Imfundo eMzantsi Afrika

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'''IMfundo eMzantsi Afrika''' ilawulwa ngamasebe amabini kazwelonke, angala: iSebe leMfundo esiSiseko (DBE), elijongene nezikolo zamabanga aphantsi naphakathi, kunye neSebe leMfundo ePhakamileyo noQeqesho (DHET), elijongene nemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Ngaphambi konyaka ka-2009, la masebe mabini ayemelwe kwiSebe lezeMfundo elinye.

Ngo-2025, izinani lokufunda nokubhala eMzantsi Afrika lalingama-95%, kwaye lalikwindawo yesibini ngobukhulu kwilizwekazi lase-Afrika (emva kweSeychelles).

I-DBE ijongene nezikolo zikarhulumente, izikolo zabucala (ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo), amaziko ophuhliso lwabantwana abancinci (ECD), kunye nezikolo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo. Izikolo zikarhulumente nezikolo zabucala zidibene zaziwa ngokuba zizikolo eziqhelekileyo, ezimalunga nama-97% ezikolo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, izikolo ezininzi zikarhulumente zihlawulisa imali yokufunda (ebizwa ngokuba ziifizi). Izikolo ezingahlawulisi zafakwa ngomda othile ngo-2007.

I-DHET ijongene nezimfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (FET) ezaziwa ngoku njengeeKholeji zeMfundo yobuGcisa noQeqesho lomSebenzi (TVET), amaziko emfundo noqeqesho olusisiseko lwabantu abadala (ABET), kunye namaziko emfundo ephakamileyo (HE).

Olithoba amaphondo aseMzantsi Afrika nawo anamasebe awo ezemfundo ajongene nokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo yesebe likazwelonke nokujongana nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ngo-2010, inkqubo yezemfundo esisiseko yayinabafundi abayi-12,644,208, izikolo ezingama-30,586, nootitshala abangama-439,394. Ngo-2009, inkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho yayinabafundi abangama-837,779 kumaziko e-HE, abafundi abangama-420,475 kumaziko e-FET alawulwa ngurhulumente nabama-297,900 kumaziko e-ABET alawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ngo-2013, urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wasebenzisa  i-21% yohlahlo lwabiwo mali lukazwelonke kwezemfundo. Malunga ne-10% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezemfundo yeyemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) ifumanisa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika uzalisekisa kuphela i-57.1% yoko bekufanele ukuba uyazalisekisa kwilungelo lemfundo ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengeniso yelizwe. I-HRMI yahlula ilungelo lemfundo ngokujonga amalungelo emfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye naphakathi. Ngokuthathela ingqalelo inqanaba lengeniso yoMzantsi Afrika, isizwe sifikelela kwi-70.8% yoko bekuya kwenzeka ngokusekelwe kwizibonelelo zayo (ingeniso) kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye ne-80.9% kwimfundo yamabanga aphakathi, kodwa i-19.6% iyonke kumgangatho wemfundo.

* UMthetho weZikolo zoMzantsi Afrika ka-1996 uququzelela ukufikelela kwimfundo, ukhuthaza umgangatho nolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo yezikolo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bayafikelela kwimfundo esemgangathweni ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
* UMthetho woMgaqo-nkqubo weMfundo kaZwelonke ka-1996 ubhala umthetho kwimigaqo-nkqubo, uxanduva lwezomthetho nokubeka iliso loMphathiswa weMfundo esiSiseko, kubandakanywa nobudlelwane obusesikweni phakathi kwabasemagunyeni kazwelonke nawamaphondo.
* UMthetho wokuQeshwa kooTitshala ka-1998 ulawula uxanduva lobungcali, lokuziphatha nokuziphatha okukuko kootitshala kunye neemfuno zobuchule bootitshala.

== Inkqubo yemfundo esisiseko (izikolo zamabanga aphantsi nezamabanga aphakamileyo) ==
Imfundo esisiseko eMzantsi Afrika yenzeka kumabanga aphantsi naphakathi ukusuka kwiBanga loku-1 (abantwana abaneminyaka emi-6–7) ukuya kwiBanga le-12 (abaneminyaka eyi-18–21). Abafundi abaphumelelayo kwiBanga le-12 baphumelela ngesatifikethi sokungena kwiyunivesithi, esibavumela ukuba badlulele kwimfundo ephakamileyo.

I-DBE ngokusemthethweni yahlula amabanga ngokwamaqela amabini &quot;amabhendi&quot; abizwa ngokuba yiMfundo noQeqesho Jikelele (GET), ebandakanya iBanga R (elilingana neKindergarten yaseMzantsi Afrika) kunye namaBanga 1 ukuya ku-9, kunye neMfundo noQeqesho oluQhubekayo (FET), ebandakanya amaBanga 10 ukuya ku-12 kunye namaziko oqeqesho lomsebenzi olungelulo olwemfundo ephakamileyo.

I-bhanti le-GET lahlulwa kwakhona kwizigaba ezibizwa ngokuba siGaba seSiseko (amaBanga R ukuya ku-3), isiGaba esiPhakathi (amaBanga 4 ukuya ku-6), kunye nesiGaba esiPhezulu (amaBanga 7 ukuya ku-9). Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, izigaba seSiseko nesiPhakathi zihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi, ngelixa isiGaba esiPhezulu sihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

