Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.21 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2275 42176 32310 2026-09-29T00:50:35Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Book of Mormon 1830 edition reprint.jpg|100px|right]] '''[[Incwadi]] ka Mormoni''' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208005251/http://media.ldscdn.org/pdf/lds-scriptures/book-of-mormon/book-of-mormon-59012-xho.pdf Incwadi ka Mormoni PDF] *[https://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm?lang=xho Incwadi ka Mormoni | LDS.org] [[Category:Iincwadi|Mormoni]] [[Category:Incwadi ka Mormoni]] {{stub}} k0cjzbb1czti80hxqr6v7982rk1tnr4 0 3270 42174 42169 2026-09-28T23:43:25Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42174 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821113707/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/xhosa|archive-date=21 August 2018|dead-url=yes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref> Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  === Igama lomnombo === Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] [[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]] [[File:Xhosa_women's_outfit.jpg|thumb| Isinxibo sabafazi baseXhosa, esenziwe ngelaphu lengubo yomqhaphu elinombala wobomvu (imbola) yaye lihonjiswe ngamaso eglasi, amaqhosha enziwe ngamaqokobhe e-oyster kunye nomphetho welaphu elimnyama (i-felt).]] <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div>[[File:Amaxhosa_wear.jpg|thumb| Impahla yesiXhosa yale mihla.]][[File:Xhosa_people,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20518645211).jpg|thumb| Indoda yomXhosa, eMpuma Koloni.]][[File:Xhosa_girl,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20512280765).jpg|thumb| Intombazana yomXhosa.]]</div></div> n1qxmu3ft1tyhi76884kzuu8zmmjy7x 42182 42174 2026-09-29T11:11:39Z Abulele Jebese 14703 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376630165|Xhosa people]]" 42182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stack|[[File:Frederick Timpson I'Ons03.JPG|thumb|Xhosa men resting during a hunt.]]}} {{more citations needed section|date=November 2011}} {{stack|[[File:Amaxhosa wear.jpg|thumb|Modern Xhosa attire.]] [[File:Xhosa people, Eastern Cape, South Africa (20518645211).jpg|thumb|Xhosa man, Eastern Cape.]] [[File:Xhosa girl, Eastern Cape, South Africa (20512280765).jpg|thumb|Xhosa girl.]]}}  <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>  ) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. . Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe. Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] . Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}</ref> Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Imbali. == <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}</ref> AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni . === Imvelaphi. === <templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" />Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}</ref><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div>[[File:Amaxhosa_wear.jpg|thumb| Impahla yesiXhosa yale mihla.]][[File:Xhosa_people,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20518645211).jpg|thumb| Indoda yomXhosa, eMpuma Koloni.]][[File:Xhosa_girl,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20512280765).jpg|thumb| Intombazana yomXhosa.]]</div></div>Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). <ref>{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}</ref> Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili. Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref>  Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}</ref>  Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-"homelands" (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa. [[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]] Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa.  AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}</ref>  Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref> Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref>.  Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}</ref><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Stack/styles.css" /> [[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]] IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi "isiXhosa", ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba "yisiXhosa" ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. <ref name="ucla">{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}</ref> == Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa == Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za">{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}</ref> Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}</ref> nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa.  Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}</ref> Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko.  Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi<ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. <ref name="middelburgec.co.za" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}</ref> Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> Usapho lwalo mfazi luza kubanika ixabiso lelobolo kunye nomhla ekufuneka babuye ngawo ukuze bahlawule elo xabiso.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Bride price|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&oldid=1376663168|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> lobola ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezifana nenqanaba lakhe lemfundo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=De Swart|first=Dorette|date=20 March 2014|title=Lobola ins and outs|url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/my-heraldlive/2014/03/20/lobola-ins-and-outs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715153000/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/my-heraldlive/2014/03/20/lobola-ins-and-outs|archive-date=15 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=[[The Herald (South Africa)|HeraldLIVE]]}}</ref> imeko yobutyebi bosapho lwakhe xa ithelekiswa neyentsapho yendoda, oko indoda inokukuzuza emtshatweni kunye nokunqweneleka komfazi ngokubanzi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-29|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}</ref> Intlawulo yelobola inokuba ngeenkomo okanye ngemali kuxhomekeke kusapho lomfazi. <ref name=":0" /> Iintsapho zanamhlanje zamaXhosa zikhetha imali njengoko uninzi lwazo lukwizixeko zasezidolophini apho kungekho ndawo okanye mvume yokuthenga imfuyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-29|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&oldid=1377430974|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]] [[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]] [[File:Xhosa_women's_outfit.jpg|thumb| Isinxibo sabafazi baseXhosa, esenziwe ngelaphu lengubo yomqhaphu elinombala wobomvu (imbola) yaye lihonjiswe ngamaso eglasi, amaqhosha enziwe ngamaqokobhe e-oyster kunye nomphetho welaphu elimnyama (i-felt).]]   [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5m2k5gfzxw4nhh6rn5190x8ka8uc1kl 0 6838 42180 39814 2026-09-29T02:32:17Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''USnova Umculi (ozelwe nguVusumuzi Nongxa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vusi Nova introduces his new alter ego 'Snova'|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/music/local/vusi-nova-introduces-his-new-alter-ego-snova-0d379a3b-a5ba-4560-9f64-f56aaa809ba6|accessdate=2022-07-27|website=www.iol.co.za}}</ref>, ngo-1983)''', owaziwa ngegama lakhe langaphambili uVusi Nova, yimvumi yase[[UMzantsi Afrika|Mzantsi Afrika]]. Uzalelwe waze wakhulela eNew Brighton, [[Ebhayi|eBhayi]], uNova wafudukela eGoli ngo-1998 eneminyaka eyi-14 ukuya kuqhuba ikhondo lakhe lomculo waze watyikitya isivumelwano sokurekhoda neMuthaland Records<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.muthaland.co.za/|accessdate=2022-07-27|website=Muthaland|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818020230/https://www.muthaland.co.za/|archive-date=2022-08-18|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, wakhupha iWalk Into Light (2013) kunye nethi Did It For Love (2014). == Umsebenzi == UNova usayine isivumelwano serekhodi kunye ne-EMI Records kwaye wakhupha icwecwe lakhe lokuqala elithi Ndimfumene ngo-2009. Ngo-2010, wajoyina uRJ Benjamin kwizifundo zezwi waza wadibana no-Oskido owamtyikitya eKalawa Jazmee<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kalawa Jazmee Records|url=https://kalawa.co.za/|accessdate=2022-07-27|website=Kalawa Jazmee|language=en-US}}</ref>. [4] Ngo-2012, uNova watyikitya kunye neMuthaland Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.muthaland.co.za/|accessdate=2022-07-27|website=Muthaland|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818020230/https://www.muthaland.co.za/|archive-date=2022-08-18|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kwaye waqala ukusebenza kwicwecwe lakhe lokuqala lesitudiyo. Ngo-2013, icwecwe lakhe lokuqala lestudiyo elithi Walk Into Light lakhutshwa. [5] Iquka uMoneoa, uVeezo, uRJ Benjamin kunye noIshmayeli. KweyoMnga ngo 2014, icwecwe likaNova elithi Did It For Love lakhululwa. Kwiimbasa zoMculo zaseMzantsi Afrika zamashumi amabini ananye, iDid It For Love yachongwa kwicwecwe eliBalaseleyo leRnB/Soul/Reggae. === KumabonaKude === Ngo-Tshazimpunzi ka-2021, wavela esikrinini okokuqala njengejaji kwi-Amazing Voices<ref>{{Cite web|title=Old Mutual's Amazing Voices|url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amazing-voices|accessdate=2022-07-28|website=Old Mutual's Amazing Voices|language=en}}</ref> kwisizini yesibini. == AmaCwecwe == * ''Ndimfumene'' (2009) * ''Walk Into Light'' (2013) * ''Did It For Love'' (2014) * ''Naninina'' (2016) * ''Manyan-Nyan'' (2018) * ''NguMama'' (2021) == Isalathiso == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Vusi_Nova}} [[Category:Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika]] [[Category:Umculo]] [[Category:Abaculi]] 0r08l0gdxhjc8xrssjyroihoc5dnrx9 0 7446 42173 35441 2026-09-28T23:41:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42173 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-Aguidi''' yi-arrondissement kwisebe lePlateau yaseBenin . Licandelo lolawulo phantsi lolawulo lwe-commune yaseSakété. Ngokobalo lwabemi olwenziwa yi-Institut National de la Statistique Benin ngoFebruwari 15, 2002, i-arrondissement yayinabemi bebonke be-12,739.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151217002938/http://www.insae-bj.org/ Institut National de la Statistique Benin], accessed by [http://www.geohive.com/cntry/benin.aspx?levels=Plateau Geohive] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311141322/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/benin.aspx?levels=Plateau |date=2012-03-11 }}, accessed 4 June 2012</ref> == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} mi73mrjlss9q4tljmvewwnh77th7kim 0 7614 42175 38819 2026-09-29T00:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42175 wikitext text/x-wiki '''IKlabhu yebhola ekhatywayo''' Verona, eyaziwa ngcono njengeHellas '''Verona''' okanye ngaphezulu ngokulula '''iVerona''', yiklabhu [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|yebhola ekhatywayo]] [[IItaly|yaseItali]] esekelwe kwisixeko saseVerona. Idlala kwiSerie [[Serie A|A]], icandelo eliphezulu lobuntshatsheli base-Italiya. Yasekwa ngo-1903 kunye negama le- ''Associazione Calcio Hellas'', <ref name="80 anni di storia del Verona">{{Cite book|title=80 anni di storia del Verona|publisher=Editoriale Bortolazzi-Stei S.r.l.