Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9276 42245 41687 2026-10-02T17:24:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ubufeminisi''' luluhlu lweentshukumo zentlalo nezopolitiko kunye neengcinga ezijolise ekuchazeni nasekusekeni ukulingana kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, zobuqu, kunye nezentlalo phakathi kwabantu bezini ezahlukileyo . <ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{Cite web|last=Brunell|first=Laura|last2=Burkett|first2=Elinor|authorlink2=Elinor Burkett|date=28 February 2024|title=Feminism|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism|archive-date=7 March 2024|accessdate=10 March 2024|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]]|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lengermann|first=Patricia|title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology|last2=Niebrugge|first2=Gillian|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-40-518353-6|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=G.|page=223|chapter=Feminism|editor-last2=Ryan|editor-first2=J.M.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+that+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22}}</ref> <ref name="Mendus">{{Cite book|last=Mendus|first=Susan|title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926479-7|editor-last=Honderich|editor-first=Ted|editor-link=Ted Honderich|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_f5n3/page/291 291]–294|chapter=Feminism|author-link=Susan Mendus}}</ref> <ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book|last=Hawkesworth|first=Mary E.|title=Globalization and Feminist Activism|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk|date=2006|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationfem0000hawk/page/25 25]–27}}</ref> <ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book|last=Beasley|first=Chris|title=What Is Feminism?|url=https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas|date=1999|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whatisfeminismin0000beas/page/3 3]–11|author-link=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher)}}</ref> Ubufeministi bunesimo sokuba uluntu lwanamhlanje lulawulwa ngamadoda —lubeka phambili imbono yamadoda—kwaye abafazi baphathwa ngokungekho sikweni kwezi ntlalo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Gamble|first=Sarah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C|title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-24310-0|pages=VII|chapter=Introduction}}</ref> Imizamo yokutshintsha oku ibandakanya ukulwa neengcinga ezichaseneyo ngokwesini, ukuqhekeza iindima zesini zemveli, kunye nokuphucula amathuba emfundo, ezobugcisa, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabasetyhini kunye neziphumo. Umntu oxhasa ubufeministi waziwa ngokuba yi- '''feminist'''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Delap|first=Lucy|title=Feminisms: a global history|date=2025|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-75412-3|edition=Paperback edition|location=Chicago}}</ref> Imibutho yamalungelo abafazi eyaqala ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 eYurophu, iqalise iphulo lokukhusela amalungelo abafazi, kuquka ilungelo lokuvota, ukubamba izikhundla zikarhulumente, ukusebenza, ukufumana umvuzo olinganayo, ukuba neempahla, ukufumana imfundo, ukungena kwizivumelwano, ukuba namalungelo alinganayo emtshatweni, kunye nekhefu lokubeleka.[1] Amalungelo abafazi axhasa ukufikelela kwizicwangciso zokuthintela ukukhulelwa, ukukhupha isisu okusemthethweni, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwentlalo; kunye nokukhusela abafazi namantombazana ekuhlaselweni ngokwesondo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, kunye nokuxhaphazwa ekhayeni.[2] Utshintsho kwimigangatho yokunxiba kwabasetyhini kunye nemisebenzi yomzimba eyamkelekileyo yabasetyhini nayo ibe yinxalenye yemibutho yamalungelo abafazi.[3] Iingcali ezininzi zicinga ukuba amaphulo okuxhasa amalungelo abasetyhini angundoqo kwiinguqu ezinkulu zembali kuluntu lwamalungelo abasetyhini, ingakumbi eNtshona, apho aziwa khona phantse kwihlabathi liphela ngokuphumeza ilungelo lokuvota labasetyhini, ulwimi olungathathi cala ngokwesini, amalungelo okuzala kwabasetyhini (kuquka ukufikelela kwiindlela zokuthintela ukukhulelwa kunye nokukhupha isisu), kunye nelungelo lokungena kwizivumelwano kunye nepropati yabo.[1] Nangona ukumela amalungelo abasetyhini kugxile kakhulu kumalungelo abasetyhini, kwaye bekusoloko kunjalo, abanye bathi kufuneka kufakwe inkululeko yamadoda kwiinjongo zayo, kuba bakholelwa ukuba amadoda nawo ayonzakaliswa ziindima zesini zemveli.[2] Ithiyori yobufeminist, eyavela kwiintshukumo zobufeminist, ijolise ekuqondeni uhlobo lokungalingani ngokwesini ngokuhlola iindima zabasetyhini kwezentlalo kunye namava abaphila ngawo. Iithiyori zobufeminist ziphuhlise iithiyori kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ukuze ziphendule kwimiba ephathelele isini.[3][4] == Imithombo yolwazi == 9djwmfc3ijr63muosfewbw96vawah9u 0 9278 42241 41681 2026-10-02T17:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42241 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ngokweenkcukacha:1963_march_on_washington.jpg|thumb| Abalweli bamalungelo oluntu kwiMarch on Washington for Jobs and Freedom ngexesha lentshukumo yamalungelo oluntu ngo-Agasti 1963.]] [[Ngokweenkcukacha:Leffler_-_WomensLib1970_WashingtonDC.jpg|thumb| Umngcelele wokukhululwa kwabasetyhini eWashington, DC, ngo-Agasti 1970.]] '''Ubutshantliziyo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tarrow|first=Sidney|url=https://archive.org/details/powerinmovements0000tarr|title=Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-07680-7|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=727948411|url-access=registration}}</ref>''' bubandakanya imizamo yokukhuthaza, ukuthintela, ukukhokela okanye ukungenelela kuhlaziyo lwentlalo, lwezopolitiko, lwezoqoqosho okanye lokusingqongileyo ngomnqweno wokwenza utshintsho kuluntu oluya kulungela abantu bonke.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Goodwin|first1=Jeff|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmovementsr2edunse|title=The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts|last2=Jasper|first2=James|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-8764-0|edition=2nd|url-access=registration}}</ref> Iindlela zobutshantliziyo ziqala ekwakhiweni kwegunya kuluntu (oku kubandakanya ukubhala iileta eziya kumaphephandaba), ukufaka izicelo kumagosa anyuliweyo, ukukhokela okanye ukufaka isandla kwiphulo lezopolitiko, ukuxhasa ngokukhethekileyo (okanye ukungaxhaswa kwamashishini ) ,kunye neendlela zokubonisa ubutshantliziyo ezifana neendibano, iimatshi zasezitalatweni, uqhankqalazo , ubutshantliziyo ngokuhlala phantsi, okanye iimatshi zokuzila ukutya .<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Ostertag|first=Bob|title=People's movements, people's press: the journalism of social justice movements|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesmovements0000oste_l4d8|date=2006|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-6164-0|location=Boston, Mass}}</ref> == Imithombo yolwazi == 9tqapdm9kb2cxv39jmy573ude5rysvw 0 9285 42243 41852 2026-10-02T17:22:18Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42243 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg|right|thumb| Uyilo lukaWilliam Morris lwephepha lodonga leTrellis, ngonyaka ka-1862]] '''Intshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa''' yayiyimbonakaliso yamazwe ngamazwe kubugcisa bokuhombisa nobobugcisa obuhle obaphuhliswa kwasekuqaleni nakwiZiqithi zaseBritane <ref name="grove">{{Cite book|last=Campbell|first=Gordon|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/groveencyclopedi0001unse_q3k5|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-19-518948-3}}</ref> baza emva koko basasazeka kulo lonke [[UbuKumkani bamaBritane|uBukhosi baseBritane]] nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu naseMntla Melika. Ngokubanzi, ukuqala kwale ntshukumo kunokuthiwa kuqale ngeminyaka yoo-1880, kwaye eli gama ngokwalo laqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1887, kwaye malunga nowe-1920 linokuthathwa njengeliphelileyo e-UK, nangona eli gama laqhubeka lisetyenziswa ngokungeyonyani kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezidumileyo kuyilo. Lo mbutho, wasungulwa ngenxa yokunganeliseki kokwehla komgangatho wobugcisa bokuhombisa kunye neemeko ezenziwa phantsi kwazo ezo zinto,<ref name="king">{{Cite book|last=King|first=Brenda M.|title=Silk and Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/silkempire0000king_m2j8|date=2005|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6}}</ref> le ntshukumo yachuma eYurophu naseMntla Melika phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1880 nowe-1920. Abanye bawubona njengengcambu ye-Modern Style, uhlobo lwaseBritane labonakalisa elo kamva laze labizwa ngokuba yiArt Nouveau movement. <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2023|title=Arts and Crafts movement &#124; British and international movement|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Arts-and-Crafts-movement|url-status=live|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Abanye bawuthatha njengomfanekiso we-Art Nouveau eNgilane. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Maingon|first=Claire|date=2018|title=L'Art Nouveau en trois minutes|url=https://www.beauxarts.com/grand-format/lart-nouveau-en-3-minutes/|website=Beaux Arts Magazine}}</ref> Kwakukho nabanye abacinga ukuba uBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla zichasene ne-Art Nouveau. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Férré|first=Benjamin|date=2015|title=L'inspiration Arts & Crafts|url=https://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917195709/http://www.colineblot.fr/2015/05/benjamin-ferre-et-linspiration-arts-crafts/|archive-date=17 September 2024|accessdate=6 March 2024|website=Coline Blot - Espace Saint-Cyprien, Toulouse}}</ref> I-Arts and Crafts ngokwenene yayigxeka i-Art Nouveau ngokusebenzisa kwayo izinto zoshishino ezifana nentsimbi. EJapan, yavela ngonyaka ka-1920 njengentshukumo yeMingei, ikhuthaza ubugcisa bemveli bokwenza izinto zezandla. Eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa nguTJ Cobden-Sanderson kwintlanganiso ye- Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society ngonyaka ka-1887, <ref name="crawford">Alan Crawford, ''C. R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10939-3}}</ref> nangona imigaqo kunye nendlela eyalisekelwe kuyo yayisele iphuhliswa eNgilani ubuncinane bamashumi amabini eminyaka. Yaphefumlelwa ziingcinga zombhali-mbali uThomas Carlyle, umhlalutyi wezobugcisa uJohn Ruskin, kunye nomyili uWilliam Morris . <ref name="triggs">{{Cite book|last=Triggs|first=Oscar Lovell|url=https://archive.org/details/chaptersinhistor00trig|title=Chapters in the History of the Arts and Crafts Movement|publisher=Bohemia Guild of the Industrial Art League|year=1902}}</ref> EScotland, inxulunyaniswa nabantu ababalulekileyo abafana noCharles Rennie Mackintosh . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sumpner|first=Dave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cCMDwAAQBAJ&q=key+Rennie|title=My Revision Notes: Pearson Edexcel A Level Design and Technology (Product Design)|last2=Morrison|first2=Julia|date=28 February 2020|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-5104-7422-2|language=en}}</ref> Iincwadi zikaViollet-le-Duc ezimalunga nendalo kunye nobugcisa beGothic nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ubuhle bentshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. == Imvelaphi kunye neempembelelo == Intshukumo yezoBugcisa kunye Misebenzi yoBugcisa yavela kwimizamo yokuguqula uyilo kunye nemihombiso eBritane phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-19. Yayiyindlela yokusabela ngokuchasene nokuhla kwemigangatho okubonwayo ngabahlaziyi ababenxulumanisa noomatshini kunye nemveliso yefektri. Ukugxekwa klwabo lwaqiniswa zizinto abazibonayo kwiGreat Exhibition ka-1851, ababezijonga [[wiktionary:ornate|njengezihonjiswe]] kakhulu, ezenziwe ngumntu, kwaye zingazi kakuhle iimpawu zezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. Isazi-mbali yobugcisa uNikolaus Pevsner ubhala ukuba imiboniso ibonise "ukungazi loo mfuneko isisiseko ekudaleni iipateni, ukuthembeka komphezulu", kunye nokubonisa "ubumdaka ngokweenkcukacha". <ref name="pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design'', Yale University Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-300-10571-1}}</ref> [[File:Kelmscott_Press_-_The_Nature_of_Gothic_by_John_Ruskin_(first_page).jpg|thumb| ''Isihloko sencwadi*The Nature of Gothic*'' umbhali nguJohn Ruskin, ze yashicilelwa nguWilliam Morris kwiKelmscott Press ngonyaka ka-1892 kwisetyenziswe uhlobo loonobumba Golden Type eyayiphefumlelwe ngumshicileli wenkulungwane ye-15 uNicolas Jenson . Esi sahluko sivela ''kwiThe Stones of Venice'' sasiluhlobo lwemanifesto yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Uhlaziyo loyilo lwaqalisa ngabaququzeleli bomboniso uHenry Cole ngonyaka ka (1808–1882), uOwen Jones (1809–1874), uMatthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877), kunye noRichard Redgrave (1804–1888), <ref>{{Cite web|title=V&A, "Wallpaper Design Reform"|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/w/wallpaper-design-reform/|url-status=live}}</ref> bonke abangazange basebenzise imihombiso egqithisileyo kunye nezinto ezingasebenziyo okanye ezenziwe kakubi. [ 12 ] Abaququzeleli "babengavumelani ekugxekeni imiboniso." [ 13 ] Umzekelo, u-Owen Jones wakhalaza ngelithi "umyili wezakhiwo, umlungisi wezinto zokuhombisa, umchasi wephepha, umluki, umshicileli we-calico, kunye nombumbi" bavelise "izinto ezintsha ngaphandle kobuhle, okanye ubuhle ngaphandle kobukrelekrele." [ 13 ] Kolu gxeko lweempahla ezenziweyo kwavela iimpapasho ezininzi ezazichaza oko ababhali babekugqala njengemigaqo echanekileyo yoyilo. ''Ingxelo eyongezelelekileyo kaRichard Redgrave malunga noYilo'' (1852) yahlalutya imigaqo yoyilo kunye nokuhombisa yaza yacela "ingqiqo engakumbi ekusebenziseni ukuhombisa." [ 12 ] Kwalendelwa ezinye iincwadi ezikoluhlobo, ezifana ne ''Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century'' kaWyatt (1853), i-Wissenschaft kaGottfried Semper '', i-Industrie und Kunst'' ("inzululwazi, Ishishini kunye noBugcisa") (1852), ''i-Analysis of Ornament'' kaRalph Wornum (1856), ''i-Manual of Design'' kaRedgrave (1876), kunye ''ne-Grammar of Ornament'' kaJones (1856). [ 12 ] Incwadi ethi ''Grammar of Ornament'' yabanefuthe elikhulu, yaze yasasazwa ngokubanzi njengembasa yabafundi kwaye yaphinda yashicilelwa ngokutsha izihlandlo ezilithoba ngaphambili ngonyaka ka -1910. [ 12 ] UJones wathi umhombiso "kufuneka ube semva kwento ehonjisiweyo", ukuba kufuneka kubekho "ukufaneleka komhombiso kwinto ehonjisiweyo", kwaye amaphepha odonga kunye neekhaphethi akufuneki zibe neepateni "ezibonisa nantoni na ngaphandle komgangatho okanye ulula". <ref>Quoted in Nikolaus Pevsner, ''Pioneers of Modern Design''</ref> Ilaphu okanye iphepha lodonga kwiMboniso eNkulu linokuhonjiswa ngemotif yendalo eyenziwe ukuba ibonakale iyinyani kangangoko. Ngelixa ababhali bekhuthaza imihombiso yendalo ethe tyaba nelula. URedgrave wagxininisa ukuba "isitayile" sifuna ukwakhiwa kwesandi ngaphambi kokuhombisa, kunye nokuqonda ngokufanelekileyo umgangatho wezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo. " ''Isixhobo esiluncedo'' kufuneka sibe phambili kunesihombiso." [ 15 ] Nangona kunjalo, abaguquli boyilo benkulungwane ye-19 abazange bafikelele kwinqanaba elifanayo nabo babeyinxalenye yentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla. Babegxile kakhulu ekuhombisa kunasekwakhiweni, babengenalo ulwazi oluphangaleleyo ngeendlela zokuvelisa,[15 ] kwaye abazange bagxeke iindlela zoshishino. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, intshukumo yoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yayiyintshukumo yohlaziyo lwentlalo kanye njengoko yayiyeyohlaziyo loyilo, kwaye iinkokheli zayo eziphambili azizange zihlukanise ezi zinto zimbini. [[File:The_Grange,_Ramsgate_1.jpg|right|thumb| Indlu kaPugin ebizwa ngokuba yi- "The Grange" eRamsgate, uyakhiwe ngonyaka ka-1843. Isitayile sayo sokuvuselelwa kweGothic esilula, esilungelelaniswe nesakhiwo sasekhaya, sanceda ekwakheni uyilo lwentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yezandla.]] Ezinye zeengcinga zale ntshukumo zazilindelwe ngu- Augustus Pugin (1812–1852), inkokeli kwi- Gothic Revival kwi-architecture . Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo. Umzekelo, wayekhuthaza inyaniso kwizinto eziphathekayo, isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi, njengoko benzayo abaculi bezobuGcisa kunye nezakhiwo <ref name="V&A">{{Cite web|title=Victoria and Albert Museum|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802095131/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style09a/index.html|archive-date=2 August 2012|accessdate=28 August 2010|publisher=Vam.ac.uk}}</ref> UPugin wachaza umkhwa wabagxeki bezentlalo wokuthelekisa iimpazamo zoluntu lwanamhlanje kunye namaXesha Aphakathi, <ref name="hill">Rosemary Hill, ''God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain'', London: Allen Lane, 2007</ref> njengokukhula okukhulu kwezixeko kunye nokuphathwa kwamaxhwitha-ntamo, umkhwa owaba yinto eqhelekileyo kuRuskin, uMorris, kunye nentshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Incwadi yakhe ''ethi Contrasts'' (1836) idwebe imizekelo yezakhiwo zanamhlanje ezimbi kunye nocwangciso lwedolophu ngokuchaseneyo nemizekelo emihle yamaxesha aphakathi, kwaye umbhali-mbali wakhe uRosemary Hill uphawula ukuba "wafikelela kwizigqibo, phantse kancinci, malunga nokubaluleka kobugcisa kunye nesithethe kwizakhiwo zokwakha ukuba kuya kuthatha inkulungwane yonke kunye nemizamo edibeneyo kaRuskin noMorris ukuba basebenze ngokweenkcukacha." Uchaza ifenitshala eseleyo awayichazayo yesakhiwo ngo-1841, "izitulo ze-rush, iitafile ze-oki", "njengengaphakathi lezoBugcisa nezoBugcisa ebuntwaneni." <ref name="hill" /> Ifilosofi yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yafunyanwa kakhulu kuhlalutyo lukaJohn Ruskin lwentlalo, okwaphenjelelwe kakhulu ngumsebenzi kaThomas Carlyle . