Iiveto zinokusetyenziswa nokukhusela iimfuno zamaqela athile elizweni. Amandla eveto eetribuni zaseRoma zamandulo akhusela iimfuno zodidi oluthile lwentlalo (ii-plebeians) ngokuchasene nolunye (ii-patricians). Ekutshintsheni kobandlululo, "iveto yabamhlophe" yokukhusela iimfuno zabamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika yaphakanyiswa kodwa ayizange yamkelwe. Kutshanje, iiveto zabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zoshishino kumhlaba wabantu bomthonyama ziphakanyisiwe emva kweSibhengezo samaXhosa aBantu boMthonyama sango-2007, esifuna "imvume ekhululekileyo, yangaphambili neyazisiweyo" yabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso okanye zokutsalwa kwemithombo kumhlaba wabo. Nangona kunjalo, oorhulumente abaninzi baye bangafuni ukuvumela iveto enjalo. Iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngokokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo linokoyisa na, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, njani. Iveto epheleleyo ayinakoyiswa kwaphela. Iveto efanelekileyo inokoyiswa ngesininzi esikhulu, njengesibini kwisithathu okanye isithathu kwezintlanu. Iveto yethutyana, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yexeshana, inokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula, kwaye ngoko icotha kuphela umthetho ekuqalekeni kwawo. === Iindidi zeVeto zoLawulo === [[File:President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_DPLA_-_49285d0187f43521e9710a0f0ee4dcb5.jpg|right|thumb|UMongameli waseMerika UBill Clinton utyikitya iileta zokurhoxisa ezinxulumene ne-Veto yakhe yomgca-Item yoMthetho woHlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungelelanisiweyo ka-1997]] Iveto yepakethe, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yiveto yebhloko" okanye "iveto epheleleyo", ivimba isenzo sowiso-mthetho siphela. Ngokuchaseneyo, iveto yecandelo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yomgca, ivumela isigqeba ukuba sichase kuphela inxalenye ethile yomthetho ngelixa sivumela ezinye zime. Isigqeba esineveto yecandelo sinendawo eyomeleleyo yothethathethwano kunesigqeba esineveto yepakethe kuphela. Iveto yokulungisa okanye umbono wokulungisa ubuyisela umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngezilungiso eziphakanyisiweyo, ezinokuthi zibe yindlu yowiso-mthetho inokuthi izamkele okanye izoyise. Isiphumo sokungenzi nto kwindlu yowiso-mthetho sinokwahluka: kwezinye iinkqubo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uyawa, ngelixa kwezinye, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uba ngumthetho. Ngenxa yokuba iveto yokulungisa inika isigqeba indima eyomeleleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, idla ngokubonwa njengophawu lwamandla eveto awomeleleyo ngokukodwa. Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kwimicimbi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (njengeeveto zomgca kwezinye iindawo zaseMelika, okanye iveto yemali eNew Zealand). Amanye amandla eveto (njengaseFinland) asebenza kuphela kwimicimbi engeyiyo eyohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali; ezinye (njengaseMzantsi Afrika) zisebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko. Igunya leveto elinganqunyelwanga ngolu hlobo laziwa ngokuba "yiveto yomgaqo-nkqubo". Olunye uhlobo lweveto yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iveto yokunciphisa, efumaneka kumazwe amaninzi aseMelika, inika isigqeba igunya lokunciphisa izabelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ezenziwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa isigqeba sinikwe iiveto ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zokuzoyisa zinokwahluka. Umzekelo, kwilizwe laseMelika i-Illinois, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokunciphisa, ukunciphisa kuba ngumthetho ngokwaso, ngelixa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokulungisa, umthetho oyilwayo uyafa. Iveto yepokotho yiveto eyenzeka ngokungenzi nto kwesigqeba okanye intloko yelizwe. EMelika, iveto yepokotho inokusetyenziswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwesesheni yowiso-mthetho; ukuba umhla wokugqibela wokwenza komongameli udlula ngesikhathi seseshoni yowiso-mthetho, umthetho oyilwayo uba ngumthetho nje. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakoyisa iveto yepokotho Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kumxholo wawo. Iveto yomgaqo-siseko ivumela isigqeba kuphela ukuba sivimbe imithetho oyilwayo engqubanayo nomgaqo-siseko; ngokuchaseneyo, "iveto yomgaqo-nkqubo" inokusetyenziswa naphi na apho isigqeba singavumelani nomthetho oyilwayo ngezizathu zomgaqo-nkqubo. Oomongameli abaneveto yomgaqo-siseko baquka abo baseBenin naseMzantsi Afrika. === Ukuphikisana nomthetho === Iveto yowiso-mthetho ligunya leveto elisetyenziswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho. Linokuba liveto elisetyenziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuchasene nesenzo sesebe lesigqeba, njengakwimeko yeveto yowiso-mthetho eMelika, efumaneka kumazwe angama-28 aseMelika. Linokuba likwaligunya leveto elisetyenziswa lelinye igumbi lendlu yowiso-mthetho enamagumbi amabini ngokuchasene nelinye, njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili kumalungu