|year=1983|page=11}}</ref> ukususela ekusekweni kweqela ''elinye le-''[[Serie A]] (1929) ibe kuphela kweqela elivela kwisixeko esingelona ikomkhulu lommandla ukuphumelela ubuntshatsheli kwi-1984--85 isizini ephezulu-indiza. Ngokuchanekileyo i-80s yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yayilixesha lokwaneliseka okukhulu kwezemidlalo kwiklabhu, ethe yafikelela kumdlalo wokugqibela weNdebe ye [[Indebe yaseItali|-Italiya]] kabini ngokulandelelana (ngaphandle kwezintathu zizonke), idlala imidlalo emininzi kwiindebe zaseYurophu (ngokuthatha inxaxheba. [[I-UEFA Champions League|kwiiNtshatsheli zeNdebe ye-Italian]] kunye nezimbini kwi- [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]). I-gialloblù ithathe inxaxheba kwi-33 Serie A, i-53 [[B series|ye-Serie B]] kunye ne-6 [[Serie C|ye-Serie C]] / i-Serie C1 ubuntshatsheli; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cronologia e Palmarès|url=http://www.hellasverona.it/cronologiapalmares.php|accessdate=2023-11-10|archive-date=2015-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122171430/http://www.hellasverona.it/cronologiapalmares.php|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Iqela leVerona likwayesibini (emva kweBrescia) ngokumalunga nokubonakala kwi-cadet ubuntshatsheli, itumente abayiphumelele kathathu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 dicembre 2009|title=Hellas: storia di calcio e di passione|url=http://www.calciopress.net/2009/12/02/hellas-storia-di-calcio-e-di-passione/|accessdate=2023-11-10|archive-date=2011-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521060510/http://www.calciopress.net/2009/12/02/hellas-storia-di-calcio-e-di-passione/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ikwindawo yeshumi elinesithathu kuluhlu lwesithethe semidlalo yase-Italiya ngokwemigaqo ye- [[I-Italian Football Federation|FIGC]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Criteri di calcolo della tradizione sportiva nel comunicato 2015/16 della FIGC|url=http://www.figc.co.it/Comunicati%2020152016/Comunicato_02_2015_2016_Como/allegato03comunicato02ss1516.pdf|accessdate=2023-11-10|archive-date=2023-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173116/http://www.figc.co.it/Comunicati%2020152016/Comunicato_02_2015_2016_Como/allegato03comunicato02ss1516.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Imibala yeklabhu yaseVerona, etyheli kunye nebhlowu, <ref name="Hellas Verona-annuario 2012/2013- la Società, il Team, i Giocatori - Volume I">{{Cite book|title=Hellas Verona-annuario 2012/2013- la Società, il Team, i Giocatori - Volume I|publisher=Casa e...|year=2012|page=144}}</ref> ikhumbula ezo zengubo yesixeko saseVenice, eneneni eyigolide kunye neblue. <ref name="comune.verona.it">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comune.verona.it/media//Redazione%20web/ente_comune/regolamenti/STATUTO.pdf |title=Comune di Verona - Statuto |accessdate=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2022-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607034024/http://www.comune.verona.it/media//Redazione%20web/ente_comune/regolamenti/STATUTO.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Amagama eqela leqela elithi "i Mastini" kunye ne "gli Scaligeri", ngokubhekiselele kwintsapho yaseDella Scala eyayilawula iVerona phakathi kwe-13th kunye ne-14th inkulungwane; Idyasi yeengalo ze-Heraldic ye-Scaligeri ikhunjulwe kwikhithi yokudlala kunye ne-brand yenkampani njengomfanekiso oqingqiweyo we-mastiffs enamandla ejonge kumacala ahlukeneyo. <ref name="maglie">{{Cite web|date=28 gennaio 2013|title=“La Maglia Gialloblù” il libro che racconta la storia dell’Hellas Verona attraverso le sue divise|url=http://www.passionemaglie.it/2013/01/la-maglia-gialloblu-storia-hellas-verona-divise/|accessdate=2023-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065342/http://www.passionemaglie.it/2013/01/la-maglia-gialloblu-storia-hellas-verona-divise/|archive-date=2015-09-24|dead-url=yes}}</ref> == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} k1ix2wgs1fvhj7923cjl1w4wv48krg8 0 8959 42177 40919 2026-09-29T02:03:05Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Damir Amangeldin|image=Damir_Amangeldin_kazakhstani_actor.jpg|birth_name=Amangeldin Damir Ravilevich|birth_date={{birth date and age|2002|01|27}}|birth_place=[[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]],|occupation=Actor, TV host, comedian|years_active=2017–present|website=[http://damiramangeldin.com/ damiramangeldin.com]}} '''UDamir Amangeldin''' (isiRashiya: Дамир Амангельдин; wazalwa nge-27 kaJanuwari 2002) ngumdlali weqonga waseKazakh kwimidlalo yeqonga nakwisinema, umhlekisi. Uphumelele uphawu lokwamkelwa esidlangalaleni " Inkwenkwezi yeArtek " ngaphakathi kwesakhelo seseshini yesihlanu "Imbali yoloyiso lwethu" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Дамир Амангельдин|url=https://www.kinopoisk.ru/name/6105724/|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=КиноПоиск|language=ru}}</ref> == Ibhayografi == Wazalwa kweyo Mqungu 27, 2002, kwisixeko saseAlmaty . Waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakemeyo – i-lyceum inombolo 64 ngonyaka wama-2020. Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe wayelilungu leqela le-" KVN ", wayelilungu lebhunga labafundi, wadlala kwistudiyo semidlalo yeqonga "Graviton" phantsi kolawulo lwe-SVTsikh. Okokuqala ngqa wazivakalisa ngokuvakalayo ngo-2018 emva kokukhutshwa kothotho lweTV "Insomnia" kwitshaneli yesixhenxe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Сериал "Бессонница" стартовал на "Седьмом канале"|url=https://brod.kz/news/serial-bessonnica-startoval-na-s..|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=brod.kz}}</ref> Ngenxa yamahlaya akhe angaqhelekanga, waba lilungu leqela le-KVN "Capital People" kwaye ixesha elide wadlala kwiqela lesizwe lesikolo se-KVN "National Team of 64 school-lyceum". ixesha lonke eli, waqhubeka nokudlala kwi-KVN kwaye wadlala kuhlobo lwe -comedy oluyi-stand-up iminyaka emithathu. Waqala ukuzibandakanya kwi-stand-up ngenxa yeziganeko zekomkhulu, apho umculi wayeqhuba ezi konsathi, kwaye wayedla ngokudlala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=АМАНГЕЛЬДИН Дамир – биография, новости, фото, дата рождения, пресс-досье. Персоналии ГлобалKZ.biz.|url=https://globalkz.biz/person/id/905|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=globalkz.biz}}</ref> Umhlekisi uhlala ehlekisa ngesikolo, abazali, kunye nabantwana. Kwixesha elizayo, lo mculi uceba ukwandisa umda aze adlale amahlaya sele ese Rashiya. UDamir uchitha ixesha lakhe elininzi efota iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwiYouTube, epapasha imibongo yakhe, kunye neemuvi. Ngokutsho kwakhe, kudla ngokuthatha iibloggers ukusuka kwiiyure ezisixhenxe ukuya kwiintsuku ezininzi ukufota ividiyo enye. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Дамир Амангельдин – биография, информация, личная жизнь, фото|url=https://stuki-druki.com/authors/amangeldin-damir.php|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=stuki-druki.com|language=ru}}</ref> Emva kokugqiba izifundo zakhe, umdlali weqonga uyamenywa ukuba angene kwi-faculty yokulingisa nokuqondisa eGITIS . Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe, wafumana izakhono zokudlala izixhobo zesizwe. Ngonyaka wama-2016, umdlali weqonga wajoyina i-studio esitsha se-Academic Creative Studio "Graviton" eNur -Sultan, phantsi kobunkokeli bukaStanislav Vladimirovich Tsikh. Kwaye ngonyaka wama-2017 wamenywa kwi-e-solo show yoNyaka oMtsha ethi " The Nutcracker " yale theatre, apho ekwabandakanyeka kwimiboniso ethi "Time of Romantics", uShakespeare njengoRomeo, " Alice in Wonderland " njengombhali-mfundi. Xa wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, waqala ukubonakala kwiikrini ngonyaka wama-2017, wadlala indima ephambili yomzukulwana wakhe kwifilimu ethi Traveler. Beginning (2017). Xa wayeneminyaka eli-16 ubudala, uDamir wamenywa kwiqela lemidlalo yeqonga iGraviton. Ukususela ngo-2017, umdlali weqonga waqala ukubonakala rhoqo kwiikrini. Ekuqaleni, umdlali weqonga oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala wayenethamsanqa lokungena kwiprojekthi enomdla nehlazisayo yomlawuli waseKazakh u-Akan Satayev "The Leader's Way". <ref>{{Cite web|title="Путь Лидера. Астана" {{!}} AO "Казахфильм" им. Шакена Айманова|url=https://kazakhfilmstudios.kz/movies/9646/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625174549/https://kazakhfilmstudios.kz/movies/9646/|archive-date=June 25, 2020|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=kazakhfilmstudios.kz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Трейлер фильма "Путь лидера. Астана"|url=https://brod.kz/news/trejler-filma-put-lidera-astana/|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=brod.kz}}</ref> Lo mdlali weqonga wadlala indima yonyana womlinganiswa ophambili u-Alimzhan. Emva koko wadlala indima ephambili kuthotho lwethelevishini oludumileyo i-Insomnia nguSvetlana Petriichuk ngonyaka wama-2018. UDamir Amangeldin wayenomfanekiso womntwana wasesitalatweni, uDastan, obona iziganeko ezimbi. Oku kwalandelwa yifilimu emfutshane edumileyo ethi "I love NS" (2019), apho wadlala indima yokuxhasa. Kwaye kwangaloo nyaka mnye, umdlali weqonga waqinisa udumo lwakhe phakathi kwababukeli ngokubonakala kumboniso we-podcast odumileyo [[Kazakhstan|eKazakhstan]], owawunesihloko esithi "-18". Kuyo, abahlali bathetha ngezihloko ezahlukeneyo, iingxaki zoluntu, kwaye banike ababukeli imizekelo yabo yobomi. == Umsebenzi wokulingisa == Ngowama-2015-2017, wakhonza kwiGraviton Theater eNur-Sultan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Амангельдин Дамир: биография, фото, личная жизнь|url=https://ticketon.kz/star/amangeldin-damir|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=ticketon.kz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617121044/https://ticketon.kz/star/amangeldin-damir|archive-date=June 17, 2020|dead-url=yes}}</ref> kweyeNkanga kunyaka wama-2018, umboniso wokuqala wothotho lwethelevishini oluphumeleleyo oluthi "Insomnia" wenzeka, apho indima kaDastan, omnye wabalinganiswa abaphambili, yadlalwa ngumdlali weqonga [waseKazakh] uDamir Amangeldin. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Дамир Амангельдин|url=https://kino.mail.ru/person/810392_damir_amangeldin/|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=Кино Mail.ru|language=ru-RU}}</ref> Ngowama-2019, umdlali weqonga wadlala kwifilimu emfutshane ethi "I love NS". <ref>{{Cite web|title=I love NS – шесть роликов о судьбоносных встречах и трепетных чувствах|url=https://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2019/11/20/134288/|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=KTK|language=ru}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Новости – I love NS! Өмірден алған туынды жарыққа шықты|url=https://www.ktk.kz/ru/programs/novosti/134270/|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=KTK|language=ru}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Дамир Амангельдин: фильмография, фото, биография. Актер.|url=https://www.ivi.tv/person/damir-amangeldin|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=www.ivi.tv}}</ref> Ngowama-2019, wadlala indima kwifilimu emfutshane kaMaxim Pak ethi "Fountain". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Дамир Амангельдин / Кинолифт|url=https://kinolift.ru/32157|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=Кинолифт|language=ru|archive-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703074146/https://kinolift.ru/32157|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Ngomhla we-14 kweyeDwarha ngo-2018, uDamir wayedlala indima ephambili kumsitho wokunikezelwa kwamabhaso eGolden Microphone. Ngomhla wesi-7 kuTshazimpuz i, ngonyaka wama-2019, kwakhutshwa i-albhamu yokuqala kaDamir, ethi "Poems of a Favorite Poet". <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2020|title=От маленьких театрализованных спектаклей, до кинопремии "Оскар"|url=https://vintage.kz/ot-malenkix-teatralizovannyx-spekt..|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=VINTAGE KZ — Живи вне правил.|language=ru-RU}}</ref> Ngomhla wesi-2 kweyoMqungu ngo-2019, ikhonsathi enkulu yomculi eyedwa yenzekile kwiklabhu yeBhasi, enikelwe kwizinto ezintsha ze- uhlobo oluhlekisayo lokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Umnini wesibonakaliso sokwamkelwa esidlangalaleni " Inkwenkwezi yeArtek" – ishifti yesi-5 ngo-2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Обладатели знака общественного признания "Звезда Артека" – 5 смена 2018 год|url=https://artek.org/zhizn-arteka/obsheartekovskiy-konku..