Femi Osofisan

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{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001
==Àmín ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref name=PAWA /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|date=2015-11-24|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001

==Àmín ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref name=PAWA /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|date=2015-11-24|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpjSAAAAIAAJ |title=Morountodun and Other Plays |date=1982 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-0-582-78575-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001

==Àmín ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref name=PAWA /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|date=2015-11-24|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpjSAAAAIAAJ |title=Morountodun and Other Plays |date=1982 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-0-582-78575-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rotimi |date=1990-09-01 |title=Revolutionary consciousness and commitment in Osofisan'sminted coins |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036456 |journal=Neohelicon |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.1007/BF02036456 |issn=1588-2810|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JkyAAAAIAAJ |title=Another Raft: A Play |date=1988 |publisher=Malthouse Press |isbn=978-978-2601-08-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/onceuponfourrobb00osof |title=Once upon four robbers : (a play) |date=1991 |publisher=Ibadan : Heinemann |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-129-179-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfLyAAAAMAAJ |title=Twingle-twangle: A Twynning Tayle |date=1995 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-978-139-854-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Yungba-Yungba and the dance contest: a parable for our times |date=1993 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) |isbn=978-978-129-249-1 |location=Ibadan |ol=1176125M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The album of the midnight blackout |date=1994 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-978-2494-21-4 |location=Ibadan |ol=879082M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vzJYgEACAAJ |title=Tegonni: An African Antigone |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-8065-94-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L4CswEACAAJ |title=Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-51445-0-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007589932 |title=One legend, many seasons |date=2001 |publisher=Opon Ifa Readers |isbn=978-978-33259-9-9 |location=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book  |last1=Agunbiade |first1=Oyewumi Olatoye |last2=Enongene |first2=Sone Mirabeau |title=Time Travel in World Literature and Cinema |date=2024-03-01 |chapter=Time Travel and Social Values in Femi Osofisan's One Legend, Many Seasons |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379021268 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=203–230 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-52315-1_9 |isbn=978-3-031-52314-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''All for Catherine'', an adaptation of ''[[Thunderstorm (play)|Thunderstorm]]'' by [[Cao Yu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xunqian|url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1753-53872023000100015|title=Unveiling Neocolonialism in Sino-African Relations: Femi Osofisan's All for Catherine|journal=[[Journal of Literary Studies]] |volume=39|issue=1 |year=2023|doi=10.25159/1753-5387/13947|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àmín ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref name=PAWA /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|date=2015-11-24|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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      <id>623010</id>
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        <username>Muftihatulkhoyr</username>
        <id>34558</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Àmín ẹ̀yẹ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6855" sha1="hlwty3shq7cddzzrwbymdemeqeu9b9h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fáìlì:FemiOsofisan.jpg|thumb|Femi Osofisan NNOM]]
{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpjSAAAAIAAJ |title=Morountodun and Other Plays |date=1982 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-0-582-78575-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rotimi |date=1990-09-01 |title=Revolutionary consciousness and commitment in Osofisan'sminted coins |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036456 |journal=Neohelicon |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.1007/BF02036456 |issn=1588-2810|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JkyAAAAIAAJ |title=Another Raft: A Play |date=1988 |publisher=Malthouse Press |isbn=978-978-2601-08-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/onceuponfourrobb00osof |title=Once upon four robbers : (a play) |date=1991 |publisher=Ibadan : Heinemann |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-129-179-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfLyAAAAMAAJ |title=Twingle-twangle: A Twynning Tayle |date=1995 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-978-139-854-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Yungba-Yungba and the dance contest: a parable for our times |date=1993 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) |isbn=978-978-129-249-1 |location=Ibadan |ol=1176125M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The album of the midnight blackout |date=1994 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-978-2494-21-4 |location=Ibadan |ol=879082M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vzJYgEACAAJ |title=Tegonni: An African Antigone |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-8065-94-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L4CswEACAAJ |title=Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-51445-0-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007589932 |title=One legend, many seasons |date=2001 |publisher=Opon Ifa Readers |isbn=978-978-33259-9-9 |location=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book  |last1=Agunbiade |first1=Oyewumi Olatoye |last2=Enongene |first2=Sone Mirabeau |title=Time Travel in World Literature and Cinema |date=2024-03-01 |chapter=Time Travel and Social Values in Femi Osofisan's One Legend, Many Seasons |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379021268 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=203–230 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-52315-1_9 |isbn=978-3-031-52314-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''All for Catherine'', an adaptation of ''[[Thunderstorm (play)|Thunderstorm]]'' by [[Cao Yu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xunqian|url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1753-53872023000100015|title=Unveiling Neocolonialism in Sino-African Relations: Femi Osofisan's All for Catherine|journal=[[Journal of Literary Studies]] |volume=39|issue=1 |year=2023|doi=10.25159/1753-5387/13947|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àmìn ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref&gt;PAWA&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2015-11-24|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
      <sha1>hlwty3shq7cddzzrwbymdemeqeu9b9h</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Muftihatulkhoyr</username>
        <id>34558</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Àmìn ẹ̀yẹ */</comment>
      <origin>623011</origin>
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      <text bytes="7043" sha1="a76q4803ffpzgsdrn6ltdf78625okh1" xml:space="preserve">[[Fáìlì:FemiOsofisan.jpg|thumb|Femi Osofisan NNOM]]
{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpjSAAAAIAAJ |title=Morountodun and Other Plays |date=1982 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-0-582-78575-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rotimi |date=1990-09-01 |title=Revolutionary consciousness and commitment in Osofisan'sminted coins |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036456 |journal=Neohelicon |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.1007/BF02036456 |issn=1588-2810|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JkyAAAAIAAJ |title=Another Raft: A Play |date=1988 |publisher=Malthouse Press |isbn=978-978-2601-08-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/onceuponfourrobb00osof |title=Once upon four robbers : (a play) |date=1991 |publisher=Ibadan : Heinemann |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-129-179-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfLyAAAAMAAJ |title=Twingle-twangle: A Twynning Tayle |date=1995 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-978-139-854-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Yungba-Yungba and the dance contest: a parable for our times |date=1993 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) |isbn=978-978-129-249-1 |location=Ibadan |ol=1176125M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The album of the midnight blackout |date=1994 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-978-2494-21-4 |location=Ibadan |ol=879082M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vzJYgEACAAJ |title=Tegonni: An African Antigone |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-8065-94-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L4CswEACAAJ |title=Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-51445-0-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007589932 |title=One legend, many seasons |date=2001 |publisher=Opon Ifa Readers |isbn=978-978-33259-9-9 |location=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book  |last1=Agunbiade |first1=Oyewumi Olatoye |last2=Enongene |first2=Sone Mirabeau |title=Time Travel in World Literature and Cinema |date=2024-03-01 |chapter=Time Travel and Social Values in Femi Osofisan's One Legend, Many Seasons |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379021268 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=203–230 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-52315-1_9 |isbn=978-3-031-52314-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''All for Catherine'', an adaptation of ''[[Thunderstorm (play)|Thunderstorm]]'' by [[Cao Yu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xunqian|url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1753-53872023000100015|title=Unveiling Neocolonialism in Sino-African Relations: Femi Osofisan's All for Catherine|journal=[[Journal of Literary Studies]] |volume=39|issue=1 |year=2023|doi=10.25159/1753-5387/13947|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àmìn ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/683516/pawa-congratulates-prof-osofisan.html|title=PAWA Congratulates Prof Osofisan|publisher=Daily Guide|via=Modern Ghana|date=1 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2015-11-24|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
      <sha1>a76q4803ffpzgsdrn6ltdf78625okh1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>623012</id>
      <parentid>623011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T15:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Muftihatulkhoyr</username>
        <id>34558</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rèé */</comment>
      <origin>623012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7044" sha1="gu8upqt6eqv8x5cblb66qnu1mdce8rl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fáìlì:FemiOsofisan.jpg|thumb|Femi Osofisan NNOM]]
{{Infobox writer}}

'''Babáfẹ́mi Adéyẹmí Òsófìsán, tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní Fẹ́mi Òsófìsàn tàbí F.O''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Babafemi Adeyemi Osofisan.wav|Listen|help=no}} jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí wọ́n bí ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndìnlógún, oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 1946, jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé, lámèyítọ́ eré tíátà. Wọ́n mọ̀ ọ́n sí oníṣẹ́ lámèyítọ́ àwùjọ ilẹ̀ [[Áfíríkà]] nínù àwọn eré àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ tí ó ti kọ ni ó máa ń dá lé àgbéyẹ̀wò ire àti ibi. Fẹmi jẹ àfìtàn-kọ́ni-níwà tí àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ rẹ̀ máa ń wá àtúnṣe àti ojútùú sí ìbàjẹ́ àwùjọ. Ó ti kọ [[ewì]] lábẹ́ ìnagijẹ  '''''Okinba Launko'''''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=As Osofisan's 'Cordelia' goes on big screen {{!}} The Nation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/as-osofisans-cordelia-goes-on-big-screen/|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àṣàyàn iṣẹ́ rẹ̀==
* ''Kolera Kolej''. New Horn, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Kolera kolej |date=1975 |publisher=New Horn Press |location=Ibadan, Nigeria |ol=18907513M }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''The Chattering and the Song''. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1977.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/chatteringsong00osof |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-121-036-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The chattering and the song |date=1977 |publisher=Ibadan University Press |isbn=978-978-121-036-5 |location=[Ibadan] : Ibadan University Press, 1977 |ol=4442380M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Morountodun and Other Plays''. Lagos: Longman, 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpjSAAAAIAAJ |title=Morountodun and Other Plays |date=1982 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-0-582-78575-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Minted Coins'' (poetry), Heinemann, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Rotimi |date=1990-09-01 |title=Revolutionary consciousness and commitment in Osofisan'sminted coins |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036456 |journal=Neohelicon |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=157–168 |doi=10.1007/BF02036456 |issn=1588-2810|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Another Raft''. Lagos: Malthouse, 1988.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JkyAAAAIAAJ |title=Another Raft: A Play |date=1988 |publisher=Malthouse Press |isbn=978-978-2601-08-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Once upon Four Robbers''. Ibadan: Heinemann, 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=http://archive.org/details/onceuponfourrobb00osof |title=Once upon four robbers : (a play) |date=1991 |publisher=Ibadan : Heinemann |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-978-129-179-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Twingle-Twangle A-Twynning Tayle''. Longman, 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfLyAAAAMAAJ |title=Twingle-twangle: A Twynning Tayle |date=1995 |publisher=Longman Nigeria |isbn=978-978-139-854-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Yungba-Yungba and the Dance Contest: A Parable for Our Times'', Heinemann Educational, Nigeria, 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=Yungba-Yungba and the dance contest: a parable for our times |date=1993 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) |isbn=978-978-129-249-1 |location=Ibadan |ol=1176125M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''The Album of the Midnight Blackout'', University Press, Nigeria, 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |title=The album of the midnight blackout |date=1994 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-978-2494-21-4 |location=Ibadan |ol=879082M }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/warriors-of-a-failed-utopia-femi-osofisan/ &quot;Warriors of a Failed Utopia?  West African writers since the 70s&quot;] in Leeds ''[[African Studies Bulletin]]'' 61 (1996), pp.&amp;nbsp;11–36.
* ''Tegonni: An African Antigone''. Ibadan: Opon Ifa, 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vzJYgEACAAJ |title=Tegonni: An African Antigone |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-8065-94-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Theater and the Rites of 'Post-Negritude' Remembering&quot;. ''[[Research in African Literatures]]'' 30.1 (1999): 1–11.
* &quot;Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7L4CswEACAAJ |title=Love's Unlike Lading: A Comedy from Shakespeare |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publications |isbn=978-978-51445-0-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;One Legend, Many seasons&quot;. Lagos: Concept Publications. 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Osofisan |first=Femi |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007589932 |title=One legend, many seasons |date=2001 |publisher=Opon Ifa Readers |isbn=978-978-33259-9-9 |location=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book  |last1=Agunbiade |first1=Oyewumi Olatoye |last2=Enongene |first2=Sone Mirabeau |title=Time Travel in World Literature and Cinema |date=2024-03-01 |chapter=Time Travel and Social Values in Femi Osofisan's One Legend, Many Seasons |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379021268 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=203–230 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-52315-1_9 |isbn=978-3-031-52314-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''All for Catherine'', an adaptation of ''[[Thunderstorm (play)|Thunderstorm]]'' by [[Cao Yu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xunqian|url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1753-53872023000100015|title=Unveiling Neocolonialism in Sino-African Relations: Femi Osofisan's All for Catherine|journal=[[Journal of Literary Studies]] |volume=39|issue=1 |year=2023|doi=10.25159/1753-5387/13947|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àmìn ẹ̀yẹ==
* 2015: PAWA Membership Honorary Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/683516/pawa-congratulates-prof-osofisan.html|title=PAWA Congratulates Prof Osofisan|publisher=Daily Guide|via=Modern Ghana|date=1 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Echoes of Achebe's works at writers' show|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/echoes-of-achebes-works-at-writers-show/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=2015-11-24|newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2016: Thalia Prize from the International Association of Theatre Critics&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Femi Osofisan wins Thalia Prize 2016|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/femi-osofisan-wins-thalia-prize-2016-3/|date=2016-02-08|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{reflist}}