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Blakesley|first=Rosalind P.|url=https://archive.org/details/artscraftsmoveme0000blak|title=The arts and crafts movement|date=2006|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=978-0-7148-3849-6|publication-place=London|oclc=1147708297|url-access=registration}}</ref> URuskin wanxulumanisa impilo yokuziphatha neyentlalo yesizwe neempawu zoyilo lwaso kunye nohlobo lomsebenzi waso. URuskin wayecinga ukuba uhlobo lwemveliso eyenziwe ngoomatshini kunye nolwahlulo lwabasebenzi olwadalwa kwiNguquko yezeMizi-mveliso "luyimisebenzi yobukhoboka", kwaye wayecinga ukuba uluntu olusempilweni nolunesimilo lufuna abasebenzi abazimeleyo abayila izinto abazenzileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba imisebenzi eyenziwe kwifektri "ayinyanisekanga," kwaye loo msebenzi wezandla kunye nobugcisa kudibanisa isidima nomsebenzi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=John Ruskin – Artist Philosopher Writer – Arts & Crafts Leader|url=http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218182444/http://www.arts-crafts.com/archive/jruskin.shtml|archive-date=18 December 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=www.arts-crafts.com}}</ref> Kwicala lobugcisa, uRuskin waphenjelelwa ngumntu ababephila ngexesha elinye uViollet-le-Duc lowo wayefundisa izimvo zakhe kubo bonke abafundi bakhe. Kwincwadi eya kwenye kubafundi bakhe uRuskin ubhala athi: "Kukho incwadi enye kuphela yoyilo lwezakhiwo exabisekileyo kwaye equlethe yonke into ngokuchanekileyo, isichazi-magama sikaMonsieur Viollet-le-Duc. Wonke umyili wezakhiwo kufuneka afunde isiFrentshi". <ref>{{Cite web|last=Choay|first=Françoise|title=The Relations between Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc or the Longevity of the Taken-for-Granted Ideas/ Frangoise CHOAY|url=https://arhitectura-1906.ro/en/2018/07/the-relations-between-ruskin-and-viollet-le-duc-or-the-longevity-of-the-taken-for-granted-ideas-frangoise-choay/|url-status=live|accessdate=2026-01-20|website=arhitectura-1906.ro|language=en}}</ref> Ngokutsho kwabanye, impembelelo kaRuskin kwizobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yathatyathelw’ indawo yileyo kaViollet-le-Duc ngo-1860. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Brock Kennedy|first=Travis|title=The great flaw in the man|date=2018|publisher=Columbia University NY.}}</ref> Abalandeli bakhe babekhetha indlela yokwenza izinto ngobuchule bezandla kunemveliso yemizi-mveliso kwaye babexhalabile ngokulahlekelwa zizakhono zemveli, kodwa babekhathazwa kakhulu yimiphumo yenkqubo yefektri kunangoomatshini ngokwabo. <ref name="sarsby">Jacqueline Sarsby" Alfred Powell: Idealism and Realism in the Cotswolds", ''Journal of Design History'', Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 375–397.</ref> Iingcinga zika William Morris "yemisebenzi yezandla" yayikukusebenza ngaphandle kokwahlulwa kwabasebenzi kunokuba kusebenze ngaphandle koomatshini. UMorris wayeyithanda incwadi kaRuskin ethi ''The Seven Lamps of Architecture'' kunye ''nethi The Stones of Venice'' kwaye wayefunde ''iincwadi zikaModern Painters'', kodwa wayengayithandi indlela uRuskin awayeyincoma ngayo uJMW Turner kwaye imibhalo yakhe yobugcisa ibonisa ukungabi namdla kumzobo we-easel. Kwicala lakhe, uRuskin akazange avumelane ngokupheleleyo nengcamango eyaba yi-orthodoxy ye-Arts-and-Crafts, yokuba imihombiso mayibe tyaba kwaye ingamelanga iimo ezinemilinganiselo emithathu. [[File:William_Morris_age_53.jpg|thumb| UWilliam Morris, umyili kunye nengcali yengcinga eyaba nempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa yezandla.]] UWilliam Morris (1834–1896) wayengumntu ogqwesileyo kwicandelo loyilo lwenkulungwane ye-19 kwaye wayenempembelelo enkulu kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. Imbono yale ntshukumo malunga nobuhle nentlalo yavela kwiingcinga awayeziqulunqe kwiminyaka yoo-1850 kunye neBirmingham Set – iqela labafundi kwiYunivesithi yaseOxford kuquka uEdward Burne-Jones, abadibanisa uthando loncwadi lweRomantic kunye nokuzinikela ekuguquleni uluntu. [ 26 ] UJohn William Mackail uphawula ukuba, kwiSeti, " ''Ixesha elidlulileyo nelangoku'' likaCarlyle lalime ecaleni ''kwabaPainters banamhlanje'' [bakaRuskin] njengenyaniso ephefumlelweyo nepheleleyo." <ref>Mackail, J. W. (2011). ''The Life of William Morris''. New York: Dover Publications. p. 38. {{ISBN|978-0-486-28793-5}}.</ref> Imfundiso yexesha eliphakathi ''kaMorte d'Arthur'' kaMalory yamisela umgangatho wesitayile sabo sokuqala. [ 28 ] Ngokwamazwi kaBurne-Jones, babenenjongo "yokulwa imfazwe engcwele nxamnye neli xesha". [ 29 ] [[File:Philip_Webb's_Red_House_in_Upton.jpg|thumb| Indlu ebomvu kaWilliam Morris eBexleyheath, eyilwe nguPhilip Webb yaza yagqitywa ngonyaka ka-1860; yenye yezona zakhiwo zibalulekileyo zombutho wezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Trust, Iconic Arts and Crafts home of William Morris|url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/red-house#Overview|url-status=live}}</ref>]] UMorris waqala ukuzama izinto ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa ngokuyila ifenitshala kunye nezinto zangaphakathi. [ 31 ] Wayebandakanyeka ngokwakhe kwimveliso kunye noyilo, [ 31 ] eyayiluphawu lombutho wezobuGcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla. URuskin wayephikisa ngelithi ukwahlulwa kwesenzo soyilo lwengqondo kwisenzo sendalo esisetyenziswa ngesandla kwakuyonakalisa intlalo kunye nobuhle. UMorris waqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ingcinga, egxininisa ukuba akukho msebenzi ufanele wenziwe kwiindawo zakhe zokusebenzela ngaphambi kokuba azi kakuhle iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, esithi "ngaphandle komsebenzi womntu onesidima nowokudala abantu bayahlukana nobomi". [ 31 ] [[File:Morris_and_Company_Weaving_at_Merton_Abbey.jpg|thumb| Ishedi yokuluka efektri kaMorris & Co, iMerton Abbey Works, eyavulwa ngonyaka ka-1880.]] Ngonyaka ka-1861, uMorris waqala ukwenza ifenitshala kunye nezinto zokuhombisa ngorhwebo, elinganisa uyilo lwakhe kwiindlela zamandulo kwaye esebenzisa iifom eziqinileyo kunye nemibala eqinileyo. Iipateni zakhe zazisekelwe kwizityalo nezilwanyana, kwaye iimveliso zakhe zaziphefumlelwe zizithethe zomthonyama okanye zasekhaya zaseBritane. Ezinye zashiywa ngabom zingagqitywanga ukuze kuboniswe ubuhle bezinto zokwakha kunye nomsebenzi wegcisa, ngaloo ndlela kwakheka inkangeleko yasemaphandleni. UMorris wazama ukudibanisa zonke izinto zobugcisa ngaphakathi kokuhombisa ikhaya, egxininisa indalo kunye nokulula kwendlela yokwenza izinto. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=The Arts and Crafts Movement in America|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acam/hd_acam.htm|url-status=live|accessdate=16 March 2019|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref> == Imigaqo yentlalo kunye noyilo. ==   UWilliam Morris uchubelane ngengcaciso kaRuskin ngoluntu lwemizi-mveliso kwaye ngaxa lithile wahlasela umzi-mveliso wanamhlanje, ukusetyenziswa koomatshini, ukwahlulwahlulwa kwabasebenzi, ubungxowankulu kunye nokulahleka kweendlela zobugcisa zemveli. Kodwa indlela awayejonga ngayo oomatshini yayingaguquguquki. Wathi ngaminazana ithile ukuveliswa koomatshini “kwakukubi ngokupheleleyo”, <ref name="pevsner" /> kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, wayezimisele ukunika umsebenzi kubavelisi ababekwazi ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yakhe ngoncedo loomatshini. <ref>Graeme Shankland, "William Morris – Designer", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> UMorris uthe "kuluntu lokwenyani", apho kungenziwanga izinto zodidi okanye inkunkuma engabizi kakhulu, oomatshini banokuphuculwa kwaye basetyenziswe ukunciphisa iiyure zomsebenzi. <ref>William Morris, "Useful Work versus Useless Toil", in Asa Briggs (ed.) ''William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs'', Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1980 {{ISBN|0-14-020521-7}}</ref> Isazi-mbali yenkcubeko uFiona McCarthy uthe ngoMorris "ngokungafaniyo nabantu ababelandela emva kwexesha njengoGandhi, UWilliam Morris wayengenazo izizathu ezivakalayo zokusetyenziswa koomatshini logama nje oomatshini bevelisa umgangatho awufunayo." [ 36 ] UMorris wagxininisa ukuba lo mzobi kufuneka abe ngumzobi-umyili osebenza ngezandla <ref name="pevsner" /> kwaye wayekhuthaza uluntu lwabantu abanobuchule abakhululekileyo, njengoko wayekholelwa ukuba belukho ngexesha leMinyaka Ephakathi. "Ngenxa yokuba iingcibi zaziyonwabela umsebenzi wazo", wabhala, "iXesha Eliphakathi yayilixesha lobukhulu kubugcisa babantu abaqhelekileyo. ... Ubuncwane obukwiimyuziyam zethu ngoku zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwiintsapho zelo xesha, xa amakhulu eecawa zamandulo&nbsp;- nganye nganye ngumsebenzi wobugcisa, zakhiwe ngabalimi abangenalwazi. <ref name="mingei">Elisabeth Frolet, Nick Pearce, Soetsu Yanagi and Sori Yanagi, ''Mingei: The Living Tradition in Japanese Arts'', Japan Folk Crafts Museum/Glasgow Museums, Japan: Kodashani International, 1991.</ref> Ubugcisa bamandulo babungumzekelo woyilo oluninzi lwezobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, kwaye ubomi bamandulo, uncwadi kunye nezakhiwo zaphuculwa yintshukumo. Abalandeli bakaMorris nabo babenembono ezahlukeneyo malunga noomatshini kunye nenkqubo yemizi-mveliso. Umzekelo, uC.<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAUs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>UR. Ashbee, umntu ophambili kwintshukumo yezoBugcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, wathi ngonyaka ka-1888, "Asiyilahli le matshini, siyayamkela. Kodwa singathanda ukuyibona ilawulwa kakuhle." <ref name="pevsner" /> Emva kokungaphumeleli ekuqhathaniseni iGuild yakhe kunye neSchool of Handicraft guild neendlela zanamhlanje zokwenza izinto, wavuma ukuba "Impucuko yanamhlanje ixhomekeke koomatshini", <ref name="pevsner" /> kodwa waqhubeka egxeka iziphumo ezibi zento ayibiza ngokuba "yindlela yokusebenza", esithi "ukuveliswa kwezinto ezithile zoomatshini kubi kwimpilo yesizwe njengoko kunjalo nokuveliswa kwentonga ekhuliswe ngamakhoboka okanye iimpahla ezifuthwe ngabantwana." Kwelinye icala, uWilliam Arthur Smith uBenson wayengenangxaki malunga nokulungelelanisa isitayile soBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yezandla kwimisebenzi yesinyithi eyenziwe phantsi kweemeko zoshishino (jonga isicatshulwa saseCrawford esingentla). Idolophu yaseBedford Park eseLondon, eyakhiwe kakhulu ngeminyaka yoo-1880 ukuya kunyaka ka-1890, inezindlu ezingamakhulu amathathu anamashumi amathandathu zesitayile soBugcisa noBugcisa kwaye yayikade idumile ngabahlali bayo be-Aesthetic . Izindlu ezininzi zokunceda abantu zakhiwe ngendlela yoBugcisa kunye neMisebenzi yoBugcisa, umzekelo, iWhiteley Village, eSurrey, eyakhiwe phakathi konyaka ka-1914 ukuyotsho kunyaka ka-1917, inezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwama-280, kunye neDyers Almshouses, eSussex, eyakhiwe phakathi kowe-1939 nowe-1971. ILetchworth Garden City, isixeko sokuqala segadi, yaphefumlelwa ziingcamango zobuGcisa neMisebenzi yoBugcisa. <ref name="maccarthy2014">Fiona MacCarthy, ''Anarchy and Beauty: William Morris and his Legacy 1860–1960'', London: National Portrait Gallery, 2014 {{ISBN|978 185514 484 2}}</ref> Izindlu zokuqala zayilwa nguBarry Parker noRaymond Unwin ngendlela yolwimi lwesintu eyayithandwa kakhulu yintshukumo kwaye idolophu yaziwa ngendlela yokuxhasa iingcinga eziphakameyo kunye nendlela yokuphila elula. Iworkshop yokwenza iimbadada yasekwa nguEdward Carpenter yasuka eYorkshire yaya eLetchworth Garden City kwaye intetho kaGeorge Orwell malunga "nabani na osela ijusi yeziqhamo, abathanda ukuhamba ze, onxiba iimbadada, abanomdla ogqithisileyo kwezesondo, oQuaker, othanda i-'Nyango lwendalo', abachasene nemfazwe kunye namalungu wentshukumo zamalungelo wabasetyhini base Ngilane" Ababehamba besiya kwindawo yama- Socialist kwisixeko sase Letchworth ayadume kakhulu. <ref>George Orwell, ''The Road to Wigan Pier''</ref> sp1abe6118zg4hln8iw49zqccrgbxda 0 9306 42240 41925 2026-10-02T17:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 93 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42240 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies == Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> # Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki. # Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture == Cultural studies ==  <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>'''Inkcubeko''' / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini [[Intlalo|lwabantu]], amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, [[Umthetho|imithetho]], amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile. Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. <ref>Jackson, Y. ''Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology'', p. 203.</ref> Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo. Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko . [[File:Africa_Speaks!_(1930)_-_Pygmy_Drummers.jpg|thumb| Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.]] Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana [[Ubugcisa|nobugcisa]], [[umculo]], umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye [[ITeknoloji|nobuchwepheshe]] obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, [[ifilosofi]], uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye [[Inzululwazi|nesayensi]] zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. <ref name="Macionis, Gerber and 2010 53">{{Cite book|last=Macionis|first=John J.|title=Sociology|url=https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci|last2=Gerber|first2=Linda Marie|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-700161-3|location=Toronto|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociology0007maci/page/53 53]|oclc=652430995}}</ref> Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, [[imfundo]], okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society|publisher=Fontana|year=1988|page=87}}</ref> Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|title=Man Makes Himself|publisher=Mentor|year=1951|page=150}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bourdieu|first=Pierre|title=Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste|publisher=Routledge|year=1984|page=1}}</ref> Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=Stuart|title=Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices|publisher=Sage|year=1997|page=17}}</ref> Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Storey|first=John|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|page=50}}</ref> Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Eagleton|first=Terry|title=Literary Theory: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5|publisher=Blackwell|year=1983|page=[https://archive.org/details/literarytheoryin0000eagl_l4l5/page/95 95]}}</ref> Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Raymond|title=Culture and Society|url=https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil|publisher=Chatto & Windus|year=1958|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturesociety170000rwil/page/125 125]}}</ref> Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Marvin|title=Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/culturalmaterial00harrrich|publisher=Random House|year=1979|page=2}}</ref> Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Geertz|first=Clifford|title=The Interpretation of Cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer|publisher=Basic Books|year=1973|page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretationof00geer/page/89 89]}}</ref> Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|title=Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1995|page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalcit00kyml_0/page/5 4]}}</ref> Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hebdige|first=Dick|title=Subculture: The Meaning of Style|publisher=Routledge|year=1979|page=5}}</ref> Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Boas|first=Franz|title=Race, Language, and Culture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1940|page=212}}</ref> Igama lanamhlanje ''lenkcubeko'' lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae ''Disputations'' yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye {{Lang|la|cultura animi}}, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tusculanes|date=1812|publisher=J. Gaude|location=Nismes|page=273|language=fr|translator-last=Bouhier|translator-first=Jean|oclc=457735057|access-date=March 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902230800/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA273|archive-date=September 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". <ref name="velkley">{{Cite book|last=Velkley|first=Richard L.|title=Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question|date=2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-85256-0|location=Chicago|pages=11–30|chapter=The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy|oclc=47930775}}</ref> U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi ''inkcubeko'' lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|colere}}, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne {{Lang|la|cultus}}, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo." <blockquote>... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.</blockquote>Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. <ref>{{Cite book|last=James|first=Paul|url=https://www.academia.edu/9294719|title=Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability|last2=Magee|first2=Liam|last3=Scerri|first3=Andy|last4=Steger|first4=Manfred|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-02572-1|location=London|page=53|oclc=942553107|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626015736/http://www.academia.edu/9294719/Urban_Sustainability_in_Theory_and_Practice_Circles_of_Sustainability_2015_|archive-date=June 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa ''yiHomo sapiens'' xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Pyszczynski|first=Tom|title=Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory|last2=Solomon|first2=Sheldon|last3=Greenberg|first3=Jeff|year=2015|isbn=978-0-12-802247-4|series=Advances in Experimental Social Psychology|volume=52|pages=1–70|doi=10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Jeff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|title=Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology|last2=Koole|first2=Sander L.|last3=Pyszczynski|first3=Tom|publisher=Guilford Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4625-1479-3|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231020831/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_9dAgAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Beatles_ad_1965_just_the_beatles_crop.jpg|thumb| I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .]] [[File:Indig2.jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770]] [[File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg|alt=Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry|thumb| Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.]] [[File:Johann_gottfried_herder.jpg|thumb| UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.]] [[File:Adolf_Bastian.jpg|thumb| UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.]] [[File:Matthew_Arnold_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16745.jpg|thumb| Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.]] [[File:Edward_Burnett_Tylor.jpg|thumb| Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.]] [[File:Gobustan_ancient_Azerbaycan_full.jpg|thumb| Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.]] [[File:04162012Bailes032.JPG|thumb| Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli [[IsiColombia|eColombia]]]] [[File:7SEEN_89.jpg|thumb| I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.]] [[File:Metropolitan_Museum_1_(4675714481).jpg|thumb| IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .]] Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, [[Ukuthetha|unxibelelwano]], [[ISosioloji|intlalo]], ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, [[ifilosofi]], izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=Introducing Cultural Studies|url=https://archive.org/details/introducingcultu0000sard|last2=Van Loon|first2=Borin|last3=Appignanesi|first3=Richard|date=1994|publisher=Totem Books|isbn=978-1-84046-587-7|location=New York|oclc=937991291}}</ref> Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo. Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mythsofozreading0000fisk|last2=Turner|first2=Graeme|last3=Hodge|first3=Robert Ian Vere|date=1987|publisher=Allen and Unwin|isbn=978-0-04-330391-7|location=London|oclc=883364628}}</ref> Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakhtin|first=Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich|title=The dialogic imagination four essays|last2=Holquist|first2=Michael|date=1981|publisher=University of Texas Press|location=Austin|page=4|oclc=872436352}}</ref> kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015|title=Comparative Cultural Studies|url=http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623145452/http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/series/comparative-cultural-studies|archive-date=23 Jun 2010|accessdate=October 30, 2016|website=Purdue University Press}}</ref> Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy . E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lindlof|first=Thomas R.|url=https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60|title=Qualitative Communication Research Methods|last2=Taylor|first2=Bryan C.|date=2002|publisher=Sage|isbn=978-0-7619-2493-7|edition=2nd|page=[https://archive.org/details/qualitativecommu00lind/page/60 60]|oclc=780825710}}</ref> Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|title=Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|page=[https://archive.org/details/textualpoacherst0000jenk/page/2 2]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fiske|first=John|title=Understanding Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|page=67}}</ref> Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko. Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso ''Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman'' (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gX-kksNNdFIC|title=Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman|publisher=Sage|year=1997|isbn=978-0-7619-5402-6|editor-last=Du Gay|editor-first=Paul|oclc=949857570|access-date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism. UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petrakis|first=Panagiotis|last2=Kostis|first2=Pantelis|date=December 1, 2013|title=Economic growth and cultural change|journal=The Journal of Socio-Economics|volume=47|pages=147–157|doi=10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011}}</ref> # Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki. # Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu. Ngonyaka ka 2016, uRein Raud,<ref name="meaning-in-action">{{Cite book|title=Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture|date=2016|publisher=[[Polity (publisher)|Polity]]|isbn=978-1-5095-1124-2|location=Cambridge|oclc=944339574}}</ref> waphakamisa indlela entsha yokuqonda inkcubeko, eyichaza njengengqokelela yezixhobo ezikhoyo ukuze abantu baqonde ihlabathi labo, waphakamisa indlela equka amanqanaba amabini, edibanisa uphando lwezicatshulwa (zonke iintsingiselo ezimiselweyo nezisasazekileyo) kunye nezenzo zenkcubeko (zonke izenzo ezinokuphindaphindwa ezibandakanya ukuveliswa, ukusasazwa okanye ukudluliswa kweenjongo), ngaloo ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudibanisa kwakhona uphando lwezenkcubeko olusekelwe kwi-anthropology nakwi-sociology kunye nesithethe sethiyoni yezicatshulwa. [[File:Restauration_cercueil-egyptien_Mbalyon_(12).jpg|thumb| Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.]] [[File:Manifestation_Défense_du_service_public_et_de_la_culture_Nantes_-_5_décembre_2024_(54185059095).jpg|thumb| Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024]] Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. [[Izizwe ezimanyeneyo|IZizwe eziManyeneyo]] kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2019|title=Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon|url=https://www.krone.at/1911689|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526200932/https://www.krone.at/1911689|archive-date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=December 13, 2020|language=de}}</ref> Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shepard|first=Robert|date=August 2002|title=Commodification, culture and tourism|journal=Tourist Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–201|doi=10.1177/146879702761936653}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaafar|first=Mastura|last2=Rasoolimanesh|first2=S. Mostafa|last3=Ismail|first3=Safura|year=2017|title=Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island|journal=Tourism and Hospitality Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=123–134|doi=10.1177/1467358415610373}}</ref> * Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals * Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs * Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation * Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group * Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region * Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action * Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society * Recombinant culture * Semiotics of culture – Field of study * Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture q70cj318hd7pipgvlv2e4l2xhdpoj9h 0 9322 42244 41970 2026-10-02T17:22:57Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42244 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngomhla wokuqala ku-Okthobha ngo-1949, uMao Zedong wabhengeza iRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya yaseTshayina ethathe amashumi eminyaka iphelile. Imikhosi [[Taiwan|yamaNationalist]] eseleyo yabalekela eTaiwan<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-09-17|title=Cultural Revolution|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution&oldid=1375295830|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> yaza yaqhubeka nokuchasa iRiphabliki yabantu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amajoni amaninzi e-Chinese Nationalist ashiywa kwilizwekazi laseTshayina, kwaye uMao Zedong waqalisa iPhulo lokuCima abaPhikisi beNguquko ukuze kutshatyalaliswe la majoni ashiyekileyo, kunye nezinye izinto zoluntu lwaseTshayina ezibonwa njengezinokuba yingozi kurhulumente omtsha kaMao. === Impembelelo yoxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuchasana nohlaziyo. === Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, i-PRC kunye ne- [[Isoviet Union|Soviet Union]] (i-USSR) yayingamazwe amabini amakhulu obuKomanisi emhlabeni. Nangona ekuqaleni babexhasana, kwavela ukungaboni ngaso linye emva kokuba uNikita Khrushchev ethathe ulawulo e-USSR. Ngonyaka ka 1956, uKhrushchev wamgxeka uJosef Stalin owayengumongameli wakhe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe, waza waqalisa ukuphumeza utshintsho kwezoqoqosho . UMao kunye namanye amalungu amaninzi e-CCP bachasene nolu tshintsho, bekholelwa ukuba luya konakalisa intshukumo yobukomanisi yehlabathi. <ref name="Mac">{{Cite book|title=Mao's Last Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-674-02332-1}}</ref> : 4–7  dw6eflyy4lyq8w5sc23u2hz3tqmt417 0 9343 42237 42111 2026-10-02T16:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Impepho''' ligama lesiNtu elisetyenziswa ukubhekisa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo (''genus'')i-Helichrysum, ezisetyenziswa eMzantsi Afrika ngeenjongo zenkcubeko, zonyango lwesintu nezokomoya. <ref name="helichrysum">{{Cite journal|last=Lourens|first=A.C.U.|last2=Viljoen|first2=A.M.|last3=van Heerden|first3=F.R.|year=2008|title=South African ''Helichrysum'' species: A review of the traditional uses, biological activity and phytochemistry|journal=[[Journal of Ethnopharmacology]]|volume=119|issue=3|pages=630–652|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.06.011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manganyi|first=Madira C.|last2=Lebepe|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Buthelezi|first3=Nana Millicent Duduzile|year=2026|title=Bridging ethnobotany and neuro-pharmacology: exploring South Africa's indigenous plants for brain health|journal=[[Frontiers in Natural Products]]|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fntpr.2026.1734095|doi-access=free}}</ref> Idla ngokutshiswa njengesiqhumiso, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Wyk|first=Ben-Erik|title=People's plants: a guide to useful plants of Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesplantsgui0000vanw|last2=Gericke|first2=Nigel|publisher=[[Briza]]|year=2000|isbn=1875093192|location=Pretoria, South Africa|page=[https://archive.org/details/peoplesplantsgui0000vanw/page/166 166]}}</ref> <ref name="opinion">{{Cite journal|last=Belani|first=Aviwe|last2=Oladimeji|first2=Kelechi Elizabeth|last3=Hyera|first3=Francis Leonard|last4=Matubatuba|first4=Chrys|last5=Juzang|first5=Ivan J.|year=2022|title=Can the Use of Impepho Leaves Extend beyond Traditional to Modern Medicine? An Opinion|journal=Africa Journal of Nursing and Midwifery|volume=24|issue=2|pages=1–4|doi=10.25159/2520-5293/11872|doi-access=free}}</ref> kodwa inokusetyenziswa nasekwenzeni isiselo esifakwe emagqabini okanye kwizityalo okanye umxube wezityalo obilisiweyo ngeenjongo zonyango.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Serabele|first1=Khotso|last2=Chen|first2=Weiyang|last3=Tankeu|first3=Sidonie|last4=Combrinck|first4=Sandra|last5=Veale|first5=Clinton G.L.|last6=van Vuuren|first6=Sandy|last7=Chaudhary|first7=Sushil K.|last8=Viljoen|first8=Alvaro|year=2021|title=Comparative chemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of two interchangeably used 'Imphepho' species (''Helichrysum odoratissimum'' and ''Helichrysum petiolare'')|journal=[[South African Journal of Botany]]|volume=137|pages=117–132|doi=10.1016/j.sajb.2020.09.023|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ezinye iintlobo zezityalo ezaziwa ngokuba yimpepho ziquka ''[[Helichrysum cymosum|iHelichrysum cymosum]]'', ''[[Helichrysum epapposum]]'', ''[[Helichrysum gymnocomum]]'', ''[[Helichrysum natalitium]]'', ''[[Helichrysum nudifolium]]'', ''[[Helichrysum odoratissimum]]'' kunye ne ''Helichrysum petiolare'' . <ref name="helichrysum" /> Igama elithi impepho lisetyenziswa [[IsiXhosa|esiXhoseni]], esithethwa kakhulu [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|eMpuma Koloni]], ngelixa abathetha [[isiZulu]] abasuka [[IPhondo yaKwaZulu-Natala|KwaZulu-Natal]] besebenzisa imphepho. <ref name="opinion" /> == Ukusetyenziswa == Impepho inxulunyaniswa kakhulu nomthandazo, ukuhlanjululwa kunye nezinyanya. <ref name="CovaAdvisory-Impepho">{{Cite web|date=5 September 2025|title=Impepho: Meaning and Uses|url=https://cova-advisory.co.za/impepho/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Cova Advisory}}</ref> Ukutshiswa kwempepho kuthathwa njengendlela ephambili yokuseka unxibelelwano phakathi kwemimoya ephilayo kunye nemimoya yezinyanya. <ref name="MysticCrystals-Impepho2">{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Imphepo – The Controversial Smudging Herb|url=https://mysticcrystals.co.za/crystal-blog/imphepo-the-controversial-smudging-herb/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Mystic Crystals}}</ref> Kukholelwa ukuba umsi wempepho uthwala imithandazo nemiyalezo uyise kwizinyanya kwakunye nokudala iimeko ezifanelekileyo ukuze isiko okanye umsitho wesintu wenziwe ngendlela efanelekileyo. <ref name="CovaAdgvisory-Impepho6">{{Cite web|date=5 September 2025|title=Impepho: Meaning and Uses|url=https://cova-advisory.co.za/impepho/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Cova Advisory}}</ref> Ngokutsho kwengcali yezemfundo uMpumelelo Ntshangase weYunivesithi [[I-Yunivesithi yaKwaZulu-Natala|yaKwaZulu-Natal]], "impepho yindlela yokunxibelelana nezinyanya kwaye kufuneka itshiswe phambi kokuba kwenziwe uninzi lwemisitho... ngaphandle kwemphepho, amasiko esintu akanakwenziwa." <ref name="MysticCrystals-Impepho">{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Imphepo – The Controversial Smudging Herb|url=https://mysticcrystals.co.za/crystal-blog/imphepo-the-controversial-smudging-herb/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Mystic Crystals}}</ref> Kwinkqubo yomsebenzi wamagqirha, impepho itshiswa ngexesha lokubonisana, kwimibhiyozo yokuqalisa ubungoma, kwilixa lohlahluba, nakwimisitho yesintu, ngakumbi xa kukholelwa ukuba isinyanya asizolanga okanye sifuna okuthile. <ref name="GoToGuy-Sangoma2025">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-11|title=Sangomas: Traditional Roles, Initiation and Media Portrayals|url=https://www.thegotoguy.co.za/post/sangomas-traditional-roles-initiation-and-media-portrayals|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=The Go To Guy}}</ref> Kukholelwa ukuba impepho inceda igqirha ukuba libone ngeliso lomoya ukuba yintoni ingxaki yomntu ofuna uncedo. Kwezinye izithethe, impepho ikwatyiwa ngamathwasa, ekwangabo abafundi abaqeqeshelwa ukuba ngamagqirha ngexesha lolwaluko lwabo. <ref name="Phytoalchemy-Impepho">{{Cite web|date=30 June 2018|title=Imphepho is not a smudge|url=https://phytoalchemy.co.za/2018/06/30/imphepho-is-not-a-smudge/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Phytoalchemy}}</ref> <ref name="MysticCrystals-Impepho3">{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Imphepo – The Controversial Smudging Herb|url=https://mysticcrystals.co.za/crystal-blog/imphepo-the-controversial-smudging-herb/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Mystic Crystals}}</ref> Amanye amabandla eMzantsi Afrika afana neBandla lamaNazaretha (iCawa yakwaShembe), adibanise ukusetyenziswa kwempepho nonqulo lobuKristu, apho amalungu ekhuthazwa ukuba ayitshise ngexesha lomthandazo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mashabela|first=James K.