|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=artek.org}}</ref> KweyeDwarha ngonyaka wama-2019, umboniso ophumeleleyo kwi-YouTube othi "-18", oquka uDamir Amangeldin, wenzeka okokuqala. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Читаем Блокадную книгу: отрывок из дневника Юры Рябинина читает Дамир Амангельдин|url=http://kaz.rs.gov.ru/ru/news/41001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624082847/http://kaz.rs.gov.ru/ru/news/41001|archive-date=June 24, 2020|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=Российский центр науки и культуры в Нур-Султане}}</ref> Ngowama-2020, lo mculi umenyelwa kwidrama yezengqondo yaseRashiya ethi "IVIRUS" esekelwe kwiziganeko zokwenyani. Sithetha ngobhubhane oye wachaphazela uninzi lwabemi behlabathi. Ngokwebali lefilimu, idrama yasemva kwesiphelo sehlabathi iya kubonisa imfazwe yehlabathi yesithathu nxamnye neVirus evela eMpuma. Ngokutsho kwabadali befilimu eshukumayo, le filimu icetyelwe ukutyunjwa kwi-"Oscar". <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2020|title=От маленьких театрализованных спектаклей, до кинопремии "Оскар"|url=https://vintage.kz/ot-malenkix-teatralizovannyx-spekt..|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=VINTAGE KZ — Живи вне правил.|language=ru-RU}}</ref> NgoSeptemba 2018, wafumana isipho sokuqala esibalulekileyo esivela kuSvetlana Petriichuk, yayingumsebenzi kuthotho lweTV oluthi Insomnia njengomdlali weqonga. Ophumelele ibhaso lehlabathi elithi "Magic Voice" elivela kuLina Arifulina. Ngowama-2020, wadlala indima kwifilimu ethi "Cloud". == Imisebenzi yeqonga == === Ithiyetha "iGraviton" === == Ifilimu == == Ukudubula kwiikliphu == == Amabhaso == * Ophumelele uphawu lokwamkelwa esidlangalaleni " Inkwenkwezi yeArtek " ngaphakathi kwesakhelo seseshoni yesihlanu "Imbali yoloyiso lwethu" - iseshoni yesi-5 ka-2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Обладатели знака общественного признания "Звезда Артека" – 5 смена 2018 год|url=https://artek.org/zhizn-arteka/obsheartekovskiy-konku..|accessdate=July 27, 2020|website=artek.org}}</ref> * Umfanekiso webronze weMbasa yeHlabathi "iMagic Voice" kwi-"[Theater]" evela kumvelisi waseRashiya uLina Arifulina (2017). == Iireferensi == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Stand Comedy]] fqlbrb38u3easu31d5bh2rmug0ds725 0 9090 42172 40943 2026-09-28T19:54:50Z Dumbassman 8587 42172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UNomasonto Emmah Phakathi''' (owazalwa ngomhla wesine kuEyoMdumba ngo-1962) <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=5 October 2021|title=Updated LGE 2021 Candidate Lists|work=IOL|url=https://www.elections.org.za/pw/Documents/CandidateLists/MP.pdf|access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref> ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika owayemele i- [[African National Congress]] (ANC) kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-1999, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=1998-06-03|title=Members of the National Assembly|url=http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/mps.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980628034746/http://www.parliament.gov.za/mps/mps.html|archive-date=1998-06-28|accessdate=2023-04-12|website=Parliament of South Africa}}</ref> emva kokuba ephumelele unyulo kunyulo jikelele luka-1994 . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/13429370/south-africa-campaign-and-election-report-april-26-|title=South Africa: Campaign and Election Report April 26–29, 1994|publisher=[[International Republican Institute]]|year=1994|access-date=13 April 2023|via=Yumpu}}</ref> Ukususela ngo-2021, wayemele i-ANC njengekhansela kuMasipala waseThembisile Hani [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|eMpumalanga]], apho wayeliLungu leKomiti yeMeya yeeNkonzo zoShishino. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://cdn.lgseta.co.za/resources/YES_MEDIA_Local_Government_Handbook_2021_PDF_Version.pdf|title=The Local Government Handbook of South Africa 2021|publisher=Yes! Media|year=2021|pages=152|issn=2220-5179}}</ref> Wayemele unyulo kwakhona kwiBhunga kunyulo lwengingqi kamva ngo-2021. <ref name=":0" /> == Iireferensi == {{Reflist}} on0beuy06pp0osrih133gn7gfj4j9oo 0 9091 42171 40944 2026-09-28T19:54:32Z Dumbassman 8587 42171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''UNoma Buthelezi''' ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika obe liLungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseMzantsi Afrika ukusukela eyeSilimela ku-2025, emele iQela le-UMkhonto weSizwe. Ngo-2024, wasebenza njengesithethi seqela lolutsha leqela eKwaZulu [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|-Natal]]. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=South Africa's Opposition MK party scores another court victory|url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/south-africa-s-opposition-mk-party-scores-another-court-victory/7581095.html|accessdate=2026-01-02|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref> Ngomhla we-21 kweyeSilimela ngo-2025, iqela labhengeza ukuba uza kuthatha isihlalo kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe, ethatha indawo [[Nomado Grace Mgwebi|kaNomado Grace Mgwebi]] owagxothwayo kweli qela. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-21|title=Nine MK party members to join National Assembly - eNCA|url=https://www.enca.com/news-top-stories/nine-mk-party-members-join-national-assembly|accessdate=2026-01-02|website=www.enca.com|language=en}}</ref> Wafungiswa eofisini ngomhla we-25 kweyeSilimela ngo-2025. Epalamente, ulilungu leKomiti yePotfoliyo yezoKhenketho kwaye lilungu elahlukileyo leKomiti yePotfoliyo yezoNkonzo zoLuntu noLawulo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Noma Buthelezi|url=http://www.pa.org.za/person/noma-buthelezi/|accessdate=2026-01-02|website=People's Assembly|language=en}}</ref> == Iireferensi == {{Reflist}} 0n2x0p21jbizmdgvlfzsb7mgl1lyfja 0 9270 42178 41629 2026-09-29T02:04:39Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42178 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:James Peace at home in Wiesbaden3.jpg|thumb|477x477px|UJames Peace ekhayeni lakhe eWiesbaden]] '''UKenneth James Peace''' wazalelwa ePaisley ngomhla wama-28 kuSeptemba ka-1963.  Lo mmi waseSkotlani ngumqambi weengoma, umdlali weepiyano kwiikhonsathi kunye negcisa lemifanekiso. == Inkcazelo yokuzalwa == UJames Peace wazalelwa ePaisley, [[eSkotlani]], nge28 kaSeptemba 1963. Ixesha lakhe lobuntwana elininzi ulichithele eHelensburgh, indawo esentshona eSkotlani.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110527164145/http://www.wiesbadener-tagblatt.de/region/wiesbaden/meldungen/10206548.htm Birgitta Lamparth. "Keine ‘stacheligen’ Klänge", Wiesbadener Tagblatt (iphephandaba laseJamani), Gowe-10 kweyoMdumba u-2011] </ref><ref name=":1">Julia Anderton. "Tango wie eine süß-saure Geschichte". Wiesbadener Kurier  (iphephandaba laseJamani). Gowe-24 kweyoKwindla u-2012</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240523121450/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-entrevista-al-compositor-james-peace/ Soledad Carrizo-Araya. "Una entrevista al compositor James Peace". Hoja de Ruta Digital. NgeyoMnga u-2022]</ref> Zininzi iimvumi kusapho lwakowabo (umz. uJohn McGhie), ube uyazalana noFelix Burns, umqambi weengoma zomdaniso kwisiqingatha sokuqala seNkulungwane yama-20.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">Sabine Klein. "Meine Musik ist wie ich - sehr romantisch". Frankfurter Rundschau (iphephandaba laseJamani), 1992, inombolo yohlelo: 254, iphepha lesi-2</ref> Waqala ukufunda ukudlala ipiyano eneminyaka esibhozo waza waqala ukuyidlala phambi kwabantu abaninzi eneminyaka elishumi elinesine, edlala [[umculo]] kaScott Joplin.<ref name=":2" /> Xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesithandathu wathathwa kwiRoyal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama (ngoku ebizwa: Royal Conservatoire of Scotland) kwaye wayengoyena mfundi wakha wamncinci kwesi sikolo. Ngo-1983 wafumana isidanga eGlasgow Yuniversithi waza wafumana idigri yeB.A. yokufundisa ipiyano.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">G. Müller. "Die Seele des Klaviers tanzt Tango". Kulturspiegel Wetterau (imagazini yaseJamani). ye-17 kweyoKwindla 2011, iphepha le-5</ref> Kunyaka olandelayo wafumana idiploma yokudlala umculo emva kokudlala kwiMendelssohn’s Piano Concerto No.1 ekunye neokhestra iRSAMD.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Emva kokuyeka izifundo zakhe ezisesikweni, wayethandwa kakhulu njengomdlali wepiyano waza wahlala e-Edinburgh ukususela ngo-1988 ukuya ku-1991.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">"James Peace". ''FRIZZ'' (imagazini yaseJamani). eYoMqungu 2001, ​​iphepha le-5</ref> UJames Peace wahlala eBad Nauheim, [[iJamani]] ukususela ngo-1991 ukuya ngo-2009.<ref>Manfred Merz. "Virtuose, gefühlsbetonte Welt der Romantik", Wetterauer Zeitung (iphephandaba laseJamani). ye-12 kweYomnga 1992, iphepha le-19</ref><ref>"James Peace". The Tango Times (imagazini yaseNew York). ​​Nomboro ya nkandziyiso: 2002/2003 (39). Amaphepha 1 - 5</ref> Ukususela ngo-1998 wenza uphando ngomculo wetango, wenza iCD ''iScottish Tango'' (Tango escocés) yepiyano eyayiphenjelelwe sisingqi setango, ibe ngo-2002 waye walilungu elibekekileyo leVictoria College of Music.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44NLS_ALMA21615957400004341&context=L&vid=44NLS_VU1&lang=en_US&search_scope=SCOPE1&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,Tango%20escoc%C3%A9s&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Tango escocés'']</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |url=https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |title=Philharmonie de Paris. ''Tango escocés'' |accessdate=2026-08-19 |archive-date=2025-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928140339/https://pad.philharmoniedeparis.fr/pad/doc/ALOES/0795887/tango-escoces-scottish-tango-k-james-peace-comp-piano |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |title=de bibliotheek. ''Tango escocés'' |accessdate=2026-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928195355/https://www.muziekweb.nl/Link/KHX3103/Tango-escoc%C3%A9s |archive-date=2025-09-28 |dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":9">"James Peace". La Cadena (imagazini yaseNetherlands).  EyoMsintsi 2002, iphepha le-26</ref> Kwakuloo nyaka wenza ukhenketho lweekonsathi adlala kuzo yedwa kumntla weJamani ngoSeptemba/Oktobha nakwiMpuma ngoNovemba, edlala okokuqala ngqa ''iTango XVII yakhe'' e[[Hong Kong]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>''TangoTang'', Hong Kong (香港). Ileta yeendaba eHong Kong, gowe-8 kweyeDwarha u-2002</ref><ref>"James Peace". 南華早報 (iphephandaba eHong Kong). Gowe-9 kweyeDwarha u-2002</ref> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:James Peace - Idylls Op.4b.webm|thumb|368x368px|James Peace - Idylls Op.4b]] Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo imisebenzi yakhe yayigxile [[iYurophu]]. Udlale iitango zakhe kwezi zixeko zilikomkhulu lamazwe zilandelayo: I-Amsterdami, i-Atheni,<ref>Iprograma yekonsathi ''{Για σένα Αγγελική}''. E-Atheni, gowe-27 kweyoTshazimpuzi u-2016</ref> [[I-Berlin|iBerlini]],<ref>Tangodanza (imagazini yaseJamani). Nomboro ya nkandziyiso: 1/2002 - 9</ref> iBrussels, [[i-Helsinki]],<ref>Ipowusta yekonsathi (ukhenketho lweekonsathi luseFinland u-2014)</ref> iLisboa,<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ipowusta yekonsathi (ukhenketho lweekonsathi lusePortugal u-2016)</ref> [[iLondon]], [[Madrid|iMadridi]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>Ipowusta yekonsathi (ukhenketho lweekonsathi luseSpain: ''¡Feliz Cincuenta Cumpleaños - 2013!'')