eSenethi yaseFiji awayemiselwe liBhunga eliPhakamileyo leeNkosi === Veto malunga nabaviwa === Kwezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko, iqumrhu elithile linokuba neveto ngabagqatswa besikhundla esinyuliweyo. Olu hlobo lweveto lunokubizwa ngokuba "kuvavanywa". Ngokwembali, ookumkani abathile bamaKatolika baseYurophu babenakho ukuvimba abagqatswa bobupopu, igunya elalisaziwa ngokuba yi-''jus exclusivae''. Eli gunya lasetyenziswa okokugqibela ngo-1903 nguFranz Joseph I waseAustria. EIran, iBhunga loMlindi linamandla okuvuma okanye ukungavumi abagqatswa, ukongeza kwigunya lalo leveto ngowiso-mthetho. EChina, emva kokuphumelela kwedemokhrasi kunyulo lwaseHong Kong lwango-2019, ngo-2021 iNational People's Congress yamkela umthetho owanika iKomiti yokuPhonononga ukuFaneleka kwaBagqatswa, emiselwe nguMlawuli oPhezulu waseHong Kong, igunya lokuvimba abagqatswa kwiBhunga loWiso-mthetho laseHong Kong. == Ukulinganisela kwamandla == Kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, iveto ligunya lowiso-mthetho lobongameli, kuba libandakanya umongameli kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Ngokuchasene namagunya asebenzayo njengokukwazi ukwazisa umthetho, iveto ligunya elisebenzayo, kuba umongameli akanakuvimba umthetho oyilwayo de kube yindlu yowiso-mthetho iwupasisile. Amandla eveto yesigqeba adla ngokuhlelwa njengamandla "omeleleyo" okanye "abuthathaka". Igunya leveto linokugqalwa njengelomeleleyo okanye elibuthathaka ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi balo, imida yexesha lokulisebenzisa kunye neemfuno zokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo lizoyise. Ngokubanzi, okukhona isininzi esifunekayo sokoyisa sikhulu, kokukhona iveto yomelela. Iiveto zecandelo azichatshazelwa lula kukoyiswa kuneveto zepakethe, kwaye iingcali zepolitiko eziye zafunda lo mba ngokubanzi ziqwalasele iiveto zecandelo ukuba zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zepakethe. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olusebenzayo lweveto yomgca kurhulumente wamazwe aseMelika alufumananga mpembelelo ingaguqukiyo kumandla esigqeba okuqhubela phambili i-ajenda yaso. Iiveto zokulungisa zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zokucima, kuba zinika isigqeba amandla okusondeza umgaqo-nkqubo kufutshane nesimo esisithandayo kunokuba bekunokwenzeka. Kodwa iveto yepakethe yethutyana enokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula inokusebenza ekumiseni okanye ekuguquleni umthetho. Umzekelo, e-Estonia ngo-1993, umongameli uLennart Meri wakwazi ukufumana izilungiso kumthetho ocetywayo weLaw on Aliens emva kokukhupha iveto yethutyana yomthetho oyilwayo kunye nokuphakamisa izilungiso ezisekelwe kwiimbono zeengcali kumthetho waseYurophu. == Ehlabathini Lonke == [[File:UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg|thumb|Igumbi lokuhlangana leBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo]] Emhlabeni jikelele, iveto yesigqeba ngowiso-mthetho yinto ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, kunye namandla eveto anamandla ngokubanzi anxulunyaniswa namandla omongameli anamandla ngokubanzi. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, amandla eveto entloko yelizwe adla ngokuba buthathaka okanye angabikho kwaphela. Ngokukodwa, kwiinkqubo zaseWestminster nakwimibuso emininzi yomgaqo-siseko, igunya lokuvimba umthetho ngokungavumi imvume yobukhosi, nangona ngokobuchwepheshe lipheleleyo, ligunya elingasoloko lisetyenziswa lokumkani. Ngokwesiqhelo, iCrown ilandela isivumelwano sokusebenzisa ilungelo layo ngokucebisa kwepalamente. === Amaziko ehlabathi === [[File:Africa_just_countries.svg|thumb|IAfrika]] * Benin: Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuze uphononongwe kwakhona kwiintsuku ezili-15 (okanye iintsuku ezili-5 ukuba umthetho ubhengezwe njengongxamisekileyo). INdibano yeSizwe inokoyisa iveto ngokupasisa umthetho kwakhona ngesininzi esipheleleyo. Ukuba umongameli emva koko uvimba umthetho okwesibini, iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ukuba igwebe ngomgaqo-siseko wawo. Ukuba iNkundla igweba ukuba umthetho uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko, uba ngumthetho. Ukuba umongameli akawamkeli okanye akawubuyiseli umthetho ngexesha elimiselweyo leentsuku ezili-15 okanye ezi-5, oku kusebenza njengeveto, kwaye iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla ukuba ibhengeze umthetho njengomgaqo-siseko kwaye usebenze. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ngo-2008, xa uMongameli uYayi engazange athabathe manyathelo kumthetho oyilwayo owawuza kubeka umhla wokuphela "kwimilinganiselo ekhethekileyo" awayeyisebenzisile ukugcina iNdibano yeSizwe ihlangene. Emva kokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo ngale ndlela, umongameli wacela iNkundla ukuba iphonononge umgaqo-siseko. INkundla yagweba ukuba xa umhla wokugqibela wesenzo sikamongameli udlulile, yiNdibano yeSizwe kuphela enokucela uphononongo, nto leyo eyayenzile (kwaye yaphumelela). Cameroon: Umongameli unegunya lokubuyisela imithetho oyilwayo ePalamente ukuze ifundwe okwesibini. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezili-15. Ekufundweni kwesibini umthetho oyilwayo kufuneka upasiswe ngesininzi esipheleleyo ukuze ube ngumthetho. Liberia: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe, yecandelo kunye neyepokotho phantsi kweSiqendu 35 soMgaqo-siseko ka-1986. Umongameli uneentsuku ezingamashumi amabini zokusayina umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ube ngumthetho, kodwa unokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo wonke okanye iinxalenye zawo, emva koko iNdlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka iphinde iwupasise ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu sazo zombini iindlu. Ukuba uMongameli akasayini umthetho oyilwayo kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amabini kwaye iNdlu yowiso-mthetho iyahlukana, umthetho oyilwayo uyawa. South Africa: Umongameli uneveto ebuthathaka yomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho oyilwayo kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuhambelana kwawo nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba iNdibano yeSizwe ipasisa umthetho oyilwayo okwesibini, umongameli kufuneka awusayine okanye awuthumele kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yoMzantsi Afrika ukuze kugqitywe ukuba umthetho oyilwayo uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba akukho nkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko, imvume kamongameli kumthetho inyanzelekile. Uganda: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe neyecandelo. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezingama-30 zokufumana umthetho. Okokuqala xa umongameli ebuyisela umthetho oyilwayo ePalamente, iPalamente inokuwuphinda iwupasise ngesininzi esilula. Ukuba umongameli uwubuyisela okwesibini, iPalamente inokoyisa iveto ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ekuphasisweni kwe-Income Tax Amendment Act 2016, eyakhulula izibonelelo zamalungu owiso-mthetho kwirhafu. Zambia: Phantsi komgaqo-siseko ka-1996, umongameli wayeneveto yepokotho epheleleyo: ukuba wayengavumi kumthetho kwaye engawubuyiseli epalamente ukuze ube nokoyiswa, wawufa ngonaphakade. Eli gunya elingaqhelekanga lapheliswa kuhlengahlengiso ngokubanzi lwemimiselo yoMgaqo-siseko ngo-2016. === I-America === [[File:America_map.jpg|thumb|Amazwe AseMerika]] * * cocry8zilofwi7hdbn2lr24h7nq5gcs 42158 42157 2026-09-26T16:57:44Z Lilly Justine 16589 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365941780|Veto]]" 42158 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:President_Ronald_Reagan_Signing_Veto_of_Defense_Authorization_Bill_with_George_Bush_Ken_Duberstein_Colin_Powell_in_The_Oval_Office_-_DPLA_-_9b8dbe0254eefd3899fe180c33c09b4d.jpg|thumb|UMongameli waseMerika [[Ronald Reagan|URonald Reagan]] utyikitya isibhengezo sokubekwa kwevoti]] IVeto ligunya elisemthethweni lokumisa isenzo esisemthethweni ngokuzimeleyo. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo kukuba umongameli okanye ukumkani avimbe umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ungabi ngumthetho. Kwilizwe ezininzi, amandla eveto abekwe kumgaqo-siseko welizwe. Amandla eveto afumaneka nakwamanye amanqanaba karhulumente, njengakurhulumente wengingqi okanye wengingqi, nakwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe. Ezinye iiveto zinokoyiswa, ngokufuthi ngevoti yesininzi esikhulu: eMelika, ivoti yesibini kwisithathu yeNdlu yabaMeli kunye neNdlu yeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo inokoyisa iveto kamongameli. Ezinye iiveto, nangona kunjalo, azinakoyiswa kwaphela. Umzekelo, kwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, amalungu amahlanu asisigxina (iTshayina, iFransi, iRashiya, iUnited Kingdom, neMelika) aneveto epheleleyo kuso nasiphi na isigqibo seBhunga loKhuseleko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, igunya leveto linokusetyenziswa kuphela ukuthintela utshintsho kwimeko ekhoyo. Kodwa ezinye iiveto ziquka amandla okwenza okanye ukuphakamisa utshintsho. Umzekelo, umongameli waseIndiya unokusebenzisa iveto yokulungisa ukuphakamisa izilungiso kwiibhilikhi ezivetiweyo. Igunya lesigqeba lokuvimba umthetho lelinye lawona mathuluzi aphambili esigqeba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye negunya lokwenza isindululo. Lidla ngokufumaneka kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, intloko yelizwe idla ngokuba neveto ebuthathaka okanye ingabinayo kwaphela. Kodwa nangona ezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko zingenawo amandla eveto asemthethweni, zonke iinkqubo zepolitiko zinabadlali beveto, abantu okanye amaqela anokusebenzisa amandla entlalo nezopolitiko ukuthintela utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo. Igama elithi "veto" livela kwisiLatini elithetha "ndiyala". Ingcamango yeveto yaqala kwiiofisi zaseRoma zeeconsul kunye neetribuni zabantu. Kwakukho iiconsul ezimbini minyaka yonke; nayiphi na iconsul yayinokuvimba isenzo somkhosi okanye sombutho yenye. Iitribuni zazinamandla okumisa ngokuzimeleyo nasiphi na isenzo somphathi waseRoma okanye imimiselo eyayipasiswa yiSenethi yaseRoma. == Imbali == === I-Veto yaseRoma === [[File:Tiberius_Gracchus.jpg|thumb|UTiberius Gracchus, umlawuli waseRoma]] Iqumrhu leveto, elalisaziwa ngamaRoma ngokuba yi-''intercessio'', lamkelwa yiRiphabliki yaseRoma ngenkulungwane yesi-6 BC ukuze iitribuni zikwazi