Moses Ọláìyá Adéjùmọ̀

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    <title>Moses Ọláìyá Adéjùmọ̀</title>
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      <text bytes="2433" sha1="o217ri53871eqsg7akbclpe5kh8bled" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox actor
| name = Moses Olaiya
| othername = Baba Sala
| image = 
| caption = Àwòrán láti orí eré orí-ìtàgé rẹ
| birthname =Moses Olaiya Adejumo 
| birthdate = 18-05-1936
| ancestry = Yoruba
| origin = 
| location = 
| deathdate = 7-10-2018
| deathplace =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = 
| children = Emmanuel Adejumo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| last =Abodunrin 
| first = Akintayo
| title = Feast of drama for the dramatist 
| publisher = 234NEXT.com
| url = http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/ArtsandCulture/TheatreDance/5420456-147/story.csp
| accessdate=2009-09-19
}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/br&gt; Oyindamola Adejumo &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| last = 
| first = 
| title = Gospel
| publisher = African Gospel Music Center
| url = http://www.afrodrive.com/gospel/
| accessdate = 2009-09-19
| archive-date = 2009-09-16
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090916020256/http://www.afrodrive.com/gospel/
| dead-url = yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
  
| homepage = 
}}


'''Moses Ọláìyá Adéjùmọ̀''' (1936 - 2018) je gbaju gbaja osere ori amohun-maworan ati oni sinima omo ile [[Naijiria]] 
Ohun ni opo eniyan mo si &quot;Baba Sala&quot;. O je Alawada kerikeri elere ori itage [[Yoruba]].

Moses Adejumo je omo ilu [[Ijesha]] ni ipinle [[Osun]].Baba Sala ni a gba pe o je Oludasile awada (Comedy) ninu ere Sinima ile Yoruba, gege bi o se ba awon ogbon-tagi osere ori itage Yoruba miran bii: [[Hubert Ogunde]], [[Kola Ogunmola]], [[Oyin Adejobi]] ati [[Duro Ladipo]] bi o se je wipe awon ni won pile ti won si gbe ere Sinima ori itage Yoruba gun oke agba doni, bakan naa ni o je oun paapaa mu idagba-soke ba Sinima Yoruba lapapo ni ilana tire naa.

== Awon akojopo ere re ==
* ''Orun Mooru''  (1982)
* ''Aare Agbaye'' (1983)
* ''Mosebolatan'' (1985)
* ''Obee Gbona'' (1989)
* ''Diamond'' (1990 Home video )
* ''Agba Man'' (1992, Home Video)
* ''Return Match'' (1993, Home Video)
* ''Ana Gomina'' (1996, home video, )
* ''Tokunbo'' (1985, TV)

==Itoka==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.citwf.com/person478705.htm Film database]
* [http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/africa/videos/nollywood_videos.html African Video Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429002250/http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/africa/videos/nollywood_videos.html |date=2017-04-29 }} at [http://hcl.harvard.edu/ Harvard College Library]

{{igbesiaye|1936|2018|Adejumo, Moses Olaiya}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:àwọn òṣeré ará Nàìjíríà]]

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  <page>
    <title>Helon Habila</title>
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      <text bytes="5163" sha1="mj9967rw6wxmsi4kxhozyvs49iw396u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name         = Helon Habila
| image        = Helon Habila 01.JPG
| imagesize    = 
| alt          = 
| caption      = Helon Habila, Göteborg 2010
| pseudonym    = 
| birthname    = 
| birthdate    = 1967
| birthplace   = [[Kaltungo]], [[Ipinle Gombe]]
| deathdate    = 
| deathplace   = 
| occupation   = 
| nationality  = 
| ethnicity    = 
| citizenship  = Naijiria
| education    = 
| alma_mater   = 
| period       = 
| genre        = 
| subject      = 
| movement     = 
| notableworks = 
| spouse       = 
| partner      = 
| children     = 
| relatives    = 
| influences   = 
| influenced   = 
| awards       = Caine Prize|Ebun Caine
| signature    = 
| signature_alt = 
| website      = http://www.helonhabila.com/
| portaldisp   = 
}}

'''Helon Habila''' (ojoibi 1967)  je olukowe omo ile [[Naijiria]] ti arakunrin naa gba ẹbun ti Caine ni ọdun 2001&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/26/fiction.awardsandprizes&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/helon-habila-in-search-of-africa-s-angels-435559.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Ígbèsi Àyè Àrakunrin naa==
Helon Habila ni a bini Kaltungo,ipinlẹ Gombe, ilẹ Naigiria&lt;ref&gt;https://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&amp;UID=12275&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ni ọdun 2002, Habila lọsi ilú England ni ọdun 2002 ti arakunrin naa di fellow ti akọwè ilẹ africa ni ilè iwè giga ti East Anglia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130155058/https://www.syltfoundation.com/Latest-news/Nigerian-writer-Helon-Habila-is-writer-in-residence-in-Johannesburg-in-may/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ni ọdun 2005, Chinua Achebe pè Habila lati di fellow rẹ akọkọ ni college ti Bard&lt;ref&gt;https://www.franklin.uga.edu/events/content/2020/cancelled-betty-jean-craige-lecture-comparative-literature-helon-habila{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Lati óṣu July 2013 di óṣu June 2014 Habila di fellow ti DAAD Fellow ni Berlin, Germany.
Arakunrin naa ni wọn fi ṣè adajọ ninu ẹbun ti Etisalat lori literature ni ọdun 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://www.helonhabila.com/bio |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-date=2022-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205202754/https://www.helonhabila.com/bio |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Ẹkọ==
Helen kẹẹkọ lóri èdè gẹẹsi ati imọ literature ni ilè iwè giga ti jos lẹyin naa lo ṣiṣẹ ólukọ ni ninu Federal polytechnic ti Bauchi&lt;ref&gt;https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/helon-habila&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Ami Ẹyẹ ati Idanilọla==
Ni ọdun 2000 Ami ẹyẹ ti ẹgbẹ awọn ólórin ti ilẹ Naigiria apapọ ewi&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Writers/Helon-Habila.html&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2001 Ẹbun ti Caine, &quot;Love Poems&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130153714/http://www.caineprize.com/previous-winners/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2003, Ẹbun ti Commonwealth awọn akọwè ti ilẹ africa, Waiting for an Angel.
Ni ọdun 2007 Ẹbun ti Emily Clark Balch, &quot;The Hotel Malogo&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130154045/https://news.virginia.edu/content/virginia-quarterly-review-announces-annual-writing-awards-0 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2008 Ami ẹyẹ ti Library of Virginia Literary fun for Fiction, Measuring Time&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lva.virginia.gov/news/press/Winners11thlitawardfinal.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2011, Ẹbun ti Commonwealth awọn akọwè Oil on Water&lt;ref&gt;https://lifeandtimesnews.com/helon-habila-nigerian-literary-genius/&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2012 Ami ẹyẹ ti iwè Orion, Oil on Water&lt;ref&gt;https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/artsbooks/249069-helon-habila-maaza-mengiste-named-new-american-voices-award-judges.html&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2020, Ẹbun ti James Tait Black Memorial, Travelers&lt;ref&gt;https://brittlepaper.com/2020/06/helon-habilas-travelers-shortlisted-for-the-2020-james-tait-black-memorial-prize/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://www.jamesmurua.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130154624/https://www.jamesmurua.com/helon-habila-saidiya-hartman-on-james-tait-black-memorial-prize-2020-shortlists/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Itokasi==
{{reflist}}
* [http://talatu-carmen.blogspot.com/2007/01/brief-biography-of-helon-habila.html A Brief Biography of Helon Habila]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Habila Helon}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 1967]]
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|common_name              = Jersey
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|regional_languages       = [[Jèrriais]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DEVELOPMENT OF A CULTURAL STRATEGY FOR THE ISLAND |url=http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm |access-date=2009-12-30 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111031/http://www.statesassembly.gov.je/documents/propositions/22189-12814-1972005.htm |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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|leader_name3             = Michael Birt&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/jersey/8141678.stm&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_title4            = [[Chief Minister of Jersey|Chief Minister]]
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|population_estimate_rank = 190th
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|established_event1       = Separation from mainland&amp;nbsp;Normandy
|established_event2       = [[Liberation Day|Liberation]] from German&amp;nbsp;occupation
|established_date1        = &lt;br /&gt;1204
|established_date2        = &lt;br /&gt;9 May 1945
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|calling_code             = +44 spec. 44-1534&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;(landline)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+44-7797&lt;br /&gt;{{spaces|5}}&lt;small&gt;(Jersey Telecom mobile)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+44-7700&lt;br /&gt;{{spaces|5}}&lt;small&gt;(Sure mobile)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;+44-7829&lt;br /&gt;{{spaces|5}}&lt;small&gt;(Airtel-Vodafone mobile)&lt;/small&gt;
|patron_saint             = [[Helier|St. Helier]]
|footnote1                = [http://www.gov.je/NR/rdonlyres/7571029D-45BF-4122-B6C2-14A4586898F6/0/2007populationupdate.pdf Jersey’s Resident Population 2007]
|footnote2                = Rank based on population density of Channel Islands including [[Guernsey]].
|footnote3                = The States of Jersey issue their own [[Pound sterling|sterling]] notes and coins (see [[Jersey pound]]).
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}}

The '''Bailiwick of Jersey''' ({{pron-en|ˈdʒɜrzi}}; [[Jèrriais]]: ''Jèrri'')