</ref> [[IOslo|i-Oslo]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241208042729/https://listen.no/event/konsert-kl-13-00-james-peace-flygel-tangos-romanticos-musikk-av-peace-piazzolla-albeniz-utstillingssalene-er-stengt Listen.no. James Peace (flygel). Munch Museet. I-Oslo. Gowe-16 kweyeDwarha u-2004]</ref> iReyikyaviki<ref>[https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/823608/ Ríkarður Ö. Pálsson. "Skozkir Slaghörputangoár". Morgunblaðið (iphephandaba lase-Iceland). Gowe-14 kweyeDwarha u-2004]</ref> naseViyena.<ref>Iprograma yekonsathi (eViyena). Gowe-23 kweyoMqungu u-2005</ref> Ngo-2008 waba lilungu elibekekileyo leLondon College of Music ngenxa yokuqatshelwa kwakhe kwiinkonzo zetango.<ref name=":10">[https://search.nls.uk/primo-explore/fulldisplay?vid=44NLS_VU1&tab=default_tab&docid=44NLS_ALMA21438757900004341&lang=en_US&context=L&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,K.%20James%20Peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":11">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D1022200380 Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. ''K. James Peace in Wiesbaden'']</ref><ref name=":12">[https://whittakerlive.blogspot.com/2012/05/new-dvd-interview-with-wiesbaden.html Whittaker Live. "Wiesbadener Highlander K. James Peace - New DVD"] </ref> Emva kokuhlala ithutyana eEdinburgh wabuyela eJamani ngoFebruwari 2010 waza wahlala eWiesbaden.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Oku kwakhokelela kwiminqweno emitsha yokudala waza wenza iifilimu ezimfutshane zezinye zeengoma zakhe. Ifilimu ebalisa ibali ''likaK. James Peace eWiesbaden'' iphakathi kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe kolu luhlu.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Tango Milonga op. 26.wav|center|thumb|Tango Milonga op. 26]] [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano).wav|center|thumb|Tango XVIII by James Peace (James Peace, piano)]] == Amabhaso kunye Neembasa == [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Cover page, Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (study score).png|thumb|340x340px|Iphepha elingaphandle, Ingoma Engunaphakade Op.32 nguJames Peace (amanqaku okufunda)]] ●      Ibhaso Lokuqala, ''Agnes Millar Prize''. EGlasgow, 1983<ref name=":4" /> ●      Ibhaso Lokuqala, ''Dunbartonshire EIS Prize''. EGlasgow, 1984<ref name=":4" /> ●      Ibhaso Lokuqala, ''Sibelius Essay Prize''. EGlasgow, 1985<ref name=":4" /> ●      Idiploma yokubekeka, ''TIM International Composition Competition''. [[IRoma]], 2000<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●      Idiploma yokubekeka, ''IBLA Foundation''. INew York, 2002<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> ●      Imbasa yeSikhumbuzo, ''International Piano Duo Association''. [[ETokyo]], 2002<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |title=International Piano Duo Association (東京), Tokyo. Nxaxamelo wa vahluri hi 2002 |accessdate=2026-08-19 |archive-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527164059/http://www.ipda-pianoduo.com/composition-concour-list-english.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ●     Imbasa yeGolide, ''Académie Internationale de Lutèce''. [[Paris|IParisi]], 2008<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Iingoma Eziphambili == ●      Ingxangxasi ''(The Waterfall)''<ref>Hessisches Staatstheater. Iprograma yeekonsathi ngowe-12 nangowe-19 kweyoMsintsi u-2021</ref> ●      Idylls [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Eternal Song Op.32 by James Peace (bars 602 - 606).pdf|thumb|316x316px|Ingoma Engunaphakade Op.32 nguJames Peace (iibha 602 - 606)]] ●      Ingoma yakusasa ''(Aubade)''<ref>University of Adelaide Music Library (Barr Smith Library). Aubade no. 1 for cor anglais and string orchestra</ref> ●      Inyembezi ezithe cwaka ''(Lento Lacrimoso)'' ●      Igqabi elityelweyo ''(Forgotten Leaves)''<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=forgotten%20leaves%20op%2012%20for%20cello%20and%20orchestra&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082963650109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Forgotten Leaves : op. 12, for cello and orchestra]</ref> ●      Isonata ye-oboe nepiyano<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Sonata%20for%20oboe%20and%20piano%20op.16&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969210109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Oboe sonata, op. 16]</ref> ●      Ibhaledi<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Ballade%20op.18&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082963220109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ballade no.1 : in c major : op.18]</ref> ●      Umatsho womthetho no.1 ''(Ceremonial March No.1)''<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=ceremonial%20march%20no%201%20for%20organ%20and%20orchestra%20op%2019&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969030109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ceremonial march no.1: for organ and orchestra : op. 19] </ref> ●      Umatsho womthetho no.2 ''(Ceremonial March No.1)''<ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=ceremonial%20march%20no%202%20for%20orchestra%20op%2023&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968580109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Ceremonial march no.2 : for orchestra : op. 23]</ref> ●      Igolidi eliyikwindla ''(Autumn Gold)''<ref>"Violine schwebt über das Orchester". Schwäbische Post (iphephandaba laseJamani). Gowe-4 kweyeSilimela u-1994</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17035044k <nowiki>National Library of France. [Autumn gold. Op. 25b]. Arr. pour violon et piano</nowiki>]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Autumn%20gold%20op.25&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968420109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Autumn gold : for clarinet and string orchestra : op. 25]</ref> ●      Ingoma yaphakade ''(Eternal Song)''<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=Eternal%20Song%20op.32&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990133856020109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Eternal Song : for soprano and orchestra : op.32]</ref><ref>University of Adelaide Music Library (Barr Smith Library). Eternal Song for soprano and orchestre, op.32 </ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9935400923804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. ''Eternal Song Op.32, Peace, K. James'']</ref> ●     "Ingoma yeGeorgia" (Ulwimi LwesiGeogia: საქართველოსთვის) ●     Iitango eziyi24<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2013&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082974750109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op. 13]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2017&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969810109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.17]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2029&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969820109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.29]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=tangos%20for%20piano%20op%2033&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082969300109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Tangos for piano op.33]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941548033804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=MainCatalogue&query=any,contains,Tango%20for%20piano,%20K.%20James%20Peace&offset=0 National Library of Scotland. Tangos for piano op.17, Peace, K. James]</ref><ref>[https://search.nls.uk/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9941547953804341&context=L&vid=44NLS_INST:44NLS_VU1&lang=en&search_scope=MainCatalogue&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&query=any,contains,James%20peace&mode=basic National Library of Scotland. Tangos for piano op.33, Peace, K. James]</ref><ref>[https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/fulldisplay?query=K.%20James%20Peace&tab=Everything&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE&lang=en&docid=alma990082968570109251&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&context=L&isFrbr=false&isHighlightedRecord=false&state= British Library. Souvenir de Buenos Aires : arr. for string orchestra]</ref><ref>[https://www.britishviolasociety.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Latest-news-from-the-British-Viola-Society.-August-2023-compressed.pdf British Viola Society Newsletter, EyeThupa u-2024] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522135254/https://hojaderutadigital.mx/una-corta-historia-del-tango/ Hoja de Ruta Digital, México. "Una corta historia del tango". Gowe-24 kweyoKwindla u-2024]</ref> == Iilinki Zangaphandle == ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSX1c8EUukg&list=RDsSX1c8EUukg&start_radio=1 Souvenir de Buenos Aires - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcMRNnwNJhk&list=RDZcMRNnwNJhk&start_radio=1 Lento Lacrimoso - youtube]'' ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VKxG2dmQn4&list=RD_VKxG2dmQn4&start_radio=1 Autumn Gold - youtube]'' == Imithombo == <references /> [[Uluhlu:Umculo]] tmr0y8cxroxa49u0k9xdggcdf9zciv8 0 9350 42179 42087 2026-09-29T02:13:11Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 42179 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:DER_Rollup_Small.jpg|right|thumb| Ilogo ye-DER]] iDigital Education Revolution (DER) yayiyinkqubo yohlaziyo lwefundo exhaswa nguRhulumente wase Australia. Le nkqubo yathembiswa nguNgqonyela Jikelele wase Australia ngelo xesha, uKevin Rudd, ngexesha lokusungulwa komkhankaso wakhe wonyulo lukazwelonke lwase Australia lwango 2007 eBrisbane. Le nkqubo yasungulwa ngokusesikweni ekupheleni kuka 2008, kokuqala kwabhengzwa nguSekela Ngqonyela jikelele wase Australia kunye noMphathiswa wazeMfundo, emisebenzi nakuBudlelwane basemisebenzi ngelo xesha, uJulia Gillard kunye nogxa wakhe waseNew South Wales, uVerity Firth. Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwale nkqubu kwenzeke eFairvale iskolo samabanga aphezulu. == Injongo == Ngale nkqubo, urhulumente waye zakunika i-A$ 2.4&nbsp;iibhiliyoni kwiminyaka esixhenxe ukuya kuthi ga: * Ukubonelela bonke abafundi bezikolo zikarhulumente zamabanga aphakamileyo amabanga 9 ukuya ku12 ngeelaptop ngokusebenzisa iNgxowa mali yeSizwe yeekhompyutha zezikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo (National Secondary School Computer Fund). * ukusasaza i-broadband ekhawulezayo kuzo zonke izikolo zase-Australia kunye nezixhobo zedijithali ezisemgangathweni, izixhobo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo eziya kunceda ukuxhasa iKharityhulam yase-Australia * ukuxhasa ukwanda kobuchule bolwazi nonxibelelwano (ICT) kootitshala nakubafundi kulo lonke elase-Australia ukondla ukusetyenziswa kwe-ICT ekufundiseni nasekufundeni * phuhlisa iiprojekthi kunye nophando oluya kunceda kwaye luxhase ukusetyenziswa kwe-ICT ekufundeni * vumela abazali ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimfundo yabantwana babo ngokufunda kwi-intanethi kunye nokufikelela * iindlela zokuxhasa eziza kunceda izikolo ekusetyenzisweni kwe-ICT == Ukusasazwa == Kweyo Msintsi ka2008 phakathi kokungaqiniseki neendleko ezongezelelweyo ezazinxulumene neekhompyutha, uRhulumente waseSouth Wales wasikhaba isicelo senkxaso mali eyongezelelweyo esivela kuRhulumente woManyano wase Australia. uRhulumente weSithili wacela imali eyongezelelweyo ukuze kuhlawulwe iinkonzo zokulungisa nokugcina iikhompyutha, inkxazo yobugcisa, ukuphuculwa kombane, iilayisensi zesoftware ukhuseleko kunye noqeqesho lootitshala olunxulumene nokufakwa kweekhompyutha ezikolweni. Emva kokusilela ukufumana olu ncedo, uRhulumente weSithili wacela ukwandiswa komhla wokugqibela owawungowe 9 yeDwarha wokufaka izicelo kumjikelo wesibini wenkxaso mali. Xa isicelo sokwandisa kwexesha sakhatywayo, uRhulumente weSithili wathi unyanzelekile ukuba asikhabe eso sicelo senkxaso mali de kucace ngokupheleleyo imeko yawo yezemali kuhlahlo lwabiwo mali oluncinci luka 2008. UMlawuli-Jikelele wezeMfundo, uMichael