{{igbesiaye|1946||Osofisan, Femi}}
[[ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
      <sha1>gu8upqt6eqv8x5cblb66qnu1mdce8rl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Benin</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623003</id>
      <parentid>621503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T14:16:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13286" sha1="6tc8ajvmpi6r9yl4yfl8k1di4w4qr9d" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the National Assembly of Benin who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21290849 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21290849/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21290849/P580:Start date,P39/Q21290849/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q377077|Adrien Houngbédji]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1991-01
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Adrien Houngbédji, President of the Beninese National Assembly, March 2019.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q510823|Abraham Zinzindohoué]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q978750|Lazare Sèhouéto]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Lazare Maurice SEHOUETO 2.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2821361|Abdoulaye Bio Tchané]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Richard Odjrado et le ministre (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2926618|Bruno Amoussou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3184857|Joseph Djogbenou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Djogbénou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3299037|Mathurin Nago]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3372681|Paulin Tomanaga]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4775460|Antoine Dayori]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4775490|Antoine Idji Kolawolé]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4979540|Rosine Soglo]]''
| Oloṣelu Benin (1934-2021)
| [[Benin]]
| 1999
| 2019
| [[Fáìlì:Rosine Vieyra Soglo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218899|Daniel Tawéma]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1991-02-17&lt;br/&gt;2003-03-30
| 1995-03-28&lt;br/&gt;2007-03-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6182886|Jerome Chabi Sacca Kina Guézéré]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1991
| 2005
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6283486|Joseph Gnonlonfoun]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1999-03-30&lt;br/&gt;1991-02-17
| 2003-03-30&lt;br/&gt;1995-03-28
| [[Fáìlì:Joseph Gnonlonfoun.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6356062|Kamarou Fassassi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1999
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7396577|Sacca Lafia]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7410051|Samou Seidou Adambi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7799883|Théophile Nata]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1995&lt;br/&gt;2003-03
| 1999&lt;br/&gt;2007-03
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16886636|Nassirou Bako Arifari]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629105|Robert Gbian]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2015-04-26&lt;br/&gt;2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19952856|Amos Elegbe]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1991-04-01
| 1995-03-31
| [[Fáìlì:Papa40001.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20986546|Bertin Borna]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26235904|Joseph Keke]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1959-04-02
| 1965
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q44147191|Hélène Aholou Keke]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48758301|Janvier Yahouedeou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Portrait de Janvier Yahouedeou.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65133413|Louis Vlavonou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Gbèhounou Louis Vlavonou (2021) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66226631|Mahougnon Kakpo]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Mahougnon Thomas KAKPO, président du comité des rites vodoun du Bénin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107097466|Hervé Yves Hehomey]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107097620|Karimou Salimane]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107191315|Koubourath Osséni]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107418365|Jean-Michel Abimbola]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Fréjus Fiossi et Jean Michel ABIMBOLA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110315159|Amissétou Affo Djobo]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2007-04
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Amissétou Affo.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110383773|Dédévi Eugénie Chantal Ahyi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110383873|Rosine Dagniho]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110384897|Sofiatou Schanou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110384898|Mariama Baba Moussa]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110386156|Eniola Awou Bissiriou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110802146|Jocelyn Degbey]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2007
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110803428|Sanni Yibatou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110812131|Béatrice Lakoussan]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 1999-04-20
| 2003-04-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112073485|Charles Toko]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113536855|Atao Hinnouho]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2011
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114011440|Yacoubou Malehossou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2007
| 2018
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114065943|Valentin Houdé]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114246422|Sina Bio Gounou Idrissou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114270348|Issa Salifou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114384879|Éric Houndété]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| [[Fáìlì:Eric Louis HOUNDETE.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114421003|Prudent Victor Topanou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Topanou.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114797027|Venance Gnigla]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115596868|Edmond Agoua]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115596956|Léon Comlan Ahossi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115597032|Augustin Ahouanvoebla]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115597393|Nourénou Atchadé]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116771757|Titilayo Adjaï]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117067567|Soumaïla Sounon Boké]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117067588|Djamilatou Sabi Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117072202|Hélène Olossoumai]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117280499|Fatouma Tony Gniré Guimba]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117280566|Denise Mahoutin Degbedji]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117286676|Viviane Orou Tama]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117288935|Edmonde Tagnonnanon Fonton]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123385267|Barthélémy Kassa]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2023-01-08
| 2003&lt;br/&gt;2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123784104|Natondé Aké]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123822048|Jérémie Adomahou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123822369|Gérard Gbenonchi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123945219|Jean-Baptiste Orden Rosae Alladatin]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124246209|Abdoulaye Gounou Salifou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124248905|Assan Seibou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599550|Labiou Amadou Djibril]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599556|Bio Gounou Idrissou Sina Ouningui]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599565|Goro Baké Chabi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599578|Kounèmè Dometien N’Ouémou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599585|Boundja Jacques Yempabou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599591|Maixent Djeigo]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599605|Cossi Barthélémy Melon Vidjinnagni]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599616|Sossou Bernard Amoussou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599626|Afiavi Solange Mehou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599632|Brice Dénis Sena Fagbemi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599639|Viwagnon Jean Mejor Zannou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599652|Tohouegnon Nestor Noutaï]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599665|Yacoubou Orou Sé Guéné]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599679|Boubakari Oumarou Lafia]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599688|Sabi Abel Sourokou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599698|Kotchami Nicaise Fagnon]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599712|Richard Allossohoun]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599718|Gisèle Sewade]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599726|Santos Borgia N’Bouké]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599733|Honoré Marius Guigui]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599740|Ahouefa Adeline Natacha Kpochan]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599751|Délonix Djimèco Kogblévi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599761|Dodji Kocou Régina Koumagbeafidé]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599774|Alice Melevi Dadegnon]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599785|Adjoua Gladys Eudoxie Tossou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599795|Sèdozan Jean-Claude Clovis Apithy]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599805|Charlemagne Honfo]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599810|Dakpè Sossou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599815|Cécile Sègbégnon Ahoumènou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599825|Hounsa Justin Agbodjèté]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599837|Godonou David Houinsa]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599853|Abdoul Razack Abiosse]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599859|Olga Adédogni Olouremi Akitobi]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599880|Yenakponhami Edouard Béhanzin]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599886|Léopold Lokossou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599890|Eugenie Akouavi Kouana]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599908|Agoï Rogatienne Aïkoele]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599921|Yo Sanni Innocent Sabi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599934|Théophile N'Tia M'Po]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599943|Jeanne Tchanati]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599952|Coffi Bernard Houngnibo]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599958|Nathanaël Sokpoékpé]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599977|Eustache Akpovi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599982|Benoît Assouan Comlan Degla]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599994|Casimir Sossou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124599998|Abdoul Malick Séibou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600005|Mounifa Karim Tidjani]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600014|Alidjanatou Saliou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600034|Mathias Kouwanou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600040|Adjibadé Moukaram Koussonda]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600053|Denis Glegbeto]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600060|Armand Codjo Gansè]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600080|Dossa Lambert Agongbonon]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600092|Bio Sika Abdel Kamel Ouansangari]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600108|Alassane Sabi Karim]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600115|Zenabou Kora]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600136|Midofin Antonin Hounga]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600143|Souley Malam Moucoure Boko]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600155|Raouf Sariki]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600162|Habibou Woroucoubo]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600169|Arouna Issiaka]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600177|Fadegnon Léon Degny]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600187|Elise Aihe]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600193|Kolawolé Djima Ogbon]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600204|Ogoussi Edwige Tossa]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600210|Taïrou Imorou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600215|Léansou B. Do Rego]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600223|Gafari Adechokan]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600230|Denise Mahougnon Hounmènou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600236|Joël Godonou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600246|Constant Nahum]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600251|Chantal Adjovi]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600258|Abdou Akim Radji]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600265|Michel François Oloutoyé Sodjinou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124600275|Nounagnon Célestin Hounsou]]''
| 
| 
| 2023-01-08
| 2026-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125056479|Omobolanlé Rachidatou Fatolou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125056558|Codjo Louis Dossou]]''
| 
| [[Benin]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>6tc8ajvmpi6r9yl4yfl8k1di4w4qr9d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of the Central African Republic</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>622994</id>
      <parentid>622849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T12:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>622994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="54125" sha1="1x3yuthipvn2iu754boufbps0nkfa8l" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the National Assembly of the Central African Republic who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295977 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295977/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295977/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295977/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Visit of Faustin-Archange Touadéra, President of the Central African Republic, to the European Commission (P067074-430913, cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jean-Paul Ngoupandé]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| [[Abel Goumba]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Fránsì]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:AbelGoumba.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Anicet-Georges Dologuélé]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Anicet Georges Dologuele 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Timothée Malendoma]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1065479|Charles Massi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| [[Martin Ziguélé]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Martin ZIGUELE.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3291959|Marie-Joséphe Zani-fé Touam-Bona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marie-Josèphe Zane-Fé Touam-Bona 5.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4768083|Anne-Marie Goumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5715652|Henri Pouzère]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6168974|Jean-Baptiste Nouganga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6169634|Jean-Marie Mokole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6170003|Jean-Serge Bokassa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jean-Serge Bokossa Bangui April 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6762735|Marie Agba-Otikpo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6763033|Marie Solange Pagonéndji-N'dackala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11855176|Charles-Armel Doubane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Charles-Armel Doubane.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15618369|Alexandre-Ferdinand Nguendet]]''
| olóṣèlú, Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Alexandre Ferdinand Nguendet VOA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15713200|Desire Kolingba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15844911|Joseph Kalite]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ministre Dr Joseph KALITE +á bord SNLE le Redoutable.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19589575|Émilie Béatrice Epaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Beatrice Epaye (Central African Republic) - International Women of Courage Awards 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21965872|Karim Meckassoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Abdoul Karim Meckassoua May 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23729455|Simplice Sarandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:CAR Prime Minister Simplice Mathieu Sarandji in Bangui 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24289831|Émile Gros Raymond Nakombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58216808|Laurent Ngon Baba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61889435|Firmin Ngrébada]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:NgrebadaFirmin.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65158837|Patrice-Edouard Ngaissona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ngaissona.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96215674|Marthe Matongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marthe Matongo.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105946533|Ambroise Zawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106103476|Anatole Koué]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2011
| 2016
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106428926|Jacob Gbéti]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 1999-01-01
| 2003-03-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108292454|Laurent Gomina-Pampali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111391184|Michel Ngako Tomdjo]]''
| 
| [[Cameroon (orílẹ̀-èdè)|Kamẹrúùnù]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062382|Andre Nalke-Dorogo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062392|Daniel Emery Dede]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062396|Eric Sorongope]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062404|Idriss Salao]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062407|Jacquesson Mazette]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062429|Nestor Mamadou Nali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112062442|Timoleon Mbaikoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112065543|Jean-Michel Mandaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112066063|Espéré Abraham Langou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112066080|Marcel Loudégué]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112072410|Jules Ouandé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112072848|Aurélien-Simplice Zingas]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112074057|Abdou Karim Mekassoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112074269|Cyriaque Gonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 2005-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112074331|Jean Serge Wafio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112074341|Maleyombo Thierry Savonarole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112074684|Moïse Kotaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112075030|Marguerite Pétro-Koni Zézé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112077105|Joseph Bendounga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Joseph Bendounga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112079588|Virginie Mbaïkoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112079597|Justin Gourna Nzacko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112079976|Thierry Kamach]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112080008|Jean-Louis Opalegna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112080310|Bertin Béa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112080312|Augustin Yangana-Yahoté]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112083235|Marcel Djimassé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084559|Simon Dangavo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084560|Théophile Ngonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084561|Rachel Ngakola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084563|Sylvain-Eugène Ngakoutou-Patassé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084565|Hugues Abdjaz Ndolingar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084567|Francisco Moundjouvouko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084568|Vivien Hervé Gaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084569|Narcisse Dambalé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084570|Félix Yangakola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084571|Hissène Hamat]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084572|Jean-Claude Komia Sambia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084573|Firmin Endjizémo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084574|Auguste Dokoane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084575|Carmen Ducas]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084576|Christiane Dorazze Séréfessene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084577|Barthélemy Louis-Marie Zoumara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084578|Jean Galvanis Gassiyombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084579|Valérie Claude Bifane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084580|Maurice Bazzambo-Ngbongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084581|Brice Kevin Kakpayen]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084583|Christian Limbio Tekpe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084584|Hassan Akhras]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084585|Heureux Maxime Ngarendo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084586|Max Sylvain Balenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084587|Assindaka Didace]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084588|Jean Barkes Ngombe-Kette]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084589|Evariste Ngamana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084590|Idriss Sende Adam]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084591|Daniel Andal Djouma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084592|Sylvain Bombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084593|Justin Dotar-Ganguenon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084594|Dominique Kakara Guerengbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084595|Thierry Ndomadji Legon Ndoyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084596|Guy Samuel Nganatoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084597|Henry Josée Gbogouda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084598|Jean Sosthène Dengbe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084599|Zacharie Yaou Mafour]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084601|Rachel Yassindali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084602|Ephrem Dominique Yandocka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084603|Marie Brigitte Bozeze née Ouilibozoumna Nambeam]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084604|Patrice Oféing Ali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084605|Ousmane Gbalassoundou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116417|Boniface Sambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116418|Béatrice Tépé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116419|Gom-Aïam]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116420|Babpetel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116421|Pampanli Gomina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116423|René Apondjo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116424|Isaïe Gbane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116425|Jérôme Lasse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116426|Antoine Guedehi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116427|Edgard Mbaïkoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116428|Israël Bengba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116429|Léon Amaron]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116431|Maurice Saragba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890822|Abdel Karim Meckassoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890823|Abdoulaye Midjani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2006-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890833|Abraham Ngoto Boloum]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890834|Al-Hadji Hibrahim Alim]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890835|Alexandre Fernand Nguendet]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890836|Ali Ouesse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890837|Aliou Babetel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890838|André Bayéré]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890839|André Ndjogo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890840|André Zaïna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890841|Antoine Foy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890842|Auguste Agoudé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890843|Barthélémy Boua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890844|Biré Migué]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890845|Boniface Sombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890846|Béatrice Émilie Epayenée]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890847|Christophe Ndouba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890849|Cymossi Etienne Kezza Koyangbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890851|Célestin Nguewili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890853|David Dendou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890855|Diarra Alima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890857|Dogonendjé Nzafio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890858|Dominique Vidakoa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890860|Edisca André Kongbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890864|Etienne Banga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890865|Fidèle Banalé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890866|Fred Jacob Dieudonné Karoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890868|Frédéric Yvon Kangala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890869|Gilbert Dang Nam]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890870|Honorat Willibona Kocksis]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890871|Hélène Kaïne]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890872|Ibrahim Aoudou Pacco]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890873|Ibrahim Fidèle Gonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890874|Jacques Patrice Mbollo Dilaboy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890875|Jean Benoît Gonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890876|Jean Marie Bouguinza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890877|Jean Marie Sakila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890878|Joseph Boykota Zoukétia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890879|Joseph Katékondji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 2006-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890880|Joseph Lougbia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890881|Joseph Nida]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890882|Joséphine Kéléfio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08&lt;br/&gt;2005-12-31
| 2005-12-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890883|Joël Zibaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890884|Judes Alex Kette]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890885|Justine Véronique Abatchou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890886|Jérôme Lavou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890887|Lamine Ouabanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890888|Louis Yadbadja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890889|Luc-Apollinaire Dondon-Konambaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890890|Mahamat Abras]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890891|Martin Dalou Wamboli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890892|Maurice Bangayassi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890893|Michel Ndémazou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890894|Mierille Kolingba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890895|Moctar Samuel Mossambou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-06-19
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890896|Monique Bozizé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890898|Moussa Grébaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890899|Norbert Karakombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890901|Noël Komokoïna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-11
| 2005-11-22
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890903|Odon Kondolas Kpékozoma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890905|Ousman Ngbala Soundou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890907|Paul Fidèle Georges Abouka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890909|Pierre Abraham Mbokani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890911|Pierre Mboua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890913|Pierre Sélessoui]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890914|Pierre Yokongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890916|Pélados Gilbert Ngbafio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890917|Roger Fezokazoui]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890918|Roger Gbéda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890919|Rosalie Moussoukourou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890920|Sallé Djibalbaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890921|Samuel Shaba Kossi Nguérémbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890922|Sylvestre Zama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890923|Thierry Yinifolo Vandenboss]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890924|Thomas Nodié Yali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890925|Thomas Poundassé Bandéko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890926|Théophile Sonny Colé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890927|Toussaint Akondja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112890928|Yvon Dokoula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892231|Alain Albert Andjigbo Djanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892232|Albert Mberio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892233|Albert Ndebouli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892234|Albert Simplice Ganikpio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892235|Alphonse Malendele Laguere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892236|Alphonsine Yangongo Boganda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892237|André Janvier Ngboukouzou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892238|André Nderegandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115194|Marc Deloro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115195|Nadia Bea]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115196|Daguerre Andiba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115197|Clément Ndombet]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115198|Mahamat Pohouroundji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115199|André Nalke Dorgo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115200|Jean Symphorien Mapenzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115201|Sylvain Goni]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115202|Valentin Goumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115203|Gervil Jean Beninga de Ngakoutou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115204|Maxime Bondjo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115205|Robertson Saïtoua Be Mangoe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115206|Petros Michael Miabe-Mai Dekongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115207|Claudia Stella Zakaria Tarazongha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115208|Barthélémy Banabona Onouguele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115209|Joël Moidamse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115210|Aristide Symphorien Nampessa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115211|Jean-Paul Bervy Tezawa-Service]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115212|Albert Yarisson Doyari]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115213|Abel Mboze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115214|Teddy Arnold Weïdane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115215|Corneille Serekoisse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115216|Arsène Kongbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115217|Claude Andoche Gondy Ndenguere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115218|Justin Nguia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115219|Laurent Alourou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115220|Joseph Désiré Gouveli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115221|Apollinaire Mbessa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115222|Gina Michelle Sanze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115223|Lambert Akovoulou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115224|Prosper Dieudonné Mayela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115225|Martin Boungueze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115226|Martin Angoro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115227|Clément Nobona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115228|Hugues-Abdias Ndolingar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115229|Christ Eric Gallo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115230|Joël Degou Sobeat]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115231|Ghislain Gaël Yago]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115232|Davy Victorien Yama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115233|Jean-Pierre Mara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115234|Pierre Marie Aine Franck]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115235|Gabriel Ryeriko Tchina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115236|Thierry Georges Vackat]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115237|Stève Mac Kelly Koba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115238|Romboht Alfred Yekatom]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115239|Silas Fongan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115240|Raphaël]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115241|Rolland Achille Bangue Betagaï]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115242|Franck-Urbain Saragba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115243|François Moussa Yakata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115244|Jean Claude Perah]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115245|Jean Marc Ndoukou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115246|Stefanel Valère Mpedjandjo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115247|Eric Pogola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115248|Albert Guinimanguimi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115249|Mahamat Abakar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115250|Alphonse Yakambe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115251|Anselme Bindala Kundro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115252|Marcel Haroun Chef]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115253|Fidèle Kabral Yangassengue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115254|Emmanuel Mamia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115255|Benjamin Zangaberou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115256|René Constant Ngbondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-03-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115257|Mathurin Dimbelet Nakoe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115258|Séverin Ndoguia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115259|Timothée Bengba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115260|Jérémie Gokiiri Ndoro 2]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115261|Martin Dalouwamboli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116384|Serge Hyppolite Mayeur]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116385|Francine Lakoue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116386|Rufin Brice Molomndon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116387|Abdoul Nimaga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116388|Hamza Ouakili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116389|Nendje Dogo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116390|Mallo Ning Wong]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116391|Ouinia André]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116392|Augustin Ndoukoulouba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116393|Gabriel Tcheteu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116394|Idriss Maloum]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116395|Ambroise Azoukaterne]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116396|Joseph Mouguia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116397|Yvonne Ndjapou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116398|Adam Oumar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116399|Alain Defarandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116401|Jean Doumati]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116402|Justine Abatchou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116403|Simon Pierre Goumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116404|Raphaël Kangandi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116405|Andjigbo Ndjanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116406|Salomo Kotro Mbomba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116407|Evodie Nakoumbou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116408|Olivier Niker de Toki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116409|Djarra Alima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116410|Bertin Foukpio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116411|Bénick Kette]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116412|Gari Mamadou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116413|Fouga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116414|Jean Mokolé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116415|Ali Kassala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112116416|Pierre Gaba-Mano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084606|Bernard Gbissigui Anioue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084607|Georges Yalakanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084608|Francis Rufin Ouatende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084609|Michel Yembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084610|Marc Issa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 2005-05-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084611|Pélagie Ngaïndiro née Senzoure Yatrandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084612|Jacques Ngaina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084614|Florent Kema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084616|Brice Rufin Molomadon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084617|Nabia Koundjou Abdel-Karim]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084618|Joseph Ngoïta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084619|Clément Ndombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084620|Tefal Kolou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084621|Nzoungou Samuel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084622|Michel Kpingo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084623|Alime Aziza Soumaine]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084625|Romain Penendji-Lami-Ya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084626|Aristide Goundissa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084627|Ernest Konguere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084628|Dekalve Chengaba Rossni]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084629|Louis Albert Goni]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084630|Richard Gonguere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084631|Marthe Lakonte-Gaomeda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084632|Emilie Bernadette Gambo née Souaninzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084633|Virginie-Béatrice Bandéko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084660|Geoffroy Noël Tagba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084661|Fleury Junior Pabandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084662|Be-Yamissi Sana née Kambiri Salamatou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084663|Richard Steve Toranga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084664|Aubin Amasseka Amoudou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084665|Anatole Ndemagouda Gbago]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084666|Ali Saleh]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084667|Christophe Arsène Wapou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084668|Jean de Dieu Damarass-Damangueré]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084669|Justin Gourna Zako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084671|Sédar Sall Karim]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084672|Chantal Merveille Tohomane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084673|Magloire Jocelyn Makango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084674|Jean Claude Ngonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084675|Henri-Matie Dondra]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084676|Fidèle Pandjikane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084677|Dahirou Mohamadou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084678|Emmanuel Mamya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084679|Annie Molomadon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084680|Arme Birot]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084681|Percus Kette]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084682|Antoine Koirokpi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084683|Bernard Dillah]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084684|Serge Alain Liguela Mboutou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084685|Luc Ninga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084686|Jean-Bosco Namtoua-Koussi Guidomon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084687|William Séraphin Wabem Mbeté]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084688|Marien Diodonné Djema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084689|Achanga Bertrand Nakombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084690|Lucien Mbaîgoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084691|Thomas Rabé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084692|Henri Mylla Vigner]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084693|Jean Robert Gotao]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084694|Jonas Donon]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084695|Dieudonné Gbiatou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084696|Hermane Lambert Akovourou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084697|Eric Gervais Kpiodigui]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084698|François Moussa Yakota]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084699|Sylvain Marandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084700|Jean Thalhys Bangue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084701|Vidal de Bon Coeur Siopathis]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084702|Follot Gabriel Mairie Raoul]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084704|José Titus Ngoungbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084705|Rodrigue Yvon Brice Sialo Ngboda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084713|Mathurin Massikini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084714|Amédée Negba Kpingo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084715|David Bernadette Gomina-Pampali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084716|Dorothée Tiyangou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084717|Ernest Mizédio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084718|Louis Roi Nguehoroum]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084719|Albert Guinimonguimi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084720|Ernest Bonang]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084721|Jacques Tafago]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112084722|Auguste Boukanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115170|Augustin Agou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115171|Kool Sonny Bayone]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115175|François Apollinaire Ko-Yapende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115176|José Martial Kenam Aradona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115177|Blaise Maïdou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115178|Augustin To-Sah-Be-Nza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115179|Dénis Modemade]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115180|Clément David Ndotizo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115181|Yvonne Ndoyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115182|Vital Léopold Yongoro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115183|Etienne-Nathan Godenaha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115184|Edouard Goumoundjou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115185|André Ndjambala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115186|Gabin Dieudonné Mbolifouefele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115187|Fernand Delmas Nzapaha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115188|Amadou Aubin Amasseka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115189|Anatole Ndemagouda Gbagot]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115190|Ayouba Maloum Yerima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115191|Jean Bernard Gbissigui Anioue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115192|Anicet Samalet]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112115193|Rachel Ninga-Wong-Mallo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892239|Anne Marie Moningue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892240|Antoine Biloko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892241|Baïkoumbou Maguelet Poutya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892242|Bhé Dogo Nendji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892243|Daniel Langandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892244|Daniel Otokpio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892245|David Gobolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892246|David Guitouka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892247|David Yaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892248|Dieudonné Gomitoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892249|Dieudonné Koudoufara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892250|Emmanuel Dombia Dobele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892251|Etienne Moussa Ndoa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892252|Faustin Montsoki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892253|Fidèle Gbanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892254|Fidèle Soussou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892255|Félix Orokas]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892256|Gabriel Dotte Badekara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892257|Gaston Laninga Bastos]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892258|Gilbert Kolissio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892259|Guy Ningata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892260|Guy-Jean Ouilibona Zoufouk]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892261|Hilaire Sebale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892262|Hubert Ndomphori Nakombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892263|Jacques Yembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892264|Jean Baketo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892265|Jean Claude Aubertel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892266|Jean Marc Meiganga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892267|Jean Michel Zouhougou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892268|Jean Pierre Félix Gassicard]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892269|Jean Sayo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892270|Joachim Goyango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892271|Joseph Malemindou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892272|Joseph Maligwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892273|Joseph Ngama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892274|Joseph Pingama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892275|Kilo Alphonse Sanghamy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892276|Louis Papeniah]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892277|Louis Pierre Gamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892278|Luc Guela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892279|Lucienne Patassé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892280|Marguerite Balenguele Zarambaud]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892281|Marie Wafio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892282|Martin Doumsou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892283|Martin Yamete]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892284|Maïtar Djim Arem]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892285|Michel Neby Issa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892286|Mireille Kolingba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892287|Moise Mamadou Raïkina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892288|Nestor Maïdou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892289|Ngoagbada Kouzoutchiam]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892290|Nouyongode Modiba Bene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892291|Ouba Tessoube]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892292|Oumar Zackaria]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892293|Patrice Endjimoungou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892294|Paulin Georges Dobot Zero]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892295|Philippe Woungane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892296|Pierre Nganamandji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892297|Rigaud Nguialo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892298|Simon Bongolape]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892299|Simon Moussapeti]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892300|Thomas Koazo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892301|Théophile Ganro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892302|Théophile Touba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892303|Tymossi Kezza Koyangbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892304|Yani Blaise Nabombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892305|Younouss Sidik]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892306|Zabio Maa Zabio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112892307|Zacharia Alia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àrin Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>1x3yuthipvn2iu754boufbps0nkfa8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>622992</id>
      <parentid>622853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T12:37:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>622992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="290915" sha1="pjssy9sokzxzq40e4uqevooitm16zp2" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295979 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295979/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295979/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295979/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q178793|Lambert Mende Omalanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Lambert Mende - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Adolphe Muzito]]
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Adolphe Muzito - 2009.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q586135|Pierre Pay-Pay wa Syakasighe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Pierrepaypay.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q767826|Augustin Katumba Mwanke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q978715|Moïse Katumbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Moïse Katumbi en 2016.tiff|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q981106|Vital Kamerhe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kamerhe.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2447445|Eugène Kabongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2824869|Adolphe Lumanu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2831294|Albert Kutekala Kaawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2834659|Alexis Thambwe Mwamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Alexis Thambwe Mwamba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2839924|Alphonse Ngoy Kasanji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-02-13
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Alphonse Ngoy Kasanji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2849867|Angélique Milemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2853995|Antoine Ghonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Antoine Ghonda, Homme politique congolais (RDC).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2868988|Athanase Matenda Kyelu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Athanase Matenda Kyelu, IMF 2007.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2885955|Barthélemy Botswali Lengomo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2959880|Charles Mwando Simba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mwando Simba - Radio Okapi - 2010-06-25.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2966383|Christophe Mboso N'Kodia Pwanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2980757|Cléophas Kamitatu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Cléophas Kamitatu, président de la province de Léopoldville, en 1960 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2982527|Colette Tshomba Ntundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Colette Tshomba Ntundu 2022.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3002789|Crispin Atama Tabe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Crispin Atama Tabe - May 2016.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3002793|Crispin Kalala Mpotoyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3010091|Célestin Mbuyu Kabango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Célestin Mbuyu (4127540001) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3014233|Daniel Kanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3018535|David Nku Imbie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3026832|Didace Pembe Bokiaga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Didace Pembe élu député National.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3027098|Didi Manara Linga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Excellence Manara.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3060173|Eugène Serufuli Ngayabaseka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Serufuli2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3084014|François Bokona Wiipa Bondjali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2012&lt;br/&gt;2006
| 2018&lt;br/&gt;2012
| [[Fáìlì:Bokona.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3085432|François Mwamba Tshishimbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Francois-mwamba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3105752|Gilbert Kiakwama kia Kiziki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:02 Gilbert Kiakwama (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3109704|Godefroid Mayobo Mpwene Ngantien]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3131683|Henri Mova Sakanyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Henri mova sakanyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3142062|Hubert Mbingho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3147857|Idesbald Petwe Kapande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3163304|Jaynet Kabila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3167591|Jean-Marie Bulambo Kilosho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3168626|Jean-Paul Nemoyato Begepole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3172112|Jean François Ekofo Panzoko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3172896|Jean Kimbunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3185698|N'Singa Udjuu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3186402|José Makila Sumanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3190458|Justin Kalumba Mwana Ngongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3196526|Kikaya Bin Karubi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Henry Bellingham met with the DRC Foreign Minister and the DRC Ambassador to the UK, (5117877428) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3198483|Koloso Sumaili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3219025|Laurent Batumona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3240837|Liliane Pande Muaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3263804|Louise Munga Mesozi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3271518|Leonard Mashako Mamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3280404|Maj Kisimba Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3280754|Maker Mwangu Famba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Maker Mwangu (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3291479|Marie-Ange Lukiana Mufwankolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marie-Ange Lukiana 2 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3295341|Martin Bitijula Mahimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3295417|Martin Fayulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011-11-28
| 2019-03-07
| [[Fáìlì:Martin Fayulu.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3295482|Martin Kabwelulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3332426|Médard Autsai Asenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3343479|Norbert Basengezi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3351121|Olivier Kamitatu Etsu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Olivier Kamitatu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3421171|Raymond Tshibanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Raymond Tshibanda.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3424672|Remy Musungayi Bampale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3426386|René Isekemanga Nkeka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:René Isekemanga Nkeka2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3431066|Richard Ndambu Wolang]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3439223|Roger Lumbala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3484223|Simon Bulupiy Galati]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3526676|Théophile Mbemba Fundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3557436|Victor Makwenge Kaput]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3573860|Yves Mobando Yogo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3577297|Ève Bazaiba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2018
| [[Fáìlì:Ève Bazaiba - 2022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3592729|Évariste Boshab]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Evariste Boshab (4997782337, fixed).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4678757|Adam Bombolé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:ABI OFF.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5111780|Christophe Lutundula Apala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Christophe Lutundula - 2022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373269|Emmanuel Leku Apuobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6805146|Medard Mulangala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7327967|Richard Muyej]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16195146|Jeannette Kavira Mapera]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16269662|Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16545541|Célestin Vunabandi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Célestin Vunabandi, ministre du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16627098|Bruno Lapika Dimomfu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16669165|Patrick Bologna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Patrick Bologna and Ukrainian peacekeeping force representative.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17631305|Juvénal Munubo Mubi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Honorable Juvenal Munubo Mubi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17639110|Samy Badibanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Samy Badibanga 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18019786|Jean-Bertrand Ewanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18353237|Aimé Boji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18638393|André Tshikwej Kazuw a Tshik]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18642447|Aubin Minaku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Aubinminaku.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18642479|Dieudonné Bolengetenge Balea]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18642583|Omer Egwake]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18649355|Thomas Luhaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Thomas Luhaka - 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18681696|Aimé Ngoy Mukena]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Aimé Ngoy Mukena - 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19543886|Modeste Bahati Lukwebo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Bahati1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19544597|Félix Kabange Numbi Mukwampa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Announcing UK aid to protect 6 million people against malaria in DRC (8689417336).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19545075|Willy Makiashi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19606583|Zacharie Bababaswe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629165|Zoé Kabila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629172|Tryphon Kin-Kiey Mulumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Tryphon Kin-Kiey Mulumba (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629891|Jean Bamanisa Saïdi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kisangani ammunition depot, UNMAC - Jean Bamanisa Saïdi (10400611374) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19629893|Caroline Bemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19631188|Bienvenu Liyota Ndjoli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Bienvenu Liyota Ndjoli - 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19631190|Bijou Mushitu Kat]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19631195|Jean-Claude Kibala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20666287|Alain Lubamba wa Lubamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20740600|Jean-Marie Bamporiki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20740642|Justin Bitakwira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20810501|Arome Bigabwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20810516|Sam Bokolombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982168|Edouard Kiove Kola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982169|Eric Katolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982172|Claudel André Lubaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Lubaya Claudel André.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982173|Jason Luneno]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982179|Jean-Baudouin Mayo Mambeke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982180|Crispin Mbindule]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982181|Gregoire Mirindi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982184|Roger Mpanano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982185|Kizito Mushizi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982196|Martin Ntenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20995412|Franck Diongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21035328|Neema Namadamu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Portrait Dessin Neema Namadamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24539800|Maurice Mpolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25694850|Florent Lebe Mupiya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25694865|Émile Etumangele Aseke Kangaseke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28010745|Sylvain Delma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28086239|Germain Kambinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28146551|Delly Sesanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Delly SESANGA HIPUNGU.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28811859|Marie-Ange Mushobekwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marie-Ange Mushobekwa - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Félix Tshisekedi]]
| olóṣèlú, Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011-11-28
| 2013-06-18
| [[Fáìlì:Felix Tshisekedi, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (55078564106) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29270464|Jean Tokole Ilongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29351876|Bienvenu Kalunga Mawazo Ga Nghombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011-11-28
| 2019
| [[Fáìlì:KALUNGA-MAWAZO-01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29534133|Kasongo Munganga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kasongo Munganga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30070987|Alphonse Songolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Alphonse Songolo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30118210|Patrick Muyaya Katembwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Patrick Muyaya 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30728171|Papy Niango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Papy niango.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q33129102|Charles Kisolokele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q36281005|Yvon Kimpiobi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q40680866|Gaston Musemena]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Gaston Musemena - 2017.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43106474|Henri-Thomas Lokondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011
| 2021-03-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46918247|Didier Kamundu Batundi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48775328|Upio Kakura Wapol]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48775361|Ferdinand Kambere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48775364|Laurent Muzangisa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48778035|Mopipi Mukulumanya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52136791|Pascal Nkayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56302679|Moïse Nyarugabo Muhizi Mugeyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56515694|Jean-Lucien Bussa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:JLB Final.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56618763|Marie-Louise Mwange]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marie-Louise Mwange - 2017 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57986438|Jefferson Abdallah Penembaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ituri Province, Bunia, Camp Ndoromo- Medal Award ceremony for Bangladeshi Peacekeepers who served the peacekeeping Mission in Ituri. (24458565398).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60958438|Marcel Ilunga Leu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marcel Ilunga Leu - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63349528|Geneviève Inagosi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011-11-28
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Geneviève Inagosi, Minister of Gender, Family and Children from DR Congo addresses the meeting (10841449794).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63382184|Jeannine Mabunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65129281|Albert Nyembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q67218417|André Lite]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:André Lite Asebea - 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q78469448|Célestin Tunda ya Kasende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q79423044|Élysée Munembwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q84265238|Alex Kande Mupompa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2006
| 2012
| [[Fáìlì:Alexkande.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96207441|Pauline Maata Nkumu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96210138|Béatrice Lomeya Atilite]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96210253|Wivine Moleka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96210362|Gentiny Ngobila Mbaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96244405|Anasthasie Moleko Moliwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96245204|Antoinette Kipulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96436278|Brigitte Kalaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96436486|Georgette Agadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96436683|Lucie Kipele Aki Azwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96436684|Adèle Kahinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96437347|Françoise Bemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96438022|Pascaline Kudura]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439592|Sabine Muhima Bintu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439706|Yvonne Mutombo Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439729|Perpetue Kapindo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439885|Francine Kimasi Bekili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439897|Annie Dianzenza Mayasilwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96439933|Elysée Dimandja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96440028|Marie Therese Dembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96440102|Jolie Kenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Joli Kenda.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96440105|Vicky Katumbwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96465065|Marie-Thérèse Gerengbo Yazalo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475172|Alphonse Awenze Makiaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475177|Jeanne Ayomo Alife]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475185|Judith Asobe Ibambi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475204|Solange Masumbuko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475211|Ambroise Midi Giamani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475225|Lucie Kuhatelela Gubembeya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475236|Jocelyne Mupeka Kindundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475241|Cathy Musengi Kapisila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475244|Jolie Yama Nzalabar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475256|Lylie Masikini Mbili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475260|Grace Neema Paininye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475292|Marie Claire Alfani Machozi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475308|Sosthene Maombi Katsongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475313|Wivine Paipo Ngweli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475321|Yvonne Mwepu Kibanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475351|Fifi Masuka Saini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:FIFI MASUKA GOUVERNEURE (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475358|Magguy Kiala Bolenga Boley]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475362|Anne Marie Mbilambangu Lungambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475365|Nadine Mangabu Luabeya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475370|Eugénie Tshiela Kamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475373|Ambroise Kamukuny Mukinay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475380|Alidor Kakubu K'Ilaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475391|Veronique Lumanu Cimpaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475407|Isabelle Ihemba Kayombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475423|Odette Mwamba Banza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Odette Mwamba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475445|Gracia Yamba Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475490|Ida Kitwa Godalena]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475499|Viviane Kapufi Mwansa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475506|Olive Mudekereza Namegabe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-01-28
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475511|Adolphine Byayuwa Muley]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-02-13
| 2024-01-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96475514|Eugénie Agoyo Wayiko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97277162|Néné Nkulu Ilunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97446584|Steve Mbikayi Mabuluki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97464651|Willy Bakonga Wilima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98269668|Valentin Senga Paysayo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99851849|Pius Muabilu Mbayu Mukala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q101412106|Adèle Degbalase Kanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102274390|Berthold Ulungu Ekunda Lukata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104416504|Maguy Rwakabuba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Maguy Rwakabuba - 2015 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104771218|Henriette Wamu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2006
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105523479|Jean-Michel Sama Lukonde Kyenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Secretary Blinken Meets With DRC Prime Minister Lukonde (52276160562) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105546420|Jean-Pierre Lisanga Bonganga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105713042|Gilbert Tshiongo Tshibinkubuka wa Tumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105754578|Angèle Tabu Makusi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105798778|José Mpanda Kabangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:José Mpanda Kabangu - 2020 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105946534|Jean-Pierre Bokole Ompoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106081591|Jean-Jacques Mamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106163828|Jean-Marie Lukulasi Massamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106505759|Aminata Namasia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106588674|Tony Mwaba Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106777922|Adrien Bokele Djema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106786484|Raymond Tchedya Patay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106884074|Jean-Pierre Lihau]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jean-Pierre Lihau.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106903744|Godard Motemona Gibolum ya Kembi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904435|Neron Mbungu Mbungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904741|Guy Mikulu Pombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904755|Jonathan Bialosuka Wata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904823|Amato Bahibazire Mirindi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904837|Samy Adubango Ahoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106904946|Crispin Mbadu Phanzu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106905141|Albert Fabrice Puela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106905169|Modero Nsimba Matondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106905178|Cherubin Okende Senga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106905188|Christian Mwando Nsimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106905313|Vincent Okoyo Nembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106911980|Albert Botombula Tabu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106912247|Paulin Maembo Gelingi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106912703|François Rubota Masumbuko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106913386|Muhindo Nzangi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Minister of Higher and University Education Muhingo Nzangi Butondo Launch of project on the introduction of courses in forensic medicine in DRC universities.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106913451|Anne-Marie Karume Bakaneme]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106913695|Jean-Pierre Daruwezi Mokombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106913836|Nelson Paluku Syayipuma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106914680|Juliette Mbambu Mughole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2016-07-30&lt;br/&gt;2006
| 2019-01-13&lt;br/&gt;2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106926186|André Mbata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106929174|Dieudonné Mwenze Wa Mujinga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106929702|Antoine Nzangi Ngelengbi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107044433|Daniel Safu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107187435|Arthur Sedea Ngamo Zabusu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107189786|Albert Mpeti Biyombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107252986|Bernard Kayumba Shikilwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107278026|Kikoka Gaytoni Toni]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107368856|Gael Bussa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon. Gael Bussa Obambule.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107474977|Joas Mbitso Ngedza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107475161|César Lubamba Ngimbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107528370|Pierre Kangudia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107694205|Dieudonné Upira Sunguma Kagimbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107694336|Anicet Kuzunda Mutangiji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107746255|Daniel Mbau]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107785573|Jean-Claude Kazembe Musonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107985923|Anaclet Kabeya Kalenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107988769|Roger Abotome Bakabisya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107994857|Wilson Adirodu Djari]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107999450|Emmanuel Adubango Ali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108001028|Anatol Afoote Afotuku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108022504|Mamie Agigba Widia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108097700|Papy Ahono Nzobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108106499|Amy Ambatobe Nyongolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108106787|Patrick Amisi Lupia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108107208|Jean-Pierre Anokonzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108107537|Alu Asani Kabina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108107723|Rufine Assina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108137852|Emmanuel Atuyakila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108138162|Jackson Ausse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108138485|Patrice Autsai Adriko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108189125|Jean-Pierre Ayobangira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108196229|Anicet Babanga Mpotiyolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108196484|Paul Babangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108198404|Héritier Bahati Chuma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108199071|Chadrack Baitsura]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108200117|Boniface Balamage]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108200590|Donatien Balekelayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108202623|Paul Balenza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108317623|Albert Baliesima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108317692|Fabrice Bandenonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108318625|Daniel Banio Debho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108319287|Vital Banywesize Mukuza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108319698|John Banza Lunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108329864|Marmont Banza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108330137|Jules Barhalengehwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108331355|Alphonse Benza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108331739|Nono Berocan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108332109|Etienne Bidjep]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108385607|Denis Kambayi Tshimbumbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108422788|Eddy Bisweko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108422974|Jean-Pierre Bobe Yaboy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108433429|René Sebastien Bofaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108440912|Faustin Boika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108441228|Fabien Boko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108448694|Elysé Bokumwana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108461028|Abraham Boliki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108461342|Delvaux Bolila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108462474|Willy Bolio Emina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108462932|Gabriel Boloko Angbenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108477947|Patrick Bombelosanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108478780|Freddy Bompanze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108489669|Michel Bompini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108490182|Xavier Bonane Ya Nganzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108491877|Guillaume Bonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108510646|René Bosise]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108514137|Prosper Bukasa Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108521046|Mohamed Bule-Gbangolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108527432|John Bupila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108528033|Beta Bushiri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108545313|Déocard Camunani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108565991|Richard Chirhulwire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108569890|Dieudonné Dikapa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108569894|François Dhedda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108569897|Prince Cokola Ntwali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108575185|Dianne Dimbu lukombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108575354|Blaise Ditu Monizi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108585412|Jacques Djoli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jacques Djo 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108585671|Mathieu Doda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108600236|Jean-Claude Draza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108602719|Baudouin Droti Obhitre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108688896|Norbert Eholo Eoni]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108688963|Serge Endundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108691430|Anselme Enerunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108692448|José Engbanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108701545|Célestin Engelemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109017046|Astrid Madiya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109019515|Crispin Ngbundu Malengo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109024264|Evariste Twana Wibina]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109040994|Patricia Nseya Mulela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109044263|Serge Kayembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2006
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109044269|Serge Tshembo Nkonde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109071560|Guy Mafuta Kabongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109315393|Martin Kabuya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109358231|Abdon Etina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109376599|Célestin Eyuma Nasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109545469|Norbert Ezadri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109545889|Christine Feza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109547024|Rombeau Fumany]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109548569|Daniel Furaha Uma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109550020|Hubert Furuguta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109558883|Abner César Fwani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109559092|Boniface Gachuruzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109559816|Valentine Gamoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109560596|Jean Gbadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109972903|Tite Hakizuwera]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110500625|Noël Botakile]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770440|Jeannine Kavira Katoshohire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770477|Mireille Masangu Bibi Muloko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mireille Masangu Bibi Muloko (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770479|Charlotte Phoba Massiala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770484|Louise Mayuma Kasende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770491|Christine Mbalo Luange]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770537|Jeanne Mbemba Mukobiawu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770564|Elisabeth Mbombo Mutshimpayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770583|Pétronelle Mbumba Mavungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770589|Tania Mokolo Ndjoli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-02
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770606|Annie Mombunza Libotolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770624|Winnie Muabilu Mualukie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770635|Nelly Muinga Tulela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770640|Dominique Munongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Dominique munongo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770658|Olga Mwadi Kadiata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770668|Liliane Ngoie Many]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770674|Mimy Nkengela Kapianga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770681|Bintou Ntumba Ciabola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770772|Tatiana Pembe Luemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770778|Christelle Vuanga Mukongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-01
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Christelle Vuanga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110770785|Irène Wasso Wabiwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112119627|jean-Marc Kabund-a-Kabund]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-02-13
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jean-Marc Kabund (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112207919|Adolphe Onusumba Yemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221929|Pierre-Castro Bamboka Lobendi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221937|Charles Nawej Mundele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221939|Clément Kanku Bukasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221942|Daniel Madimba Kalonji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221945|Elvis Mutiri Wa Bashara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221946|Emery Okundji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221954|Evariste Heva Muakasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221960|Georges Kazadi Kabongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221968|Jacques Lungwana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221971|Jean Mbuyu Lunyongola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221977|John Tibasima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221979|Joseph Kokonyangi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221987|Jean-Pierre Kalema Losona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221990|Lambert Matuku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221992|Lumeya Dhu-Maleghi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112221999|Mukendi Tshambula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222007|Daniel Paluku Kisaka Yereyere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222009|Patrick Mayombe Mumbioko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222013|Pierre Anatole Matusila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222015|Pierre Muzumba Mwana Ombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222017|Pierrot Uweka Ukaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222031|Tshibangu Kalala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222033|Venant Tshipasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112222035|Yagi Sitolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112251777|Basile Olongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112251915|Papy Mantezolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112252531|Corneille Maswaswa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112253706|Dismas Magbengu Swana Emin]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112254335|Willy Mubobo Nzamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262714|Baudouin Adirodu Mawazo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262715|Nicolas Akpanza Mobuli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262771|ALI BIN OMARI SIMUKINJE]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262772|Toussaint Alonga Likiti]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262773|Maurice Ambena Zaingali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262774|AMURI KABEZA MWENEBANTU]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262775|Fredric Apaka Tombila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262776|Bienvenu Apalata Ambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262777|Jacques Asumani Likalanganyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262778|Joseph Atonzia Bakomoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262779|Freddy Aundagba Pangodi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262781|François Ayobangira Samvura]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262783|Fidèle Babala Wandu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262784|Christian Badibangi Anuwebe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262785|Semeyi Bakatsuraki Kavusa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262789|Juma Balikwisha Mulondi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262791|Willy Bandeache Itendey]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262793|Dany Banza Maloba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262794|Lon-Dhon Basango Makedjo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262795|Marie-Thérèse Basiala Maka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262796|Félicien Basilwango Mwilo Lusolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262797|Jean-Pierre Batumoko Afozunde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262799|Bonaventure Bazir Serushago]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262802|Bernard Biando Sango Nzuambe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262803|Vicky Bokolo Nyaswa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262805|Faustin Bokonda Balela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262807|Gabriel Bolenge Boponde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262812|Célestin Bondomiso Bebisyame]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262813|Pancrace Boongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262814|Robert Bopolo Mbongeza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262816|Jean-Christophe Budri Ngaduma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262817|Vital Budu Tandema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262818|François Buhendwa Lubagire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262821|Nicolas Bulukungu Bera-Kay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262822|Michel Butor Bodias]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262823|Jeanne Butsitsi Namwanve]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262827|Dogratias Chituli Nabwira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262828|Joseph Chura Bilo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262829|Pacifique Cimanuka Ngabo-Yeka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262830|Yvon Dangbele Ngotuga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262831|Marcelline Daruwezi Apendeki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262832|Thalie Dasyo Mokfe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262833|Jean-Baptiste Dhetchuvi Matchu Mandje]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262835|Pierre César Edumbadumba Egbula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262838|Toussaint Ekombe Mpetsi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262839|Olivier Endundo Evele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262841|Filbert Brel Etibako Edi Ndito]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262843|Patrice Ezaty Meriko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262844|Celestin Faso Mushigo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262845|Florent Gabuba Mafu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262847|Jean-Marie Gapemonoko Lobodumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262848|Thophile Geakoro Ndambomale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262850|José Ikiyo Ingutu Y'Okanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262851|Ibrahim Ikulu Lamajana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262852|Jean-Pierre Ilunga Kampanyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262853|Michel Ilunga Kouvas]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262854|Simplice Ilunga Monda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262855|Do Gratias Indulu Ekuns]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262856|Kovo Ingila Bokondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262857|Joseph Ipalaka Yobwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262858|Nicolas Isofale Bonyoko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262859|Pascal Itshitoka Ngalamulume]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262860|Jean Kevin Jemsi Mulengwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262861|Gasha Kin-Kiey Mulumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262862|Prosper Kabila wa Nkulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262896|Edmond Kabongo Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262897|Jean Bosco Kaboyi Bwivu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262898|KABWIK FAT MAYANG Elyse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262899|Prosper Kabwika Mastaki Kuliva]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262900|Mwami Kahindo Nzanzu Bonane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262901|Hubert Kakule Shahetera]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262902|Patrick Thierry André Kakwata Nguza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262903|Godé Kalau Ngungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262904|Freddy Kalombo Bukola Buabu Nkashama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262905|Francis Kalombo Tambwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262906|Rombault Kalombo Tshinkenke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262907|Romain Kalonji Mukendi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262908|Ignace Kamayi Muangala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262909|Orner Kambale Kahalirwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262910|Dieudonné Kambale Kalimumbalo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262911|Robert Kambale Lufungula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262912|Daniel Kambale Musemo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262913|Vincent Kangijlumba Mbambi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262914|Crispin Kankonde Kankonde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262916|Philipe Kantanti Mwitwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262917|John America Kaonde Kipanta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262918|Delphin Kapaya Ohelo Pene Lombendja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262919|Donatien Kapongo Munyoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262920|François Kasende Kandolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262921|Timothe Kasereka Wanzavalere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262922|Gaudel Kashiki Mazambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262923|Delphin Kasongo Kibale Kas]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262924|Lucain Kasongo Mwadiavita]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262925|Gerardine Kasongo Ngoie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262926|Hubert Kassapo Metela Lhomb]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262928|Matthieu Kasunka wa Banza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262929|Louis Kaswende Batuanini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262930|Jacques Katalay M'buru Balo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262931|Richard Katamuliko Tsongo Maha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262932|Katembo Muzee Budget]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262933|Paulin Katshongo Mbavu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262935|Jackson Kayombo Mbinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262937|Jean-Pierre Kezamudru Musisiri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262938|Edouard Kibawa Wimwene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262941|Augustine Kilambe Lwando]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262945|Gregoire Kiro Tsongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262946|Joseph Kitenge Mulongoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262947|Gérard Kobili Ngundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262949|John Kolela Yahanu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262950|Robert Koloba Denge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262952|Timothe Kombo Nkisi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262953|Adolphe Komuesa Kalunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262954|Désiré Bonaventure Konde Vila-Ki-Kanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262955|Koso Diese Kovi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262956|Stephane Kota Piem]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262957|Jean Baptiste Kumasamba Olom]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262959|Joseph Lembi Libula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262962|Félix Lupula Matshalo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262963|Symphorien Lobo Kasongo Klm]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262964|Athigo Lofimbo Bakundji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262965|Michel Lokola Elemba Ekahandjala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262966|Jean-Robert Lomanga Longenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262967|Cyprien Lomboto Lombonge L'Okeli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262969|Albert Lotana Lokasola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262970|Nelson Lothape Madimbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262972|Jules Lowuya Enzimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262973|Deogratias Lubala Ntebua Depe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262975|Floribert Luboto Ngwangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262976|Guy Lufuluabo Tshitumbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262977|Floribert Luhonge Kabinda Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262992|Felicien Lukiana Mabondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262993|Dominique Lukono Sowa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262996|LUNDA NDALAMBA LUNDA]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262998|Saturnin-Blaise Luono Kimbanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112262999|François Lusanga Ngiele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263000|Gregoire Lusenge Kakule]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263002|Muller Oscar Luthelo Nyudi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263003|Venano Lutongo Muyeye Tshikambi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263004|Dieudonnê Miganda Mushubangabo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263007|Boris Maelezo Alabu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263008|Espoir Majagira Bulangalire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263010|Richard Makuba Lutondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263011|Adalbert Makutu Ma Ngayaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263012|Jerome Makwala Mavambij Ye Beda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263013|Prosper Makwa Dede]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263014|Prospère Maluka Mopongo Mwambano Bede]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263015|Jean-Marc Malumba Mbangula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263017|MANANGA KAYEMBE CADET YA MUKOLO]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263019|La Jeunesse Mandjuandjua Mayembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263020|Antoinne Manongi Amboka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263021|Pascal Manshimba Manshimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263024|Godefroid Masanza Makogu Ekondanide]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263025|Zury Masela Kiluty]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263027|Hubert Mashukane Baziruwiha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263029|Job Antoine Massamba Malika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263034|André Masumbu Baya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263035|Gamanda Matadi Nenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263037|Romo Materanya Karagi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263039|Daniel Mavinga Domi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263041|André Mavungu Mbunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263042|Serge Mayamba Massaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263043|Richard Mayaya Kilole Kakwama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263046|Adrien Mbambi Phoba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263047|Augustin Mbangama Kabundi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263048|Simon Floribert Mbatshi Batshia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263049|Jean-Marie Mbaw Mbaw Yemata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263051|Jean Mbaya Kandudi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263052|Eugénie Mbayo Kilumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263053|MBAYO LUFUNGA PELESA]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263054|Thophile Mbemba Fundu Di Luyindu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263056|Vicky Mboso Muteba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263057|Emmanuel Mbuela Yimbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263058|Dieudonné Mbukani Katebwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263060|Boris Mbuku Laka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263061|Isabelle Mbulu Mikobi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263063|Vasco Mbuyi Mamba Kalala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263064|Odette Mbuyi Ngoyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263066|Victor Menantangu Mulalu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263067|Marie Mijabi Tumba Kimalanzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263069|Benjamin Muamba Mulumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263070|Giala Mobutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263071|Jacques Mokako Nzeke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263073|Didier Molisho Sadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263074|Léon Mondole Eso Libanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263075|John Mopondi Maloka Mongai]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263086|Léonard Mota Ngaliema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2011-11-28&lt;br/&gt;2019-02-13&lt;br/&gt;2024-02-12
| 2018-12-30&lt;br/&gt;2023-12-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263087|Emile Christophe Mota Noongo Khang]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263090|Joseph Mudumbi Biriomu-Iragi Mulunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263092|Léon Mubikayi Mubalamate]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263093|Béatrice Muderhwa Nabintu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263094|Jules Mugiraneza Ndizeye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263095|MUHINDO MULEMBERI]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263096|Eustache Muhiya Lumbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263097|Alphonsine Mujinga Kayenu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263098|Calixte Mukasa Kalembwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263099|Bruno Mukeba Kande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263100|Oswald Mukingi Nahimana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263101|Jean Pierre Mukubaganyi Mulume]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263102|Benjamin Mukulungu Igobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263103|Dams Mukuna Kalambayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263104|Jean Marie Mulatu Puati]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263105|Jean Rombault Mulengi Nzalalemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263106|Luc Mulimbalimba Masururu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263107|Ivan Mulongo Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263108|Coco Mulongo Nzemba Jacques]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:COCO MULONGO 2023 V2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263109|Florent Mulumba Muabi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263110|Mulumba Mwana Nshiya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263111|Urbain Marie Mumpi Nga-Ewum]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263112|Benjamin Mumpini Kabong'anza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263114|Esperence Musafiri Shukuru]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263115|Madeleine Musaga Phasu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263116|Benoît Musenga wa Mukuna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263117|Dieudonne Musodi Salabwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263118|Alexis Mutanda Ngoy Muana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263119|Jean-Luc Mutokambali Luvanzayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263120|Lucien Joliety Mutomb A Mutom]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263121|Fabien Mutomb Kan Kato]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263122|Yvonne Mutombo wa Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263123|Gaspard Mutonkole Kinyanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263124|Olivier Randi Mutuale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263125|Mutula Lungwe Diallo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263126|John Muyamba Ngove]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263127|Constatin Muyaya Tshibona]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263129|Thierry Muzaza Owan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263130|Jean Muzinga Mushinji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263132|MVEMBA MATONA]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263134|Georges Mwatshinumo Fedge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263135|Arsène Mwaka Bwenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263136|Charles Mwaley Amandev]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263137|Benjamin Mwamba Mulangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263138|Dieudonné Mwamba Nkuba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263140|Yvette Mwanga Mbadu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263141|Charles Mwehu Kikoko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263142|Jean Ferdinand Mwenze Mbuyu Wasso Lunkamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263143|Poco Mwepu Kanyata Bilonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263145|N'kumu Frey Lungula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263147|Jeancy Mansua Mutiene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263148|Raphaei Ndjibu Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263149|Michel Ndongo Pulungu Epapola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263150|Pascal Ndudanga Kavarios]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263151|NE MANDA NSEM1BADIENGILA]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263152|Pierre Ngandu Mulombelayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263156|Augustin Ngeleji Mashingu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263157|Vincent De Paul Ngendenza Ezunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263159|Richard Ngoy Kitangala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263160|Gisèle Ngoya Kanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263161|Roger-Clément Ngoyi Shabitanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263162|Crispin Ngoyi Tambwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263164|Jacques Nkulu Mupenda Mukala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263165|Gérard Nkulu Mwenze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263166|Oscar Nsaman Olutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263167|Antoine Nsombola Lontulungu Amba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263168|Aimé Rodrigue Nsuka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263169|Benoît Nzaji Kabulekedi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263170|Clément Nzau Tsobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263171|José Nzau Vola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263172|François Nzekuye Kaburabuza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263175|Stanislas Oleko Mafue A Beombey]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263178|Oscar Oshobale Oyozu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263179|OTETE L0KADi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263180|Jean Owanga Welo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263181|André Palliku Kavula Bwanambula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263183|Marie-Jules Paluku Mali'Isi Malisawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263184|Jean-Pierre Pasi Zapamba Buka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263185|Robert Paysayo Maliako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263186|Willy Pelenda Makengo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263187|Henry Pikolo Monewya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263189|Onesime Sadiki Byombuka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263190|Jacques Safari Nganizi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263191|Cyprien Sangokitefu ya Muyumbay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263192|Jacques Segbewi Zamu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263193|Péguy Sendwe Mputu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263195|Félix Serutoke Mpagazehe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263197|Aaron Shabani Asumani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263199|SHENILA MWANZA]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263200|SHIDI MIKUMBU ESPERANCE]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263201|Innocent Shomwa Mwongera]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263202|Samuel Simene wa Simene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263203|Hubert Sole Ohoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263204|SUDI AL'AMIN ZIMAMOTO]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263205|David Suze Manda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263207|Joachim Taila Nage]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263208|Jean-Dominique Takis Kumbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263209|Patrick Tanzi Madrandele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263210|Hubert Thetika Inkalaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263211|Louis Thole Tshigudu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263212|Egide Thuambe Adubang'o]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263214|John Tinanzabo Zeremani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263215|Fidel Tingombay Mondonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263217|Guylain Tshibala Nsenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263218|Denis Tshibang Ntambw]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263219|Félicien Tshibangu Yamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263220|Onsime Tshibumba Kanyanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263221|Eugénie Tshika wa Mulumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263222|Jean-Pierre Tshimanga Buana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263223|Bartheiemy Tshiongo Mputu Dibinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263225|Gilbert Tutu Tedeza Kango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263226|Jackson Ubima Uchanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263227|Dieudonné Ukumu Ular]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263230|Evariste Vetshi Bopambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263231|Jean-Claude Vuemba Luzamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263232|Arthur Wanga Kipanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263233|Charly Wenga Bulambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263234|Édouard Wenzi wa Kuyula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263236|Honoré Yala Tutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263237|Alexis Yava Samuhonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263238|Martin Yukula Dimbuene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263239|Raymond Michel Yuma Ramazani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112263246|Zéphirin Zabusu Liwolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264025|Justin Dede Kodoro Kewalo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264045|Jules César Ibula Mwana Katakanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264046|Laurent Ikenge Lisambola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264047|Martin Ikukt Ikok Ngolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264048|Bienvenu Ilanga Lembow]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264049|Paul Ilunga Nkulu wa Kiluba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264050|Jean-Marie Ingele Ifoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264051|André Ipakala Abeiye Mobiko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264052|Gratien De Saint Nicolas Iracan Unen]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264053|Simon-Pierre Iyananio Moligi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264054|Didier Divalier Kabampele Ngabul]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264055|Bruno Kabangu Tshizubu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264056|Alidor Kabasele Panu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264057|Olivier Kabeya Kabeya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264059|Jaynet Désiré Kabila Kyungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264060|Papy Seoul Kabwe Banza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264061|Joseph Kahenga Sompo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264062|Augustin Kahozi Bin Malisawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264064|Déogratias Kakule Kalyomo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264065|Godefroid Kakule Kyatsandire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264066|Papy Kalend Kanyik]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264067|Jean Kalenga Mambepa Matembele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264068|Anaclet Kalimw Songo Kund]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264069|Auguy Kalonji Kalonji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264070|Josué Kalukuta Musau]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264071|Barnabas Kambale Ezechiel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264072|Mathieu Kambale Mathe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264073|Alexandre Kambale Muhasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264074|Zephanie Kambale Shangilia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264075|Jean Kamisendu Kutuka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264077|André Kamunga Mulowayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264078|Jean-Pierre Kanefu Munjiwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264079|Robert Kaniki Mesu Tshiakatumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264080|Jean Constantin Kanow Manunganyi Tshioba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264081|Jacques Kapama Mapatano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264082|Joseph Kapika Ndji Kanku Wu Mukumadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264084|KAPOYA MUTOMB’ KALONG]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264085|Florent Kapuku Kapuku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264086|Serkas Kasanda Kadiesa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264087|Sylvain Kasereka Kalwahali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264088|Jadot Kasereka Mangwengwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264089|Kizerbo Kasereka Wathevwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264092|Denis Kashoba Kabonshi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264093|Benjamin Kasindi Kingombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264094|Justin Kasongo Kabondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264097|Hilaire Kasusa Kikobya Baruani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264098|Thadée Katembo Kambere]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264100|Katembo Mbusa Tembos Yothama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264101|Désiré Katembo Muhindo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264102|Dieudonné Katembwe Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264116|Jean-Pierre Kayembe Ilunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264117|Théodore Kazadi Muayila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264118|Innocent Kazembe Mulwani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264119|William Kazumba Mayombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264120|Modeste Kazwazwa Ubite]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264121|Jean Kibau Mafuta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264122|Raphaël Kibuka Kia Kiese]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264123|Justin Kiluba Longo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264124|Eric Kimbuta Motema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264126|Christophe Kitambala Kalonda Manda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264127|Gaston Kitenge Kapälu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264128|Jean-Hélène Kitsali Katungo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264129|Freddy Kitwa Mutombo Mpyana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264130|Charles Kiwila wa Bakunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264132|Floribert Fofo Konzi Luvungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264133|Jean-Bosco Kotongo Anfio Bato]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264134|Doug Kulungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264135|Alexis Lenga Walenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264137|Fidèle Likinda Bolom'Elenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264138|Prince Ibrahim Lingo Ngbandani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264139|Fidèle Lokana Bahati]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264140|François Lokoka Isaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264141|Franck Lomasa Okoto Dombelo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264142|Jean-Marc Lombaku Lohenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264143|Charles Longonya Lawodja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264144|Floribert Loola Ekofo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264145|Willy Lukusa Kashala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264146|René Lumbu Kiala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264147|Yannick Lumbu Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Lumbu ngoy yannick.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264149|Jérôme Lusenge Kambale Bonane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264151|Hubert Luwala Ngamakoshi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264152|Justin Luwepe Mayara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264153|Alexis Luwundji Okitasombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264155|Aimé Mafefe Mukozo Mwene Lusenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264156|Alfred Maisha Bishobibiri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264157|Hubert Makengo Lutimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264158|Charles Makengo Ngombe Matoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264159|Patient Malandji Mujinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264160|Claude Maluku Pombi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264162|Florent Mambemba Mukengele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264163|Jean-Marc Mambidi Koloboro]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264164|Jean-Bosco Mambo Katunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264165|Belly Mampa Mbembila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264166|Jean Manda Kansabala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264169|Pascal Mangay Bosaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264170|Patrick Mangay Mumvunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264173|Rémy Masamaba Ma-Kiese]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264174|Jean-Didier Masamba Malunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264175|Etienne Masanga Kisigay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264176|Justin Mastaki Namegabe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264177|Tharcisse Matadi Wamba Kamba Mutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264178|Roger Matondo Kivuila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264179|Alain Matumona Zola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264180|Georges Matutala Mu Kanda Nteko Makengo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264181|Romain Mavudila Kongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264182|Joachim Mavungu Tsiku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264183|Freddy Mbakata Putu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264184|Bernard Mbaki Mansanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264185|Sébastien Rodolph Mbanga Manzimi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264187|Benoît Mbayo Yahenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264189|Samuel Mbemba Kabuya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Samuel MBEMBA KABUYA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264191|Constantin Mbengele Kwete Thamuk]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264192|Marielle Mbikayi Pashi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264194|Firmin-Dupont Mboma Mpya Ndaangye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264195|Jean-Marie Mboyo Papy Bikanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264196|Pepe Mbuku Balele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264198|Nanou Memba Ebenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264200|Zobel Milolo Dibondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264201|Prosper Miruho Akili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264202|Claude Misare Mugomberwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264206|Sangolo-Zaku Moussa Kalema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264207|Jean-Jacques Mpanga wa Lukalaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264208|Messie Mpia Lotete]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264209|Claude Mpia Menazambili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264210|Simon Mpiana Ntumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264211|Jean-Claude Mpongo Nkita Ilanga Nzali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264212|Dieudonné Mposhi Kibambe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264213|Charles Guillaume Mpunga Musha Musha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264214|MPUTU YALIKO KELPER]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264215|Benezeth Msafiri Kyakakala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264216|Papy Bon Soleil Muanza Munya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264217|Damase Muba Kitwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264218|Khiler Mubambe wa Lumbulwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264219|Serge Muber Thoniot]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264221|Bertin Mubonzi Murhomulume]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264229|Sokoro Mufalme Tambwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264230|Josué Mufula Jive]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264231|Jean-Baptiste Muhindo Kasekwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264232|Paul Muhindo Mulemberi Vahumawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264234|Albert-David Mukeba M'Fouta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264235|Patient Mukena Yumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264236|Serge Mukendi Fontshi Kanyinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264237|Arsène Mukonga Kasamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264239|Emmanuel Mukundi Nyembo Kahumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264240|Simon Mulamba Mputu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mulamba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264241|Augustin Mulumba Kanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264242|Pétillon Mundia Neke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264243|Cléophas Munganga Gadimba Gembi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264244|Didier Munkie Mbali Iba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264245|Patrick Munyomo Basilwango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264246|Dhedhe Mupasa Lukobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264247|Freddy Musambya Kabwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264248|Célestin Musao]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264249|Guy Musomo Wapembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264250|Emmanuel Musukulu Barande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264251|MUTEULE MOROMORO MUTUEL]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264252|Germain Mutombo Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264254|Roger Mwamba Mangbenza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264255|Emile Mwamba Mukenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264257|Édouard Mwangachuchu Hizi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264258|Singoma Mwanza Hamisi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264259|Rosen Mwenze Wakadilo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264260|Nehémie Mwilanya Wilondja]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264261|Stive Ndambire Makuha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264262|Justin Ndayisimye Harerimana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264263|Ernest Ndengo Bapalembi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264264|Ndjoloko Tambwe Bathe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264265|Ados Ndombasi Banikina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264266|Léon Nembalemba Essuku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264267|Jean Ngadjole Dhebo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264268|Eric Ngalula Ilunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264269|Alphonse Ngandu Katunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264270|Valentin Ngandu Kayembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264271|José Ngbanyo Mbunga Detato]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264272|Espérant Ngindu Shindanyi Muabi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264273|Hardy Ngobe Yoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264274|Charles Ngombe Nzeu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264275|Dieudonné Ngwasi Akilimali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264278|Dieudonné Nsase Muetutuikale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264286|Cerveau Pitshou Nsingi Pululu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264287|Pierre Nsumbu Muntu Kalavo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264288|Éliézer Ntambwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:NTAMBWE MPOSHI CHARMANT ELIEZER.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264289|Noël Ntudi Nsungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264291|Paulin Odiane Doune]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264292|Justin Okfungu Ohoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264293|Jean-Charles Okoto Lolakombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264296|Emmanuel Ompeta Shonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264297|Augustin Osumaka Lofanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264298|René Otshudi Olamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264299|Eric Paluku Kamavu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264301|Matthieu Pembamoto Kyala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264302|Rubin Rashidi Bukanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264303|Christian Rusize Byaterana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264304|Garry Sakata Moke Tawab]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264305|Bertin Sebujangwe Kirivita]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264306|Jean-Paul Segihobe Bigira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264307|Alphonse Seke Ngedi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264308|Dieudonné Sekesa Sadiange]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264309|Paul Senemona Moinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264320|Hyancinthe Shisso Kongolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264321|Roger Sido Wagia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264322|Justin Somana Mondali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264323|Abraham Soriano Kitanika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264324|Richard Swedi Kanyaduru]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264325|André Tambwe Katambwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264326|Jean-Marie Tambwe Lubamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264327|Maurice Tambwe Ngongo Mwanatsali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264329|Albert Tshilemb Kabwit]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264330|Floribert Tepage Tedende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264331|Faustin Toengaho Lokundo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264332|Georges Tshibangu Buamukoso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264333|Freddy Tshibangu Kabula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264334|Paul Tshilumbu Kantola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2019-02-13
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264335|Martin Tshipama Lunganga Tshiama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264337|Placide Tshisumpa Tshiakatumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264338|Cédrick Tshizainga Kapumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264340|Janvier Tshongbolo Malenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264341|Jonas Tsundu Tsundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264342|André Léon Tumba Mukendi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264344|Prosper Tunda Kasongo Lukali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264345|Innocent Unyon Vakpa Katumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264346|Jean-Faustin Uvoya Unencan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264347|Daniel Uyewa Cwinya'ay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264348|Sam D. Martin Widjilowo Ne Itchend]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264349|Eugène Wute Eliko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112264350|Boniface Yemba Poyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265471|ADIA LETI MAWA BAUDOUIN]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265474|Dieudonne Agbumana Motinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265475|Cyprien Aleku Kitika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265476|Gustave Alenge Nadonye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265482|A.M. Ambuku Goty Watsakoke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265483|Serge Amuri Kakibisha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265484|Angalikiana Kalumbula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265485|Dieudonne Anziama Kamuzibani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265487|Jean Bertin Atandele Songe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265488|Arthur Athu-A-Guyimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265489|Marie Avongi Sandrion Yele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265491|Martin Aza Bhatre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265493|Emmenuel Bahati Vistange]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265495|Jacques Bakambe Shesha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265496|Dieudonné Jacques Bakungu Mythondeke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265497|Nganda Bala Bala Kawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265498|Ed. Balembo Balama Kasomba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265499|Henry Balengola Banyele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265500|Valentin Balume Tussi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265501|Jean Pierre Bangalyba Baly]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265502|Bertin Banganyigabo Kanyeshuli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265503|Buffon Banza Lupusa Biata-Biale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265504|Banze Bwana Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265505|P. Bapolisi Buhuga Polepole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265506|Jean Bosco Barihima Ka-Butsiri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265507|Bashala Kantu wa Milandu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265508|Manasse Bashizi Zirimwagabo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265509|Marthe Bashomberwa Lalia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265510|Seraphin Bata Kyala Ngangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265511|Godefroid Bayoli Kambale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265512|Bertin Beya Mubiayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265513|Jean Beya wa Kabemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265514|Christophe Beyeye Djema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265515|Rose Biasima Lala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265516|Lajos Bidiu Nkebi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265517|Micheline Bie Bongenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265518|Bieto Kutoma Silumbanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265519|Solid Birindwa Chankire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265520|Puis Bitakuya Dunia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265522|Charles Bofassa Djema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265524|Bolenge Yoma Titchou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265527|Jean Bosco Bonsomi Mokpami]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265528|Jacques Yves Bonyoma Falanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265529|Albert Bope Lobo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265531|Jean Dieudonne Bosaga Sumaili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265532|Leon Botoko Imeka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265533|Michel Botoro Bodias]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265535|Cyrille Boyenda Ayela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265536|Desire Buherwa Lupini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265537|Gandhi Bukamba Lufungula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265538|Flavien Bukasa Ngo Enin]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265540|Jeanne Bunda Bitendwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265541|Xavier Bununda Baroki With]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265542|Maurice Bura Pulunyo Cajetan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265544|David Byenge Mukabi Nzuji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265545|Moïse Chokwe Cembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265546|Lovy Chum Murish]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265548|Dhetchouvi Matchu-Mandje]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265550|Anaclet Dikuyi Muboyayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265552|Hubert Dishashi Kalenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265553|Andre Diumasumbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265554|Gaspard Diur Katond]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265555|Joseph Djema Ngoy Luma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265556|Flory Dumbi Mbadu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265557|Faustin Dunia Barakani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265558|Jacques Ebweme Yonzaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265559|Lilonda Edo Kasongo Bin]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265561|Evariste Ejiba Yamapia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265562|Ferdinand Ekam Wina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265563|Marie Louise Ekpoli Lenti]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265566|Denis Engunda Litimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265567|Ernest Etula Libange]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265568|Iwoka Ewanga Isewanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265569|Gabriel Fangbi Ngindo Kekpe Popolipo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265570|Fulgence Fono Makiasi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265571|Furabo Tondabo Mylet]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265572|Jean Marie Gapemonoko Lobotdumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265573|Chrysostome Gbandazwa Masibando]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265574|Oscar Gema Di Mageko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265575|Albert Gibga Gite]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265576|Bernard Guyeni Masili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265577|Cleophas Guyzanga Guyandiga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265578|Jean Baudouin Idambituo Bakaato]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265579|Robert Ilunga Kambala Musasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265580|Benjamin Ilunga Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265582|Freddy Isomela Iyongha Lofalata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265583|Cyprien Iyamuleme Baragomanwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265584|Claude Kabagambe Magbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265619|Dominique Kabengela Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265621|Che Kabimbi Ngoy Mwana Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265623|Leon Kabongo Mpongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265625|Alexis Kadima Lubemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265627|Toussaint Kaditanga Kikwanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265629|Maurice Kafindo Bin Kosamu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265631|J.C. Kahembe Rwandinda Bigaruka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265633|Jean Kahusu Makwela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265635|Sophie Kakudji Yumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265637|Enoch Kakule Byatekwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265638|Pheresie Kakule Molo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265639|Muhima Kakule Sumbusu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265644|Vano Kalembe Kiboko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265647|Jean Jacques Kalenga wa Kubwilu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265651|Omar Kalonji Tshisenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265653|Jerome Kamate Lukundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265655|Faustin Kambala Ilunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265661|Dieudonne Kamona Yumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265662|Jean Marie Kamoni Mokota Lissa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265664|Samuel Kanyegere Lwaboshi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265666|Donatien Kanyi Nzia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265669|Venance Kapuya Tshimankinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265671|Edmondus Kasereka Vukutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265673|Alain Jean Pierre Kashindi Assumani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265675|Zephirin Kasindi Yumbe Sulbali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265677|Jean Louis Kasongo Kawaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265681|Kasongo Numbi Kashemukunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265683|Gilbert Kasongo Sakadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265684|Pele Kaswara Tahigwomo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265686|T. Katanga Mukumadi Yamutumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265688|Jacques Katembo Makata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265690|Gregoire Katende wa Ndaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265693|Leonne Kati Kati Mundele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265695|Etienne Katolu Munona Malu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265697|Jean Rene Katshiela Lungala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265699|Christian Katsuva Sikuli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265701|Kakusi Katsuva Syahembulwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265705|Cyprien Kaubo Mutula Lwa Matanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265706|Ambroise Kawesha Mutundo Ule]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265708|Jean Kayenga Bandakela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265709|Annie Kayiba Muambuyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265710|Dieudonne Kayombo Sekesenu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265712|Dieudonné Kazadi Nyembwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265714|Bernard Kazwala Mayanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265716|Andre Mobikisi Kembe Ntambwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265717|Alphonse Kembukuswa Nlaza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265721|Marceline Kibambe Lubangi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265723|Gauthier Kididi Kiki Kilolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265725|Ghislain Kienge Dyashi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265727|Marie Jeanne Kika Zamuda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265729|Wilfrid Kikadi Gapongolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265730|Ruffin Kikapa Kipanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265731|Eric Kilengwa Lubambu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265734|Jacques-Protais Kimeme Bin Rukohe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265735|Christophe Kingotolo Lunianga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265738|Simon Kisala Wabongya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265740|Eric Kisimba Kimbalunanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265744|Leon Kisolokele Lukelo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265746|Yves Etienne Kisombe Bisika Lisasi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265748|Etienne Kisunka Cola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265749|Jean Oscar Kiziamina Kibila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265752|Jacques Koko Igumba Mussa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265754|Boniface Konde Muwelwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265755|Bernardin Kondokelwa Itunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265756|Desire Koyengete Solo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265757|Jean Pierre Kpawili Wedogulune]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265758|Rabbin Kpenumo Moolongawi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265761|Michel Kumaluta Shangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265763|Fulbert Kunda Kisenga Milundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265765|Emmanuel Kutonda Kolami Kiala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265773|Jean Pierre Kutudisa Panda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265775|Damien Kwabene Mwetaminwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265776|Gerard Kwungwasa Nakahuga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265777|Jean Louis Ernest Kyaviro Malemo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265781|Jean-Pierre Labughe Izaley]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265783|Francois Lemba Sala Midimo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265785|Sebastien Lessendjina Ikwame]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265787|Claudien Likulia Lifoma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265788|Alexis Likunda Ndolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265789|Pascal Lipemba Ikpanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265791|Jean-Claude Logo Mugenyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265794|Eugene Lomata Etitingi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265832|Gaston Longina Bwana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265833|Edmond Longo Ki-Mbenza Makasi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265834|Titien Longomo Nsongo Iwawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265835|Claude-Andre Lubaya wa Lubaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265836|Raymond Luete Katembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265837|Felicien Lukunga Katanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265840|Raphael Lusasi Kimangidi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265841|Jacques Luzito Isipako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265843|Edmond Luzolo Lwa Nganga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265844|Cherry-Ernest Maboloko Ngulambangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265845|Garri Mabongo Katembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265846|Georgine Madiko Mulende]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265847|Cyrille Makepa Ntambue]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265848|Alain Makhana Manzenza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265849|Emmanuel Makiadi Ma Kinkela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265850|Prince Sylvestre Makila Ngakiber Swani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265851|Makonero Wildor]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265852|Pierre Maloka Makondji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265853|Le Bon Mambo Mawa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265854|Jean Paul Mambu Mbumi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265855|Bosco Mananga Ma Tshiama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265856|Fulgence Mangbanzo Dua Engenza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265857|Godefroid Mankumbwa Yasupa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265858|Cyrille Manzembele Kokongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265859|Baudouin Manzombi Kulumbamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265860|Mapati Kahindo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265861|Hubert Masala Loka Mutombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265862|Augustin Mashauri Baganda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265863|Christophe Masumbuko Bashomba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265864|Jean Felix Mata Ebeka Ebama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265865|Matabishi Musakani Wavungire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265866|Gaston Mathe Nzinzi Mula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265867|Georgette Matondo Kati Mayala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265869|Marcel Mazhunda Zanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265870|Donatien Mazono Ansur-Ankus]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265871|Jean Baptiste Mbalu Kikuta]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265872|Delphin Mbanza Mangwata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265873|Alain Mbaya Kakasu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265876|Philipe Mbenza Kunietama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265877|Chantal Mbenza Simba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265878|Helene Mbokashanga Mikobi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265880|Cyrille Mbuembue Kaseu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265881|Wilfrid Mbuya Mibanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265882|Daniel Mbuya Mukiewa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265884|Remy Metela Pulumba Mikaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265885|Godefroid Midu Shamuhamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265888|Reginard Missa Amubuombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265889|Luseela Mitendo Mwadi Yinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265891|Joseph Nicolas Modua Molengomo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265892|Jean-Matthieu Mohulemby Bubangakozo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265894|Marie Moke Mambango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265895|Jean-Baudouin Mokoha Monga Adogo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265896|Hubert Moliso Nendolo Bolita]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265898|Joseph Mpaka Malundama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265899|Ruffin Mpaka Mawete]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265900|Jacques Mpanamo Ntamwenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265901|Michel Mpasi-A-Mbongo Dora]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265902|Bernard Mpetshi Wooto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265903|Matthieu Mpungue Muitshika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265905|Benjamin Muamba Mulunda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265906|Deogratias Mubalama Kashamangali]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265908|Didier Mudizo Musengo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265909|Charles Muhigirwa Mulume Oderwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265910|Alphonse Muhind Kasole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265911|Muhindo Matayo Sengemoya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265913|Jean Lama Mukalay Bikuhangila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265914|Jean Christophe Mukanya Nkashama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265915|Jean Pierre Mukeba Tshikala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265917|Jean Martin Mukonkole Kibengie Muki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265918|Theo Mukwabatu Buka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265919|Zenon Mukwakani Gahungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265920|Donatien Mulamba Katoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265922|Octave Mulaya Mapatano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265923|Arthur Mulumba Izuela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265924|Jean Mulunda Shimbi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265925|Alain Mulya Kalonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265926|Alphonse Munamire Mungu-Akonkwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265927|Thomas Munayi Muntu Monji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265928|Munongo Ban’chy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265929|Dieudonne Mupata Lugalu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265930|Raymond Mushesha Ndoole]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265937|Crispin Mutumbe Mbuya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265938|Thomas Muulwa Kataala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265939|Jacques Muyumba Ndubula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265940|Marc Mvwama Anedu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265941|Marc Mwamikedi Makani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265942|Mwenze Mutombo Nkundu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265944|Pascal-Joseph M'vula Kapome]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265945|Adrien Nawezia Chikwand]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265946|Rene Nday Kabongo Kyanza Ngombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265947|Laurent Ndaye Nkondo Mulekelayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265948|Gilbert Ndjaba Kpande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265949|Djonio Ndjoku Nyou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265950|Helene Ndombe Sita]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265951|Albert Ndombele Locko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265952|Pascal Ndudi Ndudi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265953|Ne Muanda Semi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265955|Jean Pierre Ngabu Kparri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265956|Mamie Ngalula Kalala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265957|Emmanuel Ngbalindie Sasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265959|Wilfried Ngoie wa Mwenze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265960|Ngokosso Apa Michel Pierre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265961|Sebastien Ngolomingi Mpele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265962|Joseph Ngoma Di Nzau Matone]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265963|Ngoma Kosi Abdoul]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265966|Jean Nathanaël Ngoyi Mukanku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265967|Victor Nguala Bananika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265968|Seraphin Ngwande Mebale-Balezu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265969|Celestin Nkenda Kaslema]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265970|Nephtali Nkizinkiko Mpawe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265972|Jean Pierre Nsiala wa Bansiala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265973|Nsimba Lutete Esaie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265974|Nicolas Nteny Olelle Afya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265975|Camille Ntombolo Mutuala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265976|Isidore Ntumba Mwangung]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265977|Willy Mercier Ntumba Petumpenyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265979|Roger Ntumba Torro wa Ntumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265980|Raphaël Nyabirungu Mwene Songa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265981|Seraphin Nyami Ngwamashi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265982|Louise Nzazi Muana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265983|N’dom Nda Ombel Constant]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265984|Michel N'sole Mokoruboba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265985|Robert N'zikianda Ankolia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265986|Jean Obote Sirika]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265987|Gustave Omba Bindimono]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265988|Leon Ozana Wezago]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265989|Paluku Mikundi Vikwirahangi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265990|Gilbert Paluku wa Mutheti]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265991|Patcho Panda Jakulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265993|Pay Pay Wa Siagasiche]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265994|Genevieve Pea-Pea Ndembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265995|Telesphore Pero Mahopa Banyath]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265996|Sylvain Pitshi Ndambi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265997|Jean Paul Pond Kayamb]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265998|Theobald-Blaise Rogho Ngimale]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112265999|Georges Sabiti Muhire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266000|Thomas Vincent De Paul Safari wa Kibancha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266002|Sekimonyo Wa Magango Come]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266003|Pascal Selinga Kodeye-Wene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266005|Martin Shalo Dudu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266006|Vincent Sibkasibka Malaume]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266007|Jacques Sima Krulikemun]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266008|Casimir Sindani Anyama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266009|Sindani Mulonde Esdras]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266010|Gilbert Sugabo Ngbulabo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266011|Fernand Sumari Balike]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266012|Paul-Ignace Sumbu Longhomo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266013|Alexis Takizala Masoso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2006
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266014|Nestor Tela Falanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266015|Fidele Tingombay Mondonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266016|Marc Tshata Sakapumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266017|Marcel Tshibuyi Mitambe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266018|Georges Tshilenge Mbuyi Shambuyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266021|Jerome Tshombe Nawej]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266023|Jean Bosco Ukumu Nyamuloka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266025|Jean Marie Uvoya Cwinya'y]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266026|Pierre-Claver Uweka Ukaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266027|Yvon Uwor Cwinya'ay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266028|Felix Vundwawe Te Pemako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266043|Joseph Wando Wandata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266045|Melanie Wisso Eyenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266047|Yvon Yanga Kidiamene]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266048|Seraphin Zimba-Zimba Mw-Ah-Kikar]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112266049|Fabien Emery Zulu Kilo Abi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112274911|Sacré Inioki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q113824423|Bungishabaku Katho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118692962|Françoise Milolo Tshianda Malu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124052241|Marie Kyet Mutinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mutinga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125322637|Marie-Claire Kengo Wa Dondo Mokandakese]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2024-02-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126265818|Guy Kabombo Muadiamvita]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131010382|Paulin Lendongolia Lebabonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Paulin LENDONGOLIA LEBABONGA.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131217355|Emil Saidi Balikwisha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Emil Saidi Balikwisha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131429411|Katembo mafugula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131429562|Kasereka siwako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131538867|Patrick Salumu Witakenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131577666|Mumbere Bwanapuwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Eric Mumbere Bwanapuwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131666832|Christian Kitungwa Muteba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Christian Kitungwa Muteba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131709774|Katembo Mafungula Christian]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131711817|Kamwelungu Mwanga Silvano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131715939|Kambale Kibakoze Moise]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131716085|Birianze Desire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131716217|Kasereka Kisanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131716307|David Kamuha]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131716341|Kakule Mwira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131716403|Jannot Muinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131718342|Musavuli Kipasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131718879|Mumbere Sikulu David]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131718990|Ramazani Thereze]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131719038|Mburalo Axcel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131719384|Bikoe Morisho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131720634|Grégoire MUTSHAIL MUTOMB KANGAJI]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131845049|Jean-Jacques Myewa Elakano]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131845239|Patrick Baka wa bana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131845526|Tchakubuto TH]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131847129|Théophile Basoshi Iubwe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131847316|Nyamangyoku ishibwela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131847556|Miruho akili prospère]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131849818|Bahati mahingete Serge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131850232|Bisimwa batadi Frédéric]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131850299|Ndusi nkebe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131850345|Banywesiye vital]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131850727|Kitumahini debirira Didier]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2024-02-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131852188|Mirindi masheka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131852332|Ndatabaye kajibwami]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131852392|Lutala mutiki Trésor]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131852558|Shirulwire bulala basengezi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131853047|Kubaka kalimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131853221|sumahili miseka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131858914|Misare Mugoberwa Claude]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131861980|Amini kabaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131862229|Kokola kantitima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131862431|Kitumahini debirira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131868205|Samuel Adubang'O Awotho]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131901808|Kauta Amuri Nyembo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131901817|Raymond Akisu Adjule]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131901847|Etienne Andrito Alendo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902414|Robert Agenong'A]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902457|Jean-Marie Akandabo Imbay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902517|Joseph Alimasi Kingungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902528|Shemu Amini Kabaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902540|Kizito Amule Arakayo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902565|Jeef Andaka Gbadani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902582|Vincent Andulu Enzongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131902749|Emmanuel Bahati Baseme]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131903269|Eustache Banza Nsomwe A Nfunkwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131903307|Enock Batsotsi Nyamwisi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131903327|Yannick Barwani Lumbala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131903507|Emmanuel Bakabi Abusa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904090|Sevérin Bamany Mobely]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904252|Nono Berocan Kerauke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904301|Astrid Biduaya Sephora]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904613|Etienne Bimwala Ron Roger]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904682|Frédéric Bisimwa Batandi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131904717|Donatien Bitini Talabau]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905495|Elisé Bokumwana Maposo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905526|Félix Bosekota Mbana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905567|Freddy Bonzeke Iliki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905650|Fiston Bokundoa Angembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905707|Benjamin Bedi Mongay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905759|Justin Bendesana N'Zama]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905782|Dieudonné Bhileni Cwanya'Ay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905833|Alain Biayi Mbuyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131905894|Claude Bila Minlangu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131911341|Victor Bindu Tshangata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131911367|Georges Bokondu Mukuli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131911386|Zacharie Botuli Yekya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915203|Etienne Bukasa Ntumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915281|Romain-Landry Bussa Mbule]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915344|Jean-Claude Bwanganga Tawaba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915381|Jacques Cime Wangunwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915412|Éloi Cubaka Kalimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915420|Marcel Dandu Ekutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915427|Florent Deba Abonogwo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915456|Samuel Degba Mozabi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915485|Thali Dasyo Mokfe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131915507|Baltazar Cola Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126251|Jerry Dikala Majed Lubanzadio]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126300|Yemo Mobutu Dongo Yemo Mobutu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126336|John Efambe Ekamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126362|Marc Ekila Likombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126404|Jean Lambert Ekumbaki Ombata]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126446|Xavier Emedi Amuri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126482|Patrick Eshiba Kasemuana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126511|Zéphirin Fumumapanda Malamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126567|Venance Eyanga Mboyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126615|Aimé-Jean-Maurice Emela Moninga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126668|Ghislain Embusa Endole-Ya-Lele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132126723|Célestin Katshi Ekoto Loleke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130340|Jacques Colin Efoya Bokeko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130367|Hipolyte Djongambo Ndjadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130447|Alexis Gisaro Muvunyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130481|Venance Ibuli Ebula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130508|Jovany Ilunga Luyoyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130561|Désiré Iwolo Banyafia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130593|Albert Iwondo Ilonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130608|Hermes Itina Mayamba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130652|Francis Ilunga Wa Ilunga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132130664|Eddy Ilunga Mbuyu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132133346|Reagan Ilanga Bakonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132134668|Adjio Gidi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132143557|Simon Gbalimo Mbedwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132143585|Berthos Kabey Diyal]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145132|Jean-Louis Kalamba Ngindu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145376|Espérant Kamanda Tshionyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145448|Andre Kabemba Kabuele Wayulu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145480|John Kabeya Mbonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145587|Olivier Kabeya Sombamanya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145646|Rebecca Kabika Kembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145665|Augustin Kabuya Tshilumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145763|Diddy Kahilu Kawele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145792|Charles Kakule Sabungo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145810|Jean-Pierre Kalinde Kavimbwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145826|Albert Kamba Kayembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145851|Célestin Kamb Kamulangul]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132145871|Ida Kamonji Nasserwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132146055|Guy ceta Kankonde Mpathou]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132146324|Alain Kantenga Kapenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132146356|Alain Kapya Makumbo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132146414|Jean-Marie Kaseya Tshingambo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132146427|Nene Kashinde Avodjoa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147265|Isabelle Kitumaini Nangabo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147319|Elie Kolongo Darwezi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147342|Synim Lenge Ngoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147376|Jean Laury Lilongo Botshili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147414|Jelina Linyonga Za Nyalembe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147472|Christophe Lofose Empangi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147643|Nicholson Fils Longo Longo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132147894|Didier Kitumaini Ndebirira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132151282|Désiré Casimir Kolongele Eberande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132151311|Bosco Kombi Pendani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132151398|Trésor Limengo Ikolonga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132151439|Franck Lomasa Otoko Dombelo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132151468|Vincent-Medard Lonombe-Kon-Lonombe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153470|Peter Lopose Motigea]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153494|Théoveul Lotika Likwela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153529|Serge Junior Lukadi Mulumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153557|Serge Makongo Kangantima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153582|Emmanuel Makonga Kabila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2024-02-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153635|Nene Mainzana Mapoko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153695|Tity Lonsala Nsombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132153803|Taylor Lubanga Muambi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132157974|Mickael Lukoki Nsimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mickael Lukoki Nsimba portrait RDC 2025.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132158163|Cesar Matabaro Rwamanyuku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132158250|Jospin Mateso Savo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132158331|Donatien Matoko Luemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132158407|Marcel Matumpa Buka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132166849|Meschack Mandefu Muela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167102|Elvis Atsongya kiyaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167162|Ruphin Mangbau Mongungu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167454|Blanchard Mangomba Bomeya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167457|François Mayani Paku]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167766|Gloire Mbemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167835|Adam Mbaya Kavulambedi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167875|Joseph Mbaya Kabwe Wa Muadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167924|Edmond Mbanz A Mbang]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132167987|Mavungu Mavungu Alain Stallone]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132168069|Zola Matomina Nsuela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132168107|Celestin Matili Esanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132168228|Boniface Matanda Kabanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132168399|Doudou mangu mangu dunia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132171126|Pierre Celestin Mbodina Iribi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132174974|Didier mbuyi mundela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175333|Bruno Miteyo Nyenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175420|Jacqueline Daida Moleka Anongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175466|David Mompaka Iyeli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175497|Aimé Pascal Mongo Lokonda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175564|Godé Mpoy Kadima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175652|Jean-Paul Muber Jauli]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132175740|Charles Muhadila Kapenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181463|Marcel Mufungizi Musharhamina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181527|Janvier Msenyibwa Apele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181570|Michel Moto Muhima]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181600|Isidore Monzia Lingula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181625|Richard Mona Mbumu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181633|Obedi Muhindo Simisi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181652|Richard Mukaya Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181686|Christian Mukendi Kalemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181712|Jerry Mulamba Mande]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181733|Edo-Pascal Mulangu Kalala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181752|Wenslens Mulenga Upala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181786|Donatien Muloko Kamwanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181817|Thierry Mulumba Mpandanjila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181848|Guy Geoffrey Munana Ramazani]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132181890|Symphorien Mungala Mputu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132182786|Jules Mumbere Mathe]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132183045|Edouard Mulumba Mudiandambu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132183081|Guelord Mulimbi Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184003|Jean De Dieu Mulenda Ebondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184191|Didier Anicet Mukoko Kinamvuid]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184217|Jérôme Muntu Woma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184283|André Mushongo Mashara]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184381|Trésor Muyeye Lutongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184406|Patrick Mvuanda Nzola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184411|Jethro Muyombi Tshimbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184483|Joseph Muteba Kasambay]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184514|Moise Mussa Kabwankubi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184531|Guy Musomo Wapemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132184549|François Mungu Jakisa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189165|Patrick Namazihana Bachoke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189220|Fortunat Ndambo Mandjuandju]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189694|Justin Ndayisimye Hererimana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189879|Ernest Ndengo Bapelembi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189911|Jean Marie Vianney Ndjaza Linde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132189950|Jean Paul Ngabu Tsunde]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132190445|Yannick Mambu Mbasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132190542|Jean-Marie Mangobe Bomungo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132190636|Bienvenu Mangonza Bayekele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132198283|Paquis Nganini Atabakutuba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132198382|Jean Trésor Ngea Dala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132198807|Sébastien Ndosiba M'Vanzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132199226|Mwamus Mwamba Mushikonke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132201448|Jean-Baptiste Ndefu Swatongi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132201549|Amedée Ndatabaye Kajibwami]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132201594|Ghislain Ndala Mbayo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132291639|Flory Mapamboli Posa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132291967|Béatrice Masangu Bito]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132399132|Joseph Mwina Kyangebeni]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132399524|Laurent Ngila Moke]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132400009|Paul Gaspard Ngondankoy]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132400431|Alexis Ngoy Kasole Malob]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132400919|Bernard Nkosso Lokakao]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132401505|Julhy N'Sele Zinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132401807|Antoine Ntabala Rwankuba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132402111|Ephremy Nsumbu Tenda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ephremy-Nsumbu-Tenda-2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132402598|Olivier Nsendula Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132403010|Tonton Nkoy Ampango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132403290|Didier Nkongo Bamvangila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132455065|Robert Niondo Toko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456273|Alexis Nguele Isikia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456528|Jean Ngoy Mvunzi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456682|Fabrice Ngoyi Kazadi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456757|Yves Ngongo Otenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456779|Charmant Eliezer Ntambwe Mposhi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456802|Pierre Nyenemo Sanguma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456849|Lambert Osango Nsenga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456899|Nancy Phemba Nkongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456924|Levis Rukema Makangura]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456944|Makuke Kapako Paluku Siwako]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456969|Robert Orodrio Angupi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456984|Aam'Zih Nzuzi Kasa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132456998|Obedi Nyamangyoku Ishibwela]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132457144|Léonard She Okitundu Lundula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132457174|Emile Sumaili Miseka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132457827|Th Tchakubuta Mufaume]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2024-02-12
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132457968|Antoine Titan Eden Kalonji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458100|Pacio Tshianza Mikobi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458295|Francis Tshibalabala Mukunayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458477|Dan Tshanda Kalengayi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458627|Antoine Tokongo Tokoko]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458806|Jacques Titako Ongoki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132458989|Pierre Sumey Kitenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459079|Benoit Shakasaka Tete]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459122|Jean-Paul Segihobe Begira]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459140|Norbert Samaki Andutini]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459166|Jimmy Tshibangu Kabenji]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459206|Éric Tshikuma Mwimbayi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132459299|John Tshimenga Mutombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472152|Isaac Tshiswaka Tshilombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472216|Aldos-Ali Tshitoko Kapanda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472347|Isis Tumba Mbombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472650|Elie Tungunga Kasongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472769|Richard Tukotu Walanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132472789|Armand Tshitende Miteyo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473455|Marcel Tshipepele Ntumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473483|Jean-Pierre Tshimanga Bwana]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473550|Isaac Jean Claude Tshilumbayi Musawu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473660|Maurice Tshikuya Kayembe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473688|André Wameso Nkualoloki]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2024-02-12
| 2024-06-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473737|Laddy Yangotikala Senga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473790|Charlotte Yumba Tshimbu]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473827|Marcel Zuma Anibie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132473881|Samuel Yumba Mwanabute]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132474235|John Yav Nawej]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132474574|Placide Wenda Mukangwa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132474892|Gaspard Wampeti Epoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132527415|Glody Masudi Kalombo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132527541|Justin Masimo Monzimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q132527612|Gustave Masanga Kapenge]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Òṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Olóṣèlú ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>pjssy9sokzxzq40e4uqevooitm16zp2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Kenya</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66707</id>
    <revision>
      <id>622995</id>
      <parentid>622803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T13:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>622995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86155" sha1="7rsndf72zxp5pjtg2i4s023h1pl8ffn" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Members of the National Assembly who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q17510786 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q17510786/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q17510786/P580:Start date,P39/Q17510786/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Wangari Maathai]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q2538511|Kenya Colony]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Wangari Matthai 2001 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Mwai Kibaki]]
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1974&lt;br/&gt;1963
| 2013-01&lt;br/&gt;2013-03-28
| [[Fáìlì:Mwai Kibaki (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Raila Odinga]]
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992-12-29
| 2013-01-17
| [[Fáìlì:Raila Amolo Odinga 2009 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58188|Moses Wetangula]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Moses Wetangula (Moses Francis Masika Wetang'ula) of the Republic of Kenya in 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121708|Moses Mudavadi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q195725|William Ruto]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:William Ruto 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]
| olóṣèlú, Kẹ́nyà
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2003-01
| 2013-01
| [[Fáìlì:PMO IMG 5262 (40547346173) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q346046|Elijah Lagat]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2007
| 2013
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q447119|Wesley Korir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2013-03-28
| 2017-07-16
| [[Fáìlì:Wesley Korir 2012 Boston Marathon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q457713|Newton Kulundu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q469641|Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q539821|Charity Ngilu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon. Charity Kaluki Ngilu at Opening Session.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q593552|Michael Kijana Wamalwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2003
| [[Fáìlì:Wamalwapotr.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q645228|Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q710549|Arthur Magugu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q733817|George Saitoti]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:George Saitoti (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q743818|David Kimutai Too]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q860562|Bildad Kaggia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Bildad Kagia. Nairobi. 1949.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1030776|Mohamed Yusuf Haji]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2003
| 2013-03
| [[Fáìlì:Yusufhaji.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1175814|David Musila]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1372633|Gitobu Imanyara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1999
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1395018|Kalonzo Musyoka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1985
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Kalonzo Musyoka1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1507950|George Muhoho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1708590|Joshua Orwa Ojode]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1954003|Musalia Mudavadi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Musalia Mudavadi, Prime Cabinet Secretary and Cabinet Secretary for Foreign and Diaspora Affairs of Kenya, at the Department of State in Washington, D.C. on February 1, 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2013243|Oburu Odinga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2189073|Raphael Tuju]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2287087|Simeon Nyachae]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2607345|Kenneth Marende]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:The Speaker, Lok Sabha, Smt. Meira Kumar meets the Speaker of the Parliament of Kenya, Mr. Kenneth Marende, EGH, during the 56th Conference of Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, in Nairobi, Kenya, on September 14, 2010.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2662202|Mugabe Were]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2823023|Achieng Oneko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jomo Kenyatta Apa Pant and Acheing Oneko.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2843930|Amos Kimunya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Amos Kimonya, IMF 2006.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3113007|Grace Onyango]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Grace Onyango Kenyan MP.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Martha Karua]]
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Martha Karua.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3706976|Dick Wathika]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 2010-04-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3898130|Paul Ngei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Moody Awori]]
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Moody Awori.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4540107|Charles Njonjo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1980
| 1983
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4591769|Koigi wa Wamwere]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4663137|Ababu Namwamba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon Ababu Namwamba taking oath of office as Minister for Sports and Youth Affairs before President Mwai Kibaki at Harambee House, Nairobi 2013-08-23 17-37.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4664957|Yusuf Hassan Abdi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Yusuf Hassan Abdi (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4664971|Abdikadir Hussein Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4664992|Abdirahman Ali Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4665260|Abdul-Ali Bahari]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4670109|Abu Chiaba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4680594|Adan Keynan Wehliye]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;1997
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:Wehiye, Adan Keynan cropped.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4682154|Aden Bare Duale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kenya Defense Cabinet Secretary Aden Duale at the Kenya Ministry of Defense in Nairobi, Kenya on September 25, 2023 - 230925-D-PM193-2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4682177|Aden Sugow]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4696013|Ahmed Shakeel Shabbir Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4705081|Sam Ongeri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sam Ongeri (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4717538|Alex Muthengi Mwiru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4723008|Alfred Khang'ati]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4723231|Alfred Odhiambo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4723395|Alfred Sambu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4725044|Ali Mohamud Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4807410|Asman Kamama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4812751|Atanas Keya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4861331|Barnabas Muturi Mwangi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4887267|Benedict Fodo Gunda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4888887|Benjamin Jomo Washiali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4897658|Beth Wambui Mugo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2007
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Beth Wambui Mugo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4931560|Boaz Kipchumba Kaino]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4942502|Bonny Khalwale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5000973|Burudi Nabwera]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5021394|Calist Andrew Mwatela]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5056517|Cecily Mutitu Mbarire]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Cecily Mutitu Mbarire.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5076212|Charles Keter]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon’ble Charles Keter shakes Yukiya Amano's hand (05010387) (46039052902) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5079790|Charles Kilonzo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5080381|Charles Lugano]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5081173|Charles Mutisya Nyamai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5081372|Charles Onyancha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Charles Onyancha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5082206|Charles Rubia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5101863|Chirau Ali Mwakwere]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5107549|Chris Murungaru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1998
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5107643|Chris Okemo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5112986|Christopher Obure]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:Christopher Obure.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5131357|Clement Kungu Waibara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5131380|Clement Muchiri Wambugu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5200387|Cyprian Ojwang Omollo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5201109|Cyrus Jirongo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5211525|Dalmas Otieno]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218210|Daniel Muoki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218224|Daniel Musyoka Mutinda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5221098|Danson Mungatana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5221099|Danson Mwazo Mwakulegwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5222951|Darius Msagha Mbela]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1998
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5233422|David Eseli Simiyu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2013-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5233438|David Ethuro]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ekwee David Ethuro Senate of Poland 2015 01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5236093|David Koech]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5237863|David Mwaniki Ngugi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5237864|David Mwiraria]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:David Mwiraria, IMF 2004.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5240969|David Were]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5346713|Edwin Ochieng Yinda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5360552|Elias Mbau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5360973|Elijah Mwangale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5363291|Elizabeth Ongoro]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5371996|Emillio Kathuli]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5382308|Ephraim Maina]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5385013|Erastus Kihara Mureithi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5401255|Esther Murugi Mathenge]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5407838|Eugene Wamalwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Eugine Ludovic Wamalwa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5415878|Evans Akula]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5429550|Fahim Yasin Twaha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5434731|Farah Maalim Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Faaraxsave.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5443920|Ferdinand Waititu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2015-05-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5455562|Fitz Remedios Santana de Souza]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5480460|Francis Chachu Ganya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5481874|Francis Masakhalia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5482591|Francis Thombe Nyammo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5491306|Franklin Bett]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Franklin Bett.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5491660|Franklin Linturi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5495322|Fred Gumo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1994
| 2013
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5495634|Fred Kapondi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5498498|Frederick Outa Otieno]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5499421|Fredrick Oduya Oprong]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5536384|George Anyona]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5541326|George Khaniri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5545223|George Thuo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5559628|Gideon Mung'aro]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5559630|Gideon Ndambuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5561019|Gilbert Kabere M'mbijiwe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5576439|Godfrey Gitahi Kariuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5584340|Gor Sunguh]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5679565|Hassan Ali Joho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5724462|Henry Kosgey]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6076813|Isaac Mulatya Muoki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6077048|Isaac Ruto]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6117200|Jackson Kiptanui]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6122859|Charles Njagua Kanyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6134603|James Gichuru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6137496|James Kwanya Rege]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6138825|James Maina Kamau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6140626|James Ondicho Gesami]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6140628|James Omingo Magara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6140639|James Orengo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:James Orengo in 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6147903|Jamleck Irungu Kamau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon Jamleck Kamau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6180863|Jeremiah J.M. Nyagah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6180925|Jeremiah Ngayu Kioni]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6238091|John Harun Mwau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2007
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Harun-mwau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6243378|John Koech]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6248686|John Michuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:John Michuki.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6249843|John Munyes]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6250396|John Ngata Kariuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2007-12
| 2010-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6251185|John Olago Aluoch]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6252609|John Pesa Dache]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6268381|Johnson Nduya Muthama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Johnstone Muthama.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6283465|Joseph Gachoki Gitari]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6285854|Joseph Nyagah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6285933|Joseph Ole Nkaissery]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 2014-12-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6285990|Joseph Oyugi Magwanga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6287763|Joseph Wamukoya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6288275|Josephat Karanja]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6288277|Josephat Koli Nanok]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6289987|Joshua Kutuny]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6297432|Joyce Cherono Laboso]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2008-09-25
| 2017-08-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6309902|Julius Kipyegon Kones]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6309933|Julius Lekakeny Sunkuli]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6309975|Julius Murgor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6343844|Kabando wa Kabando]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6377793|Katoo Ole Metito]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6405280|Kiema Kilonzo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6406813|Kilemi Mwiria]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6414629|Kipkalya Kones]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6414697|Kiprono Langat]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6414699|Kipruto Rono Arap Kirwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1990
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6414781|Kiraitu Murungi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6418829|Kivutha Kibwana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6418830|Kivuti Maxwell]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6514327|Lee Kinyanjui]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6536911|Lewis Nguyai Nganga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6550225|Linah Kilimo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Linah Jebii Kilimo, Chair of anti-FGM Board, Kenya, speaking at the Girl Summit 2014 (14724900665).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6681363|Lorna Laboso]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6696106|Lucas Chepkitony]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6701602|Luka Kigen]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6759579|Margaret Kamar]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6759998|Margaret Wanjiru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6776584|Martin Shikuku]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6780919|Mary Wambui]]''
| 
| 
| 2013-03-28
| 2017-08-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6791519|Matthias Benedict Keah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6799567|Mbadi John Ng'ongo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6799700|Mbiyu Koinange]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6848880|Mike Sonko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2010-09-20
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Sonko in 2023.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6891252|Mohamed Hussein Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6891260|Mohamed Ibrahim Elmi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6891343|Mohamed Maalim Mohamud]]''
| 
| [[Ẹritrẹ́à]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:MohamedMaalimMohamud.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6893179|Mohammed Kuti]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6915674|Moses Akaranga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6933478|Mukhisa Kituyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mukhisa Kituyi - 2013.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6937046|Munyua Waiyaki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6939960|Musa Sirma]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6943746|Mutava Musyimi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mutava Musyimi with Children in Gachoka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6944629|Mwalimu Masudi Mwahima]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6944671|Festus Mwangi Kiunjuri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6961671|Namesyus Warugongo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6967675|Nassir Nuh Abdi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6983763|Ndiritu Muriithi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6990527|Nelson Gaichuhie]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7025073|Nicholas Biwott]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1979
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7025483|Nicholas Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7041983|Nixon Kiprotich Korir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Langata mp.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7042423|Njenga Karume]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Njenga Karume 060808-N-0411D-015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7042468|Njoki Susanna Ndung'u]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2003
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Njoki Ndungu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7042591|Nkoidilla Lankas]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7045471|Noah Wekesa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Noah Wekesa - 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7052649|Norman Nyagah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7067636|Ntoitha M'mithiaru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7071124|Nyiva Mwendwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7089757|Omar Mbwana Zonga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7108730|Otieno Kajwang]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1998
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Gerald Otieno Kajwang Tartus, 9. mai 2014 - Foto Lilian Lukka.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7146063|Patrick Ayiecho Olweny]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7146899|Patrick Kariuki Muiruri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7152646|Paul Muite]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7152844|Paul Otuoma]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7168746|Peris Chepchumba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7172546|Peter Anyang' Nyong'o]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kisumu Governor Anyang Nyong'o giving speech.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7173815|Peter Edick Omondi Anyanga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7175166|Peter Kenneth]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Assistant Minister Peter Kenneth.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7175181|Peter Kiilu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7175990|Peter Munya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Peter Munya - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7176115|Peter Njoroge Baiya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7176116|Peter Njeru Ndwiga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1335242|Embu County]]''
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7176118|Peter Njuguna Gitau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7176205|Peter Ochieng Odoyo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7176221|Peter Oloo-Aringo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:Peter Oloo-Aringo 1986.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7183298|Philip Leakey]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7225856|Pollyins Ochieng Anyango]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7288734|Ramadhan Seif Kajembe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7293983|Raphael Lentimalo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7327862|Richard Momoima Onyonka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7346378|Robert Kiptoo Kipkorir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7348145|Robert Onsare Monda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7353047|Robinson Njeru Githae]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Robinson Njeru Githae.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7405193|Sally Kosgei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7409808|Sammy Mwaita]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7411903|Samuel Kambi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7425832|Sasura Hussein Tarry]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7514201|Silas Muriuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7519199|Simon Lesirma]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7555005|Soita Shitanda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7563913|Sospeter Ojaamong]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7599814|Stanley Munga Githunguri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7672799|Taaitta Toweett]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7791963|Thomas Ludindi Mwadeghu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7809140|Tiras Nyingi Ngahu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2012-09
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926175|Victor Munyaka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7959445|Wafula Wabuge]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7972008|Washington Jakoyo Midiwo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8000077|Wilber Otichilo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Portrait Image of Dr. Wilber Khasilwa Ottichilo - 2nd and Current Governor of Vihiga County.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8001838|Wilfred Machage]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8001849|Wilfred Moriasi Ombui]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8013849|William Kabogo Gitau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2010&lt;br/&gt;2002
| 2013&lt;br/&gt;2007
| [[Fáìlì:William Kabogo Gitau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8014046|William Kipkorir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2025-02-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8016314|William Odongo Omamo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:W.omamo-potrait208-1187..jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8016331|William Ole Ntimama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8023122|Wilson Litole]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8039607|Wycliffe Oparanya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Wycliffe Oparanya UNDP HQ 2010.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8061937|Yusuf Chanzu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8063982|Zachary Onyonka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8065041|Zakayo Cheruiyot]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8068252|Zebedeo John Opore]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11249433|Gideon Moi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11854485|Bonaya Godana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2006
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q12053090|Najib Balala]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Najibu Balala - MP for Mvita.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15733971|Ali Rasso Dido]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15993157|Mutula Kilonzo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mutula Kilonzo UNDP 2009.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16007821|Thomas Johnson Kuto Kalume]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:The Rt.Rev.Thomas Johnson Kalume.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16013714|James Nyamweya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16014097|Moses Kiprono arap Keino]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16150817|Martin Nyaga Wambora]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Martin Wambora.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16152027|Wakoli Bifwoli]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16187229|Justin Muturi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1999
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Justin Muturi (MUS1515) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16192784|Mutahi Kagwe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Senator Mutahi Kagwe (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16194232|Humphrey Kimani Njuguna]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16194826|Irshadali Sumra]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16213140|Godhana Dhadho Gaddae]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16214164|Sabina Wanjiru Chege]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sabina Chege at John De'Mathew Memorial.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16226678|Benson Mbai Itwiku]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16499778|Joseph Lekuton]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16730244|Amason Kingi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16730543|Philip Kaloki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16730551|Joseph Kamotho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16730588|Japhet Kareke Mbiuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16730905|Joseph Nganga Kiuna]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16731419|Moses Lessonet]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16732461|Julius Kibiwott Melly]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16732730|Hussein Maalim Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733078|John Michael Njenga Mututho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733083|Mwandawiro Mghanga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733644|Martin Otieno Ogindo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733692|Moses ole Sakuda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16734594|Samuel Poghisio]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Samuel Losuron Poghisio.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16842239|Sonia Birdi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16843221|Nderitu Gachagua]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16864850|Abdul Rahim Dawood]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16866303|Kinoti Gatobu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16866321|Kembi Gitura]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16885582|Naomi Shaban]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16886147|Peris Tobiko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17198176|Shukran Hussein Gure]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Shukrangure.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17386192|Grace Kiptui]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17411041|Fatuma Ibrahim Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17464750|Kipng'eno Arap Ng'eny]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17509770|Adhu Awiti]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18098773|Robert Pukose]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18207112|Samuel Chumel Moroto]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2001&lt;br/&gt;2017-08-31
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18217506|Grace Jelagat Kipchoim]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2018-04-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18388019|Khatib Mwashetani]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18417138|Nancy Ascencio]]''
| 
| [[Fenesuela]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18612608|Fred Mbiti Gideon Mati]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18629013|Marsden Madoka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19008951|George Muchai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19386807|Philip Godana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19604826|Robert Mbui]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19604843|Jackson Kasanga Mulwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19662588|Filemon F. Indire]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Professor Indire visiting a park in Illinois, USA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20744564|Isaac Mwaura]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:SEN. DR ISAAC MWAURA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982198|George Nyamweya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21062735|Gideon Mwiti]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22003006|Mohamed Abdi Affey]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:2015 08 Hiran Shebelle Formation-9 (20400044455).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22278744|Moses Kuria]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Moses Kuria - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22279006|Richard Makenga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23808689|George Ndung’u Mwicigi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23887512|Timothy Wanyonyi Wetangula]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:HON. TIM WANYONYI.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24006889|Esther Passaris]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Esther Passaris.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24892770|Ngala Mwendwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25113132|Daniel Karaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Senator Dickson Daniel Karaba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26923586|Alice Wahome]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Alice Wahome - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28113009|Irungu Kang'ata]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:IKangata.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28967580|Sakaja Johnson]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sakaja in 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29533497|Thomas Okelo-Odongo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1963
| 1969
| [[Fáìlì:Tom Okelo Odongo (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29572473|Simon Mbugua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30323725|Wavinya Ndeti]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Wavinya2.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Naisula Lesuuda]]
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Naisula lesuuda.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q38459259|Kipsengeret Koros]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q38668434|Janet Ong'era]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Janet ongera picture.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43927930|Muthomi Njuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Muthomi nJUKI.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46190459|Francis Nyenze]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46358834|Nimrod Mbai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nimrod Mbai Portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47483883|Elsie Busihile Muhanda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47486849|Gertrude Mbeyu Mwanyanje]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47489018|David Losiakou Pkosing]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47489037|Michael Mwangi Muchira]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47489052|Gladys Wanga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Wanga in 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47489064|Kulow Maalim Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47489991|Gladwell Jesire Cheruiyot]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490021|Joyce Chepkoech Korir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490030|Catherine Nanjala Wambilianga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490033|Jane Jepkorir Kiptoo Chebaibai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490034|Jane Wanjuki Njiru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490037|Anab Mohamed Gure]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490038|Rehema Dida Jaldesa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490039|Janet Marania Teyiaa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490043|Florence Bore]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490045|Gathoni Wamuchomba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490046|Purity Wangui Ngirici]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490048|Rozaah Akinyi Buyu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490049|Irene Muthoni Kasalu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490050|Zuleikha Ju Ma Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490051|Catherine Wanjiku Waruguru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490052|Ruweida Mohamed Obo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490053|Joyce Kamene]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490054|Rose Museo Mumo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490056|Amina Gedow Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490057|Safia Sheikh Adan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490058|Kawira Mwangaza]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490059|Pamela Awuor Ochieng]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490061|Chelule Chepkorir Liza]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490062|Tecla Chebet Tum]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490064|Roselinda Soipan Tuya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Soipan latest photo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490065|Jerusha Mongina Momanyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490066|Faith Wairimu Gitau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Faith Gitau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490068|Rahab Mukami Wachira]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490069|Maison Leshoomo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490071|Christine Ombaka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490072|Lydia Haika Mnene Mizighi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Lydia Haika.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490073|Rehema Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490074|Beatrice Nkatha Nyaga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490075|Janet Nangabo Wanyama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490076|Joyce Akai Emanikor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490078|Gladys Jepkosgei-Boss Shollei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490079|Beatrice Kahai Adagala]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47490080|Lilian Cheptoo Tomitom]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493894|Gideon Sitelu Konchela]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493900|Athanas Misiko Wafula Wamunyinyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Deputy Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission for Somalia Wafula Wamunyinyi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493905|David Gikaria]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493910|Isaac Waihenya Ndirangu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493913|Korei Ole Lemein]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493920|James Wambura Nyikal]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493923|Omar Mwinyi Shimbwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493925|Charles Gumini Gimose]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493930|Samuel Arama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493933|Richard Moitalei Ole Kenta]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493935|David Njuguna Kiaraho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493938|Swarup Ranjan Mishra]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Swarup-ranjan-mishra.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493940|Alfred Agoi Masadia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493944|James Lusweti Mukwe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493946|Kassim Sawa Tandaza]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493951|James Mwangi Gakuya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493953|Ali Wario]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493956|Christopher Omulele]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493958|Mathenge James Kanini Kega]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493961|Ben George Orori Momanyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493962|Johana Ngeno Kipyegon]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493964|Bady Twalib Bady]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493967|Suleiman Dori]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2020-03-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493970|George Theuri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493974|Paul Simba Arati]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493977|William Kamuren Chirchir Chepkut]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493981|Sylvanus Maritim]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493985|Cornelly Serem]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493987|Samuel Onunga Atandi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Samuel Atandi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493990|John Walter Owino]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon. Walter Owino (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493992|Onesmas Kimani Ngunjiri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47493997|Abdi Omar Shurie]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494001|Joshua Chepyegon Kandie]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494007|Nelson Koech]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494008|Innocent Momanyi Obiri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494010|Zadoc Abel Ogutu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494192|Miruka Ondieki Alfah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494197|Ronald Kiprotich Tonui]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494199|Beatrice Pauline Cherono Kones]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494200|John Oroo Oyioka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494201|Gideon Ochanda Ogolla]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494205|Raphael Bitta Sauti Wanjala]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494208|Moses Wekesa Mwambu Mabonga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494212|Japheth Kiplangat Mutai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494217|Nicholas Scott Tindi Mwale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494219|Joseph H Maero Oyula]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494223|Mugambi Murwithania Rindikiri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494224|Moses Nguchine Kirima]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494225|Gideon Kimutai Koske]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494228|Wilson Kipngetich Kogo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494231|Patrick Munene Ntwiga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494238|Mohamed Dahir Duale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494245|John Kiarie Waweru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:John Kiarie Waweru.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494250|Benjamin Gathiru Mwangi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494255|Owino Paul Ongili Babu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494260|Julius Musili Mawathe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494265|Alexander Kimutai Kigen Kosgey]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494270|Jeremiah Omboko Milemba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494273|Abdikhaim Osman Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494280|Wilberforce Ojiambo Oundo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494291|Said Buya Hiribae]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494292|Teddy Ngumbao Mwambire]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494295|Ali Wario Guyo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494298|Joseph Nduati Ngugi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494304|Annie Wanjiku Kibeh]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494306|Elisha Ochieng Odhiambo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494307|Robert Gichimu Githinji]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494309|Martha Wangari Wanjira]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494311|Gabriel Kago Mukuha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494313|George Peter Opondo Kaluma]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494314|Cyprian Kubai Iringo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494318|Richard Maore Maoka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494319|John Paul Mwirigi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494321|Sophia Abdi Noor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494323|Benard Masaka Shinali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2013-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494329|Hassan Oda Hulufo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494330|Abdi Koropu Tepo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494331|Francis Munyua Waititu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494335|James Githua Kamau Wamacukuru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494338|Eve Akinyi Obara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494339|Mark Lomunokol]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494341|Joshua Kivinda Kimilu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494347|Elijah Memusi Kanchory]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2015-05-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494350|Joseph Wathigo Manje]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494354|Metito Judah Katoo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494355|George Risa Sunkuyia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494361|Paul Kahindi Katana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494365|Clement Muturi Kigano]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494373|Fabian Kyule Muli]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494377|Oscar Kipchumba Sudi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494383|Andrew Adipo Okuome]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494386|Mercy Wanjiku Gakuya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494389|Charles Ong'ondo Were]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494393|James Kipkosgei Murgor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494399|Daniel Kipkogei Rono]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494400|Christopher Aseka Wangaya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494404|Paul Koinange]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2021-03-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494407|Jude L Kangethe Njomo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494410|Kenneth Odhiambo Okoth]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2019-07-26