|date=23 January 2024|title=Revisiting African Spirituality: A reference to Missiological Institute consultations of 1965 and 1967|journal=HTS Teologiese Studies|volume=80|issue=1|doi=10.4102/hts.v80i2.9022|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="IIGSA-Impepho1">{{Cite web|title=Ibutho Ithongo Impepho Manuscript|url=https://iigsa.co.za/ibutho-ithongo-impepho-manuscript/|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=Ibutho Ithongo Group}}</ref> [[ELuSuthu|ELesotho]], impepho iyatshiswa ukuze kutshiselwe amagumbi anabantu abagulayo ngenjongo yokuwacoca ngomsi. <ref name="SANBI-Helichrysum">{{Cite web|title=Helichrysum odoratissimum|url=https://pza.sanbi.org/helichrysum-odoratissimum|accessdate=16 June 2026|website=PlantZAfrica, South African National Biodiversity Institute}}</ref> == Imithombo yolwazi == <references /> ibacw74y31ppzycssijp1kuehzjhmhg 0 9346 42242 42156 2026-10-02T17:21:38Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42242 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> File:South-africa-anc-percent.svg|alt=The ANC's performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Indlela i-ANC esebenza ngayo ngokweengingqi kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika lwango-2024 . File:South-africa-da-percent-2024.svg|alt=The Democratic Alliance (South Africa) performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Ukusebenza kweDemocratic Alliance (eMzantsi Afrika) ngokwemimandla kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka-2024 . File:South-africa-mk-percent.svg|alt=The uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party) performance by region.| Ukusebenza [[Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe|koMkhonto weSizwe (iqela lezopolitiko)]] ngokwemimandla. File:South-africa-eff-percent-2024.svg|alt=The Economic Freedom Fighters performance by region in the 2024 South African general election.| Ukusebenza kweQela leNkululeko yezoQoqosho ngokwemimandla kunyulo jikelele lwaseMzantsi Afrika luka-2024 . File:South-africa-anc-seat-loss-2024.svg|alt=The ANC's seat loss by region and national ballot in the 2024 election.| Ukulahlekelwa sisihlalo yi-ANC ngokwemimandla kunye nevoti yesizwe kunyulo luka-2024 . </gallery><div class="thumb tmulti floatright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Houses_of_Parliament_(Cape_Town).jpg|108x108px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Izindlu zePalamente ezikwidolophu enkulu yaseKapa zilapho iParliament ihlala khona.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Uniegebou.jpg|137x137px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Izakhiwo ze-Union kwikomkhulu lolawulo ePitoli.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Supreme_Court_of_Appeal,_Bloemfontein,_South_Africa.jpg|135x135px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Isiko leNkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno likwidolophu enkulu yezokugweba [[Bloemfontein|I-Bloemfontein]].</div></div></div></div></div><gallery> File:South-africa-anc-percent.svg|The ANC's performance by region in the 2024 South African general election. File:South-africa-da-percent-2024.svg|The Democratic Alliance (South Africa) performance by region in the 2024 South African general election. File:South-africa-mk-percent.svg|The [[Iqela loMkhonto weSizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)]] performance by region. File:South-africa-eff-percent-2024.svg|The Economic Freedom Fighters performance by region in the 2024 South African general election. File:South-africa-anc-seat-loss-2024.svg|The ANC's seat loss by region and national ballot in the 2024 election. </gallery><div class="thumb tmulti floatright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Houses_of_Parliament_(Cape_Town).jpg|108x108px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Izindlu zePalamente ezikwidolophu enkulu yaseKapa zilapho iParliament ihlala khona.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Uniegebou.jpg|137x137px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Izakhiwo ze-Union kwikomkhulu lolawulo ePitoli.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:89px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Supreme_Court_of_Appeal,_Bloemfontein,_South_Africa.jpg|135x135px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">Isiko leNkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno likwidolophu enkulu yezokugweba [[Bloemfontein|I-Bloemfontein]].</div></div></div></div></div>IRiphabhliki yoMzantsi Afrika i-parliamentary democratic republic. UMongameli woMzantsi Afrika ukhonza njengentloko karhulumente kunye intloko karhulumente. Umongameli ukhethwa yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho (indlu esezantsi yePalamente yoMzantsi Afrika) kwaye kufuneka agcine ukuthembela kweNdlu ukuze ahlale esesikhundleni. Abantu baseMzantsi Afrika bakhetha nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamaphonndo ezilawula iphondo ngalinye kumaphondo alithoba elizweni. Ukususela ekuphelisweni ucalulo ngowe-1994, IAfrican National Congress (ANC) iye yalawula kwezopolitiko eMzantsi Afrika. I-ANC liqela elilawulayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe, kunye namaphondo amaninzi, kwaye ikhokelwa ngu Cyril Ramaphosa, okhonza njengoMongameli woMzantsi Afrika. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isabelo sevoti ye-ANC siye sehla kakhulu. Eli qela lafumana i-40.18% yevoti ngexesha lonyulo jikelele luka-2024 - ixesha lokuqala iANC ingaphumelelanga ininzi yepalamente kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika wentando yesininzi. Iqela lesibini elikhulu kwaye ngokwesiko eliphambili elichasene ne-ANC yi-Democratic Alliance (DA), ekhokelwa ngUGeordin Hill-Lewis, okhonza njengosodolophu waseKapa. I-DA ibone isabelo sayo kwivoti inyuka kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye iqela lifumene i-21.81% yevoti kunyulo luka-2024. Okwangoku lilungu leqela elidibeneyo elibizwa ngokuba yiRhulumente woManyano lweSizwe, kwaye linobunini obuhlukeneyo. Amanye amaqela aphambili ezopolitiko amelwe kwiPalamente aquka Umkhponto weSizwe(MKP), osebenza njengeMchasi esemthethweni, amaLwebe oNkululeko yoqoqosho (EFF), kunye neQela leNkululeko ye-Inkatha (IFP). Iqela eliphambili eliyiNew National Party (NNP), elaphumeza kwaye laphelisa ucalulo ngeqela elaliphambi kwalo, iNational Party (NP), lahlukana ngo-2005 ukuze lihlanganiswe ne-ANC. UNelson Mandela wayengumongameli ukususela ngo-1994 ukuya ku-1999, kwaye abalandela emva kwakhe yayinguThabo Mbeki (1999−2008), uKgalema Motlanthe (2008−2009) kunye noJacob Zuma (2009−2018). UZuma wathatyathelwa indawo nguCyril Ramaphosa emva kokuba lowo wayesakuba ngumongameli erhoxile kweyoMdumba 2018. Olona nyulo lukhulu lwakutshanje lwenziwa ngomhla wama-29 kuCanzibe 2024, kwaye lwaphumela kurhulumente we-coalition - owokuqala kolu hlobo ukusukela ngo-1994. Nangona ilahlekelwe yinani elikhulu ngo-2024, iANC yakwazi ukugcina amandla kunye norhulumente wokwabelana. Unyulo olulandelayo eMzantsi Afrika lukhetho lwasedolophini ngo-2026, apho abavoti baya kukhetha amagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Unyulo luza kuba ngomhla we-4 kweyeNkanga. UMzantsi Afrika yidemokhrasi. Isigqibo sokhetho sabantu bonke sanikwa ngowe-1994 xa kwaphela ucalulo. Ukususela ngoko, ukhetho luvulekile kwaye lukhuphisana, kwaye ubomi babantu baseMzantsi Afrika buye baphucuka kwiimethrikhi ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ibhekene nemingeni njengoluntu olunobuhlanga obuninzi, olutsha lwentando yesininzi. yachaza uMzantsi Afrika "njengedemokhrasi enesiphene [kufuneka uhlaziye] Lilizwe elidibeneyo elinesibini elona lizwe likhulu elinomdla wolwakhiwo (kunye neMauritius neCabo Verde) kunye nelizwe elinesithathu elinomdla woluvo wolwakhiwo lwaseAfrika (kunye naseCabo Verde), kunye nelizwe eliphambili elinomdla wokhetho nolwakhiwo lolwakhiwo lolwazi lolwakhiwo lweAfrika, ngokutsho kwe-V-I-V-Dem Institute. == Umongo == Ngomhla wama 31 kuCanzibe 1910 iCape Colony, I-Natal Colony, I-Transvaal kunye I-Orange River Colony zadityaniswa kwimo enye ebizwa ngokuba yi Union of South Africa. Umanyano loMzantsi Afrika lwamkele inkqubo yolawulo esekwe kwinkqubo yezopolitiko yaseUnited Kingdom. Umlawuli waseBritani wayengumongameli welizwe loMzantsi Afrika yaye wayemelwe nguRhuluneli-Jikelele. Amandla okwenene ezopolitiko ayephantsi kweNdlu yoMphathiswa noKhabhinethi. Iingcamango ezisisiseko zale nkqubo ezifana norhulumente wamasebe amathathu nePalamente enamandla zisaqhubeka zisebenza namhlanje. Ngomhla we-15 kweyeNkanga 1926, iBalfour Declaration yamkelwa kwiNgqungquthela yoBukhosi ka 1926. Olu xwebhu lwenza ukuba ubukhosi boBukhosi baseBritane kuquka uMzantsi Afrika bufane omnye nomnye kunye neUnited Kingdom. Ngokwenyani, oku kwenza i-Union of South Africa yaba ligunya elizilawulayo loBukhosi baseBritani. Umanyano loMzantsi Afrika lwaba ngowomntu ngamnye ngo-1931 xa kwavunywa Umgaqo-siseko waseWestminster. Inika iParliament yaseMzantsi Afrika igunya lokwenza imithetho yoMzantsi Afrika ngaphandle kokuvunywa yiParliament yaseUnited Kingdom. Ngowe-1948, Iqela lesizwe laseMzantsi Afrika lamkela umgaqo-nkqubo wokwahlulahlula ngokobuhlanga obizwa ngokuba yi-apartheid. Abantu abanebala, ingakumbi abantu abamnyama abaninzi, baphulukana namalungelo ambalwa ababenayo. Ukwahlulahlula ngokobuhlanga nokwahlulahlulwa kwakusetyenziselwa ukwahlula izixhobo zoqoqosho nokulawula amandla ezopolitiko. Abamhlophe, ngokukodwa Abantu baseAfrika, babelawula inkqubo yezopolitiko. Abantu abamnyama abazange babe namalungelo okuhlala kuwo onke amaphondo eMzantsi Afrika. Ngowe-1961, uMzantsi Afrika waba yiRiphablikhi. UKumkani waseBritani wathatyathelw' indawo njengentloko karhulumente ngumphathi okhethwe yinani elincinane labantu ngeembongi ezikhethiweyo. Ngowe-1970, kwaphunyezwa uMthetho Wokuhlaliswa Kwabahlali BaseKhaya. Yakha kwinkqubo yokugcina abantu abamnyama baseAfrika ukuze yenze inkqubo yamazwe abamnyama azimeleyo. Abantu abaninzi abamnyama baphulukana nobumi babo baseMzantsi Afrika baza baba ngabemi I-Bantustan yesizwe sabo. Zange zaziwe ngamazwe amaninzi ehlabathini yaye umlinganiselo wolawulo lwazo oluzimeleyo kwimicimbi yangaphakathi wawulinganiselwe kakhulu. IAfrican National Congress (ANC) yayikhokela ukulwa nale nkqubo yocalucalulo. Emva koxinzelelo olunzulu lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nemfazwe yasekhaya, urhulumente uDe Klerk wacima okanye wanciphisa imithetho emininzi yocalucalulo. Emva kweengxoxo phakathi kwe-ANC, Inkatha Freedom Party, NP kunye neminye imibutho, ucalulo lwapheliswa ngokusesikweni kwaye uMgaqo-siseko weNqanaba wawamkelwa. AmaBantustans aqedwa aza abuyela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye abemi bawo bafumana ubuzwe baseMzantsi Afrika. Urhulumente woManyano lweSizwe (i-GNU) owasekwa phantsi komgaqo-siseko ongeyomfuneko wahlala esebenzayo de kwaba kunyulo luka-1999. Amaqela aqala aquka i-GNU - African Natinal Congress (ANC), i-National Party (NP), kunye ne-Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) - babelana ngamandla aphantsi. Ngomhla wama-30 kuJuni 1996, i-NP yazihoxisa kwi-GNU ukuze ibe yinxalenye yeqela elichasayo. Uninzi lwemigaqo yokulingana ngokobuhlanga, idemokhrasi yabaninzi kunye namalungelo abantu abambalwa eyawasekayo yaguqulelwa kuMgaqo -siseko wokugqibela waseMzantsi Afrika owamkelwa ngo-1996 kwaye usasebenza. Ichaza ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente, ikhusela amalungelo oluntu asisiseko, idala iindlela zokuphendula kwaye yahlulahlula amandla omthetho nawolawulo phakathi kwamacandelo karhulumente kazwelonke, amaphondo kunye nawasekuhlaleni. Kwivoti ka-2024, i-ANC yalahlekelwa yinani layo kwiPalamente okokuqala kwimbali yentando yesininzi ye-SA. Ngenxa yeengxoxo ezalandelayo, kwaqaliswa umanyano lwamaqela amaninzi. Eli yayiyiRhulumente wokuqala woManyano lweSizwe (i-GNU) kweli lizwe ukususela ngo-1994. I-GNU yayinabantu abane ababumba, kwaye abanye abathathu bajoyina kamva. Bonke abasixhenxe babemelwe kwiKhabhinethi yesithathu kaCyril Ramaphosa, benqunywe kwizikhundla ezahlukeneyo zoMphathiswa. Amaqela amabini ongezelelweyo amelwe ngabaSekela boMphathiswa, kwaye elinye iqela elinye lithathe inxaxheba kwi-coalition kodwa alimele kwiKhabhinethi. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho amalungu ali-10 ukususela ngo-2026. Iipolisi ze-I-Afrobarometer zibonise ukuba imiba ephambili ukususela ngo-2026 yayikungasebenzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, iziseko zophuhliso, kunye norhwaphilizo, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kokungonelisekanga kwentando yesininzi. == Urhulumente == UMzantsi Afrika i-parliamentary representative democratic republic, apho UMongameli woMzantsi Afrika, okhethwe yiparliament, iyintloko karhulumente, kwaye kwinkqubo yamaqela amaninzi. Iquka amasebe amathathu. Igosa elilawulayo libunjwa ngumongameli woMzantsi Afrika kunye IKhabhinethi yoMzantsi Afrika. UMongameli ukhethwa yiPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika ixesha leminyaka emihlanu. UMongameli unokukhonza nje izihlandlo ezibini. Ngokwenkomfa eli sikhundla sihlala yinkokeli yeqela elikhulu kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho. UMongameli umisela amanye amalungu eKhabhinethi abizwa ngokuba ngabalungiseleli. Oonongameli balawula amasebe karhulumente. IKhabhinethi yenza kwaye iphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye uninzi lweziphakamiso zomthetho zivela kwiKhabhinethi. Umongameli kunye namalungu eKhabhinethi banoxanduva kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe. Inegunya lokubasusa esikhundleni ngokudlulisa isicelo sokungathembi nokubabamba ukuba baphendule imibuzo ebuzwa ngamalungu ePalamente ngomlomo nangokubhaliweyo. Igumbi elishukumayo libunjwa yiPalamente yoMzantsi Afrika, apho Amalungu ePhalamende akhethwe ngokwentando yesininzi (iMPs) emele abo bakhetha wona. IParliament ineendawo ezimbini ezinemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ezihlala abantu abangama-490. Indlu enkulu, ephantsi yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho, enamalungu angama-400 ePalamente, kwaye isebenza kakhulu kwizindlu ezimbini. Ilawula ubume karhulumente yaye imvume yayo iyafuneka ukuze uninzi lweziphakamiso zomthetho zibe ngumthetho. I-National Assembly ikhethwa ngokumelwa ngamaqela. Indlu ephezulu yiBhunga leSizwe laMaphondo (i-NCOP), elinama-MP angama-90. Inika ummeli olinganayo kumaphondo asithoba oMzantsi Afrika, kwaye imvume yayo iyafuneka kwimithetho echaphazela amaphondo kunye noluntu lwenkcubeko yoMzantsi Afrika. I-NCOP ikhethwa ziinkundla ezisemthethweni zephondo ngalinye. Isebe lezomthetho libunjwa ziinkundla. Lithetha yaye liphumeza imithetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo yemibandela yomgaqo-siseko yiNkundla yoMgaqo-sisiseko yoMzantsi Afrika. Inamandla okuphelisa imithetho engqubanayo noMgaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo yeziBheno yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwimicimbi engekho kumgaqo-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika yinkundla enegunya eliqhelekileyo lokubhena. Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo anegunya kummandla welizwe. Iinkundla zoMantyi zisebenza njengeenkundla zesigxina sokuqala. Kukho iinkundla ezikhethekileyo neenkundla ezinegunya elinganiselwa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo Yokufaka Izibheno. == Umgaqo-siseko == [[File:ConstitutionalCourtofSouthAfrica-20070622.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ihlala iJohannersburg kwi Constitution Hill. Nguwo umgwebi wokugqibela womgaqo-siseko kwaye izigqibo zawo zibopha zonke iinkundla kwiRiphablikhi]] Emva konyulo lwango-1994, uMzantsi Afrika wawulawulwa ngumgaqo-siseko wesithuba. Lo mgaqo-siseko wawufuna ukuba iNdibano yoMgaqo-sisiseko (CA) ibhale kwaye ivume umgaqo-sisekelo osisigxina ngoMeyi 9, 1996. Umgaqo-siseko wangoku wamkelwa ngo-1996 waza wamkelwa nguMongameli Nelson Mandela ngo-1997. Ngumthetho ophakamileyo kweli lizwe; yonke eminye imithetho kulindeleke ukuba ilandele kwaye ihambelane nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko awubeki nje kuphela ulwakhiwo lwamasebe amathathu karhulumente kunye namalungelo oluntu asisiseko abo bonke abantu baseMzantsi Afrika, kodwa ukwakha nokulawulwa kwezimali zikarhulumente, umda nemida yoMbutho wePhondo kunye nokwakhiwa kweZiko kwiSahluko 9 ukuze urhulumente abe noxanduva. == Amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nesabelo sawo sevoti ngoku == Unyulo jikelele lwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Unyulo lokuqala lwentando yesininzi olungenacalucalulo ngokobuhlanga lwabanjwa ngo- 1994 . Unyulo olulandelayo lwabanjwa ngo- 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2019, nango -2024 . Kude kube ngu-2008, amagosa anyuliweyo ayevunyelwe ukutshintsha amaqela ezopolitiko, ngelixa egcina izihlalo zawo, ngexesha leefestile ezibekiweyo ezenzeka kabini kwixesha ngalinye lonyulo, ngenxa yezilungiso eziphikisanayo zomthetho ezenziwa ngo-2002. Iifestile ezimbini zokugqibela zokuwela umgangatho zenzeka ngo-2005 nango-2007. Emva konyulo luka-2009, iANC yalahlekelwa lnani le-2/3 kwisigqeba sesizwe esisemthethweni, nto leyo eyayivumela ukuba itshintshe umgaqo-siseko ngokwahlukileyo. ICongress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) kunye ne-South African Communist Party (SACP) zikwisivumelwano esisemthethweni ne-ANC (i-Tripartite Alliance) ekhoyo, kwaye ke azizimele ngokwahlukeneyo kunyulo. Ngexesha lonyulo jikelele luka 2024, i-ANC yalahlekelwa linani layo kwiparlamende yesizwe okokuqala kwimbali yentando yesininzi yoMzantsi Afrika, nangona yayisaqhubeka njengeqela elikhulu lezopolitiko. Ngenxa yoko, kwabakho urhulumente wobunye besizwe (GNU) weqela lamaqela amaninzi. Yayineengxenye ezine zokuqalisa, kwaye ine-10 iyonke, ukususela ngo-2026. == Amalungelo oluntu == Umgaqo-siseko unikeza iziqinisekiso ezininzi, kuquka ukulingana phambi komthetho kunye nokuvalwa kokwahlulahlula; ilungelo lobomi, ubumfihlo, impahla, nenkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu; ukunqandwa kobukhoboka kunye nokusebenza ngokunyanzelwa; inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, yokuhlanganisana, nentlangano. Amalungelo asemthethweni abasolwayo ngokolwaphulo-mthetho nawo abhalwe phantsi. Kwakhona iquka iziqinisekiso ezibanzi ukufikelela ekutyeni, emanzini, kwimfundo, kwizonyango nakwimibutho yoluntu. Umgaqo-siseko ubeka iinkqubo zenkundla