Coutts-Trotter, uxelele iThe Sydney Morning Herald wathi: "Asinakuzibophelela okwangoku de siqiniseke ukuba iindleko ezipheleleyo zokusebenzisa iikhompyutha zinokuhlangatyezwana nazo. Kodwa sinomdla kule nkqubo kwaye kwangoko nje ukuba inkxaso-mali ilungisiwe, siza kufaka isicelo kumjikelo wesithathu." <ref name="SMH3">{{Cite news|last=Patty, Anne|date=26 September 2008|title=Digital revolution stalls over funding|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/biztech/digital-revolution-stalls-over-funding/2008/09/26/1222540224017.html|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> UMphathiswa wezeMfundo noQeqesho uVerity Firth uthe ulindele ukuba urhulumente welizwe asombulule ingxaki yenkxaso-mali ngaphambi komjikelo wesibini wenkxaso-mali. “I-NSW ayinakuzibophelela nakweyiphi na isiseko ngaphambi kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluncinci,” utshilo uFirth, <ref name="SMH3" /> “Bekuya kuba yinto engalunganga kwizikolo nakubafundi ukufuna iikhompyutha ezintsha kodwa bafumanise ukuba bekungekho mali yaneleyo kwiindleko zabo zokusebenza kuRhulumente wobumbano”. <ref name="TAUS1">{{Cite news|last=Ferrari, Justine|date=27 September 2008|title=State rejects 'unfair' computer deals|work=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/state-rejects-unfair-computers-deal/story-e6frg6o6-1111117598327|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> NgoNovemba ka-2008, emva kweengxoxo noRhulumente weCommonwealth kwiBhunga looRhulumente base-Australia (COAG), <ref name="SMH2">{{Cite web|last=Drape, Julian. Berdon, Caroline|date=28 November 2008|title=Govt adds $807m to school computer deal|url=http://news.smh.com.au/national/govt-adds-807m-to-school-computer-deal-20081128-6mnx.html|accessdate=19 March 2011|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> uNkulumbuso waseNew South Wales ngelo xesha uNathan Rees kunye noRhulumente waseNew South Wales bafumana i-$807.&nbsp;izigidi zokubonelela abafundi besikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sikarhulumente abaphakathi kweminyaka eli-9 ukuya kweli-12 ilaptop minyaka le. Ezi laptops, zigcwele iinkqubo ezixabisa i-$5,500 ezivela kwiMicrosoft Office Suite yamva nje kunye neAdobe Suite, zibonelelwa yinkampani yekhompyutha, iLenovo phantsi kwesivumelwano seminyaka emine esiqinisekiswe ngurhulumente welizwe. Ngomhla wama-26 kweyeThupha ngo-2009 uSekela-Nkulumbuso wase-Australia kunye noMphathiswa wezeMfundo, ezeNgqesho kunye noBudlelwane baseMsebenzini, uJulia Gillard kunye noMphathiswa wezeMfundo noQeqesho waseNew South Wales, uVerity Firth babhengeze ukuhanjiswa kweelaptops zokuqala kwizikolo zamabanga aphakamileyo eNew [[ENew South Wales|South Wales]] . UGillard noFirth batyelele iklasi yeBanga lesi-9 kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseFairvale entshona yeSydney ukuze babone ukuhlanganiswa kweelaptops kwisifundo. <ref name="TER1">{{Cite web|date=26 August 2009|title=The Education Revolution|url=http://theeducationrevolution.com.au/index.php?news&nid=5|accessdate=19 March 2011|publisher=The Education Revolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405182552/http://theeducationrevolution.com.au/index.php?news&nid=5|archive-date=5 April 2016|dead-url=yes}}</ref> NgoFebruwari 2010, igosa eliyintloko lolwazi leSebe leMfundo, uQeqesho kunye neNgqesho laseQueensland uDavid O'Hagan wathi kukho ithuba lokuba i -iPad ingancedisana neelaptops ezisetyenziswa kwizikolo eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente eQueensland, "Xa i-iPad ifumaneka e-Australia, iSebe leMfundo noQeqesho [laseQueensland] liza kuqhuba uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba ifanelekile na ekufundiseni nasekufundeni kunye nokuhambelana kwenethiwekhi, izikolo ezifanelekileyo kwiikhompyutha phantsi kweNational Secondary School Computer Fund karhulumente wobumbano nazo zisebenzisa olu lungiselelo lokuthenga oluphakathi ukuthenga iikhompyutha zedesktop kunye neelaptop." utshilo. iApple lilungu leqela lababoneleli beekhompyutha kwizikolo zikarhulumente (zikawonke-wonke) zaseQueensland (ezamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo). == Iilaptops == eNew South Wales, abafundi banikwe iilaptop zeLenovo ezingaphezulu kwephepha le-A4. Ngowama-2009, imodeli eyakhutshwayo yayiyi- IdeaPad S10e, ngowama-2010, i- ThinkPad Mini 10, ngowama-2011, i- ThinkPad Edge 11, ngowama-2012 i- ThinkPad X130e eyayiyilwe ngokukodwa <ref name="TaLe KYL">{{Cite web|last=TaLe|title=TaLe-Know your laptop|url=http://www.tale.edu.au/tale/live/global/DERNSW/models.jsp?muid=000000&taleUserId=-445990256&userType=u&username=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110407185725/http://www.tale.edu.au/tale/live/global/DERNSW/models.jsp?muid=000000&taleUserId=-445990256&userType=u&username=|archive-date=7 April 2011|accessdate=24 March 2011|publisher=TaLe}}</ref> kwaye ngowama-2013, i- ThinkPad X131e . <ref name="DER-NSW 2013 Laptop Specifications">{{Cite web|last=DET NSW|title=DER-NSW 2013 Laptop Specifications|url=http://www.det.nsw.edu.au/media/downloads/about-us/how-we-operate/national-partnerships-program/program-information/dernsw2013specs.pdf|accessdate=28 June 2014|publisher=DET NSW|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221055633/https://www.det.nsw.edu.au/media/downloads/about-us/how-we-operate/national-partnerships-program/program-information/dernsw2013specs.pdf|archive-date=21 December 2014|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Iilaptops nazo zize nesoftware esele ifakiwe, efana neAdobe CS5, Adobe LiveCycle ES2, Microsoft Office 2010, kunye neMicrosoft Forefront . <ref name="TaLe KYL" /> NgoJuni ka-2010 kwakhutshwa ukubuyiselwa kwamatyala eelaptop emva kokuba kufunyaniswe ukuba kukho isiphene kuyilo lwetyala xa abafundi abaninzi baxela ukuba izikrini zabo zinemifantu. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilmore, Heath. Patty, Anne|date=6 June 2010|title=Computer case recall as screens show cracks|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/computer-case-recall-as-screens-show-cracks-20100605-xlr0.html|access-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> Igosa eliyintloko lolwazi kwiSebe leMfundo noQeqesho laseNew South Wales uStephen Wilson uthe inkqubo yokucoca kwiilaptop ayinakuthintelwa, kwaye akukho mfundi uya kukwazi ukugqobhoza inkqubo. <ref name="ZDNET1">{{Cite news|last=Tung, Liam|date=24 October 2008|title=NSW to censor student laptops|publisher=ZDNet|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/nsw-to-censor-student-laptops/|access-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> "Ukucoca i-intanethi yethu akunakuqhekeka. Sine-proxy array enkulu eyenza konke ukucoca. Sisandula ukuzisa loo nto ngaphakathi kwaye isizathu sokuba senze oko kukuba sifuna ulawulo oluqinileyo kuyo, yonke indawo ye-intanethi eyaziwayo ihlelwe ngokweendidi. Ukuba ayaziwa, ivaliwe. Ukuba uya kwiwebhusayithi, kwaye ayihlelwanga ngokweendidi awunakuyifikelela," utshilo uWilson. Ngokupheliswa kwezibophelelo zenxhasa mali ezivela kuRhulumente woManyano, iSebe lezoMfundo noLuntu lase New South Wales lamkela ngokusesikweni indlela yomgaqo nkqubo ethi " Yiza Nesakho Isixhobo" ngokubhekiselele kwiilaptop. == Ukugxekwa == Ngo 2008 kwavela ilita ezatyhila ukuba uMphathiswa wazeMfundo, eMisebenzi nakuBudlelwane baseMsebenzini uJulia Gillard wayexelelwe ukuba lo mgaqo nkqubo wawungacwagciswanga kakuhle kwaye wawunenkxaso mali engonelanga kakhulu. Kwakukho inkxalabo yokuba ukunqongophalakwemali kwakunokunyanzela iintsapho esele zijamelene neengxaki zemali ukuba zithwale ezinye zeendleko okanye kubangele ukuba ezinye iikhompyutha zihlale kwiibhokisi zingavulwa kwaye zingasetyenziswa. Amazwe namathili awazange avumelane nale nkqubo emva kokufumanisa ukuba ngalinye kuwo laliza kufuneka lifake igalelo lemali elifikelela kwi$3 bhiliyoni xa zizonke. Eli galelo lalingazange likhankanywe nguKevin Rudd okanye nguJulia Gillard ngexesha lomkhankaso wonyulo. Ngo 2010, uRhulumente kaRudd waphinda wagxekwa ngokucotha ekuphumezeni izithembiso zawo emva kokuba kuqinisekisiwe ukuba akukho nanye kwiA$100 yezigidi eyayibekelwe ukuzisa intanethi enesantya esiphezulu eziskoloweni eyayisele isetyenzisiwe.uRudd wachaza ukuba ukulibaziseka ekufakeni intanethi enesantya esiphezulu ezikolweni kwabangelwa ludodobala loqoqosho (recession) kunye nefuthe lalo kwimeko yezemali kaRhulumente. Nge nyanga yeThupha, ngama-220,000 kuphela kwi-1&nbsp;Iilaptop ezithenjisiweyo ezizizigidi zifikile. Ezinye iingxaki bezibangelwa kukuba urhulumente ugxile kwi-A$43&nbsp;iNethiwekhi yeBroadband yeSizwe yezigidigidi. <ref name="COURIERMAIL1">{{Cite news|last=Chalmers, Emma. Balogh, Stefanie|date=14 February 2010|title=Kevin Rudd faces pressure over digital education revolution|work=[[The Courier-Mail|Courier Mail]]|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/kevin-rudd-faces-pressure-over-digital-education-revolution/story-e6freoof-1225830274317|access-date=20 March 2011}}</ref> == Bona kunye == * Ukwakha iNguqu yeMfundo * ISebe leMfundo, iNgqesho kunye noBudlelwane beNdawo yoMsebenzi * Imfundo eOstreliya n851mpmmkdkqw4njmszf5j2on2exnne 0 9379 42181 42170 2026-09-29T07:36:51Z Emtee04 16527 42181 wikitext text/x-wiki == Iinkcukacha zabemi == Ngokutsho kohlolo lwabemi lonyaka wama-2006, kukho abantu abazizigidi ezingama-82.96 abahlala [[IShayina|eChina]], nto leyo emalunga ne-6.34% yabo bonke abemi belo lizwe. Eli nani libonise ukwanda nge-1.44% ukususela ngonyaka we-1987. Inani lamadoda lingaphezulu kwelabasetyhini kubemi baseChina aba-1.35 yeebhiliyoni, ngoko ke akumangalisi ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu abakhubazekileyo ngamadoda. Abantu abakhubazekileyo abahlala kwiindawo zasemaphandleni eChina benza ama-75% yabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo xa kuthelekiswa nama-25% ehlala ezidolophini. Ngokubhekiselele kubemi abakwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni, inani labantwana abakhubazekileyo abaneminyaka ephakathi kwe-6 ne-14 lifikelele kwizigidi ezi-2.46, nto leyo emalunga ne-2.96% yabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwe-3% yabantu baseChina abakhubazekileyo ngabo bakwiminyaka yokuya esikolweni. Umgaqo-nkqubo womntwana omnye unegalelo ekunciphiseni uninzi lwabantu okubonwe kwimbali yakutshanje, ingakumbi kubantwana abakwiminyaka yokufunda. <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 6, 2008|title="Facts on People with Disabilities in China."|url=https://www.ilo.org/beijing/information-resources/public-information/factsheets/WCMS_142315/lang--en/index.htm|publisher=[[International Labour Organization]]}}</ref>  IChina ibeka ukukhubazeka ngokwahlukileyo kunakwamanye amazwe, umzekelo, iChina ichonge i-5% yabemi bayo abakwiminyaka yokufunda esikolweni ukuba badinga imfundo ekhethekileyo ngelixa i-United States ichonge i-10% yabemi bayo abakwiminyaka yokufunda. Olu thelekiso lubangelwa kukuba iChina ayiqapheli ukukhubazeka kokufunda okanye iingxaki ezifana ne -ADHD zifuna iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo ngelixa amanye amazwi amaninzi edinga iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo. <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review">{{Cite journal|last=Meng|first=Deng|last2=Poon-McBrayer|first2=Kim Fong|last3=Farnsworth|first3=Elizabeth|date=September 2001|title=The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258183441|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=22|issue=5|pages=288–298|doi=10.1177/074193250102200504}}</ref> Amathuba emfundo kubantu abakhubazekileyo baseChina ayancipha, nto leyo ebangela ubuhlwempu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zokuphila ezimbi. <ref name="Media representations of China's inclusive education">{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Yating|last2=Lu|first2=Gaoqiang|last3=Sin|first3=Kuen Fung|last4=Yu|first4=Zhiying|date=March 28, 2024|title=Media representations of China's inclusive education: A corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=19|issue=3|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1900123Y|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0300123|pmc=10977776|pmid=38547159|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Education_for_disabled_schooling_age_children_new.jpg]] Njengoko itshati ibonisa, malunga nama-60% ukuya kuma-70% abantwana abakhubazekileyo bayafunda, xa kuthelekiswa nophantse ngama-100% wabantwana abangakhubazekanga. Ngama-25% kuphela yabantwana abakhubazekileyo ababhalisela izikolo zamabanga aphezulu okanye amaziko emfundo ephakamileyo . <ref>{{Cite web|last=Yin|first=Hai Jie|title=残疾人的受教育状况：公平缺失与水平滑坡|trans-title=The Situation of Educational Access to the disabled in China: A Deficiency in Fairness and Decline of Achievement|url=http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/research/repotr/P020090328334136716494.