Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9379 42170 2026-09-27T21:30:23Z Emtee04 16527 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359883703|Special education in China]]" 42170 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinkcukacha zabemi == Ngokutsho kohlolo lwabemi lonyaka wama-2006, kukho abantu abazizigidi ezingama-82.96 abahlala [[IShayina|eChina]], nto leyo emalunga ne-6.34% yabo bonke abemi belo lizwe. Eli nani libonise ukwanda nge-1.44% ukususela ngonyaka wama-1987. Inani lamadoda lingaphezulu kwelabasetyhini kubemi baseChina aba-1.35 yeebhiliyoni, ngoko ke akumangalisi ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu abakhubazekileyo ngamadoda. Abantu abakhubazekileyo abahlala kwiindawo zasemaphandleni eChina benza ama-75% yabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nama-25% ehlala ezidolophini. Ngokubhekiselele kubemi abakwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni, inani labantwana abakhubazekileyo abaneminyaka ephakathi kwe-6 ne-14 lifikelele kwizigidi ezi-2.46, nto leyo emalunga ne-2.96% yabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-3% yabantu baseChina abakhubazekileyo ngabo bakwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni. Umgaqo-nkqubo womntwana omnye unegalelo ekunciphiseni uninzi lwabantu okubonwe kwimbali yakutshanje, ingakumbi kubantwana abakwiminyaka yokufunda. <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 6, 2008|title="Facts on People with Disabilities in China."|url=https://www.ilo.org/beijing/information-resources/public-information/factsheets/WCMS_142315/lang--en/index.htm|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref>  IChina ibeka ukukhubazeka ngokwahlukileyo kunakwamanye amazwe, umzekelo, iChina ichonge i-5% yabemi bayo abakwiminyaka yokufunda esikolweni ukuba badinga imfundo ekhethekileyo ngelixa i-United States ichonge i-10% yabemi bayo abakwiminyaka yokufunda. Olu thelekiso lubangelwa kukuba iChina ayiqapheli ukukhubazeka kokufunda okanye iingxaki ezifana ne -ADHD zifuna iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo ngelixa amanye amazwi amaninzi edinga iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo. <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review">{{Cite journal|last=Meng|first=Deng|last2=Poon-McBrayer|first2=Kim Fong|last3=Farnsworth|first3=Elizabeth|date=September 2001|title=The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258183441|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=22|issue=5|pages=288–298|doi=10.1177/074193250102200504}}</ref> Amathuba emfundo kubantu abakhubazekileyo baseChina ayancipha, nto leyo ebangela ubuhlwempu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zokuphila ezimbi. <ref name="Media representations of China's inclusive education">{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Yating|last2=Lu|first2=Gaoqiang|last3=Sin|first3=Kuen Fung|last4=Yu|first4=Zhiying|date=March 28, 2024|title=Media representations of China's inclusive education: A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=19|issue=3|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1900123Y|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300123|pmc=10977776|pmid=38547159|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Education_for_disabled_schooling_age_children_new.jpg]] Njengoko itshati ibonisa, malunga nama-60% ukuya kuma-70% abantwana abakhubazekileyo bayafunda, xa kuthelekiswa nophantse ngama-100% wabantwana abangakhubazekanga. Ngama-25% kuphela yabantwana abakhubazekileyo ababhalisela izikolo zamabanga aphezulu okanye amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin|first=Hai Jie|title=残疾人的受教育状况：公平缺失与水平滑坡|trans-title=The Situation of Educational Access to the disabled in China: A Deficiency in Fairness and Decline of Achievement|url=http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/research/repotr/P020090328334136716494.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121028/http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/research/repotr/P020090328334136716494.