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494415|Jessica Nduku Kiko Mbalu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494421|Patrick Mweu Musimba]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2013-10-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494424|Ruth W Mwaniki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494428|Samson Ndindi Nyoro]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:NDINDI.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494431|Anthony Kimani Ichung`wah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494435|Owen Yaa Baya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494438|Richard Ken Chonga Kiti]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494444|Thaddeus Kithua Nzambia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494446|Didmus Wekesa Barasa Mutua]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494460|Chrisantus Wamalwa Wakhungu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494464|Benjamin Dalu Stephen Tayari]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494467|Zachary Kwenya Thuku]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494470|Kirui Joseph Limo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494471|Hilary Kiplang'at Kosgei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494473|John Munene Wambugu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494478|Ali Menza Mbogo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494480|Fred Odhiambo Ouda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494484|Benson Makali Mulu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494493|David Mwalika Mboni]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494506|Rachael Kaki Nyamai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494517|Jimmy Nuru Ondieki Angwenyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494518|Shadrack John Mose]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494549|Yegon Brighton Leonard]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494557|Moses Kipkemboi Cheboi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494560|Tonui Joseph Kipkosgey]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494590|Marwa Kemero Maisori Kitayama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494619|Mathias Nyamabe Robi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494623|Ferdinard Kevin Wanyonyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494628|Abdi Mude Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494633|Mohamed Hire Garane]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494637|Amin Deddy Mohamed Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494639|Sarah Paulata Korere]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494641|Patrick Kariuki Mariru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Defence Patrick Mariru.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494642|Marselino Malimo Arbelle]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494644|Sharif Athman Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494646|Stanley Muiruri Muthama]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494658|Jonah Mburu Mwangi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494664|Mishi Juma Khamisi Mboko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494669|Enoch Wamalwa Kibunguchy]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494675|Peter Mungai Mwathi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494679|Jeremiah Ekamais Lomorukai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494687|Ayub Savula Angatia]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494692|Titus Khamala Mukhwana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494697|Michael Thoyah Kingi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494704|George Aladwa Omwera]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494709|Daniel Kitonga Maanzo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494713|Moses Malulu Injendi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494720|Aisha Jumwa Karisa Katana]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494723|Omar Mohamed Maalim Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494725|Bashir Sheikh Abdullah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494727|Adan Haji Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494732|Adan Haji Yussuf]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494735|John Muchiri Nyaga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494738|Mary Wamaua Waithira Njoroge]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494744|David Kangogo Bowen]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494748|William Kipkemoi Kisang]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494753|Joshua Mbithi Mwalyo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494758|Geoffrey Makokha Odanga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494761|Anthony Tom Oluoch]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494763|Peter Kimari Kihara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494765|Rigathi Gachagua]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Rigathi Gachagua - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494768|Justus Murunga Makokha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494770|Stephen Mutinda Mule]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494776|Patrick Makau King'ola]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494778|Charles Muriuki Njagagua]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494781|Geoffrey Kingagi Muturi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494784|Erastus Kivasu Nzioka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494789|Daniel Kamuren Tuitoek]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494792|Silas Kipkoech Tiren]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494794|Francis Kuria Kimani]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494799|Vincent Kipkurui Tuwei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494803|Qalicha Gufu Wario]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494804|Fred Kapondi Chesebe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494809|James Onyango K'Oyoo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494813|Anthony Githiaka Kiai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494819|Johnson Manya Naicca]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494822|Abdullswamad Sheriff Nassir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494824|Vincent Musyoka Musau]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494827|Andrew Mwadime]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494828|Josphat Kabinga Wachira]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494833|Gideon Mutemi Mulyungi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494839|Paul Musyimi Nzengu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494840|Charles Ngusya Nguna]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494842|Jayne Njeri Wanjiru Kihara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494847|Sakwa John Bunyasi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494850|Alfred Kiptoo Keter]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494853|Lemanken Aramat]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494858|Gabriel Koshal Tongoyo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494859|Emmanuel Wangwe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494862|Martin Peters Owino]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494863|George Macharia Kariuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494866|Charity Kathambi Chepkwony]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494868|Joash Nyamache Nyamoko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494872|Joshua Aduma Owuor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494876|Jared Odoyo Okelo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494882|Richard Nyagaka Tongi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2013-12-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494886|Ezekiel Machogu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494889|Tom Mboya Odege]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494899|Martin Deric Ngunjiri Wambugu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494909|James Gichuki Mugambi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494929|William Kamoti Mwamkale]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494932|Lilian Achieng Gogo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494933|Paul Otiende Amollo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494946|Kipruto Moi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494955|Paul Odalo Mak' Ojuando Abuor]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494960|Tom Joseph Francis Kajwang']]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494963|Simon Nganga Kingara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494968|Eric Muchangi Njiru]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494971|Caleb Amisi Luyai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494981|Lentoi Joni L Jackson Lekumontare]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494993|Alois Musa Lentoimaga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47494999|Justus Gesito Mugali M'mbaya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495001|Peter Lochakapong]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495024|John Waluke Koyi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495034|Dominic Kipkoech Koskei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495046|Kathuri Murungi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495055|Silvanus Osoro Onyiego]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495070|Caleb Kipkemei Kositany]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495077|Millie Grace Akoth Odhiambo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon. Millie Odhiambo in National Assembly.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495079|Samuel Kinuthia Gachobe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495084|Junet Sheikh Nuh]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495101|Peter Francis Masara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495114|Ahmed Bashane Gaal]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495116|Edward Oku Kaunya]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495117|Geoffrey Omuse]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495122|James Gichuhi Mwangi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495127|George Gitonga Murugara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495130|Patrick Kimani Wainaina Jungle]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495132|William Kamket Kassait]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495134|Josphat Gichunge Mwirabua Kabeabea]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495137|John Kanyuithia Mutunga]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495143|Janet Jepkemboi Sitienei]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495147|John Lodepe Nakara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495152|Lokiru Ali Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495156|Christopher Doye Nakuleu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495159|Ekomwa Lomenen James]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495163|Daniel Epuyo Nanok]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495165|Christopher Odhiambo Karani]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495169|James Opiyo Wandayi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495175|Mark Ogolla Nyamita]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495177|Ernest Ogesi Kivai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495180|Jones Mwagogo Mlolwa]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495181|Rashid Kassim Amin]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495185|Ahmed Abdisalan Ibrahim]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495187|Mohamud Sheikh Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495188|Ahmed Kolosh Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31&lt;br/&gt;2019
| 2019
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495190|Daniel Wanyama Sitati]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495194|Vincent Kemosi Mogaka]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47495195|Danson Mwashako Mwakuwona]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08-31
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47514875|Paul Githiomi Mwangi]]''
| 
| 
| 1995
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47516278|Mary Yiane Seneta]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48472383|Ukur Yatani Kanacho]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2006
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Ukur Yatani.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48773183|Marere wa Mwachai]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51029838|Edith Vethi Nyenze]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56072166|Fatuma Gedi]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2017-08
| 2022-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60048335|Francis Kagwima]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Francis Kagwima.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60332243|Florence Mwikali Mutua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60332262|Asha Hussein Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60332280|Japhet Miriti Kareke Mbiuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65850416|Matthew Adams Karauri]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85837193|Benard Otieno Okoth]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86424308|Joseph Manje]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon Manje.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q88808420|Ochilo Ayacko]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| [[Fáìlì:Ochilo Ayacko potrait for governor.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95692691|Francis Polisi Loile Lotodo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95697298|James Murgor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96362528|Alfred Kiprato Kerich]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98118573|Dennitah Ghati]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q101071329|Benjamin Langat]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Benjamin Langat.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q103732378|Elijah K. Sumbeiywo]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105642336|Wanjiku Muhia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon.wanjiku muhia.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106356656|Reggie Alexander]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1963
| 1967
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107222476|Rachel Shebesh]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107407467|Shaaban Ali Issack]]''
| 
| 
| 1994
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109070160|Wilson Sossion]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109570540|Mohammad Ali Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111177826|John Ndirangu Kariuki]]''
| 
| 
| 2013-03-10
| 2017-07-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179918|David Ochieng Ouma]]''
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179984|Halima Yussuf Mucheke]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179987|Jennifer Shamalla]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179989|Maina Kamanda]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179990|Nasri Sahal Ibrahim]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179991|Jacquiline Adhiambo Oduol]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111179993|Sammy Kipkorir Seroney]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111180002|Charles Kamuren]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-08
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111180007|David Ole Sankok]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111180017|Gideon Keter]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Image 2020-07-01 at 6.38.37 PM.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111180034|Godfrey Osotsi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188192|Zipporah Jesang Kurgat Kering]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188206|Abass Sheikh Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188207|Abdi Noor Mohammed Ali]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188208|Abdikadir Omar Aden]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188209|Abdikadir Ore Ahmed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188210|Abdulaziz Ali Farah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188211|Abdullahi Jaldesa Banticha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188212|Adan Mohamed Nooru]]''
| 
| 
| 1998
| 1002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188213|Alice Nyanchoka Chae]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188214|Alice Wambui Ng'ang'a]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188215|Amina Abdalla]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188216|Andrew Toboso Anyanga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188217|Annah Nyokabi Gathecha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188218|Anthony Mutahi Kimaru]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188219|Arthur Papa Odera]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188220|Augostinho Neto Oyugi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188221|Benard Kipkirui Bett]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188222|Benjamin Andola Andayi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188224|Benson Mutura Kangara]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188225|Bernard Munywoki Kitungi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188226|Bishop Robert Mutemi Mutua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188227|Bonface Okhiya Otsiula]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188228|Cecilia Chelangat Ngetich]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188229|Charles Mongare Geni]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188230|Daniel Kazungu Muzee]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188231|David Karithi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188232|David Wafula Wekesa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188233|Dennis Kariuki Waweru]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188234|Diriye Abdullahi Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188235|Dorcas Luvalitsa Kedogo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188236|Chris Munga Nyamaratandi Bichage]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188237|Hellen Sambili]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188238|Reginalda Nakhumicha Wanyonyi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188239|Simon Ogari]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188240|Susan Mbinya Musyoka]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188241|Edwin Kipruto Barchilei]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188242|Ejidius Njogu Barua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188243|Elias Bare Shill]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188244|Elijah Mosomi Moindi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188245|Elisha Kipkorir Busienei]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188246|John Kiragu Chege]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188247|Stephen Muriuki Ngare]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188248|Eric Arap Keter]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188249|Esther Nyambura Gathogo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188250|Eusilah Jepkosgei Ngeny]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188251|Florence Kajuju]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188252|Francis Kigo Njenga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188253|Francis Mwangangi Kilonzo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188254|Francis Waweru Nderitu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188255|G.J. Munuve Mati]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188256|George Mike Wanjohi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188257|George Oner Ogalo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188258|George Washinton Mallan Omondi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188259|Gideon Maitha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188260|Halima Ware Duri]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188261|Harrison Garama Kombe]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188262|Hassan Abdi Dukicha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188263|Hassan Aden Osman]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188264|Hassan Mohamed Mwanyoha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188265|Hellen Chelangat Chepkwony]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188266|Hezron Awiti Bollo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188267|Willy Mtengo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188268|Ibrahim Abdi Saney]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188269|Ibrahim Ahmed Abass]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188270|Ibrahim Ahmed Sane]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188271|Jackson Kipkorir Rop]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188272|Jacob Waweru Macharia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188273|James Kimaru Bett]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188274|James Ndungu Gethenji]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188275|Jane Agnes Wanjira Machira]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188276|Jared Odhiambo Opiyo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188277|Joash Odhiambo Olum]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188278|Joe Musyimi Mutambu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188279|Joel Onyancha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188280|John Bomet Serut]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188281|John Karanja Kihagi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188282|John Muriithi Waiganjo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188283|John Njoroge Chege]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188284|John Ogutu Omondi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188285|John Owuor Onyango Kobado]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188287|Jonathan Lelelit Lati]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188288|Joseph M'eruaki M'uthari]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188289|Joseph Mburu Kahangara]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188290|Joseph Ngugi Nyumu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188291|Joseph Obiero Ndiege]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188292|Joseph Samal Lomwa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188293|Joyce Wanjalah Lay]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188294|Julius Ndegwa Kariuki]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188295|Justice Kipsang Kemei]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188296|Ken Obura Mirenga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188297|Lawrence Mpuru Aburi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188298|Leonard Kipkosgei Sang]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188299|Lisamula Silverse Anami]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188300|Mahbub Fathia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188301|Manson Nyamweya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188302|Marcus Mutua Muluvi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188303|Mary Emaase Otuch]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188304|Mary Njoki G Mbugua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188305|Mary Sally Keraa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188307|Mathew Lekidime Lempurkel]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188308|Maweu Kyengo Katatha]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188309|Michael Aringo Onyura]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188310|Michael Manthi Kisoi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188311|Mohamed Abdi Haji Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188312|Mohamed Adan Huka]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188313|Mohamed Muktar Shidiye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188315|Mwinga Gunga Chea]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188316|Nasra Ibrahim Ibren]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188317|Nicholas Ngikor Nixon]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188318|Patrick Keturet Ole Ntutu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188319|Patrick Wangamati]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188320|Paul Kipchirchir Bii]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188321|Peter Kamande Mwangi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188322|Peter Safari Shehe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188323|Peter Weru Kinyua]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188324|Philip Lotiolo Ruto Rotino]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188325|Priscilla Nyokabi Kanyua]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Hon. Priscillah Nyokabi light.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188326|Protus Ewesit Akujah]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188327|Rachel Ameso Amolo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188328|Raphael Milikau Otaalo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188329|Rashid Juma Bedzimba]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188330|Regina Nthambi Muia]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188331|Regina Nyeris Changorok]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188332|Roba Duba Bonaya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188333|Rose Nyamunga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188334|Rose Rwamba Mitaru]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188335|Salim Idd Mustafa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188336|Sammy Cheruiyot Koech]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188337|Samuel Gonzi Rai]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188338|Samuel Kamunye Gichigi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188339|Samuel Kiprono Chepkonga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188340|Samuel Mathenge Ndiritu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188342|Shadrack Roger Mwita Manga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188343|Shakila Abdalla]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188344|Silvance Osele Onyango]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188345|Stephen Kengere Manoti]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188346|Stephen Kinyanjui Mburu Kk]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188347|Stephen Kirwa Bitok]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188348|Stephen Wachira Karani]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188349|Steven Kariuki]]''
| 
| 
| 2013-10-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188350|Suleiman Murunga Kasuti]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188351|Susan Kipketer Chebet]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188352|Timothy Moseti Bosire]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188353|Tirus Nyingi Ngahu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188354|Tiyah Galgalo Ali]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188355|Winnie Karimi Njuguna]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188356|Zainab Kalekye Chidzuga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111188703|Muriuki Karue]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111189201|Adolf Muchiri]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111189204|William Omondi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111189739|David Njuguna Kiburi Mwaura]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111189740|Francis Bayah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111189741|Walter Enock Nyambati Osebe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190235|Paul Mugeke]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190240|Reuben Ndolo]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190306|Mwangi K.Waithaka]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190328|Thirikwa Kamau]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190337|Geoffrey Gachara Muchiri]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190367|Eliud Matu Wamae]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190376|David Muhika Mutahi]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190382|Wanyiri Kihoro]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190383|Peter Gichohi Mureithi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190387|Paul Gikonyo Muya]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190389|John Matere Keriri]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190391|Alfred Mwangi Nderitu]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190393|Joshua Ngugi Toro]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190398|Onesmus Kihara Mwangi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190415|Ignatius Ngenye Kariuki]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190417|F. Njakwe Maina]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190422|David Wakairu Murathe]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190423|Moses Mwihia]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190425|Stephen Rugendo Ndicho]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190428|Njehu Gatabaki]]''
| 
| 
| 1994
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190431|John Njuguna Wanjiku]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2021
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190437|George Nyanja]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190438|Simon Kanyingi Kuria]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190441|Philip Gitonga]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190442|James Viscount Kimathi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190450|Jembe Mwakalu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190451|Joe Matano Khamisi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190455|Noah Katana Ngala]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190457|Joseph Kahindi Kingi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190458|Morris Mwachondo Dzoro]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190459|Simeon M. Mkalla]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190464|Suleiman Mwarunga Kamolleh]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190467|Abdalla Jumaa Ngozi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190468|Mohamed Salim Hashim]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190475|David Noti Kombe]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190478|Abubakar Mohamed Badawy]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190481|Lucas B. Mweni Maitha]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190490|Emmanuel Karisa Maitha]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2005
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190491|Ananiah Mwasambu Mwaboza]]''
| 
| 
| 2005
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190494|Rashid Suleiman Shakombo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190513|Suleiman Masoud]]''
| 
| 
| 2013
| 2017
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190515|Shariff Nassir]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1988
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190525|Basil Criticos]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190527|Jackson Mwalulu]]''
| 
| 
| 2001
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190538|Basil Nguku Mwakiringo]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190540|Boniface Mganga]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190556|J. D. Mghanga Mwandawiro]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190564|Mohamed Abdi Galgallo]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190643|Tola Mugava Kofa]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190655|Molu Galgalo Shambaro]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190658|Augustine Njeru Kathangu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190659|Charfano Guyo Mokku]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190665|Abdillahi Haji Wako]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190668|Samuel Kalii Kiminza]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190669|Patrice Mwangu Ivuti]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190674|Jimmy Muthusi Kitonga]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190676|Joseph Kimeu Ngutu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190677|Moffat Muia Maitha]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190678|Peter Kyalo Kaindi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190681|Jonesmus Mwanza Kikuyu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190682|Fredrick Mwanzia Daudi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190683|Ronald John Kiluta]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190687|John Mutua Katuku]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190689|Francis P. Wambua]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190690|James Philip Mutiso]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190699|Onesmus Mutinda Mboko]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190700|Richard Kalembe Ndile]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190703|Anthony Wambua Ndilinge]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190705|John Mutinda Mutiso]]''
| 
| 
| 2001
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190712|Peter E. N. Maundu]]''
| 
| 
| 1998
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190720|Fredrick Mulinge Kalulu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190722|Joseph Konzollo Munyao]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190724|Robert Iltaramatwa Kochalle]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190725|Titus Ngoyoni]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2006
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190730|Abdi Tari Sasura]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2006
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190742|Kirugi Laiboni M’Mukindia]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190747|Jackson Itirithia Kalweo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190748|Raphael Muriungi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190751|Benjamim R. Ndubai]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2000
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190762|Stephen Mukangu]]''
| 
| 
| 2000
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190764|Bernard Njoka Mutani]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190765|Eustace Mbuba M. Nthiga]]''
| 
| 
| 2000
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190766|Petkay Shen M’Nkiria]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190768|Guracha Boru Galgallo]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2006
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190769|Malla Wario Galgallo]]''
| 
| 
| 2006
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111190771|Murango Cicilio Mwenda]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191126|George Odeny Ngure]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191145|Stephen Nyamoibi Manoti]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191151|Zephaniah M. Nyang’wara]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191154|Enoch Nyakieya Magara]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2001
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191157|Shem O. Ochuodho]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191160|Philip Okoth Okundi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191206|Hezron Manduku]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191212|Winston Ochoro Ayoki]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191218|Job Omino]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191222|Kennedy Odhiambo Nyagudi]]''
| 
| 
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191231|Shadrack R. M. Manga]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191272|George Owino Achola]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191274|Charles Oyugi Owino]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191276|Tom Onyango]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191280|Tobias Orao Ochola Ogur]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191286|Herman O. Omamba]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191304|Samson Mwancha Nyangau Okioma]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191305|Joseph Kiangoi Ombasa]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191306|Godfrey Okeri Masanya]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191308|Henry Onyancha Obwocha]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191313|Paul Orwa Otita]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191314|Eric Opon Nyamunga]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191320|William Otula]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191322|Peter Owidi]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191330|Samuel Arthur Weya]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191331|Joe Donde]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191336|Stephen Oluoch Ondiek]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191339|Felix Useru Kanyauchi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191342|Zaddock Madiri Syongoh]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191354|Mohamed Mukhtar Shidiye]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191356|Abdillahi Sheikh Dahir]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191360|Elias Barre Shill]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191362|Mohamed Dahir Werah]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191363|Ahmed Mohamed Khalif]]''
| 
| 
| 1992&lt;br/&gt;2002
| 1997&lt;br/&gt;2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191372|Abdillahi Ibrahim Ali]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2008
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191375|Mohammed Gabow]]''
| 
| 
| 2008
| 2013
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191384|Mohamed Abdi Mohamud]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191391|Adan Kerrow Billow]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191402|Seyid Mohamed Amin]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191414|Joseph Dalldosso Lotodo]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191418|Andrew C. Kiptoon]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191421|William Kiplumbei Boit]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191426|Anthony Kipkosge Kimeto]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191435|John Kipsang arap Koech]]''
| 
| 
| 2002&lt;br/&gt;1992
| 2007&lt;br/&gt;1997
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191445|Nicholas Kiptoo Korir Salat]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191453|Kipkorir Marisin Sang]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191465|Raphael K. A. Kitur]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191499|Geoffrey Mepukori Parpai]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191505|David Lenante Sankori]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191520|Kipng’eno arap Ngeny]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191524|Noah Nondin Too]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191526|Charles D. K. arap Kirui]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191540|William Cheruiyot Morogo]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191542|Joseph Kipkapto Korir]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191547|F. Chege Mbitiru]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191549|John Kiptoo Marirmoi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191554|David Kiprono Sudi]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191558|James Cheruiyot arap Koske]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191568|Dixon Kihika Kimani]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191569|Macharia Mukiri]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191571|Paul Samuel Kihara]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2003
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191577|Eric Toroitich Morogo]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191579|Alicen Chelaite]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191580|Joseph Mukera Kuria]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191584|Simeon Kiptum Choge]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191585|Jimmy Choge]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191586|Joseph T. A. Leting]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191587|Stephen Kipkiyeny Tarus]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191590|John Kipkorir Sambu]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191595|Stephen Kanyinke Ntutu]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191597|Sammy Prisa Leshore]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191601|Peter Steve Lengees]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191638|Davies Wafula Nakitare]]''
| 
| 
| 2003
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191644|Francis Ewoton Achuka]]''
| 
| 
| 1992
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191647|Francis Tarar Lagat]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191648|Joseph Lagat Kipchumba]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191657|Jesse Kibet Maizs]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191658|David Kiptanui Koros]]''
| 
| 
| 2002
| 2007
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111191660|Christopher M. Lomada]]''
| 
| 
| 1997
| 2002
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114347943|Feisal Bader]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 2021-04
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q115624315|Bidu Tubi Mohammed]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137858963|Leo wa Muthende]]''
| 
| [[Kenya|Kẹ́nyà]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>7rsndf72zxp5pjtg2i4s023h1pl8ffn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of South Africa</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66767</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623030</id>
      <parentid>622687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T07:26:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="113432" sha1="8tjqbjk554131jk5zo7bq4d617mfx6g" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a President of South Africa who was President twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q16744266 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q16744266/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q16744266/P580:Start date,P39/Q16744266/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Nelson Mandela]]
| olóṣèlú, Gúúsù Áfríkà
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jacob Zuma]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q193619|Union of South Africa]]''
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-05-21
| [[Fáìlì:Russian President Vladimir Putin alongside South African President Jacob Zuma (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58160|Maite Nkoana-Mashabane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-03-13
| [[Fáìlì:South African Foreign Minister Nkoana-Mashabane (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Thabo Mbeki]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:SthAfrica.ThaboMbeki.01.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q150276|Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-09-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma 2009.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Kgalema Motlanthe]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kgalema Motlanthe at the 12th AU Summit (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Winnie Mandela]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2009-05-06
| 2018-04-02&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-06
| [[Fáìlì:Winnie Mandela00.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q243833|Zweli Mkhize]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-02-27&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Zweli Mkhize Willowfontein and Muzi Thusi School visit.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q274602|Adelaide Tambo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994
| 1999
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q302359|Aaron Motsoaledi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Dr Pakishe Aaron Motsoaledi, Minister of Health, South Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q317726|Dullah Omar]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q401350|Ahmed Kathrada]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kathrada coons crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q437046|Mandla Mandela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| [[Walter Sisulu]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Walter Sisulu 1991 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q445654|Patricia de Lille]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Patricia de Lille.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q458947|Molefi Sefularo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q460644|Manto Tshabalala-Msimang]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:The Minister of Health of the Republic of South Africa Dr. (Mrs.) Tshabala Msimange calls on the Union Minister for Health and Family Welfare Smt. Sushma Swaraj in New Delhi on March 3, 2004.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q467838|Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q469305|Mbhazima Shilowa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q474285|Amos Masondo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Manmohan Singh being presented with an appreciation medal by the Executive Mayor, Mr. Amos Masondo at the inauguration of the permanent exhibition - Gandhi A Prisoner of Conscience, at Johannesburg, South Africa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q504617|Andrew Feinstein]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Andrew Feinstein.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q510746|Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula at the Pentagon Sept. 12, 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q540922|Noxolo Kiviet]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Eastern Cape Premier Noxolo Kiviet.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q540935|Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka 2014.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q554131|Mangosuthu Buthelezi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-09-09
| [[Fáìlì:Mangosuthu Buthelezi (1983).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q561279|Pravin Gordhan]]''
| Olóṣèlú Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Indian
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Índíà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2024-09-13
| [[Fáìlì:Pravin Gordhan 2015.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q561494|Pik Botha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1970-04-22&lt;br/&gt;1977
| 1974&lt;br/&gt;1994
| [[Fáìlì:Pik Botha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q592604|Dianne Kohler Barnard]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Dianne Kohler Barnard DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q653155|Trevor Manuel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Trevor Manuel.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q726302|Tokyo Sexwale]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Tokyo Sexwale-wef-crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q730472|Bantu Holomisa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Bantu Holomisa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:South African Deputy Defense Minister Nozizwe Madlala-Routledge walks into the Pentagon on Oct. 16, 2000.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q770995|Pieter Mulder]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-12-01
| [[Fáìlì:20130916-OSEC-BW-0002 Pieter Mulder.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q804894|Baleka Mbete]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Baleka Mbete.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q932620|Ronnie Kasrils]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ronnie Kasrils - Russell Tribunal.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q937119|Lindiwe Mazibuko]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Lindiwe Masibuko DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q951030|Siphiwe Nyanda]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Siphiwe Nyanda c. 1996.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q975366|Gwede Mantashe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-03-27&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Gwede Mantashe in 2019.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q982259|Mosiuoa Lekota]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mosiuoa Lekota, 000215-D-9880W-112 detail.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Julius Malema]]
| Òṣèlú àti ajìjàgbara ọmọ ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Áfíríkà
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Julius Malema 2011-09-14 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1109753|Collins Chabane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-03-15
| 
|-
| [[Cyril Ramaphosa]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2018-02-15&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| [[Fáìlì:21.11.2025 – Presidente da República da África do Sul, Cyril Ramaphosa (54938010569) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1174142|David Mabuza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-02-27&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-28
| [[Fáìlì:David D Mabuza, 18 ago. 2022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1270726|Mosibudi Mangena]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mosibudi Mangena,International Year of Astronomy 2009.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1324757|Ela Gandhi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ela-gandhi-2018-phoenix.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1390963|Marthinus van Schalkwyk]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2009-05-06
| 2014-05-27
| [[Fáìlì:Marthinus van Schalkwyk crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1391067|Tony Leon]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:TonyLeon.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1396109|Govan Mbeki]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Govanmbekimugshot.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1412305|Fikile Mbalula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2018-03-09&lt;br/&gt;2023-03-06
| [[Fáìlì:Fikile Mbalula.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1442117|Peter Mokaba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1450938|Rob Davies]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Rob Davies - World Economic Forum on Africa 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1554125|Pule Mabe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-08-31
| [[Fáìlì:Pule Mabe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1625605|Thandi Modise]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Spotkanie premier Beaty Szydło z Thandi Modise (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1632021|Nomaindia Mfeketo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-05
| [[Fáìlì:South African Ambassador to the U.S. Nomaindiya Cathleen Mfeketo (52036244356) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1643810|Allan Hendrickse]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1677635|Jackie Selebi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1686353|Jeff Radebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-03
| [[Fáìlì:JeffRadebe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1718291|Ronald Lamola]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ronald Lamola, International Relations and Cooperation of South Africa, on 16 July 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1886347|Makhenkesi Stofile]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1887900|Malusi Gigaba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-11-15
| [[Fáìlì:Malusi Gigaba.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1941212|Mlungisi Johnson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1942784|Mohammed Valli Moosa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Valli Moosa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1966829|Nathi Mthethwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-03-15
| [[Fáìlì:Nkosinathi Mthethwa (43752407695) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2290959|Siyabonga Cwele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-03
| [[Fáìlì:Siyabonga Cyprian Cwele - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2321705|Carl Niehaus]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Carl Niehaus, August 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2342184|Stella Sigcau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994-05-09
| 2006-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2568741|Constand Viljoen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Constand Viljoen c. 1985.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2744471|Dirk du Toit]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2869268|Athol Trollip]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Athol Trollip DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2875166|Aziz Pahad]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2883966|Barbara Hogan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Barbara Hogan in New Delhi, June 2010.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2925452|Brigitte Mabandla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Brigitte Mabandla, former Minister for Justice, South Africa (sq cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2982594|Colin Eglin]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Colin Eglin.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3023722|Derek Hanekom]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-10
| [[Fáìlì:Derek Hanekom.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3027094|Kader Asmal]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Kader Asmal.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3103908|Gerald Morkel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3180124|Joe Matthews]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3180181|Joe Seremane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Joe Seremane.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3241428|Lindiwe Sisulu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-03-15
| [[Fáìlì:Lindiwe Sisulu in New York - 2018 (44058077895) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3262565|Louis Luyt]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3267105|Fana Mokoena]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-08-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2020-10-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3269581|Lynne Brown]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-03-01
| [[Fáìlì:Lynne-Brown.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3361453|Gill Marcus]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3361545|Pallo Jordan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-08-11
| [[Fáìlì:Pallo Jordan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3438550|Roelf Meyer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:2017 03 08 Negotiation and mediation skills training closes in Nairobi-5 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3471892|Sandra Botha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3481747|Sheila Camerer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3518947|Tertius Delport]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3643383|Kenneth Meshoe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:K Meshoe Toronto 2013.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3671997|Ellen Kuzwayo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ellen Kuzwayo of South Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4354849|Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4358028|Jeremy Cronin]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4710249|Albert Fritz]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Albert Fritz MP (4709027164).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4714134|Alec Erwin]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4752606|Anchen Dreyer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Anchen Dreyer DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4757799|Andrew Louw]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Andrew Louw DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4763221|Angie Motshekga]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Angie Motshekga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4768956|Annelie Lotriet]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Annelie Lotriet.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4769095|Annette Lovemore]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-06
| [[Fáìlì:Annette Lovemore DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4786561|Archibold Figlan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Archibold Figlan DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4786698|Archie Gumede]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4868980|Bathabile Dlamini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-10
| [[Fáìlì:Manmohan Singh and his wife Smt. Gursharan Kaur being received by the Minister for Social Justice, South Africa, Ms. Bathabile Dlamini, on their arrival at Waterkloof Air Force Base, Pretoria for the 5th IBSA Summit.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4886593|Ben Turok]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4901661|Bheki Cele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Bheki Cele at press conference on crime at World Cup 2010-06-29 1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4913086|Billy Nair]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Robben Island Prison 8.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4956754|Tina Joemat-Peterson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2017-03-31&lt;br/&gt;2023-06-05
| [[Fáìlì:Tina Joemat-Peterson.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4996115|Bulelwa Tinto]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5002423|Butch Steyn]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Butch Steyn DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5003356|Buyelwa Sonjica]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Buyelwa Patience Sonjica - World Economic Forum on Africa 2010.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5049285|Cassel Mathale]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5057098|Cedric Frolick]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2009-05-06&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2014-05-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:C. Frolick, South African ANC MP.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5081288|Charles Nqakula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-30
| 2018-06-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5108411|Chris Wang]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5176449|Alfred Nzo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:AlfredNzo1977.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5237258|David Maynier]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:David Manier DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5256874|Dene Smuts]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Dene-Smuts.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5257754|Denise Robinson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Denise Robinson DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5279277|Dion George]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2015-06-01
| [[Fáìlì:Dion George DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5280133|Dipuo Peters]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2017-03-31
| [[Fáìlì:H.E. Dipuo Peters - Energy Minister in South Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5294698|Donald Lee]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Donald Lee DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5313592|Duma Nkosi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5331984|Ebrahim Patel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Ebrahim Patel - World Economic Forum on Africa 2011.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5340080|Edna Molewa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-09-22
| [[Fáìlì:Edna Molewa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373018|Emmah More]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5388710|Erik Marais]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:DA MP Erik Marais (2009).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5399956|Essop Pahad]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Essop Pahad (1985).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5437837|Fatima Hajaig]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5502776|Frene Ginwala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5522918|Gareth Morgan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Gareth Morgan2 DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5528312|Gavin Woods]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5534119|Geoff Doidge]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5535621|Geordin Hill-Lewis]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-11-09
| [[Fáìlì:Geordin Gwyn Hill-Lewis.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5537083|George Boinamo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:George Boinamo DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5549752|Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi - 7th Broadband Commission for Digital Development Meeting, Mexico City, Mexico.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5607020|Gregory Krumbock]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Greg Krumbock DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5702637|Helen Lamoela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Helen Lamoela MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5713725|Hendrick Schmidt]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Hendrick-Schmidt.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5981380|Ian Davidson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ian Davidson DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5982514|Ian Ollis]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-08-31
| [[Fáìlì:Ian-Ollis.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6065705|Ipuseng Ditshetelo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6117269|Jackson Mthembu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-01-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6120878|Jacques Smalle]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2010-09-10
| 2014-05-06
| [[Fáìlì:Jacques Smalle DA Deputy Minister.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6138223|James Lorimer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:James Lorimer DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6142922|James Selfe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-12-31
| [[Fáìlì:James Selfe DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6258967|John Steenhuisen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:John Steenhuisen 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6282583|Joseph Denis]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Denis Joseph (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6301581|Juanita Terblanche]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:JunitaTerblanche DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6313691|Junita Kloppers-Lourens]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Juanita Kloppers Lourens DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6390503|Kenneth Mubu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-08-31
| [[Fáìlì:Kenneth-Mubu-MP-IRCOOP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6424521|Kobus Marais]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Kobus-marais.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6435749|Kraai van Niekerk]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6522854|Lennox Gaehler]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6525655|Leonard Ramatlakane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6533432|Letlapa Mphahlele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6552532|Lindiwe Hendricks]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6702772|Lulama Xingwana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-05-25
| [[Fáìlì:Lulu Xingwana 2013 crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6722315|Mac Maharaj]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mac Maharaj 2021.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6738820|Makashule Gana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-11-14
| [[Fáìlì:Makashule Gana.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6761978|Marian Shinn]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Marian Shinn DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6764850|Mario Oriani-Ambrosini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-08-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6765941|Marius Barnard]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marius Barnard (1968).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6769828|Mark Steele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mark Steele DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6774186|Marta Wenger]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6783304|Masizole Mnqasela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2009-05-06
| 2014-05-06
| [[Fáìlì:Masizole Mnqasela MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6787306|Mathole Motshekga]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6795248|Max Sisulu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-05-29
| [[Fáìlì:Max Sisulu 2012 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6811369|Melanie Verwoerd]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Melanie Verwoerd (2010).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6814194|Membathisi Mdladlana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6846690|Mike Ellis]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mike Ellis DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6849224|Mike Waters]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-02-19
| [[Fáìlì:Mike Waters DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6885751|Mluleki George]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994
| 2008
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6885827|Mmusi Maimane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-10-24
| [[Fáìlì:Mmusi Maimane (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6891175|Mohamed Surty]]''
| Olóṣèlú Ọmọ Orílẹ̀-èdè Indian
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Índíà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6918599|Motsoko Pheko]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6968477|Natasha Mazzone]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Natasha Mazzone Michael 2013-09-22 22-24.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7023365|Nhlanhla Nene]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2018-02-27
| 2015-12-15&lt;br/&gt;2018-10-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7048706|Nomvula Mokonyane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-25
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Nomvula Paula Mokonyane (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7061817|Nosimo Balindlela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-11-14
| [[Fáìlì:Nosimo-21-02-09.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7067645|Ntopile Kganyago]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7110537|Oupa Monareng]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7138657|Parks Tau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:(Parks Tau) Cohesión social, desarrollo económico y educación emocional, nuevas reglas para la convivencia en las ciudades.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7145677|Patricia Kopane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-08-15
| [[Fáìlì:Patricia Kopane DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7152252|Paul Mashatile]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-02-02
| [[Fáìlì:Paul Mashatile.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7179025|Petronella Duncan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7192856|Pieter van Dalen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-03-01
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Pieter van Dalen in 2012.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7325331|Richard Dyantyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7373242|Roy Padayachie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7375226|Royith Bhoola]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7383965|Ryan Coetzee]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2004
| 2008
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7402969|Saki Macozoma]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7417329|Sandy Kalyan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Sandy Kalyan.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7447062|Sej Motau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Sej-Motau.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7461662|Shahid Esau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7495978|Shiaan-Bin Huang]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7507411|Sicelo Shiceka]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7599829|Stanley Ntapane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7615479|Stevens Mokgalapa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-02-11
| [[Fáìlì:Stevens Mokgalapa MP (Cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7626523|Stuart Farrow]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Stuart Farrow.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7635249|Suhla Masango]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-08-26
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7648369|Susan Shabangu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-06
| [[Fáìlì:Foreign Minister Bob Carr with South Africa's Mining Minister Susan Shibango, 2012. Photo- AusAID (10695929445).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7650988|Suzanne Vos]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7655840|Zwelethu Lukanyiso Madasa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7708835|Thabang Makwetla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Thabang Makwetla 091014-D-7203C-001.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7781196|Themba Godi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7786663|Thoko Didiza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Thoko Didiza.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7792755|Thomas Nkobi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Aankomst Schiphol leiders Zuid Afrikaanse bevrijdingsle ANC Alfred Nono en Thoma, Bestanddeelnr 929-3734 (cropped) - Thomas Nkobi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7810182|Tito Mboweni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-10-09&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-02-01
| [[Fáìlì:TitoMboweni.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8003551|Willem Doman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Willem Doman DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8015883|William Mothipa Madisha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-08-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8022831|Wilmot James]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-06-12
| [[Fáìlì:Wilmot James, South African academic.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8066134|Zanele kaMagwaza-Msibi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-20
| [[Fáìlì:Zanele KaMagwaza Msibi (NFP President).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8073542|Zola Skweyiya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Zola Skweyiya.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q9374894|Willie Spies]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10992415|Niekie van den Berg]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11043304|Naledi Pandor]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:South African Foreign Minister Naledi Pandor at the State Department in Washington, D.C. on September 26, 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q11816850|Pieter Groenewald]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:PJ Groenewald.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13034521|Corné Mulder]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Corne Mulder.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q13035407|Marius Fransman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Marius Fransman (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14270571|Eleanore Bouw-Spies]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15428917|Moses Mayekiso]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15783380|Andrew Mlangeni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15818087|Ben Martins]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Ben Martins.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16150639|Ngconde Balfour]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16186490|Stone Sizani]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-03-02
| [[Fáìlì:Stonesizani.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16186933|Manie van Dyk]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Manie Van Dyk DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16192838|Senzo Mchunu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16193273|Thulas Nxesi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Thulas Nxesi.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16199348|Wilma Newhoudt-Druchen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-03-02
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16727851|Yunus Carrim]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16727926|Eugenia Shi-Chia Chang]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16728017|Fatima Chohan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1996&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-21
| 2019&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744270|Fezile Bhengu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:US Navy 090406-N-8273J-050 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm. Gary Roughead, left, meets with Deputy Minister of Defense Mr. Fezile Bhengu, right, during a conference call at the Defense Headquarters in Pretoria, South Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744271|Jackson Bici]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744273|Ntombazana Both]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744274|Judy Chalmers]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744275|Geoffrey Doidge]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744276|Nkosinathi Fihla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744277|Pumzile Gomomo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744280|Peter Hendrickse]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744282|Sango Holomisa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Ncumisa Kondlo]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744286|Trevor Lee]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744287|Cikizwa Ludwabe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744288|Nomhle Mahlawe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744289|Shepherd Mayatula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744292|Robert Nogumla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744293|Emanuel Schoeman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744294|Sylvia Sigcau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744296|Eddie Trent]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744297|Pamela Tshwete]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744298|Ntombikayise Twala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744299|Siyamthanda Dyantyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744302|Unathi Mgidlana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744303|Salamuddi Abram]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744305|A. J. Botha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744306|Lefu Khoarai]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744307|Nthabiseng Khunou]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744309|Butana Komphela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744310|Meisie Madumise]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744311|Kgomotso Magau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744312|Bafunani Mnguni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744314|Lewele Modisenyane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744316|Bahlakoana Mosala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744319|Bhekizizwe Radebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744320|Maggie Sotyu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744323|Kopeng Bapela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744324|Johannes Blanché]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744325|Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744327|Ismail Cachalia]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744329|Pamela Daniels]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744330|Bonginkosi Dhlamini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744331|Anchin Dreyer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744334|Douglas Gibson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744335|Nonkumbi Gxowa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744337|Loretta Jacobus]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744338|Danny Kekana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744339|Les Labuschagne]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744342|Homes Maluleka]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744344|Daniel Maluleke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744346|Maggie Maunye]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744347|Karel Minnie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744348|Andrew Mlangeni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744349|Aubrey Mogoena]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744350|Phillip Moleketi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744351|Storey Morutoa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744353|Andries Nel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744355|Joyce Ngele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744357|Winnie Ngwenya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744358|Sisa Njikelana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744359|Richard Ntuli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744362|Dorothy Ramodibe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744364|Greg Schneemann]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744366|Janet Semple]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Janet Semple of South Africa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744367|Dumisani Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744368|Vincent Smith]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744371|Elizabeth Thabethe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:ElizabethThabethe.jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744372|Ismail Vadi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744375|Langa Zita]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744382|Arthur Ainslie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744383|Mfuniselwa Bhengu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744388|Beauty Dambuza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-10-14
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744389|Cheryllyn Dudley]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2009-05-06
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744393|Ndaba Gcwabaza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744395|Knowledge Gigaba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744399|Christopher Lowe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744402|Eric Lucas]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744406|Mandlenkosi Mbisi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744407|Makhosazana Mdlalose]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744408|Zakhele Mkhize]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744409|Bekhinhlahla Mndyanu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744410|Alfred Mpontshane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-08-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744412|Velaphi Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744413|Mdudu Nene]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744414|Ndawoyakhe Ngcobo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744415|Mzikayise Ngema]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744416|Bonginkosi Ngiba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744417|Makhoni Ntuli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744418|Samuel Nxumalo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744421|Usha Roopnarain]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744422|Mohammed Sayedali-Shah]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744423|Sybil Seaton]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744424|Ntombikayise Sibhidla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744425|Narend Singh]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Narend Singh.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744426|Peter Smith]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744427|Everson Xolo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744429|Keith Zondi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744434|Masenyani Baloyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744436|Letsau Diale]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744437|Tshiwela Lishivha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744439|Jerome-Joseph Maake]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744440|Thizwilondi Mabudafhasi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-05-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744441|Shoahlane Maja]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744444|Frans Maserumule]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744446|Puleng Mashangoane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744448|Refilwe Mashigo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744450|Buoang Mashile]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744453|Motswaledi Matlala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744454|Arthur Moloto]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744455|Kgoloko Morwamoche]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744458|Constance Nkuna]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744461|Tinyiko Nwamitwa-Shilubana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744462|Muthudinne Phadagi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744464|Mahwidi Phala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744466|Mpowele Swathe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mpowele Swathe DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744468|Lekoba Tolo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744469|Désirée van der Walt]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-04-30
| [[Fáìlì:DA Lim leader Desiree van der Walt.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744473|Christopher Gololo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744474|Sikhumbizo Kholwane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744475|Zunaid Kotwal]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744481|Pielos Mathebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744482|Dumisile Nhlengethwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744484|Jomo Nyambi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744486|Priscilla Sekgobela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744489|Jonas Sibanyoni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744490|Sipho Siboza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744491|Hilda Weber]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744494|Tuelo Anthony]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744495|Paul Ditshetelo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744497|Kgotso Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744499|Samuel Louw]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744500|Makatse Maine-Morule]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744501|Mamosoeu Makgate]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744502|Lorna Maloney]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744503|Patrick Maloyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744504|Monako Moatshe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744505|Pinky Mokoto]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744507|Christopher Molefe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744508|Solomon Rasmeni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744509|Gaolaolwe Selau]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744510|Windvoël Skhosana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744512|Paul Swart]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744513|Enoch Asiya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744515|Johannes Combrinck]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744516|Shelley Loe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744518|Maans Nel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744519|Jonathan Arendse]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744520|Francois Beukman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Francois Beukman ANC MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744521|Cecil Burgess]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744522|Hendry Cupido]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744523|André Gaum]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744524|Carl Greyling]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744528|Carol Johnson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744529|Isaac Julies]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744530|Ryno King]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744531|Andrew Madella]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744532|Lawrence Maduma]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744536|S. J. F. Marais]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744537|Bongani Mkongi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744540|Craig Morkel]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744541|Linda Moss]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744542|Maxwell Moss]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744543|Daniel Olifant]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744544|Sydney Opperman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744545|Randy Pieterse]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744547|Pierre Rabie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744548|Johannes Schippers]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744549|Stanley Simmons]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744553|Marius Swart]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744844|Gavin Davis]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-09-20
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16744856|Steven Swart]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Steve Swart.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746624|Faith Bikani]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746628|Mnyamezeli Booi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746643|Mgolodi Dikgacwi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746644|Beauty Dlulane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746646|Zephroma Dubazana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746648|Molebogeng Dube]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746649|Ndleleni Duma]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746651|Mary-Ann Dunjwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746652|Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Ebrahim Ismail Ebrahim.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746653|Tshenuwani Farisani]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746655|Tshoganetso Gasebonwe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-30
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746657|Nomalungelo Gina]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746658|Enoch Godongwana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:SA Finance Minister Godongwana with US Treasury Secretary Yellen in 2022.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746660|Mpumelelo Gona]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746662|Nomwabisi Goqwana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746664|Mondli Gungubele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-09-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mondli Gungubele.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746665|Nomkumbi Gxowa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746667|Nomatyala Hangana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746668|John Jeffery]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746670|Tandiwe Kenye]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746671|Lefu Khorai]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746672|Sikhumbuzo Kholwane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746673|Fikile Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746675|Gerhardus Koornhof]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746680|Mmamoloko Kubayi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Minister of Energy Mmamoloko Kubayi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746682|Luwellyn Landers]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Luwellyn Landers.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746685|Zukile Luyenge]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-02-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746708|Nomfunelo Mabedla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746803|Nomopo Madlala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746819|Mapule Mafolo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746820|Vuselelo Magagula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746822|Hargreaves Magama]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746826|Gratitude Magwanishe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746833|Lusizo Makhubela-Mashele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16746834|Zondi Makhubele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747373|Sampson Makwetla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747376|Motswane Malale]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747378|Hope Malgas]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747383|Holmes Maluleka]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747385|Buti Manamela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Buti Manamela Google event.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16747387|Mduduzi Manana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2009-05-06
| 2018-07-24&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16749717|Modjadji Mangena]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16749724|Joyce Masilo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16749727|Tshililo Masutha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765110|Dudu Mathebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765113|Nomvula Mathibela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765118|Divili Mavunda]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765119|Mandlenkosi Mbili]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765120|Nomakhaya Mdaka]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-11-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765123|Mzameni Mdakane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765126|Hlengiwe Mgabadeli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765127|Lindiwe Mjobo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-24
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765128|Hlengiwe Mkhize]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Hlengiwe Mkhize (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765129|Langalakhe Mkhize]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765130|Nomfundo Mkhulusi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765136|Mankwana Mohale]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765139|Joyce Moloi-Moropa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-03-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765141|Malusi Motimele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-11-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765146|Mandisi Mpahlwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mandisi Mpahlwa, World Economic Forum 2009 Annual Meeting.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765149|Enock Mthethwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765158|Thabadiawa Mufamadi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765159|Vatiswa Mugwanya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765162|Azwihangwisi Muthambi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765163|Mamagase Mchabeleng]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765164|Lindumusa Ndabandaba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765225|Phumzile Ngwenya-Mabila]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765235|Gugile Nkwinti]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765286|Mwelo Nonkonyana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765290|Nomathemba November]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-07-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765292|Nosiviwe Nqakula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765293|Zwelifile Ntuli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765296|Muntu Nxumalo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765297|Namagana Nyama]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765298|Mtombizodwa Nyanda]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765311|Blade Nzimande]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Blade Nzimande - Unisa Roundtable.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765319|Mildred Oliphant]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-03
| [[Fáìlì:Mildred Oliphant - 2016 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765327|Radhakrishna Padayachie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765336|Mathume Phaahla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765338|Meriam Phaliso]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765719|Sivapragas Pillay]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765720|Maropeng Pilusa-Mosoane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765733|Bheki Radebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765740|Goodwill Sbusiso Radebe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-06-19
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16765753|Ngoako Ramathlodi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-03-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16929552|Yusuf Cassim]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16935120|Zakhele Mbhele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17037520|Marius Redelinghuys]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-07-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17075932|Faith Muthambi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-11-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17385681|Glynnis Breytenbach]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Glynnis Breytenbach.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17388948|Senzeni Zokwana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Senzeni Zokwana 20181017-TFAA-LSC-0053 (31518419668).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17466747|Nosipho Ntwanambi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17708781|Floyd Shivambu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Floyd Shivambu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18206724|Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-04-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18217607|Dean Macpherson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Dean Macpherson (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19364571|Kevin Mileham]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:KJMNEW3.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20774316|Michael Masutha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Michael Masutha.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20981694|David Mahlobo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:David Mahlobo 2024-08-06.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20981703|Maria Rantho]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20982109|Lindiwe Zulu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Lindiwe Daphney Zulu Forum Session - High Level Panel Discussion.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21694330|David van Rooyen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21932116|Chris Hunsinger]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:CHprofile1.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22278431|Mcebisi Jonas]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-03-31
| [[Fáìlì:Mcebisi Jonas.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q22279094|Phumulo Masualle]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q23696506|Clarence Makwetu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:ClarenceMakwetu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24007336|Phillip Dexter]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24233839|Nkosinathi Nhleko]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24234082|Mbuyiseni Ndlozi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mbuyiseni Ndlozi, April 2024 (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26206862|Fish Mahlalela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Fish Mahlalela.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27063107|Lydia Kompe]]''
| Oloṣelu South Africa
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27460893|Feroza Adam]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28011915|Madala Masuku]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28011968|Obed Bapela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28043267|Supra Mahumapelo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:11º Fórum Parlamentar do Brics - Brasil 2025 - 6ª Sessão de Trabalho (54569679791).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28086070|Mosebenzi Zwane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-09-02&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28086074|Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Stella Tembisa Ndabeni Abrahams (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28086077|Kebby Maphatsoe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28839897|Ayanda Dlodlo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-03-31
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Ayanda Dlodlo.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28848631|Deidre Carter]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28861539|Derrick America]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29840958|Nqaba Bhanga]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nqaba Bhanga.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29958484|Ghaleb Cachalia]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-05-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Ghaleb Cachalia.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q31739641|Duduzile Manana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-02-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q31739907|Hlengiwe Mkhaliphi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Hlengiwe Mkhaliphi, August 2024 01 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q33870385|Tokozile Xasa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-05
| [[Fáìlì:Tokozile Xasa EU2024BE (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q37993392|Makhosi Khoza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-09-21
| [[Fáìlì:Dr Makhosi Khoza.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q38864258|Phumzile van Damme]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-05-20
| [[Fáìlì:Phumzile van Damme.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q39071075|Anton Alberts]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q40831538|Dorothy Nyembe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41705189|Tarnia Baker]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-10-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42409855|Gertrude Shope]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43377376|Karen Jooste]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q44147245|Brian Molefe]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-02-23
| 2017-05-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46996204|Bongani Bongo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Bongani.Bongo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529605|Mmatlala Grace Boroto]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529614|Pumzile Justice Mnguni]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529616|Zukisa Cheryl Faku]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-07-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529617|Mamonare Patricia Chueu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529618|Bongekile Jabulile Dlomo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529620|Daphne Zukiswa Rantho]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529621|Mcebisi Skwatsha]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529623|Patrick Dumile Nono Maloyi]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-06-03
| 2019-02-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529625|Doreen Senokoanyane]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-02-05
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529626|Mandlenkosi Phillip Galo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529628|Steven Mahlubanzima Jafta]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529629|Samuel Gaaesi Mmusi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529630|Lulama Maxwell Ntshayisa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529632|Thapelo Dorothy Chiloane]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-02-24
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529633|Lerato Cynthia Theko]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-05-04
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529634|Theophilus Mbulelo Nkonzo]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-05-04
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529636|Dikeledi Gladys Mahlangu]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529637|Candith Mashego-Dlamini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Candith Mashego-Dlamini (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529638|Nocawe Noncedo Mafu]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529640|Jabulane Joseph Dube]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-05-04
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529643|Jabulani Lukas Mahlangu]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529644|Millicent Ntombizodwa Sibongile Manana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529645|Rachel Cecilia Adams]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-05-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529646|Priscilla Tozama Mantashe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529647|Simanga Happy Mbuyane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-05-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529648|Loyiso Khanyisa Bunye Mpumlwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-30
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529649|Ezekiel Kekana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529650|Ndumiso Capa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529651|Deborah Dineo Raphuti]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529652|Sibongile Pearm Tsoleli]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529653|Cathrine Matsimbi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529654|Maesela David Kekana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529655|Patrick Maesela]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529656|Moses Siphosezwe Amos Masango]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529658|Nokuzola Ndongeni]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529659|Madala Louis David Ntombela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529660|Nokukhanya Mthembu]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529662|Strike Michael Ralegoma]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529663|Machwene Rosina Semenya]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529665|Sheila Coleen Nkhensani Shope-Sithole]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529667|Sello Albert Tleane]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529669|Velhelmina Pulani Mogotsi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529671|Simphiwe Bekwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529675|Lerumo Kalako]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529676|Pinky Sharon Kekana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Pinky Kekana - Promoting ICT opportunities for women empowerment (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529680|Sahlulele Luzipo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529681|Livhuhani Mabija]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529684|Moloko Stanford Armour Maila]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529686|Thomas Makondo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529687|Elizabeth Koena Mmanoko Masehela]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529691|Derick Mnguni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529693|Nkhensani Kate Bilankulu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529696|Joyce Vuyiswa Basson]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529699|Hellen Boikhutso Kekana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529701|Dalton Hlamalani Khosa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529703|Sharome Renay Van Schalkwyk]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529704|Mandisa Octovia Matshoba]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529707|Johannes Mothibeli Koekoe Mahumapelo]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-05-20
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529709|Evelyn Wilson]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-07-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529710|Dennis Richard Ryder]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-07-01
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529712|Patrick George Atkinson]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529714|Thomas Zwelakhe Hadebe]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529716|Mbulelo Richmond Bara]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-11-14
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529718|Vuyokazi Ketabahle]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-01-21
| 2018-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529720|Cameron Mackenzie]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021
| [[Fáìlì:Picture of me kilted at emma wedding march 2020.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529722|Luthando Richmond Mbinda]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-01-14
| 2018-09-13
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529723|Xolani Ngwezi]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-06-15&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-01-11
| [[Fáìlì:NY National Guard meet with local Mayor during Shared Accord.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529725|Beverley Abrahams]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Beverley Abrahams Member of National Assembly.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529731|Juliana Danielle Kilian]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529732|Alina Mfulo]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-09-01
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529733|Imamile Aubin Pikinini]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529736|Mohammed Haniff Hoosen]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529738|Mandlenkosi Sicelo Mabika]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-04-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529740|Michael Bagraim]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Michael Bagraim.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529741|Ngwanamakwetle Reneiloe Mashabela]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Reneiloe Mashabela (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529744|James Jim Skosana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-02-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529745|Gijimani Jim Skosana]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-10-25&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529750|Thilivhali Elphus Mulaudzi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2020-03-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529755|Donald Mlindwa Gumede]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529758|Lungi Annette Mnganga-Gcabashe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529760|Freddie Adams]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-04-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529765|Annette Steyn]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-06-30
| [[Fáìlì:Portrait of Annette Steyn, DA Member of Parliament.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529766|Patricia Emily Adams]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-26
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529768|Cynthia Nocollege Majeke]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529770|Jan Adriaan Esterhuizen]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529773|Martha Mmola]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-07
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529776|Claudia Ndaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529777|Nokhaya Adelaide Mnisi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-09-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529783|Rosemary Nokuzola Capa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529784|Grace Kekulu Tseke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529789|Sibusiso Christopher Mncwabe]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529790|Godrich Ahmed Gardee]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2020-02-29
| [[Fáìlì:Godrich Gardee, December 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529793|Mogamad Nazier Paulsen]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-05-20&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529798|Tandeka Gqada]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529799|Hlomela Bucwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-11-08
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529800|Nicolaas Jacobus Janse Van Rensburg Koornhof]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-08-12
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529808|Darren Bergman]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529809|Timothy James Brauteseth]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529811|Fezeka Sister Loliwe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-03-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529812|Hildegard Sonja Boshoff]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529813|Archibold Mzuvukile Figlan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529815|Malcolm John Figg]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529816|Lungiswa Veronica James]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529819|Gordon Mackay]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-02-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529820|Thembekile Richard Majola]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529824|Gregory Allen Grootboom]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529825|Vatiswa Bam-Mugwanya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529830|Xoliswa Sandra Tom]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529832|Sibonakaliso Phillip Mhlongo]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-07-17
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529836|Ruth Bhengu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529839|Lydia Sindisiwe Chikunga]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Sindisiwe Chikunga - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529844|Dorries Eunice Dlakude]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529847|Dennis Dumisani Gamede]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529849|Werner Horn]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Werner Horn, DA MP.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529850|Nthako Sam Matiase]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Sam Matiase, January 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529853|Mkhuleko Hlengwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mkhuleko Hlengwa, Deputy Minister of Transport of South Africa, in 2026.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529859|Makoti Sibongile Khawula]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Makoti Khawula, April 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529862|Regina Lesoma]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529865|Celiwe Qhamkile Madlopha]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529867|Dikeledi Phillistus Magadzi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-03-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529868|Fikile Zachariah Majola]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529870|Sibongile Mchunu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529873|Risimati Thompson Mavunda]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529876|Thandi Memela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529879|Humphrey Mdumzeli Zondelele Mmemezi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529880|Tsepo Winston Mhlongo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-12-01
| [[Fáìlì:TW Mhlongo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529881|Madipoane Refiloe Moremadi Mothapo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529892|Nosilivere Winifred Magadla]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529895|Mogotle Friddah Nkadimeng]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529896|Girly Namhla Nobanda]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529899|Molapi Andries Plouamma]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529902|David Christie Ross]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:David Ross MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529903|Maliyakhe Lymon Shelembe]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-04-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529905|Nokulunga Primrose Sonti]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529906|Vincent George Smith]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529908|Khethamabala Petros Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529910|Terri Stander]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529911|Dirk Jan Stubbe]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Dirk Stubbe DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529913|Thembinkosi Rawula]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-10-31
| 2019-04-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529914|Belinda Bozzoli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529915|Tandi Mahambehlala]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529916|Mkhacani Joseph Maswanganyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-05-27&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529917|Agnes Tuck]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-03-30
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529921|Alan Ross Mcloughlin]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529923|Toby Chance]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529924|Mponeng Winston Rabotapi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Winston Rabotapi MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529925|Veronica Van Dyk]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Veronica van Dyk.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529927|Solly Malatsi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Solly Malatsi at press conference.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529928|Pebane George Moteka]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2022-07-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529933|Nqabayomzi Lawrence Saziso Kwankwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Nqabayomzi Kwankwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529935|Yvonne Nkwenkwezi Phosa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529937|Michael John Cardo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Michael Cardo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529939|Mohlopi Philemon Mapulane]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529943|Mncedisi Lutando Wellington Filtane]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529945|Rembuluwani Moses Tseli]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529947|Thomas Walters]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Thomas Walters DA Politician.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529948|Zolile Roger Xalisa]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-08-24
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529950|Joan Fubbs]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529954|Leigh-Ann Mathys]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-08-24
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:EFF Deputy Secretary-General Leigh-Ann Mathys.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529955|Walter Bongani Maphanga]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-09-05
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529956|Nokuzola Gladys Tolashe]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-09-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2018-02-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529958|Hermanus Bernadus Groenewald]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-11-12
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Herman Groenewald MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529960|Nomsa Innocencia Tarabella-Marchesi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-08-15
| [[Fáìlì:Nomsa Marchesi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529962|Ahmed Munzoor Shaik Emam]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529964|Sibongile Judith Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529966|Ken Peter Robertson]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-10-06
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529967|Comely Humphrey Maqocwa Maxegwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529969|Chantel King]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-11-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529973|Thandeka Mbabama]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2016-11-08&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Thandeka Mbabama.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529974|Boitumelo Joyce Maluleke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-06-23&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2021-07-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529978|Ross Kriel Purdon]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-11-14
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529988|Gerhardus Cornelius Oosthuizen]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Gert Oosthuizen- SDP IWG - 3rd Plenary Session.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47529989|Mamagase Elleck Nchabeleng]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530002|Barbara Thomson]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530006|Leonard Jones Basson]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Leon Basson.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530007|Phumzile Bhengu-Kombe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530012|Bridget Staff Masango]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-10-06&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Bridget Masango sworn in.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530021|Zelda Jongbloed]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-07-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530023|Adrian Williams]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-11-17
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530024|Robert Alfred Lees]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530028|Hope Helene Malgas]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530029|Lindiwe Maseko]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:20231108 Cartas Credenciales-Andrea Puentes.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530040|Ntombovuyo Veronica Mente]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Veronica Mente, December 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530043|Beatrice Thembekile Ngcobo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-02-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530047|Gaolatlhe Godfrey Oliphant]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530048|Joseph Phaahla]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mathume Joseph Phaahla (born 1957) at World Economic Forum Davos 2024.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530053|Cornelia Carol September]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530055|Dikeledi Tsotetsi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530056|Mtikeni Patrick Sibande]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530057|Brandon Rodney Topham]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-10-06
| 2018-03-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530058|Solomon Lechesa Tsenoli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530059|Patrick Chauke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2015-12-09
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530060|Andricus van der Westhuizen]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Andricus vdw DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530061|James Vos]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-11-11
| [[Fáìlì:Cape Town MMC James Vos.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530067|Hildah Vangile Nyambi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-11-14
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530068|Dipuo Letsatsi-Duba]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2019-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530071|Choloane David Matsepe]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530136|Russel Cebekhulu]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-08-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47530161|Bertha Peace Mabe]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-02-24&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2016-12-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536490|Hendrik Krüger]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536522|Sheilla Tembalam Xego]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536761|Christian Themba Msimang]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-08-23&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2017-11-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536774|Mmabatho Olive Mokause]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-04-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2018-01-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-09-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536775|Elsabe Ntlangwini]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536776|Mathews Wolmarans]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-09-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536780|Nhlanhlakayise Moses Khubisa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536782|Liezl Linda van der Merwe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22&lt;br/&gt;2024-05-29&lt;br/&gt;2012-05-07
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2024-05-28&lt;br/&gt;2014-05-20
| [[Fáìlì:2024-11-06, 3ª sessão de trabalho do Fórum Parlamentar do G20 (54122201399).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536786|Shadrack Tlhaole]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-02-01
| 2017-10-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536789|Mzingisi Marshall Dlamini]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-04-13&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Marshall Dlamini, Feb 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536792|Thembisile Cheryl Majola-Embalo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-25
| 2019-01-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536793|Sfiso Norbert Buthelezi]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-04-04
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536797|Ellen Molekane]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-25
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536813|Makgathatso Charlotte Chana Pilane-Majake]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536847|Moses Mbatha]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2018-01-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536864|Thabo Moses Manyoni]]''
| 
| 
| 2016-09-04
| 2017-05-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536916|Masefele Rosalia Morutoa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536937|Reiney Thamie Hugo]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-09-04
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47536946|Thandi Vivian Tobias]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47878458|Timothy Khoza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-26
| 2017-08-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890496|Bonisile Alfred Nesi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-10-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890500|Mangaqa Albert Mncwango]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-06-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890555|Itumeleng Mosala]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-12-09
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890561|Hlakudi Frans Nkoana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890578|Tete Ramalie Jonas Ezekiel Ramokhoase]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-09-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890588|Solomon Patrick Mabilo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-10-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890596|Andrew Grant Whitfield]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2016-08-06
| [[Fáìlì:Andrew Whitfield.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890603|Joseph Job McGluwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2018-08-16&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2015-11-12&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890613|Heinrich Cyril Volmink]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-03-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890624|Hlayiseka Crucief Chewane]]''
| 
| 
| 2015-05-20
| 2017-01-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890639|Nicholous Pro Khoza]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-01-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890647|Seropane Senyane Alton Mphethi]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-06-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890655|Kgotso Zachariah Morapela]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-10-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890678|Bernard Daniel Joseph]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890694|Pumza Ntobongwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890706|Asanda Matshobeni]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-23
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890713|Johanna Fredrika Terblanche]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-09-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890722|Yolanda Rachel Botha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890733|Abinaar Modikela Matlhoko]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-19
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890739|Mantsheng Anna Tsopo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-10-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890751|Michael Malisa Tshishonga]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890776|Agnes Daphne Noluthando Qikani]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-12-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890786|Diliza Lucky Twala]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-07-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890797|Shela Paulina Boshielo]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-06-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890812|Lance William Greyling]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-02-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890821|Zizi Kodwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2014-05-26
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890848|John Andile Mngxitama]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890857|Magdalene Moonsamy]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890869|Abram Molefe Mudau]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-01-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890880|Joel Sibusiso Ndebele]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-05-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890891|Ramakaudi Paul Ramakatsa]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2015-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890940|Elvis Kholwana Siwela]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2017-09-20&lt;br/&gt;2023-04-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890956|Raesibe Eunice Nyalungu]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-07-21
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890961|Trevor John Bonhomme]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-07-29
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890972|Johanna Mmule Maluleke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-06-03
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890979|Maureen Angela Scheepers]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-06-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890986|Mzwandile Collen Masina]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-23
| [[Fáìlì:Mzwandile Masina.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890991|Bennet Mzwenqaba Bhanga]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-08-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47890998|Monwabisi Bevan Goqwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2016-06-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47891871|Lumka Elizabeth Yengeni]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2017-10-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48078983|Terence Mpanza]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-04-24&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48079764|Mgcini Tshwaku]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-11-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-02-09
| [[Fáìlì:Mgcini Tshwaku, December 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48079992|Carin Visser]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-12-01
| 2018-08-16
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48080455|Nontando Nolutshungu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-01-05&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48081103|Wouter Wessels]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2017-12-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Wouter Wessels (cropped) 2.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48081399|Khonziwe Hlonyana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-01-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48086018|Sophie Thembekwayo]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-01-04&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48086661|Thembisile Khanyile]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-12-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48087000|Elphas Buthelezi]]''
| 
| 
| 2017-11-01&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Mzamo Buthelezi on PolitySA.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50365087|Sfiso Buthelezi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50379467|Reginah Mhaule]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-02-26&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50379469|Inkosi Holomisa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51673650|Alvin Botes]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-02-27&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Alvin Botes 077A7226 (52048743762).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51674050|Neliswa Peggy Nkonyeni]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-02-27
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52151613|Sisi Ntombela]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Free State Premier Sisi Ntombela.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55351310|Gwen Ngwenya]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-02-27
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Amanda Ngwenya, UCT SRC president.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55351542|Nhlanhla Xaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-02-27
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55351699|Tsholofelo Katlego Motshidi]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-03-18
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56217418|Phoebe Noxolo Abraham-Ntantiso]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-08-14&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56299105|Albert Mammoga Seabi]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-07-30&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56299115|Nomvuzo Francisca Shabalala]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-07-31&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2020-12-26
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56738076|Michael Stephen Shackleton]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-09-01
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56738077|Johan Jaco Londt]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2018-09-07
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:WC Minister Jaco Londt speaks.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56738078|Yoliswa Nomampondomise Yako]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-09-03&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Yoliswa Yako.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q56738079|Busisiwe Clarah Ndlovu]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-08-17
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57393791|Lesiba Dorah Meso]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-08-17
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57548018|Violet Siwela]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57976425|Helmar Philip Geyer]]''
| 
| 
| 2018-10-16
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60300641|Debbie Schäfer]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Debbie Schafer MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60442522|Nceba Hinana]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-03-04
| [[Fáìlì:Nceba Hinana.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60442529|Khaya Magaxa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61132965|Johni Steenkamp]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61610325|Watty Watson]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Watty Watson.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61625033|Bongiwe Mbinqo-Gigaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Northern Cape MEC for DSAC Bongiwe Mbinqo-Gigaba.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61625040|Mxolisa Sokatsha]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-03-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62030347|Gloria Fanta]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-02-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62030383|Ntshetsi Seabi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-02-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64009839|Ringo Madlingozi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ringo Madlingozi, March 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399279|Gordon Gcinikhaya Mpumza]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399280|Mncedisi Nontsele]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399281|Zamuxolo Joseph Peter]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2020-07-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399282|Busisiwe Tshwete]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399283|Nonkosi Queenie Mvana]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399284|Sakhumzi Stoffels Somyo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399285|Nolitha Ntobongwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399286|Samantha Jane Graham]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Samantha Graham.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399288|Baxolile Babongile Nodada]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399290|Xola Nqola]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399291|Nqabisa Gantsho]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:II Fórum de Mulheres Parlamentares do Brics (54564881822) (Nqabisa Gantsho).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399293|Zola Mlenzana]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399294|Pumza Patricia Dyantyi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| [[Xolisile Qayiso]]
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399296|Dikeledi Rosemary Direko]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399297|Lawrence Edward Mc Donald]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399298|Dibolelo Kathleen Mance]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-03-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399299|Nomsa Josephina Kubheka]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399301|Thanduxolo David Khalipha]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2021-11-24
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399302|Michéle Clarke]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Michele Clarke.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399304|Madeleine Bertine Hicklin]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399306|Nazley Khan Sharif]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nazley Khan Sharif, MP for the DA.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399307|Mathew John Cuthbert]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399308|Patrick Sindane]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2021-12-08
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399309|Frederik Jacobus Mulder]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399310|Philippus Van Staden]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Philip van Staden, Gauteng MPL.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399311|Bafuze Sicelo Yabo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399312|Alfred Tseki]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399314|Annah Gela]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399315|Heinrich Giovanni April]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399316|Lisa Nkosinathi Mangcu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399317|Maggie Tlou]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-02-03
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399318|Thlologelo Malatji]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399319|Bernice Swarts]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399320|Nomathemba Hendrietta Maseko-Jele]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399321|Walter Tebogo Letsie]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399322|Anastasia Motaung]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-08-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399323|Maidi Dorothy Mabiletsa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399324|Oscar Masarona Mathafa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399325|Hope Papo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399326|Simphiwe Gcwele Nomvula Mbatha]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399327|Matshidiso Melina Gomba]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399328|Jacqueline Mofokeng]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399329|Mfana Robert Mashego]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399330|Teliswa Mgweba]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399331|Judith Tshabalala]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399332|Boyce Makhosonke Maneli]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399333|Tshilidzi Bethuel Munyai]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-02-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399334|Siphosethu Lindinkosi Ngcobo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399335|Magdalena Duduzile Hlengwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399336|Mthokozisi Nkululeko Nxumalo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2021-08-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399337|Christopher Howard Mzwakhe Sibisi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-10-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399338|Sibongiseni Ngcobo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399339|Hannah Shameema Winkler]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399342|Phuti Peter Keetse]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2020-10-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399343|Vusumuzi Cyril Xaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399344|Sibongiseni Maxwell Dhlomo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sibongiseni Dhlomo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399345|Thembeka Vuyisile Buyisile Mchunu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399346|Njabulo Bheka Nzuza]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399347|Dorah Dunana Dlamini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2020-06-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399348|Audrey Sbongile Zuma]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399349|Duduzile Patricia Sibiya]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399350|Sibusiso Welcome Mdabe]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399352|Jabulile Mkhwanazi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399353|Bavelile Gloria Hlongwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399354|Lizzie Fikelephi Shabalala]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399355|Beauty Thulani Zibula]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399356|Alice Hlebani Mthembu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-12-26
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399357|Nobuhle Pamela Nkabane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nobuhle Nkabane South Africa (sq cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399358|Ernest Thokozani Myeni]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399470|Pemmy Majodina]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Pemmy Majodina 2026-03-06.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399471|David Masondo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399473|Wayne Maxim Thring]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399474|Noko Phineas Masipa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:DA MP Noko Masipa with Wikipedian Lefcentreright at Paarl Boys High School (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399475|Mergan Chetty]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399477|Luyolo Mphithi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Luyolo Mphithi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399478|Haseenabanu Ismail]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399479|Mimmy Martha Gondwe]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mimmy Gondwe 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64422651|Laetitia Heloise Arries]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Heloise Arries.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64422656|Rosina Ntshetsana Komane]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64422658|Khanya Ceza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64422662|Adrian Christopher Roos]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64711336|Barbara Creecy]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Barbara Creecy.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q67319199|Wendy Nelson]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q79975050|Dimpho Hani]]''
| 
| 
| 1994-05
| 1999-08-17
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q90278094|Deetlefs du Toit]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Deetlefs du Toit, former MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q90574615|Omphile Maotwe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Omphile Maotwe, November 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q91041238|Hlanganani Gumbi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-11-03
| [[Fáìlì:Hlanganani Gumbi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q91707681|Sussana Dantjie]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q94102344|Mervyn Dirks]]''
| 
| 
| 2014-05-21&lt;br/&gt;2019-05-22
| 2019-05-07&lt;br/&gt;2023-01-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97010099|Catherine Mabuza]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97515584|Pinky Phosa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97572648|Julie Kilian]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2009
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98187397|Vytjie Mentor]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Vytjie Mentor, former ANC MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99442281|Theo Willem Coetzee]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2009-05-06
| 2014-05-06
| [[Fáìlì:Theo Coetzee DA MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100276084|Priscilla Jana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994-05-09
| 1999-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102198276|Ismail Mohamed]]''
| 
| 
| 1994-05
| 2009-05
| [[Fáìlì:Ismail J Mohamed.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104670588|Koos van der Merwe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q193619|Union of South Africa]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994
| 2014
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104903655|Nombulelo Hermans]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-06-13
| 2021-01-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105084390|Marius Swart]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2004
| 2014
| [[Fáìlì:Marius Swart.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110810709|Zoliswa Kota-Mpeko]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| [[Fáìlì:Zoliswa Kota 2000 (profile).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116233944|Bob Mabaso]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117262665|Rebecca Kasienyane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117289173|Mmathulare Coleman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117473185|Pat Lebenya-Ntanzi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117474562|Dorothy Motubatse-Hounkpatin]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117477069|Angie Molebatsi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117488211|Doris Ngcengwane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117510378|Bongi Maria Ntuli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2014-05-25
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117532189|Shakes Cele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2014-05-21
| 2019-05-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117554093|Albertina Luthuli]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117616293|Caroline Makasi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117848338|Makho Njobe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117992233|Kay Moonsamy]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1999-09-27
| 2009-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118313975|Margaret Rajbally]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sunklavathy Rajbally.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118557696|Tlokwe Maserumule]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2010-07-29&lt;br/&gt;1999-06
| 2014-05-06&lt;br/&gt;2009-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q118630398|Mamabolo Nwedamutswu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 1994-05
| 1999-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119335065|Eugene Mthethwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2023-06-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119341930|Mandla Shikwambana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2023-06-01
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119341964|Nqobile Mhlongo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2023-06-01&lt;br/&gt;2025-02-07
| 2024-05-28
| [[Fáìlì:Nqobile Mhlongo, August 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Doris Sikosana]]
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2008-11-14
| 2009-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q119459578|Avril Harding]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2004-04-23
| 2007-08-22
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q121167208|Suzan Berend]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2013-03-12
| 2014-05-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126078676|Canaan Mdletshe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-04-24
| 2024-05-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127694914|Joyce Bila]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-06-14
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130544763|Cleo Wilskut]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-06
| 2024-11-07
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131758925|Lencel Komane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-06-14
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131935758|Carol Mafagane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-06-14
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133898202|Zelna Abader]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024-06-25
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137667753|Malebo Kobe]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2024
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399359|Sibusiso Nigel Gumede]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399360|Thandiwe Rose Marry Zungu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399361|Raesibe Martha Moatshe]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399362|Nhlagongwe Patricia Mahlo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399363|Marubini Lourane Lubengo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399364|Mosa Steve Chabane]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399365|Matodzi Mirriam Ramadwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399366|Patamedi Ronald Moroatshehla]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399367|Carol Mokgadi Phiri]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399368|John Hlengani Bilankulu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399369|Tshilidzi Thomas Gumbu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399371|Masefako Clarah Dikgale]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-01-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399372|Jacob Boy Mamabolo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399373|Tebogo Josephine Mokwele]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2019-08-19
| [[Fáìlì:Tebogo Mokwele.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399374|Altia Sthembile Hlongo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399375|Thabile Sylvia Masondo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399376|Elphus Fani Mathebula]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399377|Vuyisile Promise Malomane]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399378|Timothy Victor Mashele]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399379|Valentia Thokozile Malinga]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399380|Ntaoleng Patricia Peacock]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399383|Gizella Opperman]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Gizella Opperman.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399384|Mirriam Thenjiwe Kibi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399385|Dikgang Mathews Stock]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399386|Mathedi Asnath Molekwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399387|Keitumetse Bridgette Tlhomelang]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399388|Sibusiso Macdonald Kula]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-10-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399389|Cheryl Phillips]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399390|Isaac Sello Seitlholo]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sello Seitlholo 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399391|Itiseng Kenneth Morolong]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399392|Nombuyiselo Gladys Adoons]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399393|Jane Manganye]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399394|Lesiba Ezekiel Molala]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399395|Tidimalo Legwase]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:11º Fórum Parlamentar do Brics - Brasil 2025 - Sessão de Encerramento (54570253460) (Tidimalo Legwase).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399396|Benedicta Maria Van Minnen]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399397|Hisamodien Mohamed]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399398|Faiez Jacobs]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399400|Kenneth Jacobs]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399401|Bheki Mathews Hadebe]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399402|Siphokuhle Patrein]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399403|Emma Louise Powell]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399404|Jan Naudé De Villiers]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399405|Leon Amos Schreiber]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Leon Schreiber, May 2017.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399407|Alexandra Abrahams]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399408|Tandi Gloria Mpambo-Sibhukwana]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2020-06-19
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399410|Marie Elizabeth Sukers]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399411|Ockert Stefanus Terblanche]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399412|Willem Faber]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Willem Faber MP.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399413|Mogamad Ganief Ebrahim Hendricks]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ganief Hendricks.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399414|Thandiswa Linnen Marawu]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399415|Vuyolwethu Zungula]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399418|Rhulani Thembi Siweya]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:ThembiSiweya.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399419|Heloise Jordaan]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Heloise Denner.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399420|Ignatius Michael Groenewald]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399421|Pieter Mey]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399422|Tamarin Breedt]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399423|Wynand Johannes Boshoff]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399424|Mzwanele Nyhontso]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22&lt;br/&gt;2021-09-02
| 2021-06-23
| [[Fáìlì:GWF 2026 - 28 April - image 9.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399425|Bhekizizwe Nivard Luthuli]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399426|Zandile Majozi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:11º Fórum Parlamentar do Brics - Brasil 2025 - Jantar de boas-vindas (54564328355) (Zandile Majozi).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399427|Shaun Nigel August]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-02-02
| [[Fáìlì:Shaun August.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399428|Henry Andries Shembeni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-06-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399429|Makosini Mishack Chabangu]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-02-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399430|Annacleta Mathapelo Siwisa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399432|Dumisani Fannie Mthenjane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-06-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399433|Shirley Motshegoane Mokgotho]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-06-01
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399435|Delisile Blessing Ngwenya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2021-11-30
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399436|Lorato Florence Tito]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399437|Thokozani Makhosonke Langa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-02-03
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399438|Thembi Portia Msane]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-09-12
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399439|Vuyani Pambo]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Vuyani Pambo, Jan 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399440|Naledi Nokukhanya Chirwa]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Naledi Chirwa, 2024 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399442|Mothusi Kenneth Montwedi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399443|Mathibe Rebecca Mohlala]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399444|Washington Tseko Isaac Mafanya]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399445|Ciliesta Motsepe]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-06-01
| [[Fáìlì:Ciliesta Motsepe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399446|Annerie Maria Magdalena Weber]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399447|Thamsanqa Bhekokwakhe Mabhena]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399448|Cilliers Brink]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-02-23
| [[Fáìlì:Cilliers Brink.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399449|Siviwe Gwarube]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Siviwe Gwarube.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399450|Jacques Warren William Julius]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2022-08-18
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399451|Ashor Sarupen]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ashor Sarupen.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399452|Thabo Nelson Mmutle]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399453|Mikateko Golden Mahlaule]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399454|Jane Seboletswe Mananiso]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399455|Nompendulo Thobile Mkhatshwa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Malala Yousafzai - Nelson Mandela Annual Lecture (72177720313182913).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399456|Khumbudzo Ntshavheni]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| [[Fáìlì:South African Minister Khumbudzo Ntshavheni (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399457|Moleboheng Modise]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399458|Phillip Matsapole Pogiso Modise]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399459|Sibongile Jeremia Besani]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2019-07-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399460|Nomadewuka Nancy Sihlwayi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399461|Nomasonto Evelyn Motaung]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399462|Tyotyo Hubert James]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2023-10-14
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399463|Bekizwe Simon Nkosi]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399464|Desmond Lawrence Moela]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399465|Boitumelo Elizabeth Moloi]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399466|Phindisile Pretty Xaba-Ntshaba]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399467|Fikile Devilliers Xasa]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399468|Mokone Collen Maine]]''
| 
| 
| 2019-05-22
| 2019-07-05
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64399469|Sidumo Mbongeni Dlamini]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 2019-05-22
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>8tjqbjk554131jk5zo7bq4d617mfx6g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66797</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623028</id>
      <parentid>622683</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T06:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="64669" sha1="7rzdg14dc754o0mbl8pt6cizf4hvkci" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21296472 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21296472/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21296472/P580:Start date,P39/Q21296472/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Morgan Tsvangirai]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q654342|Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q750583|Southern Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q217169|Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q890120|Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Morgan Tsvangirai Oslo 2009 A.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q313424|Ian Douglas Smith]]''
| 
| [[Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q217169|Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ian Smith 1975.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q432934|Arthur Mutambara]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mutambara 2009 crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]]
| olóṣèlú, Sìmbábúè
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Emmerson Mnangagwa Official Portrait (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q514464|Simbarashe Mumbengegwi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Simbarashe Mumbengegwi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q981736|Joice Mujuru]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Joice Mujuru at Horasis Global Arab Business Meeting 2012 crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1379403|Simba Makoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1399766|Joseph Msika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Joseph Msika.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1533788|Godfrey Beremauro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1538373|Ndabaningi Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q217169|Rhodesia]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ndabaningi Sithole (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2011278|Obert Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2112402|Stan Mudenge]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2209549|Sabina Mugabe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2287723|Simon Muzenda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2407586|Elliot Manyika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2001-07-28
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2431630|Tichaona Jokonya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3062672|Roy Bennett]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Roy Bennett 2011 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3081621|Francis Nhema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3133488|Herbert Murerwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3183430|Jonathan Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3264301|Lovemore Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3274147|John Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3369338|Patrick Chinamasa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Patrick Chinamasa.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4305770|Solomon Mujuru]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4687771|Aeneas Chigwedere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4730957|Allan Savory]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Allan Savory (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4741842|Ambrose Mutinhiri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2000-11-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4747917|Amos Midzi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4757697|Andrew Langa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2002-10-27
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4795279|Arnold Tsunga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4926322|Blessing Chebundo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4944569|Border Gezi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4967458|Bright Matonga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5017585|Cain Mathema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Minister Cain Mathema.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5091407|Chenjerai Hunzvi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5107550|Chris Mushohwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5147035|Collen Gwiyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218173|Daniel Molokele]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5218758|Daniel Shumba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5230802|David Anthony Chimhini]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5231960|David Butau]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5232494|David Coltart]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:David Coltart.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5238373|David Parirenyatwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:David Parirenyatwa (cropped).png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5274292|Didymus Mutasa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:DidymusMutasa1988.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5301822|Douglas Mombeshora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5335953|Eddie Cross]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5340066|Edna Madzongwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Edna Madzongwe at the 53rd Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference, in New Delhi on September 22, 2007.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5340334|Edson Zvobgo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Eddison Zvobgo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5360562|Elias Mudzuri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5367269|Elphas Mukonoweshuro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5367868|Elton Mangoma]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5387062|Eric Matinenga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5416378|Evelyn Masaiti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5427612|Faber Chidarikire]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5442264|Felix Magalela Mafa Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5446764|Fidelis Mhashu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5458776|Fletcher Dulini]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5460278|Flora Buka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5559396|Gibson Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5559982|Gift Banda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5561692|Giles Mutsekwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5576402|Godfrey Chidyausiku]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5584672|Gorden Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5720588|Heneri Dzinotyiweyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5927511|Hubert Nyanhongo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6019041|Paul Temba Nyathi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6146138|Jameson Timba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6187759|Jessie Majome]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jessie Fungayi Majome profile pic(1).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6213465|Joel Gabuza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6276249|Joram Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6282111|Joseph Chinotimba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6285211|Joseph Made]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6386891|Kembo Mohadi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2008-08-25
| 2018-07
| [[Fáìlì:Vice President of Zimbabwe, Mr. Kembo Mohadi, at the Munhumutapa Building, in Harare, Zimbabwe on November 03, 2018 (cropped).JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6505903|Lazarus Dokora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2006-10-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6510240|Learnmore Jongwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6769164|Mark Partridge]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mark Partridge.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6828646|Michael Bimha]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Michael Bimha (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6848219|Mike Nyambuya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6875513|Misheck Kagurabadza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6915903|Moses Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6935586|Munacho Mutezo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6937034|Munyaradzi Gwisai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6938737|Murisi Zwizwai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2003-08-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7025447|Nicholas Goche]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7048451|Nomalanga Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7070929|Nyasha Chikwinya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7088073|Olivia Muchena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Olivia muchena.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7095508|Oppah Muchinguri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Oppah Muchinguri.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7116568|Ozias Bvute]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7117376|P. K. van der Byl]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7149825|Paul Chimedza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7152179|Paul Mangwana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7155466|Paurina Mpariwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7185645|Phillip Chiyangwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7245611|Priscilla Misihairabwi-Mushonga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Zanda Kalniņa-Lukaševica tiekas ar Zimbabves vēstnieci 02.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7317489|Reuben Marumahoko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7378129|Rugare Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7410395|Tendai Biti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Tendai Biti, 2009 World Economic Forum on Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7412244|Samuel Mumbengegwi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7412644|Samuel Sipepa Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7412813|Samuel Undenge]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7428343|Saviour Kasukuwere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Saviour Kasukuwere - 2014 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7446983|Seiso Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7456035|Sesel Zvidzai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7507257|Sibonile Nyamudeza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7513688|Sikhanyiso Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7641876|Supa Mandiwanzira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7659134|Swithun Mombeshora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660136|Sydney Sekeramayi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7660812|Sylvester Nguni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7710066|Thamsanqa Mahlangu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7782879|Theresa Makoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7807530|Timothy Stamps]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Ilẹ̀ọba Aṣọ̀kan]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7808439|Tinos Rusere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7847292|Trudy Stevenson]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7964549|Walter Chidhakwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7965696|Walter Mzembi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2004-10-09
| 
| [[Fáìlì:H.E. Walter Mzembi, Minister of Tourism &amp; Hospitality Industry, Government of Zimbabwe cropped.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7978955|Webster Shamu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo, Aaron Samuriwo &amp; Webster Shamu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7982050|Welshman Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:The Minister of Industry &amp; Commerce, Zimbabwe, Prof. Welshman Ncube meeting the Union Minister for Commerce and Industry, Shri Anand Sharma, in New Delhi on March 29, 2011.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8003386|Willard Chiwewe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8023117|Wilson Kumbula]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q9358456|Thokozani Khuphe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Thokozani Khuphe.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14922135|Moven Mahachi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15992851|Edward Chindori-Chininga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16016626|Josiah Tungamirai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2004-02-03
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16151660|Ignatious Chombo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ignatius Chombo 2017.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16195944|Fortune Chasi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16207702|Nelson Chamisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2003-03-30
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Nelson Chamisa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16222304|Psychology Maziwisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16732942|Simbi Mubako]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Tracy Mutinhiri]]
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16733535|Sithembiso Nyoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sithembiso Nyoni at UNCTAD eWeek 2023- Shaping the future of the digital economy (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19144163|David Karimanzira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2006
| 2005-04-15
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25697807|Kumbirai Kangai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Independence Day Celebrations at the Ambassador's Residence, Harare, Zimbabwe. Guests at the function included Deputy Speaker of Parliament, Kumbirai Kangai.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27380169|Cephas Msipa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27469157|Victoria Chitepo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27975349|John A. Landau]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28606443|Rowan Cronjé]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q29588993|Obedingwa Mguni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32534048|Christopher Kuruneri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43266691|Christopher Mutsvangwa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q750583|Southern Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q890120|Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43402860|Patrick Zhuwao]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2008-08-25
| 2013-06-27
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43667129|Tabetha Kanengoni Malinga]]''
| Olóṣèlú àti oníṣòwò ará Zimbabwe
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2008
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43962933|Auxillia Mnangagwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Auxillia Mnangagwa.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45064460|Ronnie Sadomba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q45740667|Iain Kay]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2009
| 2013-06
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46853306|Jock Kay]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Thenjiwe Lesabe]]
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52084210|Rollo Hayman]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q52126078|Maureen Thelma Watson]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58007739|Jacob Mudenda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jacob Mudenda 2022 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q59655893|Tongai Mnangagwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63190278|Sithembile Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q78315284|Joana Mamombe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85115570|Nqobizitha Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85678901|Paul Mavima]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 2023-08-02
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85678984|Ziyambi Ziyambi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85772479|July Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q85850886|Kazembe Kazembe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86997401|Job Sikhala]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q87110935|Winston Chitando]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q89084670|Patrick Dube]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q91165040|Nicola Watson]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93452160|Mabel Chinomona]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2018-08&lt;br/&gt;2013-09-17
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Mabel Chinomona - 2023 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93469585|Rusty Markham]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93578158|Christopher Chingosho]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q93838438|Raj Modi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q94034676|Mike Auret]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q94973458|Vangelis Haritatos]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Vangelis Haritatos.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95000270|Tony Gara]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95671086|Peter Hewlett]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96094584|Ernest Bulle]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97154086|Daniel Garwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97326327|Joseph Musa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2005-06-18
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97816798|Masango Matambanadzo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2013-07-31
| 2018-07&lt;br/&gt;2020-07-28
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98112108|Owen Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98931496|Soda Zhemu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Soda Zhemu - 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100524761|Mathew Nyashanu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105071475|Joel Matiza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105649282|Felix Mhona]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106074124|John Houghton]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107491736|Peter Haritatos]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q107534597|Bekithemba Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110197420|Jenfan Muswere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111270218|Paddy Zhanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111270219|Davis Marapira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111270220|Douglas Karoro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281516|Abednico Bhebhe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281517|Abednico Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281518|Abigail Damasane]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281519|Adam Chimwamurombe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281520|Albert Mhlanga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281521|Aldrin Musiiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281522|Alexio Musundire]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281523|Alfred Mufunga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281606|Anastancia Ndhlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281607|Anele Ndebele]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281608|Aqualina Katsande]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281609|Batsirayi Pemhenayi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281610|Bekithemba Nyathi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281611|Berta Chikwama]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281612|Biata B. Nyamupinga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281614|Blessed Runesu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281615|Cephas Sindi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281616|Chenayimoyo D. Francis Nhema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281617|Christopher Chigumba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2004-03-28
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281618|Christopher Chitindi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281619|Chriswell Mutematsaka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281620|Chuma K. Bhasikiti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281621|Clifford Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281622|Costa Machingauta]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281623|Daniel M. Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281624|David Chapfika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281625|Denford Masiya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281626|Dextor T. Nduna]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281627|Dingilizwe Tshuma]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281628|Dorcas Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281629|Dorothy Mangami]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281630|Dubeko Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281631|Edgar Chidavaenzi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281633|Edgar Mbwembwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281634|Edmond Mhere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281635|Edson Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281636|Enock Porusingazi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281637|Ephraim Gwanonodza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281638|Epmarcus Kanhanga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281639|Erick Murai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281640|Ezira Ruvai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281641|Fani Phanuel Phiri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281642|Francis Muchenje]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281643|Francis Mukwangwariwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281644|Fred Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281645|Fungai J Majome]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281646|Getrude Chibagu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281647|Getrude Hungwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281648|Gift Chimanikire]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281649|Gladys Mathe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281650|Godfrey Gandawa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281651|Godfrey N Malaba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281652|Godfrey Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281653|Harris Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281654|Hazvineyi Z Makari]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281655|Innocent Gonese]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281656|Innocent Pedzisai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281657|Irene Zindi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281658|Iris Chiratidzo Mabuwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:2013-Zimbabwe's Deputy Min of Industry Mabuwa (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281659|Isaac Mackenzie]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281660|Jaison Passade]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281661|James Maridadi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281662|Jeffrey Runzirwai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281663|Jeppy Jaboon]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281664|John Holder]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281665|Jonathan Samukange]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281666|Joseph Mapiki]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281667|Joseph Tshuma]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281668|Josephat Madubeko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281669|Josephine Value Chitembwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281670|Judith Muzhavazhe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281671|Justice Mayor Wadyajena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281672|Kalitso Gwanetsa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281673|Kennedy Matimba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281674|Kenneth S. Musanhi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281675|Kindness Paradza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2003-08-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281676|Kizito Chivamba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281677|Kudzanayi Chipanga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281678|Ladislus Ndoro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281679|Lamson Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281680|Leonard Chikomba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281681|Lilian Zemura]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281682|Lovemore Matuke]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2005-11-26
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281683|Lucia Matibenga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281684|Luke Musamvu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281685|Lungisani Nleya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281687|Mabel Kaundikiza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281688|Mabel Matirangano Nkatazo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281689|Madodana Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281690|Mafios Vutete]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281691|Maideyi Mpala]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281692|Makhosini Hlongwane]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281693|Malach Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281694|Mandi M. Chimene]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281695|Mapetere D. V. Mawere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281696|Margaret Matienga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281698|Martin Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2004-05-16
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281700|Mathias S. Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281701|Mathias Tongofa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281702|Melenia Mahiya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281704|Metrine Mdau]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281705|Michael Madanha]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281706|Mike Gava]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281707|Miriam Makweya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281708|Monica Chigudu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281709|Moses Manyengawana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281710|Mthokozisi M. Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281711|Mubvumbi Mawere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281712|Munyaradzi Kereke]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281713|Never Khanye]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281714|Newton Kachepa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281715|Nomathemba Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281716|Nomsa Jenifer Mlanga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281717|Noveti Muponora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281718|Oliver Mandipaka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281719|Omega S Hungwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281720|Paradzai Chakona]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281721|Paul Madzore]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281723|Peter Mataruse]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281724|Petronella Kagonye]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281725|Phelele Masuku]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281727|Phineas Chiota]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281728|Pius Madzinga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281729|Prosper Mutseyami]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281730|Psychology Mazivisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281731|Ray Kaukonde]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2005-04-15
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281732|Raymore Machingura]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281733|Reggie Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281734|Robert Mukwena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281735|Robson Mavenyengwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281736|Ronald Muderedzwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281737|Roselyn Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281738|Rossy Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281739|Sabbina Mangwende]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281740|Samson T. Mukanduri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281741|Sarah Mahoka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281742|Settlement Chikwinya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281743|Shadreck Mashayamombe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281744|Simbaneuta Mudarikwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281745|Simon Chidhakwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281746|Simon Musanhu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281747|Sipho Dube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281748|Sithemba Gumbo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281749|Solomon Madzore]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281750|Soul Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281751|Tapiwa Mashakada]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281752|Tapiwanashe Matangaidze]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281753|Tariro Mtingwende]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281754|Temba Mliswa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281755|Tendai Savanhu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281756|Tendayi Makunde]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281758|Terence Mukupe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281759|Teti Banda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281760|Thabitha Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281761|Thomas Maseko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281762|Tinashe Maduza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281763|Tionei Melody Dziva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281764|Toendepi Matangira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281765|Tongai Muzenda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281766|Tongesai Mudambo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281767|Tose Wesley Sansole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281768|Trevor Saruwaka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281769|Tshinga J Dube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281770|Tsitsi Gezi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281771|Unganai Tarusenga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281772|Washington Masvaire]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281773|Webster Maondera]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281774|William M. Dhewa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281775|William Mutomba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281776|Willias Madzimure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281777|Win Busayi Mlambo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281778|Wonder Mashange]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111281779|Zenzo Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282848|Alice Ndhlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282849|Amos Chibaya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282850|Angeline Chipato]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282851|Annah Rungani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282852|Annastazia Nyahino]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282853|Bacillia Majaya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282854|Brian Tshuma]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282855|Christina Nyere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282856|Concilia Chinanzvavana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282857|Constance Tsomondo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282858|Darlington Chiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282859|Dorothy Kadungure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282860|Dorothy Mashonganyika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282861|Dorothy Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282862|Elizabeth Shongedza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282863|Emma Muzondiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282864|Ester Chikuni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282865|Eunice Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282866|Fani Munengami]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282867|Fanny Chirisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282868|Goodlucky Kwaramba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282869|Irimai Mukwishu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282870|Jasmine Toffa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282872|Jeremiah Chiwetu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282873|Joan Tsogorani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282874|Joyce Makonya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282875|Lucia Chitura]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282876|Lwazi Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282877|Macdonald Muchetwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282878|Mafoko Labode]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282879|Mail Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282880|Mandi Chimene]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282881|Masaiti Muzungu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282882|Memory Munochinzwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282883|Miriam Chikukwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282884|Molly Mnkandla]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282885|Philina Zhou]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282886|Revai Muguti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282887|Roseline Makoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282888|Sabina Thembani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282889|Sibusisiwe Budha]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282890|Sikhanyisiwe Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282892|Spiwe Muchenje]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282893|Tafanana Zhou]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282894|Ticharwa Madondo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111282895|Yeukai Simbanegavi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283552|Angelina Masuku]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283561|Jaison Max Korerai Machaya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283578|Molly Mkandla]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283586|Ruth Mafoko Labode]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283587|Shuvai Ben Mahofa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283592|Thokozile A. Mathuthu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111283850|Fortune Charumbira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291744|Douglas Mwonzora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Image of Douglas Mwonzora seated in Formal lounge.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291896|Ability Gandawa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291897|Albert Nguluvhe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291898|Alum Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291899|Andrew Nkani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291900|Annah Myambo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291901|Augustine Dumo Musikavanhu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291903|Bannwell Seremwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291905|Barbara Rwodzi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291908|Bramwell Bushu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291909|Brian Dube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291910|Brightness Mangora]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291911|Campion Takura Mugweni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291912|Caston Matewu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291913|Catherine Gozho]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291914|Cecil Kashiri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291915|Chalton Hwende]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291916|Charles Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291917|Chido Madiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291918|Chido Sanyatwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291919|Claudious Maronge]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291920|Clemence Chiduwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291921|Colletta Mutambisi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291922|Consilia Chinanzvavana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291923|Constance Chihururu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291924|Cuthbert Mpame]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291925|David Musabayana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291926|David Tekeshe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291928|Davison Svuure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291930|Dingumuzi Phuti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291931|Doubt Ndiweni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291932|Dumezweni Mawite]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291933|Earthrage Kureva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291934|Edgar Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291935|Edmond Mkaratigwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291936|Edmore Samambwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291937|Edwin Mushoriwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291938|Elias Musakwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291939|Elina Shirichena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291940|Elizabeth Masuku]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291941|Energy Mutodi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Venant Mambumina Imhotep Filming Mutodi.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291943|Esther Chikuni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291945|Farai Taruvinga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291946|Fereska Nhambo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291947|Francisca Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291948|Freddy Kapuya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291950|Girovah Dzepasi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291951|Godfrey Dube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291952|Goodluck Kwaramba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291953|Goodrich Chimbaira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291954|Gorden Chanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291955|Happymore Chidziva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291956|Hebert Shumbamhini]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291957|Ilos Nyoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291958|Jacob Nyokanhete]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291959|James Chidakwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291960|James Munetsi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291961|James Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291962|Jefry Ngome]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291963|John Chamunorwa Mangwiro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291964|John Paradza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291965|Johnson Madhuku]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291966|Jonah Nyikadzino Sewera]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291967|Josephine Shava]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291968|Joshua Murire]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291969|Joshua Sacco]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291970|Josiah Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291971|Joyce Jaja]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291972|Judith Mkwanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291973|Kanhutu Irene Nzenza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291974|Kennedy Dinar]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291976|Killer Zivhu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291977|Killion Kalisto Gwanetsa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291978|Kucaca Phulu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291979|Levi Mayihlome]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291981|Livingstone Chimina]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291982|Lloyd Mukapiko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291983|Lynette Karenyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291984|Magna Mudyiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291985|Male Mukomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291986|Marian Chombo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111291987|Marko Raidza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292043|Mary Mliswa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292044|Mathias Matewu Mlambo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292046|Maxwell Mavhunga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292048|Memory Bodhiya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292049|Michael Madiro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292050|Miriam Mushayi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292051|Mirriam Rutendo Chikukwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292052|Misheck Mataranyika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292053|Mthokozisi Manoki Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292054|Muchineripi Chinyanganya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292055|Ngoni Masenda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292056|Nokuthula Matsikenyere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292057|Norman Marikisi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292058|Nyarai Tsuura]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292059|Omar Joosbi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292060|Omega Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292061|Ophar Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292062|Ophias Murambiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292063|Oscar Gorerino]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292064|Patrick Chidakwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292065|Patrick Dutiro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292066|Perseverance Zhou]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292067|Peter Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292069|Polite Kambamwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292070|Precious Chinhamo Masango]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292071|Prince Dubeko Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292072|Priscilla Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292073|Prosper Machando]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292074|Pupurai Togarepi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292075|Regai Tsunga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292076|Remigious Matangira]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292077|Reselyn Roseweater Makoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292078|Reuben Chikudo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292079|Richard Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292080|Richard Musiyiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292081|Richard Tsvangirai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292082|Robson Ronald Nyathi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292083|Royi Bhilla]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292086|Ruth Mavhungu Maboyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292087|Samuel Banda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292088|Senzeni Mafuta]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292089|Shakespear Hamauswa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292091|Sibangumuzi Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292093|Sichelesile Mahlangu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292095|Sonny Key Mguni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292096|Soul Dzuma]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292097|Spare Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292098|Spiwe Muchaneta Muchenje]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292099|Spiwe Mukunyaidze]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292100|Starman Chamisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292101|Stars Mathe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292102|Stella Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292103|Stephen Kabozo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292104|Stephen Ngwenya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292105|Susan Madziwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292106|Susan Matsunga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292107|Sydney Chidamba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292108|Tapera Saizi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292109|Tatenda Mavetera]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292110|Tavengwa Mukuhlani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292111|Tawanda Karikoga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292112|Tawanda Tungamirayi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292113|Teedzai Percy Muchimwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292114|Tendai Nyabani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292115|Tichaona Karimazondo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292116|Tinoda Machakarika]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292117|Tobias Kashambe Munyaradzi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292118|Torerayi Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292122|Variyeti Nhari]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292123|Victor Matemadanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292124|Virginia Zengeya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292125|Wellington Chikombo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111292126|Winnie Kankuni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295037|Abraham Sithole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295038|Alice Mwaemura Chitima]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295040|Alois Baolyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295041|Anadi Sisulu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295043|Busy Ngwenya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295045|Charles Pemhenai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295047|Chenayimoyo Nhema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295048|Clemency Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295049|Cornelius Dube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295050|Costain Muguti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295052|Edmore Maramwidze]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295054|Edmore Marima]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295055|Elias Jembere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295058|Ernest Mudavanhu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295061|Festus Dongo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295062|Fred Kanzama]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295063|Funny Munengani]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295064|Gift Dzirutwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295065|Giles Tariyafero Mutsekwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295067|Harrison Mudzuri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295069|Heya Shoko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295073|Irvine Dzingirai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295074|Jabulani Mangena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295075|Jani Marandeni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295077|Jefferson Chitando]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295078|John Nyamande]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295080|Lawrence Mavima]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295081|Lovemore Mupukuta]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295083|Maposhere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295084|Marvellous Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295085|Meki Makuyana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295086|Misheck Shoko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313048|Mtoliki Sibanda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313049|Nkosana Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313050|Nobbie Dzinzi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313052|Paul Mazikana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313053|Pearson Mbalekwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313054|Peter Chanetsa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313055|Renson Gasela]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313056|Rufaro Gwanzura]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313057|Silas Man'ono]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313058|Stephen Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313059|Sydney Mukwecheni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313060|Tafadzwa Musekiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313061|Tichaona Munyanyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313062|Victor Chitongo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313063|Walter Mutsauri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313065|Welshman Mabhena]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313195|Bernard Makokove]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2001-09-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313197|Gibson Munyoro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2001-09-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313199|Phone Madiro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2002-09-29
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313200|Tichafa Mutema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2003-11-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313421|Emmanuel Chisvuure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2006-05-20
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313423|Kallisto Gwanetsa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2007-02-17
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313424|Livingstone Chineka]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2007-06-09
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313425|Steven Chiurayi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2006-10-07
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313841|Kantibhai Patel]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 1991
| 2000
| [[Fáìlì:The Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu at the Samadhi of Kantibhai Govardhanbhai Patel who had migrated to Zimbabwe in 1961 and rose to become a senator and was elected as Member of Parliament, in Harare, Zimbabwe.JPG|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136477188|Desire Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2023-09-07
| 2025-10-10
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295087|Mkhosi Edward Tshotsho Moyo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295088|Moses Mare]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295090|Muza Sheunesu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295092|Naison Nemadziva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295094|Noel Mandevu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295095|Norman Mpofu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295097|Obert Matshalaga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295098|Oliver Chirume]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295099|Pearson Mungofa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2003-03-30
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295100|Phares Hakuna Maramba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295101|Pilot Masukume]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295103|Piniel Denga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295104|Pishai Muchauraya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295105|Ramson Makamure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295108|Rodger Tazviona]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295109|Rodrick Rutsvara]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295111|Ronald Ndava]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295116|Samuel Nkomo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295117|Shaddy Sai]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295119|Shepherd Madamombe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295122|Shuah Mudiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295123|Siyabonga Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295124|Tangwara Matimba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295125|Thandeko Mnkandla]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295126|Tongai Matutu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295127|Tranos Huruva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295128|Webber Chinyadza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295129|Willard Chimbetete]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111295159|Willis Madzimure]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312668|Aaron Baloyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312669|Abednico Malinga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312671|Canisia Sathiwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312672|Cecilia Gwachirwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312673|Celine Pote]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312674|Charles Majange]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312675|Chenhamo Chimutingwende]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312676|Christopher Malaba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312677|Christopher Mushowe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312678|Claudius Makova]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2001-01-14
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312679|Cyprian Malisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312680|Daniel Mackenzie Ncube]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312681|Editor Matamisa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312682|Edward Mkhosi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312683|Edwin Muguti]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312684|Enita Maziriri]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312685|Ephraim Masawi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312686|Esaph Mdhlongwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312687|Esther Nyauchi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312690|Freddy Kadzama]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312691|George Chimombe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312692|Gilbert Shoko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312693|Isaiah Shumba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312695|Jealous Sansole]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312696|Jonathan Chandengenda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312698|Josphat Madubeko]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312699|Kenneth Mutiwekuziva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312700|Leo Mugabe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312701|Luke Mushore]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312703|Mabel Mawere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312704|Milton Gwetu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312705|Morris Sakabuya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312706|Nelson Samkange]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312707|Njabuliso Mguni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312708|Patrick Mudzimurema]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312709|Paul Kadzima]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312710|Phineas Chihota]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 2004-09-05
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312711|Sabina Zinyemba]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312712|Sandra Machirori]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312713|Shadreck Chipanga]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312714|Show Bushu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312716|Thembikosi Sibindi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312717|Timothy Mabhawu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312718|Timothy Mukahlera]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312719|Tinaye Chigudu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312720|Titus Maluleke]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312721|Try Dandawa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111312722|Zachariah Ziyambi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313025|Amos Mutongi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313026|Austin Mupandawana]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313027|Bennie Tumbare-Mutasa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313028|Bethel Makwembere]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313029|Cephas Nyoni]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313030|Charles Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313031|David Mpala]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313032|Dunmore Makuvaza]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313033|Elick Mkandla]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313034|Elliot Chauke]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313035|Gabriel Chaibva]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313036|George Joe Ndlovu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313037|Hilda Mafudze]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313038|Innocent Chikiyi]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313039|Jacob Mabikwa]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313040|Jeffrey Khumalo]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313041|Jefta Chindanya]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313042|Josiah Hungwe]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313043|Justin Mutendadzamera]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313044|Kenneth Manyonda]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313045|Leonard Chirewamangu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313046|Mark Madiro]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111313047|Messias Matewu]]''
| 
| [[Zimbabwe|Sìmbábúè]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>7rzdg14dc754o0mbl8pt6cizf4hvkci</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Municipalities of South Africa</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>67211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623027</id>
      <parentid>620671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T05:34:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623027</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76391" sha1="032oqt5besnpr2uq3m6otazyf4xoirf" xml:space="preserve">