ezimeleyo nezingakhethi buso, yaye, enyanisweni, ezi nkalo ziyahlonitshwa. Amalungelo abemi okufumana indawo ekhuselekileyo, izindlu, imfundo kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo aqukwe kuMthetho wamaLungelo, kwaye aziwa njengamalungelo omgaqo-siseko wesibini. Ngowama-2003 amalungelo esibini ngokomgaqo-siseko asetyenziswa yi- Treatment Action Campaign, iqela elilwela amalungelo e-HIV/AIDS njengendlela yokunyanzela urhulumente ukuba atshintshe umgaqo-nkqubo wakhe wezempilo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo, kuquka ugonyamelo olubhekiswe kumabhinqa nabantwana, nolwaphulo mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo zikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye ziyinto enzulu. Ngenxa yoko, maxa wambi kubakho isenzo sokuphepha isigwebo nesigwebo esivela kwiqela labantu. Abanye abezopolitiko baseMzantsi Afrika babekhuthaza ugonyamelo olusekwe kuhlanga okanye ubulungu bezopolitiko ngokutsho kweNkundla yoLingano yaseMzantsi Afrika. Amanye amapolisa atyholwa ngokusebenzisa amandla ngokugqithiseleyo nangokuxhaphaza abantu abasemagunyeni; ngenxa yoko, inani labantu abafa besemagunyweni lisengumcimbi. kweyeDwarha 1997, urhulumente waseka iSebe lezikhalazo elizimeleyo ukuze liphonononge ukufa kwabantu abasemagunyeni nakubantu abafa ngenxa yokungenelela kwamapolisa. Olunye ucalulo olwenziwe kumabhinqa luyaqhubeka, nangona luye lwaphucuka ngokubanzi, yaye ucalulo olunikwe abo baphila neHIV/AIDS luye lwaba ngumcimbi onzulu. Kukho ukunyamezela okungaphezulu kwezopolitiko kunye noxinzelelo, ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwiinkqubo zasekuhlaleni. == Oopolitiko ababalaseleyo == UBantubonke Holomisa, owayengumkhosi omkhulu kwilizwe laseTranskei ukususela ngo-1987, uye wakhonza njengomongameli weUnited Democratic Movement ukususela ngo-1997. Namhlanje ulilungu lePalamente. UGeneral UConstand Viljoen wayengumlawuli wangaphambili weMikhosi yoKhuselo yaseMzantsi Afrika, owathi, njengenkokeli ye-I-Afrikaner Volksfront, wathumela ama-1500 amajoni akhe ukuba axhase urhulumente ULucas Mangope kwaye aphikisane nokupheliswa kweBophuthatswana njengekhaya ngo-1994. Wayesebenzisana nokuseka iFront Freedom ngo-1994. Uthathe umhlalaphantsi ekubeni lilungu lePalamente ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngo-2020. ULucas Mangope, owayesakuba yinkokeli yeqela lama Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane, owayesengumongameli weBantustan yaseBophuthatswana, wayengumongameli weqela leUnited Christian Democratic Party. == Bona kwakho == * Uhlolisiso lweInternet eMzantsi Afrika * Imithetho yokuthetha inzondo eMzantsi Afrika == Imithombo == == Iincwadi == * UMzantsi Afrika. Umgaqo-siseko weRiphablikhi yoMzantsi Afrika, 1996. Iyafumaneka kwi-[https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-south-africa-1996 https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution-republic-South-Africa-1996]. * I-United Kingdom. Umthetho woMzantsi Afrika, ka-1909. Ifumaneka kw[https://web.archive.org/web/20230322104730/https://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/jzhy2/cbsa1.pdf I-http://media.law.wisc.edu/s/c_8/jzhy2/cbsa1.pdf] * I-United Kingdom. Umgaqo-siseko waseWestminster, ngowe-1931. Iyafumaneka kwi-<nowiki>http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpGA_19310004_en.pdf</nowiki>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpga_19310004_en.pdf https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1931/4/pdfs/ukpGA_19310004_en.pdf] * I-United Kingdom. Isibhengezo sikaBalfour, ngowe-1926. * UMzantsi Afrika. Umthetho woBumi bamaBantu, 1970. Iyafumaneka kwi-http://disa.ukzn.ac.za/leg19700309028020026 * UMzantsi Afrika. Umgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika, uMthetho 200 ka-1993. Iyafumaneka kwi-[https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constitution-republic-south-africa-act-200-1993 https://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/constituction-republic-south-Africa-act-200-1993] * UMzantsi Afrika. Imeko yeManyano, Umthetho 69 ka 1934. == Funda ngokugqithisileyo == * {{Cite book|last=Habib|first=Adam|title=South Africa's suspended revolution - Hopes and prospects|publisher=Wits University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-86814-608-6|author-link=Adam Habib}} * {{Cite book|last=Plaut|first=Martin|title=Who Rules South Africa?|url=https://archive.org/details/whorulessouthafr0000plau|last2=Holden|first2=Paul|publisher=Biteback Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-1849544085}} * {{Cite book|title=Political Parties in South Africa - Do They Undermine or Underpin Democracy?|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|year=2017|isbn=978-0-7983-0514-3|editor-last=Thuynsma|editor-first=Heather}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9ui0a1ncft3xo33dajh5kxez21pi09e 0 9380 42236 42183 2026-10-02T16:43:43Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42236 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukungabikho bukatata kwenzeka xa abazali behlukana yaye utata engasahlali nabantwana bakhe kwaye engababoneleli ngenkxaso yobuzali. Ukwahlukana kwabazali kuye kwabonakala ukuba kuyayichaphazela indlela umntwana akhula ngayo nendlela aziphethe ngayo. Uqhawulo-mtshato lwabazali abselula (ngexesha lesikolo samabanga aphantsi) luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okunzulu komntwana okumenza azive esekhaya aze azive engaphandle,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Flouri|first=Eirini|last2=Narayanan|first2=Martina K.|last3=Midouhas|first3=Emily|date=2015-11-01|title=The cross-lagged relationship between father absence and child problem behavior in the early years|journal=[[Child: Care, Health and Development]]|language=en|volume=41|issue=6|pages=1090–1097|doi=10.1111/cch.12236|issn=1365-2214|oclc=5995052590|pmc=5098165|pmid=25708874}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Comings|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Comings|last2=Muhleman|first2=Donn|last3=Johnson|first3=James P.|last4=MacMurray|first4=James P.|date=2002-01-01|title=Parent-Daughter Transmission of the Androgen Receptor Gene as an Explanation of the Effect of Father Absence on Age of Menarche|journal=[[Child Development (journal)|Child Development]]|volume=73|issue=4|pages=1046–1051|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00456|jstor=3696269|pmid=12146732}}</ref> ngelixa uqhawulo-mitshato kamva ebuntwaneni okanye ekufikiseni lunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezemfundo. Nangona ukungabikho kukatata ikakhulu kubangelwa kukuqhawula umtshato nokwahlukana kwabazali, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Amato|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Amato|date=2010-06-01|title=Research on Divorce: Continuing Trends and New Developments|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|journal=[[Journal of Marriage and Family]]|language=en|volume=72|issue=3|pages=650–666|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|issn=1741-3737|jstor=40732501|oclc=6894960542|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLanahan|first=Sara|author-link=Sara McLanahan|last2=Tach|first2=Laura|author-link2=Laura Tach|last3=Schneider|first3=Daniel|date=2013-01-01|title=The Causal Effects of Father Absence|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages=399–427|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145704|issn=0360-0572|oclc=7973262495|pmc=3904543|pmid=24489431}}</ref> kuquka ukuhlukaniswa ngabazali, ezinye izinto ezifana nobuhlwempu bentsapho kunye nobunzima bokukhula ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokungabikho kukatata, <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Sear|first=Rebecca|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2008|title=Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/7614/1/7614.pdf|journal=[[Evolution and Human Behavior]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–18|bibcode=2008EHumB..29....1S|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001|issn=1090-5138|oclc=5902459343}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Panico|first=Lidia|last2=Bartley|first2=Mel|last3=Kelly|first3=Yvonne|last4=McMunn|first4=Anne|last5=Sacker|first5=Amanda|date=2010-01-01|title=Changes in family structure in early childhood in the Millennium Cohort Study|journal=Population Trends|volume=142|issue=1|pages=75–89|doi=10.1057/pt.2010.32|issn=0307-4463|oclc=704742284|pmid=21187854|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Anna|last2=Lewis|first2=Hannah|last3=Law|first3=Catherine|date=2012-08-09|title=The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study|url=http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2012/08/08/jech-2012-200970|journal=[[Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health]]|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=jech–2012–200970|doi=10.1136/jech-2012-200970|issn=1470-2738|oclc=5856044497|pmid=22879638|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkadi|first=Anna|last2=Kristiansson|first2=Robert|last3=Oberklaid|first3=Frank|last4=Bremberg|first4=Sven|date=2008-02-01|title=Fathers' involvement and children's developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies|journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]]|volume=97|issue=2|pages=153–158|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x|issn=0803-5253|oclc=263991910|pmid=18052995}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=East|first=Leah|last2=Jackson|first2=Debra|last3=O'Brien|first3=Louise|date=2006-12-01|title=Father absence and adolescent development: a review of the literature|journal=[[Journal of Child Health Care]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=283–295|doi=10.1177/1367493506067869|issn=1367-4935|oclc=110080119|pmid=17101621|doi-access=free}}</ref> iziphumo zazo ziye zachazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zethiyori. == Ubunzima obunxulumene nokungabikho kukatata == === Iingxaki ngokubanzi === Nangona kukho ukuvumelana okuncinci phakathi kwabaphandi malunga nokubaluleka okuchanekileyo kobawo,<ref name=":6" /> ootata ngokwesiko bathathwa njengabanikezeli bokukhusela kunye nenkxaso kuphuhliso lomntwana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Patricia|last2=Harpending|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Harpending|date=1982-01-01|title=Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=anthropologyfacpub|journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Research]]|volume=38|issue=3|pages=255–273|doi=10.1086/jar.38.3.3629848|issn=0091-7710|jstor=3629848|oclc=5546692515|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ukuziphatha komntwana, ngakumbi ebuntwaneni obuqalayo naphakathi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ukungabikho kootata kudla ngokubangela ukuba imali yentsapho inciphe, yaye abazali abangenamandla bakhulise abantwana ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabazali neengxaki zengqondo emva kokuhlukana. === Indlela yebhayoloji === Iijini kunye neehomoni zinokubangela ukuba ootata bangabikho. Iipateni ezithile ze-DNA zibonakalisiwe ukuba zichaphazela izinga lokuthembeka komntu kunye notyalo-mali lwakhe kwinzala yakhe. Ngokukodwa, uphando lwee -prairie voles lufumanise ukuba i-gene AVPR1A ichaphazela umsebenzi wee -vasopressin receptors engqondweni kwaye ngaloo ndlela iqikelela ukuba akukho ukukhohlisa okuncinci kumaqabane abo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Okhovat|first=Mariam|last2=Berrio|first2=Alejandro|last3=Wallace|first3=Gerard|last4=Ophir|first4=Alexander G.|last5=Phelps|first5=Steven M.|date=2015-12-11|title=Sexual fidelity trade-offs promote regulatory variation in the prairie vole brain|journal=Science|language=en|volume=350|issue=6266|pages=1371–1374|bibcode=2015Sci...350.1371O|doi=10.1126/science.aac5791|issn=0036-8075|oclc=5982016598|pmid=26659055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Njenge -oxytocin, i-vasopressin inokunceda ekuthembekeni, ekuvelwaneni nasekudibaneni nabantu. Ukufakwa kwe-vasopressin kwii -polygamous montane voles kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ne-monogamy enye. <ref name=":2" /> Oku, kunokunciphisa amathuba abo okuba babe ngutata ongekhoyo. Uhlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando oluninzi <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klahr|first=Ashlea M.|last2=Burt|first2=Sybil Alexandra|author-link2=S. Alexandra Burt|year=2014|title=Elucidating the etiology of individual differences in parenting: A meta-analysis of behavioral genetic research.|journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]]|volume=140|issue=2|pages=544–586|doi=10.1037/a0034205|issn=0033-2909|oclc=5538168735|pmid=24016230}}</ref> olusekelwe kwizifundo ezingama shumi amahlanu anesithandathu olwalujolise kumawele nankwiintsapho ezamkele abantwana luquka iintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-200,000 lwafumanisa ukuba imfuza inempembelelo enkulu kwindlela utata aziphatha ngayo ebantwaneni bakhe. Imfuza katata inokuchaza ukuya kutsho ku-40% weemvakalelo anazo ngabantwana bakhe. Ukungathandi abantwana bakhe okubangelwa zizinto ezibangelwa zizinto zobomi kunokubangela ukuba uyise angekho. Nangona kunjalo, imfuza ayiyiyo yodwa into emiselayo ukuba utata uyakubathanda na abantwana bakhe. == Umahluko ngokwesondo == Kukho ubungqina obuxubeneyo malunga nempembelelo yokungabikho kuka tata ekuphuhlisweni komntwana wakhe. Uphando olwenziwe ngowama-2008 olwaqhutyelwa emaphandleni e-[[ITopiya|I-Ethiopia]], apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuthetha ukwehla okukhulu kwengeniso yekhaya, luthyile umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwentlalo-ntle yabantwana abangamadoda nabasetyhini. <ref name=":1" /> Ngokukodwa, lwafumanisa ukuba umngcipheko wokusweleka kosana oluyinkwenkwe ngenyanga uphindaphindeka kabini ukuba uyise wokwenene ebengekho, umngcipheko omkhulu ngama-30% kunalowo wamantombazana. Kwiintsana ezingoomama, ukungabikho kukatata (kunokuchaseneyo nokuba khona) kwakunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophantsi wokufa kunye nokutya okunempilo. Ukungabikho kootata kwakuyinto ebonisa ukuba ukusweleka kwabantwana kuphela kwiintsana ezingamadoda. Lo mahluko wabonwa nangona kwakukho ukhetho olukhulu lwenkcubeko koonyana kuloo ndawo. Kwelinye icala, kumazwe aphuhlileyo afana ne-United Kingdom, apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ingeniso yosapho, iziphumo zokungabikho kotate azifani ngokuphawulekayo koonyana xa kuthelekiswa neentombi. <ref name=":3" /> Oku kubonisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezifa nengengeniso yekhaya kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko zibalulekile kwimpilo-ntle nakuphuhliso lwabantwana. === Impembelelo yengqondo kumadoda === Xa umfana ekhula engenaye umntu oyindoda ongumzekelo omhle ebomini bakhe, oku kunokukhokela ekuphenduleni ngobundlobongela xa ejongene noxinzelelo kunye neemvakalelo, ukuchasa nokuthiya abasemagunyeni, ukubonisa ubundlobongela, ukuqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukwenza izinto ezinxulumene nesondo, ukuthatha amazwi amabi kamama ngotata njengawabo, kunye noxinzelelo lokuba ngumntu oxhasa ikhaya ngemali. <ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Cornelius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mjTy92cxSoC&pg=PA17|title=Anger in the Bosom of Our Children: The Effects of Fatherlessness on Anger in Middle School Children|date=December 2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-30328-1|language=en|oclc=55619484}}</ref> === Impembelelo yengqondo kumabhinqa === Ngokuqhelekileyo kuvunyelwene phakathi kwababhali ngaphakathi kweencwadi malunga nobawo ngombono wokuba "ubudlelwane bentombazana noyise buyisebenza njengomzekelo wabo bonke ubudlelwane bayo namadoda ebomini bayo, oburhandayo nangenye indlela".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlbVUF_hPSsC&pg=PR9|title=Fatherless Daughters: Turning the Pain of Loss Into the Power of Forgiveness|date=2009-08-18|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-0557-3|edition=1st Simon & Schuster hardcover|language=en|oclc=1149057066}}</ref> Izifundo ezininzi eziye zaqhutywa zenza oku: ukungabikho kotata ebomini bentombi kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukulala nomntu ongathandekiyo nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini. UEllis et al. benza olunye uphando olunomxholo othi, "Ngaba Ukungabikho Kobawo Kubeka Iintombi Kwingozi Ekhethekileyo Yokuziphatha Ngokwesini Kwangaphambili Nokukhulelwa Kwabaselula?"U-Ellis ugxininisa ngakumbi kwixesha lokungabikho kukayise ebomini bentombi yakhe, kodwa ukungabikho komtshato kusaphinda kubonakalise ukuba kuxhomekeke ekungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Bruce John|author-link=Bruce J. Ellis|last2=Bates|first2=John E.|last3=Dodge|first3=Kenneth A.|author-link3=Kenneth A. Dodge|last4=Fergusson|first4=David Murray|author-link4=David Fergusson (psychologist)|last5=Horwood|first5=L. John|last6=Pettit|first6=Gregory S.|last7=Woodward|first7=Lianne|date=2003|title=Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?|journal=Child Development|volume=74|issue=3|pages=801–821|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00569|issn=0009-3920|oclc=111123415|pmc=2764264|pmid=12795391}}</ref> Abaphandi baye bachaza izinto ezintlanu ezichaza indlela ukungabi nabantwana abachaphazela ngayo ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yabafazi. == Izibalo == === United States === Ngokwe-I-U.S. Census Bureau,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2018|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/families/cps-2018.