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-02|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Comparison_education_level_for_disabled_people_and_normal_peopel_new.jpg]] == Imvelaphi yembali == Ngenxa yeembono ezinxulumene neConfucianism, abantu abakhubazekileyo baye bahlonitshwa kwaye bathathwa njengenxalenye yoluntu kuyo yonke imbali yaseChina. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseChina abemi abakhubazekileyo babengenalo inqanaba eliphezulu lentlalo ngenxa yeempawu zabo zomzimba okanye zengqondo ezazithintela amandla abo okunyuka entlalweni. Endaweni yokubajonga abantu abancinci njengabalinganayo, abantu baseChina babenovelwano kwaye bebasizela abo bakhubazekileyo. Nangona babebaninzi ababenqwenela ukunceda abantu abakhubazekileyo, "amaziko okufundisa abantu abakhubazekileyo awazange asekwe ngexesha lolawulo lwemikhosi eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2,000".<ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Kwimbali yakutshanje yaseChina, oyena mntu ubalaseleyo ekusekweni kwemfundo ekhethekileyo yayinguMao Zedong. Uphuculo kwinkqubo yemfundo yabantwana abakhubazekileyo lwalungekho kwaphela de kwafika inkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngexesha lolawulo lukaMao. "Phantsi kwengcingane kaMao, abantu abakhubazekileyo babephathwa njengamalungu oluntu alinganayo oluntu, abanokwenza igalelo kwilizwe elilandela umgaqo-nkqubo wobuSocialist. Oku kwakhuthaza ulwazi loluntu kunye nokwamkelwa kwemeko yokukhubazeka". <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Olona tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu olwenzeka ngeli xesha lwaba ngowama-1951, xa iBhunga lezoPolitiko laseChina laphumeza iSigqibo sokuHlaziya iNkqubo yeMfundo, "esasiyalela ngokucacileyo oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba ukuba baseke izikolo zabantu abangaboniyo nabo bangevayo, kwaye babonelele ngemfundo kubantwana, kwabafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala abakhubazeke emzimbeni. Olu xwebhu, okokuqala kwimbali yemfundo yaseChina, lwabandakanya imfundo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo kawonke-wonke kwaye lwakhuthaza ukuwiswa kwemithetho malunga noqeqesho lootitshala abakhethekileyo (uWang, uYan, kunye noMu 350). Iziphumo zolu hlaziyo zakhokelela ekwandeni kwenani lezikolo kunye nabafundi abakhubazekileyo ababhalisileyo, apho inani leziko laya kutsho kuma-57 kwaye elabafundi laya kuma-5,312 ngo-1955, laza laya kuma-479 ezikolo kunye nama-26,701 ngokwahlukeneyo, ngo-1960." <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Noko oko, olu phuculo aluzange luhlale ixesha elide kwaye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu yiNguquko yeNkcubeko ngowe-1966. Esi sehlo sabangela impembelelo embi ekukhuleni kwemfundo ekhethekileyo ngenxa yeengxaki zopolitiko nezoqoqosho ngelo xesha. Izikolo zemfundo ekhethekileyo ezisandul' ukusekwa phantsi kolawulo lukaMao zajongana nobunzima obukhulu, "apho izikolo ezininzi zavalwa kwaye inani labafundi lehla lisuka kwi-1,176 ngaphambi kuka-1966 laya kutsho kuma-600 ngo-1976. " <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> UMao unokuthathwa njengonoxanduva lokwanda kwemfundo ekhethekileyo kunye nokumiswa kwayo ekugqibeleni eChina." == Iinkonzo == Ambalwa amaziko emfundo anceda abafundi kwimfundo eyodwa. Ukusukela ngowama-2018, malunga ne-1710 amaziko anceda ngokukodwa abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye namashumi amane anesithandathu amawaka ootitshala abasasazeke kuwo onke loo maziko.EChina, abafundi abakhubazekileyo bahlala bohlulwa kumagumbi okufundela aqhelekileyo kwaye babekwe kwizikolo ezizinikezelwe kwimfundo eyodwa. Isikolo sokuqala esanikezelwa kubafundi abakhubazekileyo eChina sasekwa ngo-1987 kwisixeko saseBeijing. Sithetha nje esi sikolo sinabasebenzi abangamashumi amathandathu abafundisa abantwana abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini kumagumbi okufundela alishumi elinesixhenxe. Esi sikolo sibonelela ngamaziko ophuhliso lobungcali kunye namaziko ezibonelelo, kwakunye neziko elibanzi lokuxilonga nokuqeqesho lwabantwana abaneminyaka emithathu nesine