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402121028/http://www.sociology.cass.cn/shxw/research/repotr/P020090328334136716494.pdf|archive-date=2012-04-02|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref> [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Comparison_education_level_for_disabled_people_and_normal_peopel_new.jpg]] == Imvelaphi yembali == Ngenxa yeembono ezinxulumene neConfucianism, abantu abakhubazekileyo baye bahlonitshwa kwaye bathathwa njengenxalenye yoluntu kuyo yonke imbali yaseChina. Kuyo yonke imbali yaseChina abemi abakhubazekileyo babengenalo inqanaba eliphezulu lentlalo ngenxa yeempawu zabo zomzimba okanye zengqondo ezazithintela amandla abo okunyuka entlalweni. Endaweni yokubajonga abantu abancinci njengabalinganayo, abantu baseChina babenovelwano kwaye bebasizela abo bakhubazekileyo. Nangona babebaninzi ababenqwenela ukunceda abantu abakhubazekileyo, "amaziko okufundisa abantu abakhubazekileyo awazange asekwe ngexesha lolawulo lwemikhosi eyathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2,000".<ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Kwimbali yakutshanje yaseChina, oyena mntu ubalaseleyo ekusekweni kwemfundo ekhethekileyo yayinguMao Zedong. Uphuculo kwinkqubo yemfundo yabantwana abakhubazekileyo lwalungekho kwaphela de kwafika inkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ngexesha lolawulo lukaMao. "Phantsi kwengcingane kaMao, abantu abakhubazekileyo babephathwa njengamalungu oluntu alinganayo oluntu, abanokwenza igalelo kwilizwe elilandela umgaqo-nkqubo wobuSocialist. Oku kwakhuthaza ulwazi loluntu kunye nokwamkelwa kwemeko yokukhubazeka". <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Olona tshintsho lubaluleke kakhulu olwenzeka ngeli xesha lwaba ngowama-1951, xa iBhunga lezoPolitiko laseChina laphumeza iSigqibo sokuHlaziya iNkqubo yeMfundo, "esasiyalela ngokucacileyo oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba ukuba baseke izikolo zabantu abangaboniyo nabo bangevayo, kwaye babonelele ngemfundo kubantwana, kwabafikisayo kunye nabantu abadala abakhubazeke emzimbeni. Olu xwebhu, okokuqala kwimbali yemfundo yaseChina, lwabandakanya imfundo ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo kawonke-wonke kwaye lwakhuthaza ukuwiswa kwemithetho malunga noqeqesho lootitshala abakhethekileyo (uWang, uYan, kunye noMu 350). Iziphumo zolu hlaziyo zakhokelela ekwandeni kwenani lezikolo kunye nabafundi abakhubazekileyo ababhalisileyo, apho inani leziko laya kutsho kuma-57 kwaye elabafundi laya kuma-5,312 ngo-1955, laza laya kuma-479 ezikolo kunye nama-26,701 ngokwahlukeneyo, ngo-1960." <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> Noko oko, olu phuculo aluzange luhlale ixesha elide kwaye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu yiNguquko yeNkcubeko ngowe-1966. Esi sehlo sabangela impembelelo embi ekukhuleni kwemfundo ekhethekileyo ngenxa yeengxaki zopolitiko nezoqoqosho ngelo xesha. Izikolo zemfundo ekhethekileyo ezisandul' ukusekwa phantsi kolawulo lukaMao zajongana nobunzima obukhulu, "apho izikolo ezininzi zavalwa kwaye inani labafundi lehla lisuka kwi-1,176 ngaphambi kuka-1966 laya kutsho kuma-600 ngo-1976. " <ref name="The Development of Special Education in China: A Social Cultural Review" /> UMao unokuthathwa njengonoxanduva lokwanda kwemfundo ekhethekileyo kunye nokumiswa kwayo ekugqibeleni eChina." == Iinkonzo == Ambalwa amaziko emfundo anceda abafundi kwimfundo eyodwa. Ukusukela ngowama-2018, malunga ne-1710 amaziko anceda ngokukodwa abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye namashumi amane anesithandathu amawaka ootitshala abasasazeke kuwo onke loo maziko.EChina, abafundi abakhubazekileyo bahlala bohlulwa kumagumbi okufundela aqhelekileyo kwaye babekwe kwizikolo ezizinikezelwe kwimfundo eyodwa. Isikolo sokuqala esanikezelwa kubafundi abakhubazekileyo eChina sasekwa ngo-1987 kwisixeko saseBeijing. Sithetha nje esi sikolo sinabasebenzi abangamashumi amathandathu abafundisa abantwana abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabini kumagumbi okufundela alishumi elinesixhenxe. Esi sikolo sibonelela ngamaziko ophuhliso lobungcali kunye namaziko ezibonelelo, kwakunye neziko elibanzi lokuxilonga nokuqeqesho lwabantwana abaneminyaka emithathu nesine abane-autism, sikwabonelela ngamagumbi emfundo ekhethekileyo kubantwana abakwiminyaka yesikolo". Nangona isikolo sigxininisa kakhulu kwizifundo, abafundi bathatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kwaye bachitha ixesha elinzinzi befumana ingqalelo ngqo kubafundisi babo. Esi sikolo sikwaqesha abafundi abavela kulo lonke elaseChina ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezikolo zemfundo ekhethekileyo kulo lonke ilizwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellsworth|first=Nancy|last2=Zhang|first2=Chung|date=August 18, 2016|title=Progress and Challenges in China's Special Education Development: Observations, Reflections, and Recommendations|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07419325070280010601|journal=Remedial and Special Education|volume=28|issue=1|pages=58–64|doi=10.1177/07419325070280010601|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ukwahlulwahlulwa kwezemfundo yinto edla ngokubonwa kwimfundo ekhethekileyo eChina, nangona kunjalo iChina iqalile ukwamkela ingcamango yokubandakanywa kwamagumbi okufundela eye yabonakala iluncedo kwamanye amazwe asebenzise le ndlela. Nangona le ndlela intsha eChina sele ibonise iziphumo ezilungileyo "Phakathi kowe-1987 nowe-1996, izinga lokungena esikolweni labafundi abakhubazekileyo lenyuke ukusuka kwi-6% ukuya kwi-60%, kwaye uninzi lwaba bafundi babekumagumbi ezemfundo ngokubanzi. "Oku kuthetha ukuba abafundi abaneemfuno ezizodwa babekwa kumagumbi okufundela aqhelekileyo, apho banikwa khona imiyalelo eyenzelwe iimfuno zabo ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Kaili|date=June 1, 2013|title=Which Agenda?: Inclusion Movement and its Impact on Early Childhood Education in Hong Kong|journal=Australasian Journal of Early Childhood|volume=38|issue=2|pages=111–121|doi=10.1177/183693911303800214|doi-access=free}}</ref> Uqeqesho lootitshala abajongene nemfundo ekhethekileyo luye lwanda kakhulu kwishumi leminyaka edlulileyo "Iingxoxo nootitshala abaqeqesha abanye kwiYunivesithi yaseBeijing Normal nakwiYunivesithi yase-East China Normal zibonise ukuba iinkqubo zokulungiselela ootitshala bemfundo ekhethekileyo ziyakhula ngokukhawuleza."Ootitshala abaninzi bakhankanye ukuba iimviwo ezingqongqo ziseyeyona ndlela iphambili yokugqiba ngokwamkelwa kwabantu abafuna ukuba ngootitshala kwiinkqubo zoqeqesho lootitshala" (Ellsworth kunye noZhang 63). Noko ke, kusekho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwenani labafundi abasweloyo kunye nootitshala abafanelekileyo bokubonelela ngeenkonzo. Kukwakho nemiba ephathelele ukungabikho kweenkqubo zemfundo ekhethekileyo kwiiyunivesithi zaseChina, zizikolo ezimbalwa kuphela ezikwimimandla yezixeko ezibonelela ngolu hlobo lwezifundo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukufumana iziqinisekiso zootitshala abaqeqeshelwe imfundo ekhethekileyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Yan|last2=Mu|first2=Guanglu|date=October 24, 2014|title=Revisiting the Trajectories of Special Teacher Education in China through Policy and Practice|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1034912X.2014.955792|journal=International Journal of Disability, Development and Education|volume=61|issue=4|pages=346–361|doi=10.1080/1034912X.2014.955792|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ingqesho == Umba onxulumene ngqo nemfundo ngowezinga lengqesho. Abanye abaphandi bathi ngaphezu kwe-10% eChina abanako ukutya okwaneleyo kunye neempahla zokunxiba, malunga nama-40% banemali encinci kakhulu engenayo. kwaye ngama-25% kuphela esebenza ixesha elipheleleyo. Phakathi kwabo baqeshiweyo, ama-96.6% ngabasebenzi abenza imisebenzi yezandla . Ubume bengqesho bunxulumene ngqo nengeniso. Iintsapho ezingenaye umntu okhubazekileyo zinomvuzo wosapho ongaphezulu ngomndilili ongama-23.26% xa kuthelekiswa neentsapho ezinomntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu okhubazekileyo. == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == {{Reflist|30em}} 72y7l63a6zr4r2zfpnnlkwr1ogjnssz 0 9380 42183 2026-09-29T11:47:20Z Emtee04 16527 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364408721|Father absence]]" 42183 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukungabikho bukatata kwenzeka xa abazali behlukana yaye utata engasahlali nabantwana bakhe kwaye engababoneleli ngenkxaso yobuzali. Ukwahlukana kwabazali kuye kwabonakala ukuba kuyayichaphazela indlela umntwana akhula ngayo nendlela aziphethe ngayo. Uqhawulo-mtshato lwabazali abselula (ngexesha lesikolo samabanga aphantsi) luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okunzulu komntwana okumenza azive esekhaya aze azive engaphandle,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Flouri|first=Eirini|last2=Narayanan|first2=Martina K.|last3=Midouhas|first3=Emily|date=2015-11-01|title=The cross-lagged relationship between father absence and child problem behavior in the early years|journal=[[Child: Care, Health and Development]]|language=en|volume=41|issue=6|pages=1090–1097|doi=10.1111/cch.12236|issn=1365-2214|oclc=5995052590|pmc=5098165|pmid=25708874}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Comings|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Comings|last2=Muhleman|first2=Donn|last3=Johnson|first3=James P.|last4=MacMurray|first4=James P.