Nangona kunjalo, ubume bolawulo lwezikolo eziqhelekileyo ezininzi eMzantsi Afrika abubonisi ulwahlulo lwamabhendi neziganeko. Ngenxa yezizathu zembali, izikolo ezininzi &quot;zizikolo zamabanga aphantsi&quot; (iBanga R kunye namabanga 1 ukuya ku-7) okanye &quot;izikolo zamabanga aphakathi,&quot; ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo eziphakamileyo (amabanga 8 ukuya ku-12).
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;border-width:3px&quot;
|+Amanqanaba emfundo ephambili naphakathi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=October 2018|title=Report on the Alignment of the South African National Qualifications Framework (SANQF) to the Southern African Development Community Qualifications Framework (SADCQF)|url=https://www.saqa.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SADCQF-alignment-report_25102018.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2023|publisher=South African Qualifications Authority|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Iminyaka
!Inqanaba leBakala
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba sesiseko
|-
|5–6
|I-R grade
|-
|6–7
|I-Grade 1
|-
|7–8
|Ibakala lesi-2
|-
|8–9
|Ibakala 3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiPhakathi
|-
|9–10
|Ibakala 4
|-
|10–11
|Ibakala lesi-5
|-
|11–12
|Ibakala 6
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba esiphezulu (esisezantsi sesibini) 
|-
|12–13
|Ibakala 7
|-
|13–14
|Ibakala lesi-8
|-
|14–15
|Ibakala 9
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Isigaba semfundo ephakamileyo noqeqesho (Isikolo esiPhakathi) 
|-
|15–16
|Ibakala 10
|-
|16–17
|Ibakala 11
|-
|17–18
|Ibakala 12
|}

=== Amanqaku akhethiweyo ===
Ezinye izikolo zasekhaya nezikolo zabucala zibonelela ngokukhetha ukuphumelela unyaka owongezelelweyo emva kwebanga le-12, ngamanye amaxesha owaziwa ngokuba yi-&quot;post-matric&quot;, uyinxalenye yeekharityhulam ezingezizo ezaseMzantsi Afrika ezihlala zilandelwa zizikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika.

IsiGaba seSiseko se-DBE siquka ibanga langaphambi kwesikolo elaziwa ngokuba yiBanga R, elithetha &quot;reception&quot;. IBanga R sisinyanzelo, kodwa asizo zonke izikolo zamabanga aphantsi ezinikezela ngeBanga R. IBanga R linokuphinda liqhutywe kumaziko angaphambi kwesikolo. Amanye amabanga anokuphunyezwa kwiziko langaphambi kwesikolo abandakanya iBanga 00 neBanga 000 (nangona amagama athi 000 no-00 engasetyenziswa ngokubanzi). IBanga R ngamanye amaxesha libizwa ngokuba liBanga 0 (libizwa ngokuba &quot;grade nought&quot;), ngakumbi kwizikolo ebezizezabamhlophe ngaphambili, apho ukusetyenziswa kwalo kwakuxhaphakile

=== Imali engenayo neendleko zesikolo ===
Izikolo eMzantsi Afrika zifumana isibonelelo kurhulumente kwiindleko zazo zokusebenza, ezinjengokugcina iindawo, iindleko zolawulo, imivuzo, iincwadi nezixhobo zemfundo, kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Uninzi lwezikolo longeza isibonelelo sikarhulumente ngezinye iindlela zengeniso, ezinjengemali yokufunda ehlawulwa ngabazali, imisitho yokuqokelela ingxowa-mali, nokufumana iminikelo. Ngokubanzi, iifizi eziphezulu zokufunda zithintela abantwana abahluphekileyo ukuba bangene kwizikolo ezizizityebi. Akukho mda kwimali yeefizi enokubekwa sisikolo. Abazali banokufaka isicelo esikolweni sokuncitshiswa ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye kweefizi zesikolo. Izikolo ezininzi ezizizityebi zibonelela ngoncedo lwezemali kubafundi abambalwa (umzekelo, ukuba abazali bangabafundi bakudala), kodwa ayisosinyanzelo somthetho.

Abantwana kwizikolo zaseMzantsi Afrika badla ngokufuneka bathenge kwaye banxibe iyunifomu yesikolo nangona kusoloko kunokwenzeka ukuyithenga kwimpahla esele isetyenzisiwe. Uninzi lwezikolo lubonelela ngemisebenzi yangaphandle enjengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemidlalo nemisebenzi yenkcubeko, efuna imali ukuyigcina. Izikolo ezininzi zigcina neendawo zazo zemidlalo.

==== Ubuhlwempu nemirhumo yesikolo ====
Izikolo azinakwala ukwamkelwa kwabantwana abahlala kufutshane nesikolo. Izikolo azinakwala ukungena kwabantwana okanye zenqabe ukunikezela ngeekhadi zerekhodi nokuba abazali babo bayakutyela ukuhlawula iifizi zesikolo, kodwa izikolo zivunyelwe ukumangalela abazali ngokungahlawuli iifizi zesikolo

Ukususela ngo-1996, abantwana abanabazali abahlupheka kakhulu ngokusemthethweni bakhululwe kwezinye okanye kuzo zonke iifizi zesikolo. Ukususela ngo-1998, ifomula yile ilandelayo. Ukuba ingeniso yonyaka edityanisiweyo yabazali ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo yonyaka, umntwana ukhululwe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba ingeniso ingaphezulu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi kwefizi yesikolo kodwa ingaphantsi kwezihlandlo ezingamashumi amathathu kwefizi yesikolo, umntwana unelungelo ngokusemthethweni lokuncitshiswa okuthile kweefizi zesikolo. Ngokwenene, loo migaqo inceda kuphela iintsapho ezihlupheka kakhulu, hayi iintsapho zodidi olusezantsi nabaphakathi.