{{ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́}}
== Itokasi ==
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{{Non-sovereign territories of Europe}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Europe]]</text>
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|area_total_sq_mi         = 82.4
|area_land_km2            = 200.9
|area_land_sq_mi          = 77.6
|area_water_km2           = 12.5
|area_water_sq_mi         = 4.8
|population_footnotes     =
&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t5/tables/tab02.pdf Census 2000 PHC-T-5.|title=Ranking Tables for Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More: 1990 and 2000 Table 2. Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More, Ranked by Population 2000|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=2, April 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_as_of         = 2010
|population_total         = 396,815 ([[List of United States cities by population|45th in U.S.]])
|population_metro         = 2250871
|population_density_km2   = 
|population_density_sq_mi = 5113
|population_blank1_title  = [[Demonym]]
|population_blank1 = Clevelander
|postal_code_type         =
|postal_code              =
|area_code                = [[Area code 216|216]]
|timezone                 = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|coordinates_display      = inline,title
|latd = 41 |latm = 28 |lats = 56 |latNS = N
|longd = 81 |longm = 40 |longs = 11 |longEW = W
|elevation_footnotes      =
&lt;ref name=elevation&gt;{{cite web|url={{Gnis3|1066654}} |title=Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report|accessdate=March 27, 2007|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_m              = 199
|elevation_ft             = 653
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 39-16000{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = [{{Gnis3|1066654}} 1066654]
|footnotes                =
}}
'''Cleveland''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|l|iː|v|l|ən|d}}) jẹ́ [[city|ìlú]] kan ní ìpínlẹ̀ [[Ohio]] ní orílẹ̀-èdè [[USA|Amẹ́ríkà]] àti [[county seat|ibùjókó ìjọba]] [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga County]],{{GR|6}} tó jẹ́ ìjọba ìbílè tó tóbijùlọ ní ìpí̀nlẹ náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Cleveland City Planning Commission|title=Population Trends|url=http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/cwp/pop_trend.php|work=Connecting Cleveland: 2020 Citywide Plan|accessdate=November 18, 2010|archive-date=March 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329135759/http://planning.city.cleveland.oh.us/cwp/pop_trend.php|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}
{{USLargestCities}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ìlú ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àyọkà kúkurú]]
{{ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́}}</text>
      <sha1>l6dv6lphdg9vtmiekzcz8n07wvddthh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Chad</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623094</id>
      <parentid>622841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T15:01:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14441" sha1="2bq0uyjdtvr2b2y93sel1jb104z0yub" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the National Assembly of the Chad who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295978 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295978/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295978/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295978/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye]]
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Lol Mahamat Choua]]
| olóṣèlú, Tsad
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido]]
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:L'homme politique NASSOUR GUELENGDOUKSIA OUAIDOU.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Haroun Kabadi]]
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Haroun Kabadi 2021 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jean Alingué Bawoyeu]]
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3565005|Wadal Abdelkader Kamougue]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3847967|Idriss Ndele Moussa]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4695685|Ahmat Acyl]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4710950|Albert Pahimi Padacké]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Альбер Пахими Падаке (16-11-2021).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6689633|Loum N. Neloumsei Elise]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| [[Saleh Kebzabo]]
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2002
| 2021
| [[Fáìlì:Saleh Kebzabo.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q17038427|Ngarlejy Yorongar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ngarlejy Yorongar.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q24176220|Bourkou Louise Kabo]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q42415316|Aziza Baroud]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Aziza Baroud.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q72579209|Opportune Aymadji]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882164|Mansoura Hamid Nouri]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882636|Abakar Ahamat Djibrine]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882638|Abakar Bechir Ahmat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882640|Abba Oumar Gombo]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882641|Abdel-Ghani Ousselat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882643|Abderamane Ahmat Borgou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882644|Abdoulaye Chouah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882646|Abdramane Ahmat Choukou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882648|Acheikh Abakar Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882649|Adeli Edji  Tarsoui]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882651|Adjedoue  Weidou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882653|Adoum  Ali  Kedelaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882654|Adoum  Hindi  Achair]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882655|Adoum  Moustapha Brahimi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882656|Adoum Khamis  Nguili]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882657|Ahamat Azaim  Barkatallah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882658|Ahmat Annadif Khatir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882659|Ahmat Digui]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882660|Ahmat Issa Badi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882661|Ahmat Mahamat Abdoulaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882663|Ahmat Tahir Ahmat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882665|Al Bachar Issa Taher]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882667|Ali  Abakar Adji]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882668|Ali  Kolotou Tchaimi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Ali Kolotou Tchaimi à l'hémicycle.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882669|Alkhali  Mahamat Ramat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882670|Alnoudjim  Alladoum Rene]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882671|Azzai  Mahamat Hassane]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882672|Balyamal Banssitan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882673|Bana  Baindiouleng]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882674|Bandoum  Roalate  Rimingaye Ra]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882675|Biouh  Pabame  Dallah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882676|Biroue  Wassi  Kaibaina]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882677|Bomra  Robert]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882678|Boukar  Pailapi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882679|Dangaye  Sadjigoto]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882680|Djedanem  Nemba Raymond]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882682|Djekornonde  Tapambaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882685|Djenguinade  Laoumbo  Malachie]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882686|Djidda Mamar Mahamat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882687|Djiddi  Allahi  Mahamat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882688|Djidengar  Ndjendi Bassa]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882690|Djimet Clement Bagaou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882691|Djoblaona  Atoukoum]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882692|Djokdelang  Angobona]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882693|Fadjack Malloum]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882694|Habib Hissein Issaka]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882695|Hamid Ibarhim Moustapha]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882696|Hamid Kodya  Moustapha]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882697|Hamid Moussa Ibedou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882698|Hassaballah  Bichara Toino]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882699|Homi  Bagaya  Badoue]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882770|Ismail Mahamat Saleh]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882771|Issa Baba Hassan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882775|Issa Mardo Djabir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882777|Issaka  Abakari]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882779|Issaka Issa Youssouf]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882783|Keda  Ballah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882784|Lama  Tchindebe]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882785|Lambo  Baissa]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882786|Laouhingamaye  Dingaomaibe]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882787|Lawane Gilbert]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882788|Lhamdagoulou Tarya]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882789|Madi   Ngarmongola]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882790|Madtoingue  Benelngar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882791|Mahamadou  Djouga  Djoddi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882792|Mahamady  Moussa Mahamady]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882793|Mahamat Abakar  Oudatallah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882795|Mahamat Ahmat Bechir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882796|Mahamat Ahmat Senoussi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882797|Mahamat Ali  Kosso]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882798|Mahamat Ali  Kourtou]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882799|Mahamat Bazingue  Anni]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882800|Mahamat Djibrine  Nimir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882801|Mahamat Eliye  Ahmed]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882802|Mahamat Ibni  Bichara]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882803|Mahamat Idriss Ahmat Fakina]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882804|Mahamat Kana Bady]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882805|Mahamat Mallaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882807|Mahamat Malloum   Kadre]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882808|Mahamat Oumar Malloum]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882809|Mahamat Ousmane Ngargnargue]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882810|Mahamat Saleh  Ahmat Khayar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882811|Mahamat Saleh  Makki]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882812|Mahamat Sountali]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882813|Mahamat Togoi  Tekilio]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882814|Mahamat Zakaria Mamoun]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882816|Maki  Saboune  Moustapha]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882817|Manadji  Tolkom  Bertin]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882818|Maney  Wel Pagouipore]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882819|Mbaidessemel Dionadji]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882820|Mbairemtar   Prosper]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882821|Kamougue née Dene-Assoum Mayanan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882822|Ndoubanadji  Taram]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882823|Achta Bechir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882824|Achta Mahamat Nour]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882825|Alboukhari  Habsita Souleymane]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882826|Alime Ali  Haouan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882827|Amouna Liady]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882828|Aziza Ahmed Senoussi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882829|Dingamadji née Ngakoutou Moryo Delphine]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882832|Epainete née Djimina Assil]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882870|Fatime  Abdraman Doubangar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882871|Fatime  Nouracham  Ramadan]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882872|Fatouma  Issakha  Haroun]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882873|Hadje  Zahara Affono]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882875|Ildjima Abdraman]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882876|Keimbadje  Betoudji  Denise]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882877|Khadidja Hassaballah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882879|Mbainaye  Eugenie]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882880|Nekingam  Mbayam]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882881|Selguet Née Achta Aguidi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882882|Souraya Moustapha  Mahamat]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882883|Tchombi  Fatime  Djimadingar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882885|Moctar Mahamat Ibrahim Kadjouk]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882886|Mog-Nangar  Ngarsoulede Josias]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882887|Molia  Tahar  Kori]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882889|Mouhadjir  Ibet]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882890|Moussa Kadam]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 2021-04
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882891|Napoleon  Bonaparte  Kone]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882892|Nassardjimti  Mordjimngarti]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882893|Ndiguindjita  Dodih  Kemtobaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882895|Ndimadjingar Assane  Maurice]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882896|Ndoubabe  Tomel]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882897|Neatobei  Bidi  Valentin]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882898|Neatobeye Le- Nasseguen’Gar]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882899|Ngartokete  Tatola]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882900|Ngonhaslaouel  Ndiah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882901|Nobo   N’Djibo]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882903|Nodjiadjim Laoubaou Abdias]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882904|Ogueye  Nargaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882906|Ouchar Tourgoudi]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882907|Oumar  Ibn  Daoud]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882908|Oumar  Yakhoub   Mouhadjir]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882909|Ousman  Awadalkerim]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882910|Ousman  Cherif]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882912|Outman  Abakar Djame]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882913|Rakhis Ahmat Saleh]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882914|Ramadan  Kody  Tchotch]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882915|Romadoumngar Félix Nialbé]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882916|Saleh  Ali   Moustapha]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882917|Salibou   Garba]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882919|Sanoussi  Abdoulaye   Djima]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882920|Sodja  Adjobma  Nikanor]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882921|Souleyman   Abbas]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882922|Tchari Madi  Maina]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882923|Tchombi   Getna Kami]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882924|Wihaouna  Jean]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882925|Yamingaye Bruno]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882926|Yombombe Madjitoloum Theophile]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882927|Youssouf Moungache Abdallah]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882940|Zakaria  Hassan  Al-Said]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882941|Zakaria Mahamat Dalaye]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q105882942|Zakaria Mahamat Saleh]]''
| 
| [[Tsad]]
| 2011-06-23
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>2bq0uyjdtvr2b2y93sel1jb104z0yub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the Senate of the Congo</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66660</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623142</id>
      <parentid>620831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:13:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16690" sha1="gyislecmwrw7dan50afygogq9yzucr1" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the Senate of Republic of the Congo who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21295131 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21295131/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21295131/P580:Start date,P39/Q21295131/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659750|Charles Manguessa Falanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659751|Hilaire Mbika Wollo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659752|Jules Mbouaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659753|Mikolo Kinzozi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659754|Antoinette Moussoungana Yandinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659756|Emmanuel Movania]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659757|Albert Mviri]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659758|Ndilou Victor]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659760|Edouard Ngakosso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659761|Simon Pierre Ngouonimba Tsari]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659762|Jean Pierre Nono]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659763|Nsana Thérèse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659764|Michel Nzila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659765|Gaston Oba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659766|Gaston Obili]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659767|Odingui Eyenga Ekoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659768|Ollonguizele Basile]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659769|Ondonda Alphonse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659770|Zacharie Pandi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659771|Sombo Emile Donald]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659772|Aloïse Songo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659773|Gilbert Tondo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659774|Tsatsa Guy Omer]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659775|Tsieté]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660121|Assambou-Kiele Claire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660124|Anne Bitsindou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660125|Emmanuel Boungouanza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660126|Joseph Adam Boussou Diangou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660128|Ganga Vincent]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660129|Golengo Victoire]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660131|Itaddy Serge Dominique]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660134|Manoukou-Kouba Jean-Pierre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660135|Matoumby Adéodat Jackson]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660136|Mboudo Nesa Alphonse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660137|Missié Saya Jean]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660138|Agathe Sangoubai]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660139|Mouanga-Nkéoua Lazare]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660142|Ompebé Jean Marie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660144|Samba Zacharie]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112660498|Fouana-Ngoubili Thérèse]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q1287521|Ambroise Noumazalaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2849324|Ange Édouard Poungui]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4686987|Adélaïde Moundélé-Ngollo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4735338|Alphonse-Mexil Etongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4735363|Alphonse Gondzia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4760021|André Obami Itou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4821040|Auguste Batina]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4888314|Benjamin Bounkoulou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2002
| 2011
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5202477|Céline Yandza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2002
| 2005
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5216344|Daniel Abibi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5291160|Dominique Ntsiété]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5515770|Gabriel Oba-Apounou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6169940|Jean-Pierre Nonault]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6756178|Marcel Moufouma-Okia]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7192163|Pierre Damien Boussoukou-Boumba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7192379|Pierre Ngolo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Pierre Ngolo - 2018 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7192383|Pierre Nzé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Pierre Nzé.png|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q97036793|Micheline Golengo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q106516524|Pascal Mouassiposso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2002
| 2008
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q110387906|Joseph Yedikissa-Dhadié]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112321253|Jeanne Francoise Lekomba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112568782|Raymond Bongo Mavoungou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112568786|Julien Epola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112568832|Roger Edouard Okoula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570887|Agathe Mankongou Kamango]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570888|Alphonse Boudo Neza]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570889|Alphonse Nkoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570890|Anasthasie Batchieleli Moudoma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570891|André Longuele]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570892|André Ongagna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570894|Antoine Banvindi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570895|Antoine Denis Loemba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570896|Antonin Molamou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570897|Aristide Ngama Ngakosso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570898|Athanase Makoundi Makaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570899|Barthélémy Nzaba Bakala]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570900|Bernard Mbatchi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570901|Boniface Bouka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570902|Charlotte Olondowé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570903|Christine Ngomoka Diokivouka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570904|Clobert Ibinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570905|Dominique Aloka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570906|Euloge Henri Rock Ondziel-Onna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570907|Gabriel Ondongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570908|Gabriel Zambila]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570909|Gaspard Kaya Magane]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570910|Gaston Eyabo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570911|Georges Métoul]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570912|Jacqueline Moundzalo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570913|Jean Nicolas Moungalla]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570914|Jean Rodrigue Mvouma]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570915|Jean Roger Ekoundzola]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570916|Jean Serge Kentoula]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570917|Jean-Marie Epouma Andzimba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570918|Jean-Marie Opembé]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570920|Joséphine Mountou-Bayonne]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570921|Justin Goma Gabou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570922|Ludovic Robert Miyouna]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570923|Jeanne Emilie Ngoto]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570924|Marie Rosine Dongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570925|Marie Thérèse Bouvet]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570926|Martin Nicaise Makosso]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570927|Maurice Mbella]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570928|Michel Mayinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570929|Michel Robert Makaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570930|Emilienne Charlotte Lékoundzou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570931|Bernadette Ondaye]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570932|Norbert Mbou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570933|Odette Massoussa]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570934|Paul Stanislas Nguié]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570935|Pauline Ikourou Yoka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570936|Pierre Nzely Massanga Izoungou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570937|Ralco Mouanda Kitsinga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570938|Sylver Makaya Tchibinda]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570939|Sébastien Seba]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570940|Théophile Adoua]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570941|Victoire Ngolingo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112570942|Victor Foudi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112571052|Jean Félix-Tchicaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112655032|Joseph Mapengo Ganongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659726|Abassikoula Prosper]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659727|Andzemba Michel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659729|Batsela Auguste]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659730|Bernadette Bayonne]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659731|Bissila Martin]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659732|Botoka Emilienne]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659733|Bouanga Taty Jean Pierre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659736|Engouali Jean Pierre]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659737|Ezaka Demonteis]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659738|Philomène Fouty Soungou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659739|Ikongo Logan]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659740|Bernard Issanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659742|René Kanga]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659743|Kombila Goma Gabriel]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659744|François Lekaka]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659745|Dominique Lekoyi]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 2014-10-12
| 2017-08-31
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659746|Edouard Lonongo]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659747|Paul Madzou]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659748|Bernard Makaya]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q112659749|Makaya Norbert]]''
| 
| [[Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira ilẹ̀ Kóngò]]
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>gyislecmwrw7dan50afygogq9yzucr1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the House of Peoples' Representatives of Ethiopia</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623093</id>
      <parentid>622839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T13:53:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45123" sha1="dfn1xkton62ifrp0ixbyeixc9m1l47d" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the House of Peoples' Representatives who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q21328614 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q21328614/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q21328614/P580:Start date,P39/Q21328614/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| [[Girma Wolde-Giorgis]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Girma-Wolde-Giorgis official portrait.png|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Meles Zenawi]]
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Meles Zenawi - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q356741|Negasso Gidada]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 2005
| 2019
| [[Fáìlì:Negasso Gidada.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2275961|Seyoum Mesfin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3100062|Gedu Andargachew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Gedu Andargachew - 2019 (48802681123) (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3572445|Yohannes Tiro Ejigayehu]]''
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4832330|Azeb Mesfin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Azeb Mesfin in 2009 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4899848|Beyene Petros]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4996096|Bulcha Demeksa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5658111|Harka Haroyu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8046468|Yacob Haile-Mariam]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16149223|Ashebir Woldegiorgis]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16187059|Sinknesh Ejigu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Sinkinesh Ejigu.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16205894|Lidetu Ayalew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16728486|Demeke Mekonnen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Demeke Mekonnen Hassen - 2020 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q18921783|Getachew Jigi Demeksa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Dr.Getachew Jigi.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q50365049|Abiy Ahmed]]''
| olóṣèlú, Ethiópíà
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Abiy Ahmed 2019.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q55238035|Muferihat Kamil Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Muferiat Kamil.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57898816|Lia Tadesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:EU2024BE 240206 Lia Tadesse.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q62123939|Dagmawit Moges]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q104794313|Fitsum Assefa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Minister of Planning and Development Fitsum Assefa Adela crop.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127038755|Shewit Shanka]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131744049|Lomi Bedo Kumbi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131997903|Ababaw Ayalew Gal]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998309|Abate Arega Atalay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998311|Abdikarim Akib Aden]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998313|Abdu Hassan Mohamed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998314|Abdulahi Mohammed Muse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998316|Abdulfatah Abdul Rahman Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998318|Abduljewad Mohammed Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998321|Abdulkadir Gelgelo Boru]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998323|Abdurashed Abdilahi Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998325|Abdusemed Hussen Abo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998327|Abduwas Abdulahi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998328|Abeba Sadik Buser]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998331|Abebaw Desalew Bayabl]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998333|Abere Adamu Teferi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998336|Abiyot Delegn Yirkayo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998339|Abosh Mustafa Musa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998341|Abraham Alemayehu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998343|Abraham Amish Assema]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998346|Abreham Berta Aneseyee]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998348|Abune Alem Temesgen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998349|Adamu Kenea Daba]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998352|Adane Alto Mengesha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998353|Adane Mande Damtew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998355|Adane Teshome Getahun]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998357|Adanech Nashura Samago]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998359|Addis Alemayehu Qumbi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998362|Addisu Kamiso Garanba]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998364|Addisuwa Assefa Demise]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998366|Adugna Ahmed Uso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998368|Adugna Debela Bote]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998371|Agu Deban Gesso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998373|Agumase Anteneh Wube]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998376|Ahmed Hassen Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998378|Aknaw Kawza Malefiya]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998380|Alemitu Abebe Atisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998382|Alemitu Assefa Tunduro]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998383|Alemitu Umed Ujulu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998385|Alemnesh Berhanu Obsa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998387|Alemnesh G Mariam Imo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998389|Alemu Damtew Ashenafi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998391|Alemu Getahun Sisay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998393|Alemu Gonfa Robi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998395|Alemu Jemberu Ayalew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998398|Alemu Sime]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998400|Alie Belachew Bala]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998402|Almaw Mengist Ambaye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998403|Almaw Tigabu Melesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998405|Almaz Asale Ergado]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998407|Almaz Temesgen Sisay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998408|Almaz Wedajo Adimo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998410|Amarech Bekalo Sapa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998412|Amina Abdurahman Adem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998415|Amira Mohammed Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998418|Amsal Amare Abate]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998420|Amsal Mengistu Alemu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998422|Anesa Melko Hebero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998423|Arare Mosisa Etisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998426|Aregash Kefle Karbo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998427|Aregash Tekile Tantu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998429|Aschale Alamere Melesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998431|Aselefech Kuche Goa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998433|Asemahagn Aseres]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998435|Asha Yahya Salehi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998438|Asheber W. Giorgis Gayo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998440|Ashinie Astin Titoyik]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998441|Ashu Gololcha Oda]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998443|Aster Beshir Figa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998445|Aster Keftaw Dachu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998446|Atsede Mamo Tamale]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998448|Awoke Amzaye Assoma]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998451|Ayan Ali Mussa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998453|Ayantu Gutata Fite]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998456|Ayele Negeri Gibo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998458|Ayele Teshome Gonche]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998460|Ayisha Shehshifa Abdurahaman]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998462|Aynalem Niguse Ali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998465|Aysha Mohammed Musa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998466|Azmera Andemo Kelo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998468|Balew Baye Assefa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998470|Bartema Fikadu Siraga]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998472|Bayabl Mulate Fitgu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998474|Bayush Birhanu Kerorsa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998477|Begashaw Teklu Alemayehu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998479|Behelhem Lakew Sisay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998480|Berhane Meskel Tena Zemenfes]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998482|Berhaneteshay T/Wold]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998484|Berhanu Feisa Tila]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998485|Berhanu Gobena Yabe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998487|Betel Melakumu Abdisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998489|Beyenech Demeke Ato]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998491|Beza Teshome]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998494|Biftu Hassan Jebero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998496|Birhanu Hankara Hatiya]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998498|Birhanu Megersa Lenjiso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998499|Birke Bahru Miraf]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998501|Brooke Lambiso Wamisho]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998503|Bzuayehu Degefu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998504|Chala Lami Argane]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998506|Chala Wata Deres]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998509|Chaltu Mohommed Abdurahmn]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998511|Chaltu Werje Tuke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998513|Chimdo Hanchela Bulcha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998515|Christian Tadele Tsegaye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998518|Daniel Kibret Birhane]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998521|Dawud Mohammed Nur]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998522|Debebe Admasu Yilma]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998524|Debele Kabeta Hursa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998526|Debritu Tadege Mengesha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998528|Dejitnu Alene Zewde]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998530|Demeke Achiso Hirgeto]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998534|Dereje Debela Senbeto]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998536|Dereje Teklemariam Gebremeskel]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998538|Desalegn Eriso Hasiso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998540|Desalegn Wedaje Zemene]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998541|Dessalegn Chanie Dagnew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998543|Dessie Dalke Dukamo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998545|Desta Befikadu Negewo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998547|Destaw Mekuanint Mezengiya]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998549|Destaye Tilahun Misker]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998551|Dilamo Otere Frange]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998553|Dima Nogo Serbo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998555|Dina Mufti Ledi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998557|Diriba Galati Chali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998559|Dita Nura Tero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998560|Mohammed Abdo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998562|Dube Julo Maaga]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998564|Duguma Adugna Debele]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998566|Eba Mijena Negero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998569|Ebenezer Bekele Amare]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998572|Ejigu Melake G / Meskel]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998574|Elias Ahmed Sadik]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998576|Elsabeth Ejigu Qena'A]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998580|Endalkachew Asrat Zeleke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998583|Endalkachew Lelisa Duresa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998588|Endalu Mulatu Lemi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998590|Endriyas Geta Beldeda]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998594|Kemal Mohammed Zeynu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998599|Eng Sileshi Kore Dube]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998601|Ephrem Tessema Taressa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998604|Ergoge Tesfaye W / Meskel]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998609|Eshetu G/Mariam Gol]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998616|Eshetu Temesgen Gelan]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998620|Eskinder Aliye Abdula]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998625|Essa Boru Tola]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998629|Esubalew Mebrate Tesema]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998635|Etaferahu Mota Bogale]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998640|Etaferahu Zegeye Ambaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998644|Etagegnehu Eshetu Gudeta]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998649|Etefa Obsa Duresa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998654|Etsegenet Mengistu Zeleke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998659|Ewnete Alene Yalew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998665|Eyerusalem Lewi Essey]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998668|Eyob Tekalign Tolina]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998672|Fahmi Ali Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998679|Faima Shejemal Abamecha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998683|Fanaye Melese Wolde]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998686|Fanos Hailu Adera]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998689|Fantaye Legesse Weldegiorgis]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998691|Farah Mohamed Farah]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998695|Faris Delil Yesuf]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998697|Fathi Mahdi Wezir]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998699|Fato Ismo Beriso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998702|Fatuma Ali Ibrahim]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998705|Faysal Odwa Abdi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998708|Fekadu Mosisa Gemeda]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998712|Fekadu Tulu Ketema]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998715|Ferida Shemsedin Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998717|Fetiya Ahmed Abrahim]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998720|Fetiya Ahmed Shire]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998723|Feyid Sherab Sherif]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998724|Fikadu Bedilu Bolja]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998727|Fikadu Gawshalo Memo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998732|Fikadu Mengistu Ashemi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998735|Fikir Abay Anawt]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998738|Fikru Werku Birshe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998742|Firew Tesfaye Odayte]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998743|Fisaha W/Senbet Tegegn]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999008|Meseret Shiferaw Yadete]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999009|Meseret Zelalem Tadesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999012|Mesfin Dagna Tafesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999016|Mesfin Erkabe Mirach]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999019|Meskerem Hailu Alula]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999022|Miraj Zekiyi Jemal]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999025|Miretu Shanko Gidi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999028|Misganu Arga Mo'Och]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999029|Mitiknesh Cheleke Atsero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999032|Moga Ababulgu Abakebe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999035|Moges Balcha Gebremedhin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999037|Mohamed Musse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999040|Mohammed Ahmed Aliye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999044|Mohammed Ahmed Musa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999048|Mohammed Hassan Abu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999052|Mohammed Mohammedkemal Ali Al-Arusi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999053|Mohammed Shikur Mussa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999056|Mohamud Yusuf Mealin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999058|Mohmmednur Ahmed Musa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999061|Molla Feleke Desta]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999063|Mubarek Elias Mustefa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999065|Mulat Telayneh Asrate]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999068|Mulu Yirga Sahele]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999071|Muluken Admasu Emru]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999074|Muluken Assefa Jenebere]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999077|Mulunesh Lamore Ushe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999080|Muna Ali Yassin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999082|Munira Hussen Hassen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999084|Muslim Rashid A / Gidi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999086|Najaha Ahmed Abdullahi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999089|Nebiyat Tilahun Chaemiso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999092|Nefisa Almahadi Alakib]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999095|Negash Bulala Abawalta]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999098|Negasse Bayissa Dubiwak]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999101|Negeri Lencho Bultum]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999104|Neima Usman Adem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999108|Nejat Girma Waqjira]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999111|Nejet Andorso Adem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999112|Nemera Gebeyehu Mamo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999115|Nesredin Abduelmusin]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999118|Nezif Zinab A/Lulessa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999120|Nikuse Mituku Gelaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999123|Nurzeman Jibril Negewo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999125|Qasim Kimo Kebelo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999128|Rahel Negero Gutu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999131|Rahmet Awel Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999134|Rosa Omar Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999138|Ruqiya Ali Kewo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999140|Ruqiya Argo Wariyo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999142|Sadik Adem Umer]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999152|Sadiya Aman Gerado]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999158|Sadiya Temam Shifa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999165|Sadiya Usman Sheka]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999170|Sahlu Diribsa Mosisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999173|Samira Yusuf Ibro]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999176|Samuel Urkato Kurke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999179|Seharla Abdulahi Bahdon]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999182|Seid Nuru Ali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999184|Selamwit Dawit Kamase]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999188|Seleshi Bekele Awlachew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999191|Senait Asradew Kokebe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999194|Sewasewi Tizazu Abate]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999198|Seyid Mohammed Hussein]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999203|Shifera Telila Senbetu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999206|Shumi Ayano Guto]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999209|Shurube Gemedi Nuna]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999212|Simneshi Sahlu Teum]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999216|Sintayehu Tilahun Abebe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999221|Sintayehu Woldemichael Yohannes]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999223|Siti Redwan Biza]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999227|Solomon Kuchu Robi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999231|Solomon Soka Ginyarita]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999236|Solomone Lale Kalo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999239|Sosna Getahun Azene]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999244|Sultan Ibrahim Abagisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999248|Sumiya Desalew Mola]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999252|Suwerk Tafese Goshu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999256|Tadele Buraka Bushasha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999259|Tadesse Beza Gebretsadik]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999262|Tadesse Getu Alemu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999266|Tafesse Muleta Tesso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999269|Tagese Chafo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999272|Talef Fitihawek Endeshaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999275|Tana Gobena Fufa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999278|Tarke Daba Bobo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999282|Tawfik Abdullahi Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999286|Tegene Regassa Luba]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999290|Temesgen Ambachew Biresaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999295|Tesfahun Bogale Jember]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999299|Tesfahun Simegn Kebede]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999304|Tesfahun Sisay Mengistu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999308|Tesfanesh Tefera Asres]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999312|Tesfanesh W/Mariam Angi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999315|Tesfatsion Shuka Gadana]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999319|Tesfaye Bangu Kacho]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999324|Tesfaye Beljige Dara]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999327|Teshome Abdo Segni]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999331|Teshome Wale Gesesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999334|Tewachew Abebe Yimer]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999339|Tewbo Mihereit Molla]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999343|Thomas Tut Pok]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999348|Tia Mio Arsawa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999352|Tidenek Guldu Tsedeke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999355|Tigist Wuhib Tsega]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999359|Tilahun Tamirat Mulu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999363|Tiruaynet Temesgen Ayalew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999366|Tola Hailu Hunde]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999370|Tseganesh Gamato Gamo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999376|Tsehay Bekele Tafesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999380|Tsehaynesh Gebre W / Michael]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999384|Tsige Denboba Ayano]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999387|Ume Abdela Umer]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999391|Usame Mohamed Muhumad]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999394|Usheto Hobicho Dabelo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999398|Usman Surur Siraj]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999401|Werkinesh Jemal Asfaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999404|Werknesh Biru Bedasa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999408|Werksemu Mamo Mekonnen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999412|Woldeyes Debebe Delki]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999417|Wondwosen Admase Tadesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999421|Worknesh Mohammed Hebiso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999425|Wubete Tadege Nibret]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999429|Wudalat Minwuye Bayih]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999432|Yasmin Wehabrebi Seid]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999436|Yemengist Tsegaw Walelign]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999439|Yeshi Muka Wakaye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999443|Yeshihasab Tsegaw Welelaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999446|Yeshimebet Demise Sewagegnehu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999449|Yeshimebrat Mersha Kasa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999452|Yezibalem Kasse Yismaw]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999455|Yezina Mulati Zeleke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999458|Yiftu Gudisa Oshko]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999461|Yineger Dessie Belay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999463|Yohannis Mesfin Gebeyehu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999465|Zamzam Ahmed Jama]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999466|Zara Biftu Nabi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999469|Zara Mohammed Adana]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999474|Zegeye Muluye Asres]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999477|Zeineba Nura Bati]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999481|Zekarias Erekola Yimamo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999485|Zelalem Melak Bogale]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999490|Zelalem Tadesse Ayalew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999494|Zemene Hailu Mekonnen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999496|Zemu Tesfaye Bendi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999500|Zeritu Shiferaw Beyene]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999504|Zewdenesh Tulu Gashe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999507|Zewdu Tadesse Wondimkun]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999511|Zeyini Abose]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999515|Zinash Tsegaye Kalo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999520|Zinaye Negash Zemedu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999524|Zadig Abreha Sharew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999528|Wondimu Tekle Sigo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999531|Eyasu Elias Fantahun]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999535|Asiya Qabdulkadir Barakat]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999540|Binalf Andualem Ashenafi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999547|Bifto Mohammed Ibro]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999551|Ababuu Damissee Kaamsuur]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999555|Jamiilaa Simbiruu Tusaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999560|Shurrubbee Gammadii Nunaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999564|Miiliyoon Baqqalaa Damissee]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999569|Obbo Guutaa Laachoree Caakkee]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999573|Galaasaa Dilboo Goljaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999575|Kuulanii Mahammad Abdullaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999579|Itoophiyaa Shaambal Damboobaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999583|Wogee Kufaa Buutee]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999586|Adaalee Odaa Tooduwaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999590|Umer Huseen Obaa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999594|Warquu Gaachanaa Nagarraa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999597|Shisema Gebresilassie Weranga]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999599|Eshetu Kebede Gichoro]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999605|Gebeynesh Gizaw Yebo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999608|Eyasu Kasa Ganjula]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999611|Alesa Mengesha Boko]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999614|Terefe Tadesse Godi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999617|Redwan Hussien Rameto]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999620|Tigist Tadele Atenafu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999624|Teshome Toga Cheneka]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999627|Genene Gedebu Feleha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999630|Million Mathewos Korsisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999633|Geremew Garj Gidabo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999636|Tiratu Beyene Biltu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999639|Desalegn Misa Wallasa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999642|Selamu Bulado Bukana]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999644|Bekele Fole Sare]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999647|Tekleweled Atnafu Ambula]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999650|Goyeti Wancho Ayke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999653|Wendemu Girma Tamrasha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999657|Ahmed Shide Mohamed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999659|Halimo Mahamed Abdi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999661|Guled Ahmed Ali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998748|Fraol Udessa Gelchu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998749|Fuad Abafita Ababulgo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998751|Gashaw Dagnew Lakew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998753|Gashayalew Gala Galada]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998756|Gelane Bikila Woyecha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998758|Genet Abraham Yayu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998760|Genet Bete Gerawork]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998762|Genet Ketema Bekele]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998766|Genet Waqgari Fitie]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998769|Geremu Huluka Amanu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998771|Getahun Limenh Abegaz]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998773|Getnet Tadele Tefera]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998776|Gezu Manaye Chakol]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998778|Goiti Wancho Oke]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998780|Gudeta Belelcha Sefisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998782|Gusha Balko Birbirsa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998784|Habtamu Tegegne Destaye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998786|Habtemariam Mekonnen Ali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998788|Haji Kedir Abdule]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998790|Halimo Hassen Mohamed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998792|Hamedu Geas Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998794|Hangasa Ahmed Ibrahim]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998796|Haregwoin Yimer Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998798|Hasen Shek Yusuf Abadulai]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998800|Hasna Hanfere]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998801|Hassan Muhamed Moali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998804|Hassen Abdi Wali]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998807|Hayat Yusuf Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998809|Hayelo Gunefa Edosa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998811|Helina Akelew Tadesse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998814|Hirut Kassaw Wondim]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998817|Hirut W/Mariam Teketel]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998819|Hiwot Mossisa Deresse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998820|Ibrahim Umar Aliyi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998822|Ibsa Yusuf Hassan]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998824|Ifrah Towfik Aden]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998825|Ikram Maid Adan]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998830|Illubabor Buno Tesso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998834|Ishetu Gelan]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998837|Iyasu Salah Ganjura]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998840|Jamal Ali Mumi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998842|Jemal Abaso Ebu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998843|Jemal Abegaz Adem]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998846|Jemanesh W/Michael Wege]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998849|Jember Ayalneh Biru]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998851|Jhon Amhed Abamilki]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998854|Jihad Nasser Abdu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998857|Juhar Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998860|Kaba Mebratu Dagne]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998864|Kairedin Tezera Adera]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998867|Kalid Aba Mecha Haji]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998874|Kamil Aliy Kasim]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998875|Kamil Shemsu Siraj]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998877|Kasahun Jobir Gudeta]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998880|Kebede Genet Feyisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998884|Kedir Adam Arero]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998887|Kedir Edris Ahmed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998889|Kedir Gena Abdulkadir]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998892|Kedja Yassin Mohammed]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998895|Kefena Ifa Delesa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998898|Kemal Hashi Mohamoud]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998901|Kibnesh Shiferaw Robe]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998903|Kidist Araya Tasew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998906|Kidist G/Hana Mirgoye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998909|Kimia Jundi Hamdo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998912|Kindiya Aycheluhm Atalay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998915|Kocheto G/Yesus Deneto]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998919|Kumaale Gadisa Obse]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998922|Latifa A/Temam A/Gisa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998924|Lema Abera Hirpo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998928|Lema Tessema Yimere]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998931|Lencho Ayala Bati]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998933|Leta Tesfaye Jule]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998936|Letifa A/Sambi A/Gojam]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998942|Lidia Chali Argeta]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998946|Lobele Yhirano Baskwa]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998952|Lubaba Ibrahim Hassen]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998953|Lubaba Seyidi Legasi]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998956|Maeza Asmare Abtew]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998959|Magartu Mohammed Aman]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998961|Mahatme Haile Workeneh]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998964|Mamo Esmealem Mihretu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998967|Marta Liwji]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998970|Martha Lema Tulu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998973|Mastewal Mekonen Siyeneh]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998977|Matema Mīka Galito]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998980|Meaza Assefa Ergete]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998982|Meaza Tigabe Alemu]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998985|Mebrat Bacha Wakjira]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998987|Mekdes Desta Jagare]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998988|Melaku Fenta Chay]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998990|Melese Mana Gemeso]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998992|Melkias Ayele]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998994|Merdia Aman Guye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998996|Meselech Kewiso Kaye]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131998998|Meseret Assefa Godana]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999000|Meseret Haile Masresha]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999002|Meseret Madole Ebo]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999003|Meseret Mamo Gamuro]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q131999005|Meseret Mola Kassahun]]''
| 
| ''[[:d:Q115|Ethiópíà]]''
| 
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>dfn1xkton62ifrp0ixbyeixc9m1l47d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oníṣe:GerardM/Members of the National Assembly of Gabon</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>66684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623143</id>
      <parentid>622848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T21:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ListeriaBot</username>
        <id>17294</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikidata list updated [V2]</comment>
      <origin>623143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12027" sha1="c2gutbr6fukfngcvmag23bbbdjf42jp" xml:space="preserve">This list is not ready for use on Wikipedia because a Member of the National Assembly of Gabon who was a member twice does not show twice. 