|date=2002-01-01|title=Parent-Daughter Transmission of the Androgen Receptor Gene as an Explanation of the Effect of Father Absence on Age of Menarche|journal=[[Child Development (journal)|Child Development]]|volume=73|issue=4|pages=1046–1051|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00456|jstor=3696269|pmid=12146732}}</ref> ngelixa uqhawulo-mitshato kamva ebuntwaneni okanye ekufikiseni lunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezemfundo. Nangona ukungabikho kukatata ikakhulu kubangelwa kukuqhawula umtshato nokwahlukana kwabazali, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Amato|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Amato|date=2010-06-01|title=Research on Divorce: Continuing Trends and New Developments|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|journal=[[Journal of Marriage and Family]]|language=en|volume=72|issue=3|pages=650–666|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|issn=1741-3737|jstor=40732501|oclc=6894960542|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLanahan|first=Sara|author-link=Sara McLanahan|last2=Tach|first2=Laura|author-link2=Laura Tach|last3=Schneider|first3=Daniel|date=2013-01-01|title=The Causal Effects of Father Absence|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages=399–427|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145704|issn=0360-0572|oclc=7973262495|pmc=3904543|pmid=24489431}}</ref> kuquka ukuhlukaniswa ngabazali, ezinye izinto ezifana nobuhlwempu bentsapho kunye nobunzima bokukhula ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokungabikho kukatata, <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Sear|first=Rebecca|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2008|title=Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/7614/1/7614.pdf|journal=[[Evolution and Human Behavior]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–18|bibcode=2008EHumB..29....1S|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001|issn=1090-5138|oclc=5902459343}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Panico|first=Lidia|last2=Bartley|first2=Mel|last3=Kelly|first3=Yvonne|last4=McMunn|first4=Anne|last5=Sacker|first5=Amanda|date=2010-01-01|title=Changes in family structure in early childhood in the Millennium Cohort Study|journal=Population Trends|volume=142|issue=1|pages=75–89|doi=10.1057/pt.2010.32|issn=0307-4463|oclc=704742284|pmid=21187854|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Anna|last2=Lewis|first2=Hannah|last3=Law|first3=Catherine|date=2012-08-09|title=The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study|url=http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2012/08/08/jech-2012-200970|journal=[[Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health]]|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=jech–2012–200970|doi=10.1136/jech-2012-200970|issn=1470-2738|oclc=5856044497|pmid=22879638|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkadi|first=Anna|last2=Kristiansson|first2=Robert|last3=Oberklaid|first3=Frank|last4=Bremberg|first4=Sven|date=2008-02-01|title=Fathers' involvement and children's developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies|journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]]|volume=97|issue=2|pages=153–158|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x|issn=0803-5253|oclc=263991910|pmid=18052995}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=East|first=Leah|last2=Jackson|first2=Debra|last3=O'Brien|first3=Louise|date=2006-12-01|title=Father absence and adolescent development: a review of the literature|journal=[[Journal of Child Health Care]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=283–295|doi=10.1177/1367493506067869|issn=1367-4935|oclc=110080119|pmid=17101621|doi-access=free}}</ref> iziphumo zazo ziye zachazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zethiyori. == Ubunzima obunxulumene nokungabikho kukatata == === Iingxaki ngokubanzi === Nangona kukho ukuvumelana okuncinci phakathi kwabaphandi malunga nokubaluleka okuchanekileyo kobawo,<ref name=":6" /> ootata ngokwesiko bathathwa njengabanikezeli bokukhusela kunye nenkxaso kuphuhliso lomntwana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Patricia|last2=Harpending|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Harpending|date=1982-01-01|title=Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=anthropologyfacpub|journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Research]]|volume=38|issue=3|pages=255–273|doi=10.1086/jar.38.3.3629848|issn=0091-7710|jstor=3629848|oclc=5546692515|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ukuziphatha komntwana, ngakumbi ebuntwaneni obuqalayo naphakathi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ukungabikho kootata kudla ngokubangela ukuba imali yentsapho inciphe, yaye abazali abangenamandla bakhulise abantwana ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabazali neengxaki zengqondo emva kokuhlukana. === Indlela yebhayoloji === Iijini kunye neehomoni zinokubangela ukuba ootata bangabikho. Iipateni ezithile ze-DNA zibonakalisiwe ukuba zichaphazela izinga lokuthembeka komntu kunye notyalo-mali lwakhe kwinzala yakhe. Ngokukodwa, uphando lwee -prairie voles lufumanise ukuba i-gene AVPR1A ichaphazela umsebenzi wee -vasopressin receptors engqondweni kwaye ngaloo ndlela iqikelela ukuba akukho ukukhohlisa okuncinci kumaqabane abo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Okhovat|first=Mariam|last2=Berrio|first2=Alejandro|last3=Wallace|first3=Gerard|last4=Ophir|first4=Alexander G.|last5=Phelps|first5=Steven M.|date=2015-12-11|title=Sexual fidelity trade-offs promote regulatory variation in the prairie vole brain|journal=Science|language=en|volume=350|issue=6266|pages=1371–1374|bibcode=2015Sci...350.1371O|doi=10.1126/science.aac5791|issn=0036-8075|oclc=5982016598|pmid=26659055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Njenge -oxytocin, i-vasopressin inokunceda ekuthembekeni, ekuvelwaneni nasekudibaneni nabantu. Ukufakwa kwe-vasopressin kwii -polygamous montane voles kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ne-monogamy enye. <ref name=":2" /> Oku, kunokunciphisa amathuba abo okuba babe ngutata ongekhoyo. Uhlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando oluninzi <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klahr|first=Ashlea M.|last2=Burt|first2=Sybil Alexandra|author-link2=S. Alexandra Burt|year=2014|title=Elucidating the etiology of individual differences in parenting: A meta-analysis of behavioral genetic research.|journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]]|volume=140|issue=2|pages=544–586|doi=10.1037/a0034205|issn=0033-2909|oclc=5538168735|pmid=24016230}}</ref> olusekelwe kwizifundo ezingama shumi amahlanu anesithandathu olwalujolise kumawele nankwiintsapho ezamkele abantwana luquka iintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-200,000 lwafumanisa ukuba imfuza inempembelelo enkulu kwindlela utata aziphatha ngayo ebantwaneni bakhe. Imfuza katata inokuchaza ukuya kutsho ku-40% weemvakalelo anazo ngabantwana bakhe. Ukungathandi abantwana bakhe okubangelwa zizinto ezibangelwa zizinto zobomi kunokubangela ukuba uyise angekho. Nangona kunjalo, imfuza ayiyiyo yodwa into emiselayo ukuba utata uyakubathanda na abantwana bakhe. == Umahluko ngokwesondo == Kukho ubungqina obuxubeneyo malunga nempembelelo yokungabikho kuka tata ekuphuhlisweni komntwana wakhe. Uphando olwenziwe ngowama-2008 olwaqhutyelwa emaphandleni e-[[ITopiya|I-Ethiopia]], apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuthetha ukwehla okukhulu kwengeniso yekhaya, luthyile umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwentlalo-ntle yabantwana abangamadoda nabasetyhini. <ref name=":1" /> Ngokukodwa, lwafumanisa ukuba umngcipheko wokusweleka kosana oluyinkwenkwe ngenyanga uphindaphindeka kabini ukuba uyise wokwenene ebengekho, umngcipheko omkhulu ngama-30% kunalowo wamantombazana. Kwiintsana ezingoomama, ukungabikho kukatata (kunokuchaseneyo nokuba khona) kwakunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophantsi wokufa kunye nokutya okunempilo. Ukungabikho kootata kwakuyinto ebonisa ukuba ukusweleka kwabantwana kuphela kwiintsana ezingamadoda. Lo mahluko wabonwa nangona kwakukho ukhetho olukhulu lwenkcubeko koonyana kuloo ndawo. Kwelinye icala, kumazwe aphuhlileyo afana ne-United Kingdom, apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ingeniso yosapho, iziphumo zokungabikho kotate azifani ngokuphawulekayo koonyana xa kuthelekiswa neentombi. <ref name=":3" /> Oku kubonisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezifa nengengeniso yekhaya kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko zibalulekile kwimpilo-ntle nakuphuhliso lwabantwana. === Impembelelo yengqondo kumadoda === Xa umfana ekhula engenaye umntu oyindoda ongumzekelo omhle ebomini bakhe, oku kunokukhokela ekuphenduleni ngobundlobongela xa ejongene noxinzelelo kunye neemvakalelo, ukuchasa nokuthiya abasemagunyeni, ukubonisa ubundlobongela, ukuqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukwenza izinto ezinxulumene nesondo, ukuthatha amazwi amabi kamama ngotata njengawabo, kunye noxinzelelo lokuba ngumntu oxhasa ikhaya ngemali. <ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Cornelius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mjTy92cxSoC&pg=PA17|title=Anger in the Bosom of Our Children: The Effects of Fatherlessness on Anger in Middle School Children|date=December 2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-30328-1|language=en|oclc=55619484}}</ref> === Impembelelo yengqondo kumabhinqa === Ngokuqhelekileyo kuvunyelwene phakathi kwababhali ngaphakathi kweencwadi malunga nobawo ngombono wokuba "ubudlelwane bentombazana noyise buyisebenza njengomzekelo wabo bonke ubudlelwane bayo namadoda ebomini bayo, oburhandayo nangenye indlela".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlbVUF_hPSsC&pg=PR9|title=Fatherless Daughters: Turning the Pain of Loss Into the Power of Forgiveness|date=2009-08-18|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-0557-3|edition=1st Simon & Schuster hardcover|language=en|oclc=1149057066}}</ref> Izifundo ezininzi eziye zaqhutywa zenza oku: ukungabikho kotata ebomini bentombi kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukulala nomntu ongathandekiyo nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini. UEllis et al. benza olunye uphando olunomxholo othi, "Ngaba Ukungabikho Kobawo Kubeka Iintombi Kwingozi Ekhethekileyo Yokuziphatha Ngokwesini Kwangaphambili Nokukhulelwa Kwabaselula?"U-Ellis ugxininisa ngakumbi kwixesha lokungabikho kukayise ebomini bentombi yakhe, kodwa ukungabikho komtshato kusaphinda kubonakalise ukuba kuxhomekeke ekungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Bruce John|author-link=Bruce J. Ellis|last2=Bates|first2=John E.|last3=Dodge|first3=Kenneth A.|author-link3=Kenneth A. Dodge|last4=Fergusson|first4=David Murray|author-link4=David Fergusson (psychologist)|last5=Horwood|first5=L. John|last6=Pettit|first6=Gregory S.|last7=Woodward|first7=Lianne|date=2003|title=Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?|journal=Child Development|volume=74|issue=3|pages=801–821|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00569|issn=0009-3920|oclc=111123415|pmc=2764264|pmid=12795391}}</ref> Abaphandi baye bachaza izinto ezintlanu ezichaza indlela ukungabi nabantwana abachaphazela ngayo ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yabafazi. == Izibalo == === United States === Ngokwe-I-U.S. Census Bureau,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2018|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/families/cps-2018.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ngo-2018, kwiintsapho ezili-11 zezigidi ezihlala nomzali omnye, i-80% yayingabawo, kwaye kunjalo ne-81.5% yabantwana. Kuma-81.5% akhuliswe ngoomama abangatshatanga, ama-34% ayempofu, <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Household Income: HINC-04|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-hinc/hinc-04.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ama-26.8% ayengasebenzi unyaka wonke, <ref name=":13" /> kwaye ama-30.3% ayenokungabikho kokutya; <ref name=":13" /> yezi ntsapho yayimhlophe, <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Children in single-parent families by race {{!}} KIDS COUNT Data Center|url=https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/107-children-in-single-parent-families-by|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=datacenter.kidscount.org|language=en}}</ref> yayimnyama, kwaye yayichazwa ngabantu baseSpain. <ref name=":14" />    Akazange athathe ingqalelo ama-53% amaNdiya aseMelika kunye namaNdiya aseAlaska kunye ne-17% yabantwana baseAsia-America kunye nePacific-Islander ababhaliswe kula makhaya anomzali omnye. <ref name=":14" /> Ngowama-2005, iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu lase-United States labika ukuba amava aqhelekileyo olutsha lwaseMelika aquka ukuhlala ngaphandle kooyise. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=In Brief|doi=10.1037/e477152006-013}}</ref> Oku kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbi ezininzi kulutsha: Ama-85% axelwe ukuba aneengxaki zokuziphatha; <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Go here to find statistics about children at risk without a father|url=http://www.operation-redemption.org/statistics/|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=www.operation-redemption.org|language=en}}</ref> Ama-71% okuyeka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kunye noomama abakwishumi elivisayo bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kasithoba kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% abo bonke abantwana abaneengxaki zokuziphatha bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% olutsha olusentolongweni luvela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe <ref name=":15" /> kwaye ama-63% olutsha oluzibulalayo ngabantwana abavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kahlanu kunomyinge wesizwe. <ref name=":15" /> == Iimpembelelo ezimbi ezithile == Ixesha lokufikisa kwasekuqaleni okanye ixesha lokufikisa kwangaphambi kwexesha, linxulunyaniswa nemiphumo emibi kuzo zombini izini. Amantombazana afikisa kwasekuqaleni afunyaniswe esengozini yokukhulelwa kwabantwana abaselula, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Udry|first=J. Richard|author-link=J. Richard Udry|last2=Cliquet|first2=R. L.