Abantwana abasweleyo nabantwana babazali abafumana izibonelelo zentlalo ezinxulumene nentlupheko nabo bakhululwe ekuhlawuleni iifizi zesikolo

=== Izikolo ezizimeleyo ===


Izikolo zabucala, ezikwabizwa ngokuba zizikolo ezizimeleyo, zizikolo ezingezizo ezikarhulumente. Zihlala ziphethwe kwaye ziqhutywa yitrasti, icawa okanye uluntu, okanye yinkampani engenisa inzuzo. Asizo zonke izikolo zabucala eMzantsi Afrika ezihlawulisa iifizi eziphezulu. Ezinye izikolo zabucala zikwafumana isibonelelo kurhulumente, kuxhomekeke kuluntu olukhonzwayo kunye neefizi ezihlawuliswayo


Ekungeneni kwiyunivesithi, i-&quot;Matriculation Endorsement&quot; iyafuneka, nangona ezinye iiyunivesithi zibeka ezazo iimfuno ezongezelelweyo zemfundo. UMzantsi Afrika unecandelo lemfundo ephakamileyo elidlamkileyo, elinabafundi abangaphezu kwesigidi ababhalise kwiiyunivesithi zelizwe, iikholeji kunye neeyunivesithi zetekhnoloji. Zonke iiyunivesithi zizimele, zinxibelelana namabhunga azo kunokuba zinxibelelane norhulumente. Inkqubo yeSakhelo seZiqinisekiso sikaZwelonke (NQF) yokulawula imfundo ephakamileyo ngokubanzi elizweni iqhutywa liGunya leZiqinisekiso loMzantsi Afrika

Ukungaqeshwa kwabaphumeleleyo kunye nokungaqeshwa ngokwaneleyo ziingxaki eziqhubekayo, njengoko uninzi lwabafundi luqhubeka nokubhalisa kwi-humanities, ubugcisa, kunye nesayensi yezentlalo. Bambalwa kakhulu abafundi abakhetha ukufunda izifundo ezifunwa kakhulu ezifana nemfundo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izifundo ze-STEM, kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

UMthetho wokuNgezwa kweYunivesithi ka-1959 wawubonelela ngeeYunivesithi ezahlukeneyo kubuhlanga obahlukeneyo. Ukongeza, ii-homelands ezizimeleyo zanikwa ezazo iiyunivesithi. Emva kokubuyiselwa kwee-homelands ezizimeleyo, kwakukho iiyunivesithi ezingama-36 kunye neetekhnikhoni eMzantsi Afrika, ezihlala zikufutshane kwaye zibonelela ngezifundo ezifanayo.

Ngo-1994, urhulumente waqalisa ukuhlelwa ngokutsha kweeyunivesithi neetekhnikhoni ngothotho lweendibaniselwano nokudityaniswa. Oku kwagqitywa ngoJanuwari 2005. Kwadala amaziko amatsha angama-22 ukusuka kwangama-36 angaphambili. Ishumi leeyunivesithi zafumana amagama amatsha

== Imbali ==
1652 ukuya ku-1900
Izikolo zokuqala zaseYurophu eMzantsi Afrika zasekwa kwiKoloni yaseKapa yamaDatshi ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabadala beCawa yamaDatshi eRiform eyayizinikele kwimfundiso yebhayibhile, eyayiyimfuneko kwisiqinisekiso secawa. Kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ootitshala abahambahambayo (meesters) babefundisa ulwazi lokufunda nokubhala olusisiseko kunye nezakhono zezibalo. Izikolo zevangeli zaseBritane zanda emva kowe-1799, xa amalungu okuqala eLondon Missionary Society afika kwiKoloni yaseKapa.
Ulwimi ngokukhawuleza lwaba ngumcimbi onobuzaza kwezemfundo. Ubuncinane izikolo zesiNgesi ezingamashumi amabini anesibini zazisebenza kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni kwiKoloni yaseBritane yaseKapa ngo-1827, kodwa ubukho bazo babucaphukisa amanye amalungu oluntu oluthetha isiDatshi, ababecinga ukuba ulwimi lwesiNgesi nekharityhulam yazo ayinamsebenzi kubomi basemaphandleni kunye neenqobo zazo. Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abalimi abangamaDatshi baxhathisa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ejolise ekusasazeni ulwimi lwesiNgesi kunye neenqobo zaseBritane, kwaye abaninzi bafundisa abantwana babo ekhaya okanye ezicaweni.

Emva kokuba amagosa aseBritane eqalise ukukhuthaza iintsapho ukuba zifuduke zisuka eBritane ziye kwiKoloni yaseKapa ngo-1820, iOfisi yamaKholoni yahlola abafaki-zicelo zokufuduka ngeziqinisekiso zemvelaphi. Bakhetha iintsapho ezifundileyo, ubukhulu becala, ukuseka ubukho baseBritane kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Emva kokufika kwabo, ezi ntsapho zabeka phambili imfundo. Ngalo lonke eli xesha, uninzi lwezikolo zenkolo kwiMpuma-Koloni lwamkela abantwana abangamaXhosa ababefaka izicelo zokwamkelwa; eNatali amanye amaqela amaninzi athetha isiNguni athumela abantwana bawo kwizikolo zevangeli emva kweminyaka yoo-1850. Urhulumente waxhasa ngeemali iiklasi zoqeqesho lootitshala baseAfrika njengenxalenye yephulo lakhe lokuzola kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba

=== 1994 ukuya ku-2022 ===
Phantsi kocalucalulo eMzantsi Afrika, kwakukho amasebe emfundo asibhozo awayelandela iikharityhulam ezahlukeneyo kwaye enikezela ngemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomgangatho wokufunda. Oku kwakubandakanya amasebe kazwelonke abantsundu, amaIndiya nabantsundu, isebe lezikolo ezizimeleyo, kunye namasebe amaphondo abamhlophe kwiphondo ngalinye kula mane angaphambili. Ezinye iiBantustan ezathi zadityaniswa kwakhona noMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 nazo zazineesebe zazo zemfundo.

=== 1997 ukuya ku-2005 ===
Ngo-1997, urhulumente waphehlelela inkqubo yakhe entsha yemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiKharityhulam 2005, eyayiza kusekelwe &quot;kwimfundo esekwe kwiziphumo&quot; (OBE). Ngo-2006 kwacaca ukuba i-OBE njengovavanyo lwentlalo yayisilele, kwaye yabekwa ecaleni ngokuzolileyo.