{{Wikidata list
|sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P39 wd:Q19798976 }
|section=
|sort=P39/Q19798976/P580
|sort_order=desc
|columns=label:Article,description,P27:Country,P39/Q19798976/P580:Start date,P39/Q19798976/P582:End date,P18:Image
|thumb=128
|min_section=2
}}
{| class='wikitable sortable'
! Article
! description
! Country
! Start date
! End date
! Image
|-
| ''[[:d:Q57856|Raymond Ndong Sima]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Raymond Ndong Sima 2024.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58208|Paul Toungui]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Paul Toungui, IMF 116SJ0504150090lg.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jean Ping]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jean Ping 080202-F-1644L-081 0YWDF.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Casimir Oyé-Mba]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 1990&lt;br/&gt;2007-01
| 2006-12&lt;br/&gt;2009
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q256998|Jean-Hilaire Aubame]]''
| 
| [[Fránsì]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Aubame.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q269045|Pierre Mamboundou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Jean Eyeghe Ndong]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Prime Minister Jean Eyeghe Ndong 2007 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Paul Biyoghé Mba]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Paul Biyoghé Mba - 2006 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| [[Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| [[Paulin Obame-Nguema]]
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2053317|Félix Siby]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2655471|Faustin Boukoubi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 1996
| 
| 
|-
| [[Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge]]
| olóṣèlú, Gàbọ̀n
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2720046|Georges Aleka Damas]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q2848287|André Mba Obame]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3014508|Daniel Ona Ondo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Daniel Ona Ondo 2019 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3122048|Guy Nzouba-Ndama]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 1990
| 2016
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3188402|Jules-Aristide Bourdes-Ogouliguende]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3371820|Paul Mba Abessole]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Paul Mba Abessole 2015 (cropped).jpeg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3384462|Pierre-Claver Zeng Ebome]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q3430482|Richard Auguste Onouviet]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4759882|André Dieudonné Berre]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q4775513|Antoine Mboumbou Miyakou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5371552|Émile Doumba]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5373320|Emmanuel Ondo Methogo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5493259|François Engongah Owono]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5493498|Françoise Makaya]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5897056|Honorine Dossou Naki]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q5989746|Idriss Ngari]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6120375|Jacques Adiahénot]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6169030|Jean-Boniface Assélé]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6169939|Jean-Pierre Nguema]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6695782|Luc Marat Abyla]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6711098|Léon Mbou Yembi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6711125|Léonard Andjembé]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6756384|Marcellin Mve Ebang]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q6836261|Michel Akouloua]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7191961|Pierre-André Kombila]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7520896|Simplice Guedet Manzela]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q7932126|Vincent de Paul Gondjout]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q8063923|Zacharie Myboto]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21228521|Alexandré Barro Chambrier]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q26924447|Pacome Moubelet Boubeya]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Pacôme Moubelet-Boubeya (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q30595704|Angélique Ngoma]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q53535963|Régis Immongault]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Regis Immongault, Head of the Mission of Gabon to the European Union - 2025 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q58467564|Raphaël Ngazouzé]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Raphaël Ngazouzé.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q96335298|Séraphin Akure-Davain]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Séraphin Akure-Davain.jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q116195860|Jean-François Ndongou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 
| 
| [[Fáìlì:Jean-François Ndongou - 2005 (cropped).jpg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126938809|Boukandou Elza Ritchuelle]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939001|Charlotte Aboghe]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939070|Flavienne Patricia Hélène Adiahenot-Meporewa]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939683|Firmine Olga Badjina Moudouma]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939739|Valentin Virginie Beckopa epse Roy]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939765|Nicole Bouanga Mombo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939786|Tatiana Mireille Bouyou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939797|Nathalie Ebaneth]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939805|Brigitte Koumba]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939816|Justine Judith Lekogo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126939833|Irène Lissenguet Goumbou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943052|Albertine Maganga Moussavou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943079|Jeanne Mbagou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943088|Diane Dorothée Mengue M'Akue]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943129|Ludwine Staelle Ngoundji]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943334|Béatrice Ntoutoume]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943350|Pepecy Ogouliguende]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943369|Odette Polo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943385|Madeleine Sidonie Revangue]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943395|Alix Bertille Sougou Latsiere]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943402|Odette Jeanine Taty Koumba]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q126943558|Huguette Tsono]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127505138|Willy Bertrand Abiery]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127505680|Alexandre Gilbert Awassi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127505746|Raphaël Bandega Lendoye]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127505829|Jean Marie Beka B'obame]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127506202|Henri Bekalle - Akwe]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127506290|Germain Biahodjow]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127506366|Donatien Lhye Dioumy Moubassango]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127507131|Jean Lucien Doumbeneny]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127507203|Jean Paulin Ekoua Sima]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127507272|Leonel Ella Engonga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127507354|Gérard Ella Nguema]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127507417|Ali Eyeghe]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127508776|Geoffroy Foumboula Libeka]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600089|Frateli Martial Fouty]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600435|Charles-Henri Gey]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600458|Melvin Vincent Gondjout Indjendjet]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600467|Jean Lambert Idodo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600512|Serge Aimé Issembe]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600529|Jean Valentin Leyama]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600535|Marcel Libama]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600539|Serge Maurice Mabiala]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600643|Gabriel Mally Hodjoua]]''
| 
| 
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600645|Paulin Mandjou Ngoyo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600665|Mavoungou Mihindou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600671|Roland Matsiendi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600749|Jean Claude Mboumi Nzinzi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600751|Jean-Marie Mboumbou Makanga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600753|Jean-Bosco Mbagou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127600761|Josué Mbadinga Mbadinga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604099|Mouele Romain Romain]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604103|Antoine Menie M'eyi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604108|Carl Mihindou Mi Nzamba]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604112|Christian Minko Mi Etoua]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604188|Dieudonné Mouiri Boussougou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604265|Thierry Nang Ondo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604266|Clément Moupoumbou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604289|Barry Ndimal]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604300|Franck Ndjimbi]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127604304|Jean Bosco Ndjounga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q127643979|François Ndong Obiang]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128113869|Mesmin Boris Ngabikoumou Wada]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128115241|Joël Ngoueneni Ndzengouma]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128115470|Sosthène Nguema Nguema]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128117662|Dominique Guy-Noel Nguieno]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128117673|Aurélien Ntoutoume Mebiame]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128118231|Pascal Franck Nze Ndong Nze]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128118246|Eloi Nzondo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128118398|Frédéric Nzue Edzang]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128118598|Jean-Marie Obame Eyegue]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128118824|Daniel Obame Ondo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128119635|Alban Stéphane Ossinga Onanga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128119645|Pacôme Rufin Ondzounga]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128119651|Gérard Ondjambi Onguia]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128119662|Luck Harley Ondias Souna]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128119671|Freddy Fernandez Ona Nguema]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123198|Jean de Dieu Yembit Mangala]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123199|Fidèle Waura]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123202|Pendi Georges Trissaugui Ogoulath]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123203|Stephen Darell Sowa Akendengue Niang]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123205|Albert Richard Royembo]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123206|Edgard Owono Ndong]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128123207|Jean Placide Ovono Mbouengou]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128305854|Gabriel Mally Odjoua]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|-
| ''[[:d:Q128311017|Charles Otando]]''
| 
| [[Gàbọ̀n]]
| 2023
| 
| 
|}
{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
      <sha1>c2gutbr6fukfngcvmag23bbbdjf42jp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Charles Olúmọ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623153</id>
      <parentid>597866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T03:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>22272</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>623153</origin>
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      <text bytes="2074" sha1="0303ki1hgaknv3sjmmh5ed9lcsyqnnt" xml:space="preserve">'''{{PAGENAME}}''' tí gbogbo ènìyàn mọ̀ sí '''Àgbákò''' ṣùgbọ́n tí orúkọ àbísọ rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ '''Abudul Salam Sànyàolú''' (ti a bi ni Oṣu Keje ọdun 1923 o si ku ni Oṣu Kẹwa Ọjọ 31, Ọdun 2024) jẹ́ gbajúmọ̀ òṣèré sinimá àgbéléwò ọmọ bíbí ìlú [[Abẹ́òkúta]] ní [[ìpínlẹ̀ Ògùn]] lórílẹ̀ èdè [[Nàìjíríà]]. Nínú sinimá àgbéléwò èdè Yorùbá tí ó jẹ́ abala Nollywood ni ó ti gbajúmọ̀.

{{Infobox person|name=Charles Olúmọ|birth_name=Abudul Salam Sànyàolú|other names=Àgbákò|citizenship=Nàìjíríà|occupation=Osere}}

==Iṣẹ́ tíátà rẹ̀==

Àgbákò bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ tíátà lọ́dún 1953 ní ilé ìjọsìn, The Apostolic Church ni [[ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó]].&lt;ref name=&quot;saharaweeklyarticle2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/|publisher=Sahara Weekley|accessdate=22 January 2017|title=My Father used charm on me to make me lose interest in Acting – Charles Olumo Agbako|date=2015-10-27|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014845/http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/my-father-used-charm-on-me-to-make-me-lose-interest-in-acting-charles-olumo-agbako/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ìta ==
* https://www.nigeriafilms.com/more/80-interviews/9635-my-only-regret-alhaji-abdulsalam-sanyaolu-a-k-a-charles-olumo-or-agbako {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153312/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/more/80-interviews/9635-my-only-regret-alhaji-abdulsalam-sanyaolu-a-k-a-charles-olumo-or-agbako |date=2021-11-26 }}

* http://www.saharaweeklyng.com/im-not-pasumas-biological-father-charles-olumo-aka-agbako/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126151820/https://saharaweeklyng.com/im-not-pasumas-biological-father-charles-olumo-aka-agbako/ |date=2021-11-26 }}

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olumo, Charles}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn òṣeré ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Logun Ede</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4030" sha1="pwv1x5pvcqhxiu7lemwwnxxgsbpcs0q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|image=File:Logun.jpg|name=Logunedé}}'''Logun Ede''', je ti Pantheon Yoruba gege bi okan ninu awon [[Òrìṣà|Orishas]] kekere ninu Esin Yoruba.

Orisha ọmọ Oshún ati Oshosi pẹlu awọn abuda hermaphrodite ṣe akiyesi pe oṣu mẹfa ti ọdun jẹ [[Obìnrin|abo]] ati oṣu mẹfa ti ọdun jẹ akọ.

Nigbati o ba han ni ipo ọkunrin rẹ o n gbe inu awọn igbo bi baba rẹ, nigbati o ba ni awọn abuda abo o n gbe awọn odo tabi adagun tuntun ati tọju awọn ẹwa ti iya rẹ.