|date=1982-02-01|title=A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/2061128|issn=0070-3370|jstor=2061128|pmid=7067870|doi-access=free}}</ref> ukusela utywala<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mezzich|first=Ada Castillo|last2=Tarter|first2=Ralph E.|last3=Giancola|first3=Peter R.|last4=Kirisci|first4=Levent|last5=Parks|first5=Sydney E.|last6=Lu|first6=Sandy|year=1997|title=Substance use and risky sexual behavior in female adolescents|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=44|issue=2–3|pages=157–166|doi=10.1016/s0376-8716(96)01333-6|issn=0376-8716|oclc=4932735379|pmid=9088788}}</ref> kunye neengxaki zokutyeba,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ness|first=Roberta|date=1991-01-01|title=Adiposity and age of menarche in Hispanic women|journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41–47|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310030108|issn=1520-6300|oclc=5152220355|pmid=28520315}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wellens|first=Rita|last2=Malina|first2=Robert M.|last3=Roche|first3=Alex F.|last4=Chumlea|first4=William Cameron|last5=Guo|first5=Shumei|last6=Siervogel|first6=Roger M.|date=1992-01-01|title=Body size and fatness in young adults in relation to age at menarche|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|pages=783–787|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310040610|issn=1520-6300|oclc=7040651171|pmid=28524629}}</ref> kunye nokuzala abantwana abancinci abangaphantsi kobunzima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scholl|first=Theresa|last2=Hediger|first2=Mary|last3=Vasilenko|first3=Peter|last4=Ances|first4=Isadore|last5=Smith|first5=Woolcott|last6=Salmon|first6=Ruth|date=1989-01-01|title=Effects of early maturation on fetal growth|journal=[[Annals of Human Biology]]|volume=16|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/03014468900000462|issn=0301-4460|pmid=2782851}}</ref> Amakhwenkwe afikisa kwasekuqaleni asengozini yokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunye nokungabi nasimilo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cota-Robles|first=Sonia|last2=Neiss|first2=Michelle|last3=Rowe|first3=David C.|author-link3=David C. Rowe|date=2002-07-01|title=The Role of Puberty in Violent and Nonviolent Delinquency among Anglo American, Mexican American, and African American Boys|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07458402017004003|journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Research]]|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=364–376|doi=10.1177/07458402017004003|issn=0743-5584|oclc=425483135|url-access=subscription}}</ref> nomhlaza wamasende<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weir|first=Hannah K.|last2=Kreiger|first2=Nancy|author-link2=Nancy Krieger|last3=Marrett|first3=Loraine D.|date=1998-05-01|title=Age at Puberty and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Cancer (Ontario, Canada)|journal=[[Cancer Causes & Control]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=253–258|doi=10.1023/A:1008864902104|issn=0957-5243|oclc=364204193|pmid=9684705}}</ref> kunye umhlaza wesigxina.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Graham G.|last2=Severi|first2=Gianluca|last3=English|first3=Dallas R.|last4=McCredie|first4=Margaret R.E.|last5=MacInnis|first5=Robert|last6=Boyle|first6=Peter|last7=Hopper|first7=John L.|date=2003-01-10|title=Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk.|journal=[[International Journal of Cancer]]|language=en|volume=103|issue=2|pages=241–245|doi=10.1002/ijc.10810|issn=1097-0215|oclc=5153307503|pmid=12455039|quote=In attempting to explain how divorce will affect children, it is necessary for research to first examine and categorize children in groups which will make it easy to carry out the study. This is because children will be affected differently by divorce depending on the age factor. It becomes even wise for a researcher to adopt the following groups: pre-schoolers (nine years and below), adolescents (9-13 years), and youths/young adults (14-25 years). The research will become more attainable if carried out using learning institutions which will include pre-schools, secondary schools, and colleges. Therefore, a city within a state is selected where the research will be conducted and a preschool, one secondary school, and one college are selected within the city where respondents (children) are found. Objectives become necessary for the study. This will allow researchers to focus on certain areas and completely address the matter at hand without leaving gaps in the area of research. In addressing the topic, 'The effect on children of an absent parent following divorce,' the following research objectives can be used|doi-access=free}}</ref> Umahluko ngamnye kwixesha lokufikisa unokuchatshazelwa bubunzima, umsebenzi womzimba kunye nemfuza. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Underwood, L. E.|title=Normal and aberrant growth. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (8th edition). Edited by Wilson, J. D. & Foster, D. W.|last2=Van Wyk, J. J.|publisher=Saunders|year=1992|isbn=9780721695143|location=Philadelphia|pages=1079–1138}}</ref> === Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo === Ukungabikho kotata ekhaya kunobangela ukuba abantwana (besini bobabini) babe neminyaka ephakathi yokwabelana ngesondo okokuqala kunabo bakhuliswe kumakhaya anawo utata. Amanani okukhulelwa kwabaselula nawo aphezulu. Ezinye iimbono zokuzivelela zithi ubuntwana obuqalayo bubalulekile ekubhaleni ulwazi olubumba iindlela zokuzala ezizayo<ref name="jay">{{Cite journal|last=Belsky|first=Jay|author-link=Jay Belsky|last2=Steinberg|first2=Laurence D.|author-link2=Laurence Steinberg|last3=Houts|first3=Renate M.|last4=Friedman|first4=Sarah L.|last5=DeHart|first5=Ganie|last6=Cauffman|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Roisman|first7=Glenn I.|last8=Halpern-Felsher|first8=Bonnie L.|last9=Susman|first9=Elisabeth|date=2007-08-01|title=Family rearing antecedents of pubertal timing|journal=Child Development|volume=78|issue=4|pages=1302–1321|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01067.x|issn=0009-3920|oclc=166318326|pmid=17650140}}</ref> ekulawuleni iindlela zomzimba nezikhuthazayo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ukungqubana noxinezeleko lolwalamano lwabazali kunokubangela abantwana bakholelwe ukuba izinto abanazo zinqongophele, abantu abathembekanga, nolwalamano lwabo luyinto nje. Njengoko zilandela umzekelo wabazali bazo ekuzaleni, ziyakwazi ukuba namaqabane amaninzi okulala nabantu abangatshatanga. Abantwana ngokucacileyo nangokungathandabuzekiyo bayamisela iimbono zabo zesini kunye nokuziphatha kubazali babo, kwaye babona ukubandakanyeka kwisini ngaphandle komtshato njengento eqhelekileyo.<ref name="jay" /> Ukungabikho kotata kusenokuba sisiphumo sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwintsapho, ekubeni ugonyamelo, ukungabi namathuba emfundo, nokuxhatshazwa bubuhlwempu ubomi bonke kunokuyandisa amathuba okuba neentlobano zesini ngaphambi kwexesha nokukhulelwa. Ixesha lesini sokuqala linokufunyanwa njengelifa; ii-alleles ezimfutshane ze-X-linked I-androgen receptor (AR) gen ziye zahlotshaniswa nobugwenxa, ukuqhubela phambili, inani eliphezulu lamaqabane ngokwesondo, uqhawulo-mtshato kumadoda, kunye neminyaka yokuqala yokuvuthwa komzimba kumantombazana. <ref name=":4" /> == Iindlela zokulinganisela ukungabikho kukatata == === Inkxaso evela kwicala loomama === Uphononongo olwenziwe e-Ethiopia ngowama-2008 lwafumanisa ukuba nangona behlwempuzekile ngokubanzi, abafazi abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawule umtshato babenobunzima obusi-2.4kg kunoomama abanabo ootata babantwana. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|date=2008-07-22|title=Does Investment in the Sexes Differ When Fathers Are Absent?|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=263–276|doi=10.1007/s12110-008-9044-2|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5660289599|pmid=26181617}}</ref> Oomama abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawukelwe ngumtshato kunye neentombi zabo babenesondlo esingcono kakhulu, nto leyo enokuchazwa kukufikelela ngakumbi kwizalamane zikamama (izalamane ezivelakwicala likamama). Ngaphezu koko, ukusondela kwizalamane zikamama kunokuphucula kakhulu ubude babantwana abangabasetyhini ngokweminyaka, nto leyo ebonisa ukondleka okulungileyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2005|title=Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513805000206|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=26|issue=6|pages=469–482|bibcode=2005EHumB..26..469G|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.004|issn=1090-5138|oclc=4933529343|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Abafazi ababuyela kwilali yabo yokuzalwa emva kokuqhawuka komtshato babonakala bexhamla kwinkxaso eyongezelelweyo yezalamane zomama. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulder|first=Monique Borgerhoff|author-link=Monique Borgerhoff Mulder|date=1998-06-01|title=Brothers and sisters: How sibling interactions affect optimal parental allocations|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=119–161|doi=10.1007/s12110-998-1001-6|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5652748913|pmid=26197443}}</ref> === Akukho sivumelwano malunga nonyango olusebenzayo lwabathengi === Ukukhethwa konyango olusebenzayo kungahluka kakhulu kwaye kuchaphazeleke zizinto ezininzi, kuquka iminyaka yobudala, ukukwazi ukuqonda kunye nokumelana nemiba enzima ngokweemvakalelo, ukuthatha iinxaxheba kwamalungu osapho kunye nezinto eziphambili neemfuno zosapho kunye nomntwana. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wineburgh|first=Alan L.|date=2000-08-01|title=Treatment of Children with Absent Fathers|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007593906296|journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=255–273|doi=10.1023/A:1007593906296|issn=0738-0151|oclc=361179210|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Xa kunyangwa amantombazana asemancinci, ukudlulisela iimvakalelo kugqirha oyindoda kunganceda ukuvala izikhewu zeemvakalelo ezibangelwa kukungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Phyllis|date=1980-01-01|title=The gender of the analyst: in relation to transference and countertransference manifestations in latency children|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|journal=[[The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child]]|volume=35|pages=321–338|doi=10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|issn=0079-7308|oclc=114977888|pmid=7433586|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nobudlelwane nomntu omdala ozinzileyo nonovelwano kungazaliseka indima efana neyeyotata, nokuba ngowuphi na ubulili bakhe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strauss|first=David|date=2013-01-01|title=Will you leave me too?: The impact of father absence on the treatment of a 10-year-old girl|journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health|volume=25|issue=2|pages=119–130|doi=10.2989/17280583.2013.790823|issn=1728-0591|pmid=25860418}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == * Umzali ongapheliyo * Ukungahoywa komntwana * Isakhiwo sikaTata == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ai3b41zw6kzrbiff7z0rqehlttcv5kw