Ngo-2005, umbono weKharityhulam yeMfundo esekwe kwiziphumo (OBE) wachonga isakhelo sekharityhulam entsha kazwelonke eyaqaliswa kwibanga loku-1 ngo-1998, eyathi yafakwa ngokuthe ngcembe kumabanga alandelayo emfundo esisiseko. IMfundo esekwe kwiZiphumo ithatha ukufunda eMzantsi Afrika njengenkqubo yokunxibelelana phakathi kootitshala nabafundi, umfundi esembindini kwaye umfundisi-ntsapho esebenza njengomququzeleli.

== Iinkcukacha ==
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      <text bytes="17368" sha1="b0yai96jaytbptgcexslvfejxbusbw2" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Frederick Timpson I'Ons03.JPG|thumb|Xhosa men resting during a hunt.]]
[[File:Amaxhosa wear.jpg|thumb|Modern Xhosa attire.]]
[[File:Xhosa people, Eastern Cape, South Africa (20518645211).jpg|thumb|Xhosa man, Eastern Cape.]]
[[File:Xhosa girl, Eastern Cape, South Africa (20512280765).jpg|thumb|Xhosa girl.]]
'''AmaXhosa''' ( / ˈkɔː sə / KAW KAW, / ˈkoʊ sə / KOH KOH ; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – Definition and pronunciation|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa – pronunciation of Xhosa|url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/pronunciation/british/Xhosa|accessdate=16 April 2014|website=Macmillan Dictionary|publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bauer|first=Laurie|title=The Linguistics Student's Handbook|date=2007|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-74862-759-2|location=Edinburgh}}&lt;/ref&gt;) liqela lobuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika, eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. Baluhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa. .

Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantu abavela kwizizwana zakwaNguni ezahlala kumzantsi-mpuma we-Afrika, zaza zagxotha abemi bokuqala, amaKhoisan . Ubungqina bezinto zakudala bubonisa ukuba amaXhosa ebehlala kule ndawo ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.

Okwangoku, kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezilishumi abathetha isiXhosa abasasazeke kuMzantsi Afrika. Ngonyaka ka 1994 iindawo ezazizilawula ngokwazo, [[I-Transkei|aseTranskei]] [[Ciskei|naseCiskei]] zadityaniswa noMzantsi Afrika, zaza zaba liphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|leMpuma Koloni]] .

Ukusukela ngonhaka ka 2003, uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, abamalunga nezigidi eziyi 19.8, bahlala eMpuma Koloni, kulandele iNtshona Koloni (malunga nesigidi esi-1), [[IPhondo yaRhawuti|iGauteng]] (971,045), [[IPhondo yaFreyistata|iFree State]] (546,192), [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|iKwaZulu-Natal]] (219,826), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Ntshona|iNorth West]] (214,461), [[IPhondo yaMpumalanga|iMpumalanga]] (46,553), [[IPhondo yaseMntla-Koloni|iNorthern Cape]] (51,228), kunye [[IPhondo yaLimpopo|neLimpopo]] (14,225). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 July 2003|title=SouthAfrica.info|url=http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050522081642/http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm|archive-date=22 May 2005|accessdate=2011-12-20|publisher=SouthAfrica.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kukho uluntu oluncinci kodwa olubalulekileyo oluthetha isiXhosa ( amaMfengu ) eZimbabwe, kwaye ulwimi lwabo, isiXhosa, luqatshelwe njengolwimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe. Olu luntu lwaziswa nguCecil John Rhodes ukuze kusetyenziswe abasebenzi abangabizi kakhulu kwimigodi [[IZimbabwe|yaseRhodesia]] ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&amp;oldid=1376630165|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imbali. ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Stack/styles.css&quot; /&gt; Kufunyenwe ubungqina obuthile bemivubukulo obubonisa ukuba abantu abathetha isiXhosa bebehlala kwindawo yaseMpuma Koloni ubuncinane ukususela kwinkulungwane yesixhenxe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa - Red Blanket People - Tribe, South Africa|url=https://www.krugerpark.co.za/africa_xhosa.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.krugerpark.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; AmaXhosa ale mihla ngabantu bamaNguni .

=== Imvelaphi. ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Stack/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Abantu bakwaXhosa ngabantwana bezinyanya zamaNguni. Imbali yomlomo yakwaXhosa ikwakhankanya indawo yokuhlala yembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-Eluhlangeni', ekukholelwa ukuba yayikwiMpuma Afrika, apho amaNguni ahlala khona ixesha elithile ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke nohambo lwawo lokufuduka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-12|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&amp;oldid=1374508787|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xa benqumla iintaba nemilambo eMzantsi Afrika, aba balimi bezolimo abasebenza entsimini bazisa iinkomo neebhokhwe zabo baza bathatha amaqela amaSan abuthathaka kulo mmandla. Bazisa nezixhobo, ngakumbi ii-assegais zabo kunye neekhaka zabo, baza bakha amaqela okanye ubukhosi kunye nezikumkani, ingakumbi kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|yiMpuma Koloni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://uvelaphi.africa/cultures/xhosa.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=uvelaphi.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;stack mw-stack stack-right&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[File:Amaxhosa_wear.jpg|thumb| Impahla yesiXhosa yale mihla.]][[File:Xhosa_people,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20518645211).jpg|thumb| Indoda yomXhosa, eMpuma Koloni.]][[File:Xhosa_girl,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20512280765).jpg|thumb| Intombazana yomXhosa.]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Ngokwesithethe somlomo, uBukumkani bamaXhosa bale mihla basekwa ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-15 nguTshawe (igama lakhe elathatyathwa sisiduko sobukhosi samaXhosa), owabhukuqa umntakwabo uCirha (encediswa ngomnye umntakwabo uJwarha) ngoncedo lwesiduko samaNgwevu soBukumkani bamaMpondomise . UTshawe kunye nomkhosi wakhe bahlanganisa amaqela azimeleyo akwaNguni kwiKumkani yamaXhosa. Izizwe zamaKhoekhoe zahlanganiswa, kuquka ama-Inqu, amaGiqwa, kunye {{Lang|xh|amaNgqosini}} (zombini imvelaphi yamaKhoi namaSotho). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence|date=1981|publisher=Ravan Press (Pty) Ltd|isbn=1868421597|edition=1st|location=Johannesburg|publication-date=1981|pages=13–20|language=en|trans-title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imizalwane eyayikade izimele (uninzi lwayo luvela kwizizwe zakwaKhoekhoe) kunye nobukumkani obuncinci kulo mmandla zaba phantsi kolawulo lwamaTshawe, zaza zamkela [[isiXhosa]] njengolwimi lwazo oluphambili.