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q1500352 }
|section=
|sort=P131
|sort_order=asca
|columns=label:Article,description,P17:Country,P131:In administrative entity,P625:Geo Coordinate,P18:Image,P242:Locator map image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! In administrative entity
! Geo Coordinate
! Image
! Locator map image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q527085|Ntabankulu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1664120|Alfred Nzo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.97905|29.3014|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Ntabankulu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q583728|Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1664120|Alfred Nzo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.566667|29.4|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.949|29.84594|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Mbizana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q615965|Umzimvubu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1664120|Alfred Nzo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.77675|29.02433|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Umzimvubu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1693384|Matatiele Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1664120|Alfred Nzo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.342222|28.806111|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Matatiele highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q310008|eMadlangeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q452565|Amajuba District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.65|30.333333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.61791|30.32123|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with eMadlangeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1983450|Newcastle Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q452565|Amajuba District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.75|29.916667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.73925|29.87619|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Newcastle highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4833492|Dannhauser Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q452565|Amajuba District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.00487|30.01938|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Dannhauser highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q452531|Amahlathi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.5719|27.4264|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.48919|27.35152|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Amahlathi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q727225|Nxuba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.7|26.3|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.57313|26.27032|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Nxuba highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1517371|Great Kei Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.5917|27.8839|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.66207|28.00873|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Great Kei highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1642573|Mbhashe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.166667|28.583333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.12349|28.57998|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Mbhashe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1941297|Mnquma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.316667|28.133333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.34522|28.1691|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Mnquma highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1984351|Ngqushwa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.2|27.116667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.1865|27.19866|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Zahamburg town.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Ngqushwa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1994391|Nkonkobe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.783333|26.633333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.77164|26.78457|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Nkonkobe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26232507|Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q455705|Amathole District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.77|26.63|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Raymond Mhlaba highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q934141|Rustenburg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q891165|Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.666667|27.333333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.66016|27.33159|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Rustenburg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2042724|Kgetlengrivier Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q891165|Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.75|26.8333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.72345|26.86435|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Kgetlengrivier highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2230868|Moses Kotane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q891165|Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.1667|26.8333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.13342|26.86546|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Moses Kotane highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2473039|Local Municipality of Madibeng]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q891165|Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.4167|27.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.43586|27.73938|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Madibeng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2554117|Moretele Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q891165|Bojanala Platinum District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.166667|28.083333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.16862|28.04949|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Moretele highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q474835|Witzenberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1974486|Cape Winelands District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33|19.666667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.94976|19.68892|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Witzenberg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q522028|Stellenbosch Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1974486|Cape Winelands District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.916667|19.916667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.92604|18.94477|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Stellenbosch highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q905003|Breede Valley Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1974486|Cape Winelands District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.666667|19.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.58417|19.50791|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Rawsonville-aerial.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Breede Valley highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q971361|Langeberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1974486|Cape Winelands District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.833333|20|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.78583|20.05506|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Langeberg highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1255574|Drakenstein Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1974486|Cape Winelands District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.5|19|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.59678|19.00306|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Wellington moederkerk.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Drakenstein highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q390436|Aganang Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q692290|Capricorn District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.6667|29.0833|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Aganang highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q885465|Blouberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q692290|Capricorn District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.1392|29.0013|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Boy in Blouberg, Limpopo.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Blouberg highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1660415|Polokwane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q692290|Capricorn District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.9|29.433333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.94762|29.48822|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:PolokwaneCanvas.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Polokwane highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1820064|Makhudu Thamaga Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q692290|Capricorn District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.26608|29.70752|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Lepelle-Nkumpi highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1943437|Molemole Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q692290|Capricorn District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.5|29.5833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.49795|29.56722|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Molemole highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q178591|Laingsburg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1053888|Central Karoo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.25|21|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.10361|20.96602|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Laingsburg, Dutch Reformed Church.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Laingsburg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q813381|Beaufort West Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1053888|Central Karoo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.333333|22.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.27711|22.74654|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Beaufort West highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006772|Prince Albert Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1053888|Central Karoo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33|22|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.22648|22.03626|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Prince Albert highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123716|Lukhanji Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.9|26.866667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.09095|26.94496|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Lukhanji highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q205363|Inkwanca Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.394967|26.362209|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.50166|26.47172|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Inkwanca highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q430520|Sakhisizwe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.44488|27.77927|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Sakhisizwe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q762131|Engcobo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.6667|28|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.68133|28.09114|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Engcobo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q767727|Emalahleni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.7039|27.2325|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.59641|27.19351|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Emalahleni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1670648|Tsolwana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.0167|26.2667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.85014|26.09656|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Tsolwana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1671635|Intsika Yethu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.0081|27.5842|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Intsika Yethu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1671847|Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.183333|25.616667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.86294|25.32151|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Inxuba Yethemba highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26232294|Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1077283|Chris Hani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.006389|26.260278|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Enoch Mgijima highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q612412|Ventersdorp Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1150452|Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.3333|26.9167|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Ventersdorp-Tlokwe highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2081805|City of Matlosana]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1150452|Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.8333|26.5|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Matlosana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2576320|Maquassi Hills Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1150452|Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.25|26|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.23862|26.03606|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Maquassi Hills highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2576328|Tlokwe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1150452|Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.75|27.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.73873|27.15014|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Tlokwe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27161583|JB Marks Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1150452|Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q174421|Molopo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.8333|23.5833|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Molopo highlighted (2009).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q775608|Naledi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.8333|24.8333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.86476|24.79046|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Naledi highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1544453|Greater Taung Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.5|24.4167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.50287|24.43906|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Greater Taung highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1721138|Kagisano Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.4167|24|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Kagisano highlighted (2009).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1816588|Lekwa-Teemane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.6667|25.3333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.63591|25.33176|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Lekwa-Teemane highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1888475|Mamusa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.25|25.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.22308|25.27706|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Mamusa highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3643416|Kagisano-Molopo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1254171|Dr Ruth Segomotsi Mompati District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26|24|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.11805|23.76503|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Kagisano-Molopo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q670226|Bushbuckridge Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1244497|Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.75|31.166667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.55681|31.52449|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Bushbuckridge highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1894966|Umjindi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1244497|Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.75|31|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Umjindi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1922799|Nkomazi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1244497|Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.6667|31.6667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Nkomazi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2286969|Mbombela Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1244497|Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.416667|30.916667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.33021|31.1276|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Mbombela highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2655391|Thaba Chweu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1244497|Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.0833|30.5833|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Thaba Chweu highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q922256|Mafube Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1410315|Fezile Dabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.2833|28.5167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.26964|28.60779|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Mafube highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1316771|Ngwathe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1410315|Fezile Dabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.8953|27.4589|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.29576|27.73191|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Ngwathe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1925949|Metsimaholo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1410315|Fezile Dabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.816667|27.816667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.92913|28.04376|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Metsimaholo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1947071|Moqhaka Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1410315|Fezile Dabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.65|27.233333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.50095|27.19372|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Moqhaka highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q965471|Sol Plaatje Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1263830|Frances Baard District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.8333|24.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.74336|24.51429|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Sol Plaatje highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1225310|Dikgatlong Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1263830|Frances Baard District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.533333|24.516667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.19333|24.19219|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Dikgatlong highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1883735|Magareng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1263830|Frances Baard District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.1667|24.8333|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Magareng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006800|Phokwane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1263830|Frances Baard District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.75|24.8|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.79638|24.80902|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Phokwane highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q878862|Bitou Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.916667|23.416667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Bitou highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1417176|Oudtshoorn Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.666667|22.166667|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:De Hoop, Oudtshoorn.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Oudtshoorn highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1516786|Hessequa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.166667|21.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-34.13379|21.22753|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Hessequa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1707740|Mossel Bay Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.083333|22|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.59261|22.22154|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-34.0423|21.94176|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Mossel Bay.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Mossel Bay highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1723822|Kannaland Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.666667|21.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.60316|21.31823|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Kannaland highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1777700|Knysna Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34|23|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.94604|22.98431|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Knysna Lagoon 3.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Knysna highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4931109|George Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q220249|Garden Route District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.75|22.833333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.69528|22.93003|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with George highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q120788|Mkhondo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.55|29.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.99281|30.70466|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Mkhondo highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q595051|Lekwa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.87811|29.34873|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Lekwa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1227128|Dipaleseng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.78369|28.63867|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Dipaleseng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1301527|Govan Mbeki Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.55|29.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.46697|29.19602|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Govan Mbeki highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1303780|Pixley ka Seme Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.55|29.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.1285|29.95587|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Pixley ka Seme highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1643020|Albert Luthuli Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.55|29.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.05566|30.48602|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Albert Luthuli highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2084908|Msukaligwa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1515346|Gert Sibande District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.55|29.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.46818|30.12962|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Msukaligwa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q786096|Ubuhlebezwe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.15|30.0833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.18958|30.16507|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ubuhlebezwe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q928276|Greater Kokstad Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.5533|29.425|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.30095|29.334|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Greater Kokstad highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1663481|Ingwe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.0264|29.8397|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.88979|29.83911|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ingwe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1794872|Kwa Sani Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.75|29.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.76282|29.4014|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Kwa Sani highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2096545|Umzimkhulu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.2625|29.9208|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Umzimkhulu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26350462|Dr Nkosazana Dlamini Zuma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q549746|Harry Gwala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.793|29.499|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1717872|Ndwedwe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311794|iLembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.5|30.9333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.42449|30.97115|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ndwedwe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1759943|KwaDukuza Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311794|iLembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.45|31.216667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.356|31.25513|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with KwaDukuza highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1889000|Mandeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311794|iLembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.1517|31.4081|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.1239|31.4676|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mandeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1892065|Maphumulo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311794|iLembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.15|31.0661|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Maphumulo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q617894|Maletswai Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q654849|Joe Gqabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.6833|26.7|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.00636|26.88815|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Maletswai highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q670966|Elundini Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q654849|Joe Gqabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.0778|28.36|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.92375|28.33581|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Elundini highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q673459|Gariep Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q654849|Joe Gqabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.9833|26.3167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.98308|26.00931|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Gariep highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006821|Senqu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q654849|Joe Gqabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.7|27.233333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.8655|27.56105|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Senqu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26221484|Walter Sisulu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q654849|Joe Gqabi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.683333|26.7|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Walter Sisulu highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q859983|Joe Morolong Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q384731|John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27|23|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.83824|22.93821|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Joe Morolong highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1487822|Ga-Segonyana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q384731|John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.45|23.4|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.62278|23.56074|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Ga-Segonyana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1492854|Gamagara Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q384731|John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.7|23.05|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.68333|22.88333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.64051|22.9987|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Gamagara highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311800|uMhlathuze Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.75|31.9|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.78946|31.93544|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMhlathuze highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311805|uMlalazi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.8842|31.4689|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.90486|31.4449|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMlalazi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q509059|Ntambanana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.5958|31.7389|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.56765|31.71093|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ntambanana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1681141|uMfolozi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.8|32.1|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.5523|32.10072|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mbonambi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1951578|Mthonjaneni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.58|31.38|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.58508|31.38433|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mthonjaneni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3644604|Nkandla Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311668|King Cetshwayo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.62|31.08|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.65874|30.99285|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:President Jacob Zuma's Nkandla homestead.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Nkandla highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1526250|Tswelopele Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1816477|Lejweleputswa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.2908|26.15|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.06607|25.93155|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Tswelopele highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1594423|Tokologo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1816477|Lejweleputswa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.5419|25.2369|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.47259|25.35599|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Tokologo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1873451|Matjhabeng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1816477|Lejweleputswa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.966667|26.733333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.00781|26.88862|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Matjhabeng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1907111|Masilonyana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1816477|Lejweleputswa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.516667|27.016667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.63482|26.60273|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Masilonyana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1964073|Nala Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1816477|Lejweleputswa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.3872|26.6181|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.62009|26.4435|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Nala highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1394367|Nokeng tsa Taemane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q139117|Metsweding District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.5|28.5|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:South Africa Districts showing Metsweding.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1792173|Kungwini Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q139117|Metsweding District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.805|28.746389|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:South Africa Districts showing Metsweding.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q582629|Maruleng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q611074|Mopani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.3542|30.9472|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.31043|30.81326|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Maruleng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q797426|Ba-Phalaborwa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q611074|Mopani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.9167|30.8333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.77586|31.19303|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Ba-Phalaborwa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1544427|Greater Giyani Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q611074|Mopani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.4167|30.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.36395|30.89969|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Giyani.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Greater Giyani highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1544434|Greater Letaba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q611074|Mopani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.5|30.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.51165|30.2746|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Greater Letaba highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1544454|Greater Tzaneen Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q611074|Mopani District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.8333|30.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.86374|30.28269|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Greater Tzaneen highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q427568|Naledi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q385802|Motheo District Municipality]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2006764|Xhariep District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.5831|26.6739|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.68113|26.79617|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Naledi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1584028|Hantam Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.466667|19.766667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.02538|19.91685|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Dutch Reformed Church, Voortrekker Street, Brandvlei.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Hantam highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1672186|Khâi-Ma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.116667|19.383333|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Khâi-Ma highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1723052|Kamiesberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.55|17.983333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.37545|18.13017|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Kamiesberg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1734288|Karoo Hoogland Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.75|21.25|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Karoo Hoogland highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1964128|Nama Khoi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.5|18|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Nama Khoi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8251259|Richtersveld Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q617646|Namakwa District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.75|17|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.76823|17.05955|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Richtersveld highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2065087|Tswaing Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1984191|Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.683333|25.466667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.61812|25.65319|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Tswaing highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2182810|Ditsobotla Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1984191|Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.0833|26.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.10947|26.24055|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Ditsobotla highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2576308|Mahikeng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1984191|Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.9167|25.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.88492|25.67792|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Mahikeng highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2671202|Ramotshere Moiloa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1984191|Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.25|26.0833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.21033|26.12185|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Ramotshere Moiloa highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2671219|Ratlou Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1984191|Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.0833|25.0833|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the North West with Ratlou highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q617500|Victor Khanye Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.1667|28.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.13262|28.76885|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1254147|Dr JS Moroka Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.0833|28.8333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.10388|28.80147|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Dr JS Moroka highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2226422|Thembisile Hani Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.5|28.9167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.47034|28.95193|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Thembisile Hani highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2292410|Steve Tshwete Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.8333|29.5833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.83694|29.55194|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Steve Tshwete highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2317194|Emakhazeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.5833|30.0833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.59692|30.10682|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Emakhazeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2347801|Emalahleni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1856181|Nkangala District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26|29.166667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.01795|29.1621|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:South Africa-Mpumalanga-Witbank01.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Mpumalanga with Emalahleni highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q596849|Nyandeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2007299|OR Tambo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.45|28.95|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.59357|29.06792|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Nyandeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1926544|Mhlontlo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2007299|OR Tambo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.15|28.866667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.20611|28.78201|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Mhlontlo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2194994|Ngquza Hill Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2007299|OR Tambo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.1667|28.5833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.24053|29.61936|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Moboyti.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Ngquza Hill highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2783921|King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2007299|OR Tambo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.5839|28.7881|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.76234|28.67267|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with King Sabata Dalindyebo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14833732|Port St. Johns Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2007299|OR Tambo District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.6283|29.5378|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.53613|29.42128|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Port St. Johns, town centre.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Port St Johns highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q616669|Cape Agulhas Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1899307|Overberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.5|20|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Cape Agulhas, South Africa.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Cape Agulhas highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1632782|Swellendam Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1899307|Overberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34|20.5|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Moederkerk Swellendam.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Swellendam highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1931418|Theewaterskloof Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1899307|Overberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.166667|19.5|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Theewaterskloof Dam, Regional Route 321.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Theewaterskloof highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2042454|Overstrand Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1899307|Overberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.416667|19.333333|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Kleinmond from mountains.JPG|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Overstrand highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q253683|Kareeberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.666667|22.166667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.54563|22.13485|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Kareeberg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q259411|Thembelihle Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.75|23.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.70843|23.765|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Thembelihle highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q781995|Renosterberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.25|24.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.25563|24.45037|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Renosterberg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q926143|Siyathemba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.666667|22.666667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.63351|22.55208|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Siyathemba highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1339806|Emthanjeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.666667|24|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.67867|23.85827|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Emthanjeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1447551|Ubuntu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.3333|23|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Ubuntu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1945552|Umsobomvu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.833333|25.166667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Umsobomvu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006754|Siyancuma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1886098|Pixley ka Seme District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29|23.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.98365|23.36814|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Siyancuma highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q303647|Kou-Kamma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.95|24.283333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.86762|24.06012|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Kou-Kamma highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q812021|Baviaans Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.3|23.483333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.28059|23.79097|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Baviaans8-wiki.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Baviaans highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q885667|Blue Crane Route Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.7167|25.5833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.77816|25.41309|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Blue Crane Route highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1028399|Camdeboo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.2556|24.5406|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.37309|24.16326|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Graaff-Reinet GR1.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Camdeboo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1419305|Ikwezi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.9333|24.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.00484|24.65872|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Ikwezi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1785553|Kouga Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-34.05|24.916667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-34.033333|24.766667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.90428|24.79954|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:South Africa-Eastern Cape-Seekoei River causeway-001.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Kouga highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1886243|Makana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.283333|26.516667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.23516|26.40826|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Makana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1972906|Ndlambe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.6|26.883333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.52311|26.74397|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Ndlambe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2162456|Sunday's River Valley Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.416667|25.45|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.51165|25.49677|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Sundays River Valley highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25685846|Dr Beyers Naudé Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1024985|Sarah Baartman District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.255556|24.873889|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Eastern Cape with Dr Beyers Naudé highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1335678|Emfuleni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2038939|Sedibeng District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.666667|27.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.62837|27.7812|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Vanderbijlpark from the air.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Emfuleni highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1531415|Midvaal Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2038939|Sedibeng District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.583333|28.083333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.62305|28.12922|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Midvaal highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1820684|Lesedi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2038939|Sedibeng District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.5|28.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.42524|28.65427|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Lesedi highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q267665|Fetakgomo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.4167|29.9167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.40636|29.88348|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Fetakgomo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q962633|Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-25.1667|29.5833|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Elias Motsoaledi highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2486320|Makhuduthamaga Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.75|29.75|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Makhuduthamaga highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2634207|Ephraim Mogale Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.916667|29.333333|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Ephraim Mogale highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2671208|Greater Tubatse Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.666667|30.333333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.64689|30.30076|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Greater Tubatse highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26678273|Fetakgomo Tubatse Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1544445|Sekhukhune District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.4452|30.1025|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Fetakgomo Greater Tubatse highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q253979|Phumelela Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.43|29.16|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.67629|29.22925|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Phumelela highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q600842|Mantsopa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.1944|27.4561|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.13521|27.2176|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Mantsopa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q685302|Nketoana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.8017|28.445|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.84973|28.2461|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Nketoana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1225159|Dihlabeng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.2294|28.3106|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.36151|28.29512|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Dihlabeng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1887939|Maluti-a-Phofung Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.551111|29.08|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.33221|29.02516|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Maluti-a-Phofung highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2067601|Setsoto Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1437719|Thabo Mofutsanyana District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.8736|27.8781|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.57922|27.57338|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Setsoto highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311662|uMdoni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.283333|30.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.34639|30.67084|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Umdoni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311797|uMuziwabantu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.75|30.433333|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMuziwabantu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1386037|Ezingoleni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.7833|30.1333|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ezingoleni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1617222|Hibiscus Coast Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.75|30.375|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.80421|30.32794|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Hibiscus Coast highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006810|Vulamehlo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.216667|30.6|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-30.20917|30.57242|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Vulamehlo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2492144|Umzumbe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.48461|30.33705|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Umzumbe highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26241357|Ray Nkonyeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2091235|Ugu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.783333|30.25|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311792|uMngeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.4892|30.2269|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.4387|30.09823|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMngeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311795|uMshwathi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.4314|30.5806|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.38065|30.58306|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMshwathi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1298937|Mpofana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.1592|29.9625|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.18541|30.03603|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mpofana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1660258|Impendle Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.5983|29.8678|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.5428|29.70896|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Impendle highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1815510|Msunduzi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.616667|30.383333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.65224|30.31004|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Msunduzi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1941155|Mkhambathini Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.7278|30.5314|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.85325|30.55396|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mkhambathini highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1983195|Richmond Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q311803|uMgungundlovu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.8719|30.2719|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Richmond highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q138717|The Big Five False Bay Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.0189|32.2675|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.85995|32.44419|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with The Big Five False Bay highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q241617|Jozini Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.429167|32.066667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Jozini highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q638488|Hlabisa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.1333|31.8667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.17292|31.94409|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Hlabisa highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2067619|uMhlabuyalingana Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.016667|32.733333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.18949|32.5612|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uMhlabuyalingana highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q10975369|Mtubatuba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.416667|32.183333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.28775|32.29495|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Mtubatuba highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26695743|Big Five Hlabisa Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1654018|Umkhanyakude District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q254505|Umvoti Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2226837|Umzinyathi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.0636|30.5889|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.03391|30.68253|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Umvoti highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q278422|Msinga Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2226837|Umzinyathi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.7461|30.4525|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.61807|30.46023|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Msinga highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1341026|Endumeni Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2226837|Umzinyathi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.1692|30.2269|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.17087|30.29872|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Endumeni highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2003963|Nquthu Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2226837|Umzinyathi District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.2106|30.6767|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.30579|30.7384|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Nquthu highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q685192|Emnambithi-Ladysmith Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.55|29.783333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.41573|29.7664|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Emnambithi-Ladysmith highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q775825|Okhahlamba Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.7333|29.3667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Okhahlamba highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1659754|Imbabazane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29|29.8833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.11338|29.60919|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Imbabazane highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1661010|Indaka Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.3|30.1|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.55355|30.13733|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Indaka highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1681863|Umtshezi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.0047|29.8719|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Umtshezi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26350543|Alfred Duma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26691383|Inkosi Langalibalele Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1324549|Uthukela District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.929|29.889|display=inline}}
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q737965|Mutale Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2305610|Vhembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-22.5833|30.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-22.55868|30.82795|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Mutale highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q739997|Musina Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2305610|Vhembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-22.4167|29.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-22.43134|29.73116|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Musina highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1537865|Makhado Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2305610|Vhembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23|29.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.01759|29.79838|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Makhado highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006792|Thulamela Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2305610|Vhembe District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-22.95|30.4833|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-22.92901|30.93323|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Azwi - Nandoni Dam, Thohoyandou.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Thulamela highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26878336|Collins Chabane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2305610|Vhembe District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q575104|Mookgophong Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.6667|29|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.55084|28.85855|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.51544|28.714464|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Mookgophong highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q815084|Bela-Bela Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.9167|28.25|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Bela-Bela highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1308343|Thabazimbi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.5833|27.1667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.54369|27.18649|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Thabazimbi highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1509947|Modimolle Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-24.4167|28.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-24.7|28.406111|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Modimolle highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1815498|Lephalale Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.5|27.9167|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.67629|27.79742|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Lephalale highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1942488|Mogalakwena Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-23.8333|28.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-23.84633|28.69277|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Limpopo with Mogalakwena highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26663337|Modimolle–Mookgophong Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2096830|Waterberg District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q767965|Matzikama Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2562901|West Coast District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-31.25|18.5|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-31.25584|18.49907|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Matzikama highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q820158|Bergrivier Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2562901|West Coast District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.75|18.75|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-32.78749|18.6728|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Bergrivier highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1052585|Cederberg Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2562901|West Coast District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-32.25|19|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Ou NG kerk Clanwilliam.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Cederberg highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1530051|Swartland Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2562901|West Coast District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33.333333|18.666667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Swartland highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2006784|Saldanha Bay Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2562901|West Coast District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-33|18.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-33.01018|18.17613|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Saldanha Bay Sunset.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Western Cape with Saldanha Bay highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127787|Mogale City Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1789890|West Rand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26|27.6667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-25.98708|27.68304|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Mogale City highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1921092|Merafong City Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1789890|West Rand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.416667|27.416667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.41692|27.39947|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Merafong City highlighted (2016).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2026410|Westonaria Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1789890|West Rand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.333333|27.666667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Westonaria highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2086957|Randfontein Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1789890|West Rand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.166667|27.666667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-26.18632|27.5951|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of Gauteng with Randfontein highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26758888|Rand West City Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1789890|West Rand District Municipality]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q671160|Mohokare Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2006764|Xhariep District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.20845|26.70843|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Mohokare highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1514156|Kopanong Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2006764|Xhariep District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-30.035|25.7794|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.97592|25.64113|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Kopanong highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1821165|Letsemeng Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2006764|Xhariep District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-29.4197|25.0053|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.35811|25.01493|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Free State with Letsemeng highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q257196|Kgatelopele Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.183333|23.516667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.21751|23.63238|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Kgatelopele highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q394771|ǃKheis Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.9|21.966667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-29.23266|21.60356|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with !Kheis highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q692264|Tsantsabane Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.316667|23.066667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.03772|22.55338|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Tsantsabane highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1721381|Kai ǃGarib Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.7|20.966667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.969|20.41566|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Kai !Garib highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1740579|ǁKhara Hais Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.45|21.25|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.666667|21.333333|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.69593|21.30791|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Khara Hais highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1932200|Mier Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-26.733333|20.266667|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of the Northern Cape with Mier highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25615197|Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q1773268|ZF Mgcawu District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.46|21.23|display=inline}}
| [[Fáìlì:Dawid Kruiper.JPG|center|128px]]
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q177535|uPhongolo Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2309262|Zululand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.383333|31.616667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.4863|31.57825|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with uPhongolo highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q304168|Abaqulusi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2309262|Zululand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.766667|30.8|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.83421|31.05159|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Abaqulusi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q311812|eDumbe Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2309262|Zululand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.4219|30.8183|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.46962|30.81062|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with eDumbe highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q925168|Nongoma Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2309262|Zululand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-27.916111|31.647778|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-27.91178|31.74556|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Nongoma highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1856473|Ulundi Local Municipality]]''
| 
| [[Gúúsù Áfríkà]]
| ''[[:d:Q2309262|Zululand District Municipality]]''
| {{Coord|-28.316667|31.416667|display=inline}}&lt;br/&gt;{{Coord|-28.23958|31.30944|display=inline}}
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Map of KwaZulu-Natal with Ulundi highlighted (2011).svg|center|128px]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>032oqt5besnpr2uq3m6otazyf4xoirf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>67879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623013</id>
      <parentid>622624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T16:07:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="50284" sha1="ivk7g30lje1xhfw3cslb0dtu5814xo3" xml:space="preserve">[https://tools.wmflabs.org/reasonator/?q=Q69326471 Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences] 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=
SELECT 
  DISTINCT ?item 
  (COUNT(DISTINCT ?publications) AS ?count)
  (REPLACE(STR(?item), &quot;.*Q&quot;, &quot;Q&quot;) AS ?qid)
  (CONCAT( &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;|&quot;, ENCODE_FOR_URI(?count), &quot;]] / &quot;, &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/author/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;/missing{{!}}📖]]&quot;) AS ?scholia)