Orisha ti a mọ ni [[Kúbà|Cuban]] [[Santería|Santeria]], ni afikun si orukọ rẹ bi Laro tabi larooye.

O ti ṣe akiyesi fun ọpọlọpọ ọdun pe orisha yii ni Elegba laroye pupọ ti Oshún , nitorinaa nigba ti wọn bi olorishas igba atijọ leere tani Logun Ede jẹ, wọn dahun pe: “Oshun ni”, iyẹn ni; &quot;Ochun kanna ni&quot;, o jẹri pẹlu eyi pe Logun Ede lẹhinna yoo jẹ abala tabi isanpada ti ọkunrin ti Oshun, nitori gbogbo awọn orisha Yoruba ti ni ẹlẹgbẹ wọn abo-abo. Ri bi apẹẹrẹ Olokun - Yemayá, [[Ọbàtálá|Obbatalá]] - [[Odùduwà|Oduduwá]], [[Ṣàngó|Shango]] -Dadá, abbl .

Ni Ilu Brazil, ni ilodi si, aṣa rẹ ti ni gbongbo jinna, pataki ni awọn ilu Rio ati Bahia

== awọn ẹya ==
'''Awọn Orukọ''' : Omo Alade (ọmọ alade ade) tabi Oba l'oge (ifẹ ti imura to dara)

'''Ikini:''' Ea Ea Logun!

'''Awọn awọ:''' Bulu ati Yellow

'''Ọjọ ti ọsẹ:''' [[Ọjọ́bọ̀|Ọjọbọ]] ati [[Ọjọ́ Àbámẹ́ta|Ọjọ Satide]] : '''[[Iron|Irin]] ati [[Wúrà|Gold]]'''

== Awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ==
Fila tabi ibori ninu bulu to fẹẹrẹ ati ofeefee

Ẹgba ti o jẹ bulu ati ofeefee

Bangles ti o jẹ awọ ofeefee ni awọ

Ferramenta pe o jẹ ọrun ati ọfà ti o mu ni ọwọ kan ati abebe ni ekeji.

== Awọn ipese ==
Food: Red [[Àgbàdo|ọkà]] jinna ni ni ọna kanna bi Oshosì ati awọn Omolokun de Oshún ti wa ni gbe ni aarin, dara si pẹlu ohun ẹyin.

== Awọn itọkasi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Iwe itan-akọọlẹ ==

* Morales, Ed :&amp;nbsp;''Latin Lu''&amp;nbsp;(oju-iwe 277). Da Capo Press, 2003.&amp;nbsp;ISBN 0-306-81018-2 .
* Alcamo, Iyalaja Ileana:&amp;nbsp;''Orisun Iya Nla Primordial Yoruba Iya'' . Athelia Henrietta Press, 2007.&amp;nbsp;ISBN 1-809157-41-4 .
* O'Brien, David M.,&amp;nbsp;''Irubo Ẹran ati Ominira Esin: Ile ijọsin ti Lukumi Babalu Aye v.'' ''Ilu Hialeah''
* Houk. James T.,&amp;nbsp;''Awọn ẹmi, Ẹjẹ, ati Awọn ilu: Esin Orisha ti Trinidad''&amp;nbsp;('Awọn ẹmi, Ẹjẹ ati Awọn ilu: Trinidad's Orisha Religion'), Temple University Press, 1995.
* Pulleyblank, Douglas (1990). «16. Yoruba ». Ni B. Comrie.&amp;nbsp;''Awọn ede akọkọ ti South Asia, Aarin Ila-oorun ati Afirika'' . Taylor &amp; Francis Routledge.&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;[[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;978-0-415-05772-1&lt;/small&gt; .

* [http://www.cubayoruba.net/ Agbegbe Cubayoruba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606063146/http://www.cubayoruba.net/ |date=2017-06-06 }}&amp;nbsp;- Ni alaye nipa Esin Yoruba ati pe o ni Agbegbe ti Awọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ (Nẹtiwọọki Awujọ) ti o jẹwọ ẹsin naa.
* [[Wikimedia Commons]]&amp;nbsp;ile multimedia akoonu nipa&amp;nbsp;[[Santería|Santeria]] .
* http://ashe.santeriareligion.net/pataki-orula-somete-a-iku-la-muerte/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001192315/http://ashe.santeriareligion.net/pataki-orula-somete-a-iku-la-muerte/ |date=2019-10-01 }}
* [[Ọ̀rúnmìlà|Orunmila]]
* [http://www.tratadosifasanteria.com/ &quot;Awọn itọnisọna ati awọn adehun Ifa&quot;]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190530005921/http://www.orula.org/ Adehun ti Odduns ati Si ṣẹ IFA]
* http://www.orula.org/Orula/OsaWiki.nsf/Pages/EL_JURAMENTO_CON_IKU
* http://www.orula.org/Orula/OturaWiki.nsf/Pages/IKU%20Y%20SUS%20TRES%20NI%C3%91OS
* [http://traductoryoruba.com/ Yoruba - Onitumọ ede Sipeeni]&amp;nbsp;- Onitumọ ede Yoruba ati ede Sipeeni ti Yoruba]

== Wo eyi naa ==

* Litireso ni ede Yoruba
* Itan aroso Yoruba
* Orin Yoruba
* Àfikún: Yorubadè Yorùbá
[[Ẹ̀ka:Òrìṣà]]</text>
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    <title>Boity Thulo</title>
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      <text bytes="5263" sha1="nrl52lzgkwnqf1n6loi9te0fkup3rp2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Boity Thulo|image=|landscape=no|image_size=200|caption=|birth_name=Boitumelo Thulo|birth_date={{birth date and age|1990|4|28}}|birth_place=[[Potchefstroom|Potchefstroom, North West]]|education=[[Monash University]]|occupation={{flatlist|
* [[Television personality]] 
*[[Actress]]
* [[rapper]]
*[[model (person)|model]]}}
*[[Entrepreneur]]|height=|children=|yearsactive={{plainlist|
* '''Television personality''':&lt;br&gt;2011–present
* '''Rapper''':&lt;br&gt;2017–present
}}|module={{Infobox musical artist
| embed            = yes
| background       = solo_singer
| genre            = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] 
| instrument       = Vocals
| label            = 
| Associated_acts  = [[Nasty C]]}}|website={{url|http://www.boitythulo.com|Official site}}}}

'''Boitumelo Thulo''' (bíi ni ọjọ́ kejìdínlógbọ̀n oṣù kẹrin ọdún 1990) tí orúkọ inagi rẹ jẹ Boity jẹ́ òṣèré, olórin, oníṣòwò àti mọ́dẹ́lì lórílẹ̀ èdè South Áfríkà.

== Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀pẹ̀ ayé rẹ̀ ==
Wọ́n bí Thulo sì ìlú Potchefstroom, ìyá mama rẹ sì ló tọ dàgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.marathi.tv/young-actress/boity-thulo-bio/|title=Boity Thulo - Age, House, Engaged, Biography...|website=Marathi TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òun nìkan ni ọmọ ìyá rẹ bí.
Ó lọ sí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ gíga tí Monyash University níbi tí ó tí kọ́ ẹ̀kọ́ Psychology and Criminology, ṣùgbọ́n kò parí ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ nítorí pé kò rí owó ilé ẹ̀kọ́ na ṣan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/Boity-Thulo-I-also-had-to-drop-out-of-university-20151022|title=Boity Thulo: I also had to drop out of university|website=Channel24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ́ ==
Thulo bẹ̀rẹ̀ sì ní ṣe atọkun ètò pẹlu Crib Note ni ọdún 2011. Òun àti Stevie French jọ ṣe atọkun fun ètò The Media Career Guide Show lórí SABC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2012/aug-2012/149-2011-news/october44/920-gfc-launches-media-career-guide|title=GFC Launches Media Career Guide|website=Gauteng Film Commission|accessdate=2020-02-17|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203144010/http://www.gautengfilm.org.za/news/news-archive/2012/aug-2012/149-2011-news/october44/920-gfc-launches-media-career-guide|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yomzansi.com/2011/09/29/sabc-1s-new-media-tv-show-the-media-career-guide/|title=SABC 1's new Media TV Show|website=YoMZansi|access-date=2020-10-28|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203145448/http://www.yomzansi.com/2011/09/29/sabc-1s-new-media-tv-show-the-media-career-guide/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó ti ṣe atọkun fun oríṣiríṣi ètò bíi ''SkyRoom Live, Ridiculousness Africa, Club 808, Zoned, Change Down, àti Big Brother Africa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=13513|title=Boity Thulo|website=TVSA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ní ọdún 2012, ó kópa nínú eré ''Rock ville''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sowetan/20130524/281728382049088|title=Boity Article|website=Press Reader}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọdún 2014, ó farahàn gẹ́gẹ́ bíi Betty nínú eré Dear Betty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6652898/?ref_=nv_sr_1|title=Boity Thulo|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó kọ ipa ránpé nínú eré ''Mrs Right Guy'' ni ọdún 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5702884/?ref_=nm_knf_i1|title=Mrs Right Guy|website=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Thulo kọ́kọ́ farahàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí olórin níbi ayẹyẹ Migos Culture Tour ni ọjọ́ kọkànlélógún oṣù kẹwàá ọdún 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/after-taking-to-stage-at-the-migos-concert-the-twtitterverse-is-asking-if-boity-thulo-can-add-rapper-to-her-long-cv/|title=HUH? Is Boity Thulo A Rapper Now?|website=People Magazine|access-date=2020-10-28|archive-date=2019-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511064729/https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/after-taking-to-stage-at-the-migos-concert-the-twtitterverse-is-asking-if-boity-thulo-can-add-rapper-to-her-long-cv/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ní ọjọ́ ọgbọ̀n oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 2018, ó gbé orín tí ó pè àkọlé rẹ̀ ni Wuz Dat,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/coca-cola-top-40/listen-boity-drops-new-song-wuz-dat-ft-nasty-c/|title=Listen: Boity drops new song 'Wuz Dat' ft. Nasty C|website=EastCoastRadio}}&lt;/ref&gt; orin náà sì gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ Best Collabo láti ọ̀dọ̀ South African Hip-Hop Awards ni odun 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-11-06-boity-gets-her-first-ever-nod-at-the-sahha2018/|title=Boity gets her first ever nod at the #SAHHA2018|website=Times LIVE}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ní ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù kejì ọdún 2019, ó gbé orin rẹ kejì jáde ti àkòrí rẹ jẹ Bakae.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/listen-boitys-2nd-single-bakae-is-a-banger-20190208|title=LISTEN: BOITY'S 2ND SINGLE 'BAKAE' IS A BANGER!|website=Daily Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Ibinabo Fiberesima</title>
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      <text bytes="6432" sha1="d9kgqox6ho7gmbygqc4c1jxegfhjcu9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ibinabo Fiberesima.png|thumb|Ibinabo Fiberesima]]
{{Infobox person|name=Ibinabo Fiberesima|image=&lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by the blind and visually impaired's speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=|birth_name=&lt;!-- only use if different from name --&gt;|birth_date={{birth date and age|1970|01|13}}|birth_place=[[Port Harcourt]], [[Rivers State]], Nigeria|death_date=&lt;!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --&gt;|death_place=|nationality=Nigerian|other_names=|alma_mater=[[University of Ibadan]]|occupation={{flatlist|
*[[film actress]]
*[[Event management#Event manager|event manager]]}}|years_active=1997&amp;ndash;present|known_for=|notable_works=}}
'''Ibinabo Fiberesima''' (tí a bí ní 13 Oṣù kínní, Ọdún 1970) jẹ́ òṣèré orí-ìtàgé ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] àti olùṣàkóso ìdíje ẹwà tẹ́lẹ̀rí&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/celebrities/ibinabo-fiberesima-newly-wed-actress-turns-year-older-id3404469.html|title=Newly wed actress turns year older|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Wemimo|first=Esho|date=13 January 2015|access-date=10 April 2016|archivedate=20 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420225147/http://pulse.ng/celebrities/ibinabo-fiberesima-newly-wed-actress-turns-year-older-id3404469.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó ti fi ìgbà kan jẹ́ ààrẹ ẹgbẹ́ ''Actors Guild of Nigeria''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://pulse.ng/fashion/ibinabo-fiberesima-my-previous-relationships-didnt-work-because-i-wasnt-patient-enough-agn-president-covers-genevieve-magazine-id3336012.html|title=Ibinabo Fiberesima:&quot;My previous relationships didn't work because I wasn't patient enough&quot;- AGN President, covers Genevieve Magazine|work=Pulse Nigeria|last=Olanrewaju|first=Olamide|date=9 September 2009|access-date=10 April 2016|archivedate=20 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420222832/http://pulse.ng/fashion/ibinabo-fiberesima-my-previous-relationships-didnt-work-because-i-wasnt-patient-enough-agn-president-covers-genevieve-magazine-id3336012.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ayé àti ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ ==
A bí Ibinabo sí ọwọ́ bàbá tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà àti ìyá tí n ṣe ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Írẹ́lándì|Ireland]]. Ibinabo bẹ̀rẹ̀ ètò-ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ nígbàtí ó forúkọsílẹ̀ ní Y.M.C.A Play Center, ní [[Port Harcourt|Ìlú Port Harcourt]] ṣááju kí ó tó lọ sí Federal Government Girls College ní [[New Bussa|Ìlú New Bussa]], [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Niger]] fún ètò ẹ̀kọ́ girama rẹ̀. Ó ní oyè ẹ̀kọ́ nínu ìmọ̀ [[Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì|Èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì]], èyítí ó gbà láti [[Yunifásítì ìlú Ìbàdàn]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailymail.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-nollywood-actress-ibinabo-fiberesima/|title=Biography/Profile/History Of Nollywood Actress Ibinabo Fiberesima|work=Daily Mail Nigeria|date=12 March 2016|access-date=10 April 2016|archivedate=22 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122232712/http://dailymail.com.ng/biographyprofilehistory-nollywood-actress-ibinabo-fiberesima/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ iṣe rẹ ==

=== Ìdíje ẹwà ===
Ibinabo kópa nínu ìdíje ẹwà ''Miss Nigeria'' ní ọdún 1991 níbi tí ó ti ṣe ipò kejì. Ṣáájú èyí, ó ti kópa tó sì jáwé olúborí níbi ti ìdíje ''Miss Wonderland'' ní ọdún 1990, ọdún yìí kan náà ni ó tún ṣe ipo keji níbi ìdíje ''Miss NUGA'', èyítí ó wáyé ní [[Yunifásítì ìlú Calabar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|title=Incredible Lives of Ex-Beauty Queens|url=http://thenigerianvoice.com/news/19630/6/incredible-lives-of-ex-beauty-queens.html|accessdate=8 June 2016|work=The Nigerian Voice|date=17 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 1992, ó díje níbi ìdíje ''Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria''  (MBGN) fún ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀, níbi tí ó ti ṣe ipò kẹẹ̀ta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=|title=I Am A Destiny Child, Says Ibinabo Fiberesima|url=http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=5147|accessdate=8 June 2016|work=The Newswriter|date=11 October 2012|archivedate=3 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803101630/http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=5147|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọdún 1997, ó tún díje nínu ti ''Miss Nigeria'' níbi tí ó ti ṣe ipò kejì lẹ́ẹ̀kan si ṣááju kí wọ́n tó wá de ládé fún ti ìdíje ''Miss Wonderful'' ní ọdún kan náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312220167.html|title=Nigeria: I Was Destined to Be an Entertainer - Ibinabo Fiberesima|work=[[Media Trust|Daily Trust Newspaper]]|author=Alhassan|date=21 December 2013|accessdate=10 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó tún ṣe ipò kẹẹ̀ta fún ìdíje ''Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria'' ẹ̀dà ti ọdún 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/2013/04/ibinabo-fiberesima-prepares-for-miss-earth-nigeria-2013/|title=Ibinabo Fiberesima prepares for Miss Earth Nigeria 2013|work=[[Nigeria Entertainment Today]]|date=20 April 2013|access-date=10 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112102316/http://thenet.ng/2013/04/ibinabo-fiberesima-prepares-for-miss-earth-nigeria-2013/|archive-date=12 January 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iṣẹ oṣere ===
Ibinabo kó ipa àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bi òṣèré nínu fíìmù ''Most Wanted'' kí ó tó wá ṣe ìfihàn nínu ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn fíìmù Nàìjíríà míràn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2016/03/i-have-been-drained-and-to-some-extent-humiliated-read-ibinabo-fiberesimas-story-on-her-journey-so-far/|title=&quot;I have been drained and to some extent humiliated&quot; Read Ibinabo Fiberesima's Story on her Journey so far|work=[[BellaNaija]]|date=19 March 2016|access-date=10 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àkójọ àwọn eré rẹ̀ ==

* ''Most Wanted''
* ''The Ghost''
* ''St. Mary''
* ''The Twin Sword''
* ''Ladies Night''
* ''The Limit''
* ''Letters to a Stranger''
* ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'76''
* ''Rivers Between''
* ''A Night In The Philippines''
* ''Pastor's Wife''
* ''Camouflage &quot;''

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 1973]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn òṣeré ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
      <sha1>d9kgqox6ho7gmbygqc4c1jxegfhjcu9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Aïcha Macky</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Aïcha Macky|residence=|footnotes=|website=|signature=|relatives=|mother=|father=|awards=|children=|spouse=|party=|years_active=2011–present|height=|alma_mater=[[Gaston Berger University]]|other_names=|nationality=[[Niger]]ien|resting_place_coordinates=&lt;!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --&gt;|resting_place=|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Niger]]|birth_name=Aïcha Elhadj Macky|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=y|1982|1|8}}|caption=|alt=|image_size=|image=|occupation=Director}}
'''Aïcha Elhadj Macky''' (8 Oṣù Kínní Ọdún 1982) jẹ́ olùdarí eré àti olùgbéré-jáde ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nìjẹ̀r]]. Ó tún jẹ́ onímọ̀ nípa àwùjọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;sociologist2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amesall.rutgers.edu/global-africa/symposium/participants/participants-list/448-macky-aicha|title=Macky, Aicha: Sociologist and Filmmaker, Niger Republic|publisher=amesall|accessdate=11 October 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020000222/https://www.amesall.rutgers.edu/global-africa/symposium/participants/participants-list/448-macky-aicha|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó gbajúmọ̀ jùlọ fún dídarí eré tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ jẹ́ ''The Fruitless Tree''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/217691742|title=The Fruitless Tree / a film by Aicha Macky.|publisher=African Filmny|accessdate=11 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Àwọn ìtakùn Ìjásóde ==