Uluntu lwamaXhosa lwafikelela kwisikhundla sokulawula uninzi lwamaKhoe aseKapa, ​​lwandisa ulawulo lwalo lwada lwaya kutsho kwimida ekude yeCape Peninsula. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence By Jeffrey B. Peires {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/house-phalo-history-xhosa-people-days-their-independence-jeffrey-b-peires|url-status=live|accessdate=2022-03-27|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ngokuhlaliswa kweKapa ngabemi baseYurophu ngonyaka ka 1652, abemi bomthonyama abangamaKhoisan batyhalwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukuya ngasempuma de, ngeminyaka yoo-1700, imida yeKoloni yaseKoloni yabatyhalela kude empuma ngokwaneleyo (kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwamakholoniyali nabemi bomthonyama obuqhekeka kakhulu) ukudala inkitha yabantu abanobutshaba ukumelana namakoloniyali eMpuma Koloni. Oku kuye kwaphumela ngaphandle [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|iimfazwe zaseKapa]], ezimele ezinye zezona mfazwe zinde ezazichasene nobukoloniyali. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of the Xhosa C.1700-1835|date=1976|publisher=Rhodes University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Isiphumo sembali yayikukubekwa kwenxalenye enkulu yabemi bomthonyama baseKapa kwiindawo ezazibekelwe bucala zona kwelona cala lasempuma leKapa. Nangona kunjalo, aba bantu babeza kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengabasebenzi ngaphakathi kwiKoloni yaseKapa. Ezi ndawo zazibekelwe bucala abantu bomthonyama zatshintshwa amagama zathiwa zii-&quot;homelands&quot; (amakhaya esizwe) kwinkulungwane yama-20, zaza zapheliswa ngokupheleleyo ngonyaka ka1994, apho abantu babuyela kwimimandla ebanzi yaseKapa.
[[File:Lucas1861,_pg061_A_SKIRCMICH_IN_THE_OPEN.jpg|thumb| Ungquzulwano oluncinci ngexesha [[Ingxoxo ngemfazwe yamaXhosa|leeMfazwe zamaXhosa]]]]
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amaXhosa alwa aza agxotha izizwe ezininzi ezazibaleka amaZulu kwiKoloni yaseNatal, oku kwakungexesha lembali ye -mfecane . Abo bamkelweyo bahlanganiswa nendlela yokuphila yenkcubeko yamaXhosa baza balandela amasiko amaXhosa. AmaXhosa abiza ezi zizwe ngeendidi ngeendidi ngokuthi ngamaMfengu, okuthetha abahambi, kwaye zazakhiwe zizizwe ezifana {{Lang|xh|[[amaBhaca]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Bhele|amaBhele]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[Hlubi people|amaHlubi]]}}, {{Lang|xh|[[House of Dlamini|amaZizi]]}} kunye noRhadebe. Unanamhla, inzala yamaMfengu iyinxalenye yamaXhosa kwaye ithetha isiXhosa kwaye ilandela inkcubeko yamaXhosa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uvelaphi|url=https://www.uvelaphi.africa/cultures/fengu.html|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.uvelaphi.africa}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Umanyano lwamaXhosa kunye nokukwazi kwawo ukumelana nokungena kwabahlali baseYurophu kwakuzakuthotywa ngamandla ziindlala kunye nohlukwano lwezopolitiko olwalandela intshukumo yokubulala iinkomo ka-1856–1858 . Izazi-mbali ngoku zijonga le ntshukumo njengempendulo yabantu abakholelwa kwimillennialism, zombini kwisifo semiphunga esasisasazeka phakathi kweenkomo zamaXhosa ngelo xesha, kwaye zingajongi ngqo uxinzelelo kuluntu lwamaXhosa olwalubangelwa kukulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo komhlaba wabo kunye nokuzimela. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Jack|date=1984|title=The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry: A Critique and Reassessment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2636544|journal=[[Journal of Southern African Studies]]|publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]]|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–24|doi=10.1080/03057078408708086|jstor=2636544|access-date=26 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abanye ababhali-mbali bathi oku kungena kwangoko kuqoqosho lwemivuzo yimvelaphi yokugqibela yembali ende yobulungu bemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nobunkokeli bezopolitiko phakathi kwabantu baseXhosa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/226756141/Xhosa-People|accessdate=2026-09-22|website=www.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Loo mbali izibonakalisa namhlanje ngamanqanaba aphezulu okumelwa kwamaXhosa kubunkokeli be- [[African National Congress]] (ANC), iqela lezopolitiko elilawulayo eMzantsi Afrika [[Urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika|kurhulumente]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The truth about the Xhosa Nostra|url=https://hsf.org.za/publications/focus/issue-8-third-quarter-1997/the-truth-about-the-xhosa-nostra|accessdate=2024-02-22|website=Helen Suzman Foundation|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Stack/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Stack/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
[[File:South_Africa_2011_Xhosa_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb| Imephu yaseMzantsi Afrika ebonisa indawo ephambili apho kuthethwa khona ulwimi [[IsiXhosa|lwesiXhosa]] oluphambili ngombala oluhlaza.]]
IsiXhosa lulwimi olusebenzisa izimamkeli (agglutinative) kunye neethoni, oluwela kudidi lweelwimi zesiBantu. Nangona amaXhosa ebiza ulwimi lwawo ngokuthi &quot;isiXhosa&quot;, ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba &quot;yisiXhosa&quot; ngesiNgesi. IsiXhosa esibhaliweyo sisebenzisa inkqubo esekelwe kuonobumba besiLatini . IsiXhosa sithethwa ngabantu abamalunga ne-18% baseMzantsi Afrika, kwaye siqondakala ngokufanayo nesiZulu, ingakumbi isiZulu esithethwa kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Uninzi lwabantu abathetha isiXhosa, ingakumbi abo bahlala kwiindawo zasezidolophini, bathetha nesiZulu kunye/okanye [[isiBhulu]] kunye/okanye isiNgesi. &lt;ref name=&quot;ucla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Xhosa|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&amp;menu=004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214071133/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=21&amp;menu=004|archive-date=14 December 2007|accessdate=13 December 2006|website=UCLA Language Materials Project}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Izithethe ezinxulumene nomtshato wesiXhosa ==
Umtshato wamaXhosa uqulethe amasiko nezenzo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwesithethe samaXhosa. Ezi zenzo ziye zaqhutywa ngabantu bakwaXhosa amashumi eminyaka, kwaye ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yale mihla. Injongo yezi zenzo kukudibanisa iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kunye nokunika isikhokelo kwisibini esisandul’ ukutshata kuyo yonke inkqubo. &lt;ref name=&quot;middelburgec.co.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Xhosa|url=http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729124742/http://www.middelburgec.co.za/page/culture|archive-date=29 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Middelburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ukuqala iinkqubo indoda efuna ukutshata nayo idlula kwi ''{{Lang|xh|[[Ukuthwalwa]]}}'' oku kuthetha ukuba ukhetha umtshakazi wakhe wexesha elizayo aze azise iinjongo zakhe zomtshato, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dayimani|first=Phumela|date=19 October 2016|title=What really goes down at a traditional Xhosa wedding|url=http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118031915/http://www.w24.co.za/Bride/Perfect-wedding/what-really-goes-down-at-a-traditional-xhosa-wedding-20161019|archive-date=18 January 2017|website=[[News24 (website)|w24]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; nangona kunjalo, le ndlela ayizange yenziwe zizizwe zonke ngaphakathi kwabantu baseXhosa. Kule mihla, indoda nomfazi kusenokwenzeka ukuba babethandana ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Union of Families (Xhosa Wedding)|url=http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042931/http://www.matrimony.co.za/uw/azindex.asp?id=2697|archive-date=23 December 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=Matrimony Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiminyaka emininzi ngaphambi ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwalwa}}'' kuya kuthetha ukubiwa komtshakazi ngokusemthethweni, apho indoda inokukhetha umfazi emthandayo ukuba abe ngumtshakazi wayo ize ithethe nosapho lomtshakazi ngaphandle kolwazi okanye imvume yakhe. Kwakufuneka athobele umthetho womtshato ngokwesiko. 