ukukhusela iimfuno ze-plebeians (abemi abaqhelekileyo) kwiingenelelo ze-patricians, ababelawula iSenethi. Iveto yetribuni yayingathinteli iSenethi ekupasiseni umthetho oyilwayo kodwa yayithetha ukuba awunakuba namandla okuba ngumthetho. Iitribuni zazinokusebenzisa iveto ukuthintela umthetho oyilwayo ukuba ungeniswe kwindibano yabantu. Iiconsul nazo zazinamandla eveto, njengoko ukuthatha izigqibo ngokubanzi kwakufuna imvume yazo zombini iiconsul. Ukuba zazingavumelani, enye yayinokufaka i-intercessio ukuvimba isenzo senye. Iveto yayiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yengcamango yamaRoma yokuba amandla asetyenziswa kungekuphela nje ukuphatha imicimbi yombuso kodwa nokulawula nokunciphisa amandla amagosa nequmrhu eliphezulu lombuso. Ukusetyenziswa okubalulekileyo kweveto yaseRoma kwenzeka kuguquko lomhlaba lwaseGracchan, olwaqalwa yitribuni uTiberius Gracchus ngo-133 BC. Xa itribuni yakhe uMarcus Octavius yavimba uguquko, iNdibano yavota ukumsusa ngenkcazo yokuba itribuni kufuneka imele iimfuno ze-plebeians. Kamva, iisenethi ezazicaphukileyo ngenxa yoguquko zambulala uGracchus nabalandeli bakhe, nto leyo eyaqala ixesha lobundlobongela bezopolitiko baseRoma. === I-Liberum veto === Kumgaqo-siseko wePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, yonke imithetho oyilwayo kwakufuneka ipasiswe yiSejm okanye "Seimas" (ipalamente) ngemvumelwano epheleleyo, kwaye ukuba nawuphi na ummeli wawusebenzisa i-liberum veto, oku kwakungavimbi nje loo mthetho kodwa yonke imithetho eyayipasiswe ngaphambili kwelo xesha, kwaye kwakuchithwa nendibano yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo. Ingcamango yavela kwingcamango "yedemokhrasi yasePoland" yokuba nawuphi na umPoland onobuhandiba wayegqalwa njengolingana nomnye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimo sakhe sempahla sasiphantsi okanye siphezulu kangakanani. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweli gunya leveto kwaqhawula amandla endlui yowiso-mthetho kwaye, kudityaniswa noluhlu lookumkani ababuthathaka, kwakhokelela ekugqibeleni kukwahlulwa nokuchithwa kombuso wasePoland ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. === Ukuvela kweeVeto zanamhlanje === [[File:P588_William_III._giving_his_royal_assent_to_the_toleration_act.jpg|thumb|UWilliam III waseNgilani enika imvume yasebukhosini kwi-Toleration Act ka-1688.]] Iveto yesigqeba yanamhlanje ivela kwiziko laseYurophu lemvume yobukhosi, apho imvume kakumkani yayifuneka ukuze imithetho ibe ngumthetho. Oku kwavela kwiinkqubo zobukhosi zangaphambili apho imithetho yayikhutshwa ngukumkani ngokwakhe, njengoko kwakunjalo eNgilani de kwaba ngulawulo luka-Edward III ngenkulungwane ye-14. ENgilani ngokwayo, amandla kakumkani okwala imvume yobukhosi awazange asetyenziswe emva ko-1708, kodwa asetyenziswa kakhulu kwiikoloni zaseBritane. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweli gunya kwakhankanywa kwiSibhengezo seenkululeko saseMelika ngo-1776. Emva kweMvukelo yaseFransi ngo-1789, iveto yobukhosi yaxoxwa kakhulu, kwaye amakhulu ezindululo angeniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zeveto yobukhosi, njengepheleleyo, eyethutyana, okanye engekhoyo. Ngokwamkelwa koMgaqo-siseko waseFransi ka-1791, uKumkani uLouis XVI waphulukana neveto yakhe epheleleyo waza wafumana igunya lokukhupha iveto yethutyana eyayinokoyiswa ngesininzi seevoti kwiiseshoni ezimbini zilandelelanayo zeNdibano yoWiso-mthetho, ezaziza kuthatha iminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu. Ngokupheliswa kobukhosi ngo-1792, umbuzo weveto yobukhosi yaseFransi waphelelwa yinto. Iveto kamongameli yaqalwa ziiriphabliki ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 njengesixhobo esichasene nesininzi, sinciphisa amandla esininzi sowiso-mthetho. Ezinye iingcali zepolitiko ezinjengoThomas Jefferson, nangona kunjalo, zaxoxa ngokuphelisa igunya leveto ngokupheleleyo njengentsalela yobukhosi. Ukuphepha ukunika umongameli amandla amaninzi, uninzi lweeveto zokuqala zikamongameli, njengegunya leveto eMelika, yayiziiveto ezifanelekileyo ezazinokoyiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kodwa oku kwakungenjalo ngaso sonke ixesha: umgaqo-siseko waseChile ka-1833, umzekelo, wanika umongameli welo lizwe iveto epheleleyo. == Iindidi == Uninzi lweeveto zanamhlanje zenzelwe ukujonga amandla karhulumente, okanye isebe likarhulumente, ikakhulu isebe lowiso-mthetho. Ngoko ke, koorhulumente abanolwahlulo lwamagunya, iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngesebe likarhulumente elizisebenzisayo: iveto yesigqeba, iveto yowiso-mthetho, okanye iveto yenkundla. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindidi zamandla eveto zikhusela ezinye iimfuno. Ukwala imvume yobukhosi ngabalawuli kwiikoloni zaseBritane, okwaqhubeka emva kokuba umkhuba uphelile eBritane ngokwayo, kwakusebenza njengesithintelo selinye inqanaba likarhulumente ngokuchasene nelinye. Iiveto zinokusetyenziswa nokukhusela iimfuno zamaqela athile elizweni. Amandla eveto eetribuni zaseRoma zamandulo akhusela iimfuno zodidi oluthile lwentlalo (ii-plebeians) ngokuchasene nolunye (ii-patricians). Ekutshintsheni kobandlululo, "iveto yabamhlophe" yokukhusela iimfuno zabamhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika yaphakanyiswa kodwa ayizange yamkelwe. Kutshanje, iiveto zabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zoshishino kumhlaba wabantu bomthonyama ziphakanyisiwe emva kweSibhengezo samaXhosa aBantu boMthonyama sango-2007, esifuna "imvume ekhululekileyo, yangaphambili neyazisiweyo" yabantu bomthonyama kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso okanye zokutsalwa kwemithombo kumhlaba wabo. Nangona kunjalo, oorhulumente abaninzi baye bangafuni ukuvumela iveto enjalo. Iiveto zinokuhlelwa ngokokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo linokoyisa na, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, njani. Iveto epheleleyo ayinakoyiswa kwaphela. Iveto efanelekileyo inokoyiswa ngesininzi esikhulu, njengesibini kwisithathu okanye isithathu kwezintlanu. Iveto yethutyana, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yexeshana, inokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula, kwaye ngoko icotha kuphela umthetho ekuqalekeni kwawo. === Iindidi zeVeto zoLawulo === [[File:President_William_J._Clinton_Signing_Line_Item_Veto_Letters_-_DPLA_-_49285d0187f43521e9710a0f0ee4dcb5.jpg|right|thumb|UMongameli waseMerika UBill Clinton utyikitya iileta zokurhoxisa ezinxulumene ne-Veto yakhe yomgca-Item yoMthetho woHlahlo-lwabiwo mali olungelelanisiweyo ka-1997]] Iveto yepakethe, ekwabizwa ngokuba "yiveto yebhloko" okanye "iveto epheleleyo", ivimba isenzo sowiso-mthetho siphela. Ngokuchaseneyo, iveto yecandelo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiveto yomgca, ivumela isigqeba ukuba sichase kuphela inxalenye ethile yomthetho ngelixa sivumela ezinye zime. Isigqeba esineveto yecandelo sinendawo eyomeleleyo yothethathethwano kunesigqeba esineveto yepakethe kuphela. Iveto yokulungisa okanye umbono wokulungisa ubuyisela umthetho kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngezilungiso eziphakanyisiweyo, ezinokuthi zibe yindlu yowiso-mthetho inokuthi izamkele okanye izoyise. Isiphumo sokungenzi nto kwindlu yowiso-mthetho sinokwahluka: kwezinye iinkqubo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uyawa, ngelixa kwezinye, umthetho oyilwayo ovetiweyo uba ngumthetho. Ngenxa yokuba iveto yokulungisa inika isigqeba indima eyomeleleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, idla ngokubonwa njengophawu lwamandla eveto awomeleleyo ngokukodwa. Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kwimicimbi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali (njengeeveto zomgca kwezinye iindawo zaseMelika, okanye iveto yemali eNew Zealand). Amanye amandla eveto (njengaseFinland) asebenza kuphela kwimicimbi engeyiyo eyohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali; ezinye (njengaseMzantsi Afrika) zisebenza kuphela kwimicimbi yomgaqo-siseko. Igunya leveto elinganqunyelwanga ngolu hlobo laziwa ngokuba "yiveto yomgaqo-nkqubo". Olunye uhlobo lweveto yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, iveto yokunciphisa, efumaneka kumazwe amaninzi aseMelika, inika isigqeba igunya lokunciphisa izabelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ezenziwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Xa isigqeba sinikwe iiveto ezahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zokuzoyisa zinokwahluka. Umzekelo, kwilizwe laseMelika i-Illinois, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokunciphisa, ukunciphisa kuba ngumthetho ngokwaso, ngelixa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayenzi nto ngeveto yokulungisa, umthetho oyilwayo uyafa. Iveto yepokotho yiveto eyenzeka ngokungenzi nto kwesigqeba okanye intloko yelizwe. EMelika, iveto yepokotho inokusetyenziswa kuphela ngasekupheleni kwesesheni yowiso-mthetho; ukuba umhla wokugqibela wokwenza komongameli udlula ngesikhathi seseshoni yowiso-mthetho, umthetho oyilwayo uba ngumthetho nje. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakoyisa iveto yepokotho Amanye amandla eveto anqunyelwe kumxholo wawo. Iveto yomgaqo-siseko ivumela isigqeba kuphela ukuba sivimbe imithetho oyilwayo engqubanayo nomgaqo-siseko; ngokuchaseneyo, "iveto yomgaqo-nkqubo" inokusetyenziswa naphi na apho isigqeba singavumelani nomthetho oyilwayo ngezizathu zomgaqo-nkqubo. Oomongameli abaneveto yomgaqo-siseko baquka abo baseBenin naseMzantsi Afrika. === Ukuphikisana nomthetho === Iveto yowiso-mthetho ligunya leveto elisetyenziswa liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho. Linokuba liveto elisetyenziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokuchasene nesenzo sesebe lesigqeba, njengakwimeko yeveto yowiso-mthetho eMelika, efumaneka kumazwe angama-28 aseMelika. Linokuba likwaligunya leveto elisetyenziswa lelinye igumbi lendlu yowiso-mthetho enamagumbi amabini ngokuchasene nelinye, njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili kumalungu eSenethi yaseFiji awayemiselwe liBhunga eliPhakamileyo leeNkosi === Veto malunga nabaviwa === Kwezinye iinkqubo zepolitiko, iqumrhu elithile linokuba neveto ngabagqatswa besikhundla esinyuliweyo. Olu hlobo lweveto lunokubizwa ngokuba "kuvavanywa". Ngokwembali, ookumkani abathile bamaKatolika baseYurophu babenakho ukuvimba abagqatswa bobupopu, igunya elalisaziwa ngokuba yi-''jus exclusivae''. Eli gunya lasetyenziswa okokugqibela ngo-1903 nguFranz Joseph I