* [https://afridocs.net/film-directors/aicha-macky/ Film Director] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012225015/https://afridocs.net/film-directors/aicha-macky/ |date=2020-10-12 }}
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 1982]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]</text>
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    <title>Kajala Masanja</title>
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'''Kajala Masanja''' (bíi ni ọjọ́ kẹjìlélógún oṣù keje ) jẹ́ òṣèré lórílẹ̀ èdè Tanzania.&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201608220322.html|title=Tanzania: Court Sets Free Bongo Movies Actress Kajala|website=allAfrica.com 22 August 2016 by Faustine Kapama|accessdate=2018-01-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ghafla.com/tz/staa-wa-filamu-ya-bongo-kajala-masanja-afunguka-kuhusu-kutumia-bangi/|title=Staa wa filamu ya Bongo Kajala Masanja afunguka kuhusu yeye kutumia bangi - Ghafla!Tanzania|first=Martin|last=Oduor|website=www.ghafla.com|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2019-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515171146/http://www.ghafla.com/tz/staa-wa-filamu-ya-bongo-kajala-masanja-afunguka-kuhusu-kutumia-bangi/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/271750-sultry-tanzanian-actress-kajala-accused-breaking-rich-producers-marriage.html|title=Sultry Tanzanian actress Kajala accused of breaking rich producer's marriage|first=Douglas|last=Baya|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó gbà àmì ẹ̀yẹ òṣèré bìnrin to dára jù lọ láti ọ̀dọ̀ East Television Award ní ọdún 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bongo5.com/jb-ana-mchango-mkubwa-kwenye-kipaji-changu-kajala-masanja-12-2016/|title=JB ana mchango mkubwa kwenye kipaji changu - Kajala Masanja - Bongo5.com|date=6 December 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ó kópa nínú eré Kijiji Cha Tambua Haki pẹ̀lú Steven Kanumba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/video-vixen-agnes-masogange-buried-in-mbeya-tanzania-photos-id8289780.html|title=Diamond, Ali Kiba, Wolper and other top celebrities who showed up for Agnes Gerald &quot;Masogange&quot;’s burial (Photos)|first=|last=|publisher=Pulselive.co.ke|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2018-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705121441/http://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/video-vixen-agnes-masogange-buried-in-mbeya-tanzania-photos-id8289780.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; O jẹ iyawo fun Faraji Chambo.&lt;ref name=&quot;tanzaniatoday&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/kajala-akwama-pesa-ya-kumtoa-mumewe-jela|title=KAJALA AKWAMA PESA YA KUMTOA MUMEWE JELA &amp;#124; Magazeti ya leo&amp;#124; Tanzania News|website=Tanzania Today|accessdate=2018-01-17|archive-date=2018-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118012645/http://www.tanzaniatoday.co.tz/news/kajala-akwama-pesa-ya-kumtoa-mumewe-jela|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://globalpublishers.co.tz/kajala-aitifua-ndoa-ya-p-funk|title=KAJALA AITIFUA NDOA YA P-FUNK|date=6 April 2018|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Àṣàyàn eré rẹ̀ ==

* Kigodoro&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/kajala-masanja|title=Kajala Masanja -  Actor, — Bongo Movies|website=www.bongocinema.com|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2021-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307055829/http://www.bongocinema.com/casts/view/kajala-masanja|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jeraha la Moyo&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/buzz/Wema-Sepetu-death-message-worries-fans/-/441236/2965808/-/format/xhtml/view/printVersion/-/minxso/-/index.html|title=SHOWBUZZ: Wema Sepetu’s death message worries fans|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417172614/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/buzz/Wema-Sepetu-death-message-worries-fans/-/441236/2965808/-/format/xhtml/view/printVersion/-/minxso/-/index.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* House Boy
* Vita Baridi
* House Girl &amp; Boy
* Dhuluma
* Shortcut
* Basilisa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://friedplantains.com/person/kajala-masanja|title=Kajala Masanja - Profile &amp; Filmography - Fried Plantains|first=|last=FP|website=friedplantains.com|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2019-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713020146/https://friedplantains.com/person/kajala-masanja|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* You Me and Him
* Devils Kingdom

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kàsi ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Mandy La Candy</title>
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      <text bytes="3691" sha1="eenqa2dpmtooll2s01a8qgavbhfnoi5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Mandy La Candy
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         =
| birth_place        = 
| nationality        = [[Nàìjíríà]]
| alma_mater         = 
| occupation         = 
| years_active       = 
| known_for          = Transgender, LGBTQ 
| title              = 
| children           = 
| website            =
}}

'''Mandy La Candy ''' jẹ́ [[ọkùnrin]] tí ó yí ara rẹ̀ padà sí [[obìnrin]] ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè is a [[Canada]] tí ó ń fi orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] ṣe ibùgbé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Deolu|date=2014-07-19|title=Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces, Follows Miss SaHHara's Steps|url=https://www.informationng.com/2014/07/nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces-follows-miss-sahharas-steps.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Information Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-07-18|title=Another Nigerian Transgender, Mandy La Candy Surfaces|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/man-woman-another-nigerian-transgender-mandy-la-candy-surfaces/ck2113r|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-11-05|title=Meet Four Known Nigerian Transgenders (PHOTOS)|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/11/05/meet-four-known-nigerian-transgenders-photos/|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mandy ni wọ́n mọ̀ sí '''Okwudili''' ṣáájú kí ó tó yí ara rẹ̀ padà sí obìnrin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Odinaka|last2=Odinaka|date=2016-10-11|title=Photos of Europe-based Nigerian Lady, Mandy La Candy Who Used to be a Man Turns Heads Online|url=https://www.tori.ng/news/42682/photos-of-europebased-nigerian-lady-mandy-la-candy.html|access-date=2021-09-04|website=Tori.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=This Nigerian transgender looks hot and really sexy in new photos|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/nigerian-transgender-looks-hot-really-sexy-new-photos/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-08-17|title=Top Nigerian gays, lesbians, transgenders|url=https://www.pulse.ng/gist/non-conformists-top-nigerian-gays-lesbians-transgenders/r4dxdfg|access-date=2021-09-09|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ní ọdún 2016, ó gbé àwòrán ara rẹ̀ tí òun ati ìyàwó olórí orílẹ̀-èdè [[Amẹ́ríkà]] tẹ́lẹ̀ ìyẹn [[Melania Trump|Melania Trump's]], ìyẹn [[Donald Trump]], fọ́tò yí ni wọ́n gbé jáde nínú ìwé kan tí akọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ '' old playboy magazine'' tí ó ní àkòrí ''&quot;If Melanie with such photos can become a first lady looking like this, why can’t I&quot;''. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|newspaper=Sahara Weekly|date=2016-11-10|title=Nigerian transgender, Mandy Candy -If Trump's wife can dress nude and be the first lady, then I can|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy-if-trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-and-be-first-lady-then-i-can/|access-date=2021-09-05|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905185809/https://saharaweeklyng.com/nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy-if-trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-and-be-first-lady-then-i-can/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ogbeche|first=Danielle|date=2016-11-10|title=If Trump's wife can dress nude and be first lady, then I can - Nigerian transgender, Mandy Candy|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/11/10/trumps-wife-can-dress-nude-first-lady-can-nigerian-transgender-mandy-candy/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
[[Category:LGBT people from Nigeria]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Busiswa</title>
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      <text bytes="3154" sha1="hkzmkhhfdkqhb3nwmptojwd9pgmblap" xml:space="preserve">'''Ìkọ kedere'''{{Infobox musical artist
|birth_place=[[Mthatha]], Ìlà-Oòrùn, South Africa
|associated_acts={{Flatlist| 
* [[Beyoncé]]
* [[Moonchild Sanelly]]
* [[DJ Maphorisa]]
* [[Gaba Cannal]]
* [[Kamo Mphela]]
* [[Mr JazziQ]]
*[[Naira Marley]]
*[[Zinoleesky]]
*[[Rexxie]]
}}
|label={{Flatlist|
* [[Kalawa Jazmee Records]]
* [[Universal Records]]
}}
|years_active=Ọdún 2008– títí di àsìkò yìí
|instrument=bozza
|occupation={{hlist|Olórin|Akọrin|Akéwì}}
|genre={{Flatlist|
* [[Kwaito]]
* [[Gqom]]
* [[Amapiano]]
}}
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|11|08}}
|name=Busiswa
|alias=
|birth_name=Busiswa Gqulu
}}
'''Busiswa Gqulu''' (Bí ní ọjọ́ kẹ́jọ oṣù kẹwàá, Ọdún 1988) , wọ́n mọ orúkọ ọlọ́rọ̀ kan rẹ̀ sí '''Busiswa''' tàbí '''Busi''', jẹ́ Olórin-Akọrin àti Akéwì [[South African people|South African]]. Wọ́n bi ní [[Mthatha]], ìlà-oòrùn káàpù, South Africa,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/58-pa-2010/811-busiswa-gqulu-south-africa|title=Busiswa Gqulu (South Africa) – Centre for Creative Arts|website=Cca.ukzn.ac.za|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120705/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/pa-past-participants/58-pa-2010/811-busiswa-gqulu-south-africa|archive-date=27 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó di ìlú mọ̀ọ́ ká fún ìbáṣepọ̀ lórí orin [[DJ Zinhle]] &quot;Orúkọ mi ni&quot;, lẹ́yìn tó di mímọ lọ́dọ̀  [[Kalawa Jazmee Records|Kalawa Jazmee's]] Ọ̀gá ilé-iṣẹ́ [[Oskido]].&lt;ref name=&quot;zalebs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zalebs.com/whats-hot/busiswa-gqulu-reflects-dark-times/|website=zalebs.com|title=Busiswa Gqulu reflects on dark times|accessdate=30 November 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lẹ́yìn ìbáṣepọ̀ tó dán mọ́rán pẹ̀lú DJ Zinhle, Ó kọ àwọn orin tó gbajúmọ̀ bí; &quot;Ngoku&quot;, &quot;Lahla&quot;, àti wí pé ó kọrin nínu orin Bhizer tó gbajúmọ̀, &quot;Gobisiqolo&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tracks/n4p2pd|title=Gobisiqolo (feat. Busiswa, S.C Gorna &amp; Trigger Bhepepe) – Bhizer Song – BBC Music|publisher=BBC|access-date=26 May 2018|archive-date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701134412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/tracks/n4p2pd}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọjọ́ kẹ́jọ oṣù Kejìlá, Ọdún 2017, Ó gbé álíbọ̀mù àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ jáde, ''[[Highly Flavoured]]'', lẹ́yìn náà orin, &quot;Bazoyenza&quot;. Ní gbogbo ìgbésí ayé rẹ̀, Gqulu ti gba ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ oyè. Ní ọdún 2014, wọ́n dárúkọ rẹ̀ ní [[Mail &amp; Guardian 200 Young South Africans|''Mail &amp; Guardian'' 200 Young South Africans]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/specialreport/200-young-south-africans|title=Special Report – 200 Young South Africans – Mail &amp; Guardian|website=Mail &amp; Guardian|access-date=2022-03-18|archive-date=2023-10-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004020747/https://mg.co.za/specialreport/200-young-south-africans/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Itokasi==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Martina Ohadugha</title>
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    <id>72046</id>
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      <text bytes="1744" sha1="mkujkggvzby5sjjhrj99ag1eek6cak8" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Nigerian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name           = Martina Ohadugha
| image          = 
| fullname       = Onyinyechi Martina Ohadugha
| birth_date     = {{Birth date and age|1991|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place    = [[Nigeria]]
| height         = 1.62m
| currentclub    = Rivers Angels
| clubnumber     = 19
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Rivers Angels
| caps1 =
| goals1 = 
| position       = Midfielder
| nationalyears1 = 2012–
| nationalteam1  = Nigeria women's national football team|Nigeria
| nationalcaps1  = 35
| nationalgoals1 = 2
| pcupdate      =
| ntupdate       = 18:34, 17 June 2015 (UTC)
}}

'''Martina Ohadugha''' jẹ agbabọọlu lobinrin órilẹ ede naigiria ti a bini 5, óṣu May ni ọdun 1991. Arabinrin naa ṣere gẹgẹbi midfielder fun River Angels&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/martina-ohadugha_prs425363/person.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://fbref.com/en/players/f1046914/Martina-Ohadugha&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://ng.soccerway.com/players/martina-ohadugha/135285/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2022-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604000932/https://ng.soccerway.com/players/martina-ohadugha/135285/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Àṣeyọri==
*Martina kopa ninu ere idije awọn obinrin ilẹ afirica ni ọdun 2012 ati 2014. Arabinrin naa kopa ninu Cup FIFA awọn obinrin agbaye ni ọdun 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/617324/27-players-hit-Super-Falcons-camp |access-date=2022-06-04 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126171454/https://africanfootball.com/news/617324/27-players-hit-Super-Falcons-camp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Itọkasi==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fafali Dumehasi</title>
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      <text bytes="1532" sha1="62euawgmk369hu7n1p49r60idw2kjj8" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Ghanaian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name           = Fafali Dumehasi
|image          =
|image_size     =
|caption        =
|fullname       =
|birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1993|12|25|df=y}}
|birth_place    =
|death_date     =
|death_place    =
|height         =
|position       = Goalkeeper |Goalkeeper
|youthyears1    =
|youthclubs1    =
|years1         =
|clubs1         = Police Accra
|caps1          =
|goals1         =
|years2         =
|clubs2         =
|caps2          =
|goals2         =
|totalcaps      =
|totalgoals     =
|nationalyears1 =
|nationalteam1  = Ghana women's national football team|Ghana
|nationalcaps1  =
|nationalgoals1 =
| manageryears1  =
| managerclubs1  =
| medaltemplates =
|club-update    =
|nationalteam-update =11 October 2014 (before the 2014 African Women's Championship)
}}

'''Fafali Dumehasi''' jẹ agbabọọlu lobinrin ilẹ́ ghana ti a bini ọjọ 25, óṣu December ni ọdun 1993.Agbabọọlu naa ṣere fun Accra police gẹgẹbi goalkeeper&lt;ref&gt;https://fbref.com/en/players/4b485afd/Fafali-Dumehasi&lt;/ref&gt;.
==Àṣeyọri==
*Wasila kopa ninu ere idije awọn obinrin ilẹ afirica ti ọdun 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/441410/25-Black-Queens-invited-to-camp-for-AWC |access-date=2022-06-28 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126135333/https://africanfootball.com/news/441410/25-Black-Queens-invited-to-camp-for-AWC |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
==Itọkasi==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lagos State Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5297" sha1="4rhfk34bqtb7rrdhar69uitkkkvsjky" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox government agency|website=https://agriculture.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}

Ile '''-iṣẹ Iṣẹ- ogbin ati Ajumọṣe ti Ipinle Eko''' ni ile-iṣẹ ijọba ipinlẹ naa, ti o ni ojuse lati gbero, ṣe agbekalẹ ati imuse awọn eto imulo ipinlẹ lori Iṣẹ-ogbin ati Awọn ifowosowopo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/over-2000-birds-lost-in-lagos-bird-flu-outbreak/199435/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2015-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125121/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/over-2000-birds-lost-in-lagos-bird-flu-outbreak/199435/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=http://www.businesstodayng.com/tag/lagos-state-ministry-of-agric-cooperatives/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195414/http://www.businesstodayng.com/tag/lagos-state-ministry-of-agric-cooperatives/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Itan ==
Niwọn igba ti a ti da ipinlẹ naa ni ọdun 1967, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/about-lagos/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2022-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912163511/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/about-lagos/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; eka iṣẹ-ogbin ni ipinlẹ ti wa jakejado awọn ewadun pupọ. Ni akoko ti Ile-iṣẹ Ise-ogbin nipinlẹ Eko ti ṣẹda, eto imulo idojukọ jẹ iṣelọpọ taara nipasẹ ipinlẹ naa. Fun awọn idi pupọ, idojukọ isofin ti yipada ni akoko pupọ lati iṣelọpọ taara si ṣiṣẹda afefe ti o wuyi fun idoko-owo aladani. Lati ṣakoso awọn apakan kan ti Ẹka naa, nọmba kan ti awọn ile-iṣẹ amọja ṣeto. Ajo ti ipinle Eko idagbasoke agbon (LASCODA), Agricultural Land Holding Authority (ALHA), Lagos State Input Supply Authority (LAISA), ati Eko State Agricultural Development Authority wa lara awon ajo (LSADA).

== Ajo Idagbasoke Agbon Ipinle Eko ==
Alaṣẹ Idagbasoke Agbon ti Ipinle Eko (LASCODA) jẹ apa labẹ Ile-iṣẹ ti Iṣẹ-ogbin ti ipinlẹ Eko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://agriculture.lagosstate.gov.ng/history-of-agricultural-development |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-date=2022-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221104040/https://agriculture.lagosstate.gov.ng/history-of-agricultural-development |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;   A ṣeto aṣẹ naa ni ojo marun dinlogun ni May 1996.  Aṣẹ ti ile-ibẹwẹ ni lati ṣe igbega iṣelọpọ Agbon alagbero ni ipinlẹ naa. Agbon ni akọkọ irugbin owo ni Ipinle Eko, nitorinaa iwulo LASCODA lati mu anfani afiwera rẹ pọ si fun iṣelọpọ, sisẹ ati ilo. 

== Awọn iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ti LASCODA ==

* Ìjọba ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó nípasẹ̀ LASCODA fi ọ̀ọ́dúnrún irúgbìn àgbọn lọ́wọ́ sí Ẹ̀ka Ọ́fíìsì Ọ̀gbìn, [[Yunifásítì Ọbáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀|Obafemi Awolowo University]] [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Ọ̀ṣun|,]] [[Ilé-Ifẹ̀|Ile-Ife]], Ìpínlẹ̀ Ọ̀sun, fún dídásílẹ̀ oko àgbọn. 
* Ìjọba ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó nípasẹ̀ LASCODA ṣe ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ tí ó lé ní 450 àwọn ọ̀dọ́ oníṣòwò lórí lílo egbin agbon nínú iṣẹ́ ọna. 
* Ijoba ti Agriculture ipinle nipasẹ LASCODA sise 10 bakeries lati rii daju awọn ọpọ gbóògì ti agbon akara ni ipinle. 
* Ijọba Ipinle ati Ajo [[Àgbájọ fún Oúnjẹ àti Iṣẹ́àgbẹ̀|Ounje ati Iṣẹ-ogbin]] (FAO) fowo si Adehun Igbẹkẹle Aṣoju $200,000 kan fun idagbasoke pq iye agbon 

== Ipa ==
&lt;big&gt;Pẹ̀lú ìdàgbàsókè iye ènìyàn tí ó jẹ́ ìpín 3.2 nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún lọ́dọọdún, [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó]] ń mú jáde nísinsìnyí tí kò ju 20% (ni ìpíndọ́gba) oúnjẹ tí a jẹ nínú ààlà rẹ̀.&lt;/big&gt; &lt;big&gt;Ounjẹ lati Awọn ipinlẹ miiran ti Federation ati awọn orilẹ-ede ajeji ni gbogbo lo lati kun awọn aipe ipese ti o han gbangba.&lt;/big&gt; &lt;big&gt;Pẹlú awọn ẹwọn iye, ipinlẹ lọwọlọwọ ni diẹ sii ju awọn idile ogbin 600,000 (awọn olupilẹṣẹ, awọn olupilẹṣẹ, awọn onijaja ati awọn olupese iṣẹ).&lt;/big&gt; 

&lt;big&gt;Rouleaux Foundation, agbari ti kii ṣe ere ti imọ-jinlẹ, ṣe ajọṣepọ pẹlu Ijọba Ipinle Eko lati ṣe ikẹkọ ati fi agbara fun awọn oluṣakoso ounjẹ ati awọn ti o nii ṣe ni awọn ọja Eko lori aabo ounjẹ ati itọju, bii kokoro ati iṣakoso ọpa ni igbagbogbo&lt;/big&gt; . 