Emva kwesiko ''{{Lang|xh|Ukuthwala}}'', indoda iye incokole nabazali bayo okanye izalamane zayo ukuze ibazise ngomfazi ekhethe ukutshata naye. Kule ncoko, kuxoxwa ngesiduko saloo mfazi&lt;ref name=&quot;middelburgec.co.za&quot; /&gt; Ukuba kufunyaniswe ukuba umfazi nendoda banesibongo esinye, bebengayi kuvunyelwa ukuba baqhubeke nomtshato kuba kuthiwa abantu abanesibongo esinye bangabahlobo abafanayo kwaye abanakutshata. &lt;ref name=&quot;middelburgec.co.za&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iziduko nezithakazelo nezinqulo zamaXhosa – Xhosa Clan Names|url=http://www.xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701075127/http://xhosaculture.co.za/about-us/iziduko/|archive-date=1 July 2017|accessdate=2018-09-17|website=Xhosa Culture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xa iingxoxo nosapho zigqityiwe kwaye kufumaneke ulwazi olwanelisayo ngale nkosikazi, usapho lwendoda luya kuqhubeka ngokutyumba abantu bokuthetha ngomtshato. Ngaba bantu bathetha ngomtshato abaya kuhamba baye kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi ukuze bazise indoda kunye neenjongo zayo. Xa aba bantu befika kusapho lwaloo nkosikazi, baya kuhlaliswa kwinkundla okanye kwisibaya saloo sapho. Ukuba usapho alunasibaya okanye inkundla, baya kuhlaliswa ngaphandle kwendlu kuba abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba bangene endlwini ngaphandle kokwamkelwa nokuvunyelwa lusapho lwaloo nkosikazi. Kulapho ke kuya kuqala khona iingxoxo zelobola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-27|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Usapho lwalo mfazi luza kubanika ixabiso lelobolo kunye nomhla ekufuneka babuye ngawo ukuze bahlawule elo xabiso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-25|title=Bride price|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bride_price&amp;oldid=1376663168|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; lobola ixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezifana nenqanaba lakhe lemfundo, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=De Swart|first=Dorette|date=20 March 2014|title=Lobola ins and outs|url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/my-heraldlive/2014/03/20/lobola-ins-and-outs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715153000/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/my-heraldlive/2014/03/20/lobola-ins-and-outs|archive-date=15 July 2017|accessdate=14 July 2017|website=[[The Herald (South Africa)|HeraldLIVE]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; imeko yobutyebi bosapho lwakhe xa ithelekiswa neyentsapho yendoda, oko indoda inokukuzuza emtshatweni kunye nokunqweneleka komfazi ngokubanzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=African|first=Being|title=Xhosa Marriage Practices|url=https://beingafrican.org/culture-panel/xhosa-marriage-practices/|accessdate=2026-09-29|website=BeingAfrican|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Intlawulo yelobola inokuba ngeenkomo okanye ngemali kuxhomekeke kusapho lomfazi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Iintsapho zanamhlanje zamaXhosa zikhetha imali njengoko uninzi lwazo lukwizixeko zasezidolophini apho kungekho ndawo okanye mvume yokuthenga imfuyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-29|title=Xhosa people|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhosa_people&amp;oldid=1377430974|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Xhosa_woman,_Eastern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20322193590).jpg|thumb| Ibhinqa lomXhosa lilungiselela ukutya amaqela amakhulu abantu.]]
[[File:Umqombothi_in_Langa.jpg|thumb| Utywala besiXhosa [[Umqombothi]] kwaLanga]]
[[File:Xhosa_women's_outfit.jpg|thumb| Isinxibo sabafazi baseXhosa, esenziwe ngelaphu lengubo yomqhaphu elinombala wobomvu (imbola) yaye lihonjiswe ngamaso eglasi, amaqhosha enziwe ngamaqokobhe e-oyster kunye nomphetho welaphu elimnyama (i-felt).]]

== Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
[[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Imfundo esisiseko</title>
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      <text bytes="4688" sha1="m94p16gklifo8nqw3yo0nnpbcfq0byt" xml:space="preserve">Ngokwe-International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), imfundo esisiseko iquka izigaba ezibini: imfundo yamabanga aphantsi kunye nemfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi.

== Universal basic education ==
Imfundo esisiseko yayibaluleke kakhulu kuxwebhu lwe-ISCED lowe-1997, kodwa eli gama alizange lifakwe kuluhlu lwamagama acacisiweyo. Ilizwe ngalinye latolika eli gama ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngaphambi kohlaziyo luka-2011, kwakhutshwa iphepha lengxoxo ukufuna ingcaciso.

Kwilizwe ezininzi, i-ISCED 1 ihambelana nemfundo yamabanga aphantsi eyamkelweyo kuzwelonke, kwaye imfundo esisiseko iquka loo nto kunye ne-ISCED 2 imfundo yamabanga aphakathi asezantsi (inqanaba elingaphantsi lesikolo samabanga aphakathi). Kwamanye amazwe, apho kungekho kwahlukana phakathi kwemfundo yamabanga aphantsi neyaphakathi asezantsi, &quot;imfundo esisiseko&quot; igubungela lonke ixesha lemfundo enyanzelekileyo. Ngenxa yezizathu zobalo, i-ISCED 1 ke ithathwa njengeminyaka emithandathu yokuqala yesikolo.

Imfundo esisiseko efikelelekayo kuye wonke umntu ithathwa njengento ephambili kumazwe asakhasayo kwaye ijolise kumbutho we-Education For All okhokelwa yi-UNESCO. Ikwaqukwa kwi-Millennium Development Goals njengenjongo yenombolo 2: ukufikelela kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi efikelelekayo kuye wonke umntu ngo-2015.

Uphononongo oluninzi lubonise iinzuzo zayo kwezempilo yoluntu (umzekelo, ukusasazeka okuncitshisiweyo kwe-HIV/AIDS; ugonyo olungcono; ukuthintela nokunyanga izifo; isondlo esingcono; ukufa okuncitshisiweyo koomama, iintsana nabantwana), kwidemografi (umzekelo, ubomi obude obulindelekileyo, utshintsho lwedemografi olukhawulezileyo ngolawulo olungcono lokuzala) nakwezoqoqosho (umzekelo, ukwanda kwamandla okuthenga, ukwanda kwemveliso kumacandelo emveli, ukwanda kwemfuno kumacandelo eenkonzo). Ezinye iinzuzo, nangona zinzima ukulinganisa, ziquka impembelelo enenzuzo kwidemokhrasi, kumalungelo oluntu, kulawulo, nakuzinzo lwezopolitiko ngokuqonda okwandisiweyo kweendlela ezingenabundlobongela zokusombulula iingxaki nokuqondana phakathi kwamaqela angquzulanayo.

ISivumelwano samaLungelo oMntwana (CRC), esasekwa yi-UNICEF ngo-1989, sikhusela amalungelo abantwana angenakuhluthwa ngokubeka imigangatho kwimiba emininzi, enye yayo yimfundo.

== Ukulingana kwesini kwimfundo esisiseko ==
Ukulingana ngokwesini kwimfundo ngokwesiko kwakulinganiswa ngokumxinwa nokulingana ngokwesini kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo esesikweni. Isini besisoloko sisisinto sokungalingani nokungafani kwimfundo, ubukhulu becala kusenzakala amantombazana nabafazi. Kodwa kuye kwakho inkqubela ebonakalayo ekunciphiseni umsantsa kwihlabathi jikelele ukususela ngo-2000, kunye nenani elikhulu lamantombazana nabafazi abafikelela kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo emfundo esesikweni. Eneneni, ukulingana ngokwesini kwimfundo yamabanga aphantsi kufikelelwe kuMbindi Yurophu, eMpuma Yurophu, kuMbindi Asia, eMpuma Asia nakuPasifiki, eLatin America nakuCaribbean, eMntla Melika naseNtshona Yurophu. Ukongeza, inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe ukususela ngo-2000 ekunciphiseni umsantsa ngokwesini, ngakumbi kuMazantsi naseNtshona Asia nangakumbi kancinci kwi-sub-Saharan Africa nakwii-Arab States. Nangona kunjalo, nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo yenziwe, uninzi lwabantwana abangafundiyo ngamantombazana, ngelixa isibini kwisithathu solutsha nabantu abadala abanamanqanaba asezantsi okufunda nokubhala kwihlabathi ngabafazi. Ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuxhotyiswa kwabafazi, amakhwenkwe namadoda kufuneka nawo abandakanyeke kumlo wokulwa nokungalingani ngokwesini. Oku kufuneka kuqale ngemfundo esisiseko.