waseAustria. EIran, iBhunga loMlindi linamandla okuvuma okanye ukungavumi abagqatswa, ukongeza kwigunya lalo leveto ngowiso-mthetho. EChina, emva kokuphumelela kwedemokhrasi kunyulo lwaseHong Kong lwango-2019, ngo-2021 iNational People's Congress yamkela umthetho owanika iKomiti yokuPhonononga ukuFaneleka kwaBagqatswa, emiselwe nguMlawuli oPhezulu waseHong Kong, igunya lokuvimba abagqatswa kwiBhunga loWiso-mthetho laseHong Kong. == Ukulinganisela kwamandla == Kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, iveto ligunya lowiso-mthetho lobongameli, kuba libandakanya umongameli kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Ngokuchasene namagunya asebenzayo njengokukwazi ukwazisa umthetho, iveto ligunya elisebenzayo, kuba umongameli akanakuvimba umthetho oyilwayo de kube yindlu yowiso-mthetho iwupasisile. Amandla eveto yesigqeba adla ngokuhlelwa njengamandla "omeleleyo" okanye "abuthathaka". Igunya leveto linokugqalwa njengelomeleleyo okanye elibuthathaka ngokuxhomekeke kububanzi balo, imida yexesha lokulisebenzisa kunye neemfuno zokuba iqumrhu elivetiweyo lizoyise. Ngokubanzi, okukhona isininzi esifunekayo sokoyisa sikhulu, kokukhona iveto yomelela. Iiveto zecandelo azichatshazelwa lula kukoyiswa kuneveto zepakethe, kwaye iingcali zepolitiko eziye zafunda lo mba ngokubanzi ziqwalasele iiveto zecandelo ukuba zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zepakethe. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olusebenzayo lweveto yomgca kurhulumente wamazwe aseMelika alufumananga mpembelelo ingaguqukiyo kumandla esigqeba okuqhubela phambili i-ajenda yaso. Iiveto zokulungisa zinika isigqeba amandla amakhulu kuneveto zokucima, kuba zinika isigqeba amandla okusondeza umgaqo-nkqubo kufutshane nesimo esisithandayo kunokuba bekunokwenzeka. Kodwa iveto yepakethe yethutyana enokoyiswa ngesininzi esilula inokusebenza ekumiseni okanye ekuguquleni umthetho. Umzekelo, e-Estonia ngo-1993, umongameli uLennart Meri wakwazi ukufumana izilungiso kumthetho ocetywayo weLaw on Aliens emva kokukhupha iveto yethutyana yomthetho oyilwayo kunye nokuphakamisa izilungiso ezisekelwe kwiimbono zeengcali kumthetho waseYurophu. == Ehlabathini Lonke == [[File:UN-Sicherheitsrat_-_UN_Security_Council_-_New_York_City_-_2014_01_06.jpg|thumb|Igumbi lokuhlangana leBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo]] Emhlabeni jikelele, iveto yesigqeba ngowiso-mthetho yinto ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zomongameli nezingongameli, kunye namandla eveto anamandla ngokubanzi anxulunyaniswa namandla omongameli anamandla ngokubanzi. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, amandla eveto entloko yelizwe adla ngokuba buthathaka okanye angabikho kwaphela. Ngokukodwa, kwiinkqubo zaseWestminster nakwimibuso emininzi yomgaqo-siseko, igunya lokuvimba umthetho ngokungavumi imvume yobukhosi, nangona ngokobuchwepheshe lipheleleyo, ligunya elingasoloko lisetyenziswa lokumkani. Ngokwesiqhelo, iCrown ilandela isivumelwano sokusebenzisa ilungelo layo ngokucebisa kwepalamente. === Amaziko ehlabathi === [[File:Africa_just_countries.svg|thumb|IAfrika]] * Benin: Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuze uphononongwe kwakhona kwiintsuku ezili-15 (okanye iintsuku ezili-5 ukuba umthetho ubhengezwe njengongxamisekileyo). INdibano yeSizwe inokoyisa iveto ngokupasisa umthetho kwakhona ngesininzi esipheleleyo. Ukuba umongameli emva koko uvimba umthetho okwesibini, iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ukuba igwebe ngomgaqo-siseko wawo. Ukuba iNkundla igweba ukuba umthetho uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko, uba ngumthetho. Ukuba umongameli akawamkeli okanye akawubuyiseli umthetho ngexesha elimiselweyo leentsuku ezili-15 okanye ezi-5, oku kusebenza njengeveto, kwaye iNdibano yeSizwe inokucela iNkundla ukuba ibhengeze umthetho njengomgaqo-siseko kwaye usebenze. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ngo-2008, xa uMongameli uYayi engazange athabathe manyathelo kumthetho oyilwayo owawuza kubeka umhla wokuphela "kwimilinganiselo ekhethekileyo" awayeyisebenzisile ukugcina iNdibano yeSizwe ihlangene. Emva kokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo ngale ndlela, umongameli wacela iNkundla ukuba iphonononge umgaqo-siseko. INkundla yagweba ukuba xa umhla wokugqibela wesenzo sikamongameli udlulile, yiNdibano yeSizwe kuphela enokucela uphononongo, nto leyo eyayenzile (kwaye yaphumelela). Cameroon: Umongameli unegunya lokubuyisela imithetho oyilwayo ePalamente ukuze ifundwe okwesibini. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezili-15. Ekufundweni kwesibini umthetho oyilwayo kufuneka upasiswe ngesininzi esipheleleyo ukuze ube ngumthetho. Liberia: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe, yecandelo kunye neyepokotho phantsi kweSiqendu 35 soMgaqo-siseko ka-1986. Umongameli uneentsuku ezingamashumi amabini zokusayina umthetho oyilwayo ukuze ube ngumthetho, kodwa unokuvimba umthetho oyilwayo wonke okanye iinxalenye zawo, emva koko iNdlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka iphinde iwupasise ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu sazo zombini iindlu. Ukuba uMongameli akasayini umthetho oyilwayo kwiintsuku ezingamashumi amabini kwaye iNdlu yowiso-mthetho iyahlukana, umthetho oyilwayo uyawa. South Africa: Umongameli uneveto ebuthathaka yomgaqo-siseko. Umongameli unokubuyisela umthetho oyilwayo kwiNdibano yeSizwe ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nokuhambelana kwawo nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba iNdibano yeSizwe ipasisa umthetho oyilwayo okwesibini, umongameli kufuneka awusayine okanye awuthumele kwiNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yoMzantsi Afrika ukuze kugqitywe ukuba umthetho oyilwayo uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba akukho nkxalabo yomgaqo-siseko, imvume kamongameli kumthetho inyanzelekile. Uganda: Umongameli uneveto yepakethe neyecandelo. Eli gunya kufuneka lisetyenziswe kwiintsuku ezingama-30 zokufumana umthetho. Okokuqala xa umongameli ebuyisela umthetho oyilwayo ePalamente, iPalamente inokuwuphinda iwupasise ngesininzi esilula. Ukuba umongameli uwubuyisela okwesibini, iPalamente inokoyisa iveto ngesininzi sesibini kwisithathu. Oku kwenzeka umzekelo ekuphasisweni kwe-Income Tax Amendment Act 2016, eyakhulula izibonelelo zamalungu owiso-mthetho kwirhafu. Zambia: Phantsi komgaqo-siseko ka-1996, umongameli wayeneveto yepokotho epheleleyo: ukuba wayengavumi kumthetho kwaye engawubuyiseli epalamente ukuze ube nokoyiswa, wawufa ngonaphakade. Eli gunya elingaqhelekanga lapheliswa kuhlengahlengiso ngokubanzi lwemimiselo yoMgaqo-siseko ngo-2016. === I-America === [[File:America_map.jpg|thumb|Amazwe AseMerika]] * * [[veto]] b5brjfbk6m3k5n94eko0zbec4pfxgkd 0 9377 42159 2026-09-26T17:17:18Z Lilly Justine 16589 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316186327|Basic education]]" 42159 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ngokwe-International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), imfundo esisiseko iquka izigaba ezibini: imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi. == Universal basic education == Imfundo esisiseko yayibaluleke kakhulu kuxwebhu lwe-ISCED lowe-1997, kodwa eli gama alizange lifakwe kuluhlu lwamagama acacisiweyo. Ilizwe ngalinye latolika eli gama ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngaphambi kohlaziyo luka-2011, kwakhutshwa iphepha lengxoxo ukufuna ingcaciso. Kwilizwe ezininzi, i-ISCED 1 ihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi eyamkelweyo kuzwelonke, kwaye imfundo esisiseko iquka loo nto kunye ne-ISCED 2 imfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi (inqanaba elingaphantsi lesikolo samabanga aphakathi). Kwamanye amazwe, apho kungekho kwahlukana phakathi kwemfundo yamabanga aphantsi neyaphakathi asezantsi, "imfundo esisiseko" igubungela lonke ixesha lemfundo enyanzelekileyo. Ngenxa yezizathu zobalo, i-ISCED 1 ke ithathwa njengeminyaka emithandathu yokuqala yesikolo. Imfundo esisiseko efikelelekayo kuye wonke umntu ithathwa njengento ephambili kumazwe asakhasayo kwaye ijolise kumbutho we-Education For All okhokelwa yi-UNESCO. Ikwaqukwa kwi-Millennium Development Goals njengenjongo yenombolo 2: ukufikelela kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi efikelelekayo kuye wonke umntu ngo-2015. Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise iinzuzo zayo kwezempilo yoluntu (umzekelo, ukusasazeka okuncitshisiweyo kwe-HIV/AIDS; ugonyo olungcono; ukuthintela nokunyanga izifo; isondlo esingcono; ukufa okuncitshisiweyo koomama, iintsana nabantwana), kwidemografi (umzekelo, ubomi obude obulindelekileyo, utshintsho lwedemografi olukhawulezileyo ngolawulo olungcono lokuzala) nakwezoqoqosho (umzekelo, ukwanda kwamandla okuthenga, ukwanda kwemveliso kumacandelo emveli, ukwanda kwemfuno kumacandelo eenkonzo). Ezinye iinzuzo, nangona zinzima ukulinganisa, ziquka impembelelo enenzuzo kwidemokhrasi, kumalungelo oluntu, kulawulo, nakuzinzo lwezopolitiko ngokuqonda okwandisiweyo kweendlela ezingenabundlobongela zokusombulula iingxaki nokuqondana phakathi kwamaqela angquzulanayo. ISivumelwano samaLungelo oMntwana (CRC), esasekwa yi-UNICEF ngo-1989, sikhusela amalungelo abantwana angenakuhluthwa ngokubeka imigangatho kwimiba emininzi, enye yayo yimfundo. == Ukulingana kwesini kwimfundo esisiseko == Ukulingana ngokwesini kwimfundo ngokwesiko kwakulinganiswa ngokumxinwa nokulingana ngokwesini kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo esesikweni. Isini besisoloko sisisinto sokungalingani nokungafani kwimfundo, ubukhulu becala kusenzakala amantombazana nabafazi. Kodwa kuye kwakho inkqubela ebonakalayo ekunciphiseni umsantsa kwihlabathi jikelele ukususela ngo-2000, kunye nenani elikhulu lamantombazana nabafazi abafikelela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo esesikweni. Eneneni, ukulingana ngokwesini kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kufikelelwe kuMbindi Yurophu, eMpuma Yurophu, kuMbindi Asia, eMpuma Asia nakuPasifiki, eLatin America nakuCaribbean, eMntla Melika naseNtshona Yurophu. Ukongeza, inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe ukususela ngo-2000 ekunciphiseni umsantsa ngokwesini, ngakumbi kuMazantsi naseNtshona Asia nangakumbi kancinci kwi-sub-Saharan Africa nakwii-Arab States. Nangona kunjalo, nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe, uninzi lwabantwana abangafundiyo ngamantombazana, ngelixa isibini kwisithathu solutsha nabantu abadala abanamanqanaba asezantsi okufunda nokubhala kwihlabathi ngabafazi. Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuxhotyiswa kwabafazi, amakhwenkwe namadoda kufuneka nawo abandakanyeke kumlo wokulwa nokungalingani ngokwesini. Oku kufuneka kuqale ngemfundo esisiseko. == Iinkcukacha == # "International Standard Classification of Education I S C E D 1997". www.unesco.org. 11 April 2013. # "Education transforms lives | UNESCO". # Truong, Nhung. "Review of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97) Basic Education and the review of the ISCED" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017. # "Educational Programmes Manual for ISCED-97 Implementation in OECD Countries" (PDF). OECD. 1999. p. 30. Retrieved 25 April 2017. # "Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education". Mdg Monitor. 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2012-10-18. # Cutler, David M.; Lleras-Muney, Adriana (July 2006). "Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence". NBER Working Paper No. 12352. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.5604. doi:10.3386/w12352. # Mazumder, Bhashkar (2008-05-19). "Does Education Improve Health? A Reexamination of the Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws". Economic Perspectives. Rochester, NY. SSRN 1134064. # Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good? (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. p. 44. <nowiki>ISBN 978-92-3-100088-1</nowiki>. 63jh72e8faurjonrxdi0lgke0waycve 0 9378 42160 2026-09-26T17:37:05Z Lilly Justine 16589 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368192009|Dr Tumi]]" 42160 wikitext text/x-wiki    UTumisang Makweya (owazalwa nge-10 kaJulayi 1981), owaziwa ngokuba nguGqr Tumi, yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika, ugqirha wonyango kunye nesithethi esikhuthazayo. UMakweya ukhuphe ii-albhamu ezininzi zevangeli kwaye uzuze iimbasa ezininzi zomculo wevangeli. == Iminyaka yokuqala == UMakweya wazalelwa wakhulela eSeshego, kwiPhondo laseLimpopo, eMzantsi Afrika. Ukususela kwiminyaka yakhe emincinci, wabonisa umdla onamandla kumculo kwaye waqala ukucula ecaweni. Nangona wayenomdla kumculo, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wobugqirha, waphumelela ngesidanga sobugqirha kwiYunivesithi yoNyango yaseMzantsi Afrika (Medunsa) == Umsebenzi womculo == Umsebenzi kaMakweya womculo waqala ngokunyanisekileyo emva kokuba ephumelele ukhuphiswano lwe-"SABC2 Gospel Star" ngo-2012. Olu loyiso lwamphakamisa ukuba abonakale kwaye lwavula iingcango kuhambo lwakhe lomculo. Ngo-2013, uMakweya wakhupha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, "Heart of a King," eyafumana ukunconywa okukhulu kwaye yamseka njengenkwenkwezi ekhulayo kwindawo yomculo wevangeli. Ii-albhamu zakhe ezalandelayo, eziquka "Love and Grace" (2014) kunye no "Speak a Word" (2016), zaqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengomculi ophambili wevangeli. Iirekhodi zikaMakweya eziphilayo, ngakumbi uthotho lwe-"The Gathering of Worshippers," zibe zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kubomi bakhe. Ezi msitho zokunqula, ezirekhodwa ziphila, ziye zatsala amawaka abantu abazimasiye kwaye ziye zanconywa ngokubanzi ngenxa yempembelelo yazo yokomoya kunye nokugqwesa komculo. === Amabhaso nokuqatshelwa === UMakweya ufumene iimbasa ezininzi kunye nokuphakanyiswa kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe, okubonisa igalelo lakhe kumculo wevangeli. Ezi ziquka: * Crown Gospel * Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-SAMA (South African Music Awards) * African Gospel Music and Media Awards == Ubomi bakhe == Ukongeza kumsebenzi wakhe womculo, uMakweya uqhubeka nokwenza ubugqirha, elungelelanisa iindima zakhe ezimbini njengogqirha kunye nemvumi. Utshatile kuKgaogelo Makweya, kwaye kunye banabantwana. UMakweya waziwa nangemizamo yakhe yokunceda abantu, esebenzisa iqonga lakhe ukuxhasa izizathu ezahlukeneyo zesisa kunye namaphulo oluntu. == Iingxabano == Umsebenzi kaMakweya awuzange ube ngaphandle kweengxabano. Ngo-Epreli 2021, yena nomkakhe babanjwa ngokufutshane ngokunxulumene necala elityholwayo lobuqhetseba kwiNational Lotteries Commission. Nangona kunjalo, bakhululwa kamva, kwaye uMakweya wagcina ubumsulwa bakhe kulo lonke ityala. Izityholo ngokuchasene nesi sibini zarhoxiswa kwiNkundla yaseJohannesburg yeZityholo zoBuqhetseba obuKhethekileyo. == I-Discography == * Heart of a King (2013) * Love and Grace (2014) * The Gathering of Worshippers: Live at the Ticketpro Dome (2017) * Beauty for Ashes (2018) * Love on the Cross (2019) == Iinkcukacha == {{Reflist}} # "Dr Tumi goes global with Universal Music partnership". # Medical University of Southern Africa (Medunsa) # "Year in Review: Dr Tumi did big things for gospel music in 2017". # McCain, Nicole. "Popular gospel singer Dr Tumi and his wife arrested over R1.5m fraud scandal". News24. # Joseph, Anton van Zyl and Raymond (10 June 2021). "Dr Tumi, the Lottery and the alleged fraud of R1.5 million". GroundUp News. # "Dr Tumi offers services to Tembisa Hospital's specialized covid-19 unit". # "Charges withdrawn against Dr Tumi and wife". [[Uluhlu:Articles with hCards]] jbmsa6tdonpf0i7jhl0jcp15nlouf1c