Ajo to n ri si idagbasoke ise ogbin nipinle Eko ti ro awon olugbe lati se iwadi agbe ilu gege bi ona lati se aseyori ounje. Arabinrin Abisola Olusanya, Komisona fun Iṣẹ-ogbin,  ṣalaye pe iṣẹ-ogbin ilu yoo mu iṣelọpọ ounjẹ pọ si, mu iraye si awọn ọja ogbin tuntun, dinku titẹ ọja lori awọn eso ounjẹ, ati mimu awọn idiyele ounjẹ duro.  Lati mu aabo ounje dara, ijọba ti kọ awọn ọdọ ati awọn agbe. Igbega awọn igbesi aye igberiko ni ipinle nipasẹ awọn awujọ ifowosowopo. 

== Wo eyi naa ==

* Igbimọ Alase ti Ipinle
* [[Lagos State Ministry of Housing]]

Aworan[[Fáìlì:An_Hausa_Farmer_in_the_Lagos_State_University.jpg|alt=An Hausa Farmer in the Lagos State University|Agbe Hausa ni Fasiti ipinle Eko]]&lt;/img&gt;

== Awọn itọkasi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Emmanuel Botwe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623160</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T05:23:02Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2788" sha1="buasm8i50epgyhq2eiuwb317lt9fjo6" xml:space="preserve">'''Emmanuel Botwe''' ni à bini ọjọ ogun, óṣu May, ọdun 1999 jẹ elere badminton órilẹ ede Ghana&lt;ref&gt;https://www.flashscore.com/player/botwe-emmanuel/GCBorfAg/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/player/71819/emmanuel-botwe&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.the-sports.org/emmanuel-botwe-badminton-spf506614.html{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/3rd-lagos-international-badminton-classics-begins-11-countries/amp/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.businessghana.com/site/news/sports/244466/Badminton-Africa-Championship-Team-Ghana-departs-for-Benin-International&lt;/ref&gt;.
==Iṣẹ Emmanuel ati Àṣèyọri==
Ni ọdun 2010, Botwe kopa ninu idije gbogbo ilẹ afirica to waye ni Mauritius&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/sports/285213/under-15-badminton-team-for-camping-.html&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2013, elere naa kopa ninu idije Junior Badminton gbogbo ilẹ afirica to waye ni Algeria&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/BAG-selects-5-for-Badminton-Championship-in-Algeria-270598&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/amp/sports/451268/national-badminton-team-to-commence-preparation-for-africa-o.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/03/10/ghanas-badminton-team-to-start-preparations-for-africa-junior-championship/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Ghana-to-compete-in-Africa-Badminton-Championships-267844&lt;/ref&gt;.
Botwe pẹlu awọn akẹgbẹrẹ Andrews Ebenezer, Daniel Doe, Jennifer Abitty, Grace Atipaka ati Eryram Yaa Migbodzi kopa ninu idije agbaye lori Badminton fun igba akọkọ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/je-wilson-2018-all-set-for-ghana-to-host-global-badminton-tournament/qgc4rfh |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310121807/https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/je-wilson-2018-all-set-for-ghana-to-host-global-badminton-tournament/qgc4rfh |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://ghanamansports.com/2017/10/25/press-release-ghana-badminton-association/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301221134/https://ghanamansports.com/2017/10/25/press-release-ghana-badminton-association/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Ni ọdun 2019, Emmanuel kopa ninu ere ilẹ africa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://sportsauthority.gov.gh/names-of-athletes-for-the-2019-all-african-games/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301224232/https://sportsauthority.gov.gh/names-of-athletes-for-the-2019-all-african-games/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Itọkasi==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ìjọba Dahomey</title>
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      <text bytes="3852" sha1="b8xaj23rl0j3xfbrjgrprnkjrh6gj39" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] bẹ̀rẹ̀ ṣẹ́gun ní Plateau Abomey
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|Ọba Agaja]] gba ilẹ̀ [[Allada]] àti [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] sẹ́yọrí lórí [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Ọ̀yọ́]] àti ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lọ́jọ́ òní. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] bẹ̀rẹ̀ ṣẹ́gun ní Plateau Abomey
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|Ọba Agaja]] ṣẹ́gun [[Allada]] àti [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] sẹ́yọrí lórí [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Ọ̀yọ́]] àti ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lọ́jọ́ òní. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] bẹ̀rẹ̀ ṣẹ́gun ní Plateau Abomey
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|Ọba Agaja]] ṣẹ́gun [[Allada]] àti [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] sẹ́yọrí lórí [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Ọ̀yọ́]] àti ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lónìí. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] bẹ̀rẹ̀ ṣẹ́gun ní Plateau Abomey
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|Ọba Agaja]] ṣẹ́gun [[Allada]] àti [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] sẹ́yọrí lórí [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Ọ̀yọ́]] àti ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà ní lónìí. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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|native_name = 
|conventional_long_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|common_name = Ìjọba Dahomey
|demonym = Dahomean
|image_flag  = Royal banner of Béhanzin of Dahomey.svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_alt    = 
|flag_type   = Top: Flag of [[Béhanzin]] ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Flag of [[Ghezo]] (1818–1858)
|image_coat  = Coat of arms of Béhanzin.svg
|symbol      = 
|symbol_type = Coat of arms ({{circa|1890}}–{{circa|1894}})
|image_map   = Royaume du Danhomè 1894.svg
|image_map_caption = Ìjọba Dahomey ní ọdún 1894, ó wà ní ibi tí 
Republic of Benin wà lóní ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn Áfíríkà.
|symbol_type_article= 
|era       = 
|status    = Kingdom, vassal state of the [[Oyo Empire]] (1730–1823), [[Protectorate|French Protectorate]] (1894–1904)
|status_text= 
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start  = {{circa|1600}}
|year_end    = 1904
|event1      = [[Dakodonu]] bẹ̀rẹ̀ ṣẹ́gun ní Plateau Abomey
|date_event1 = {{circa|1620}}
|event2      = [[Agaja|Ọba Agaja]] ṣẹ́gun [[Allada]] àti [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Whydah|Whydah]]
|date_event2 = 1724–1727
|event3      = [[Ghezo|King Ghezo]] sẹ́yọrí lórí [[Orílẹ̀-ọba Ọ̀yọ́]] àti ends tributary status
|date_event3 = 1823
|event_start = [[Aja people|Aja]] ẹ̀niyàn láti Allada gbé ní Abomey Plateau
|event4 = Annexed into [[French Dahomey]]
|date_event4 = 1894
|p1 = Kingdom of Ardra
|p2 = Kingdom of Whydah
|flag_p1 = 
|s1 = French Dahomey
|flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg
|flag_s2 = Flag of Benin.svg
|capital          = [[Abomey]]
|common_languages = [[Fon language|Fon]]
|religion         = [[West African Vodun|Vodun]]
|currency         = [[Cowrie]]
|leader1      = [[Do-Aklin]] 
|year_leader1 = {{circa}} 1600–1625 (first)
|leader2      = [[Agoli-agbo]] 
|year_leader2 = 1894–1900 (last)
|title_leader = [[King of Dahomey|Ahosu (King)]]
&lt;!-- Area and population of a given year --&gt;
|stat_year1 = 1700&lt;ref name=Heywood /&gt; 
|stat_area1 = 10,000
|stat_pop1  = 350,000
|today = [[Benin]]
|image_flag2=Flag_of_Ghezo_of_Dahomey.svg}}
'''Ìjọba Dahomey''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|h|oʊ|m|i}}) jẹ́ ìjọba kan ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn [[Áfríkà|Áfíríkà]] tí orílẹ̀ èdè [[Benin]] wà lónìí. Ìjọba náà wà láti ọdún 1600 títí di 1904. Wọ́n kó Dahomey sí orí òkè Abomey, ìjọba náà di alágbára lágbègbè rẹ̀ ní àwọn ọdún 1700s, wọ́n sì ségun àwọn ilẹ̀ tí ó wà ní gúúsù wọn láti tan ilẹ̀ wọn, àwọn ilẹ̀ bi [[Ouidah|Whydah]] ti ìjọba Whydah tí etí odò [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] èyí tí ó mú wọn ní àṣẹ sí àwọn ilẹ̀ tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe [[triangular trade]].

Láàrin àwọn ọdún 1800s, ìjọba Dahomey di alágbára àgbègbè náà kí ó tó di pé [[Oyo Empire|Ìpínlẹ̀ Oyo]].&lt;ref name=Heywood&gt;{{cite book|title=Soundings in Atlantic history: latent structures and intellectual currents, 1500–1830|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|author=Heywood, Linda M.|author2=John K. Thornton|editor=Bailyn, Bernard &amp; Patricia L. Denault|chapter=Kongo and Dahomey, 1660–1815}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọmọ orílẹ̀ èdè ní orílẹ̀ [[Europe]] tí ó wá sí ilẹ̀ náà kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nípa rẹ̀. Ìjọba Dahomey jẹ́ alágbára ní agbègbè náà tí ọ̀rọ̀ ajé wọn dá lórí [[Okoẹrú]]. 

Ìjà ilẹ̀ padà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí ń ní bọ́yọ̀ láàrin orílẹ̀ èdè [[France]] àti ìjọba náà, èyí fa [[First Franco-Dahomean War|Ìjà Franco-Dahomean àkọ́kọ́ ]] ní ọdún 1890, orílẹ̀ èdè Faransé sì ségun ogun náà. Ìjọba náà padà lólẹ̀ ní ọdún 1894 nígbà tí àwọn ọmọ ogun Faranse pa ọba Dahomey ní ogun [[Franco-Dahomean kejì]]. 
==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==</text>
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    <title>International Hockey Federation</title>
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      <text bytes="10390" sha1="lpniqba9bz6zv698xp7dm3xouri3qav" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|International sports governing body organizing field hockey}}{{About|the governing body of field hockey|the governing body of ice hockey|International Ice Hockey Federation}}{{more citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}{{Infobox organization|name=International Hockey Federation|full_name='''{{lang|fr|Fédération Internationale de Hockey}}'''|bgcolor=&lt;!-- header background color --&gt;|fgcolor=&lt;!-- header text color --&gt;|image=Fih hockey logo.svg|image_size=|alt=&lt;!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --&gt;|caption=Logo|map=|map_size=|map_caption=Map of the members of FIH according to their confederation|abbreviation=FIH|motto=''FairPlay Friendship Forever''|formation={{Start date and years ago|1924|1|7|df=y}}|founding_location=[[Paris]], [[France]]|extinction=&lt;!-- date of extinction, optional --&gt;|type=[[List of international sports federations|Sports federation]]|status=Governing body of: &lt;br&gt;[[Field hockey]]&lt;br&gt;[[Indoor hockey]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hockey5s]]|purpose=Sport governance&lt;!-- focus as e.g. humanitarian, peacekeeping, etc --&gt;|headquarters=[[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]]|coords=&lt;!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template --&gt;|region_served=Worldwide|membership=140 national associations|language=[[English language|English]], [[French language|French]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Hockey Federation Statutes|url=http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Coaching/FIH%20Statutes%20and%20Bylaws.pdf|publisher=FIH|access-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812073807/http://www.fih.ch/files/Sport/Coaching/FIH%20Statutes%20and%20Bylaws.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title=President|leader_name=Tayyab Ikram&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tayyab Ikram (MAC) elected as new President of FIH |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/congress/48th-fih-congress/news/tayyab-ikram-mac-elected-as-new-president-of-fih |publisher=FIH |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105135339/https://www.fih.hockey/events/congress/48th-fih-congress/news/tayyab-ikram-mac-elected-as-new-president-of-fih |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;|leader_title2=CEO|leader_name2=Thierry Weil|main_organ=Congress&lt;!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --&gt;|parent_organization=&lt;!-- if one --&gt;|affiliations=[[International Olympic Committee]]|budget=|num_staff=|num_volunteers=|website={{url|https://www.fih.hockey/|FIH.hockey}}|remarks=}}'''International Hockey Federation''' tí a gé kúrú tí gbogbo èèyàn sì mọ̀ sí '''FIH''', ó jẹ́ àjọ tó ṣe àmọ́jútó èrè bọ́ọ̀lú aláfìgigbá ni orí pápá àti nínú yàrá ìyẹn  is the   [[Field hockey|(field hockey)]] àti [[Indoor field hockey|(indoor field hockey)]]. káàkiri àgbáyé. Àwọn olú iléeṣẹ́ wọ́n wà ní [[Lausanne]], [[Switzerland]]. FIH ni ó ń má rí sí àwọn ìdíje eré bọ́ọ̀lù aláfigigbá hockey ní àgbáyé, bí ti ìdíje ife ẹ̀yẹ àgbáyé Hockey [[Hockey World Cup|(Hockey World Cup)]].

== ÌTÀN ==
Wọ́n dá FIH sílẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ keje oṣù kìiní ọdún 1924 ní  [[Paris]], Paul Léautey ló gbé àjọ yìí kalẹ̀, tí ó sì padà wá jẹ́ ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ fún àjọ náà, láti ṣe ìdáhùn sí àwọn àṣìṣe eré idárayá hockey nínú èto kan tí wọ́n pè ní [[1924 Summer Olympics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sathe|first=Mukund|title=Paul Léautey|url=https://mukundsathe.com/tag/paul-leautey/|access-date=2021-04-01|website=This Day in History|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n darapọ̀ mọ́ àwọn tó da sílẹ̀ ní Austria, [[Royal Belgian Hockey Association|Belgium]], Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Spain, àti Switzerland.

Ní ọdún 1983, FIH darapọ̀ mọ́ International Federation of Women's Hockey Associations (IFWHA), tí wọ́n dá sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1927 nípasẹ̀ [[Hockey Australia|Australia]], Denmark, [[Hockey England|England]], [[Irish Hockey Association|Ireland]], [[Scottish Hockey Union|Scotland]], South Africa, the United States, àti [[Welsh Hockey Union|Wales]].

Ilé iṣẹ́ náà wà ní [[Lausanne]], Switzerland láti 2005, kí wọ́n kúrò níbẹ̀ lọ sí  [[Brussels]], ní Belgium.

Ní ìdáhún sí  ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tó wáyé ní Russia àti Ukraine [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], FIH ò gba Russia láàyè láti kópa nínú [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]], tí wọn ò sì gba àwọn alákoso Russian àti Belarusian láàyé sí ṣíṣe tàbí ètò FIH kan&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-18|title=FIH reiterates full support to Ukraine’s hockey community|url=https://www.fih.ch/news/fih-reiterates-full-support-to-ukraine-s-hockey-community/|access-date=2022-03-22|website=FIH}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Structure ==
[[Fáìlì:International_Hockey_Federation_map.png|right|thumb|320x320px|Map of the World with the five confederations.]]
In total, there are 140 member associations within the five confederations recognised by FIH. This includes Great Britain which is recognised as an adherent member of FIH, the team was represented at the [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]] and the [[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]. England, Scotland and Wales are also represented by separate teams in FIH sanctioned tournaments.

: {{Color box|#FF0000|border=darkgray}} [[African Hockey Federation|AfHF – African Hockey Federation]]
: {{Color box|#FFD700|border=darkgray}} [[Asian Hockey Federation|AHF – Asian Hockey Federation]]
: {{Color box|#0000FF|border=darkgray}} [[European Hockey Federation|EHF – European Hockey Federation]]
: {{Color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} [[Oceania Hockey Federation|OHF – Oceania Hockey Federation]]
: {{Color box|#800080|border=darkgray}} [[Pan American Hockey Federation|PAHF – Pan American Hockey Federation]]

The [[FIH World Rankings]] was updated once after the major tournament finished, based on FIH sanction tournaments.

== Presidents ==
The following is a list of presidents of FIH:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hockey|url=https://www.olympedia.org/sports/HOC|publisher=Olympedia|access-date=16 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; text-align:left;&quot;
|+ style=&quot;padding-top:1em;&quot; |Presidents of FIH
!No.
!Name
!Country
!Took office
!Left office
!Note
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|'''Paul Léautey'''
|{{flagu|France|1794}}
|1924
|1926
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|'''[[Frantz Reichel]]'''
|{{flagu|France|1794}}
|1926
|1932
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|'''Marc Bellin du Côteau'''
|{{flagu|France|1794}}
|1932
|1936
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|'''Georg Evers'''
|{{flagu|Germany|1935}}
|1936
|1945
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|'''Robert Liégeois'''
|{{flagu|Belgium}}
|1945
|1946
|Acting
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|'''Jaap Quarles van Ufford'''
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|1946
|1966
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|'''Rene Frank'''
|{{flagu|Belgium}}
|1966
|1983
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|'''Étienne Glichitch'''
|{{flagu|France|1974}}
|1983
|1996
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|'''[[Juan Calzado]]'''
|{{flagu|Spain}}
|1996
|2001
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|'''[[Els van Breda Vriesman]]'''
|{{flagu|Netherlands}}
|2001
|2008
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|'''Leandro Negre'''
|{{flagu|Spain}}
|2008
|2016
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |11
|'''[[Narinder Dhruv Batra]]'''
|{{flagu|India}}
|2016
|2022
|
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |—
|'''Seif El Dine Ahmed'''
|{{flagu|Egypt}}
|2022
|2022
|Acting
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |12
|'''Tayyab Ikram'''
|{{flagu|Macau}}
|2022
|''Incumbent''
|
|}

== Recognition and awards ==
The [[FIH Player of the Year Awards|Player of the Year Awards]] have been given annually since 1998 for men and women, while the young category was added in 2001 to honour the best performances for junior players (under 21).

Another award, the &quot;Honorary Award&quot;, was given to people who have made outstanding contributions to field hockey.