== Iinkcukacha ==

# &quot;International Standard Classification of Education I S C E D 1997&quot;. www.unesco.org. 11 April 2013.
# &quot;Education transforms lives | UNESCO&quot;.
# Truong, Nhung. &quot;Review of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97) Basic Education and the review of the ISCED&quot; (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
# &quot;Educational Programmes Manual for ISCED-97 Implementation in OECD Countries&quot; (PDF). OECD. 1999. p. 30. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
# &quot;Goal :: Achieve Universal Primary Education&quot;. Mdg Monitor. 2011-05-15. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
# Cutler, David M.; Lleras-Muney, Adriana (July 2006). &quot;Education and Health: Evaluating Theories and Evidence&quot;. NBER Working Paper No. 12352. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.5604. doi:10.3386/w12352.
# Mazumder, Bhashkar (2008-05-19). &quot;Does Education Improve Health? A Reexamination of the Evidence from Compulsory Schooling Laws&quot;. Economic Perspectives. Rochester, NY. SSRN 1134064.
# Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good? (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. p. 44. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-92-3-100088-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>UGqr. Tumi</title>
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      <text bytes="3325" sha1="aonvhta9wcr93cm5hbxtcr74efj0aer" xml:space="preserve">UTumisang Makweya (owazalwa nge-10 kaJulayi 1981), owaziwa ngokuba nguGqr Tumi, yimvumi yaseMzantsi Afrika, ugqirha wonyango kunye nesithethi esikhuthazayo. UMakweya ukhuphe ii-albhamu ezininzi zevangeli kwaye uzuze iimbasa ezininzi zomculo wevangeli.

== Iminyaka yokuqala ==
UMakweya wazalelwa wakhulela eSeshego, kwiPhondo laseLimpopo, eMzantsi Afrika. Ukususela kwiminyaka yakhe emincinci, wabonisa umdla onamandla kumculo kwaye waqala ukucula ecaweni. Nangona wayenomdla kumculo, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wobugqirha, waphumelela ngesidanga sobugqirha kwiYunivesithi yoNyango yaseMzantsi Afrika (Medunsa)

== Umsebenzi womculo ==
Umsebenzi kaMakweya womculo waqala ngokunyanisekileyo emva kokuba ephumelele ukhuphiswano lwe-&quot;SABC2 Gospel Star&quot; ngo-2012. Olu loyiso lwamphakamisa ukuba abonakale kwaye lwavula iingcango kuhambo lwakhe lomculo.

Ngo-2013, uMakweya wakhupha i-albhamu yakhe yokuqala, &quot;Heart of a King,&quot; eyafumana ukunconywa okukhulu kwaye yamseka njengenkwenkwezi ekhulayo kwindawo yomculo wevangeli. Ii-albhamu zakhe ezalandelayo, eziquka &quot;Love and Grace&quot; (2014) kunye no &quot;Speak a Word&quot; (2016), zaqinisa isikhundla sakhe njengomculi ophambili wevangeli.

Iirekhodi zikaMakweya eziphilayo, ngakumbi uthotho lwe-&quot;The Gathering of Worshippers,&quot; zibe zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kubomi bakhe. Ezi msitho zokunqula, ezirekhodwa ziphila, ziye zatsala amawaka abantu abazimasiye kwaye ziye zanconywa ngokubanzi ngenxa yempembelelo yazo yokomoya kunye nokugqwesa komculo.

=== Amabhaso nokuqatshelwa ===
UMakweya ufumene iimbasa ezininzi kunye nokuphakanyiswa kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe, okubonisa igalelo lakhe kumculo wevangeli. Ezi ziquka:

* Crown Gospel
* Ukuphakanyiswa kwe-SAMA (South African Music Awards)
* African Gospel Music and Media Awards

== Ubomi bakhe ==
Ukongeza kumsebenzi wakhe womculo, uMakweya uqhubeka nokwenza ubugqirha, elungelelanisa iindima zakhe ezimbini njengogqirha kunye nemvumi. Utshatile kuKgaogelo Makweya, kwaye kunye banabantwana. UMakweya waziwa nangemizamo yakhe yokunceda abantu, esebenzisa iqonga lakhe ukuxhasa izizathu ezahlukeneyo zesisa kunye namaphulo oluntu.

== Iingxabano ==
Umsebenzi kaMakweya awuzange ube ngaphandle kweengxabano. Ngo-Epreli 2021, yena nomkakhe babanjwa ngokufutshane ngokunxulumene necala elityholwayo lobuqhetseba kwiNational Lotteries Commission. Nangona kunjalo, bakhululwa kamva, kwaye uMakweya wagcina ubumsulwa bakhe kulo lonke ityala.

Izityholo ngokuchasene nesi sibini zarhoxiswa kwiNkundla yaseJohannesburg yeZityholo zoBuqhetseba obuKhethekileyo.

== I-Discography ==

* Heart of a King (2013)
* Love and Grace (2014)
* The Gathering of Worshippers: Live at the Ticketpro Dome (2017)
* Beauty for Ashes (2018)
* Love on the Cross (2019)

== Iinkcukacha ==
{{Reflist}}

# &quot;Dr Tumi goes global with Universal Music partnership&quot;.
# Medical University of Southern Africa (Medunsa)
# &quot;Year in Review: Dr Tumi did big things for gospel music in 2017&quot;.
# McCain, Nicole. &quot;Popular gospel singer Dr Tumi and his wife arrested over R1.5m fraud scandal&quot;. News24.
# Joseph, Anton van Zyl and Raymond (10 June 2021). &quot;Dr Tumi, the Lottery and the alleged fraud of R1.5 million&quot;. GroundUp News.
# &quot;Dr Tumi offers services to Tembisa Hospital's specialized covid-19 unit&quot;.
# &quot;Charges withdrawn against Dr Tumi and wife&quot;.

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