WHERE { 
  ?item wdt:P166 wd:Q69326471 .
  OPTIONAL { ?publications wdt:P50 ?item }
}
GROUP BY ?item|section=
|sort=P166/Q69326471/P585
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,P106,P496,P1960,P214,P166/Q69326471/P585:Date conferred,P18:Image,?scholia:Publications (known/missing)
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! iṣẹ́ oòjọ́ rẹ̀
! ORCID iD
! Google Scholar author ID
! VIAF ID
! Date conferred
! Image
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101565|Joseph Roland Atsu Ayee]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101565|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101565/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101573|Daniel Mireku-Gyimah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101573|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101573/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101583|Kofi Opoku Nti]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101583|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101583/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101591|Jacob Songsore]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101591|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101591/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101597|Samuel Kofi Adjepong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101597|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101597/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101619|Godwin Kwaku Senanu Aflakpui]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101619|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101619/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q46995605|Robert K. A. Gardiner]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/265858339 265858339]
| 1970
| [[Fáìlì:Robert Gardiner with American diplomats posted to West African countries during regional conference.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q46995605|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q46995605/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7926065|Victor Kofi Agawu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/24705369 24705369]
| 2000
| [[Fáìlì:Kofi Agawu 2017 (cropped).jpeg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7926065|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7926065/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58241444|John S. Pobee]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1234713|theologian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1423891|Christian minister]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/93085929 93085929]
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q58241444|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q58241444/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55214946|Dorcas Osei-Safo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7311-3485 0000-0001-7311-3485]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55214946|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55214946/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137103551|Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2010
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103551|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103551/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137103811|Aaron Lante Lawson]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103811|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103811/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137103963|James Hawkins Ephriam]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103963|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137103963/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16001775|Marian Ewurama Addy]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2919046|biochemist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/221075835 221075835]
| 1999
| [[Fáìlì:Portrait of Marian Ewurama Addy for Wiki Unseen (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16001775|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16001775/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105675663|Nana Aba Appiah Amfo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| [[Fáìlì:Prof Nana Aba Appiah.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105675663|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105675663/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3603738|Ablade Glover]]''
| [[oníṣọ̀nà]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/170558333 170558333]
| 2010
| [[Fáìlì:Ablade Glover.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3603738|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3603738/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64876341|Evelyn Ansah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[oníṣègùn]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q12765408|epidemiologist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-8606 0000-0003-0401-8606]
| 
| 
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64876341|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64876341/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168308|Ibok Nsa Ekpenyong Oduro]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168308|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168308/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137169656|Pius Thomas Kumah Agbenorku]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137169656|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137169656/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1794906|Kwame Gyekye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/56640715 56640715]
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1794906|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1794906/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q51245976|Richmond Aryeetey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4667-592X 0000-0003-4667-592X]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/1015160245381652640004 1015160245381652640004]
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51245976|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q51245976/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65086418|Marian Asantewah Nkansah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-6741 0000-0001-6187-6741]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ro-ktVgAAAAJ Ro-ktVgAAAAJ]
| 
| 2022
| [[Fáìlì:Marian Asantewah 2015-09-19.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65086418|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65086418/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7562842|Sophia Akuffo]]''
| [[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Adájọ́]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/32173908086919952171 32173908086919952171]
| 2021
| [[Fáìlì:Sophia Akuffo.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7562842|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7562842/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q66817636|Grace Ofori-Sarpong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9448-4864 0000-0002-9448-4864]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q66817636|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q66817636/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q48796396|Dzodzi Tsikata]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/61762600 61762600]
| 2016
| [[Fáìlì:Dzodzi Tsikata in the video 'Making their voices count the situation in Ghana'.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q48796396|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q48796396/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57015101|Adams B. Bodomo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q901|oní ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3807-3681 0000-0002-3807-3681]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=VJErq8AAAAAJ VJErq8AAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/61836456 61836456]
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57015101|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57015101/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127660961|Franklin Obeng-Odoom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15319501|social scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3997-7751 0000-0003-3997-7751]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qCiFFWEAAAAJ qCiFFWEAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/284175015 284175015]
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q127660961|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q127660961/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1079879|Christian Goncalves Kwami Baëta]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1234713|theologian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q219477|missionary]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/79133374 79133374]
| 1961
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1079879|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1079879/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q14920500|Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q83307|minister]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17167049|literary scholar]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/395163091939595070007 395163091939595070007]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/viaf/68619615 68619615]
| 2005
| [[Fáìlì:Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q14920500|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q14920500/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137034402|Walter Sandow Alhassan]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137034402|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137034402/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137180953|Japhet Christian Norman]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137180953|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137180953/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137184426|Emmanuel Amano Boateng]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137184426|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137184426/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q60486176|Ama de-Graft Aikins]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9215-0134 0000-0001-9215-0134]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/308758174 308758174]
| 2016
| [[Fáìlì:Ama de-Gratft Aikins.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q60486176|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q60486176/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q95952810|Gladys Amponsah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0503-6542 0000-0002-0503-6542]
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q95952810|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q95952810/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137185689|F.G.I. Torto]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185689|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185689/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137185713|Nii Amaah Ollennu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185713|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185713/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137185721|J A K Quartey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185721|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137185721/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125220430|Samuel Kingsley Botwe Asante]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1238570|political scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15936497|Africanist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/24675676 24675676]
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q125220430|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q125220430/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137186860|Sifas R. Dodu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137186860|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137186860/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5415879|Evans Anfom]]''
| ''[[:d:Q901|oní ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q83307|minister]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/4090993 4090993]
| 1971
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5415879|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5415879/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3397837|Kofi Anyidoho]]''
| ''[[:d:Q49757|poet]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q214917|playwright]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81708330|teacher of literature]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17167049|literary scholar]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8643-750X 0000-0001-8643-750X]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/79047971 79047971]
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3397837|20]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q3397837/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63373429|Peter Quartey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-8500 0000-0002-3473-8500]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/165967872 165967872]
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63373429|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63373429/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137044486|Aba Ayisa Bentil Andam]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137044486|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137044486/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q374395|Fred Kwasi Apaloo]]''
| [[Adájọ́]]&lt;br/&gt;[[amòfin]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q374395|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q374395/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191869|Fredrick Torgbor Sai]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1961
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191869|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191869/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191888|J.C. de Graft-Johnson]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1961
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191888|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191888/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191907|Emmanuel. Lartey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1962
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191907|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191907/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62511897|Silas Dodu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62511897|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q62511897/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191948|Francis K. Apaloo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1962
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191948|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191948/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191959|Joseph Yanney Ewusie]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1963
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191959|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191959/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137191966|Daniel Adjei Bekoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1964
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191966|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137191966/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137192490|Albert Nii Tackie]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1964
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192490|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192490/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137192497|John E. Cudjoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1964
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192497|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192497/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137192503|Dan Akyeampong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1969
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192503|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137192503/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5133018|Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5133018|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5133018/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137048947|Henritta Joy Abena Nyarko Mensa-Bonsu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048947|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048947/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137048945|Elizabeth Ardayfio-Schandorf]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048945|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048945/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137048957|Victor Patrick Yao Gadzekpo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048957|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137048957/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112540134|Richard Frimpong Oppong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/266995248 266995248]
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q112540134|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q112540134/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137193206|K.A. Dickson]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1969
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137193206|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137193206/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137049695|Raphael Kasim Kasanga]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049695|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049695/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137049699|Emmanuel Kofi Gyimah-Boadi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049699|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049699/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137049702|Samuel Kofi Sefa-Dedeh]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049702|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049702/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137049708|Edward Horga Kordzo Akaho]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049708|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137049708/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137194888|Robert Kwamena Gardiner]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1970
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194888|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194888/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137194912|Kwesi Wiredu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1975
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194912|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194912/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137194951|R.F. Ampofo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1976
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194951|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194951/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137194985|Jonathan H. Frimpong-Ansah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194985|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194985/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137194994|David Kpakpo Aquaye]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194994|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137194994/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195008|Daniel Asamoah Ampofo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1979
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195008|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195008/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195090|Reginald Kofi Gyapayin Assoku]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195090|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195090/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[JB Danquah]]
| ''[[:d:Q201788|historian]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olùkọ̀wé]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/111590 111590]
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q377908|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q377908/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195206|Emmanuel Nana Wadie Oppong]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1986
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195206|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195206/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195681|Lawrence Addai Boadi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1990
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195681|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195681/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195748|Max Assimeng]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1992
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195748|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195748/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195754|Seth Yeboa Bimpong-Buta]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1997
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195754|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195754/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195789|Dominic Kofi Agyeman]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2002
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195789|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195789/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195797|Ralph Mills-Tettey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195797|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195797/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137195814|Emmanuel Owusu-Bennoah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195814|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137195814/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137052330|Albert Kodzo Fiadjoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137052330|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137052330/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133594246|Kwasi Ampene]]''
| ''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/119388541 119388541]
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q133594246|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q133594246/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20855161|Letitia Obeng]]''
| ''[[:d:Q350979|zoologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/271978226 271978226]
| 1965
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20855161|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q20855161/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32678414|Gordon A. Awandare]]''
| ''[[:d:Q12773412|parasitologist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8793-3641 0000-0002-8793-3641]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/83153833254564332890 83153833254564332890]
| 2019
| [[Fáìlì:Prof. Gordon Awandare portrait.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q32678414|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q32678414/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q133023526|Samuel Kofi Tulashie]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/159053698 159053698]
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q133023526|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q133023526/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q965420|J. H. Kwabena Nketia]]''
| ''[[:d:Q36834|composer]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q17484288|ethnomusicologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/2622069 2622069]
| 1959
| [[Fáìlì:J. H. Kwabena Nketia 2015 (cropped).jpeg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q965420|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q965420/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q87759005|Mary Esther Kropp Dakubu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/46801406 46801406]
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q87759005|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q87759005/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70170830|Andrew Anthony Adjei]]''
| 
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=YZ2luxAAAAAJ YZ2luxAAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/317185588 317185588]
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70170830|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70170830/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55610828|Emmanuel Asante]]''
| ''[[:d:Q831474|presbyter]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55610828|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55610828/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30237695|George C. Clerk]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2487799|mycologist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/6244303 6244303]
| 1973
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q30237695|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q30237695/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6449932|Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng]]''
| ''[[:d:Q774306|surgeon]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q83307|minister]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/68597176 68597176]
| 2002
| [[Fáìlì:Kwabena Frimpong-Boateng.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6449932|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6449932/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6450349|Kwesi Dickson]]''
| ''[[:d:Q42603|priest]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/79410404 79410404]
| 1969
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6450349|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6450349/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q32978880|Ebenezer Laing]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/92014961 92014961]
| 1965
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q32978880|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q32978880/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18131843|Alexander Kwapong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q16727193|humanities scholar]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/105255181 105255181]
| 1959
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18131843|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18131843/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43073394|Kwesi Yankah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1999
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43073394|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q43073394/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q124675548|RoseEmma Mamaa Entsua-Mensah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q96952661|fisheries scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q108369443|aquatic ecologist]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DG9HHrEAAAAJ DG9HHrEAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/43783804 43783804]
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q124675548|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q124675548/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q546121|Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson]]''
| ''[[:d:Q250867|Catholic priest]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q611644|Catholic bishop]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/26330636 26330636]
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Peter Turkson (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q546121|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q546121/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104781085|Maxwell Opoku-Afari]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q104781085|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q104781085/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7034351|Nii Quaynor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q82594|computer scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| [[Fáìlì:Nii Quaynor.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7034351|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q7034351/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q15975603|Alfred Apau Oteng-Yeboah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3578589|environmentalist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q15975603|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q15975603/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21598237|Felix Konotey-Ahulu]]''
| [[oníṣègùn]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1970
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21598237|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q21598237/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q123238535|Anthony Apeke Adimado]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q901|oní ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́nsì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6444-4845 0000-0002-6444-4845]
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q123238535|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q123238535/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114877387|Samuel Gyasi Obeng]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14467526|linguist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/32217495 32217495]
| 2023
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q114877387|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q114877387/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q70618973|Paul-Kingsley Buah-Bassuah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-2691 0000-0001-9831-2691]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jNVeQjMAAAAJ jNVeQjMAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/30150380436513370888 30150380436513370888]
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70618973|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q70618973/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72204932|Seth Kofi Akyea Danso]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1997
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72204932|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72204932/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1417844|Peter Kwasi Sarpong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q250867|Catholic priest]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q611644|Catholic bishop]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/56651758 56651758]
| 2001
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1417844|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1417844/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63699917|Akilagpa Sawyerr]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/108799880 108799880]
| 1992
| [[Fáìlì:Akilagpa Sawyerr 2010 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63699917|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63699917/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18719171|Samuel Date-Bah]]''
| [[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Adájọ́]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/73338028 73338028]
| 2000
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18719171|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18719171/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q27947623|John Owusu Gyapong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8415-1468 0000-0002-8415-1468]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vLXYL5cAAAAJ vLXYL5cAAAAJ]
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q27947623|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q27947623/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98159384|Gabriel Ayum Teye]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-5199 0000-0002-9564-5199]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98159384|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98159384/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q114740219|Samuel Agyei-Mensah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q901402|geographer]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2ZzSOK0AAAAJ 2ZzSOK0AAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/2446551 2446551]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/viaf/3203161211627840070009 3203161211627840070009]
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q114740219|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q114740219/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q89655301|Eric Sampane-Donkor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5179-546X 0000-0002-5179-546X]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89655301|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q89655301/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42659477|Joy Henrietta Mensa-Bonsu]]''
| [[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q55736868|national supreme court judge]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/23875795 23875795]
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42659477|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q42659477/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q41080249|Kwame Bediako]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1234713|theologian]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/6642643 6642643]
| 1996
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q41080249|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q41080249/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19600108|Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q81096|engineer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19600108|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19600108/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101555|Laud Ato Quayson]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101555|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101555/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101552|Raymond Bagulo Bening]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101552|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101552/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137101567|Kaku Sagary Nokoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101567|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137101567/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106230|Batholomew Dicky Akanmori]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106230|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106230/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106235|Benjamin Kwadwo Ahunu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106235|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106235/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106239|Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106239|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106239/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106254|Kantinka Kwame Donkoh Fordwor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106254|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106254/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106278|Dwomah Adu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106278|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106278/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106286|Arthur Commey Sackeyfio]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106286|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106286/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106290|Stephen Allan Brobbey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2012
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106290|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106290/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137106293|Henry Nii-Adziri Wellington]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106293|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137106293/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5479986|Francis Allotey]]''
| [[onímọ̀ ìsirò]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q169470|physicist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/21408100 21408100]
| 1971
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5479986|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5479986/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111015735|Ladé Wosornu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015735|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015735/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111015897|Samuel Ofosu-Amaah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1972
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015897|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015897/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q111015953|Francis Kwesi Nkrumah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1983
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015953|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q111015953/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137111363|Benjamin Jabez Botwe Nyarko]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137111363|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137111363/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105394623|Agyeman Badu Akosa]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3368718|pathologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[oníṣègùn]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105394623|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105394623/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q54358710|George Benneh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q901402|geographer]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/19818501 19818501]
| 1992
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q54358710|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q54358710/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137112720|Yaw Serfor-Armah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137112720|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137112720/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105828374|Takyiwaa Manuh]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/17549873 17549873]
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105828374|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105828374/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55081333|Akosua Adoma Perbi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q201788|historian]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/64315244 64315244]
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55081333|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q55081333/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97467404|Herbert Winful]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| [[Fáìlì:Herbert winful portrait.png|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q97467404|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q97467404/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105829330|Eugenia Date-Bah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3400985|academic]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105829330|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q105829330/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q130771642|Steve Tonah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q2306091|sociologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/69613861 69613861]
| 2017
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q130771642|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q130771642/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16734239|Vincent Cyril Richard Arthur Charles Crabbe]]''
| ''[[:d:Q185351|jurist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Adájọ́]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/9097469 9097469]
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16734239|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q16734239/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5345157|Edward S. Ayensu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q864503|biologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q2374149|botanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q104188750|life scientist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1345663|development worker]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sTCOg4EAAAAJ sTCOg4EAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/66555068 66555068]
| 1970
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5345157|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5345157/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6504143|Lawrence Henry Yaw Ofosu-Appiah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q18916625|hellenist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q16314501|encyclopedist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q333634|translator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q36180|olùkọ̀wé]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/27106188 27106188]
| 1961
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6504143|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6504143/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q109735228|Bruce Kofi Banoeng-Yakubo]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5824-3169 0000-0001-5824-3169]
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q109735228|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q109735228/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q38803731|Godfred Darko]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7157-646X 0000-0001-7157-646X]
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q38803731|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q38803731/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65619811|Edwin Jackson Anafi Asomaning]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1970
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65619811|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65619811/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17612440|Ivan Addae Mensah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q593644|chemist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 1992
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q17612440|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q17612440/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72542674|Samuel Yeboah Mensah]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2006
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72542674|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q72542674/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64759401|Emmanuel Quaye Archampong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q774306|surgeon]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/5111161212113340070004 5111161212113340070004]&lt;br/&gt;[https://viaf.org/viaf/68021241 68021241]
| 1976
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64759401|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q64759401/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6226728|John Collins]]''
| ''[[:d:Q14915627|musicologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q20669622|music journalist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q639669|olórin]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[akọ̀ròyìn]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q753110|songwriter]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/112659683 112659683]
| 2019
| [[Fáìlì:John Collins (musician-researcher).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6226728|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6226728/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q71680967|Richard Tuyee Awuah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2008
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71680967|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q71680967/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18340364|Aba Andam]]''
| ''[[:d:Q169470|physicist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/2123587 2123587]
| 2003
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18340364|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18340364/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q65054359|Samuel Nii Odai]]''
| 
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-5376 0000-0002-9910-5376]
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ojrZBrkAAAAJ ojrZBrkAAAAJ]
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65054359|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q65054359/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61161810|Regina Appiah-Opong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4219-7107 0000-0003-4219-7107]
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q61161810|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q61161810/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137140103|Hans Adu Dappah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140103|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140103/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137140572|John Wisdom Tettey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140572|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140572/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137140936|Daniel Buor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2013
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140936|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137140936/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5081343|Charles Odamtten Easmon]]''
| ''[[:d:Q774306|surgeon]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/207101141 207101141]
| 1971
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5081343|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5081343/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108739722|Joshua Yindenaba-Abor]]''
| ''[[:d:Q326653|accountant]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2020
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q108739722|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q108739722/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q28870489|Dorothy Yeboah-Manu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q3779582|microbiologist]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1663-6287 0000-0002-1663-6287]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/315597104 315597104]
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q28870489|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q28870489/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q102109219|Martin Odei Ajei]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopher]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q102109219|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q102109219/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137143876|James Dankwa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143876|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143876/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137143881|Sylvester Kojo Danuor]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2014
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143881|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143881/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137143894|Geroge Tawia Odamtten]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143894|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137143894/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[Kofi Annan]]
| ''[[:d:Q193391|diplomat]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/98713807 98713807]
| 2013
| [[Fáìlì:Kofi Annan 2012 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1254|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1254/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6240490|John Hunwick]]''
| ''[[:d:Q201788|historian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q620573|arabist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15936497|Africanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q333634|translator]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q101444619|Arabic teacher]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/88041609 88041609]
| 1976
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6240490|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q6240490/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1483543|Joseph Osei-Bonsu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q250867|Catholic priest]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q611644|Catholic bishop]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/95246715 95246715]
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1483543|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1483543/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2637530|Albert Adu Boahen]]''
| ''[[:d:Q201788|historian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/56634367 56634367]
| 1969
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2637530|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q2637530/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19938088|William Emmanuel Abraham]]''
| ''[[:d:Q4964182|philosopher]]''&lt;br/&gt;[[olóṣèlú]]&lt;br/&gt;[[olùkọ̀wé]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/119064446 119064446]
| 1960
| [[Fáìlì:WE ABRAHAM.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19938088|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q19938088/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18353479|Emmanuel K. Akyeampong]]''
| ''[[:d:Q201788|historian]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q15936497|Africanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Pvw7_dcAAAAJ Pvw7_dcAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/32224150 32224150]
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18353479|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q18353479/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57856831|Paa Kobina Turkson]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5319-2021 0000-0002-5319-2021]
| 
| 
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57856831|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57856831/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47188667|Jonathan Narh Ayertey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q3055126|entomologist]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2004
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47188667|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47188667/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q69679368|Isabella Akyinbah Quakyi]]''
| ''[[:d:Q121594|professor]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=9csuOUAAAAAJ 9csuOUAAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/317185589 317185589]
| 2011
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69679368|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q69679368/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q136141984|Dennis Dominic Adjei]]''
| [[Adájọ́]]
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q136141984|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q136141984/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47189886|Albert George Baidoe Amoah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47189886|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q47189886/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137152559|Helen Lauer]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137152559|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137152559/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137153120|Albert Kanlisi Awedoba]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137153120|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137153120/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1777921|Kobina Arku Korsah]]''
| [[amòfin]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Adájọ́]]
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/73508244 73508244]
| 1959
| [[Fáìlì:Sir-Kobina-Arku-Korsah.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1777921|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q1777921/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5238191|David Ofori-Adjei]]''
| [[oníṣègùn]]&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1912-4188 0000-0003-1912-4188]
| 
| 
| 2009
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5238191|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5238191/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137154398|Jospehine Akosua Abrefi Adomako Ampofo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2015
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137154398|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137154398/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137011986|Letitia E. Obeng]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1965
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137011986|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137011986/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98662836|Francis Hasford]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-8004 0000-0003-0252-8004]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/40162060270251400066 40162060270251400066]
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98662836|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q98662836/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137013467|Reginald Fraiser Amonoo]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1972
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137013467|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137013467/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137157691|George Wireko Brobbey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2016
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137157691|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137157691/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57864406|David Kofi Essumang]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0589-7895 0000-0002-0589-7895]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57864406|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57864406/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57864724|Daniel K. Asiedu]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7410-8223 0000-0001-7410-8223]
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57864724|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q57864724/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137014461|Kodwo Ewusi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1989
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137014461|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137014461/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137159026|Helen Yitah Atamube]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137159026|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137159026/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117840680|Anaba Anankyela Alemna]]''
| ''[[:d:Q5340962|library science education]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q182436|librarian]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 2005
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q117840680|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q117840680/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137160031|Bill B. Puplampu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2018
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160031|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160031/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137160255|Julius Najah Fobil]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160255|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160255/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137160777|George Obeng-Adjei]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160777|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160777/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137160907|Yaw Adu-Gyamfi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160907|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160907/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137160986|Kwaku Appiah-Adu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160986|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137160986/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137161012|Edward Kofi Quashigah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2019
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137161012|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137161012/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137161045|Victor Kwame Agyeman]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137161045|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137161045/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5392741|Ernest Aryeetey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q188094|economist]]''
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/114136397 114136397]
| 2009
| [[Fáìlì:Board and Staff 2013 (10036911864).jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5392741|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q5392741/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164191|Samuel Akobour Yaw Debrah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164191|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164191/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164194|Peter R. Lamptey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164194|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164194/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164512|Kofi Agyekum]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2021
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164512|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164512/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164551|Emmanuel Bekoe Larbi]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164551|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164551/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164602|Amos K. Laar]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164602|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164602/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q63638114|Felix Ameka]]''
| ''[[:d:Q15936497|Africanist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q14467526|linguist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q13418253|philologist]]''&lt;br/&gt;''[[:d:Q1622272|university teacher]]''
| 
| [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jpN2GQUAAAAJ jpN2GQUAAAAJ]
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/119429856 119429856]
| 2015
| [[Fáìlì:FelixAmeka2022.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63638114|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q63638114/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q86849509|Kwamena Bentsi-Enchill]]''
| 
| 
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/72781935 72781935]
| 1970
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q86849509|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q86849509/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q88147153|Anna Lartey]]''
| ''[[:d:Q1650915|oníwàádì]]''
| [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7870-2606 0000-0002-7870-2606]
| 
| [https://viaf.org/viaf/6787161514255570750007 6787161514255570750007]
| 2025
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q88147153|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q88147153/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137164965|Elsie Effah Kauffmann]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164965|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137164965/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137022010|Samuel Kwadwo Owusu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1993
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022010|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022010/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137022244|Edward Donkor Yeboah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1995
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022244|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022244/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137022371|Yaw Ahenkorah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1996
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022371|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137022371/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137023574|Godwin Kwaku Nukunya]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1998
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137023574|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137023574/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168000|John Tei Anim]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168000|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168000/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168011|Sarah Darkwa]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168011|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168011/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168064|Ace Anan Ankomah]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2022
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168064|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168064/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168094|Joseph Awetori Yaro]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2023
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168094|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168094/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168106|Alex Boakye Asiedu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2023
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168106|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168106/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168138|Samuel Egyir Aggrey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168138|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168138/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168153|Joe-Nat Afutu Clegg-Lamptey]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168153|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168153/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168195|Samuel Nii Ardey Codjoe]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168195|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168195/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137168283|Frederick Yeboah Obese]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2024
| 
| [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168283|0]] / [[toolforge:scholia/author/Q137168283/missing|📖]]
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>ivk7g30lje1xhfw3cslb0dtu5814xo3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/South African universities et al</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>68371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623023</id>
      <parentid>622670</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T22:38:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26516" sha1="48e6kocqj1rz24j1yv1g8q5b3vz2r3v" xml:space="preserve">The [https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/country/Q258 Scholia for South Africa]