== FIH tournaments ==

=== Outdoor ===

; Major

* [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
* [[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
* [[Men's FIH Pro League]]
* [[Women's FIH Pro League]]
* [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics]] in cooperation with [[International Olympic Committee]]
* [[Men's FIH Hockey Nations Cup]]
* [[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup]]
* [[FIH Hockey5s World Cup]] (''Coming in 2024'')

; Junior

* [[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
* [[Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
* [[Field hockey at the Youth Olympic Games]] in cooperation with [[International Olympic Committee]]

; Other

* Masters Hockey World Cup
* Grand Master Hockey World Cup
* [[International Children's Games]]

=== Indoor ===

* [[Men's Indoor Hockey World Cup]]
* [[Women's Indoor Hockey World Cup]]

=== Title holders ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Current
|-
!Competition
!Men's
!Women's
|-
|'''Olympics'''
|{{fh|BEL}} ([[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2020]])
|{{fhw|NED}} ([[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020]])
|-
|'''World Cup'''
|{{fh|GER}} ([[2023 Men's Hockey World Cup|2023]])
|{{fhw|NED}} ([[2022 Women's Hockey World Cup|2022]])
|-
|'''FIH Pro League'''
|{{fh|NED}} ([[2022–23 Men's FIH Pro League|2022–23]])
|{{fhw|NED}} ([[2022–23 Women's FIH Pro League|2022–23]])
|-
|'''Junior World Cup'''
|{{fhu|21|ARG}} ([[2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2021]])
|{{fhwu|21|NED}} ([[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2022]])
|-
|'''Youth Olympics'''
|{{fhu|18|MAS}} ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2018]])
|{{fhwu|18|ARG}} ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|2018]])
|-
|'''Indoor World Cup'''
|{{idh|AUT}} ([[2023 Men's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup|2023]])
|{{idhw|NED}} ([[2023 Women's FIH Indoor Hockey World Cup|2023]])
|}

== Partners ==
The following are the partners of the International Hockey Federation:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=International Hockey Federation|url=http://www.fih.ch|publisher=FIH|access-date=28 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Hero MotoCorp]]

== See also ==

* [[FIH World Rankings]]
* [[Hockey Rules Board]]
* [[History of field hockey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website}}

{{National members of the International Hockey Federation}} {{International field hockey}} {{International Sports Federations}} {{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>C. J. Obasi</title>
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      <text bytes="5577" sha1="84accrsf7d1o94nyqa9lhgc2q4veghl" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image              = C.J. Obasi.jpg
| name               = C.J. Obasi
| caption            = 
| alias              = C. J. &quot;Fiery&quot; Obasi, &quot;Fiery&quot; , &quot;The Fiery One&quot;
| birth_date         = 
| education          = [[University of Nigeria]]
| occupation         = Film director, screenwriter, editor
| awards = Best Nigerian film, trailblazer of the year award
| years_active       = 2011&amp;ndash;present
| website            = {{URL|www.afieryfilm.com}}
}}
'''C.J. Obasi''' {{Audio|Ig-C.J Obasi.ogg|listen|help=no}} (tí wọ́n tún máa ń pè ní '''&quot;Fiery&quot;''' tàbí '''&quot;The Fiery One&quot;''') jẹ́ olùdarí fíìmù ní orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà, òǹkọ̀wé fíìmù, àti alátùnńtò sórí fíìmù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.oddmag.co/2017/11/01/interview-with-c-j-obasi-from-firey-films/|title=Interview with C.J. Obasi from Fiery Film|date=1 November 2017|work=Odd Magazine|access-date=7 February 2018|language=en-ZA|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001195218/https://www.oddmag.co/2017/11/01/interview-with-c-j-obasi-from-firey-films/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://friedplantains.com/article/nollywood-spotlight-cj-obasi|title=Nollywood Spotlight: C.J. Obasi {{!}} Fried Plantains|last=FP|work=Fried Plaintains|access-date=7 February 2018|language=en|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001210704/https://friedplantains.com/article/nollywood-spotlight-cj-obasi|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Òun ló darí fíìmù kan tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ jẹ́ ''Ojuju'' tí wọ́n ṣàfihàn ní Africa International Film Festival ní November 2014, ó sì gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ fún fíìmù tó dára jù lọ ní Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2015/05/every-single-day-i-spent-not-being-a-filmmaker-was-torture-to-me-c-j-fiery-obasi/|title='Every single day I spent not being a film-maker was torture to me.' - C.J. 'Fiery' Obasi {{!}} 360Nobs.com|website=www.360nobs.com|language=en-US|access-date=31 January 2018|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208124055/https://www.360nobs.com/2015/05/every-single-day-i-spent-not-being-a-filmmaker-was-torture-to-me-c-j-fiery-obasi/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó sì tún mu gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ ní March 2015, ní Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
== Àtòjọ àwọn fíìmù tó darí ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Title
!Year
!Production Company
!Role
!
|-
|''[[Ojuju]]''
|2014
|Fiery Film Company
|Writer, Director, Editor
|
|-
|''[[O-Town (film)|O-Town]]''
|2015
|Fiery Film Company
|Writer, director, editor
|
|-
|''Visions: An Anthology of Short Films''
|2017
|Surreal16 Collective
|Co-writer, co-director
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-teaser-for-an-anthology-of-three-short-films-visions-id7075511.html|title=Watch teaser for an anthology of three short films &quot;Visions&quot; by 3 unconventional filmmakers|last=Izuzu|first=Chidumga|access-date=8 February 2018|language=en-US|archivedate=8 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208171114/http://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-teaser-for-an-anthology-of-three-short-films-visions-id7075511.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/visions-an-anthology-of-short-films-by-three-unconventional-nollywood-filmmakers/|title='Visions': An Anthology Of Short Films By Three Unconventional Nollywood Filmmakers|last=Orubo|first=Daniel|date=31 July 2017|work=Konbini Nigeria|access-date=8 February 2018|language=en-US|archivedate=8 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123748/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/visions-an-anthology-of-short-films-by-three-unconventional-nollywood-filmmakers/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''Hello, Rain''
|2018
|Fiery Film Company
Igodo Films

Matanya Films
|Writer, director
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/watch-teaser-hello-rain-short-film-based-nnedi-okorafors-hello-moto/|title=Watch: Teaser For 'Hello, Rain', A Short Film Based On Nnedi Okorafor's 'Hello, Moto'|last=Animashaun|first=Damilola|date=4 January 2018|work=Konbini Nigeria|access-date=8 February 2018|language=en-US|archivedate=12 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214653/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/watch-teaser-hello-rain-short-film-based-nnedi-okorafors-hello-moto/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Lionheart (2018 film)|Lionheart]]''
|2018
|The Entertainment Network (T.E.N)
[[Netflix]]
|Co-writer
|
|-
|''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]''
|2019
|Play Network Studios

Natives Filmworks

Michelangelo Productions
|Co-writer
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/living-in-bondage-breaking-free-is-a-perfect-sequel-after-27-years-review|title='Living in Bondage: Breaking Free' is perfect for Ramsey Nouah's directorial debut (Review)|last=Gbenga|first=Bada|date=31 October 2019|website=pulse.ng|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|''[[Juju Stories]]''
|2021
|20 Pounds Production
Ifind Pictures

Fiery Film

Osiris Creatives

Cine9ja
|Co-writer, co-director
|-
|''[[Mami Wata (film)|Mami Wata]]''
|2023
|Fiery Film Company

Ifind Pictures

PalmWine Media

Guguru Studios
|Writer, director
|
|-
|}


== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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        <id>22272</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="8599" sha1="p5v84kfka5w57jet6flsk5ogzjadeiq" xml:space="preserve">{{Speciesbox|image=Chrusophyllum cainito.jpg|image_caption=''Chrysophyllum cainito'' fruit|genus=Chrysophyllum|species=cainito|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |''Chrysophyllum cainito''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Chrusophyllum_cainito.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |''Chrysophyllum cainito'' fruit
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Chrysophyllum|15x15px|Edit this classification]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Plant|Plantae]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Eudicots]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Asterids]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Ericales]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|Genus:
|''[[Chrysophyllum]]''
|-
|Species:
|&lt;div class=&quot;species&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;'''''C.&amp;nbsp;cainito'''''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |'''&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;''Chrysophyllum cainito''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&lt;/div&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]

{{Speciesbox|image=Chrusophyllum cainito.jpg|image_caption=''Chrysophyllum cainito'' fruit|genus=Chrysophyllum|species=cainito|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |''Chrysophyllum cainito''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Chrusophyllum_cainito.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |''Chrysophyllum cainito'' fruit
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Chrysophyllum|15x15px|Edit this classification]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Plant|Plantae]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Eudicots]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Asterids]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Ericales]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Sapotaceae]]
|-
|Genus:
|''[[Chrysophyllum]]''
|-
|Species:
|&lt;div class=&quot;species&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;'''''C.&amp;nbsp;cainito'''''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |'''&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;''Chrysophyllum cainito''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&lt;/div&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]

'''''Chrysophyllum cainito''''' jẹ́ igi olooru tí idile Sapotaceae . Ó jẹ́ abínibí sí Isthmus ti Panama, níbití o ti jẹ́ ilé. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Petersen|first=Jennifer J.|last2=Parker|first2=Ingrid M.|last3=Potter|first3=Daniel|date=March 2014|title=Domestication of the neotropical tree ''Chrysophyllum cainito'' from a geographically limited yet genetically diverse gene pool in Panama|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=4|issue=5|pages=539–553|doi=10.1002/ece3.948|issn=2045-7758|pmc=4098135|pmid=25035796}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó ti tàn sí àwọn Antilles Nla àti àwọn West Indies àti pé ó ti dàgbà ní báyìí ní gbogbo àwọn ilẹ n wáyé, pẹ̀lú Gúúsù ìlà oòrùn Asia.  Ó dàgbà ní kíákíá ó sì dé 20 mítà ni gíga.

== Orúkọ ==
Àwọn èso ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn orúkọ. Àwọn orúkọ tí ó wọ́pọ̀ '''cainito''' àti '''caimito''' lè wá láti àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ Mayan {{Lang|yua|cab}}&lt;/link&gt; (oje), {{Lang|yua|im}}&lt;/link&gt; (ọmu), àti {{Lang|yua|vitis}}&lt;/link&gt; (sap), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|location=[[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; nípasẹ̀ Sípénì. Ó tún npe ní orísirísi '''tar apple''', '''star apple''' (ni àwọn Cook Islands, fún àpẹẹrẹ), '''eléyi ti star apple''', '''ti nmu bunkun igi''', '''abiaba''', '''pomme de lait''', '''estrella''', '''wara eso''' ati '''aguay''' . A tún mọ̀ sí ''Achras cainito'' .

== Àpèjúwe ==

=== Igi ===
[[Fáìlì:Starr_070906-8589_Chrysophyllum_cainito.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px| Awọn ewe]]
Àwọn [[Ewé|ewé náà]] jẹ́ evergreen, òmìíiiran, oval gbogbo, 5-15&amp;nbsp;cm gùn; ẹgbẹ́ abẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tanna pẹ̀lú golden nígbà tí a bá rí ní ibi to jìnnà. [[Òdòdó|Àwọn òdòdó]] kékeré náà jẹ́ funfun aláwọ̀ ewé, wọ́n sì ní òórùn olóòórùn dídùn. Igáànaú tuń jẹ hermaphroditiself-fertileoroÓ.ń Oúnòu õrùí ói ágbágbara. 
[[Fáìlì:Chryso_caini_071010-0476_jtg.jpg|right|thumb|233x233px| Awọn eso, nigbagbogbo eleyi ti, tun wa ni alawọ ewe tabi pupa]]
Èso náà jẹ́ globose àti ní déédé ìwọ̀n láti méjì sí mẹ́ta ínṣísì ní ìwọ̀n ìlà òpin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|location=Sarasota, Florida}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nígbàtí o bá pọ́n, ó máa ń ní àwọ̀ tí ó rẹwẹ̀sì tí ó farahàn ní àyíká calyx . Awoṣe ìràwọ̀ dídán kan hàn nínú tí kó nira. Aláwọ̀ ewé-funfun àti èso pupa cultivars wà nígbà mìíràn. Àwọ̀ rẹ kún fún latex, àti pé méjèèjì àti àwọ̀ rẹ̀ kò jẹ́ oúnjẹ. Àwọn ìrùgbin fífẹ̀ jẹ́ brown fẹ́ẹ́rẹ́fẹ́ àti líle. Ó jẹ́ igi tí ń so èso lásìkò.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)&quot;&gt;Ti o nilo itọkasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Àwọn èso ti wà ní lílò bí àwọn kan alábapàdé dẹ́sáàtì èso; ó dùn àti wọ́n Pin nígbà tí ó tutù. Èso náà tún wà ní àwọn àwọ̀ mẹ́ta, éyi tó dúdú, aláwọ̀ ewé aláwọ̀ ewé àti pupa. Àwọn èso eléyi tí ó ní àwọ̀-àwọ̀ àti àwọ̀-ara tí ó nípọn nígbà tí àwọn èso aláwọ̀ ewé aláwọ̀ ewé ni àwọ̀ tí ó ní àwọ̀-ara àti omi tí ó pọ̀jù; àwọn pupa orísirísi kò wọ́pọ̀.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}&lt;/link&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)&quot;&gt;Ti o nilo itọkasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nọ́mbà àwọn ẹ̀yà tí ó jọmó, tí a tún pè ní apples star, ti dàgbà ní Áfíríkà pẹ̀lú ''Gambeya albida'' àti ''G. africana'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=National Research Council|title=Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits|url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879|access-date=2008-07-17|series=Lost Crops of Africa|volume=3|date=2008-01-25|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-10596-5|chapter=Star Apples|chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&amp;page=317|archive-date=2012-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilé àwòrán ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;250&quot;&gt;
Fáìlì:Chrysophyllum_cainito0.jpg|alt=Cainito fruit cut in half|Cainito èso tí a gé ní ìdajì
Fáìlì:Star_Apple_(Kaimito).jpg|alt=Freshly plucked Cainitos|Titun tu Cainitos
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ìta ìjápọ ==
Data related to Chrysophyllum cainito at Wikispecies

* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/star_apple.html Dept. ti Horticulture Purdue University]
* [http://www.quisqualis.com/09strapjoy.html Wiwọle Aaye Quisqualis fun C. cainito]
* Orukọ Vietnamese ti Chrysophyllum cainito jẹ [https://vuoncay.vn/danh-muc/cay-trong-san-vuon/cay-an-trai/cay-vu-sua/ vú sữa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206040230/https://vuoncay.vn/danh-muc/cay-trong-san-vuon/cay-an-trai/cay-vu-sua/ |date=2023-12-06 }}</text>
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      <text bytes="3375" sha1="qfd22e0tnj9e1fnv91gv5pq1obhdmxr" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Nigerian artist}}{{Infobox person|name=Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu|image=|caption=|birth_name=Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu|birth_date={{birth year|1921}}|birth_place=[[Kano (city)|Kano]]|death_date={{death year and age|1996|1921}}|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|citizenship=Nigeria|education=Art teacher's diploma, National Diploma in Design|alma_mater=[[University of London]] 55, Chelsea School of Art, London, 1954|occupation=Artist}}
[[Fáìlì:Beggars_by_Etso_Ugbodaga-Ngu.jpg|thumb|''Beggars'' (1963)]]
'''Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu''' tí a tún mọ̀ sí Ugbodaga-Ngu, fìgbà kan jẹ́ oníṣẹ́-ọnà ọmọ-orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]]. Ọdún 1921 ní Kano, ní [[ipinle Kano]] ni wọ́n bi sí, ó si fi ipa rere sí ọ̀rọ̀ òṣèlú àti àṣà ní ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref name=&quot;birmingham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu, Abstract (1960)|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/lcahm/departments/historyofart/research/projects/map/issue3/arts-trail-pages/clara-ugbodaga-ngu.aspx|access-date=2023-10-04|website=University of Birmingham|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Babah|first=Chinedu|date=2017-02-03|title=NGU Etso Ugbodaga|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ngu-etso-ugbodaga/|access-date=2023-10-04|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iṣẹ́-ọnà rẹ̀ máa ń fi okùn hàn. Lára àwon iṣé rẹ̀ ni &quot;Market Women&quot; tí ọdún (1961).

Iṣẹ́ rẹ̀, ìyẹn &quot;Dancers&quot; ni [[Elbert G. Mathews]], tó jẹ́ aṣojú ilẹ̀ U.S. ní Nàìjíríà gbà. Ugbodaga-Ngu ti di ọ̀pọ̀lọpọl ipò mú, ó ti ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí akékọ̀ọ́ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga tó sì tú ní studio rẹ̀. Ó tún ṣịṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí i olùdámọ̀ràn ìlú lásìkò [[FESTAC]] ní ọdún 1975, ó sì padà di olùkọ́ ní [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=James|first=Sule Ameh|date=2023-07-26|title=Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu's Many Roles in Nigeria's Modernist Art Scene|url=https://post.moma.org/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngus-many-roles-in-nigerias-modernist-art-scene/|access-date=2023-10-04|website=post|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bonhams : Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu (Nigerian, 1921-1996) Dancers|url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/27381/lot/18/clara-etso-ugbodaga-ngu-nigerian-1921-1996-dancers/|access-date=2023-10-04|website=www.bonhams.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=Rare work by the African artist Clara Etso Ugodaga-Ngu comes to Bonhams|url=https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/|access-date=2023-10-04|website=South African Art Times|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006044316/https://arttimes.co.za/rare-work-by-the-african-artist-clara-etso-ugodaga-ngu-comes-to-bonhams/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artwork by Clara Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu, Dancers, Made of oil on board in 2023 {{!}} Dancer, Snapshots, Sale artwork|url=https://www.pinterest.com/pin/artwork-by-clara-etso-ugbodagangu-dancers-made-of-oil-on-board-in-2023--710442909994292412/|access-date=2023-10-04|website=Pinterest|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ugbodaga-Ngu ṣaláìsí ní ọdún1996.&lt;ref name=&quot;birmingham&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2247" sha1="5jkb2fuhtx4lagn2ahy17v8xcjcr0b8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox academic|name=Justine Burns|occupation=Professor at the [[University of Cape Town]]|era=|discipline=[[Economics]]|sub_discipline=[[Behavioural economics]]|alma_mater=[[University of Massachusetts at Amherst]] &lt;small&gt;([[PhD]], 2004)&lt;/small&gt;|doctoral_students=|main_interests=[[Experimental economics]], [[social trust]] and [[prosocial behaviour]], [[labour markets]], [[economic inequality|inequality]] and [[intergenerational mobility]]|workplaces=|notable_ideas=|influences=}}'''Justine Burns''' jẹ́ onímọ̀ ìṣòwò ti orílẹ̀-èdè South African, tó sì tún jẹ́ olùarí School of Economics, ní University of Cape Town (UCT), níbi tí ó ti ń ṣiṣẹ́ ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n. Ó jẹ́ olùṣèwádìí ní Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDU) àti Research Unit in Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics (RUBEN).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Justine Burns|url=https://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/staff/justine-burns/|access-date=2023-05-27|website=SALDRU|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527210229/https://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/staff/justine-burns/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iṣẹ́-ìwádìí Burns dá lórí ìmọ̀ ìṣòwò, tó tún ní ṣe pẹ̀lú ìyàsọ́tọ̀, ìfọkàntán, owó ìṣòwò àti ọjà iṣẹ́. Ó sì tún ti ṣe àtẹ̀jáde àwọn ìwé ìwádìí rẹ̀ lórí  àwọn ètò tó ń ran àwùjọ lọ́wọ́. Ó gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ ti UCT fún olùkọ́ tó tayọ jù lọ ní ọdún 2006,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Distinguished Teacher Award|work=University of Cape Town|url=https://uct.ac.za/explore-uct-awards-achievements/distinguished-teacher-award|access-date=27 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; tí wọ́n sì gbà á sí Academy of Science of South Africa, ní oṣù kẹwàá, ọdún 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 October 2021|title=Top Scholars in South Africa Honoured|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/10/21/top-scholars-in-south-africa-honoured-5/|access-date=2023-05-27|website=ASSAf|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527170337/https://www.assaf.org.za/2021/10/21/top-scholars-in-south-africa-honoured-5/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <text bytes="2496" sha1="hfarc7w28m6avbg094fi9f8yjamjt93" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox song
| name       = Amazulu
| cover      = Amanda Black Amazulu Single.jpg
| alt        =
| border     = yes
| type       = single
| artist     = [[Amanda Black]]
| album      = [[Amazulu (album)|Amazulu]]
| released   = {{Start date|2016|07|01}}
| recorded   = 2016
| studio     =
| venue      =
| genre      = {{flatlist|
*[[R&amp;B]]
*[[Afro-soul]]
*[[World|World music]]}}
| length     = {{Duration|m=04|s=14}}
| label      = [[Ambitiouz Entertainment]]
| writer     = {{flatlist|
*[[Amanda Black|Amanda Antony]]
*Christer Kobedi }}
| producer   = {{flatlist|
*Lunatik
*Christer
*Vuyo Manyike}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year  =
| next_title = [[Separate (song)|Separate]]
| next_year  = 2016
}}
'''Amazulu''' jẹ́ àwo-orin àkọ́kọ́ ti olórin ilè [[South Africa]], iyẹ̀n [[Amanda Black]], tí ó jáde ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù keje ọdún 2016. Orin náà jẹ́ èyí tó mú Amanda Black bọ́ sí gbagede, nítorí ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ló gbọ́ orin náà lásìkò tí ó jáde, ìye ìgbà tí àwọn ènìyàn gbọ́ orin náà jẹ́ ìgbà 53,000.