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ngo-2018, kwiintsapho ezili-11 zezigidi ezihlala nomzali omnye, i-80% yayingabawo, kwaye kunjalo ne-81.5% yabantwana. Kuma-81.5% akhuliswe ngoomama abangatshatanga, ama-34% ayempofu, <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Household Income: HINC-04|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-hinc/hinc-04.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ama-26.8% ayengasebenzi unyaka wonke, <ref name=":13" /> kwaye ama-30.3% ayenokungabikho kokutya; <ref name=":13" /> yezi ntsapho yayimhlophe, <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Children in single-parent families by race {{!}} KIDS COUNT Data Center|url=https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/107-children-in-single-parent-families-by|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=datacenter.kidscount.org|language=en}}</ref> yayimnyama, kwaye yayichazwa ngabantu baseSpain. <ref name=":14" />    Akazange athathe ingqalelo ama-53% amaNdiya aseMelika kunye namaNdiya aseAlaska kunye ne-17% yabantwana baseAsia-America kunye nePacific-Islander ababhaliswe kula makhaya anomzali omnye. <ref name=":14" /> Ngowama-2005, iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu lase-United States labika ukuba amava aqhelekileyo olutsha lwaseMelika aquka ukuhlala ngaphandle kooyise. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=In Brief|doi=10.1037/e477152006-013}}</ref> Oku kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbi ezininzi kulutsha: Ama-85% axelwe ukuba aneengxaki zokuziphatha; <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Go here to find statistics about children at risk without a father|url=http://www.operation-redemption.org/statistics/|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=www.operation-redemption.org|language=en}}</ref> Ama-71% okuyeka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kunye noomama abakwishumi elivisayo bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kasithoba kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% abo bonke abantwana abaneengxaki zokuziphatha bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% olutsha olusentolongweni luvela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe <ref name=":15" /> kwaye ama-63% olutsha oluzibulalayo ngabantwana abavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kahlanu kunomyinge wesizwe. <ref name=":15" /> == Iimpembelelo ezimbi ezithile == Ixesha lokufikisa kwasekuqaleni okanye ixesha lokufikisa kwangaphambi kwexesha, linxulunyaniswa nemiphumo emibi kuzo zombini izini. Amantombazana afikisa kwasekuqaleni afunyaniswe esengozini yokukhulelwa kwabantwana abaselula, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Udry|first=J. Richard|author-link=J. Richard Udry|last2=Cliquet|first2=R. L.|date=1982-02-01|title=A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/2061128|issn=0070-3370|jstor=2061128|pmid=7067870|doi-access=free}}</ref> ukusela utywala<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mezzich|first=Ada Castillo|last2=Tarter|first2=Ralph E.|last3=Giancola|first3=Peter R.|last4=Kirisci|first4=Levent|last5=Parks|first5=Sydney E.|last6=Lu|first6=Sandy|year=1997|title=Substance use and risky sexual behavior in female adolescents|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=44|issue=2–3|pages=157–166|doi=10.1016/s0376-8716(96)01333-6|issn=0376-8716|oclc=4932735379|pmid=9088788}}</ref> kunye neengxaki zokutyeba,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ness|first=Roberta|date=1991-01-01|title=Adiposity and age of menarche in Hispanic women|journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41–47|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310030108|issn=1520-6300|oclc=5152220355|pmid=28520315}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wellens|first=Rita|last2=Malina|first2=Robert M.|last3=Roche|first3=Alex F.|last4=Chumlea|first4=William Cameron|last5=Guo|first5=Shumei|last6=Siervogel|first6=Roger M.|date=1992-01-01|title=Body size and fatness in young adults in relation to age at menarche|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|pages=783–787|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310040610|issn=1520-6300|oclc=7040651171|pmid=28524629}}</ref> kunye nokuzala abantwana abancinci abangaphantsi kobunzima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scholl|first=Theresa|last2=Hediger|first2=Mary|last3=Vasilenko|first3=Peter|last4=Ances|first4=Isadore|last5=Smith|first5=Woolcott|last6=Salmon|first6=Ruth|date=1989-01-01|title=Effects of early maturation on fetal growth|journal=[[Annals of Human Biology]]|volume=16|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/03014468900000462|issn=0301-4460|pmid=2782851}}</ref> Amakhwenkwe afikisa kwasekuqaleni asengozini yokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunye nokungabi nasimilo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cota-Robles|first=Sonia|last2=Neiss|first2=Michelle|last3=Rowe|first3=David C.|author-link3=David C. Rowe|date=2002-07-01|title=The Role of Puberty in Violent and Nonviolent Delinquency among Anglo American, Mexican American, and African American Boys|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07458402017004003|journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Research]]|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=364–376|doi=10.1177/07458402017004003|issn=0743-5584|oclc=425483135|url-access=subscription}}</ref> nomhlaza wamasende<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weir|first=Hannah K.|last2=Kreiger|first2=Nancy|author-link2=Nancy Krieger|last3=Marrett|first3=Loraine D.|date=1998-05-01|title=Age at Puberty and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Cancer (Ontario, Canada)|journal=[[Cancer Causes & Control]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=253–258|doi=10.1023/A:1008864902104|issn=0957-5243|oclc=364204193|pmid=9684705}}</ref> kunye umhlaza wesigxina.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Graham G.|last2=Severi|first2=Gianluca|last3=English|first3=Dallas R.|last4=McCredie|first4=Margaret R.E.|last5=MacInnis|first5=Robert|last6=Boyle|first6=Peter|last7=Hopper|first7=John L.|date=2003-01-10|title=Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk.|journal=[[International Journal of Cancer]]|language=en|volume=103|issue=2|pages=241–245|doi=10.1002/ijc.10810|issn=1097-0215|oclc=5153307503|pmid=12455039|quote=In attempting to explain how divorce will affect children, it is necessary for research to first examine and categorize children in groups which will make it easy to carry out the study. This is because children will be affected differently by divorce depending on the age factor. It becomes even wise for a researcher to adopt the following groups: pre-schoolers (nine years and below), adolescents (9-13 years), and youths/young adults (14-25 years). The research will become more attainable if carried out using learning institutions which will include pre-schools, secondary schools, and colleges. Therefore, a city within a state is selected where the research will be conducted and a preschool, one secondary school, and one college are selected within the city where respondents (children) are found. Objectives become necessary for the study. This will allow researchers to focus on certain areas and completely address the matter at hand without leaving gaps in the area of research. In addressing the topic, 'The effect on children of an absent parent following divorce,' the following research objectives can be used|doi-access=free}}</ref> Umahluko ngamnye kwixesha lokufikisa unokuchatshazelwa bubunzima, umsebenzi womzimba kunye nemfuza. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Underwood, L. E.|title=Normal and aberrant growth. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (8th edition). Edited by Wilson, J. D. & Foster, D. W.|url=https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook0000unse|last2=Van Wyk, J. J.|publisher=Saunders|year=1992|isbn=9780721695143|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook0000unse/page/1079 1079]–1138}}</ref> === Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo === Ukungabikho kotata ekhaya kunobangela ukuba abantwana (besini bobabini) babe neminyaka ephakathi yokwabelana ngesondo okokuqala kunabo bakhuliswe kumakhaya anawo utata. Amanani okukhulelwa kwabaselula nawo aphezulu. Ezinye iimbono zokuzivelela zithi ubuntwana obuqalayo bubalulekile ekubhaleni ulwazi olubumba iindlela zokuzala ezizayo<ref name="jay">{{Cite journal|last=Belsky|first=Jay|author-link=Jay Belsky|last2=Steinberg|first2=Laurence D.|author-link2=Laurence Steinberg|last3=Houts|first3=Renate M.|last4=Friedman|first4=Sarah L.|last5=DeHart|first5=Ganie|last6=Cauffman|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Roisman|first7=Glenn I.|last8=Halpern-Felsher|first8=Bonnie L.|last9=Susman|first9=Elisabeth|date=2007-08-01|title=Family rearing antecedents of pubertal timing|journal=Child Development|volume=78|issue=4|pages=1302–1321|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01067.x|issn=0009-3920|oclc=166318326|pmid=17650140}}</ref> ekulawuleni iindlela zomzimba nezikhuthazayo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ukungqubana noxinezeleko lolwalamano lwabazali kunokubangela abantwana bakholelwe ukuba izinto abanazo zinqongophele, abantu abathembekanga, nolwalamano lwabo luyinto nje. Njengoko zilandela umzekelo wabazali bazo ekuzaleni, ziyakwazi ukuba namaqabane amaninzi okulala nabantu abangatshatanga. Abantwana ngokucacileyo nangokungathandabuzekiyo bayamisela iimbono zabo zesini kunye nokuziphatha kubazali babo, kwaye babona ukubandakanyeka kwisini ngaphandle komtshato njengento eqhelekileyo.<ref name="jay" /> Ukungabikho kotata kusenokuba sisiphumo sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwintsapho, ekubeni ugonyamelo, ukungabi namathuba emfundo, nokuxhatshazwa bubuhlwempu ubomi bonke kunokuyandisa amathuba okuba neentlobano zesini ngaphambi kwexesha nokukhulelwa. Ixesha lesini sokuqala linokufunyanwa njengelifa; ii-alleles ezimfutshane ze-X-linked I-androgen receptor (AR) gen ziye zahlotshaniswa nobugwenxa, ukuqhubela phambili, inani eliphezulu lamaqabane ngokwesondo, uqhawulo-mtshato kumadoda, kunye neminyaka yokuqala yokuvuthwa komzimba kumantombazana. <ref name=":4" /> == Iindlela zokulinganisela ukungabikho kukatata == === Inkxaso evela kwicala loomama === Uphononongo olwenziwe e-Ethiopia ngowama-2008 lwafumanisa ukuba nangona behlwempuzekile ngokubanzi, abafazi abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawule umtshato babenobunzima obusi-2.4kg kunoomama abanabo ootata babantwana. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|date=2008-07-22|title=Does Investment in the Sexes Differ When Fathers Are Absent?|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=263–276|doi=10.1007/s12110-008-9044-2|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5660289599|pmid=26181617}}</ref> Oomama abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawukelwe ngumtshato kunye neentombi zabo babenesondlo esingcono kakhulu, nto leyo enokuchazwa kukufikelela ngakumbi kwizalamane zikamama (izalamane ezivelakwicala likamama). Ngaphezu koko, ukusondela kwizalamane zikamama kunokuphucula kakhulu ubude babantwana abangabasetyhini ngokweminyaka, nto leyo ebonisa ukondleka okulungileyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2005|title=Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513805000206|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=26|issue=6|pages=469–482|bibcode=2005EHumB..26..469G|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.004|issn=1090-5138|oclc=4933529343|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Abafazi ababuyela kwilali yabo yokuzalwa emva kokuqhawuka komtshato babonakala bexhamla kwinkxaso eyongezelelweyo yezalamane zomama. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulder|first=Monique Borgerhoff|author-link=Monique Borgerhoff Mulder|date=1998-06-01|title=Brothers and sisters: How sibling interactions affect optimal parental allocations|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=119–161|doi=10.1007/s12110-998-1001-6|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5652748913|pmid=26197443}}</ref> === Akukho sivumelwano malunga nonyango olusebenzayo lwabathengi === Ukukhethwa konyango olusebenzayo kungahluka kakhulu kwaye kuchaphazeleke zizinto ezininzi, kuquka iminyaka yobudala, ukukwazi ukuqonda kunye nokumelana nemiba enzima ngokweemvakalelo, ukuthatha iinxaxheba kwamalungu osapho kunye nezinto eziphambili neemfuno zosapho kunye nomntwana. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wineburgh|first=Alan L.|date=2000-08-01|title=Treatment of Children with Absent Fathers|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007593906296|journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=255–273|doi=10.1023/A:1007593906296|issn=0738-0151|oclc=361179210|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Xa kunyangwa amantombazana asemancinci, ukudlulisela iimvakalelo kugqirha oyindoda kunganceda ukuvala izikhewu zeemvakalelo ezibangelwa kukungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Phyllis|date=1980-01-01|title=The gender of the analyst: in relation to transference and countertransference manifestations in latency children|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|journal=[[The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child]]|volume=35|pages=321–338|doi=10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|issn=0079-7308|oclc=114977888|pmid=7433586|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nobudlelwane nomntu omdala ozinzileyo nonovelwano kungazaliseka indima efana neyeyotata, nokuba ngowuphi na ubulili bakhe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strauss|first=David|date=2013-01-01|title=Will you leave me too?: The impact of father absence on the treatment of a 10-year-old girl|journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health|volume=25|issue=2|pages=119–130|doi=10.2989/17280583.2013.790823|issn=1728-0591|pmid=25860418}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == * Umzali ongapheliyo * Ukungahoywa komntwana * Isakhiwo sikaTata == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hqxwwtjwx9228txtu33opsylgfcecxb 0 9382 42238 42219 2026-10-02T16:46:15Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika''',(African American culture) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black is Beautiful: The Emergence of Black Culture and Identity in the 60s and 70s|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031022/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-03-07|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History and Culture|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/project/black-history-and-culture|accessdate=2023-03-07|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> ekwaziwa njenge '''nkcubeko yama-Afrika aseMelika''' okanye '''inkcubeko yama-Afrika''' kwisiNgesi saseMelika, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Montgomery Advertiser 20 Feb 2020, page D6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/639943983/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308121716/https://www.newspapers.com/image/639943983/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Angela|date=October 2013|title=Cultural Perspective on African American Culture|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1149766.pdf|url-status=live|journal=The International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies|volume=1|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031021/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1149766.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=March 8, 2023|via=AIAC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The News and Observer 22 Jan 1997, page 12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/657241015/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310144818/https://www.newspapers.com/image/657241015/|archive-date=March 10, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-10|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Journal and Courier 21 Sep 2008, page 13|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/265480397/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031024/https://www.newspapers.com/image/265480397/|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-08-14|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black is Beautiful: The Emergence of Black Culture and Identity in the 60s and 70s|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307045942/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|archive-date=March 7, 2023|accessdate=2023-08-14|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref> ibhekisa kwiindlela abantu abamnyama baseMelika abathetha ngazo, nokuba yinxalenye okanye yahlukile kwinkcubeko yaseMelika eqhelekileyo. Ichazwa yimbali yomzabalazo odibeneyo wamalungelo oluntu nawezopolitiko, kwaye isekelwe kwimikhwa efanayo, ubuwena, kunye noluntu. Inkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko yaseMelika nakwinkcubeko yehlabathi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mcmanus|first=Melanie|date=2021|title=Dancing at the new National Museum of African American Music in Nashville|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-national-museum-african-american-music-nashville-0606-20210527-63ajqa7lazdcffwa27mlpdpg4e-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171904/https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-national-museum-african-american-music-nashville-0606-20210527-63ajqa7lazdcffwa27mlpdpg4e-story.html|archive-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Marcellas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUWJDwAAQBAJ&q=How+to+Slay:+Inspiration+from+the+Queens+and+Kings+of+Black+Style|title=Supreme Models Iconic Black Women Who Revolutionized Fashion|date=2019|publisher=ABRAMS|isbn=9781683356622|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423054016/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUWJDwAAQBAJ&q=How+to+Slay:+Inspiration+from+the+Queens+and+Kings+of+Black+Style|archive-date=April 23, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> AmaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika enze igalelo elikhulu kwiincwadi, umculo, ubugcisa obubonakalayo, amajelo eendaba, ezopolitiko, inzululwazi, ishishini kunye nokupheka kwaseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-09-30|title=High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade8448|url-status=live|journal=Science|volume=377|issue=6614|pages=1497|bibcode=2022Sci...377.1497.