abane-autism, sikwabonelela ngamagumbi emfundo ekhethekileyo kubantwana abakwiminyaka yesikolo". Nangona isikolo sigxininisa kakhulu kwizifundo, abafundi bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye bachitha ixesha elinzinzi befumana ingqalelo ngqo kubafundisi babo. Esi sikolo sikwaqesha abafundi abavela kulo lonke elaseChina ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezikolo zemfundo ekhethekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellsworth|first=Nancy|last2=Zhang|first2=Chung|date=August 18, 2016|title=Progress and Challenges in China's Special Education Development: Observations, Reflections, and Recommendations|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07419325070280010601|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=28|issue=1|pages=58–64|doi=10.1177/07419325070280010601|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwezemfundo yinto edla ngokubonwa kwimfundo ekhethekileyo eChina, nangona kunjalo iChina iqalile ukwamkela ingcamango yokubandakanywa kwamagumbi okufundela eye yabonakala iluncedo kwamanye amazwe asebenzise le ndlela. Nangona le ndlela intsha eChina sele ibonise iziphumo ezilungileyo "Phakathi kowe-1987 nowe-1996, izinga lokungena esikolweni labafundi abakhubazekileyo lenyuke ukusuka kwi-6% ukuya kwi-60%, kwaye uninzi lwaba bafundi babekumagumbi ezemfundo ngokubanzi. "Oku kuthetha ukuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa babekwa kumagumbi okufundela aqhelekileyo, apho banikwa khona imiyalelo eyenzelwe iimfuno zabo ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Kaili|date=June 1, 2013|title=Which Agenda?: Inclusion Movement and its Impact on Early Childhood Education in Hong Kong|journal=Australasian Journal of Early Childhood|volume=38|issue=2|pages=111–121|doi=10.1177/183693911303800214|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uqeqesho lootitshala abajongene nemfundo ekhethekileyo luye lwanda kakhulu kwishumi leminyaka edlulileyo "Iingxoxo nootitshala abaqeqesha abanye kwiYunivesithi yaseBeijing Normal nakwiYunivesithi yase-East China Normal zibonise ukuba iinkqubo zokulungiselela ootitshala bemfundo ekhethekileyo ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza."Ootitshala abaninzi bakhankanye ukuba iimviwo ezingqongqo ziseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokugqiba ngokwamkelwa kwabantu abafuna ukuba ngootitshala kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lootitshala" (Ellsworth kunye noZhang 63). Noko ke, kusekho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwenani labafundi abasweloyo kunye nootitshala abafanelekileyo bokubonelela ngeenkonzo. Kukwakho nemiba ephathelele ukungabikho kweenkqubo zemfundo ekhethekileyo kwiiyunivesithi zaseChina, zizikolo ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwimimandla yezixeko ezibonelela ngolu hlobo lwezifundo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukufumana iziqinisekiso zootitshala abaqeqeshelwe imfundo ekhethekileyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yan|last2=Mu|first2=Guanglu|date=October 24, 2014|title=Revisiting the Trajectories of Special Teacher Education in China through Policy and Practice|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1034912X.2014.955792|journal=International Journal of Disability, Development and Education|volume=61|issue=4|pages=346–361|doi=10.1080/1034912X.2014.955792|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ingqesho == Umba onxulumene ngqo nemfundo ngowezinga lengqesho. Abanye abaphandi bathi ngaphezu kwe-10% eChina abanako ukutya okwaneleyo kunye neempahla zokunxiba, malunga nama-40% banemali encinci kakhulu engenayo. kwaye ngama-25% kuphela esebenza ixesha elipheleleyo. Phakathi kwabo baqeshiweyo, ama-96.6% ngabasebenzi abenza imisebenzi yezandla . Ubume bengqesho bunxulumene ngqo nengeniso. Iintsapho ezingenaye umntu okhubazekileyo zinomvuzo wosapho ongaphezulu ngomndilili ongama-23.26% xa kuthelekiswa neentsapho ezinomntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu okhubazekileyo. == Iireferensi == {{Reflist|30em}} om5978n4o78gju9wlf3fhx8ndzte7lt