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=
SELECT
  ?number_of_authors
  ?number_of_works
  ?item
  (REPLACE(STR(?item), &quot;.*Q&quot;, &quot;Q&quot;) AS ?qid)
  (CONCAT( &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/organization/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;|&quot;, ENCODE_FOR_URI(?number_of_works), &quot;]] / &quot;, &quot;[[toolforge:scholia/organization/&quot;, ?qid , &quot;/missing|📖]]&quot;) AS ?scholia)

WITH {  
  SELECT
    ?item
    (COUNT(DISTINCT ?author) AS ?number_of_authors)
    (COUNT(DISTINCT ?work) AS ?number_of_works)
  WHERE {
    ?item wdt:P17 wd:Q258 .
    ?author wdt:P108 {{!}} wdt:P463 {{!}} wdt:P1416/wdt:P361* ?item .
    ?work wdt:P50 ?author .
  }
  GROUP BY ?item 
} AS %results
WHERE {
  INCLUDE %results
  SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language &quot;[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en,da,es,fr,jp,nl,no,ru,sv,zh&quot;. }
}
ORDER BY DESC(?number_of_authors) DESC(?number_of_works) ?item ?qid ?scholia

|columns=label:Organization,?number_of_authors:Number of authors,?scholia:Publications (known/missing)
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Organization
! Number of authors
! Publications (known/missing)
|-
| ''[[:d:Q951305|University of Cape Town]]''
| 98
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q951305|351]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q951305/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q534643|University of the Witwatersrand]]''
| 69
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q534643|131]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q534643/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1066492|Stellenbosch University]]''
| 59
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1066492|256]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1066492/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q604444|University of Pretoria]]''
| 45
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q604444|76]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q604444/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q727516|University of KwaZulu-Natal]]''
| 31
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q727516|48]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q727516/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q377757|Rhodes University]]''
| 19
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q377757|26]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q377757/missing|📖]]
|-
| [[University of Johannesburg]]
| 17
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1972050|43]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1972050/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7565733|South African Medical Research Council]]''
| 13
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565733|19]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565733/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q475700|University of the Western Cape]]''
| 12
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q475700|34]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q475700/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55641219|National Institute for Communicable Diseases]]''
| 11
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55641219|12]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55641219/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q677993|University of South Africa]]''
| 9
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q677993|25]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q677993/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2021166|University of Natal]]''
| 9
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2021166|22]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2021166/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1678733|University of the Free State]]''
| 9
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1678733|13]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1678733/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1998811|North-West University]]''
| 9
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1998811|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1998811/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30296386|South African National Biodiversity Institute]]''
| 8
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296386|13]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296386/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948158|Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences]]''
| 8
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948158|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948158/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17052573|National Health Laboratory Service]]''
| 7
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17052573|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17052573/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q746413|Elsevier]]''
| 7
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q746413|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q746413/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q64846052|South African Young Academy of Science]]''
| 6
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q64846052|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q64846052/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948390|University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Science]]''
| 6
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948390|10]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948390/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q849145|Council for Scientific and Industrial Research]]''
| 6
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q849145|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q849145/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2583379|Ditsong National Museum of Natural History]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2583379|22]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2583379/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1331614|Nelson Mandela University]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1331614|7]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1331614/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7565708|South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity]]''
| 5
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565708|6]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565708/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q39910516|University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q39910516|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q39910516/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50828855|African Continental Free Trade Area]]''
| 4
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50828855/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q913972|Order of Friars Minor]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q913972|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q913972/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7565742|South African National Bioinformatics Institute]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565742|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565742/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2005511|University of Fort Hare]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2005511|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2005511/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7374853|Royal Society of South Africa]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7374853|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7374853/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2496192|University of Zululand]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2496192|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2496192/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58819597|Extinction Rebellion]]''
| 3
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q58819597|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q58819597/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99288077|University of Johannesburg Faculty of Management]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99288077|25]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99288077/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6102031|Iziko South African Museum]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6102031|16]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6102031/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2070244|FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2070244|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2070244/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30296748|Claude Leon Foundation]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296748|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296748/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948525|University of Cape Town Faculty of Science]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948525|10]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948525/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1325813|Electoral Institute for the Sustainability of Democracy in Africa]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1325813|9]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1325813/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7565814|South African Weather Service]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565814|6]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565814/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948132|University of the Western Cape Faculty of Natural Science]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948132|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948132/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948358|University of the Witwatersrand School of Public Health]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948358|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948358/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1077277|Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1077277|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1077277/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q368400|Groote Schuur Hospital]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q368400|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q368400/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30254244|Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30254244|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30254244/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30287338|Agricultural Research Council of South Africa]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30287338|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30287338/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5008758|CAPRISA]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5008758|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5008758/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5429065|Faculty of Science]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5429065|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5429065/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1147874|Tshwane University of Technology]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1147874|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1147874/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1860280|Vista University]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1860280|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1860280/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30270484|South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30270484|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30270484/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30296412|Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296412|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30296412/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4294670|Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4294670|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4294670/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q43896712|Africa Health Research Institute]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q43896712|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q43896712/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4709352|Albany Museum]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4709352|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4709352/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5428977|University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5428977|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5428977/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99298942|University of Cape Town Faculty of Health Sciences]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298942|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99298942/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q137544|Bang-Bang Club]]''
| 2
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q137544|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q137544/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18333536|Embassy of Sweden, Pretoria]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18333536|294]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18333536/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1362732|South African Police Service]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1362732|19]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1362732/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18355381|Tygerberg Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18355381|15]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q18355381/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5108862|Diocesan College]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5108862|11]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5108862/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q743611|Association for Progressive Communications]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q743611|8]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q743611/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1497583|St Augustine College of South Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1497583|7]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1497583/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1211828|Die Burger]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1211828|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1211828/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1570993|IBSA Dialogue Forum]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1570993|5]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1570993/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948498|University of Pretoria Faculty of Health Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948498|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948498/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7611957|Steve Biko Academic Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7611957|4]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7611957/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100942503|University of Johannesburg Faculty of Science]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100942503|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100942503/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948537|University of Stellenbosch Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948537|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948537/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19460826|Cape Town High School]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19460826|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q19460826/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3129583|Helderberg College]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3129583|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3129583/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50035565|National Bioproducts Institute (South Africa)]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50035565|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q50035565/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5086067|Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5086067|3]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5086067/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948408|University of KwaZulu-Natal School of Life Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948408|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948408/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q108027478|South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q108353496|South African National Parks]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108353496|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q108353496/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125308112|Association of Southern African Indexers and Bibliographers]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125308112|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125308112/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17090884|Sol Plaatje University]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17090884|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17090884/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17091770|South African Environmental Observation Network]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17091770|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17091770/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18559855|Wikimedia South Africa]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q21580706|Cybatar]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q21580706|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q21580706/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2826172|African Institute for Mathematical Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2826172|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2826172/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30262094|Ubuntu Education Fund]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30262094|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30262094/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30265718|South African Association of Women Graduates]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30265718|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30265718/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q385450|Hugenote-Kollege]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q385450|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q385450/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47151902|KwaZulu-Natal Museum]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q47151902|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q47151902/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5264812|Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5264812|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5264812/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5423186|Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5423186|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5423186/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6024646|Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6024646|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6024646/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q657155|The Sunday Times]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q657155|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q657155/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7303965|Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7303965|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7303965/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7569570|Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7569570|2]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7569570/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100267052|Africa Institute of South Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100267052|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100267052/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100943852|Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100943852|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100943852/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100945341|University of Limpopo Faculty of Health Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945341|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945341/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100945357|Stellenbosch University Faculty of Engineering]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945357|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100945357/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948051|University of Johannesburg Faculty of Humanities]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948051|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948051/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948126|University of the Western Cape School of Public Health]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948126|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948126/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948147|Cape Peninsula University of Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948147|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948147/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948350|University of the Witwatersrand School of Education]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948350|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948350/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948365|University of Witwatersrand Sociology of Work Unit]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948365|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948365/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948388|University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Agrisciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948388|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948388/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948398|University of Cape Town Department of Medicine]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948398|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948398/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q100948504|University of Pretoria Mammal Research Institute]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948504|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q100948504/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1054047|Central University of Technology, Free State]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1054047|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1054047/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1139958|National Zoological Garden of South Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1139958|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1139958/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q117252774|Buffelskloof Herbarium]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q117252774|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q117252774/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1206693|Development Bank of Southern Africa]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q124540717|SADiLaR]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q124540717|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q124540717/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q125736882|Jan Smuts House Library]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125736882|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q125736882/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1364273|national park of South Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1364273|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1364273/missing|📖]]
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| ''[[:d:Q1367885|Eskom]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1367885|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1367885/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1419926|South African Broadcasting Corporation]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1419926|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1419926/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1465079|Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1465079|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q1465079/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17060860|K-RITH]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q17111389|Thobela FM]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17111389|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q17111389/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q186192|Lithuanians]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q186192|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q186192/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q227807|South African Astronomical Observatory]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q2399345|Vaal University of Technology]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2399345|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2399345/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25048766|CIVICUS]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25048766|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25048766/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q25613931|IThemba LABS]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25613931|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q25613931/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q263265|University of Transkei]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q263265|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q263265/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2685228|Armscor]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q28003638|Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28003638|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q28003638/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q289277|Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q289277|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q289277/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2929441|Technikon Witwatersrand]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2929441|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q2929441/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30292279|TB HIV Care Association]]''
| 1
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q30294598|International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30294598|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q30294598/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3135391|South African Military Academy]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3135391|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q3135391/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42914025|Embassy of Japan in South Africa]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q42914025|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q42914025/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q47486748|National Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q47486748|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q47486748/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4940284|Bolus Herbarium]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4940284|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q4940284/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q511491|Kalahari Meerkat Project]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q511491|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q511491/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5209386|Daily Voice]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5209386|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5209386/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5322327|e.tv]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5322327|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5322327/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5428988|University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Humanities]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5428988|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q5428988/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55829926|Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55829926|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q55829926/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58022405|Kimberley Hospital]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q58022405|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q58022405/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q61930814|Smuts House Museum]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q61930814|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q61930814/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6794160|Daily Maverick]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6794160|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q6794160/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7565710|South African Institute of International Affairs]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565710|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q7565710/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8040081|Wynberg Girls' High School]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q8040081|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q8040081/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q892543|University of Venda]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q892543|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q892543/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q926710|Durban University of Technology]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q926710|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q926710/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q98140121|Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q98140121|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q98140121/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99286062|Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria Campus]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99286062|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99286062/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q99286067|North-West University - Vaal Triangle Campus]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99286067|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q99286067/missing|📖]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24451|Kruger National Park]]''
| 1
| [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q24451|1]] / [[toolforge:scholia/organization/Q24451/missing|📖]]
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{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ìjọba Dahomey</title>
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      <text bytes="3802" sha1="8jgqizl7ii2xfg7slyy00kyigaeqgxk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] begins conquest on Abomey Plateau
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|King Agaja]] conquers [[Allada]] and [[Kingdom of Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] defeats the [[Oyo Empire]] and ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn lati Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lọ́jọ́ òní. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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      <text bytes="3803" sha1="grzfi8bfdkfakc17l2o6qz2l3a0qefm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] begins conquest on Abomey Plateau
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|King Agaja]] conquers [[Allada]] and [[Kingdom of Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] defeats the [[Oyo Empire]] and ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lọ́jọ́ òní. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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    <title>Olúrẹ̀mí Tińubú</title>
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      <text bytes="8773" sha1="nuf54cxjlsccer0nmfhl68ar6zmr7ya" xml:space="preserve">{{merge|Oluremi Tinubu}}
{{Infobox officeholder|image=|imagesize=|president2=[[Bola Tinubu]]|party=[[All Progressives Congress]] (2013–present)}}

'''Olúrẹ̀mí &quot;Rẹ̀mí&quot; Tińubú''' CON. A bi ní ọjọ́ kọkànlélógún oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1960  jẹ́ olóṣèlú ní Nàìjíríà àti [[First Lady of Nigeria|Ìyàwó ààrẹ orílẹ̀ èdè Nàìjíríà]] lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ láti ọdún 2023, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàwó Ààrẹ [[Bọ́lá Tinúbú|Bola Tinubu]] .  Ó jẹ́ ìyáàfin àkọ́kọ́ ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó láti ọdún 1999 sí 2007 nígbà tí ọkọ rẹ̀ jẹ́ gómìnà. Ó jẹ́ [[Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Àgbà Nàìjíríà|Aṣòfin]] tó ń ṣojú fún Àgbègbè Àárín Gbùngbùn Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó ní Ilé [[Ilé-ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Oníbínibí ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà|Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Nàìjíríà]] láti ọdún 2011 sí 2023. Ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC).  

== Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbésí ayé rẹ̀ ==
A bí Olúrẹ̀mí Tińubú ní ọjọ́ kọkànlélógún oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1960. Òun ni ọmọ kejìlá nínú ọmọ mẹ́tàlá nínú ìdílé rẹ̀, ó sì wá láti ìdílé Ikúṣebíàlá ti [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn|ìpínlẹ̀ Ogun]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ẹ̀kọ́ ==
Olúrẹ̀mí bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ girama Our Lady of Apostles to wà ní Ìjẹ̀bú-Òde, níbi tí ó ti gba ìwé-ẹ̀rí ti àpapọ̀ ti apá ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfríkà (West African Senior Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE)) ní ọdún 1979 àti PGD láti ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga ti ìjọ ìràpadà (The Redeemed Christian BibleCollede) ní ọdún 2010 &lt;ref name=&quot;pd1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=24 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tińubú gba oyè ìmọ̀ ìjìnlẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ nínú ẹ̀kọ́ ní [[Obafemi Awolowo University|Yunifásítì Ọbáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀ ti ìlú ilé-Ife]]  àti ìwé ẹ̀rí ti olùkọ́ni nínú ìmọ̀ nípa ìmọ̀ nípa ewéko àti ẹranko láti  Adeyemi College of Education . &lt;ref name=&quot;pd1&quot;/&gt;

== Gẹ́gẹ́ bí olóṣèlú ==
Ó di obìrin àkọ́kọ́ ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó nígbà tí wọ́n yan ọkọ rẹ̀ [[Bọ́lá Tinúbú|Bọ́lá Tińubú]] gẹ́gẹ́ bí gómìnà. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyáàfin, ó dá àjọ ìgbà ọ̀tun (New Era Foundation) sílẹ̀, èyí tí a yà sọ́tọ̀ fún ṣíṣẹ̀dá àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ fún “ìdàgbàsókè àwọn ọ̀dọ́ àti gbígbé ìmọ̀ lárugẹ lórí ìlera àyíká àti iṣẹ́ àwùjọ.” &lt;ref name=&quot;Humanitarian Goals or Fraud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=22 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nígbà Tińubú wọlé nínú ètò ìdìbò, wọ́n pe èsì àbájáde ètò ìdìbò náà lẹ́jọ́ ní Ilé ẹjọ́ tó ń gbọ́ àwọn awuyewuye tó ń wáyé lẹ́yìn ètò ìdìbò si Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin - lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n gbọ́ ẹjọ́ náà, ó fọwọ́ sí àbájáde ètò ìdìbò náà ní ọdún 2012. &lt;ref name=&quot;Election&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tribunal upholds Tinubu's election|url=http://odili.net/news/source/2011/sep/6/6.html|access-date=20 May 2012|newspaper=odili|archivedate=23 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223180825/http://odili.net/news/source/2011/sep/6/6.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tinubu jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn Aṣòfin tó lé ní ọgọ́rùn-ún (100) tí wọ́n dìbò yàn sí ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin kẹjọ ní ọdún 2015. Mẹ́fà nínú wọn jẹ́ obìnrin. Àwọn tó kù ni [[Stella Oduah]] àti [[Uche Ekwunife]], tí wọ́n ṣojú fún [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Anambra|Anambra]], [[Fatimat Raji-Rasaki|Fatimat Raji Rasaki]], [[Rose Okoji Oko]] àti [[Binta Masi Garba|Binta Garba]] .  Ní ìdìbò gbogbogbòò ọdún 2019, ó padà wọlé sí ipò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣòfin tó ń ṣojú fún ààrin gbùngbùn ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó, èyí tó fi jẹ́ ìgbà kẹta tí ó ṣojú fún agbègbè náà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 2016, Aṣòfin Tińubú béèrè fún ààbò tó péye láti ọ̀dọ̀ Ọ̀gá Àgbà àwọn Ọlọ́pàá nítorí ìhalẹ̀ ìkọlù láti ọwọ́ ẹlẹgbẹ́ rẹ̀ àti ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú rẹ̀ [[Dino Mélayé|Dino Melaye]] nínú ìpàdé ìkọ̀kọ̀ kan ti ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin ṣe. 

Wọ́n kọ orúkọ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]], [[Tony Elumelu]] àti àwọn ènìyàn pàtàkì mìíràn fún àmì ẹ̀yẹ àwọn tó peregedé jùlọ ní ìlú (Eko Excellence Awards) ní ọdún 2019. 

Ní ọdún 2020, ó ké sí ìdásílẹ̀ ọlọ́pàá ìpínlẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀nà láti dẹ́kun ìdojúkọ ètò ààbò tó ń pọ̀ sí i ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà. 

Ó gbàgbọ́ gidigidi nínú ìrónilágbára fún àwọn èèyàn àwùjọ àti àwọn ọ̀dọ́ àti wípé ètò ìrónilágbára tó ń ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ pẹ̀lú àjọ ìrónilágbára fún àwọn ọkùnrin àti obìrin tí o dára (Good Boys and Girls Empowerment Scheme (GBGES)) ti pèsè àwọn ènìyàn bíi ẹgbẹ̀rún kan ó lé láàádọ̀sán lé méjì ni wọ́n ti jẹ àǹfàní yìí. Nǹkan bí àwọn ọ̀dọ́ tí ó tó ọgọ́jọ ó lé mẹ́rin 164 ni wọ́n kọ́ ní onírúurú iṣẹ́ ọwọ́, wọ́n sì gba àwọn ohun èlò láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àti owó tó tó ẹgbẹ̀rún lọ́nà ogójì náìrà fún ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan wọn.

Ní oṣù kẹta ọdún 2021, Aṣòfin Tińubú gbé ìwé òfin kan kalẹ̀ láti ṣe àtúnṣe sí Ilé-Iṣẹ́ Ìfìwéránṣẹ́ Nàìjíríà (NIPOST) láti jẹ́ kí ó jẹ́ àjọ tó lágbára jù.  Ó tún gba ẹ̀bùn fún aṣòfin obìnrin tó ní ipa jùlọ ní ìpàdé ọjọ́ àwọn obìnrin ti orílẹ̀-èdè (''The Guardian)'' tí wọ́n ṣètò fún ọdún 2021. 

== Àwọn àmì ẹ̀yẹ àti ìdálọ́lá ==
Ó ti gba ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀bùn, ó sì ti gba ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọlá, àwọn ẹ̀bùn àti ọlá tí ó gbà ni: ẹ̀bùn orílẹ̀-èdè ti [[Order of the Niger|Officer of the Order of the Niger]] [[Order of the Niger|OON]], Ọmọ ẹgbẹ́, Ìgbìmọ̀ Àwọn Olùtọ́jú ti Kings University, Ọdẹ-Òmu; Ghana Noble International Award for Leadership (2004), Gambian Diamond Award fún ipa pàtàkì tó ń kó nípa yíyọ àwọn Ènìyàn kúrò nínú Ìṣẹ́ (2005) &lt;ref name=&quot;pd1&quot;/&gt;

== Ìgbésí ayé rẹ̀ ==
Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé òun jẹ́ ẹlẹ́sìn Kristẹni, ó fẹ́ [[Bọ́lá Tinúbú|Bola Tinubu]], Mùsùlùmí kan tí ó di [[Àkójọ àwọn olórí orílẹ̀-èdè ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà|Ààrẹ kẹrìndínlógún ti Nàìjíríà]] lẹ́yìn náà; wọ́n bí ọmọ mẹ́ta: Zainab Abisola Tinubu, Habibat Tinubu àti Olayinka Tinubu.   Ó jẹ́ ìyá fún àwọn ọmọ ọkọ rẹ̀ mẹ́ta láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìyàwó tí ọkọ rẹ̀ ti fẹ́ tẹ́lẹ̀, Olajide Tinubu (tí ó ti kú), Folashade Tinubu àti Oluwaseyi Tinubu.   Ó jẹ́ [[Ẹlẹ́sìn Krístì|Kristẹni]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pásítọ̀ tí a yàn nínú ìjọ ìràradà ti krístì ([[Redeemed Christian Church of God|Redeemed Christian Church of God)]] .  Ìfinijoyè rẹ̀ wáyé ní ọdún 2018 ní gbọ̀ngàn àtijọ́ ti ilé ìjọsìn náà, èyí tó wà ní òpópónà márosẹ̀ ìlú Èkó sí Ìlú Ìbàdan níbi tí ìjọ náà ti ṣe ìpàdé ọlọ́dọọdún ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kẹrìndínláàádọ́rin irù rẹ̀ tí àkọlé ìgbàjọba (Dominion). Ó tún jẹ́ ìyá ẹgbẹ́ fun ìgbìmọ̀ àwọn Ìyàwó àwọn ọ̀gá lẹ́nu iṣẹ́ ìjọba ti Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó (COWLSO). 

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{S-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=Munira Marwa}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Lagos State]]|years=1999–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Abimbola Fashola]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aisha Buhari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[First Lady of Nigeria]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-par|ng-sen}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Munirudeen Muse]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Senate of Nigeria|Senator]] for [[Lagos Central Senatorial District|Lagos Central]]|years=2011–2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wasiu Sanni]]}}
{{s-end}}

== Ẹ̀ka ayélujára ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/believeinremitinubu Ojú ìwé Facebook]
{{Nigerian Senators of the 7th National Assembly}}{{Nigerian Senators of the 8th National Assembly}}{{Àwọn Alàgbà ní Ilé-aṣòfin Nàìjíríà 9k}}{{Bola Tinubu}}

== Àwọn Àkíyèsí ==
{{Reflist|group=note}} 
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 1960]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ètò Ìṣe Àyíká Ojúọjọ́ Boulder</title>
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'''Ètò Ìgbésẹ̀ Ojúọjọ́ (CAP)''' Ní Boulder, Colorado, ni àwọn ètò kan tí a ṣe láti darí àwọn ìsapá àwùjọ láti dín ìtújáde gaasi afẹ́fẹ́ kù. Àwọn ètò wọ̀nyí ti dojúkọ sí mímú kí agbára ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa àti ìpamọ́ nínú àwọn ilé àti àwọn ilé iṣẹ́—orísun tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin àwọn ìtújáde afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbègbè. Ètò náà tún ń gbé àwọn ètò láti dín ìtújáde afẹ́fẹ́ kù láti inú ìrìnnà, èyí tí ó jẹ́ ju ogún nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún àwọn orísun gaasi afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbègbè náà.

== ifihan pupopupo ==
Ní oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2006, àwọn ará ìlú Boulder, Colorado, dìbò láti fọwọ́ sí ìwé ìdìbò Nọ́mbà 202, èyí tí ó fún ìgbìmọ̀ ìlú láṣẹ láti gba owó orí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn oníbàárà iná mànàmáná ilé gbígbé, ti ìṣòwò àti ti ilé iṣẹ́ fún ète ìnáwó ètò ìgbésẹ̀ ojúọjọ́ kan.  láti dín ìtújáde gaasi eefin kù. Ètò náà ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ àwọn ètò láti mú kí agbára ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa, láti mú kí lílo agbára tí a lè sọ di tuntun pọ̀ sí i, láti dín ìtújáde kúrò nínú àwọn ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ kù, àti láti gbé àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ mìíràn sí mímú àwọn góńgó tí a gbé kalẹ̀ nínú Ìlànà Kyoto ṣẹ.

Láti ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kẹrin ọdún 2007, tí ó sì parí ní ọjọ́ kọkànlélọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹta ọdún 2013, wọ́n ṣètò owó orí àkọ́kọ́ sí $0.0022/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé gbígbé, $0.0004/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé iṣẹ́, àti $0.0002/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé iṣẹ́. Ìgbìmọ̀ ìlú ní àṣẹ láti mú owó orí náà pọ̀ sí i lẹ́yìn ọdún àkọ́kọ́ títí dé iye owó orí tí a gbà láàyè tó pọ̀ jùlọ ti $0.0049/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé gbígbé; $0.0009/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé iṣẹ́; àti $0.0003/kWh fún àwọn oníbàárà ilé iṣẹ́. Rírà agbára afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi agbára ìlò ṣe kò sí nínú owó orí náà.

== Pínpín àti ìṣẹ̀dá owó náà ==
'''Iye owo''' : Awọn oṣuwọn Oṣù Kẹta ọdun 2010 fun awọn alabara ina:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Irú Olùlò Iná Mọ̀nàmọ́ná
! Oṣuwọn Owo-ori
! Owó-orí Ọdọọdún Àpapọ̀
|-
| Ilé gbígbé
| $0.0049/kWh
| Dọ́là 21
|-
| Iṣowo
| $0.0009/kWh
| $94
|-
| Ilé-iṣẹ́
| $0.0003/kWh
| Dọ́là 9,600
|}
'''Àròpọ̀ Owó Àpapọ̀:'''$860,265 ní ọdún àkọ́kọ́ àti títí dé $1,342,000/ọdún lẹ́yìn náà títí di ọjọ́ kọkànlélọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹta, ọdún 2013

'''Ète''': Agbára tó lè ṣe àtúnṣe, agbára tó lè ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa, àti ìrìnnà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2011-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aláṣẹ ìṣírí ==
'''Àṣẹ 1''': Ìdìbò Ẹ̀dà 202 (Owó Orí Ètò Ìṣe Ojúọjọ́)

Ọjọ́ Tí A Gbékalẹ̀: 11/7/2006 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=18 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Aṣẹ 2:''' Boulder Tunwo Code 3-12

Ọjọ ti o wulo: 4/1/2007

Ọjọ ipari: 3/31/2013 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=20 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wo pelu ==

* Iye owo erogba
* Ètò Ìgbésẹ̀ Kárí Ayé
* Ìlú ìyípadà
* Àwọn ìtújáde gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ láti ọwọ́ Amẹ́ríkà
* Ètò Ìṣe Afefe Chicago
* Ètò Ìṣe Afefe San Francisco
* Ètò Ìgbésẹ̀ Ààrẹ fún Ààrẹ lórí Òfò

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* [https://bouldercolorado.gov/government/departments/climate-initiatives Ìdáhùn Ojúọjọ́ Boulder (Ìlú Boulder)]
* [https://www.bouldercounty.org/environment/sustainability/sustainability-plan/climate-action/ Iṣe oju-ọjọ ni Boulder County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170823/https://www.bouldercounty.org/environment/sustainability/sustainability-plan/climate-action/ |date=2020-08-15 }}
* [http://www.dsireusa.org DSIRE Database ti Awọn iwuri Ipinle fun Awọn ohun ti a le tunṣe ati ṣiṣe daradara] .
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921065858/http://www.cleanair.com/Reference/Library/library.html Oju opo wẹẹbu itọkasi afẹfẹ mimọ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080930143535/http://sparetheair.org/contact.htm Àwọn nọ́mbà fóònù BAAQMD] – pẹ̀lú 800-EXHAUST (800-394-2878) láti ròyìn ìbàjẹ́ èéfín ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́</text>
      <sha1>jgmpfzkf8k2m44zx13caggpbuowunlh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ipa ile eefin</title>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá àti ṣíṣàfikún àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá, ṣíṣàfikún àwòrán àti àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá, ṣíṣàfikún àwòrán àti àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àwòṣe Tó Rọrùn ==
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ìṣàn agbára láàárín òde ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ṣẹlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ti ń gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ooru jáde, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2007.]]
Àwọn àwòṣe tó rọrùn ni a sábà máa ń lò láti ṣàtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmòye bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń wáyé àti bí ó ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.

=== Àwòṣe Ìpele Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwòṣe tó rọrùn níbi tí a ti kà afẹ́fẹ́ sí bí ìpele kan ṣoṣo tó jọra jakejado, tí ń ṣe ìṣàkóso ìyípadà ìtọ́jú ìtọ́jú (radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-single&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àwòṣe tí ó díẹ̀ lágbára sí i máa ń fi àwọn ìpele míì kún un, tàbí wọ́n máa ń fi ìṣàn ìgbóná nípasẹ̀ convection sílẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-multi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130202305/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpele Ìtújáde Tó Dọ́gba ===
Ìtúpalẹ̀ kan ni pé a lè kà gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (outgoing longwave radiation) sí bí ẹni pé ó ń jáde láti ìpele kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò fún ìtújáde pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2017 |title=A mental picture of the greenhouse effect |journal=Theor Appl Climatol |volume=128 |issue=3–4 |pages=679–688 |doi=10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y |s2cid=123923155 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ kan ti pe ìpele yìí ní ìpele ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective radiating level, ERL), wọ́n sì dámọ̀ràn pé bí ìpọ̀sí CO₂ ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ERL gbọ́dọ̀ gòkè sí i kí ìwọ̀n ìpọ̀ CO₂ tó wà lókè ìpele náà lè wà ní ìdọ́gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System |url=https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aos121br/radn/radn/sld001.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=University of Wisconsin |quote=Based on the account in Horel &amp; Geisler (1996) 'Global Environmental Change: An Atmospheric Perspective'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀nà yìí kéré síi nínú ìpéye rẹ̀ ju bí a ṣe ń ka ìyàtọ̀ ìpele ìtújáde ìtọ́jú gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ìpele tí ìtọ́jú ń jáde lọ (emission altitude variation by wavelength) sí. Síbẹ̀, ó lè wúlò fún ìmúye tó rọrùn nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a lè lo ó láti ṣàlàyé bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nígbà tí ìpọ̀sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2016 |title=What is the best description of the greenhouse effect? |url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/what-is-the-best-description-of-the-greenhouse-effect/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot; /&gt;

Ìpele ìtújáde tó dọ́gba (equivalent emission altitude) fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ti ń gòkè sí i pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí tó tó 23 m (75 ft) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá, èyí tí a sọ pé ó bá ìgbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àgbáyé mu tó tó 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 1979 sí 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá àti ṣíṣàfikún àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àwòṣe Tó Rọrùn ==
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ìṣàn agbára láàárín òde ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ṣẹlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ti ń gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ooru jáde, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2007.]]
Àwọn àwòṣe tó rọrùn ni a sábà máa ń lò láti ṣàtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmòye bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń wáyé àti bí ó ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.

=== Àwòṣe Ìpele Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwòṣe tó rọrùn níbi tí a ti kà afẹ́fẹ́ sí bí ìpele kan ṣoṣo tó jọra jakejado, tí ń ṣe ìṣàkóso ìyípadà ìtọ́jú ìtọ́jú (radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-single&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àwòṣe tí ó díẹ̀ lágbára sí i máa ń fi àwọn ìpele míì kún un, tàbí wọ́n máa ń fi ìṣàn ìgbóná nípasẹ̀ convection sílẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-multi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130202305/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpele Ìtújáde Tó Dọ́gba ===
Ìtúpalẹ̀ kan ni pé a lè kà gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (outgoing longwave radiation) sí bí ẹni pé ó ń jáde láti ìpele kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò fún ìtújáde pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2017 |title=A mental picture of the greenhouse effect |journal=Theor Appl Climatol |volume=128 |issue=3–4 |pages=679–688 |doi=10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y |s2cid=123923155 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ kan ti pe ìpele yìí ní ìpele ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective radiating level, ERL), wọ́n sì dámọ̀ràn pé bí ìpọ̀sí CO₂ ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ERL gbọ́dọ̀ gòkè sí i kí ìwọ̀n ìpọ̀ CO₂ tó wà lókè ìpele náà lè wà ní ìdọ́gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System |url=https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aos121br/radn/radn/sld001.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=University of Wisconsin |quote=Based on the account in Horel &amp; Geisler (1996) 'Global Environmental Change: An Atmospheric Perspective'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀nà yìí kéré síi nínú ìpéye rẹ̀ ju bí a ṣe ń ka ìyàtọ̀ ìpele ìtújáde ìtọ́jú gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ìpele tí ìtọ́jú ń jáde lọ (emission altitude variation by wavelength) sí. Síbẹ̀, ó lè wúlò fún ìmúye tó rọrùn nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a lè lo ó láti ṣàlàyé bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nígbà tí ìpọ̀sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2016 |title=What is the best description of the greenhouse effect? |url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/what-is-the-best-description-of-the-greenhouse-effect/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot; /&gt;

Ìpele ìtújáde tó dọ́gba (equivalent emission altitude) fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ti ń gòkè sí i pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí tó tó 23 m (75 ft) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá, èyí tí a sọ pé ó bá ìgbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àgbáyé mu tó tó 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 1979 sí 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn ipa tó jọmọ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ==
=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dín Kù ===
Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti ṣàkíyèsí pé ní àwọn ìgbà kan, ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (negative greenhouse effect) máa ń wáyé lórí apá kan Ilẹ̀ Antaktíkà.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schmithüsen |first1=Holger |last2=Notholt |first2=Justus |last3=König-Langlo |first3=Gert |last4=Lemke |first4=Peter |last5=Jung |first5=Thomas |date=16 December 2015 |title=How increasing {{CO2}} leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=23 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066749 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=131351000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sejas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sejas |first1=S.A. |last2=Taylor |first2=P. C. |last3=Cai |first3=M. |date=2018 |title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau |journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci |volume=1 |issue=17 |page=17 |doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y |pmc=7580794 |pmid=33102742|bibcode=2018npCAS...1...17S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ibi tí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature inversion) lagbara, ìyẹn níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti gbóná ju ojú Ilẹ̀ lọ, ó lè ṣeé ṣe kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì yí padà, kí wíwà àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ kí ìtútù ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling) sí òde ayé pọ̀ sí i. Nínú ọ̀ràn yìí, ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde sí òde ayé ju ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ojú Ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde lọ. Nítorí náà, iye agbègbè ìpò yìí fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ odi.

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tí Kò Ṣeé Dènà (Runaway Greenhouse Effect) ===
Most scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is inevitable in the long term, as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous as it ages, and will spell the end of all life on Earth. As the Sun becomes 10% brighter about one billion years from now, the surface temperature of Earth will reach 47 °C (117 °F) (unless albedo is increased sufficiently), causing the temperature of Earth to rise rapidly and its oceans to boil away until it becomes a greenhouse planet, similar to Venus today.


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá àti ṣíṣàfikún àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àwòṣe Tó Rọrùn ==
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ìṣàn agbára láàárín òde ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ṣẹlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ti ń gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ooru jáde, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2007.]]
Àwọn àwòṣe tó rọrùn ni a sábà máa ń lò láti ṣàtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmòye bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń wáyé àti bí ó ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.

=== Àwòṣe Ìpele Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwòṣe tó rọrùn níbi tí a ti kà afẹ́fẹ́ sí bí ìpele kan ṣoṣo tó jọra jakejado, tí ń ṣe ìṣàkóso ìyípadà ìtọ́jú ìtọ́jú (radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-single&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àwòṣe tí ó díẹ̀ lágbára sí i máa ń fi àwọn ìpele míì kún un, tàbí wọ́n máa ń fi ìṣàn ìgbóná nípasẹ̀ convection sílẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-multi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130202305/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpele Ìtújáde Tó Dọ́gba ===
Ìtúpalẹ̀ kan ni pé a lè kà gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (outgoing longwave radiation) sí bí ẹni pé ó ń jáde láti ìpele kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò fún ìtújáde pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2017 |title=A mental picture of the greenhouse effect |journal=Theor Appl Climatol |volume=128 |issue=3–4 |pages=679–688 |doi=10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y |s2cid=123923155 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ kan ti pe ìpele yìí ní ìpele ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective radiating level, ERL), wọ́n sì dámọ̀ràn pé bí ìpọ̀sí CO₂ ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ERL gbọ́dọ̀ gòkè sí i kí ìwọ̀n ìpọ̀ CO₂ tó wà lókè ìpele náà lè wà ní ìdọ́gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System |url=https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aos121br/radn/radn/sld001.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=University of Wisconsin |quote=Based on the account in Horel &amp; Geisler (1996) 'Global Environmental Change: An Atmospheric Perspective'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀nà yìí kéré síi nínú ìpéye rẹ̀ ju bí a ṣe ń ka ìyàtọ̀ ìpele ìtújáde ìtọ́jú gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ìpele tí ìtọ́jú ń jáde lọ (emission altitude variation by wavelength) sí. Síbẹ̀, ó lè wúlò fún ìmúye tó rọrùn nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a lè lo ó láti ṣàlàyé bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nígbà tí ìpọ̀sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2016 |title=What is the best description of the greenhouse effect? |url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/what-is-the-best-description-of-the-greenhouse-effect/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot; /&gt;

Ìpele ìtújáde tó dọ́gba (equivalent emission altitude) fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ti ń gòkè sí i pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí tó tó 23 m (75 ft) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá, èyí tí a sọ pé ó bá ìgbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àgbáyé mu tó tó 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 1979 sí 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn ipa tó jọmọ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ==
=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dín Kù ===
Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti ṣàkíyèsí pé ní àwọn ìgbà kan, ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (negative greenhouse effect) máa ń wáyé lórí apá kan Ilẹ̀ Antaktíkà.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schmithüsen |first1=Holger |last2=Notholt |first2=Justus |last3=König-Langlo |first3=Gert |last4=Lemke |first4=Peter |last5=Jung |first5=Thomas |date=16 December 2015 |title=How increasing {{CO2}} leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=23 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066749 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=131351000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sejas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sejas |first1=S.A. |last2=Taylor |first2=P. C. |last3=Cai |first3=M. |date=2018 |title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau |journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci |volume=1 |issue=17 |page=17 |doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y |pmc=7580794 |pmid=33102742|bibcode=2018npCAS...1...17S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ibi tí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature inversion) lagbara, ìyẹn níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti gbóná ju ojú Ilẹ̀ lọ, ó lè ṣeé ṣe kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì yí padà, kí wíwà àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ kí ìtútù ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling) sí òde ayé pọ̀ sí i. Nínú ọ̀ràn yìí, ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde sí òde ayé ju ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ojú Ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde lọ. Nítorí náà, iye agbègbè ìpò yìí fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ odi.

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tí Kò Ṣeé Dènà (Runaway Greenhouse Effect) ===
Most scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is inevitable in the long term, as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous as it ages, and will spell the end of all life on Earth. As the Sun becomes 10% brighter about one billion years from now, the surface temperature of Earth will reach 47 °C (117 °F) (unless albedo is increased sufficiently), causing the temperature of Earth to rise rapidly and its oceans to boil away until it becomes a greenhouse planet, similar to Venus today.

== Àwọn Ara Òde Ilẹ̀ Ayé Mìíràn ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Àwọn Ara Ọ̀run Mìíràn&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=ACS |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=C. P. |last2=Pollack |first2=J. B. |last3=Courtin |first3=R. |date=6 September 1991 |title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan |url=https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |journal=Science |language=en |volume=253 |issue=5024 |pages=1118–1121 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1118M |doi=10.1126/science.11538492 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11538492 |s2cid=10384331 |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629174917/https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |archive-date= 29 June 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasatitan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Titan | date=2 May 2018 |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/#:~:text=Titan%27s%20atmosphere%20is%20mostly%20nitrogen,accelerated%20in%20Saturn%27s%20magnetic%20field. |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! !!Venus !! Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth) !! Mars !! Titan
|-
| Iwọn otutu oju Ilẹ̀ Ayé, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{observed}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|735|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|215|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|94|K|C F|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T}_\mathrm{GHE&lt;/math&gt;|| {{convert|503|K-change}} || {{convert|33|K-change}} || {{convert|6|K-change}} || {{convert|21|K-change}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt;{{convert|12|K-change}} GHE+[[Anti-greenhouse effect|AGHE]]
|-
| Ìtẹ̀sí (Pressure) || 92 atm || 1 atm || 0.0063 atm || 1.5 atm
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Pàtàkì (Primary gases) || {{CO2}} (0.965)&lt;br /&gt; N{{sub|2}} (0.035) || N{{sub|2}} (0.78)&lt;br /&gt; O{{sub|2}} (0.21)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.009) || {{CO2}} (0.95)&lt;br /&gt;N{{sub|2}} (0.03)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.02) || N{{sub|2}} (0.95)&lt;br /&gt; {{CH4}} (≈0.05)
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Tó Kéré Ní Ìpín (Trace gases) || {{SO2}}, Ar || {{H2O-nl}}, {{CO2}} || O{{sub|2}}, CO || H{{sub|2}}
|-
| Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (Planetary Effective Temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|232|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|255|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|209|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || 73 K [[tropopause]];&lt;br /&gt; 82 K [[stratopause]]
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt;|| {{Val|16000}} W/m{{sup|2}} || 150 W/m{{sup|2}} || 13 W/m{{sup|2}} || 2.8 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 1.9 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE+AGHE
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dọ́gba (Normalized Greenhouse Effect), &lt;math&gt;\tilde g&lt;/math&gt;|| 0.99|| 0.39 || 0.11 || 0.63 GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 0.42 GHE+AGHE
|}

Nínú Ìṣètò Oòrùn (Solar System), yàtọ̀ sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó kéré tán àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì méjì àti òṣùpá kan tún ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

=== Venus ===
Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Venus pọ̀ gan-an, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ìdí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ dé tó 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ kún gan-an, tí ó sì jẹ́ pé nǹkan bí ìdá 97% nínú rẹ̀ ni carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;/&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé Venus sún mọ́ Oòrùn ní ìwọ̀n tó tó 30% síi, ó ń gba (ó sì ń gbóná láti inú) ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn kéré ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, nítorí pé Venus ń fọ̀hùn padà (reflect) nǹkan bí ìdá 77% ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ó dé e, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń fọ̀hùn padà nǹkan bí ìdá 30%. Bí kò bá sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá, a máa retí pé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Venus yóò jẹ́ 232 K (−41 °C; −42 °F). Nítorí náà, dípò ìrò pé súnmọ́ Oòrùn ni ìdí tí Venus fi gbóná ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, kóòdà ó jẹ́ òdì kejì ohun tí a lè rò.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwatmos211oct10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 October 2001 |title=ATM S - Climate and Climate Change |url=https://atmos.washington.edu/academics/classes/2001Q4/211/notes_greenhouse.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |publisher=University of Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Venus Fact Sheet |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=5 Weird Facts About Venus |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/5-weird-facts-about-venus#:~:text=Even%20though%20Venus%20is%20much,and%20reradiated%20as%20infrared%20radiation. |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nítorí titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tó ga, carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Venus ń fi ìmúra ìgbóná jùlọ (continuum absorption) hàn, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní gbogbo àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi, kì í ṣe ní àwọn ìbáṣepọ̀ ìgbà igbi pàtó nìkan bí ó ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

A ti ṣe àbá fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó yára ju ìṣàkóso lọ (runaway greenhouse effect) tí ó kan carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi lè ti ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Venus;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasool |first1=I. |last2=De Bergh |first2=C. |date=June 1970 |title=The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Venus Atmosphere |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature |volume=226 |issue=5250 |pages=1037–9 |bibcode=1970Natur.226.1037R |doi=10.1038/2261037a0 |pmid=16057644 |s2cid=4201521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021110413/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; èrò yìí ṣì wà lára àwọn tí a gba lọ́pọ̀ jù lọ títí di òní.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Michael Cabbage and Leslie |title=NASA climate modeling suggests Venus may have been habitable |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811030814/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|date=10 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Venus ní ìrírí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí kò lè dákẹ́, èyí tí ó yọrí sí afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó kún fún carbon dioxide tó tó ìdá 96%, àti titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tó fẹrẹ̀ dà bí ìtẹ̀sí omi ní ijinlẹ̀ tó tó 900 m (3,000 ft) nínú òkun lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó ṣeé ṣe kí Venus ti ní òkun omi ní ìgbà kan, ṣùgbọ́n omi yìí yóò ti yọ (boil off) bí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ ṣe ń gòkè dé 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F) tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto, G. L. |author2=Roos-Serote, M. |author3=Sugita, S. |author4=Gilmore, M. S. |author5=Kamp, L. W. |author6=Carlson, R. W. |author7=Baines, K. H. |date=2008 |title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] |volume=113 |issue=E9 |pages=E00B24 |bibcode=2008JGRE..113.0B24H |doi=10.1029/2008JE003134 |s2cid=45474562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David Shiga |date=10 October 2007 |title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=New Scientist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jakosky&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jakosky |first1=Bruce M. |title=The New Solar System |date=1999 |publisher=Sky Publishing |isbn=978-0-933346-86-4 |editor1-last=Beatty |editor1-first=J. Kelly |edition=4th |location=Boston |pages=175–200 |chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets |oclc=39464951 |editor2-last=Petersen |editor2-first=Carolyn Collins |editor3-last=Chaikin |editor3-first=Andrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mars ===
Mars ní nǹkan bí ìdá 70 ìgbà CO₂ ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisp2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Crisp |first1=D. |date=2012 |title={{CO2}} GREENHOUSE EFFECTS ON VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/climatology2012/pdf/8083.pdf |access-date=28 May 2023 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì kékeré nìkan, tó tó nǹkan bí 6 K (11 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot; /&gt; Ipa ilé-gíláàsì yìí kéré nítorí àìsí ìrì omi (water vapour) àti bí afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ṣe tinúrinú gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=John |date=2017 |title=Does Mars Have a Greenhouse Effect? |url=https://sciencing.com/mars-greenhouse-effect-1914.html |website=Sciencing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣírò ìtújáde ìtànràn (radiative transfer) kan náà tí ó ń ṣàlàyé ìgbóná lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún ń ṣàlàyé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Mars dáadáa, nígbà tí a bá kà àkópọ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Does the {{CO2}} atmosphere of Mars disprove greenhouse warming? |url=https://metafact.io/factchecks/77-does-the-co2-atmosphere-of-mars-disprove-greenhouse-warming |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=metafact |date=14 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WeartVenus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weart |first1=Spencer |title=The Discovery of Global Warming: Venus &amp; Mars |url=https://history.aip.org/climate/Venus.htm |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Center for History of Physics |publisher=American Institute of Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Titan ===
Oṣù Saturni Titan ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (anti-greenhouse effect) ní àkókò kan náà. Wíwà nitrogen (N₂), methane (CH₄), àti hydrogen (H₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì, èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ gòkè sí 21 K (38 °F) ju ìwọ̀n tí a máa retí lọ fún ara yìí tí kò bá ní àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2005 |title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse |url=https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927031140/https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=Astrobiology Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì N₂ àti H₂ kì í sábà gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí Titan nítorí ìkọlu tí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ń fa láàárín àwọn patíkù, ìwọ̀n àti ìtóbi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó pọ̀, àti ìgbi gígùn ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ tó tutù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Wíwà ìkùukùu tó wà ní gíga, tí ń gba àwọn ìgbi gígùn ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ṣùgbọ́n tí ó jẹ́ mímọ́ fún ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared), ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi tó tó nǹkan bí 9 K (16 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Abajade lapapọ ti àwọn ipa méjèèjì yìí jẹ́ ìgbóná tó tó 21 K − 9 K = 12 K (22 °F), nítorí náà ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Titan tó jẹ́ 94 K (−179 °C; −290 °F) jẹ́ 12 K gbóná ju ohun tí yóò jẹ́ bí kò bá sí afẹ́fẹ́ rárá lọ.ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ===
A kò lè ṣe àfojúsùn ìwọn ìbátan ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí àwọn ara ọ̀run (celestial bodies) oríṣìíríṣìí nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ wọn wé ara wọn nìkan. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé àwọn ohun mìíràn yàtọ̀ sí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí náà ń kópa nínú ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò ìtóbi ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

Ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ ń ní ipa lórí iye ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba. Ìtẹ̀sí tó ga ń yọrí sí ìgbàlódé ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption) sí i, nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí kéré sì ń dín un kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

Èyí jẹ́ nítorí ohun tí a ń pè ní “ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí” (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn ìlà àfihàn ìmọ́lẹ̀ (spectral lines). Nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga, ìkọlù láàárín àwọn molikula máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́pọ̀ síi. Ìkọlù wọ̀nyí ń tú ìbú àwọn ìlà ìmúra (absorption lines) ká, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò síi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|226}} 

Molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní kùtùkùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ní ìkọlù tó tó nǹkan bí bílíọ̀nù méje (7 billion) ní gbogbo ìsẹ́jú ààyá kan. Ìwọ̀n yìí kéré sí i ní àwọn ìpele gíga afẹ́fẹ́, níbi tí ìtẹ̀sí àti ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe kéré sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiuatmo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Atmosphere |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/atmos_struct.html#:~:text=Near%20sea%20level%2C%20an%20atom,is%20about%201%20each%20minute. |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Eastern Illinois University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn (wavelengths) tó pọ̀ síi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ ju bí wọ́n ṣe lè ṣe é lọ ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot; /&gt;

Lórí àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì mìíràn, ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure broadening) túmọ̀ sí pé molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa síi nínú mímú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná di àdúgbò nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga (bíi lórí Venus), ṣùgbọ́n yóò dín ìmúra rẹ̀ kù nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ bá kéré (bíi lórí Mars).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àwòṣe Tó Rọrùn ==
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ìṣàn agbára láàárín òde ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ṣẹlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ti ń gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ooru jáde, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2007.]]
Àwọn àwòṣe tó rọrùn ni a sábà máa ń lò láti ṣàtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmòye bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń wáyé àti bí ó ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.

=== Àwòṣe Ìpele Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwòṣe tó rọrùn níbi tí a ti kà afẹ́fẹ́ sí bí ìpele kan ṣoṣo tó jọra jakejado, tí ń ṣe ìṣàkóso ìyípadà ìtọ́jú ìtọ́jú (radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-single&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àwòṣe tí ó díẹ̀ lágbára sí i máa ń fi àwọn ìpele míì kún un, tàbí wọ́n máa ń fi ìṣàn ìgbóná nípasẹ̀ convection sílẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-multi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130202305/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpele Ìtújáde Tó Dọ́gba ===
Ìtúpalẹ̀ kan ni pé a lè kà gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (outgoing longwave radiation) sí bí ẹni pé ó ń jáde láti ìpele kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò fún ìtújáde pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2017 |title=A mental picture of the greenhouse effect |journal=Theor Appl Climatol |volume=128 |issue=3–4 |pages=679–688 |doi=10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y |s2cid=123923155 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ kan ti pe ìpele yìí ní ìpele ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective radiating level, ERL), wọ́n sì dámọ̀ràn pé bí ìpọ̀sí CO₂ ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ERL gbọ́dọ̀ gòkè sí i kí ìwọ̀n ìpọ̀ CO₂ tó wà lókè ìpele náà lè wà ní ìdọ́gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System |url=https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aos121br/radn/radn/sld001.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=University of Wisconsin |quote=Based on the account in Horel &amp; Geisler (1996) 'Global Environmental Change: An Atmospheric Perspective'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀nà yìí kéré síi nínú ìpéye rẹ̀ ju bí a ṣe ń ka ìyàtọ̀ ìpele ìtújáde ìtọ́jú gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ìpele tí ìtọ́jú ń jáde lọ (emission altitude variation by wavelength) sí. Síbẹ̀, ó lè wúlò fún ìmúye tó rọrùn nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a lè lo ó láti ṣàlàyé bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nígbà tí ìpọ̀sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2016 |title=What is the best description of the greenhouse effect? |url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/what-is-the-best-description-of-the-greenhouse-effect/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot; /&gt;

Ìpele ìtújáde tó dọ́gba (equivalent emission altitude) fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ti ń gòkè sí i pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí tó tó 23 m (75 ft) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá, èyí tí a sọ pé ó bá ìgbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àgbáyé mu tó tó 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 1979 sí 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn ipa tó jọmọ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ==
=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dín Kù ===
Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti ṣàkíyèsí pé ní àwọn ìgbà kan, ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (negative greenhouse effect) máa ń wáyé lórí apá kan Ilẹ̀ Antaktíkà.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schmithüsen |first1=Holger |last2=Notholt |first2=Justus |last3=König-Langlo |first3=Gert |last4=Lemke |first4=Peter |last5=Jung |first5=Thomas |date=16 December 2015 |title=How increasing {{CO2}} leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=23 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066749 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=131351000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sejas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sejas |first1=S.A. |last2=Taylor |first2=P. C. |last3=Cai |first3=M. |date=2018 |title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau |journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci |volume=1 |issue=17 |page=17 |doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y |pmc=7580794 |pmid=33102742|bibcode=2018npCAS...1...17S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ibi tí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature inversion) lagbara, ìyẹn níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti gbóná ju ojú Ilẹ̀ lọ, ó lè ṣeé ṣe kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì yí padà, kí wíwà àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ kí ìtútù ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling) sí òde ayé pọ̀ sí i. Nínú ọ̀ràn yìí, ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde sí òde ayé ju ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ojú Ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde lọ. Nítorí náà, iye agbègbè ìpò yìí fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ odi.

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tí Kò Ṣeé Dènà (Runaway Greenhouse Effect) ===
Most scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is inevitable in the long term, as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous as it ages, and will spell the end of all life on Earth. As the Sun becomes 10% brighter about one billion years from now, the surface temperature of Earth will reach 47 °C (117 °F) (unless albedo is increased sufficiently), causing the temperature of Earth to rise rapidly and its oceans to boil away until it becomes a greenhouse planet, similar to Venus today.

== Àwọn Ara Òde Ilẹ̀ Ayé Mìíràn ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Àwọn Ara Ọ̀run Mìíràn&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=ACS |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=C. P. |last2=Pollack |first2=J. B. |last3=Courtin |first3=R. |date=6 September 1991 |title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan |url=https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |journal=Science |language=en |volume=253 |issue=5024 |pages=1118–1121 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1118M |doi=10.1126/science.11538492 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11538492 |s2cid=10384331 |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629174917/https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |archive-date= 29 June 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasatitan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Titan | date=2 May 2018 |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/#:~:text=Titan%27s%20atmosphere%20is%20mostly%20nitrogen,accelerated%20in%20Saturn%27s%20magnetic%20field. |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! !!Venus !! Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth) !! Mars !! Titan
|-
| Iwọn otutu oju Ilẹ̀ Ayé, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{observed}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|735|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|215|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|94|K|C F|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T}_\mathrm{GHE&lt;/math&gt;|| {{convert|503|K-change}} || {{convert|33|K-change}} || {{convert|6|K-change}} || {{convert|21|K-change}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt;{{convert|12|K-change}} GHE+AGHE
|-
| Ìtẹ̀sí (Pressure) || 92 atm || 1 atm || 0.0063 atm || 1.5 atm
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Pàtàkì (Primary gases) || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.965)&lt;br /&gt; N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.035) || N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.78)&lt;br /&gt; O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.21)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.009) || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.95)&lt;br /&gt;N (0.03)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.02) || N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.95)&lt;br /&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(≈0.05)
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Tó Kéré Ní Ìpín (Trace gases) || SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Ar || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (Planetary Effective Temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|232|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|255|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|209|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || 73 K tropopause;&lt;br /&gt; 82 K stratopause
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt;|| {{Val|16000}} W/m{{sup|2}} || 150 W/m{{sup|2}} || 13 W/m{{sup|2}} || 2.8 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 1.9 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE+AGHE
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dọ́gba (Normalized Greenhouse Effect), &lt;math&gt;\tilde g&lt;/math&gt;|| 0.99|| 0.39 || 0.11 || 0.63 GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 0.42 GHE+AGHE
|}

Nínú Ìṣètò Oòrùn (Solar System), yàtọ̀ sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó kéré tán àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì méjì àti òṣùpá kan tún ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

=== Venus ===
Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Venus pọ̀ gan-an, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ìdí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ dé tó 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ kún gan-an, tí ó sì jẹ́ pé nǹkan bí ìdá 97% nínú rẹ̀ ni carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;/&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé Venus sún mọ́ Oòrùn ní ìwọ̀n tó tó 30% síi, ó ń gba (ó sì ń gbóná láti inú) ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn kéré ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, nítorí pé Venus ń fọ̀hùn padà (reflect) nǹkan bí ìdá 77% ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ó dé e, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń fọ̀hùn padà nǹkan bí ìdá 30%. Bí kò bá sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá, a máa retí pé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Venus yóò jẹ́ 232 K (−41 °C; −42 °F). Nítorí náà, dípò ìrò pé súnmọ́ Oòrùn ni ìdí tí Venus fi gbóná ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, kóòdà ó jẹ́ òdì kejì ohun tí a lè rò.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwatmos211oct10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 October 2001 |title=ATM S - Climate and Climate Change |url=https://atmos.washington.edu/academics/classes/2001Q4/211/notes_greenhouse.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |publisher=University of Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Venus Fact Sheet |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=5 Weird Facts About Venus |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/5-weird-facts-about-venus#:~:text=Even%20though%20Venus%20is%20much,and%20reradiated%20as%20infrared%20radiation. |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nítorí titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tó ga, carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Venus ń fi ìmúra ìgbóná jùlọ (continuum absorption) hàn, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní gbogbo àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi, kì í ṣe ní àwọn ìbáṣepọ̀ ìgbà igbi pàtó nìkan bí ó ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

A ti ṣe àbá fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó yára ju ìṣàkóso lọ (runaway greenhouse effect) tí ó kan carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi lè ti ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Venus;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasool |first1=I. |last2=De Bergh |first2=C. |date=June 1970 |title=The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Venus Atmosphere |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature |volume=226 |issue=5250 |pages=1037–9 |bibcode=1970Natur.226.1037R |doi=10.1038/2261037a0 |pmid=16057644 |s2cid=4201521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021110413/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; èrò yìí ṣì wà lára àwọn tí a gba lọ́pọ̀ jù lọ títí di òní.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Michael Cabbage and Leslie |title=NASA climate modeling suggests Venus may have been habitable |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811030814/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|date=10 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Venus ní ìrírí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí kò lè dákẹ́, èyí tí ó yọrí sí afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó kún fún carbon dioxide tó tó ìdá 96%, àti titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tó fẹrẹ̀ dà bí ìtẹ̀sí omi ní ijinlẹ̀ tó tó 900 m (3,000 ft) nínú òkun lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó ṣeé ṣe kí Venus ti ní òkun omi ní ìgbà kan, ṣùgbọ́n omi yìí yóò ti yọ (boil off) bí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ ṣe ń gòkè dé 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F) tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto, G. L. |author2=Roos-Serote, M. |author3=Sugita, S. |author4=Gilmore, M. S. |author5=Kamp, L. W. |author6=Carlson, R. W. |author7=Baines, K. H. |date=2008 |title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] |volume=113 |issue=E9 |pages=E00B24 |bibcode=2008JGRE..113.0B24H |doi=10.1029/2008JE003134 |s2cid=45474562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David Shiga |date=10 October 2007 |title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=New Scientist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jakosky&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jakosky |first1=Bruce M. |title=The New Solar System |date=1999 |publisher=Sky Publishing |isbn=978-0-933346-86-4 |editor1-last=Beatty |editor1-first=J. Kelly |edition=4th |location=Boston |pages=175–200 |chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets |oclc=39464951 |editor2-last=Petersen |editor2-first=Carolyn Collins |editor3-last=Chaikin |editor3-first=Andrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mars ===
Mars ní nǹkan bí ìdá 70 ìgbà CO₂ ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisp2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Crisp |first1=D. |date=2012 |title={{CO2}} GREENHOUSE EFFECTS ON VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/climatology2012/pdf/8083.pdf |access-date=28 May 2023 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì kékeré nìkan, tó tó nǹkan bí 6 K (11 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot; /&gt; Ipa ilé-gíláàsì yìí kéré nítorí àìsí ìrì omi (water vapour) àti bí afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ṣe tinúrinú gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=John |date=2017 |title=Does Mars Have a Greenhouse Effect? |url=https://sciencing.com/mars-greenhouse-effect-1914.html |website=Sciencing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣírò ìtújáde ìtànràn (radiative transfer) kan náà tí ó ń ṣàlàyé ìgbóná lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún ń ṣàlàyé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Mars dáadáa, nígbà tí a bá kà àkópọ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Does the {{CO2}} atmosphere of Mars disprove greenhouse warming? |url=https://metafact.io/factchecks/77-does-the-co2-atmosphere-of-mars-disprove-greenhouse-warming |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=metafact |date=14 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WeartVenus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weart |first1=Spencer |title=The Discovery of Global Warming: Venus &amp; Mars |url=https://history.aip.org/climate/Venus.htm |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Center for History of Physics |publisher=American Institute of Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Titan ===
Oṣù Saturni Titan ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (anti-greenhouse effect) ní àkókò kan náà. Wíwà nitrogen (N₂), methane (CH₄), àti hydrogen (H₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì, èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ gòkè sí 21 K (38 °F) ju ìwọ̀n tí a máa retí lọ fún ara yìí tí kò bá ní àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2005 |title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse |url=https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927031140/https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=Astrobiology Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì N₂ àti H₂ kì í sábà gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí Titan nítorí ìkọlu tí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ń fa láàárín àwọn patíkù, ìwọ̀n àti ìtóbi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó pọ̀, àti ìgbi gígùn ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ tó tutù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Wíwà ìkùukùu tó wà ní gíga, tí ń gba àwọn ìgbi gígùn ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ṣùgbọ́n tí ó jẹ́ mímọ́ fún ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared), ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi tó tó nǹkan bí 9 K (16 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Abajade lapapọ ti àwọn ipa méjèèjì yìí jẹ́ ìgbóná tó tó 21 K − 9 K = 12 K (22 °F), nítorí náà ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Titan tó jẹ́ 94 K (−179 °C; −290 °F) jẹ́ 12 K gbóná ju ohun tí yóò jẹ́ bí kò bá sí afẹ́fẹ́ rárá lọ.ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ===
A kò lè ṣe àfojúsùn ìwọn ìbátan ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí àwọn ara ọ̀run (celestial bodies) oríṣìíríṣìí nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ wọn wé ara wọn nìkan. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé àwọn ohun mìíràn yàtọ̀ sí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí náà ń kópa nínú ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò ìtóbi ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

Ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ ń ní ipa lórí iye ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba. Ìtẹ̀sí tó ga ń yọrí sí ìgbàlódé ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption) sí i, nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí kéré sì ń dín un kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

Èyí jẹ́ nítorí ohun tí a ń pè ní “ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí” (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn ìlà àfihàn ìmọ́lẹ̀ (spectral lines). Nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga, ìkọlù láàárín àwọn molikula máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́pọ̀ síi. Ìkọlù wọ̀nyí ń tú ìbú àwọn ìlà ìmúra (absorption lines) ká, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò síi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|226}} 

Molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní kùtùkùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ní ìkọlù tó tó nǹkan bí bílíọ̀nù méje (7 billion) ní gbogbo ìsẹ́jú ààyá kan. Ìwọ̀n yìí kéré sí i ní àwọn ìpele gíga afẹ́fẹ́, níbi tí ìtẹ̀sí àti ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe kéré sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiuatmo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Atmosphere |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/atmos_struct.html#:~:text=Near%20sea%20level%2C%20an%20atom,is%20about%201%20each%20minute. |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Eastern Illinois University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn (wavelengths) tó pọ̀ síi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ ju bí wọ́n ṣe lè ṣe é lọ ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot; /&gt;

Lórí àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì mìíràn, ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure broadening) túmọ̀ sí pé molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa síi nínú mímú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná di àdúgbò nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga (bíi lórí Venus), ṣùgbọ́n yóò dín ìmúra rẹ̀ kù nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ bá kéré (bíi lórí Mars).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox project|type=Afforestation|ministry=[[Minister of Road and Urban Development]], Minister of Energy, Minister of Agriculture Jihad, Minister of Industries, Mines, Trade&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=گام‌های فارس برای اجرای طرح ملی کاشت یک میلیارد درخت |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/85133341/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA-%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA |website=www.irna.ir |access-date=15 September 2023 |language=fa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://1btree.frw.ir/index.jsp?siteid=81&amp;fkeyid=&amp;siteid=81&amp;pageid=5290 |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2025-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250702132434/https://1btree.frw.ir/index.jsp?siteid=81&amp;fkeyid=&amp;siteid=81&amp;pageid=5290 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;|funding=Iran oil industry provides part of 18000 billion toman|budget=|native_name=طرح ملی کاشت یک میلیارد درخت|website=https://1btree.frw.ir/}}

'''Iṣẹ́ Ìgbìn Igi Bílíọ̀nù Kan''' jẹ́ iṣẹ́ Iran láti gbin igi láti ọdún 2021 sí 2025.