|doi=10.1126/science.ade8448|issn=0036-8075|pmid=36173834|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031116/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade8448|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tipton-Martin|first=Toni|date=September 2014|title=Breaking the Jemima Code: The Legacy of African American Cookbooks|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2014.0042|journal=Ecotone|volume=10|issue=1|pages=116–120|doi=10.1353/ect.2014.0042|issn=2165-2651|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iintlobo zomculo wamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika ezifana ne-jazz, i-rock and roll, kunye ne-hip-hop ziphakathi kwezinto zenkcubeko eziphumelele kakhulu ezithunyelwa yi-United States kwamanye amazwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Marcyliena|last2=Bennett|first2=Dionne|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop & the Global Imprint of a Black Cultural Form|url=https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/140/2/176/26892/Hip-Hop-amp-the-Global-Imprint-of-a-Black-Cultural|journal=Daedalus|volume=140|issue=2|pages=176–196|doi=10.1162/DAED_a_00086|doi-access=free}}</ref> Inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika ibisoloko ichazwa, ngokuyinxenye, ngumzabalazo wokuchasa nokoyisa imithetho nezenzo zocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga,kuquka ubukhoboka, imithetho ecinezelayo enjengemithetho yocalucalulo kaJim Crow, ukwahlulwa kwabantu eluntwini, kunye nokukhatywa ngokucacileyo kwamalungelo asisiseko oluntu. Ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga luye lwabangela ukuba abaMnyama baseMelika bangabandakanywa kwimiba emininzi yobomi baseMelika kuyo yonke imbali yeli lizwe; la mava aye ayiphembelela kakhulu inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika,<ref name="Gomez2">{{Cite book|last=Gomez|first=Michael Angelo|url=https://archive.org/details/exchangingourcou0000gome/page/12|title=Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1998|isbn=0-8078-6171-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/exchangingourcou0000gome/page/12 12]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-07|title=The Explosion of Culture and Arts During the Harlem Renaissance|url=https://www.thecollector.com/harlem-renaissance-arts-and-culture/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031622/https://www.thecollector.com/harlem-renaissance-arts-and-culture/|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=TheCollector|language=en}}</ref> kwaye azisa indlela ama-Afrika aseMelika akhetha ngayo ukusebenzisana noluntu olubanzi lwaseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (review)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2009.0020|journal=Alabama Review|volume=62|issue=3|pages=212–213|doi=10.1353/ala.2009.0020|issn=2166-9961|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001|title=The Souls of Black Folk|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955583-3|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Brent Hayes|doi=10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024917/https://oxfordworldsclassics.com/display/10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001/isbn-9780199555833|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilifa lamabali, amaqhalo, ukudlala ngamagama, kunye namabali emveli avela kuMntla-ntshona nakumbindi we-Afrika liye labumba inkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika ukususela kwixesha lobukhoboka .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave culture|url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043}}</ref>Ubomi benkolo nobokomoya buye baba nempembelelo kwimiba emininzi yenkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika, kuquka neNtshukumo yaMalungelo oLuntu. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smnkh|title=African American Religious History|date=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9603-1|editor-last=SERNETT|editor-first=MILTON C.|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11smnkh|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024443/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctv11smnkh|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=A.|date=2021|title=From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-civil-rights-to-black-lives-matter1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308050929/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-civil-rights-to-black-lives-matter1/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> Kuwo wonke unyaka, ama-Afrika aseMelika abhiyozela iiholide ezahlukeneyo. E-United States, iNyanga yeMbali yabaNtsundu ibhiyozelwa rhoqo kwinyanga yoMdumbi ukuhlonipha imbali etyebileyo kunye negalelo lama-Afrika aseMelika. I-Juneteenth, ebhiyozelwa ngoJuni 19, ikhumbula ukuphela kobukhoboka e-US. Ukongeza, ama-Afrika aseMelika amaninzi abhiyozela iKwanzaa ukusuka nge-26 kweyiMnga ukuya kwisuku lokuqala kwinyanga yoMqungu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring African American Culture|url=https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Assistance-Programs/WIC-Media/African-American-Culture.pdf?rev=2046b12f73f94199b86fe4eebe334bcc&hash=ACE009B632CB63ED29663574E6882B25}}</ref> .Inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika ayichazwa nje ngokobuhlanga okanye ngembali yomzabalazo, kodwa inengcambu ezinzulu kwizithethe ekwabelwana ngazo, kwisazisi nakuluntu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Washington|first=Harriet A.|title=Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalapartheid0000wash|date=2008|publisher=Anchor books|isbn=978-0-7679-1547-2|location=New York, NY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rediker|first=Marcus|title=The slave ship: a human history|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveshiphumanhi0000redi|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-311425-3|series=A Penguin book History African-American studies|location=New York, NY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Woodward|first=C. Vann|title=The strange career of Jim Crow|url=https://archive.org/details/strangecareerofj0000wood_m0h2|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514689-9|edition=Commemorative|location=Oxford; New York}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=James D.|title=The education of Blacks in the South, 1860 - 1935|url=https://archive.org/details/educationofblack0000ande|date=1995|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4221-8|edition=Nachdr.|location=Chapel Hill, NC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowery|first=Wesley|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/968310784|title=They can't kill us all: the story of the struggle for Black lives|date=2016|publisher=Back Bay Books : Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-31249-3|edition=First Back Bay paperback|location=New York, NY|oclc=968310784|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031152/https://search.worldcat.org/title/968310784|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Baradaran|first=Mehrsa|title=The color of money: black banks and the racial wealth gap|url=https://archive.org/details/colorofmoneyblac0000mehr|date=2019|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-23747-6|edition=First Harvard University Press paperback|location=Cambridge London}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Michelle|title=The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness|url=https://archive.org/details/newjimcrowmassin0000alex_u9b6|date=2012|publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-59558-643-8|edition=Revised paperback|location=New York}}</ref> == Imbali. == [[File:Family_of_African_American_picking_cotton_in_Georgia,_circa_1880.jpg|left|thumb| Amakhoboka aseMelika aNtsundu eGeorgia, ngonyaka ka 1850]] Ama-Afrika aseMelika ayimiphumo yokudibana kwamazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seigel|first=Micol|date=2011|title=Patrick Manning . The African Diaspora: A History through Culture . (Columbia Studies in International and Global History.) New York : Columbia University Press . 2009 . Pp. xxii, 394. $29.95.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.1.251|url-status=live|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=116|issue=1|pages=251–252|doi=10.1086/ahr.116.1.251|issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024916/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/116/1/251/2063219?redirectedFrom=fulltext|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> inkcubeko, izizwe kunye neenkolo ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Robert L.|last2=Huggins|first2=Nathan Irvin|date=1978|title=Black Odyssey: The Afro-American Ordeal in Slavery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867827|url-status=live|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1095|doi=10.2307/1867827|issn=0002-8762|jstor=1867827|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024917/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1867827?origin=crossref|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> aqhekeka, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Avila|first=E.|date=2018|title=American Cultural History: A Very Short Introduction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190200589.001.0001|journal=Very Short Introductions|doi=10.1093/actrade/9780190200589.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-020058-9|url-access=subscription}}</ref> kwaye akhiwa kwakhona ngamava adibeneyo kwaye adityaniswa abe liqela elinye kwilizwekazi [[UmNtla Melika|laseMntla Melika]] ngexesha lorhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla iAtlantiki kwaye ngoku abizwa ngokuba ngama-Afrika aseMelika. Uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika luyinzala yabantu ababengamakhoboka ababehlala ngaphakathi kwemida ye-United States yangoku. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Love|first=Ms Bathsheba|title=Murrell Library Research Guides: African-Americans & the Black Experience: African-American Identity & Culture|url=https://libguides.moval.edu/black-experience|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907032140/https://libguides.moval.edu/black-experience|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2024-09-03|website=libguides.moval.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ukongeza, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abayinzala yobukhoboka baseMelika (ADOS) ngokuyintloko bavela kwimvelaphi yaseNtshona Afrika naselunxwemeni lwase-Afrika, kunye nobuninzi obahlukeneyo bobukhokho baseNtshona Yurophu kunye nabemi bomthonyama baseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salas|first=Antonio|last2=C|first2=Angel|last3=R|first3=Martin|last4=M|first4=Vincent|date=2005|title=Charting the ancestry of African Americans|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=4|pages=676–680|doi=10.1086/491675|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1275617|pmid=16175514}}</ref> Phantse umntu omnye kwabahlanu abamnyama eMelika ngabaphambukeli okanye abantwana babaphambukeli abamnyama. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Christine|first=T.|date=2022|title=Key findings about Black immigrants in the U.S.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905225227/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/|archive-date=September 5, 2024|accessdate=2024-09-03|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Nangona abanye abaphambukeli abamnyama okanye abantwana babo banokuzibona njengabantu abamnyama baseMelika, abaphambukeli abamnyama eMelika abayonxalenye yeqela labamnyama baseMelika. Uninzi lwabaphambukeli besizukulwana sokuqala abavela eAfrika bakhetha ukuzibona njengabantu abazalwa nabo. Kukho uphando lwakutshanje olubonisa ukuba abanye abaphambukeli abamnyama eMelika bayamelana nokudibana nabantu ukuze banciphise ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga olujongene nabantu abamnyama baseMelika abazalelwe apho. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adida|first=Claire L.|last2=Robinson|first2=Amanda Lea|date=2023|title=Why (some) immigrants resist assimilation: US racism and the African immigrant experience|journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science|volume=18|issue=3|pages=295–338|doi=10.1561/100.00021091|issn=1554-0626|pmc=10706603|pmid=38077161}}</ref> Inkcubeko yama-Afrika aseMelika yavela phakathi kwenkqubo yokulwa nocalu-calulo ngokobuhlanga eMelika, eyayibonakala ngogonyamelo olukhulu, ingcinezelo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle okuqhutywa bubuzwe obuphezulu ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseYurophu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=African American Culture : Origins|url=https://research.auctr.edu/c.php?g=1386473&p=10253691#:~:text=African%20American%20culture—often%20referred,Americans%20continues%20to%20resonate%20worldwide.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412012507/https://research.auctr.edu/c.php?g=1386473&p=10253691|archive-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> === Imbali ekwabelwana ngayo kwilizwekazi laseMelika === Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yobukhoboka baseMelika kwinkulungwane ye-17, abanini bamakhoboka babefuna ukulawula abantu babo ababenyanzelwa ukuba ngamakhoboka ngokuzama ukubahlutha inkcubeko yabo yaseAfrika.Kwilizwe elitsha (iNew World) ngokubanzi, kwaye ngokukodwa eUnited States, ukwahlulwa ngokwasemzimbeni nokubekelwa ecaleni eluntwini kwabantu base-Afrika ababengamakhoboka, kunye nokwahlulwa nokubekelwa ecaleni kwabantwana babo ababephila ngokukhululeka kamva. Kwanceda ekugcinweni kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko yemveli phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika. Abanini-bakhoboka bazama ngabom ukucinezela nayiphi na imibutho yezopolitiko okanye yenkcubeko ezimeleyo ukuze bajongane nemvukelo eninzi yamakhoboka okanye izenzo zokuchasa ezazisenzeka eUnited States, eBrazil, eHaiti, naseDutch Guiana. <ref>Price, R. (1996). ''Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas''. Anchor Books. pp. 1–33.</ref> Amasiko kunye nezithethe ezahlukeneyo zaseAfrika zabonelela ngesiseko sezenzo zokomoya zabantu abakhotyokisiweyo, ababexuba iinkolelo zookhokho nobuKristu ukuze benze iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonqulo. Olu kuqina kwenkcubeko kwabonakala kwiimvukelo zamakhoboka, ezazichasa ukusekwa kobukhoboka kwaye zakhuthaza ingqiqo yoluntu kunye nobuntu obufanayo phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika. Intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu yavela njengenkqubela enamandla yalo mzabalazo. Eli lifa lembali lachaphazela iintsapho zanamhlanje zama-Afrika aseMelika kwaye labumba amaxabiso azo, izakhiwo zoluntu, kunye neendlela zokuzibandakanya kwezopolitiko, kunye nefuthe elihlala lihleli kwezoqoqosho lokungalingani kwenkqubo eqhuba ukuzibophelela ekuxhobiseni nasekutshintsheni koluntu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Black Joy: Resistance, Resilience and Reclamation|language=en|work=National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-joy-resistance-resilience-and-reclamation?TSPD_101_R0=083ccf6c57ab200071522b1f7f4f74b05ab76e4359b1f360e773c89aadb01e9874eb62eab2c9ba75084d7859781430001f2250a1e3c39646e9b4f00ed7975fd76c02396bbaf842f5ee37a6e39b8e6d9797e8d21514684c85d3d67d5ee611331b|access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref> Impembelelo yeAfrika ibonakala kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ulwimi, umculo, iindlela zokulungisa iinwele, imfashini, umdaniso, unqulo, ukutya, kunye nembono yehlabathi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital History|url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808154313/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043|archive-date=August 8, 2020|accessdate=September 6, 2020|website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref> Kuyo yonke le nkqubo, abantu baseMelika abangama-Afrika bazakhela inkcubeko nembali yabo eUnited States. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cincinnati Enquirer 01 Mar 2000, page Page 12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/102496086/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620210916/https://www.newspapers.com/image/102496086/|archive-date=June 20, 2023|accessdate=2023-06-20|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> Kwelinye icala, inkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika ibe nefuthe elibanzi neliguqula izinto ezininzi kwinkcubeko yaseMelika. Le nkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngokuyila ibizwa ngokuba yi -creolization . <ref name="slave_culture">{{Cite web|date=June 2, 2007|title=African American Voices: Slave Culture|url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507214116/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=23|archive-date=May 7, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|publisher=[[University of Houston]]}}</ref> Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkcubeko yamakhoboka aseAfrika kunye nenzala yawo iye yaba nefuthe elibanzi kwinkcubeko yaseMelika ebalaseleyo nakwinkcubeko yehlabathi. [[File:Harlem_Street_rehearsal_(125th_street).jpg|thumb| Ukuziqhelanisa komculo weqela kwisitalato i -125th Street eHarlem,indawo engundoqo nembali ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yama-Afrika-Melika. ISixeko saseNew York sisekhaya ngomda omkhulu xa sithelekiswa nesona sixeko sinabantu abamnyama baseMelika ehlabathini kunaso nasiphi na isixeko esingaphandle [[I-Afrika|kweAfrika]], esinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-2.2. Ukufudukela kwabantu baseAfrika eNew York City ngoku kukhuthaza ukukhula kwabemi baseAfrika-baseMelika nabaseAfrika kwesi sixeko. <ref name="AfricanMigrationNYC">{{Cite news|last=Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura|date=2023|title=African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220924/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|archive-date=January 25, 2023}}</ref>]] Ukuba abantu ababebanjwe ngamakhoboka (amakhoboka) babethintela okanye bethintela imfundo yabo, uloyiko yayikukuba imfundo yayinokubanika amandla abantu, kwaye ikhuthaze okanye ivumele amabhongo okukhululwa. Amasiko omlomo aseAfrika aba yindlela ephambili yokugcina imbali, iindlela zokuziphatha, kunye nolunye ulwazi lwenkcubeko phakathi kwabantu. Oku kwakuhambelana nezenzo zembali yomlomo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zaseAfrika kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezazingaxhomekekanga kwilizwi elibhaliweyo. Uninzi lwezi zinto zenkcubeko zidluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ngokubalisa amabali. Amabali eentsomi anike ama-Afrika aseMelika ithuba lokukhuthazana nokufundisana. <ref name="oral">{{Cite web|last=Papa|first=Maggie|last2=Gerber|first2=Amy|last3=Mohamed|first3=Abeer|title=African American Culture through Oral Tradition|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527050107/http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html|archive-date=May 27, 2008|accessdate=May 17, 2007|publisher=[[George Washington University]]}}</ref> Ukuphila kwanamhlanje kunye nokufuduka kwabantu abaNtsundu baseMelika ukuya eMntla kuye kwaba nembali yokubeka uxinzelelo ekugcinweni kwemikhuba nezithethe zenkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu baseMelika. Iindawo zasezidolophini nezahluke kakhulu apho inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu yayiveliswa khona zaphakamisa uloyiko kwiingcali zezentlalo kunye neengcali zezentlalo ukuba inkalo yabantu abaNtsundu baseMzantsi Afrika yenkcubeko ethandwayo yabantu abaNtsundu yayisengozini yokulahleka kwimbali. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunbar|first=EVE E.|title=Black Regions of the Imagination|url=https://archive.org/details/blackregionsofim0000dunb|date=2013|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0942-3|editor-last=DUNBAR|editor-first=EVE E.|series=African American Writers between the Nation and the World|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackregionsofim0000dunb/page/16 16]–57|chapter=Becoming American through Ethnographic Writing|jstor=j.ctt14bt4hc.6}}</ref> Ezinye iinkalo zesiko lomlomo lama-Afrika aseMelika ziquka i-dazens, i-significant, i-trash talk, i-rhyming, i-semantic inversion kunye ne-word play, uninzi lwazo oluye lwafumana indlela yalo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo yaseMelika kwaye lwaba yimeko yehlabathi. Ngexesha lobukhoboka, ama-Afrika aseMelika azivumelanisa ezi zithethe zolwimi njengendlela yokuchasana nokusinda ngokufihlakeleyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 1990|title=''The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism''. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/391861|url-status=live|journal=Modern Philology|volume=88|issue=2|pages=224–226|doi=10.1086/391861|issn=0026-8232|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907025004/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/391861|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> Imibongo ethethwayo ngomnye umzekelo wendlela isiko lomlomo lase-Afrika-laseMelika eliye lanefuthe ngayo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo yanamhlanje. Abaculi abasebenzisa amagama athethwayo basebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo nabashumayeli base-Afrika baseMelika kuquka intshukumo, isingqisho, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabaphulaphuli. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Miazga|first=M|date=1998|title=The Spoken Word Movement of 1990s|url=http://www.msu.edu/~miazgama/spokenword.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235005/http://www.msu.edu/~miazgama/spokenword.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2007|accessdate=October 7, 2007|publisher=[[Michigan State University]]}}</ref> Umculo we-rap ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980 nangaphaya uye wakhankanywa njengolwandiso lwenkcubeko ethethwayo yaseAfrika <ref name="oral" /> === UVuko lweNkcubeko yaseHarlem === [[File:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|left|thumb| UZora Neale Hurston wayengumntu obalaseleyo kwinkalo yoncwadi ngexesha leHarlem Renaissance]] Ukwamkelwa kokuqala okukhulu kwenkcubeko yabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika kwenzeka ngexesha leHarlem Renaissance eyaqalwa ngu- Alain Locke . Kwiminyaka yoo-1920 ukuyotsho kunyaka ka-1930, umculo, uncwadi, kunye nobugcisa baseMelika abaNtsundu baziwa kakhulu. Ababhali abafana noZora Neale Hurston noNella Larsen kunye neembongi ezifana noLangston Hughes, uClaude McKay, kunye noCountee Cullen babhale imisebenzi echaza amava abantu abamnyama baseMelika. I-Jazz, i-swing, i-blues kunye nezinye iintlobo zomculo zangena kumculo odumileyo waseMelika. Abaculi abamnyama baseMelika abafana noWilliam H. Johnson, uAaron Douglas, kunye noPalmer Hayden benze imisebenzi yobugcisa eyahlukileyo ebonisa abantu abamnyama baseMelika. I-Harlem Renaissance yayikwangexesha lokwanda kokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kubantu baseMelika abangabaMnyama. Phakathi kwemibutho yezopolitiko ebalulekileyo yabaMnyama baseMelika eyasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kukho i-Universal Negro Improvement Association kunye ne-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. I-Nation of Islam, umbutho wenkolo obalulekileyo onxulumene nobuSilamsi, nawo waqalisa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930. <ref name="harlem">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=William H.|title=The Harlem Renaissance|url=http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601152141/http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/|archive-date=June 1, 2007|accessdate=June 1, 2007|publisher=fatherryan.org}}</ref> === Intshukumo yenkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika === Intshukumo yamandla amnyama ngeminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970 yalandela emva kweNtlangano yamaLungelo oLuntu engenabundlobongela . Le ntshukumo ikhuthaze ukuzingca ngokobuhlanga kunye nomanyano ngokobuhlanga ngokuchaseneyo nokugxila ekuhlanganisweni kweNtshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu, kwaye yamkela isimo sengqondo sobundlongondlongo ngakumbi xa kujongwane nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/|title=Black Power|encyclopedia=King Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|access-date=June 2, 2007|archive-date=December 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204080236/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/|url-status=live}}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement</ref> Kwakhona, yakhuthaza uvuko olutsha kwinkcubeko yokubhala nobugcisa buka-Afrika-Melika, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokubanzi njenge "African-American Arts Movement" okanye i-"Black Arts Movement" (iNtshukumo yoBugcisa buka-Afrika-Melika okanye obabaNtsundu.) Imisebenzi yabaculi abadumileyo abarekhodayo abafana noNina Simone (" Young, Gifted and Black ") kunye neThe Impressions (" Keep On Pushing "), kunye nemibongo, ubugcisa obuhle, kunye noncwadi lwaloo xesha, zakha kwaye zabonakalisa ukukhula kolwazi lobuhlanga nezopolitiko. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Power|url=http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/concepts/power.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227210607/http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/concepts/power.html|archive-date=February 27, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|website=Black Arts Movement|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref> Phakathi kwababhali ababalaseleyo be-African-American Arts Movement kwakukho imbongi uNikki Giovanni, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikki Giovanni|url=http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/people/giovanni.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303085941/http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/people/giovanni.html|archive-date=March 3, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|website=Black Arts Movement|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> imbongi nompapashi uDon L. Lee, owathi kamva waziwa njengoHaki Madhubuti, imbongi nombhali wemidlalo yeqonga uLeroi Jones, owathi kamva waziwa njengoAmiri Baraka kunye noSonia Sanchez. Ngexesha leNtshukumo yeNkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika, uMelvin Charles noGleason T. Jackson baqulunqa iFlegi yeLifa leMveli labaMnyama baseMelika (ekwaziwa njengeFlegi yeLifa leMveli lama-Afrika aseMelika) ngonyaka ka 1967 ngenjongo yabaMnyama baseMelika. Namhlanje, isetyenziswa njengeflegi emele abantu abangama-Afrika aseMelika. [[File:Thelonious_Monk,_Minton's_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_06191).jpg|left|thumb| Umculi wepiyano yohlobo lwe-jazzuThelonious Monk ngonyaka ka 1947]] [[File:KendrickSZASPurs230725-144_(cropped)_desaturated.jpg|left|thumb| Umculi we-rap uKendrick Lamar]] [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 015g2fi89vepo34kr1bm8mbl9oydjmb 0 9383 42239 42231 2026-10-02T16:46:38Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261002)) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 42239 wikitext text/x-wiki Imidaniso nemibhiyozo yemveli yabantu bakwaTumbuka ibandakanya uluhlu lwezenzo ezinxulumene namasiko, ukuphilisa, ukubhiyozela kunye nokuzonwabisa, ezifumaneka ikakhulu phakathi kwabantu bakwaTumbuka baseTanzania, kumantla nakumbindi welizwe [[Malawi|weMalawi]], naseMuchinga naseMpuma [[EZambia|Zambia]] . Eyona ibhalwe kakuhle kwezi ''yiVimbuza'', umdaniso nomculo ophilisayo obhalwe yi [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] kuluhlu lwabameli belifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu ngonyaka ka 2008. <ref name="UNESCOvimbuza">{{Cite web|title=Vimbuza healing dance|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/vimbuza-healing-dance-00158|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage}}</ref> Ezinye iintlobo zomculo ezidlalwa kakhulu ziquka ''iMalipenga'' / ''Mganda'', kunye nezinye iintlobo zomculo ezikwimimandla ethile ezifana ''neMtungo'' ( ''Magali'' ), ''u-Ulumba'', kunye ''neVisekese'' . Iminyhadala yonyaka iquka ''iGonapamuhanya'' exhaswa ngurhulumente kunye ''neMulindafwa'' eMalawi, kunye ''neKulonga'', ''iVinkhakanimba'' kunye ''neZengani'' eZambia ezisebenza njengeendawo zokubonisa, ukusasaza kunye nokubhiyozela ubuwena bukaTumbuka. <ref name="MBC2024">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2024|title=Gonapamuhanya Cultural Festival to advance women, youth interest|url=https://mbc.mw/gonapamuhanya-cultural-festival-to-advance-women-youth-interest/|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=Malawi Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> <ref name="MalawiIndia">{{Cite web|title=Intangible Heritage Sites: Gonapamuhanya; Mulindafwa|url=https://malawi-india.org/intangible.html|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=High Commission of Malawi in India}}</ref> <ref name="ZenganiStudy">{{Cite web|date=2023|title=The Role of Language in Uniting Two Different Ethnic Groups|url=https://research.mu.ac.zm/research/index.php/mu/article/download/87/35/|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=Mulungushi University Research Journal}}</ref> == Imvelaphi. == Umdaniso weTumbuka kunye nezithethe zeminyhadala ziquka ulonwabo lwentlalo, isikhumbuzo sembali, ukuphiliswa kunye nokulamla ngokomoya. Kumantla eMalawi, iVimbuza iyinxalenye ''ye-ng'oma'' (“iidrama zokubandezeleka”) ebanzi eseMbindini naseMzantsi Afrika esebenzisa ukubethela amagubu, ingoma kunye nomdaniso ukuxilonga nokunyanga izifo kunye nokubuyisela uzinzo kuluntu. <ref name="UNESCOvimbuza" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2014|title=Vimbuza healing dance (multimedia note)|url=https://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-3758|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=UNESCO Archives}}</ref> Ngaphandle kweendlela zesiko, imbali yempi yenkulungwane yama-20 yachaphazela iintlobo zomdaniso wamadoda ezifana neMalipenga/Mganda, eziguqula indlela yobuhle besitayile somdaniso eyaziswa phantsi kweKing 's African Rifles . <ref name="Mpata2001">{{Cite journal|last=Mpata|first=D.|year=2001|title=The Malipenga Dance in Nkhata Bay District|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779058|journal=African Music|access-date=30 August 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Folkways">{{Cite web|title=Malipenga: Dance music from the Tonga-speaking people of Malawi|url=https://folkways.si.edu/malipenga-dance-music-from-the-tonga-speaking-people-of-malawi/world/music/album/smithsonian|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=Smithsonian Folkways}}</ref> == Imidaniso emikhulu yesintu == === I-Vimbuza. === I-Vimbuza sisithethe sokwenza umboniso onceda ekuphiliseni, apho ukubetha amagubu, ukucula kunye nokudanisa kunceda ekuchongeni nasekunyangeni izifo ezinxulumene nemimoya. I-UNESCO iqaphela ubunzulu bayo bembali, ukubandakanyeka kwayo ngokwesini (izigulane ezininzi zingabasetyhini), isigqi seengoma ezihambelana nomoya kunye nokuqhubeka kwayo nangona iphikiswa ngabavangeli kunye nezonyango. <ref name="UNESCOvimbuza" /> Umsebenzi wezifundo ubeka iVimbuza ngaphakathi kokuphiliswa kwe ''-ng'oma'' kwaye uchaza imeko ye-trance, indima yabaphilisi abaziingcali kunye "nendawo yokudanisa isifo" yoluntu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Friedson|first=Steven M.|title=Dancing Prophets: Musical Experience in Tumbuka Healing|url=https://archive.org/details/dancingprophetsm0000frie|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1996}}</ref> === IMalipenga (Mapenenga). === ''IMalipenga'' (ekwabizwa ngokuba ''yiMapenenga'' apha ekhaya) yavela phakathi kweendawo ezisemantla ingakumbi phakathi kwamaqela amancinci aseTumbuka ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iguqulela isitayile somkhosi kumdaniso okhuphisanayo “ngoompondo abaculayo” kunye nezakhiwo ezilawulwayo. <ref name="Mpata2001" /> <ref name="Folkways" />Ukusuka emantla yasasazeka ngokubanzi; embindini weMalawi kwavela uhlobo olufanayo olubizwa ngokuba yiMganda, lwabelana ngomdaniso osekelwe kwisitayile kunye nomboniso wamaqela. <ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2015|title=Traditional dances of Malawi|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-dances-malawi|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=Music In Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 May 2022|title=Mganda – Traditional Malawian Dance|url=https://malawiplus.com/mganda/|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=MalawiPlus}}</ref> ''UMtungo'' owaziwa ngokuba ''nguMagali'' ngumngqungqo wesintu ophuma kwisithili saseNkhamanga namaHewe eRumphi, Kasungu, Mzimba. Idlalwa ngamadoda nabafazi kwiindibano apho kuselwa khona utywala, iingoma zihlala zifundisa. Isixhobo esiphambili sisigodlo esinomlomo omncinci esizaliswe ngamatye amancinci, abaculi batshintsha isandi ngokugubungela nokuvula umngxuma ngelixa beshukuma, behamba nokucula nokuqhwaba izandla. <ref name="Inventory26206">{{Cite web|title=Malawi Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory (extract)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/26206-EN.pdf|accessdate=30 August 2025|website=UNESCO (archived inventory document)}}</ref> I-Ulumba ngumdaniso wamadoda wokubhiyozela eRumphi, owasekwa xa kubuya umzingeli ophumeleleyo. Lo mdaniso ubonisa umdlalo wokulwa apho abahlali belinganisa isilwanyana esihlaselayo ngoxa umzingeli ebonisa indlela esibanjwa okanye esibulawa ngayo, konke oku kuhamba kunye nokucula kweqela kunye nokunkqonkqoza ngezandla. <ref name="Inventory26206" /> IVisekese (ehambelana kakhulu neChiwoda) ngumdaniso wabasetyhini osetyenziswa kuwo ibhokisi enokushukunyiswa ukuze kuveliswe isandi; lo mdaniso ufumaneka kwiindawo ezithile zaseMantla eMalawi kwaye waziwa kakhulu ngenxa yabadanisi abavela kwindawo yaseTumbuka Usisya eNkhata Bay. Eli gama libhekisela kwisixhobo esiphambili somculo, esiyibhokisi yokhuni ebhityileyo, engange-incwadi ngobukhulu, nezele ngamatye amancinci okanye iinkozo ezomileyo ezivelisa isandi sokunkqonkqoza xa ishukunyiswa ukuze kuhambelane nesingqi somculo. <ref name="Inventory26206" /> == Iminyhadala. == 4vvlk3rc8j6261zw9c1o9h247ovyif8