Ní ọdún 2021, ìyàlẹ̀ fún Mínísítà fún Jihad fún Àgbẹ̀, Àjọ Àlùmọ́nì Àdánidá àti Ìṣàkóso Omi, àti Ẹ̀ka Àyíká láti ṣe ètò náà..  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2023-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2023-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Àìsàn omi ní Iran mú kí iyèméjì nípa bí iṣẹ́ náà ṣe lè ṣeé ṣe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2023-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2023-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn góólù ==
Ìjọba yóò gbin igi tó tó ọgọ́rùn-ún mẹ́ta mílíọ̀nù. 250 mílíọ̀nù igi ni wọ́n gbọ́dọ̀ gbìn lọ́dọọdún. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=10 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2023-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àfojúsùn iṣẹ́ náà ni láti mú kí igbó àdánidá padà sípò, láti gbin igi oko, láti mú kí ààyè ìlú pọ̀ sí i, àti láti kojú ìjì iyanrìn.

== Cultivar ==
Àwọn agbègbè Àríwá ni yóò gba crataegus àti igi óákù. Ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Carpinus betulus (àwọn hornbeams ti ilẹ̀ Yúróòpù). Àwọn agbègbè àárín gbùngbùn yóò gba robinia, fraxinus, àti Persian lilacs. Níkẹyìn, àwọn agbègbè Gúúsù yóò gbin igi eucalyptus àti mangrove. 

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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'''Àwọn Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́''' jẹ́ àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ mẹ́ta tí Sẹ́nétọ̀ John McCain (R-AZ) àti Sẹ́nétọ̀ Joseph Lieberman (ID-CT) gbé kalẹ̀ sí Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Amẹ́ríkà, pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn olùgbọ̀wọ́ mìíràn. Wọ́n ní èrò láti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ètò ìdókòwò àti ètò ìṣòwò fún àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdáhùn sí ewu ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ ènìyàn. Gbogbo àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ mẹ́tẹ̀ẹ̀ta kò rí ìdìbò tó láti kọjá ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin.

== Ìtàn òfin ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin
! Àkọlé kúkúrú
! Nọ́mbà ìwé-ìṣirò
! Ọjọ́ tí a ṣe àfihàn
! Àwọn Onígbọ̀wọ́ (àwọn)
! # àwọn olùgbéléwò
! Ipo tuntun
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Ile igbimọ aṣofin 108th
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́ ti ọdún 2004
| H.R. 4067
| Ọjọ́ ọgbọ̀n oṣù kẹta, ọdún 2004
| Wayne Gilchrest
(R-MD)
| 85
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́ ti ọdún 2003
| S. 139
| Ọjọ́ kẹsàn-án oṣù kìíní, ọdún 2003
| Joe Lieberman
(D-CT)
| 9
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin 109th
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́ ti ọdún 2005
| H.R. 759
| Ọjọ́ kẹwàá oṣù kejì, ọdún 2005
| Wayne Gilchrest
(R-MD)
| 122
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| S. 342
| Ọjọ́ kẹwàá oṣù kejì, ọdún 2005
| [[John McCain]]
(R-AZ)
| 16
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Àyíká àti Ìṣẹ̀dá Àyíká ti ọdún 2005
| S. 1151
| Ọjọ́ kẹrìndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù karùn-ún, ọdún 2005
| [[John McCain]]
(R-AZ)
| 3
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ile igbimọ aṣofin 110th
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́ ti ọdún 2007
| H.R. 620
| Ọjọ́ Kejìlélógún oṣù kìíní, ọdún 2007
| John Olver
(D-MA)
| 136
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Ojúọjọ́ àti Ààbò Ọrọ̀-Ajé ti ọdún 2007
| H.R. 4226
| Ọjọ́ karùndínlógún oṣù kọkànlá, ọdún 2007
| Wayne Gilchrest
(R-MD)
| 5
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|-
| Òfin Ìṣàkóso Àyíká àti Ìṣẹ̀dá Àyíká ti ọdún 2007
| S. 280
| Ọjọ́ Kejìlá oṣù kìíní, ọdún 2007
| Joe Lieberman
(I-CT)
| 11
| O ku ninu igbimọ
|}

== Òfin Ìṣàkóso Afẹ́fẹ́ Ọdún 2003 ==
Òfin àkọ́kọ́ ( S. 139, H.R. 4067 ) Wọ́n ṣẹ́gun rẹ̀ ní Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Amẹ́ríkà pẹ̀lú ìbò márùndínlọ́gọ́ta sí mẹ́tàlélógójì. &lt;ref name=&quot;2003act&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2012-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tí a bá fọwọ́ sí i, ìbá ti dín ìtújáde [[Kárbónì ọlọ́ksíjínìméjì|&lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt;]] ti ọdún 2010 kù ní ìpele 2000. Àwọn agbègbè gbígbé àti oko, àti àwọn agbègbè mìíràn tí a kà sí “kò ṣeé ṣe”, ni a óò yọ kúrò. Nítorí náà, nǹkan bí 85% ti ìtújáde ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ni a óò ti bo fún ọdún 2000. Ìwé òfin náà ìbá ti dá ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ sílẹ̀ ní Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti Orílẹ̀-èdè fún àwọn tí wọ́n ń kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ojú ọjọ́ . &lt;ref name=&quot;2003act&quot;/&gt;

=== Àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ọrọ̀ ajé tí a lò láti tako òfin ojú ọjọ́ ===
Ilé iṣẹ́ ìgbìmọ̀ nípa ètò ọrọ̀ ajé awọn Alábàáṣiṣẹpọ̀ Charles River ṣe àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ tó fi hàn pé iṣẹ́ òfin náà kò dára. Wọ́n ṣe àríwísí iṣẹ́ wọn ní ọdún 2005 fún lílo àwọn èrò ìṣúná owó tí kò ṣeé ṣe àti ṣíṣe àwọn ìṣúná owó tí kò tọ́ ní ọ̀nà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=Natural Resources Defense Council|date=February 2005|title=Jobs and the Climate Stewardship Act: How Curbing Global Warming Can Increase Employment|url=https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/CSAjobs.pdf|publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council|pages=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tí wọ́n ṣe ní ọdún 2021 parí iṣẹ́ wọn láti ọdún 1990 sí ọdún 2010, wọ́n fojú díwọ̀n iye owó tí wọ́n ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀, wọ́n sì fojú di àwọn àǹfààní ètò ìṣèlú, àwọn olóṣèlú àti àwọn olùfẹ́ ìgbìmọ̀ sì sábà máa ń gbé kalẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ẹni tí kò ní òmìnira dípò kí wọ́n máa ṣe onígbọ̀wọ́ fún wọn. Àwọn ìwé mìíràn tí àwọn onímọ̀ nípa ètò ọrọ̀ ajé ní awọn alábàáṣiṣẹpọ̀ Àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ Wharton Econometric tẹ̀ jáde ní ìparí ọdún 1990 (àti lẹ́yìn náà, ní ọdún 2010, ní MIT), pẹ̀lú owó ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti ọ̀dọ̀ ilé iṣẹ́ epo epo, mú àwọn ìparí èrò kan náà jáde. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Weaponizing economics: Big Oil, economic consultants, and climate policy delay|journal=Environmental Politics|pages=555–575|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:daded5cf-7c0f-45b6-8e76-274bba15d1b3/files/s1r66j274z}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Òfin Ìṣàkóso Àyíká àti Ìṣẹ̀dá Àyíká Ọdún 2005 ==
Lábẹ́ àkọlé tí a ti yípadà díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n pẹ̀lú àwọn ìpèsè tí ó jọra, Òfin ( S. 1151 ) ni a tun gbe kalẹ si Ile-igbimọ Aṣofin tuntun kan. Ofin naa bayi beere fun ijọba apapọ lati ṣe ipa asiwaju ninu iwadii ati titaja awọn imọ-ẹrọ agbara tuntun, ati paapaa awọn apẹrẹ awọn ile-iṣẹ iparun . &lt;ref name=&quot;innovation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2007-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ofin yii yoo tun pese fun iṣowo awọn ifunni itusilẹ ati awọn idinku gẹgẹbi Awọn Kirẹditi Iyipada Afefe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2012-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wọ́n kọ̀ láti gba ìwé òfin náà ní ọdún méjídínlógójì sí ọdún ọgọ́ta. 

=== Ile-iṣẹ Kirẹditi Iyipada Ayika ===
Pípín àwọn ìwé àṣẹ pàtàkì fún ìtújáde láti ọwọ́ Ilé Iṣẹ́ Àyípadà Òjò (tí a ó dá sílẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan Òfin Ìṣàkóso Òjò Òjò àti Ìṣẹ̀dá Òjò) ni a ṣe láti pèsè owó ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún àwọn oníbàárà àti ilé iṣẹ́ láti tẹ̀lé òfin náà pátápátá. A ó pín àwọn ìwé àṣẹ láti ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún àwọn ìgbòkègbodò ti Ilé Iṣẹ́ Àyípadà Òjò Òjò, àjọ àpapọ̀ ìjọba àti ti ara ẹni tí yóò ṣe àkóso ètò ìdókòwò àti ìtajà, pèsè gbèsè (Àwọn Kírédíìtì Ìyípadà Òjò) fún àwọn àjọ tí ó kópa fún ìdínkù nínú àpapọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ewéko tí a ṣe ṣáájú ọdún 2012, àti láti mú kí ìyípadà rọrùn fún àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ tí wọ́n ní àníyàn ìdíje àti àwọn àṣàyàn díẹ̀ fún ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ ìdínkù agbára tí ó munadoko. Àwọn kírédíìtì wọ̀nyí ní ààlà ṣùgbọ́n a lè lò wọ́n, rà wọ́n, tàbí tà wọ́n. 

== Òfin Ìṣàkóso Àyíká àti Ìṣẹ̀dá Àyíká Ọdún 2007 ==
ÌÌmúdàgbàsókè pàtàkì ti Òfin yìí (S. 280) ní nínú ìpèsè fún ìdínkù ìtújáde, tí kò ṣeé gbé kiri nínú àwọn Òfin ìṣáájú, láti dínkù díẹ̀díẹ̀, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìlànà ìfàsẹ́yìn àti ìṣọ̀kan. Àwọn aṣòfin mọ́kànlá ló ṣe onígbọ̀wọ́ rẹ̀, wọ́n sì tún gba ìfọwọ́sí láti ọ̀dọ̀ egbẹ́ Orílẹ̀-èdè awọn Ẹranko Aláìsàn, Ààbò Àyíká, àti Ile-iṣẹ Pew lori Iyipada Oju-ọjọ Agbaye, tí ó jẹ́ Ile-iṣẹ fun awọn Ojutu Ayika ati Agbara Bayìí. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2008-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Idinku ninu awọn itujade ti a pese labẹ Ofin naa yoo wa si ipele ọdun 2004 ni ọdun 2012, ipele ọdun 1990 ni ọdun 2020, ati 60% ni isalẹ ọdun 1990 ni ọdun 2050. Ipele 60% ni a reti fun Ofin Iyipada Oju-ọjọ UK ti n bọ.

Òfin náà kú lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n tọ́ka sí ìgbìmọ̀ náà, láìsí ìdìbò gbogbo àwọn Sẹ́nẹ́tọ̀. 

== Wo tun ==

* Ìkọ̀sílẹ̀ ì Tottenham ojú ọjọ́ ayé
* Ìtọ́jú
* Iyọọda

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{John McCain}}

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* [http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&amp;name=ViewPrint&amp;articleId=7603 Àwòrán Amẹ́ríkà Lórí Íńtánẹ́ẹ̀tì] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414112939/http://www.prospect.org/web/page.ww?section=root&amp;name=ViewPrint&amp;articleId=7603 |date=2007-04-14 }}
* [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s110-280 Ipo Awọn Ofin ni GovTrack.us]</text>
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      <text bytes="10083" sha1="deseiw0m34znjwwf2uzaye0le2qis78" xml:space="preserve">'''Ìtọ́jú''' ilẹ̀ ni àkàwé pé a lè ṣàyẹ̀wò àti ṣàtúnṣe àwọn ìṣòro àyíká ayé bí ti ayé, bí ìgbóná ayé, lọ́nà tó dájú, gẹ́gẹ́ bí dókítà oníṣègùn ṣe ń ṣàyẹ̀wò àti wo ara ènìyàn sàn nípa mímú àìdọ́gba padà sípò nínú ìlera aláìsàn.  Ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ ni a ń tọ́ka sí ìlànà àtúnṣe ìlera ilẹ̀ ayé nípa fífún àwọn ìlànà bíogeochemical àti ti ara ẹ̀dá lágbára tí ó ń ṣàkóso àwọn ètò ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìwàláàyè ilẹ̀ ayé àti ìṣàkóso ìwọ̀n otútù àgbáyé, ìpele òkun, ìṣẹ̀dá ojú ọ̀run, ìbísí ilẹ̀, oúnjẹ, àti àwọn ìpèsè omi tuntun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Geotherapy : innovative methods of soil fertility restoration, carbon sequestration, and reversing {{CO2}} increase|location=Boca Raton}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Innovative methods of marine ecosystem restoration|location=Boca Raton, FL}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ ayé wo ìlera ènìyàn àti dídára ìgbésí ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan, nítorí náà ó sinmi lórí àwọn iṣẹ́ àyíká tí àwọn biomes tó ní ìlera ń pèsè. Ó tún mọ àìní pàtàkì láti tún àwọn iṣẹ́ àyíká ayé tó ti bàjẹ́ gidigidi ṣe fún ọjọ́ iwájú tó wà pẹ́ títí. 

Kò yẹ kí a da Geotherapy pọ̀ mọ́ geoengineering. Geotherapy ń tún àwọn ètò ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìgbésí ayé àdánidá ṣe, nígbà tí Geoengineering ń gbìyànjú láti fi àwọn ọ̀nà ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ rọ́pò wọn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2019-02-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Láti yẹra fún ìdàrúdàpọ̀ láàárín àwọn èrò tí ó lòdì sí ẹ̀kọ́, Geotherapy, tí a tún ń pè ní BioGeoTherapy [láti ọwọ́ ta?] láti tẹnu mọ́ àfiyèsí rẹ̀ lórí àtúnṣe àwọn ètò ìṣẹ̀dá ẹ̀dá alààyè, yàtọ̀ sí àwọn ojútùú ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ líle.

== Àwọn orísun ti ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ ==
Richard Grantham, onímọ̀ nípa ìṣẹ̀dá ẹ̀dá-ara, ló dá ọ̀rọ̀ náà geotherapy sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/granth01.htm|title=Grantham's Genome Hypothesis|website=post.queensu.ca|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2018-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718030005/http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/granth01.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;nígbà Ìpàdé Ilé-iṣẹ́ Ìwádìí Ìmọ̀-ayé ti Orílẹ̀-èdè Faransé lórí &quot;Modeling Geotherapy for Global Changes&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kundoc.com/pdf-colloquium-on-modelling-and-geotherapy-for-global-change-.html|title=Colloquium on modelling and geotherapy for global change - PDF Free Download|website=kundoc.com|access-date=2018-12-11|archive-date=2018-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070056/https://kundoc.com/pdf-colloquium-on-modelling-and-geotherapy-for-global-change-.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Geotherapy&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|date=2014-12-02|editor-last=Goreau|editor-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Larson|editor2-first=Ronal|editor3-last=Campe|editor3-first=Joanna|title=Geotherapy|doi=10.1201/b13788|isbn=978-1-4665-9539-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grantham ṣètò ìpàdé náà, pẹ̀lú àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ìyípadà ojúọjọ́, wọ́n sì fọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ kọ Ìkéde Geotherapy. Ìpàdé náà sọ pé a gbọ́dọ̀ lo &quot;bioethic àgbáyé&quot; láti gbógun ti ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ láti inú àwọn ipa tí a ròyìn pé ó lè fa àpọ̀jù ènìyàn àti, síwájú sí i, pé àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì láti gbogbo ẹ̀ka gbọ́dọ̀ fi ara wọn fún lílo ìmọ̀ àpapọ̀ wọn láti ṣẹ̀dá àwọn ojútùú tó lè pẹ́ títí sí ìṣòro àgbáyé yìí. Ìpàdé náà tẹnu mọ́ bí ipò náà ṣe le tó: pé ìwàláàyè ẹ̀dá ènìyàn àti, ní tòótọ́, gbogbo biosphere, wà nínú ewu - ìparun gbogbo ènìyàn kẹfà ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ àti láìsí ìyípadà àṣà, ìgbésí ayé lórí ilẹ̀ ayé yóò san owó náà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Reflections after the Lyon colloquium on Geotherapy and the Rio Earth Summit on Environment and Development}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=ACTIVATING GEOTHERAPY AND GLOBAL BIOETHICS|url=http://www.soilcarbonalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Geotherapy_UNCED_1991.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grantham bá ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti dókítà ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀, títí kan olùwádìí nípa àrùn jẹjẹrẹ Van Rensselaer Potter. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Getting to the Year 3000: Can Global Bioethics Overcome Evolution's Fatal Flaw?}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Potter, Van Rensselaer. Bioethics: Bridge to the future. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice-Hall, 1971 (196 pages)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Potter lo àwọn àfihàn àwòrán láti ṣe àfihàn ipa ìdàgbàsókè àṣà ìbílẹ̀ kan náà lórí ìdàgbàsókè ẹ̀dá ènìyàn tí ó pín sí méjì. Grantham àti Potter wá láti ìpìlẹ̀ ìṣègùn, wọ́n sì ní èrò kan náà nígbà tí ó bá kan ayé, èyí tí wọ́n rò pé ó jẹ́ ara aláìsàn tí ó gbọ́dọ̀ kọ́kọ́ ṣe àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀ dáadáa, lẹ́yìn náà kí wọ́n fún un ní oògùn àtúnṣe láti lè wòsàn kúrò nínú ìbàjẹ́ tí àìdọ́gba tí àwọn agbára ẹ̀dá ènìyàn dá sílẹ̀ ń fà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Geotherapy as evolutionary choice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''''Ìkéde fún Ìtọ́jú Ilẹ̀ àti Ìwà Ẹ̀dá-ara'''''

Ìbàjẹ́ àyíká ń mú kí ó máa ba ibùgbé àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè jẹ́. A gbàgbọ́ pé ìgbésẹ̀ àtúnṣe ṣeé ṣe àti pé ó jẹ́ kíákíá.

* Àfojúsùn wa ni láti wà láàyè fún ìgbà pípẹ́ nínú ètò àyíká tí a lè tọ́jú dáadáa.
* Àwa, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ènìyàn, a gba ẹrù iṣẹ́ wa nípa àìfi àwọn ohun àdánidá sílẹ̀ fún èrè ìgbà kúkúrú àti nípa ṣíṣiṣẹ́ láti jẹ́ kí ayé jẹ́ ibi ìgbé ayé tí ó dára jù.
* Yíyàn yìí yóò ní ipa lórí ìdàgbàsókè ẹ̀dá àti àṣà wa; a kò le yẹra fún un láìsí àwọn àbájáde búburú.
* Ìwà ẹ̀dá kárí ayé yẹ kí ó tún ṣe ìtọ́sọ́nà àti ìṣírí fún ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ àti ìdàgbàsókè àṣà wa.
* Ìṣòro gbòǹgbò ni ìdàgbàsókè àwùjọ tí ó pọ̀ jù; agbára gbígbé ilẹ̀ ayé ti ń kọjá lọ. Pẹ̀lú àṣà ìbílẹ̀ ti ìbàjẹ́ ìdàgbàsókè gbogbo onírúurú yóò pọ̀ sí i níwọ̀n ìgbà tí iye ènìyàn bá ń pọ̀ sí i.
* A kéde pé àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbogbo onírúurú ìgbésí ayé yẹ kí wọ́n gba àwọn góńgó tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè yìí kí wọ́n sì kópa nínú ìpàdé ní gbogbo ìpele láti lo àwọn ìlànà wọ̀nyí. 

Nípasẹ̀ Ìkéde Ìtọ́jú Ayé, Grantham ní èrò láti ṣẹ̀dá “ẹ̀tọ́ abẹ̀mí gbogbo àgbáyé” kárí ayé, níbi tí àwọn ènìyàn ti ń hùwà pẹ̀lú agbára ìṣọ̀kan rere pẹ̀lú ẹ̀dá, tí wọ́n ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùtọ́jú àyíká, tí wọ́n sì ń kópa gidigidi nínú ìwòsàn àti àtúnṣe àwọn ìbàjẹ́ tí àwọn ènìyàn ìṣáájú ti fà. Ète rẹ̀ ni láti nípa lórí ìrònú àwọn olùpinnu kárí ayé ní ìpàdé ilẹ̀ ayé Rio de Janeiro ti ọdún 1992 níbi tí wọ́n ti fọwọ́ sí àdéhùn apérò Ìlànà UN lórí Ìyípadà Ojúọjọ́. Ó ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú Thomas J. F. Goreau, onímọ̀ nípa bíóókímérì kan tí ó ranlọ́wọ́ láti ṣe àtúnṣe àkọsílẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ ti Àdéhùn UNFCCC nígbà tí ó jẹ́ Olùdarí Àjọ Ìmọ̀ Sáyẹ́ǹsì Àgbà ní Ile-iṣẹ Imọ-jinlẹ ati Imọ-ẹrọ ti Orilẹ-ede fun Idagbasoke ní olùdarí àyípadà ojúọjọ́ àti àwọn ọ̀ràn onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè kárí ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geotherapy&quot;/&gt;

Láìsí àní-àní, ìsapá láti ṣẹ̀dá ìlànà ìwà-bí-ẹlẹ́gbẹ́ kárí ayé tí ó gba èrò ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé ni a dínkù ní kété lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n ṣe àkọsílẹ̀ Ìkéde Ilẹ̀-ayé ní ọdún 1991 nígbà tí Grantham ṣàìsàn pẹ̀lú àrùn neurodegenerative kan tí ó jọ Àrùn Parkinson. Àìsàn náà mú kí ó má lè sọ̀rọ̀ tàbí kọ̀wé. &lt;ref name=&quot;Geotherapy&quot;/&gt;

== Ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ lónìí ==
A tún gbé ìlànà ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ náà padà ní ọdún 2014 pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀jáde ìwé Geotherapy:Àwọn Ọ̀nà atijọ́ tuntun fún Ìtúnṣe Ìbísí Ilẹ̀, Ìparẹ́ Erogba, àti Ìyípadà Ìbísí CO2, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Geotherapy : innovative methods of soil fertility restoration, carbon sequestration, and reversing {{CO2}} increase|location=Boca Raton}}&lt;/ref&gt; àkójọ àwọn ìwé tí ó sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìyọkúrò erogba afẹ́fẹ́ láti yí ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ padà pẹ̀lú ìṣẹ̀dá ilẹ̀ ọlọ́ràá erogba àti ohun alumọ́ni fún iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀. Àwọn orí kan sọ̀rọ̀ nípa àwọn ìyípadà ńláńlá nínú ọ̀làjú àgbáyé tí ó lè ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ìlànà ẹ̀dá-ara àgbáyé, fún àpẹẹrẹ yípadà sí &quot;ọrọ̀-ajé tí ó dá lórí erogba&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Geotherapy&quot;/&gt; Èrò náà ń fa àfiyèsí púpọ̀ sí i  àti pé ó fẹ́ ṣiṣẹ́ fún ète Grantham láti gbé èrò àtúnṣe tó dájú kalẹ̀ ní ti ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì láti so ìgbésẹ̀ kárí ayé pọ̀ fún ọjọ́ iwájú tó lè wà pẹ́ títí.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Geotherapy&quot; /&gt; Ní àfikún, wọ́n jíròrò ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ nínú ìgbìmọ̀ ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ kan tí a pè ní 'Ìgbìmọ̀ Ìpàjáwìrì Ojúọjọ́.' Ìṣọ̀kan Àjọ Ìpàjáwìrì Ojúọjọ́, ẹgbẹ́ kan tí ó wà láti M.I.T. àti Yunifásítì Harvard ní Cambridge, Massachusetts, ló ń darí ìgbìmọ̀ náà. 

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Multiple issues/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Multiple issues|{{geographical imbalance|date=July 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2019}}}}
[[Fáìlì:Drought_2010-2012.ogv|thumb|300x300px| Àwòrán yìí fi bí ọ̀dá ṣe gbilẹ̀ ní Amẹ́ríkà ní ọdún 2010, 2011, àti 2012 hàn.]]
[[Fáìlì:Lake_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|thumb|Adágún gbígbẹ ní Oklahoma nítorí ọ̀dá náà]]
'''Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 2010 &amp;#x2013; 2013 àti Mexico'''jẹ́ ọ̀dá líle koko tó gbòòrò tó sì gbòòrò tó ń ba Gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà jẹ́, títí kan àwọn apá kan ní Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida, àti Oklahoma; àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Gúúsù Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn, títí kan Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico, àti Arizona; àti àwọn apá ńlá ní Mexico, ní ìpele ọdún mẹ́ta láti ọdún 2010 sí 2013.

Àwọn ipa búburú jùlọ ni Texas, èyí tí ó ní ìrírí òjò gbígbẹ jùlọ àti àkókò gbígbẹ jùlọ ní Oṣù Kẹjọ sí Keje (oṣù 12) tí a kọ sílẹ̀ láti ọdún 2010 sí 2011. Wọ́n tún sọ pé òjò gbígbẹ náà ní oṣù Karùn-ún ọdún 2011 ni àkókò òjò tí ó burú jùlọ ní Texas láti ọdún 1895.  Ilé iṣẹ́ ìròyìn Droit Monitor ti ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ròyìn pé Lubbock, Texas, ti ní ìrírí ìpele ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2011. McAllen, Harlingen, Brownsville àti Corpus Christi tún wà lára ​​àwọn ìlú mẹ́sàn-án ní Amẹ́ríkà tí ọ̀dá líle koko ti kàn jùlọ.  Ọ̀dá tó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Texas fa àdánù tó tó $7.62 bilionu nínú àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn àti ẹran ọ̀sìn, èyí tó ju àdánù tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ lọ, tó jẹ́ $4.1 billion tó ti wáyé ní ọdún 2006. 

== Ìtàn ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Òjò náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ nítorí pé La Niña tó lágbára ń dàgbà ní ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn ọdún 2010, èyí tó mú kí òjò tó rọ̀ sí gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà kéré sí àròpín. Àwọn ipa La Niña lè hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ nítorí pé òjò tó rọ̀ ní gúúsù máa ń rọ̀ ní ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn, èyí sì ni ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn tó gbẹ jùlọ fún Texas àti Georgia ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún títí di ìsinsìnyí, àti pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ gúúsù ló rọ̀ òjò tó rọ̀ díẹ̀.

Jálẹ̀ ọdún 2011, ọ̀dá náà wà ní Gúúsù Jìn-jìn bí àárín gúúsù ṣe gba ìkún omi nítorí ojú ọjọ́ líle àti ìjì líle. Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, ọ̀dá náà tẹ̀síwájú ó sì le sí i ní Gúúsù Jìn-jìn bí Texas ṣe rí ọdún 2011 gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọdún kejì tí ó gbẹ jùlọ ní àkọsílẹ̀, Oklahoma rí ọdún kẹrin tí ó gbẹ jùlọ, Georgia sì rí ọdún keje tí ó gbẹ jùlọ ní àkọsílẹ̀. Ìgbà òtútù ti 2011–12 jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​ìgbà òtútù tí ó gbẹ jùlọ ní àkọsílẹ̀ fún ìlà-oòrùn àti àárín gbùngbùn Amẹ́ríkà. Ní ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 2012, ọ̀dá náà gbòòrò sí i láti Gúúsù Jìn-jìn sí Midwest, Mid-guusu, Great Plains, àti àfonífojì Ohio. Ní àkókò tí ó ga jùlọ ní oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2012, ọ̀dá náà bo nǹkan bí 81% ti Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Jálẹ̀ ìgbà òtútù ọdún 2012–13, òjò líle àti yìnyín mú ìtura bá ọ̀dá ní gúúsù àti ìlà-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà, ó tilẹ̀ fa ìkún omi líle. Ní oṣù kẹta ọdún 2013, ìlà-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà kò ní ọ̀dá, ó sì parí ọ̀dá gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà ti 2010–13 ní ti gidi. Ọ̀dá náà tẹ̀síwájú ní àwọn Pẹ̀tẹ́lẹ̀ Ńlá títí di ọdún 2014. Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, ọ̀dá náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà ní ọdún 2013 ó sì ṣì wà títí di òní ní àwọn agbègbè kan.

== Àwọn ipa ==
[[Fáìlì:2011_Texas_Drought.jpg|thumb|Ọ̀dá náà mú kí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ibi omi ní Central Texas gbẹ. Wọ́n fi ọkọ̀ ojú omi yìí sílẹ̀ láti jókòó sí àárín ohun tí ó sábà máa ń jẹ́ ẹ̀ka Adágún Travis, apá kan Odò Colorado.]]
pàápàá jùlọ àwọn iná ìgbóná ní Texas ti ọdún 2011, iná Wallow àti Horseshoe 2 ní Arizona, iná Whitewater-Baldy Complex àti iná Little Bear ní New Mexico, àti àwọn iná ìgbóná ní Colorado ti ọdún 2012 ní Colorado.  Mexico náà rí ipa búburú láti inú ọ̀dá náà, èyí tí ó pa àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn run, tí ó pa ẹran tí ó lé ní mílíọ̀nù kan, tí ó sì mú kí omi àti oúnjẹ gbòòrò sí i ní agbègbè náà. A ti ṣàpèjúwe ọ̀dá náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí èyí tí ó burú jùlọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà ní ọdún àádọ́rin sẹ́yìn.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2011-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nígbà tí ó fi máa di ìparí oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 2011, òfin ìfòfindè sísun níta ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣiṣẹ́ fún 251 nínú 254 agbègbè Texas. Ipele adágún ní Texas ti dínkù gidigidi, àwọn kan ní ìwọ̀n ẹsẹ̀ bàtà 50; E.V. Spence Reservoir ti dínkù sí ìwọ̀n 1% ní oṣù keje ọdún 2011. Èyí fi àwọn nǹkan tí ó ti rì sínú omi hàn, láti orí agbárí ọmọ ìbílẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà sí ojò Space Shuttle Columbia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fernandez, Manny|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/us/texas-drought-is-revealing-secrets-of-the-deep.html|title=As Water Levels Drop, Texas Drought Reveals Secrets of the Deep|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 29, 2011|access-date=February 3, 2012|archivedate=March 27, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọjọ́ ọgbọ̀n oṣù kẹjọ, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilé ní ìlú Oklahoma ni wọ́n wó palẹ̀ pẹ̀lú 1,500 eka igi. Ọgọ́rọ̀ọ̀rún ilé ni wọ́n ti kó kúrò ní ìlú náà. &lt;ref name=&quot;TexasReuters&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marsh|title=No relief in sight for Texas heat and drought|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-weather-idUSTRE7745CG20110805|access-date=13 January 2013|work=Reuters|date=5 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀dá náà ní ipa búburú lórí àwọn oko màlúù ní Texas àti Oklahoma, àwọn tí wọ́n pa agbo màlúù wọn run gidigidi, tí wọ́n sì dín iye àwọn màlúù orílẹ̀-èdè náà kù sí ìpele tí ó rẹlẹ̀ jùlọ ní ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún.

Òjò ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 2012 mú kí ipò nǹkan sunwọ̀n síi ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ apá Texas, nígbà tí ó fi di ọjọ́ kejìlá oṣù kẹrin ọdún 2012, ìpín 14% péré ni ìpínlẹ̀ náà wà nínú ọ̀dá “àrà ọ̀tọ̀”, ní ìfiwéra pẹ̀lú ìpín 88% ní àkókò tí ọ̀dá náà pọ̀ sí i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.texasdroughtinfo.org/PDFs/DTSC4_12.pdf|work=Texas Drought Technology Steering Committee|title=Drought Steering Committee Presentation|date=April 12, 2012|access-date=June 11, 2012|archivedate=December 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210001810/http://texasdroughtinfo.org/PDFs/DTSC4_12.pdf|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Usdm-early-2012.png|left|thumb|400x400px|Àjọ Aláyẹ̀wò Drone Monitor ti Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà ní ọjọ́ kẹta oṣù kìíní àti ọjọ́ kẹta oṣù keje ọdún 2012. Ṣàkíyèsí ìdàgbàsókè ńlá láti Gúúsù sí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà .]]
Ní ìgbà ìrúwé àti ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn ọdún 2012, ọ̀dá náà gbòòrò sí i, ó sì di ọ̀dá ní Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ní ọdún 2012, èyí tó ní ipa lórí ju 80% àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà tó wà nítòsí lọ. 

Ní ìparí ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn ọdún 2012, ọ̀dá náà dínkù ní àwọn apá kan ní gúúsù Amẹ́ríkà, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń tẹ̀síwájú láti pọ̀ sí i ní àárín gbùngbùn Amẹ́ríkà.

Gẹ́gẹ́ bí U.S. Droit Monitor, ìsapá àpapọ̀ láti Ile-iṣẹ Idena Droit ti Orilẹ-ede, Ile-iṣẹ Ogbin ti Orilẹ-ede Amẹrika ati Isakoso Okun ati Afẹfẹ Orilẹ-ede, ti sọ, ní ìparí oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2012, nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́rin nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún ìpínlẹ̀ Texas ló wà nínú ọ̀dá “tí ó le koko” tàbí “tí ó yàtọ̀”, àwọn méjì tó le koko jùlọ.

Òjò náà fa àdánù bílíọ̀nù dọ́là ní gbogbo ọrọ̀ ajé ìpínlẹ̀ náà. Àwọn àgbẹ̀ àti àwọn olùṣọ́-àgùntàn wà lára ​​àwọn tí ó ṣòro jùlọ. Iṣẹ́ Ìtẹ̀síwájú A&amp;M AgriLife ti Texas ṣírò pé àwọn olùṣe àgbẹ̀ ní Texas pàdánù tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó $7.6 bilionu nítorí òjò náà. 

Ọ̀dá àti ooru tí a kò rí irú rẹ̀ rí ló mú kí ọdún 2011 jẹ́ ọdún tó burú jùlọ fún àwọn iná ìgbẹ́ ní ìtàn Texas. Láti ọjọ́ karùndínlógún oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2010 sí ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2011, Texas rí iná tó tó 23,835 tó jó ilẹ̀ tó ju 3.8 mílíọ̀nù eékà lọ tó sì ba ilé 2,763 ní Texas jẹ́. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2014-02-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igi tí ó pàdánù nítorí ọ̀dá àti iná ìgbẹ́ lè mú àwọn ọjà tí ó tó $1.6 bilionu  jáde, èyí tí ó yọrí sí ipa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé ní Ìlà-Oòrùn Texas tó $3.4 bilionu. 

== Wo tun ==

* Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 2012–13
* Igba ooru ti ọdun 2010 ni Ariwa Hemisphere
* Àwọn Ọjọ́ Àdúrà fún Òjò ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Texas
* Ìgbì ooru ti Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 2011
* Igba ooru ti ọdun 2012 ni Ariwa Amerika
* Àwọn igbó iná tó ń jó ní Colorado ní ọdún 2012
* Àwọn igbó iná ní Oklahoma ti ọdún 2012
* [[Àyípadà ipò ojú-ọjọ́ (climate change)|Afikun aropin iwọn gbigbona tabi otutu]]
* [[Ìsọ̀gbẹ́dalẹ̀|Isọ̀kalẹ̀ aṣálẹ̀]]
* La Niña

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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[[Ẹ̀ka:A kò tí ì ṣe àgbéyẹwò sí sí ojú-ewé ògbufọ̀ rẹ]]</text>
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    <title>Bankole kayode iyanu</title>
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox football biography|name=Bankole Kayode|fullname=Bankole Kayode Iyanu|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2002|10|16|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Ipokia]], Nigeria|height=1.85 m|position=[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]|currentclub=[[TS Galaxy F.C.|TS Galaxy]]|clubnumber=35|years1=2019–2020|clubs1=[[Shooting Stars F.C.|Shooting Stars]]|caps1=0|goals1=0|years2=2020–2025|clubs2=[[Remo Stars F.C.|Remo Stars]]|caps2=89|goals2=0|years3=2025–|clubs3=[[TS Galaxy F.C.|TS Galaxy]]|caps3=0|goals3=0|nationalyears1=2022|nationalteam1=[[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria]]|nationalcaps1=1|nationalgoals1=0|club-update=17 July 2022|nationalteam-update=9 November 2022}}'''Bankole Kayode Iyanu''' jẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà tí ó ń ṣeré ní ipò olùṣọ́ góòlù fún Ẹgbẹ́ Bọ́ọ̀lù Orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà àti fún ẹgbẹ́ TS Galaxy ní Premier Soccer League ilẹ̀ Gúúsù ÁfíricaÓ bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù ọjọ́gbọn rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú Remo Stars ní ọdún 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-31|title=NPFL: MFM loses again as Rivers United and Remo Stars settle for draw|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/508777-npfl-mfm-loses-again-as-rivers-united-and-remo-stars-settle-for-draw.html|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Samuel|first=Adepoju Tobi|date=2022-01-28|title=Pulse Sports NPFL Team of the Week|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/pulse-sports-npfl-team-of-the-week/lt8jnte|access-date=2022-02-03|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria 2021/22|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig2022.html|access-date=2022-02-03|website=[[RSSSF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Àwọn itọ́kasí==</text>
      <sha1>0iuhl4aauwdpxf4jz1ieo0oftnifhum</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá ní Ìlà Oòrùn Cape</title>
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      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353634201|Eastern Cape drought]]&quot;</comment>
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Agbègbè Ìlà Oòrùn Cape ti Gúúsù Áfíríkà ní ìrírí ọ̀dá tó le gan-anỌ̀dá náà jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​​​àwọn tí ó burú jùlọ nínú ìtàn agbègbè náà, ó sì mú kí ìjọba South Africa kéde agbègbè náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí &quot;agbègbè àjálù&quot; ní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 2019..  Ọ̀dá náà jẹ́ àtúnṣe ti Ọ̀dá ní Ìlà Oòrùn Cape ti ọdún 1992, èyí tí ó ti jẹyọ láti inú àwọn ipò ojú ọjọ́ kan náà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1993|title=The eastern Cape drought.|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA03784738_2312}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtàn ==
Onímọ̀ nípa omi ní agbègbè náà, Gideon Groenewald, ti sọ pé ó lè jẹ́ ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ ní agbègbè náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kan sẹ́yìn   ó sì ti ní àwọn ipa búburú lórí àwùjọ àti ètò-ọrọ̀-ajé lórí agbègbè náà  Òjò líle ní ọdún 2019 kò tó láti mú ọ̀dá náà kúrò.   Àwọn ìdí tí a tọ́ka sí fún bí ọ̀dá náà ṣe le tó ni ìṣàkóso omi tí kò dára láti ọwọ́ ìjọba ìbílẹ̀, àwọn àpẹẹrẹ òjò tí a kò lè sọ tẹ́lẹ̀,  àti ìbàjẹ́ àwọn ètò ìṣiṣẹ́ agbègbè.  Àwọn agbègbè ti Ìlà Oòrùn Cape tí ó wọ́pọ̀ pẹ̀lú Karoo, bíi agbègbè tí ó yí Graaff-Reinet ká, ni wọ́n ti lù ní pàtàkì.   Ọ̀dá náà ti fa àdánù owó tí a fojú díwọ̀n ti R6.4 bilionu nínú iṣẹ́ ọ̀sìn, pẹ̀lú àwọn agbègbè ẹran ọ̀sìn tí ó pọ̀ tó nǹkan bí iṣẹ́ 5,600.  Ọ̀dá náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àkókò kan náà pẹ̀lú ìṣòro omi ní Cape Town .

== Wo tun ==

* Ọ̀dá 2018–21 ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ China ti ọdún 2010–2011</title>
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        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350725955|2010–2011 China drought]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ China ti ọdún 2010 &amp;#x2013; 2011''' jẹ́ ọ̀dá tí ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìparí ọdún 2010 tí ó sì kan àwọn agbègbè mẹ́jọ ní apá àríwá Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira awọn enìyàn ti China (PRC). Òdá ni èyí tí ó burú jùlọ tí ó kọlu orílẹ̀-èdè náà láàárín ọdún 60, ó sì kan ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn agbègbè tí wọ́n ń ṣe àgbẹ̀ alikama ní PRC.

== ọ̀gbẹlẹ̀ ==

=== Okunfa ===
Ọgbẹ náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2010 ní àwọn agbègbè kan,  bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àìsí òjò àti yìnyín tó gbòòrò bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní oṣù kẹwàá. &lt;ref name=&quot;un&quot; /&gt; Àìsí òjò mú kí yìnyín má bo ilẹ̀ dáadáa, èyí sì mú kí òjò má pa àwọn oko ọkà àlìkámà, ó sì tún dín omi tó wà nínú ilẹ̀ kù. 

=== Àwọn ipa ===
Àwọn agbègbè Anhui, Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Shandong, àti Shanxi ni ọ̀dá náà ti kọlu.  Yàtọ̀ sí pípa àwọn èso àlìkámà run, ọ̀dá náà fa àìtó omi fún àwọn ènìyàn tó tó mílíọ̀nù 2.31 àti ẹran ọ̀sìn mílíọ̀nù 2.57. Láàárín àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ mẹ́jọ náà, 20% ilẹ̀ oko àti 35% gbogbo èso àlìkámà ni ó ní ipa lórí.  Ní oṣù Kejì ọdún 2011, ọ̀dá náà kọlu àpapọ̀ tó tó 7,730,000 hektari (19,100,000 eka) ti àlìkámà ìgbà òtútù tí wọ́n ti gbìn tẹ́lẹ̀.  Àwọn adágún kan, títí kan Adágún Hong ní ìpínlẹ̀ Hubei, gbẹ gan-an, pẹ̀lú adágún Hubei tí ó dínkù sí ìdá mẹ́jọ ti ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ déédéé àti ìdá mẹ́ẹ̀dọ́gbọ̀n jíjìn rẹ̀ déédéé, èyí sì mú kí àwọn olùgbé agbègbè 3,234 ṣí lọ síbòmíràn. &lt;ref name=&quot;TWN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|title=Chinese lake shrinks, forcing over 3,000 to relocate|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&amp;stormfile=chinese_lake_shrinks_forcin_020611|accessdate=23 June 2011|journal=The Weather Network News|date=June 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Àjọ Oúnjẹ àti Àgbẹ̀ ti Ìparapọ̀ Àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè ti sọ, ó ṣeé ṣe kí ìbàjẹ́ tí ó lè bá ìkórè àlìkámà ní China jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ohun tó fà á tí iye owó àlìkámà fi pọ̀ sí i ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2011. 

Nígbà tí ó fi máa di ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kẹfà, ọ̀dá náà ti kan àwọn ènìyàn mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n, pẹ̀lú mílíọ̀nù mẹ́rin ó lé méjì tí wọ́n ń dojú kọ àìtó omi mímu. Ìbàjẹ́ ọrọ̀ ajé tààrà ti dé bílíọ̀nù mẹ́ẹ̀ẹ́dógún [[Renminbi|yuan]] (tó tó bílíọ̀nù 2.3 [[Dọ́là Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà|USD]] ), nígbà tí ọ̀pọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ lo irúgbìn ìkùukùu láti mú kí òjò àtọwọ́dá rọ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;TWN&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Chinese lake shrinks, forcing over 3,000 to relocate|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&amp;stormfile=chinese_lake_shrinks_forcin_020611|access-date=23 June 2011|date=June 2, 2011}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&amp;stormfile=chinese_lake_shrinks_forcin_020611 &quot;Chinese lake shrinks, forcing over 3,000 to relocate&quot;]. ''The Weather Network News''. Reuters. June 2, 2011&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 June&lt;/span&gt; 2011&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọjọ́ kẹrìnlélógún oṣù kẹfà, ènìyàn mílíọ̀nù 3.65 àti ẹran ọ̀sìn mílíọ̀nù 3.47 ni kò ní omi mímu ní àwọn agbègbè olómìnira ti Inner Mongolia àti Ningxia àti àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Gansu àti Shanxi láìka ìkún omi sí ní àwọn apá mìíràn ní China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Storm drenches east China while drought plagues northwest|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/25/c_13949912.htm|archivedate=June 28, 2011|date=25 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Òpin ===
Ní ìparí oṣù kejì àti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kẹta, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìnyín tàbí òjò mẹ́ta kan ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè àríwá China, èyí tí ó fi sílẹ̀ pé ó dín ní ìdá mẹ́ta gbogbo ilẹ̀ tí a ti ń ṣe àgbẹ̀ alikama síbẹ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt;Òjò náà rọ̀ ní àkókò tí wọ́n gbìn àlìkámà ní ìparí ọdún 2010, tí wọ́n sì nílò omi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt; Ìgbìn omi ìjọba àti ìsapá ìrànlọ́wọ́ tún ṣe alabapin sí dín ipa ọ̀dá náà kù. &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot; /&gt; Tian Qi Zhu, onímọ̀ nípa àlìkámà ní Yunifásítì Àgbẹ̀ Shandong, sọ ní ọjọ́ keje oṣù kẹta pé “àyàfi àwọn agbègbè kan ní agbègbè òkè Shandong níbi tí omi kò tí ì tó, mo lè sọ pé a ti ṣàkóso ọ̀dá náà.” 

Láìka ìkún omi sí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè ní ọjọ́ ogún oṣù kẹfà ọdún 2011, mínísítà ìjọba kan ròyìn pé ọ̀dá ṣì ń ní ipa lórí 72.19 mílíọ̀nù mu (4.81 mílíọ̀nù hektari) ní àwọn agbègbè tí omi kò kún ní àwọn agbègbè Hubei, Anhui, àti Jiangsu àti àwọn agbègbè àríwá kan tí omi ti rọ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;crucial&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=China in crucial moment in flood control, says minister|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/7414146.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àkókò Àkókò ==

* Ọgbẹ ilẹ̀ China àti ìjì eruku ní ọdún 2010 fún ọ̀dá ní ọdún tó kọjá
* Ọdun 2010 China rọ̀jò ìkún omi kí ọ̀dá yìí tó dé
* Ọdun 2011 ni ọ̀dá yìí ṣì ń bá a lọ ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 2011, ní àwọn agbègbè àríwá kan nígbàtí ní àwọn mìíràn, a ti fi ìkún omi China ti ọdún 2011 rọ́pò ọ̀dá náà&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Drought persists in northwest as downpour drenches south|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-06/18/c_13936861.htm|archivedate=June 22, 2011|date=18 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdáhùn ==
Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kejì ọdún 2011, ìjọba orílẹ̀-èdè China ti ná owó tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó [[Dọ́là Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà|US$]] 15 bilionu ní owó ìsanwó fún àwọn àgbẹ̀ àti owó ìrànlọ́wọ́ láti dín owó àwọn ohun èlò bíi epo díẹ́sẹ́lì, àwọn oògùn apakòkòrò, àti ajílẹ̀ kù.  Ìjọba kéde ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kejì ọdún 2011 ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọgbọ́n láti kojú àwọn ipa ọ̀dá náà. Ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kejì, wọ́n kéde pé wọ́n fojú díwọ̀n pé wọ́n á ná owó tó tó bílíọ̀nù kan dọ́là Amẹ́ríkà láti rí omi tí wọ́n á lò lórí oko àlìkámà, títí kan wíwá nǹkan bíi 1,350 kànga tuntun àti rírán àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ láti China Geological Survey àti Ministry of Land and Resources láti gbìyànjú láti rí àwọn ibi ìpamọ́ omi tuntun ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀. Ní ọjọ́ kẹsàn-án àti ọjọ́ kẹwàá oṣù kejì, wọ́n ti lo ìrúgbìn ìkùukùu láti mú kí òjò rọ̀, èyí sì mú kí òjò rọ̀ tó ìwọ̀n yìnyín tó tó milimita mẹ́ta (0.12 in).  Ní tààràtà, ìjọba sọ pé ó gbé owó àwọn ọkà kan sókè, ó fún àwọn àgbẹ̀ ní ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ, ó sì tú ọkà jáde láti inú àkójọ ìṣúra rẹ̀ láti yẹra fún ìlọsókè owó ọjà. &lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn àgbẹ̀ kan tí ọ̀dá náà kàn ń fẹ̀sùn kan ìjọba fún àìṣe tó láti ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ nígbà ọ̀dá, tàbí fún fífún ìrànlọ́wọ́ ní àkókò pípẹ́ jù. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot; /&gt; Àwọn mìíràn dá ẹ̀bi ìdíwọ́ náà fún lílo omi láti orísun kan, tí a pinnu láti lọ sí àwọn ìdàgbàsókè ilé iṣẹ́ tàbí ibùgbé, fún mímú kí ipa ọ̀dá pọ̀ sí i lórí àwọn oko wọn. 

== Wo tun ==

* Àwọn ohun àlùmọ́nì omi ti Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àwọn Ènìyàn ti Ṣáínà

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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Àkókò ọ̀dá ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà ti ọdún 2018–2021 jẹ́ àkókò ọ̀dá tó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà. Ọ̀dá náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìparí oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 2018, ó sì ní ipa búburú lórí ààbò oúnjẹ ní agbègbè náà. Ní àárín oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 2019, a pín ọ̀dá náà sí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ 2 nínú Class-Pupa nípasẹ̀ Ètò Ìkìlọ̀ Àjálù Àgbáyé àti Ìṣètò.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=9&amp;eventtype=DR|title=Overall Red Drought alert for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa, Zimbabwe from 11 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 15 Feb 2019 00:27 UTC|website=www.gdacs.org|access-date=2019-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; A dín ìpele ìkìlọ̀ náà kù sí Orange-1.7 ní ọjọ́ kejìlá oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 2019, bí àkókò òjò tuntun ti bẹ̀rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=42&amp;eventtype=DR|title=Overall Red Drought alert for Zambezi Basin-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe from 21 Oct 2018 00:00 UTC to 01 Dec 2019 13:51 UTC|website=www.gdacs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ní oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2020, a pín ọ̀dá náà sí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ 2 nínú Class-Pupa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdacs.org/report.aspx?eventid=1012728&amp;episodeid=46&amp;eventtype=DR|title=Overall Red alert Drought for Southern Africa-2018 in Angola, Botswana, Congo, DRC, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe|website=www.gdacs.org|access-date=2020-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀dá náà tẹ̀síwájú títí di ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Weather Hazards Summary: March 5 - 11, 2021 - World|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-weather-hazards-summary-march-5-11-2021|access-date=2021-03-10|website=ReliefWeb|date=5 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Láti oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 2021, Gúúsù Áfíríkà ní ìrírí òjò tó ju àròpín lọ àti àwọn ibi ìtọ́jú omi tí a tún kún ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Plessis|first1=Anja du|title=South Africa has had lots of rain and most dams are full, but water crisis threat persists|url=https://theconversation.com/south-africa-has-had-lots-of-rain-and-most-dams-are-full-but-water-crisis-threat-persists-178788#:~:text=The%20normal%20national%20water%20storage,water%20storage%20fell%20below%2050%25.|access-date=6 June 2022|work=The Conversation|date=5 April 2022|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àpèjúwe ==

=== Agbetẹlẹ ===
Gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbègbè kan, Gúúsù Áfíríkà ti wà nínú ewu ọ̀dá gíga ní ìtàn; ìṣeeṣe nítorí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ohun tí ó ń fa ojú ọjọ́ àti ti àwùjọ. 

Ojú ọjọ́ Gúúsù Áfíríkà ní ipa lórí àwọn ìrísí òjò tó lágbára ní àsìkò; òjò tó pọ̀ jùlọ ní agbègbè náà lóòjọ́ ni ìjì ń rọ̀ láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kọkànlá sí oṣù kẹta, èyí tó ń di ohun tí a kà sí àkókò òjò ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà. Àwọn oṣù òjò tó rọ̀ máa ń kún ilẹ̀ agbègbè náà, èyí tó ń fúnni ní omi tó máa ń wà fún àwọn oṣù tó gbẹ ní ọdún. Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìyípo yìí sábà máa ń ṣeé gbẹ́kẹ̀lé, àwọn ohun tí kò ṣeé gbẹ́kẹ̀lé nínú ojú ọjọ́—bíi ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño—ń ba ìwọ̀n òjò ọdọọdún ní agbègbè náà jẹ́. Èyí, ní ẹ̀wẹ̀, máa ń fa ìdínkù nínú ìgbésí ayé ewéko ní agbègbè náà, ìdínkù nínú omi nínú àwọn ara omi àti pípadánù omi láti inú ilẹ̀, pẹ̀lú ipa ìkẹyìn tí ó ń fa ọ̀dá. 

Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn orísun ti sọ, ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé tí ó kéré ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà àti ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀—ní pàtàkì àwọn irugbin ọkà àti ẹran ọ̀sìn—fi agbègbè náà sílẹ̀ fún òjò gidigidi.  Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìyàtọ̀ wà, àwọn àgbẹ̀ agbègbè náà sábà máa ń gbìn èso wọn tó ń bọ̀ ní ìparí oṣù kẹwàá—ìgbìn yìí ni a máa ń fi àkókò òjò tí a retí tí yóò bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í dé ní oṣù kọkànlá. Oṣù márùn-ún sí mẹ́fà tó ń bọ̀ ni a kà sí àkókò “tí kò rọ̀”, nígbà tí a máa ń jẹ oúnjẹ tí a kó jọ nígbà tí òjò “tí kò rọ̀” bá ń fún àwọn èso ní ọdún tó ń bọ̀ ní oúnjẹ. Ṣùgbọ́n, tí òjò tó wọ́pọ̀ bá bàjẹ́ nítorí àìròtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú ọjọ́, a máa ń gbin irúgbìn títí di oṣù kọkànlá tàbí ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kejìlá, èyí tó máa ń yọrí sí àkókò “tí kò rọ̀” tó gùn jù kí a tó lè kórè àwọn èso. Tí ojú ọjọ́ agbègbè náà bá bàjẹ́ tó láti fa ọ̀dá, àìsí òjò àti pípadánù omi láti inú ilẹ̀ sábà máa ń yọrí sí ìdínkù tó ṣe pàtàkì nínú iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà; àwọn ipò ọrọ̀ ajé tó léwu tó ń yọrí sí èyí máa ń yọrí sí ìdààmú àwùjọ àti ìdínkù nínú ìpele ààbò oúnjẹ agbègbè. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

Àwọn àkókò tí ọ̀dá ti ní ipa lórí onírúurú àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ẹranko ìgbẹ́ ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà, nígbà tí ìwọ̀n omi tí ó dínkù nínú àwọn odò lè mú kí àwọn ìdè omi hydroelectric ṣiṣẹ́ ní agbára tí ó dínkù.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà tún mú kí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àjàkálẹ̀ àrùn kòkòrò ní Áfíríkà pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì tún dín àbájáde iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ní agbègbè náà kù.

=== Àwọn ọ̀dá tó ti kọjá ===
Ní ìparí ọdún 2015 sí ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2016, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño kan fa ọ̀dá ní àwọn apá kan ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà.  Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀dá tí El Niño fà ní ọdún 2018-19, àwọn apá kan ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà kò tí ì padà bọ̀ sípò láti inú àwọn ipa ọ̀dá tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ní Namibia, wọ́n rò pé ọ̀dá ọdún 2012/2013 ló burú jùlọ ní ọdún mẹ́wàá yìí, nítorí pé ó tó 42% tí gbogbo ènìyàn bá ní ìṣòro àìní oúnjẹ. Ìjọba Namibia kéde ìpànìyàn ní ọdún 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Shikangalah|first=Rosemary|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841|journal=University of Namibia|pages=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọ̀dá 2018–2021 ==

=== Ìkìlọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ ===
Ní oṣù kẹjọ àti oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2018, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn àjọ bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í kìlọ̀ fún àwọn àgbẹ̀ nípa ìṣeéṣe ọ̀dá tó ń bọ̀. Ní oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 2018, Àjọ Ìdàgbàsókè Gúúsù Áfíríkà gba àwọn àgbẹ̀ nímọ̀ràn láti yẹra fún títà díẹ̀ lára ​​oúnjẹ tí wọ́n kó jọ láti ìgbà tí ó kọjá.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201808130386.html|title=Southern Africa: Drought Coming for SADC|date=2018-08-13|access-date=2019-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti ní oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2018, Àjọ Oúnjẹ àti Iṣẹ́ Àgbẹ̀ ti Àgbáyé (FAO) kìlọ̀ fún àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Gúúsù Áfíríkà nípa bí àwọn ipò òjò yóò ṣe wáyé.  Patrick Kormawa, Olùdarí Àgbègbè fún FAO ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà, sọ àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ pé ó ṣeéṣe kí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño kan ní agbègbè náà ní ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn ọdún 2018 ní ìpín 40 nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọ̀gbẹlẹ̀ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ ===
[[Fáìlì:DroughtinNamibia.jpg|thumb|Òkú òrìsì ní Namibia.]]
Ní ìrúwé ọdún 2018, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño kan da òjò ọdọọdún ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà rú. Àbájáde àkọ́kọ́ ìdènà yìí ni ọjọ́ ìgbìn tí a dá dúró, èyí tí a ti fà sẹ́yìn láti ìparí oṣù kẹwàá sí ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kọkànlá. Ní oṣù kọkànlá, ìròyìn kan láti ọwọ́ Ọ́fíìsì Àjọ Àgbáyé fún Ìṣọ̀kan Àwọn Ọ̀ràn Ìrànlọ́wọ́ (OCHA) ròyìn pé ó ṣeéṣe kí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño náà máa tẹ̀síwájú títí di oṣù Kejìlá; ó tún ṣe àkíyèsí pé mílíọ̀nù 9.6 ènìyàn ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà kò ní ààbò oúnjẹ rárá ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ àsìkò òjò 2019. 

Ọ̀dá náà tẹ̀síwájú títí di ọdún 2019 pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà tí òjò ti dínkù gidigidi.  láti ọ̀dọ̀ FAO ṣe àkíyèsí pé, bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé òjò ti rọ̀ ní ìparí oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 2018, ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ní agbègbè náà ni ó ń jìyà ọ̀dá líle koko àti àwọn àbájáde tí ó tẹ̀lé e. 

Ní oṣù kẹrin ọdún 2019, àwọn apá kan ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà ṣì ń ní ipa lórí ọ̀dá tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ yìí.  Òjò tó rọ̀ ju èyí tó wọ́pọ̀ lọ ní ọ̀sẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ oṣù kejì ní àwọn àgbègbè kan ti dín ọ̀dá kù ní àgbègbè náà.  ṣùgbọ́n a retí pé gbogbo agbègbè náà yóò jìyà àwọn ipò ìgbẹ̀gbìn tí ó ní ipa búburú lórí. Ìwọ̀n ebi ní agbègbè náà ti pọ̀ sí i, a sì retí pé yóò máa pọ̀ sí i. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Wọ́n tún kéde ọ̀dá náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí pàjáwìrì orílẹ̀-èdè ní South Africa ní ọjọ́ kẹrin oṣù kẹta ọdún 2020.  Ní ọjọ́ kẹtàdínlógún oṣù kẹta ọdún 2020, wọ́n ròyìn ọjà dúdú ti omi tí wọ́n jí ní Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality láàárín àwọn ọ̀ràn ìbàjẹ́ tó jẹ mọ́ pajawiri. 

Ní oṣù karùn-ún ọdún 2019, Namibia kéde ìpànìyàn pàjáwìrì ní ìdáhùn sí ọ̀dá náà,  ó sì fi oṣù mẹ́fà kún un ní oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí ni ìgbà kẹta ní ọdún mẹ́fà tí ìjọba yóò kéde ìpànìyàn pàjáwìrì.  Wọ́n ti ṣàpèjúwe ọ̀dá ọdún 2019 gẹ́gẹ́ bí èyí tí ó burú jùlọ láàárín àádọ̀rún ọdún sẹ́yìn ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà, pẹ̀lú òjò tí ó rọ̀ jùlọ ní Windhoek láti ọdún 1891. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=30 July 2020|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ẹ̀ka iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ pàtàkì ní Namibia, nítorí òjò tó rọ̀ gan-an ní ọdún 2019, iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ dínkù ní ẹ̀ka náà ní 17.5%. A rí i pé ipò ilẹ̀ ìjẹko ti burú síi ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ apá orílẹ̀-èdè náà, èyí sì mú kí wọ́n máa kó ìdààmú bá pápá oko àti kí ẹran ọ̀sìn má baà pọ̀ síi nítorí ebi. Àpapọ̀ àìsí òjò àti ọ̀rinrin ilẹ̀ tó kéré mú kí ọ̀dá ńlá àti ìgbà pípẹ́ wáyé ní ọdún 2019, èyí tó yọrí sí ìṣòro gidi, tó sì ní ipa lórí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìgbésí ayé, pàápàá jùlọ láàárín àwọn agbègbè tó jẹ́ aláìlera jùlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The 2019 drought in Namibia: An overview|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342610841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 2020, ìwádìí àìlera tí ìjọba Namibia ṣe fi hàn pé 427,905 àwọn ènìyàn Namibia ló ní àìlera oúnjẹ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́. Àwọn ohun tó ń fa àìlera yìí ni ipa ọ̀dá, ìkún omi, àwọn kòkòrò àti kòkòrò àrùn. 

== Wo tun ==

* Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà 2020–21
* [[Ọ̀dá ní Ìlà Oòrùn Cape]]
* Ìṣàn omi Victoria
* 2021–2022 Ìyàn Madagascar

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Somalia (2021–2023)</title>
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      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354292693|Somali drought (2021–2023)]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox famine|country=[[Somalia]]|location=[[East Africa]]|period=2021-2023|excess_mortality=43,000 {{small|(2022 estimate)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=New study finds that 43 000 &quot;excess deaths&quot; may have occurred in 2022 from the drought in Somalia |url=https://pmnch.who.int/news-and-events/news/item/20-03-2023-new-study-finds-that-43-000-excess-deaths-may-have-occurred-in-2022-from-the-drought-in-somalia |website=PMNCH |publisher=WHO |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;|refugees=Over one million (2022)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Somalia 2023 |url=https://www.sipri.org/publications/2023/partner-publications/climate-peace-and-security-fact-sheet-somalia-2023 |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=2023 |access-date=21 November 2024}}&lt;/reF&gt;|theory=severe drought, irregular rainfall|image=20220321 SO Report CS HA.png|caption=February 2022 map with Integrated Food Security phase classifications from &quot;minimal&quot; to &quot;famine&quot;}}

Láàárín ọdún 2021 sí 2023, Somalia dojúkọ ọ̀dá tó le jùlọ láàárín ogójì ọdún tó ti kọjá, èyí tó kan àwọn ènìyàn tó lé ní mílíọ̀nù méje ààbọ̀—ìyẹn nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo àwọn tó wà ní Somalia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=February 7, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, àwọn ipa tí ó níí ṣe pẹ̀lú ọ̀dá ṣì ń kan àwọn ènìyàn mílíọ̀nù 4.4 jákèjádò Somalia, tí wọ́n ní àìní oúnjẹ líle koko. Èyí ní àwọn ènìyàn tí a fojú díwọ̀n tó tó 724,000 ní Integrated Food Security phase 4 (Pajawiri).  

Ó lé ní 80% orílẹ̀-èdè náà ní òjò líle koko. Ní àwọn agbègbè tí ó ní ìṣòro, tó 20% àwọn ènìyàn ló ní àìtó omi, oúnjẹ àti pápá oko.  Àwọn ará Somalia tó lé ní mílíọ̀nù kan ló lé ní 2022,  àti pé ó lé ní 300,000 ènìyàn tí wọ́n sì ti kúrò ní ìlú ní ọdún 2023. 

== Àwọn okùnfà ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ jẹ́ okùnfà pàtàkì pẹ̀lú àwọn ewu tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ojúọjọ́ tó ń pọ̀ sí i. 

== Ipa ==

* Ọ̀dá náà ti ní ipa búburú lórí ẹ̀ka iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ Somalia, èyí tí ó jẹ́ 26% ti GDP orílẹ̀-èdè náà, ó gba 90% àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ tí kò ṣe déédéé, ó sì ń ṣe àfikún 90% ti àwọn ọjà tí wọ́n ń kó jáde. Láti àárín ọdún 2021, ìdá mẹ́ta àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn ní àwọn agbègbè tí ó ní ìṣòro jùlọ ti kú. 
* Dídínkù sí omi ojú ilẹ̀ fún àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn àti àwọn ènìyàn, pẹ̀lú àìtó pápá oko tó wà, ti ní ipa búburú lórí àwọn agbègbè àgbẹ̀ ní gbogbo agbègbè náà. Àwọn agbègbè kan ti rí ìdínkù tó tó 70% nínú èso oko. 
* Pàápàá jùlọ ní àwọn agbègbè àárín gbùngbùn àti ní Puntland, àwọn agbègbè ń gbẹ́kẹ̀lé àwọn ihò omi nítorí pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn kànga àti àwọn berkad tí kò jinlẹ̀ ti gbẹ.
* Òjò Deyr tí kò tó nǹkan, pẹ̀lú òjò tí kò tó ní àwọn ibi ìṣàn omi òkè odò ti àwọn òkè Ethiopia, ti fa ìdínkù nínú omi odò Juba àti Shabelle. 

== Ipo omoniyan ==
Ní ọdún 2022, 71% àwọn ènìyàn ní Somalia ló ń gbé lábẹ́ ààlà òṣì.  Iye àwọn ènìyàn tó nílò ìrànlọ́wọ́ pọ̀ sí i ní ọdún 2023, ó sì tó nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù 8.25.  Nígbà tí ipò nǹkan ti sunwọ̀n sí i láti ìgbà náà, ní oṣù Kejì ọdún 2024: 

* Àwọn ènìyàn mílíọ̀nù mẹ́fà àti mẹ́jọ ló ṣì nílò ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́.
* Àwọn ènìyàn mílíọ̀nù mẹ́rin ló ń dojú kọ àìní oúnjẹ tó lágbára
* 1.7M ti awọn ọmọde ni o dojuko ounjẹ aitoju to lagbara

== Ètò Ìdáhùn Ènìyàn fún Somalia ==
Ètò Ìdáhùn Ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún awọn enìyàn (HRP) fún Somalia ti ṣe àtúnṣe pàtàkì láti ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún láti kojú àwọn àìní àwọn ènìyàn rẹ̀ tí ń yípadà. Àkópọ̀ àwọn ìpè àti ìdáhùn láti ọdún 2021 sí 2023 nìyí:

* '''HRP ti ọdun 2021:''' Ètò ọdún 2021 ni èrò láti ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún ènìyàn mẹ́rin nínú mílíọ̀nù 5.9 tí wọ́n nílò ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́, tí wọ́n sì nílò ìnáwó tó tó $1.09 bilionu.  Àròpọ̀ owó tí wọ́n gbà jẹ́ nǹkan bí 79% nínú $1.09 bilionu tí wọ́n béèrè fún. 
* '''HRP 2022:''' Awọn aini fun HRP 2022 pọ si ni pataki, ti o jẹyọ nipasẹ awọn ipo ogbele ti nlọ lọwọ ati awọn gbigbe kuro ni ile. O wa lati ṣe iranlọwọ fun awọn eniyan miliọnu 5.5, pẹlu ibeere inawo akọkọ ti $1.46 bilionu.  Idahun naa ni a mu pọ si to $2.1 bilionu,  de ọdọ awọn eniyan miliọnu 7.3 laibikita awọn ipenija ninu inawo ati aabo. 
* '''HRP ti ọdun 2023:''' Ni ọdun 2023, nọmba awọn eniyan ti o nilo iranlọwọ pajawiri pọ si siwaju sii, pẹlu awọn eniyan miliọnu 8.25 ti o nilo iranlọwọ iranlọwọ eniyan.  Eto fun ọdun 2023 wa $2.6 bilionu lati dahun si awọn aini, nitori ewu iyan wa ga. &lt;ref name=&quot;plan2023&quot; /&gt; Sibẹsibẹ, 46% nikan ti isuna ti a beere ni a pin ni ipari. 

== Wo tun ==

* Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Somalia ti ọdún 2017
* Ààbò oúnjẹ
* Ààbò omi
* Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Africa ti ọdún 2020–2023)
* Ìyípadà ojú ọjọ́ ní Somalia
* Ààbò ebi ti ọdún 2025 ní Syria

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Àárín Gbùngbùn Éṣíà ti ọdún 2021</title>
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      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354292854|2021 Central Asia drought]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ọ̀dá kan ní Àárín Gbùngbùn Éṣíà tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní nǹkan bí oṣù kẹrin ọdún 2021 ní ipa lórí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè Àárín Gbùngbùn Éṣíà àti àwọn apá kan ní Rọ́síà, èyí tó fa ikú ọ̀pọ̀ ẹran ọ̀sìn, pàápàá jùlọ àwọn ẹṣin, àti àìtó omi fún ìtọ́jú omi. Wọ́n ti ròyìn pé owó oúnjẹ ń pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn agbègbè náà lẹ́yìn ọ̀dá náà. Àìtó àti ọ̀dá náà ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìyípadà ojú ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè ==

=== Kazakhstan ===
Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Okudu kẹfà ọdún 2021, àwọn fọ́tò láti agbègbè Mangystau farahàn lórí ìkànnì àwùjọ tí ó fi àwọn ẹṣin tí wọ́n ti gbóná ara hàn tí wọ́n fẹ́rẹ̀ kú. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ilé Iṣẹ́ Àgbẹ̀ ti sọ, ohun tó fa ipò náà jẹ́ nítorí àìsí pápá oko ní agbègbè náà nítorí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ipò ojú ọjọ́, àti pé a ó ṣe àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ láti dènà àwọn ohun ọ̀sìn tí wọ́n máa pa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ile-iṣẹ Khabar ni ọjọ kẹrindinlogun oṣu kẹfa ọdun 2021 royin pe nnkan bii 2,000 ẹran ọsin ti ku pẹlu awọn aṣofin Kazakh ti n pe fun ipo pajawiri lati waye ni awọn agbegbe Mangystau ati Kyzylorda, ti o tọka si awọn iṣoro ti o wa ninu awọn agbẹ ti ko fẹ lati fun awọn ẹran naa ni ounjẹ nitori idiyele ti o pọ si fun ounjẹ ẹranko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ní oṣù Keje ọdún 2021, nítorí ipò tó ń burú sí i, Ààrẹ Kassym-Jomart Tokayev ké sí Mínísítà fún Àgbẹ̀ Saparhan Omarov láti fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀, ó sọ pé òun kò ṣe ìrànlọ́wọ́ fún àwọn àgbẹ̀ tó ń ṣòro láti ṣe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Kazakh Agriculture Minister Fired For Failing To Help Farmers Affected By Drought|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-agriculture-minister-fired/31351802.html|access-date=2021-08-28|date=10 July 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọjọ́ kẹtàlá oṣù keje, wọ́n gbé òfin pàjáwìrì kalẹ̀ ní Aral District láti yanjú àìtó oúnjẹ. Nínú ìbẹ̀wò kan sí agbègbè Mangystau, ìgbàkejì mínísítà iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ Erbol Qaraşukeev ṣèlérí pé 1.9 billion ₸ ni a ó yà sọ́tọ̀ láti dín owó oúnjẹ ẹran kù àti pé a ó fòfin de àwọn ọjà tí a ń kó jáde láti ilẹ̀ òkèèrè pẹ̀lú. 

=== Kirgisitani ===
Ní agbègbè Chüy, wọ́n ròyìn pé omi tó lọ sílẹ̀ ní àwọn odò náà kò pọ̀ tó, èyí sì mú kí àwọn oko náà gbẹ. [níbo?] Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Mínísítà Àgbẹ̀ ti sọ, ìwọ̀n odò Almazbek Sokeev jẹ́ “ìdajì iye tí wọ́n ń lò déédéé”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=КОПЫТИН|first=Юрий|date=2021-06-16|title=Пустые водозаборы и реки. Наглядно о засухе в Чуйской области|url=https://24.kg/obschestvo/197825_pustyie_vodozaboryi_ireki_naglyadno_ozasuhe_vchuyskoy_oblasti/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=24.kg|language=ru-RU}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, àwọn àgbẹ̀ láti agbègbè náà tí wọ́n ní ìjákulẹ̀ péjọ sí ẹ̀gbẹ́ ilé ìjọba ní Bishkek ní ọjọ́ kẹrìnlá oṣù kẹfà ọdún 2021, wọ́n sì ń béèrè lọ́wọ́ àwọn aláṣẹ Kyrgyz láti yanjú ìṣòro tí wọ́n fi dá “pípín omi láìtọ́” àti “àìbìkítà àwọn aláṣẹ àdúgbò” lẹ́bi. Ní ọjọ́ kan náà, Alága àwọn Mínísítà Ulukbek Maripov ṣèbẹ̀wò sí agbègbè Chuy níbi tí ó ti ṣàpèjúwe ipò náà gẹ́gẹ́ bí “orí líle,” àti àìní láti yanjú rẹ̀ ní kíákíá bí ó ti ṣeé ṣe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-15|title=Фермеры Кыргызстана на грани потери урожая из-за засухи|url=https://rus.azattyk.org/a/31308022.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Радио Азаттык (Кыргызская служба Радио Свободная Европа/Радио Свобода)|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615035709/https://rus.azattyk.org/a/31308022.html|archive-date=2021-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Turkmenistan ===
[[Fáìlì:ECDM_20210607_central-Asia_Drought.pdf|thumb|Ọ̀dá ní Afghanistan, Iran àti Turkmenistan 2021]]
Ní oṣù kẹta ọdún 2021, àwọn olùgbé Daşoguz rí i pé wọ́n ń ta àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn, èyí tí gẹ́gẹ́ bí wọ́n ti sọ, nítorí pé omi ìtọ́jú omi kéré, èyí sì ń mú kí ìrètí aláìlera wà nínú gbígbin oúnjẹ ẹranko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-29|title=Жители сел Дашогузского велаята распродают скот из-за роста цен на корм|url=https://www.hronikatm.com/2021/03/cattle-sale/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Хроника Туркменистана|language=ru-RU}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ní ìpàdé ìjọba ní ọjọ́ kejì oṣù kẹfà, Ààrẹ Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow fi dá wọn lójú pé ìkórè yóò yọrí sí rere, ó ń ké sí àwọn aláṣẹ láti rí i dájú pé àwọn àgbẹ̀ ní gbogbo irúgbìn, ajílẹ̀, ohun èlò ìgbàlódé, àti omi tí wọ́n nílò.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-06-04|title=Марыйские фермеры обеспокоены беспрецедентной гибелью посевов, президент ждет богатого урожая|url=https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31290004.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Радио Азатлык|language=ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615124634/https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31290004.html|archive-date=2021-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìwé ìròyìn Meteojurnal.ru ní ìparí Okudu kẹfà ròyìn pé Agbègbè Ahal ń dojúkọ ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ ní ọdún mẹ́tàlá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Usibekisitani ===
Ní agbègbè Samarqand, àwọn olùgbé ròyìn pé ìdènà omi wáyé níbi tí gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn aláṣẹ ìbílẹ̀ ti sọ, èyí sì jẹ́ nítorí ọ̀dá tí ó mú kí òjò rọ̀ díẹ̀ àti pé omi díẹ̀ ní odò Zeravshan.  Ní ìdáhùnpadà, wọ́n ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ ìpínkiri omi ní ọjọ́ kẹjọ Okudu kẹfà ọdún 2021 ní pàtàkì ní ìlú Samarkand fún wákàtí mẹ́jọ lójúmọ́. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2021-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Kánádà ti ọdún 2023</title>
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      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351919054|2023 Canadian drought]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:(Mini)_Desert_storm_in_Toronto_(52960497755).jpg|thumb|Eruku lati ilẹ gbigbẹ, Riverdale Park, Toronto]]
 
Láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kẹta ọdún 2023, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilẹ̀ Kánádà ní ìrírí ọ̀dá, èyí tí ó burú jáì ní gbogbo àwọn agbègbè Prairie àti èyí tí a kò rí irú rẹ̀ rí ní British Columbia. Gbogbo agbègbè àti agbègbè náà wà nínú ọ̀dá ní àkókò kan náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://agriculture.canada.ca/en/agricultural-production/weather/canadian-drought-outlook|title=Canadian Drought Outlook|access-date=June 30, 2023|date=June 30, 2023|work=Department of Agriculture}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ohun tí ó wọ́pọ̀ jákèjádò Kánádà ni yìnyín kíákíá, nígbà míìrán nítorí yìnyín tí kò tóbi tó, àti àkókò oṣù Karùn-ún sí oṣù kẹfà tí ó gbóná jùlọ ní ohun tí ó ju ọdún 80 lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-08-22|title=Climate change doubled chance of weather conditions that led to record Quebec fires, researchers say|url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-climate-change-analysis-38a64e59ff5b73fcdeadb8fb90ccb073|access-date=2023-11-29|website=AP News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn ipò ọ̀dá tí ó wọ́pọ̀ sí líle láti British Columbia sí àríwá Ontario dúró títí di ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://agriculture.canada.ca/atlas/data_donnees/canadianDroughtMonitor/maps_cartes/monthlyAssessments/en/2023/cdm_2309_mn_en.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029185425/https://agriculture.canada.ca/atlas/data_donnees/canadianDroughtMonitor/maps_cartes/monthlyAssessments/en/2023/cdm_2309_mn_en.pdf|archive-date=October 29, 2023|title=Canadian Drought Monitor: Conditions as of September 30, 2023|publisher=Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada|access-date=December 25, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìtànkálẹ̀ kíákíá ti àwọn iná ìgbẹ́ ilẹ̀ Canada ti ọdún 2023 ni ọ̀dá náà mú kí ó burú sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ramirez|first1=Rachel|title=Canada's wildfire season is off to an 'unprecedented' start. Here's what it could mean for the US|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/10/us/canada-wildfire-season-us-impact-climate/index.html|website=CNN|language=en|date=10 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Korte|first=Cara|date=2023-06-12|title=How did the Canadian wildfires start? A look at what's causing the fires that covered the East Coast in smoke|language=en-US|work=CBS|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-did-the-wildfires-in-canada-start-cause-nova-scotia-quebec/|access-date=2023-06-15|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ewéko jákèjádò Canada gbẹ gan-an, èyí sì yọrí sí àwọn ipò tí ó jọ tinder. Mànàmáná ń kọlù ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Canada, èyí tí ó wọ́pọ̀ jùlọ tí ó ń fa àwọn iná ìgbẹ́ ilẹ̀ ní Canada, kì í sábàá jẹ́ òjò ńlá.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Georgina|last=Rannard|date=2023-06-08|title=Is climate change fuelling Canada's wildfires?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65837040|access-date=2023-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn oko ní agbègbè náà tí wọ́n ṣì ní àǹfààní láti máa rì omi tún ní àwọn àrùn eṣú tó pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Narwhal|first=The|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/|access-date=2023-11-29|work=[[The Narwhal]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abojuto Ogbele ti Ilu Kanada ==
Àjọ Ààbò àti Oúnjẹ Agri-Food ti Canada ti Canada ṣe àkójọpọ̀ àwọn ọ̀dá ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìpíndọ́gba òjò lórí ìwọ̀n D0 sí D4. D0 tọ́ka sí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ gbígbẹ tí ó burú jáì tí ó máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan láàárín ọdún mẹ́ta; D4 tọ́ka sí ọ̀dá tí ó yàtọ̀ tí ó máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lẹ́ẹ̀kan láàárín ọdún àádọ́ta.  Ní oṣù kẹfà ọdún 2023, àwọn agbègbè kan wà ní Kánádà tí wọ́n ń rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ D0 sí D3. Àìlera gbígbẹ tí ó wọ́pọ̀ nítorí àwọn ẹ̀ka òjò jẹ́ ti òjò tí ó sábà máa ń ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú àkókò ìpadàbọ̀ ìṣirò. &lt;ref name=&quot;agriculture_canada&quot; /&gt;

=== Dídára afẹ́fẹ́ ===
Ọ̀dá náà yọrí sí iye iná igbó tó pọ̀ jùlọ ní gbogbo Kánádà. Àpapọ̀ èéfín iná àti afẹ́fẹ́ tó dúró jẹ́ẹ́ ju ìlọ́po mẹ́ta lọ tí Environment Canada kìlọ̀ nípa dídára afẹ́fẹ́ ní ọdún 2023, tó dé 3,166 ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlógún oṣù kẹjọ. Nígbà míì, Toronto, Montreal, àti Calgary ló wà ní ipò àkọ́kọ́ nínú àkójọ àwọn ìlú tó ní ìbàjẹ́ afẹ́fẹ́ tó burú jùlọ kárí ayé. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-08-19|title=The summer the sun turned red: Canadians wake up to the reality of climate change under a veil of smoke|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-canada-wildfires-smoke-climate-change/|access-date=2023-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àtìláńtíkì Kánádà ==
Lẹ́yìn ìgbà òtútù yìnyín tí kò pọ̀ tó,  Ìrúwé ọdún 2023 gbẹ gan-an ní gbogbo Àtìláńtíìkì Kánádà, pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè tí òjò ti rọ̀ díẹ̀. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ PEI gba ìdá mẹ́rin òjò tí wọ́n sábà máa ń rọ̀, nígbà tí àwọn apá kan ní Nova Scotia àti New Brunswick rí oṣù kẹrin tí ó gbẹ jùlọ ní àkọsílẹ̀. Ní Nova Scotia, ìfúnpọ̀ omi tí kìí sábà bẹ̀rẹ̀ títí di oṣù Keje ni a nílò ní oṣù Karùn-ún àti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ 0su Kẹfà &lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot; /&gt;

Ipò gbígbẹ náà ló fa iye iná tó pọ̀ gan-an ní gbogbo Atlantic Canada. Ní oṣù karùn-ún àti ọ̀sẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ oṣù kẹfà, Newfoundland àti Labrador ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá iye iná tó ń jó ní àsìkò wọn. Nova Scotia ti ṣe àkọsílẹ̀ ìtàn gbogbogbò fún iná, títí kan iná mẹ́rin tí kò ṣeé ṣàkóso ní ọjọ́ kìíní Okudu kẹfà. &lt;ref name=&quot;AP Nova Scotia&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nova Scotia wildfires grow, prompt air quality warnings as far south as Virginia|url=https://apnews.com/article/canada-wildfires-halifax-firefighters-us-south-africa-20f340036282d892aaa5528f1e48e618|access-date=June 7, 2023|archivedate=June 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;Iná méjì ló jó nítòsí Halifax, títí kan iná kan ní agbègbè ìlú kan tó pa ilé tó tó ọgọ́rùn-ún méjì run. &lt;ref name=&quot;AP Nova Scotia&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn ìjì líle kan bẹ́ sílẹ̀ ní àárín oṣù kẹfà, títí kan àwọn ìjì mẹ́ta tó ṣẹ́kù ní àwọn agbègbè olóoru.  Fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn agbègbè Maritime, ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn ọdún 2023 ló jẹ́ èyí tó rọ̀ jùlọ ní àkọsílẹ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Snoddon|first=Ryan|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/weather-ryan-snoddon-wettest-summer-on-record-1.6959338|title=Summer of 2023 was the wettest on record for much of the Maritimes|date=September 7, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nígbà tí ó fi di ìparí oṣù kẹsàn-án, etíkun Labrador àríwá nìkan ni wọ́n ṣì kà sí ibi tí ó gbẹ lọ́nà àìtọ́. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=October 29, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231029185425/https://agriculture.canada.ca/atlas/data_donnees/canadianDroughtMonitor/maps_cartes/monthlyAssessments/en/2023/cdm_2309_mn_en.pdf &quot;Canadian Drought Monitor: Conditions as of September 30, 2023&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Archived from [https://agriculture.canada.ca/atlas/data_donnees/canadianDroughtMonitor/maps_cartes/monthlyAssessments/en/2023/cdm_2309_mn_en.pdf the original] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; on October 29, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 25,&lt;/span&gt; 2025&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ontario àti Quebec ==
Lẹ́yìn ìgbà òtútù yìnyín tí ó lọ sílẹ̀ lọ́nà àìròtẹ́lẹ̀, Ontario àti Quebec di òjò ní oṣù Karùn-ún, pẹ̀lú òjò díẹ̀ tàbí kò rọ̀ rárá ní oṣù Karùn-ún àti àwọn ọ̀sẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ oṣù Kẹfà.   Ojú ọjọ́ Quebec ní pàtàkì yí padà kíákíá láàárín àwọn òjò líle koko: ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ òtútù ní gúúsù Quebec ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù Karùn-ún, pẹ̀lú ìgbì ooru líle koko ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ní Côte-Nord àti Abitibi-Témiscamingue . Ní àárín oṣù Kẹfà, ìpínlẹ̀ náà pín sí méjì láàárín òjò líle koko ní gúúsù àti ooru líle koko àti ọ̀dá ní àárín gbùngbùn àti àríwá. 

Ní ọjọ́ kọkànlélọ́gbọ̀n oṣù karùn-ún, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ pé gbogbo Ontario àti Quebec, àyàfi ìwọ̀ oòrùn Ontario àti Quebec, ló wà lábẹ́ ewu iná tó ga sí i.   Ní ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù kẹfà, iná mẹ́rìnléláàádọ́ta ló ń jó ní Ontario. &lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=June 30, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ewu iná tó ga jù lọ ti gbéra sí àríwá ìwọ̀ oòrùn Ontario fún ìgbà díẹ̀ kí ó tó lọ sí ìwọ̀ oòrùn. 

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ iná tó ń jó ní àárín gbùngbùn àti ìlà oòrùn Ontario ló dáwọ́ dúró lẹ́yìn tí òjò tún rọ̀ ní àárín oṣù kẹfà,  iye àti ìwọ̀n iná Quebec yára pọ̀ sí i láti iná 137 sí iná 446 láàárín ọjọ́ méjì péré. &lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=June 30, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/smoke-canadian-wildfires-blankets-us &quot;Smoke From Canadian Wildfires Blankets U.S.&quot;] [[National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service]]. June 8, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230630102323/https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/smoke-canadian-wildfires-blankets-us Archived] from the original on June 30, 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;June 8,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Èéfín láti inú iná Quebec tàn lọ sí Montreal, ìlú New York, àti àwọn ibòmíràn ní etíkun ìlà oòrùn . Ní alẹ́ ọjọ́ kẹfà oṣù kẹfà, ìlú New York ní ìbàjẹ́ afẹ́fẹ́ tó burú jùlọ ní gbogbo ìlú ńlá ní àgbáyé; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New York City has the worst air quality in the world as smoke from Canadian wildfires rolls in|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/unhealthy-air-quality-canada-wildfires-live-updates-rcna88092|archivedate=September 21, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀sán ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹfà, Montreal gba orúkọ yẹn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Poor air quality in Montreal from Quebec wildfires forces event cancellations|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-air-quality-forest-fires-smog-1.6888062|access-date=June 28, 2023|archivedate=June 29, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pupọ julọ guusu iwọ-oorun Ontario ni a yọ kuro ninu ọgbẹ́ líle ti o n kọlu awọn iyokù Ontario ati Quebec. Botilẹjẹpe guusu Ontario bẹrẹ ni ọdun 2023 ni ọgbẹ́, iyoku igba otutu dinku idinku yinyin naa.  Ojo naa wa deede titi di igba ti a ri agbegbe Rex ni oṣu Karun, eyiti o fa ki ọpọlọpọ awọn agbegbe gba kere si 5% ti ojo deede wọn.   Awọn ibi diẹ ni igbasilẹ Oṣu Karun ti o gbẹ julọ ni igbasilẹ.  Lati Oṣu Karun 31 si Oṣu Kẹfa 11, agbegbe naa wa labẹ ewu ina nla.  Sibẹsibẹ, ọgbẹ́ naa bẹrẹ ni aarin Oṣu Kẹfa, pẹlu ojo deede ti o sunmọ deede ati ooru alabọde nikan lẹhin naa.  Nitori pe a gbin awọn irugbin ni ọrinrin oṣu Kẹrin, ọgbẹ́ ni oṣu Karun ko ni ipa lori ikore irugbin ni awọn agbegbe guusu ti Muskoka.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Robert|last=Williams|date=2023-07-13|title=After the drought of 2022, summer rain brings stability back to Ontario's farmers|url=https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/after-the-drought-of-2022-summer-rain-brings-stability-back-to-ontario-s-farmers/article_e88e7cbd-7bd9-526a-b6b2-a6ef3b105b9a.html|access-date=2023-11-29|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyatọ naa ni idinku ikore lori alikama igba otutu, eyiti o bẹrẹ si dagba ni ibẹrẹ ooru. 

Sibẹsibẹ, guusu iwọ-oorun Ontario ko ni aabo kuro lọwọ eefin igbẹ. Nigbati afẹfẹ ba wa lati ariwa ila-oorun, eefin n wọ agbegbe naa lati inu ina Outaouais. Eyi fa awọn ọjọ diẹ ti didara afẹfẹ ko dara pupọ, pẹlu Oṣu Kẹfa ọjọ kejidinlogbon, nigbati Toronto gba ipo akọkọ ni agbaye fun didara afẹfẹ ti ko dara julọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/29/us/toronto-air-quality-fires.html|title=Air Quality in Toronto is Among the Worst in the World|date=29 June 2023|last=Bilefsky|first=Dan}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eefin naa ko ni ipa lori didara irugbin, botilẹjẹpe ọpọlọpọ awọn oṣiṣẹ oko wọ iboju N95 nigbati wọn n ṣiṣẹ ni ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Robert|last=Williams|date=2023-07-13|title=After the drought of 2022, summer rain brings stability back to Ontario's farmers|url=https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/after-the-drought-of-2022-summer-rain-brings-stability-back-to-ontario-s-farmers/article_e88e7cbd-7bd9-526a-b6b2-a6ef3b105b9a.html|access-date=2023-11-29|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFWilliams2023&quot;&gt;Williams, Robert (2023-07-13). [https://www.therecord.com/news/waterloo-region/after-the-drought-of-2022-summer-rain-brings-stability-back-to-ontario-s-farmers/article_e88e7cbd-7bd9-526a-b6b2-a6ef3b105b9a.html &quot;After the drought of 2022, summer rain brings stability back to Ontario's farmers&quot;]. ''[[Waterloo Region Record]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbègbè Prairie ==
Okudu Kẹfà ọdún 2023 ló jẹ́ àkókò tí gbogbo ọ̀dá ní ìlà-oòrùn ti dínkù, tí àwọn ọ̀dá ìwọ̀-oòrùn sì burú sí i.

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ará Alberta àti Saskatchewan ti wà nínú ọ̀dá díẹ̀ láti ọdún 2020, àwọn ipò ọ̀dá tó ṣẹ̀ṣẹ̀ wáyé ti le gan-an. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Georgina|last=Rannard|date=2023-06-08|title=Is climate change fuelling Canada's wildfires?|language=en-GB|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65837040|access-date=2023-06-15}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRannard2023&quot;&gt;Rannard, Georgina (2023-06-08). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65837040 &quot;Is climate change fuelling Canada's wildfires?&quot;]. ''BBC News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-06-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ní oṣù karùn-ún ọdún 2023, àwọn ibì kan ní agbègbè Prairie—tí ó ní Alberta, Saskatchewan, àti Manitoba nínú—dé ìwọ̀n otútù tó ga ju ìwọ̀n 7 lọ nígbàtí a ròyìn ìwọ̀n otútù tó ga ju ìwọ̀n meta sí marun lọ ju ìwọ̀n otútù tó ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga ju ìwọ̀n tó lọ. 

Wọ́n ròyìn pé wọ́n kọ́kọ́ yan D3 Extreme Dd D2023 ní Canada ní Alberta. &lt;ref name=&quot;CityNews_Alejandro_20230629&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://calgary.citynews.ca/2023/06/29/foothills-county-agricultural-disaster|work=City News|access-date=June 30, 2023|date=June 29, 2023|title=Facing extreme drought, Foothills declares agricultural disaster|first1=Tiffany|last1=Goodwein|first2=Alejandro|last2=Melgar|location=Calgary, Alberta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nígbà tí ó fi máa di ìparí oṣù kẹfà nítorí ipò òjò tó ń lọ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ àti èyí tó le koko, Paintearth, Stettler, Vulcan, àti Foothills kéde pé àjálù iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ìlú ti wáyé. &lt;ref name=&quot;CityNews_Alejandro_20230629&quot; /&gt;

Omi tó kéré síi tó wà ní orí àwọn odò Churchill, Winnipeg, àti Saskatchewan dín agbára iná tó wà láti orí àwọn ibùdó iná mànàmáná pàtàkì mélòó kan kù gidigidi. Láti san án padà, Manitoba Hydro fa ilé iṣẹ́ gáàsì àdánidá Brandon rẹ̀ sínú iṣẹ́ oṣù díẹ̀ kí ó tó di ìgbà òtútù tó jìn. Àkójọ omi Lake Winnipeg nìkan, tí ìkún omi Odò Pupa ń tún kún un lọ́dọọdún, ló ń ṣiṣẹ́ ní àárín ibi tí wọ́n ń gbé e sí. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=Bartley Kives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òjò líle koko sí ọ̀dá tó yàtọ̀ ní gbogbo agbègbè gúúsù Calgary tẹ̀síwájú títí di ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn. Àwọn agbègbè láti Fort McMurray sí àríwá sí àwọn agbègbè àríwá ìwọ̀-oòrùn ṣì wà nínú òjò líle koko sí òjò líle koko ní ìparí oṣù kẹsàn-án. Àárín gbùngbùn Alberta nìkan, ní agbègbè tó gbòòrò tí ó wà ní Edmonton, ni òjò ti bàjẹ́ nítorí ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn.

== British Columbia ==
Gbogbo apa agbegbe British Columbia, pẹlu igbo ojo ti o tutu ni eti okun ati Haida Gwaii, ti wa ninu ogbele ni gbogbo osu ooru ti 2023. Ida meji ninu meta awon omi BC wa ni ogbele ti o lagbara si ti o yatọ, pẹlu awọn agbegbe ti o buru julọ ni guusu ati ni agbegbe Peace River ariwa ila oorun.  &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/|access-date=2023-11-29|work=[[The Narwhal]]|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNarwhal&quot;&gt;Narwhal, The. [https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/ &quot;Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future&quot;]. ''[[The Narwhal]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tofino rí ìdá mẹ́rin péré nínú òjò tó rọ̀ láàárín oṣù Keje àti Oṣù Kẹ̀wàá 21; òjò tó rọ̀ ní Vancouver kò tó 10%; àti pé òjò tó rọ̀ ní Victoria, British Columbia kò ju 2 millimeters lọ dípò àròpín rẹ̀ tó rọ̀ ní 132 mm. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=October 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ní Prince George, British Columbia, ìdàpọ̀ odò Fraser àti Nechako ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ gbẹ tán. 

Ìjọba ìpínlẹ̀ náà kọ́kọ́ kéde ọ̀dá tó ń bọ̀ ní ọjọ́ kẹtàlélógún oṣù kẹfà, nígbà tí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ibi omi ńláńlá ti wà ní ìpele kẹta ti ọ̀dá àti pé agbègbè Odò Peace ti kọlu ìpele kẹrin ti ọ̀dá. Ní àkókò yẹn àti ní gbogbo ìgbà ọ̀dá náà, wọ́n kàn béèrè fún àwọn ìdènà omi àtinúwá nìkan.   Kò lo Òfin Ìdúróṣinṣin Omi ti ọdún 2016 tàbí lo Ìṣètò Àwọn Ilẹ̀ Omi Alágbára ti ọdún 2021.  Nítorí náà, gbogbo àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ pajawiri ni a ṣe ní ìpele ìlú tàbí agbègbè.

Kí ó tó di ọdún 2022, Etíkun Oòrùn ní igbó òjò BC ti ní ìrírí ìdènà omi ìpele 4 ní ìgbà mẹ́rin péré. Ní ọdún 2022, wọ́n gbé ìdènà omi ìpele 4 kalẹ̀ fún oṣù mẹ́ta. Ní ọdún 2023, wọ́n gbé ìdènà ìpele 4 kalẹ̀ ní oṣù Keje, wọ́n sì tẹ̀síwájú títí di ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/|access-date=2023-11-29}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNarwhal&quot;&gt;Narwhal, The. [https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/ &quot;Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future&quot;]. ''[[The Narwhal]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n kéde ìdènà pajawiri ní Sunshine Coast lẹ́yìn tí ibi ìpamọ́ omi pàtàkì ti lọ sílẹ̀ sí ìwọ̀n tí ó kéré gan-an, pẹ̀lú àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ tí kìí ṣe pàtàkì tí wọ́n ń lo omi líle bíi àwọn olùfi kọ́ńkírítì tí a kò gbà láyè láti lo omi mímu mọ́. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=October 24, 2022}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/bc-drought-by-the-numbers-vancouver-victoria-saw-less-than-10-of-average-rainfall-since-july/ &quot;B.C. drought by the numbers: Vancouver, Victoria saw less than 10% of average rainfall since July&quot;]. ''British Columbia''. 2022-10-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àdàkọ:Cite web|cite web]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ní àwọn agbègbè kéékèèké, tí wọ́n ṣì ní àǹfààní láti máa rì omi, ní ìṣòro ìkọlù àwọn kòkòrò láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ẹ̀dá tí wọ́n ń wá omi àti oúnjẹ pàtàkì. Ìkọlù àwọn ọ̀gbìn Grasshopper pa àwọn èso ní gbogbo gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn BC run. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Narwhal|first=The|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNarwhal&quot;&gt;Narwhal, The. [https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/ &quot;Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future&quot;]. ''[[The Narwhal]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́yìn ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà òjò, ìdá mẹ́rin àwọn igi ní Stanley Park ti Vancouver ti kú, èyí tí ó jẹ́ iye ikú tí ó ga jùlọ nínú ìtàn ọgbà náà.  Ìwọ̀n omi tí ó lọ sílẹ̀ gidigidi ní àwọn odò Vancouver Island ni a ti fi hàn pé ó ń fa ikú ẹja salmon ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ nígbà tí wọ́n bá ń rú ọmọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot; /&gt;

Láìka òjò tó rọ̀ sí, ibi ìtọ́jú omi Tofino ní erékùsù Meares ṣì wà ní ìpele tó dára. Moss tó ń fa omi láti inú èéfín àti ìrì ló ń tún un ṣe, èyí tó sì ń gba ààbò àwọn igbó tó ń dàgbàsókè àkọ́kọ́. Erékùsù Meares pa àwọn igbó tó ń dàgbàsókè àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ mọ́ lẹ́yìn tí Nú-chah-nulth First Nation àti Friends of Clayoquot Sound ṣe àṣeyọrí láti dáwọ́ gígé igi náà dúró nígbà tí wọ́n ń ṣe àtakò ní Clayoquot. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/|access-date=2023-11-29}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFNarwhal&quot;&gt;Narwhal, The. [https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future/ &quot;Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future&quot;]. ''[[The Narwhal]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-11-29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tofino ti fẹ̀ sí ibi ìtọ́jú omi náà, ó sì ti fi ìwọ̀n omi sí ọ̀pọ̀ ibi ìsinmi ńlá lẹ́yìn ọ̀dá ọdún 2006, èyí tó burú tó ọ̀dá ọdún 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/2023-bc-drought-future|title=Canada's wettest province faces historic drought — and a precarious new future}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀dá líle koko tẹ̀síwájú títí di ìgbà ìwọ́-omi ní Erekusu Vancouver, ní etíkun, àti ní agbègbè Pẹ̀tẹ́lẹ̀ Inú Ilé .  Odò afẹ́fẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ ní ìgbà ìwọ́-omi ọdún 2023 kọlu àwọn agbègbè etíkun BC pẹ̀lú òjò tó tó igba mm, ṣùgbọ́n èyí kò tíì tó àkókò tí òjò fi rọ̀ fún agbègbè náà. Àwọn apá kan ní gúúsù Interior gba òjò tó tó adota mm, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ wọn gbẹ díẹ̀ nítorí ipa òjìji òjò . 

== Wo tun ==

* Àwọn igbó iná ilẹ̀ Kánádà ti ọdún 2023
* Iyipada oju-ọjọ ni Kanada

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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        <id>33008</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ṣ'èdá ojúewé pẹ̀lú &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;short description|Nigerian footballer (born 2003)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Infobox football biography|name=Oriola Sunday|image=File:Oriola Sunday (Ardija).jpg|caption=Sunday with [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] in 2024|fullname=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2003|4|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|height=1.78 m|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|clubnumber=90|youthyears1={{0|0000}}–2018|youthclubs1=IB Sports Dreams|youthy...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>623024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3881" sha1="rc1nd6dcht1ix7xbv3plezuznldaxpx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;short description|Nigerian footballer (born 2003)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Infobox football biography|name=Oriola Sunday|image=File:Oriola Sunday (Ardija).jpg|caption=Sunday with [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] in 2024|fullname=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2003|4|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|height=1.78 m|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|clubnumber=90|youthyears1={{0|0000}}–2018|youthclubs1=IB Sports Dreams|youthyears2=2019–2021|youthclubs2=Fukuchiyama Seibi High School|years1=2022–2024|clubs1=[[Tokushima Vortis]]|caps1=7|goals1=0|years2=2023–2024|clubs2=→ [[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)|caps2=33|goals2=5|years3=2024|clubs3=→ [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)|caps3=15|goals3=5|years4=2025–|clubs4=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|caps4=38|goals4=9|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|club-update=20:57, 10 June 2026 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=}}'''Oriola Sunday (tí''' a bí ní ọjọ́ 18 Oṣù Kẹrin, ọdún 2003) jẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù amọ̀ṣẹ́yẹ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà tí ó ń ṣeré gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbábọ́ọ̀lù ìkọlù fún ẹgbẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù RB Omiya Ardija ní ilẹ̀ Jàpán..

== Iṣẹ́-ọnà ==
Oriola Sunday, nígbà ìgbà-ọmọ rẹ̀ nínú bọ́ọ̀lù, ṣeré fún IB Sports Dreams (ní Abuja, Nàìjíríà) àti fún ẹgbẹ́ bọ́ọ̀lù Fukuchiyama Seibi High School. Ó fọwọ́ sí àdéhùn akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú Tokushima Vortis ní ọjọ́ kìn-ín-ní Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022. Ẹgbẹ́ náà láti ìlú Tokushima, ìlú ńlá kan ní ìpínlẹ̀ Tokushima lórí erékùṣù Shikoku, ń ṣeré nínú liigi kejì ti Japan, J2 League.

Ó ṣe àfihàn àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ nínú liigi náà ní ọjọ́ 19 Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022 (ọjọ́ eré àkọ́kọ́), ní eré ilé sí Zweigen Kanazawa. Wọ́n rọ́pò rẹ̀ fún Akira Hamashita ní ìṣẹ́jú 78. Eré náà parí ní àmì òfo sí òfo (0–0).

Lẹ́yìn tí ó ti ṣe eré méje nínú liigi ẹ̀ka kejì, ó lọ sí ẹgbẹ́ ẹ̀ka kẹta Vanraure Hachinohe lórí àyálégbé ní Oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2023.

== Àwọn ìṣirò iṣẹ́ bọ́ọ̀lù rẹ̀ ==
{{updated|match played 9 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|oriola-sunday/815335}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[J.League Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Tokushima Vortis]]
|[[2022 J2 League|2022]]
|[[J2 League]]
|6
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
|12
|0
|-
|[[2023 J2 League|2023]]
|J2 League
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!7
!0
!1
!0
!5
!0
!13
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)
|[[2023 J3 League|2023]]
|[[J3 League]]
|14
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|14
|3
|-
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|19
|2
|2
|0
|2
|0
|23
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!5
!2
!0
!2
!0
!37
!5
|-
|[[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|15
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|15
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |RB Omiya Ardija
|[[2025 J2 League|2025]]
|J2 League
|26
|6
|1
|0
|2
|1
|29
|7
|-
|[[J2/J3 100 Year Vision League|2026]]
|J2/J3
|12
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!53
!14
!1
!0
!2
!1
!56
!15
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!93
!19
!4
!0
!9
!1
!106
!20
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''RB Omiya Ardija'''

* [[J3 League]]: [[2024 J3 League|2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Standings|url=https://www.jleague.co/standings/j3/2024/|website=jleague.co|access-date=8 December 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{RB Omiya Ardija squad}}

{{Nigeria-footy-forward-stub}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>623025</id>
      <parentid>623024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T00:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khodijah 157</username>
        <id>33008</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>623025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3840" sha1="q87tnemwjsxid478wc1ifd1gm10q2cw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;short description|Nigerian footballer (born 2003)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Infobox football biography|name=Oriola Sunday|image=File:Oriola Sunday (Ardija).jpg|caption=Sunday with [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] in 2024|fullname=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2003|4|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|height=1.78 m|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|clubnumber=90|youthyears1={{0|0000}}–2018|youthclubs1=IB Sports Dreams|youthyears2=2019–2021|youthclubs2=Fukuchiyama Seibi High School|years1=2022–2024|clubs1=[[Tokushima Vortis]]|caps1=7|goals1=0|years2=2023–2024|clubs2=→ [[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)|caps2=33|goals2=5|years3=2024|clubs3=→ [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)|caps3=15|goals3=5|years4=2025–|clubs4=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|caps4=38|goals4=9|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|club-update=20:57, 10 June 2026 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=}}'''Oriola Sunday (tí''' a bí ní ọjọ́ 18 Oṣù Kẹrin, ọdún 2003) jẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù amọ̀ṣẹ́yẹ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà tí ó ń ṣeré gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbábọ́ọ̀lù ìkọlù fún ẹgbẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù RB Omiya Ardija ní ilẹ̀ Jàpán..

== Career ==
Oriola Sunday, nígbà ìgbà-ọmọ rẹ̀ nínú bọ́ọ̀lù, ṣeré fún IB Sports Dreams (ní Abuja, Nàìjíríà) àti fún ẹgbẹ́ bọ́ọ̀lù Fukuchiyama Seibi High School. Ó fọwọ́ sí àdéhùn akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú Tokushima Vortis ní ọjọ́ kìn-ín-ní Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022. Ẹgbẹ́ náà láti ìlú Tokushima, ìlú ńlá kan ní ìpínlẹ̀ Tokushima lórí erékùṣù Shikoku, ń ṣeré nínú liigi kejì ti Japan, J2 League.

Ó ṣe àfihàn àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ nínú liigi náà ní ọjọ́ 19 Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022 (ọjọ́ eré àkọ́kọ́), ní eré ilé sí Zweigen Kanazawa. Wọ́n rọ́pò rẹ̀ fún Akira Hamashita ní ìṣẹ́jú 78. Eré náà parí ní àmì òfo sí òfo (0–0).

Lẹ́yìn tí ó ti ṣe eré méje nínú liigi ẹ̀ka kejì, ó lọ sí ẹgbẹ́ ẹ̀ka kẹta Vanraure Hachinohe lórí àyálégbé ní Oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2023.

== Career statistical ==
{{updated|match played 9 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|oriola-sunday/815335}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[J.League Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Tokushima Vortis]]
|[[2022 J2 League|2022]]
|[[J2 League]]
|6
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
|12
|0
|-
|[[2023 J2 League|2023]]
|J2 League
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!7
!0
!1
!0
!5
!0
!13
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)
|[[2023 J3 League|2023]]
|[[J3 League]]
|14
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|14
|3
|-
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|19
|2
|2
|0
|2
|0
|23
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!5
!2
!0
!2
!0
!37
!5
|-
|[[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|15
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|15
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |RB Omiya Ardija
|[[2025 J2 League|2025]]
|J2 League
|26
|6
|1
|0
|2
|1
|29
|7
|-
|[[J2/J3 100 Year Vision League|2026]]
|J2/J3
|12
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!53
!14
!1
!0
!2
!1
!56
!15
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!93
!19
!4
!0
!9
!1
!106
!20
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''RB Omiya Ardija'''

* [[J3 League]]: [[2024 J3 League|2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Standings|url=https://www.jleague.co/standings/j3/2024/|website=jleague.co|access-date=8 December 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{RB Omiya Ardija squad}}

{{Nigeria-footy-forward-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>q87tnemwjsxid478wc1ifd1gm10q2cw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>623026</id>
      <parentid>623025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T00:02:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Khodijah 157</username>
        <id>33008</id>
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      <origin>623026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3839" sha1="8dxoppuq1rltows7c49d6rs7pcrbwat" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;short description|Nigerian footballer (born 2003)}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Infobox football biography|name=Oriola Sunday|image=File:Oriola Sunday (Ardija).jpg|caption=Sunday with [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] in 2024|fullname=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2003|4|18|df=y}}|birth_place=|height=1.78 m|position=[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]|currentclub=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|clubnumber=90|youthyears1={{0|0000}}–2018|youthclubs1=IB Sports Dreams|youthyears2=2019–2021|youthclubs2=Fukuchiyama Seibi High School|years1=2022–2024|clubs1=[[Tokushima Vortis]]|caps1=7|goals1=0|years2=2023–2024|clubs2=→ [[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)|caps2=33|goals2=5|years3=2024|clubs3=→ [[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)|caps3=15|goals3=5|years4=2025–|clubs4=[[RB Omiya Ardija]]|caps4=38|goals4=9|nationalyears1=|nationalteam1=|nationalcaps1=|nationalgoals1=|club-update=20:57, 10 June 2026 (UTC)|nationalteam-update=}}'''Oriola Sunday (tí''' a bí ní ọjọ́ 18 Oṣù Kẹrin, ọdún 2003) jẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù amọ̀ṣẹ́yẹ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà tí ó ń ṣeré gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbábọ́ọ̀lù ìkọlù fún ẹgbẹ́ agbábọ́ọ̀lù RB Omiya Ardija ní ilẹ̀ Jàpán..

== Career ==
Oriola Sunday, nígbà ìgbà-ọmọ rẹ̀ nínú bọ́ọ̀lù, ṣeré fún IB Sports Dreams (ní Abuja, Nàìjíríà) àti fún ẹgbẹ́ bọ́ọ̀lù Fukuchiyama Seibi High School. Ó fọwọ́ sí àdéhùn akọ́ṣẹ́mọṣẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú Tokushima Vortis ní ọjọ́ kìn-ín-ní Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022. Ẹgbẹ́ náà láti ìlú Tokushima, ìlú ńlá kan ní ìpínlẹ̀ Tokushima lórí erékùṣù Shikoku, ń ṣeré nínú liigi kejì ti Japan, J2 League.

Ó ṣe àfihàn àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ nínú liigi náà ní ọjọ́ 19 Oṣù Kejì, ọdún 2022 (ọjọ́ eré àkọ́kọ́), ní eré ilé sí Zweigen Kanazawa. Wọ́n rọ́pò rẹ̀ fún Akira Hamashita ní ìṣẹ́jú 78. Eré náà parí ní àmì òfo sí òfo (0–0).

Lẹ́yìn tí ó ti ṣe eré méje nínú liigi ẹ̀ka kejì, ó lọ sí ẹgbẹ́ ẹ̀ka kẹta Vanraure Hachinohe lórí àyálégbé ní Oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2023.

== Career statistics ==
{{updated|match played 9 May 2026}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|oriola-sunday/815335}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Emperor's Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[J.League Cup]]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Division
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Tokushima Vortis]]
|[[2022 J2 League|2022]]
|[[J2 League]]
|6
|0
|1
|0
|5
|0
|12
|0
|-
|[[2023 J2 League|2023]]
|J2 League
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!7
!0
!1
!0
!5
!0
!13
!0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Vanraure Hachinohe]] (loan)
|[[2023 J3 League|2023]]
|[[J3 League]]
|14
|3
|0
|0
|0
|0
|14
|3
|-
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|19
|2
|2
|0
|2
|0
|23
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!33
!5
!2
!0
!2
!0
!37
!5
|-
|[[RB Omiya Ardija|Omiya Ardija]] (loan)
|[[2024 J3 League|2024]]
|J3 League
|15
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|15
|5
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |RB Omiya Ardija
|[[2025 J2 League|2025]]
|J2 League
|26
|6
|1
|0
|2
|1
|29
|7
|-
|[[J2/J3 100 Year Vision League|2026]]
|J2/J3
|12
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|12
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!53
!14
!1
!0
!2
!1
!56
!15
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total
!93
!19
!4
!0
!9
!1
!106
!20
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
'''RB Omiya Ardija'''

* [[J3 League]]: [[2024 J3 League|2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Standings|url=https://www.jleague.co/standings/j3/2024/|website=jleague.co|access-date=8 December 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{RB Omiya Ardija squad}}

{{Nigeria-footy-forward-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>8dxoppuq1rltows7c49d6rs7pcrbwat</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623032</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-23T10:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NigerianScribe</username>
        <id>33701</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340000048|Greenhouse gas]]&quot;</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6898" sha1="dvtekmx6ra7qeumqqmaump48ixn3by4" xml:space="preserve">
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì. &lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author1=Matthews|url=free|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|date=2021-08-09|oclc=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2005-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Modern global climate change|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878|archive-date=22 April 2021|access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1=Forster|title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence|date=2025|url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=19 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=28 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn. 

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,  àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.  Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels), &lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=5 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.  {{Rp|687}}Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.  Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,  ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.[16] 

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,  bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=24 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2024-06-05|title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence|url=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous). &lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=6 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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