== Ìgbóríyìn fún ==
Wọ́n yan &quot;Amazulu&quot; fún àmì-ẹ̀yẹ Record of the Year ní South African Music Awards ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kẹtàlélógún irú ẹ̀, bẹ́ẹ̀ sì ni wọ́n yàn án fún àmì-ẹ̀yẹ Song of the Year ní Metro FM Awards.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ọdún
! style=&quot;width:250px;&quot; | Ayẹyẹ ìgbàmì ẹ̀yẹ
! style=&quot;width:450px;&quot; | Àpèjúwe àmì-ẹ̀yẹ
! style=&quot;width:75px;&quot; | Èsì
! style=&quot;width:40px;&quot; | Ìtọ́ka
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017
|Metro FM Music Awards
|Song of the Year
|{{nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/entertainment-celebrities/1440171/amanda-black-gets-first-award-twitter-goes-crazy/|title=Amanda Black gets her first award and Twitter goes crazy|last=Reporter|first=Citizen|date=|website=citizen.co.za|accessdate=15 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|South African Music Awards
|Record of the Year
|{{nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yomzansi.com/2017/01/24/interview-amanda-black-talks-her-music-journey-latest-project/|title=Amanda Black talks her music journey &amp; latest project|last=Reporter|first=Citizen|website=yomzansi.com|accessdate=15 September 2017|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708213004/http://www.yomzansi.com/2017/01/24/interview-amanda-black-talks-her-music-journey-latest-project/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Iyamu Bright</title>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="tqnic5pqpd07fpfw6s1m9bpywr1grp9" xml:space="preserve">'''Iyamu Bright Aitenguobo''' je olóṣèlú ọmọ orilẹ-ede Nàìjíríà. Lọwọlọwọ o nṣe iranṣẹ bi Awọn Aṣoju Ìpínlẹ̀ ti o nsójú àgbègbè Orhionmwon II ni Ile-igbimọ Aṣofin Ìpínlẹ̀ Edo . &lt;ref&gt;https://thesun.ng/edha-crisis-i-ve-no-intention-of-impeaching-speaker-says-iyamu/&lt;/ref&gt;

Ni Oṣu Kẹwa ọdun 2024, oṣu mẹfa lẹhin idaduro rẹ ni May 2024, Iyamu ti da padà si Ile-igbimọ aṣòfin Ìpínlẹ̀ Edo lẹhin ẹsun kan pe o ti gbin awọn ẹwa si ile igbimọ naa. &lt;ref&gt;https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/24/edo-assembly-recalls-suspended-lawmaker-iyamu/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/06/edo-assembly-crisis-speaker-suspends-three-lawmakers-over-impeachment-plot/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://ait.live/edo-state-assembly-recalls-suspended-member/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |archive-date=2025-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106140959/https://ait.live/edo-state-assembly-recalls-suspended-member/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awọn itọkasi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olóṣèlú ará Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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    <title>Ikorodu General Hospital</title>
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{{Infobox hospital|name=Ikorodu General Hospital|location=Ikorodu|address=Oba Sekumade Rd, Ikorodu, 104101, Lagos|region=South West region|state=Lagos state|country=Nigeria|type=General hospital|emergency=Available|constructed=1983|website=https://generalhospitalikorodu.org/}}'''Ile-iwosan Gbogbogbo ti Ikorodu''' jẹ ile-iwosan ìlera ti gbogbogbo ènìyàn ti o wa ni òpópónà TOS Benson ni [[Ìkòròdú|Ikorodu]], [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó|Ìpínlè Eko]], [[Nàìjíríà|Nigeria]] . Ti wọn ṣe idasile rẹ ni ọdun 1983, o
Láti pèsè awọn iṣẹ ìlera alamọja ipele-keji si awọn olùgbé ti Ikorodu ati awọn àgbègbè rẹ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://lagosstate.gov.ng/news/all/view/6776ccf6db5e7ef4cd93f724 |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2025-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324094339/https://lagosstate.gov.ng/news/all/view/6776ccf6db5e7ef4cd93f724 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://generalhospitalikorodu.org/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430144317/https://generalhospitalikorodu.org/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://thenationonlineng.net/ayangburen-to-lagos-govt-upgrade-ikorodu-general-hospital-to-teaching-hospital/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://leadership.ng/sanwo-olus-wife-reaffirms-commitment-to-maternal-child-healthcare/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Itan ==
Ile-iwosan Gbogbogboo ti Ikorodu ni won dasile ni ọdun 1983, o si fi idi rẹ mulẹ lati pàdé awọn ìwúlò ìlera ti o pé pẹ̀lú ìdàgbàsókè ti àgbègbè Ikorodu. Ni awọn ọdun diẹ, ile-iwosan yii ṣe àfikún awọn iṣẹ ati awọn ohùn èlò rẹ làti gbà iye ènìyàn ti o pọ si ati ìbéèrè fun ìlera dídára. Wọn ni Ile-iṣẹ Iya ati Awọn ọmọde (MCC) ni Ìpínlẹ̀ Eko, ti wọn ṣetọrẹ Láti mu ilọsiwaju awọn iṣẹ ilera [[Ìyá|ti iya]] ati ọmọde .  &lt;ref&gt;https://guardian.ng/joe-komolafe/ikorodu-doyen-lions-club-lcif-donate-neonatal-ward-to-ikorodu-general-hospital/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://thesun.ng/lagos-inaugurates-ikorodu-trauma-centre/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://tribuneonlineng.com/hazmat-flags-off-trauma-centre-in-ikorodu-general-hospital/&lt;/ref&gt;

== CMD ==
Olùdarí iṣoogun lọwọlọwọ ti ile-iwosan gbogbogbo ni Dókítà Taiwo K. Hassan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://generalhospitalikorodu.org/hospital-management/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2025-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430141511/https://generalhospitalikorodu.org/hospital-management/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipa agbegbe ==
Ile-iwosan Gbogbogbo ti Ikorodu ṣe ipa pataki ninu awọn ipilẹṣẹ ilera gbogbogbo laarin agbegbe. O ti gbalejo awọn iṣẹlẹ bii Ọjọ Idena Igbẹmi ara ẹni agbaye ati pe o ti ṣe ìmúṣẹ awọn eto igbasilẹ iṣoogun ìtànná lati jẹki itọju aláìsàn. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ikoroduonline.com.ng/general-hospital-ikorodu-most-patient-friendly-public-health-facility-award/? https://www.ikoroduonline.com.ng/general-hospital-ikorodu-most-patient-friendly-public-health-facility-award/?]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ẹda pamosi |url=https://www.ikoroduonline.com.ng/ikorodu-general-hospital-promotes-oral-health-awareness-campaign/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |archive-date=2025-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324125228/https://www.ikoroduonline.com.ng/ikorodu-general-hospital-promotes-oral-health-awareness-campaign/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awọn itọkasi ==
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    <title>Freddy Elbaiady</title>
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[[Fáìlì:Freddy_Elbaiady_receiving_award_from_minister_of_health.JPG|thumb|Dokita Freddy Elbaiady gbigba medal ti ola lati Minisita fun ilera]]
Freddy Safwat Naguib Elbaiady (èdè Lárúbáwá: فريدي البياضي) jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ tí a yàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin ilẹ̀ Íjíbítì (Ilé Àwọn Aṣojú). Ó tún jẹ́ igbákejì ààrẹ ti Ẹgbẹ́ Òṣèlú Àwùjọ Àwọn Aṣòfin ti ilẹ̀ Íjíbítì. .  Ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ tẹ́lẹ̀ ti Shura Council, Upper House of Egyptian parliament, tí wọ́n yàn ní ọdún 2012, ó sì fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù kẹfà, ọdún 2013. 

== Ẹkọ ==
A bí Freddy Elbaiady ní ọjọ́ kìíní oṣù kìíní ọdún 1971 ní ìlú Cairo, ní Íjíbítì láti ìdílé kan ní Íjíbítì. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;Ti o nilo itọkasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Elbaiady kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa iṣẹ́ abẹ ní Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Ìṣègùn ti Yunifásítì Cairo, ó sì jẹ́ ògbóǹkangí nínú ìmọ̀ nípa rédíò. Ó gba ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa iṣẹ́ abẹ ní Ilé Ìwòsàn Queen Elizabeth ní Birmingham ní England, àti ní Hoorn, Netherlands.

Ó ti ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùdámọ̀ràn lórí ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ radiology, ó sì jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Radiological Society of North America, British Institute of Radiology, àti ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Egyptian Board of Radiology. Dókítà Elbaiady ni olùdásílẹ̀ àti olórí àgbà fún Salam Medical Center.

== Oselu ọmọ ==
Wọ́n dìbò yan Freddy Elbaiady ní ìdìbò oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 2020 gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Ilé Aṣòfin ti ilẹ̀ Egypt lórí àkójọ orílẹ̀-èdè fún Ẹgbẹ́ Àwùjọ Dẹ́mókírátì ti ilẹ̀ Egypt.  Ní oṣù kíní ọdún 2021, ààrẹ ìgbìmọ̀ yan án láti jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Ìgbìmọ̀ Gbogbogbò ti Ilé Àwọn Aṣojú.  Wọ́n yàn án gẹ́gẹ́ bí igbákejì ààrẹ fún àwọn ọ̀ràn òkèèrè fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú oníṣèlú Egyptian Social Democratic Party ní oṣù karùn-ún ọdún 2022.  

=== Itan oselu ===
Ní ọdún 2011, ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Elwafd yan Elbaiady gẹ́gẹ́ bí orúkọ àkọ́kọ́ lórí àkójọ ìdìbò fún ìdìbò ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin, ṣùgbọ́n ó kọ̀ láti yan án. Elbaiady sọ nígbà náà pé òun kò fẹ́ fi ara òun fún ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú kankan.

Ní oṣù kìíní ọdún 2011, ó fi taratara ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún ìyípadà ìjọba Íjíbítì ní ọdún 2011 sí ìjọba Hosni Mubarak. Lẹ́yìn ìyípadà ìjọba, igbákejì praịm minista tuntun Yehia Elgamal yan Elbaiady láti kópa nínú Ìfohùnṣọ̀kan Orílẹ̀-èdè, ìpàdé kan tí ó gbé àwọn ìlànà fún òfin tuntun yẹ̀ wò tí ó sì ń ṣe àkíyèsí àkókò ìdúró.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2024)&quot;&gt;ti nilo alaye&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; 

Ní oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 2012, ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Egypt Mohamed Morsi yan Dókítà Elbaiady sí ìgbìmọ̀ Shura, ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin ilẹ̀ Egypt.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2013-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2013-07-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2013-01-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elbaiady ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin olómìnira, ó dara pọ̀ mọ́ Ìgbìmọ̀ Ẹ̀tọ́ Ọmọnìyàn àti Ìgbìmọ̀ Òfin

Ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbésí ayé òṣèlú rẹ̀, Elbaiady ti dara pọ̀ mọ́ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú National Democratic Party (NDP) tẹ́lẹ̀ ní ìlú ìbílẹ̀ rẹ̀ El-Qanatir Elkhaireya. NDP ni ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú tó lágbára jùlọ kí ìyípadà ọdún 2011 tó wáyé, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tú u ká lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n yọ Mubarak kúrò nípò. Elbaiady fi ìfẹ́ hàn sí ìtọ́jú ìlera àti àwọn iṣẹ́ àwùjọ àwùjọ, ṣùgbọ́n ó kọ̀ láti yan ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn láti ọwọ́ NDP fún ìdìbò ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin.

Nígbà tí ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ Shura Council, ó tako òfin ìdìbò ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin tuntun náà; ó sì pe mínísítà fún ìgbìmọ̀ abẹ́lé àti olórí ìjọba láti fi iṣẹ́ sílẹ̀ fún ìpànìyàn àti ìpalára tí wọ́n ṣe sí ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn olùfẹ̀hónúhàn ní ilẹ̀ Egypt ní ìparí oṣù kìíní ọdún 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2016-03-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ó tún kọlu mínísítà ọlọ́pàá àti ọ́fíìsì ààrẹ lẹ́yìn ìwà ipá ẹ̀yà ní agbègbè Khousous àti ìkọlù ìbànújẹ́ ti Kọ́tídírà Coptic nígbà ìsìnkú àwọn Kristẹni tí wọ́n pa. Ó fi ẹ̀sùn kan mínísítà ọlọ́pàá pé ó ṣe alabapin nínú ìkọlù náà lórí Kọ́tídírà náà láìronú, ó sì fi àwọn fídíò hàn ní ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin láti fi ẹ̀sùn rẹ̀ hàn, kí ó sì fi hàn pé ààrẹ àti mínísítà ọlọ́pàá jẹ́ òpùrọ́ tí wọ́n ń gbìyànjú láti fi ẹ̀sùn kan àwọn Kristẹni Kọ́tídírà pé wọ́n ń dá ìwà ipá sílẹ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://storify.com/ajstream/religions-in-egypt|newspaper=youtube|title=Cairo's religious status (With images, tweets) · ajstream|access-date=2025-11-14|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025017/https://storify.com/ajstream/religions-in-egypt|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elbaiady pe labẹ ile igbimọ aṣofin fun idibo aarẹ ni kutukutu ati fun igba akọkọ lakoko aarẹ Morsi, o ni kaadi pupa o si wọ ọrọ-ọrọ kan ti o sọ pe &quot;A nilo aarẹ tuntun&quot;, eyiti o mu ki awọn ọmọ ile igbimọ aṣofin ẹgbẹ Musulumi binu gidigidi.

Dókítà Freddy Elbaiady kéde ní àwọn ibi tó yàtọ̀ síra pé òun ń tìlẹ́yìn fún ẹgbẹ́ Tamarod.

Ní ọjọ́ kẹfà sí ọjọ́ kẹtàdínlógún sí ọjọ́ kẹtàdínlógún sí ọdún 2013, Dókítà Elbaiady fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ ní Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin ní gbangba nígbà ìpàdé àwọn oníròyìn ńlá kan fún ẹgbẹ́ Tamarod. Ó kọ ìwé sí Alága Ilé Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin nínú ìwé náà pé òun fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ nítorí àìṣedéédéé ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin àti ààrẹ láti ṣe àwọn ohun tí ìjọba ìyípadà náà béèrè fún, àti pé òun pinnu láti dara pọ̀ mọ́ ìyípadà àwọn òpópónà ní ọjọ́ kẹfà sí ọjọ́ kẹfà tí ó ń pe Ààrẹ láti fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀.

Dókítà Elbaiady dara pọ̀ mọ́ Ẹgbẹ́ Òṣèlú Onídàájọ́ ti Egyptian Social Democratic Party nígbà tí ó wà ní ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin, ó sì tẹ̀síwájú lẹ́yìn tí ó fi ipò rẹ̀ sílẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ìgbìmọ̀ gíga jùlọ wọn. Ìyípadà náà yọrí sí lílé Ààrẹ Morsi àti ìjọba rẹ̀ kúrò, wọ́n sì yan ìjọba ìyípadà, Dókítà Elbaiady ń kó ipa nípasẹ̀ àwùjọ àti ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú rẹ̀ tí wọ́n ń pè fún ìjọba ìjọba tiwantiwa tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.welt-sichten.org/artikel/15881/alleine-koennen-wir-christen-nichts-bewegen|title=&quot;Alleine können wir Christen nichts bewegen&quot; &amp;#124; Welt-Sichten}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ní ọdún 2015, wọ́n yan Dókítà Elbaiady gẹ́gẹ́ bí ààrẹ ẹgbẹ́ òṣèlú Egyptian social Democratic Party ní gúúsù ìpínlẹ̀ Kalioubia, ó sì ṣì ń ṣiṣẹ́ ní ipò yìí títí di ìsinsìnyí.

== Egypt Alatẹnumọ Ijo ilowosi ==

* Ní ọdún 2008, wọ́n yan Freddy Elbaiady gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ìgbìmọ̀ gíga ti àwọn Ṣọ́ọ̀ṣì Protestant ti Egypt. .  Ní ọdún 2016, wọ́n tún yan Elbaiady fún ìgbà míì. [https://manshurat.org/node/26320] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211003457/https://manshurat.org/node/26320 |date=2026-02-11 }}
* Ó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ààrẹ ìgbìmọ̀ ọ̀dọ́ àwọn ọ̀dọ́ ti àwọn ìjọ Presbyterian láti ọdún 2004 sí 2012.
* Ó jẹ́ ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ ìgbìmọ̀ Àlàáfíà, Ìdájọ́ àti ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn ti Ìgbìmọ̀ Àárín Gbùngbùn Ìlà Oòrùn.
* Ó ti kópa àti sọ̀rọ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpàdé àdúgbò àti ti àgbáyé fún ẹ̀tọ́ ọmọnìyàn, Ẹ̀kọ́ Kristẹni, àti ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ aṣáájú.
* Ó tún ti kọ́ ẹ̀kọ́ ní àwọn ìjọ àti ní àwọn ìpàdé àgbáyé ní àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ àti Yúróòpù, ó sì dojúkọ èrò láti ṣe àlàáfíà ní àwùjọ nípasẹ̀ iṣẹ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́ ìṣègùn.  

== awujo aṣayan iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ==
Elbaiady ni oludasile ati Alakoso Ile-iṣẹ Ilera Salam (SMC), ti o wa ni El-Qanatir Elkhaireya. Ti a bẹrẹ ni ọdun 1996, SMC jẹ agbari ti a forukọsilẹ ti kii ṣe fun èrè ti o n ṣiṣẹ fun awọn alaisan to to 40,000 ni ọdun kọọkan.  Ile-iwosan Salam Medical Center kó ipa nla ninu ipese itọju ilera to dara ni agbegbe naa o si di olokiki ni Egipti ati ni ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede miiran pẹlu gẹgẹbi apẹẹrẹ ti Ṣiṣe Alaafia nipasẹ iṣẹ agbegbe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Glauben verbindet|url=http://glauben-verbindet.blogspot.com/2013/05/evangeleische-christen-in-agypten.html|accessdate=22 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2013-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ile-iṣẹ Iṣoogun Salam pẹlu ẹgbẹ awọn oṣiṣẹ iṣoogun ti o peye, gẹgẹbi awọn oluyọọda, awọn Musulumi ati awọn Kristiani ti n ṣiṣẹ papọ, ni ọwọ ni ọwọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2010-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2013-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Awọn itọkasi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ita ìjápọ ==

* https://www.facebook.com/freddyegypt
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWX5I8A9D9Y Nile TV ojukoju 21-1-2013]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqO5t231Vy8 Freddy Elbaiady ni Breakfast show, Nile TV]
* http://www.pcusa.org/news/2010/7/29/acting-out-love/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622105409/https://www.pcusa.org/news/2010/7/29/acting-out-love/ |date=2024-06-22 }}
* [https://archive.today/20130415133305/http://www.mbfoundation.org/news.php?a=page:7]
* http://www.smcegypt.org/OrganizationalStructure.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207134827/http://smcegypt.org/OrganizationalStructure.htm |date=2013-12-07 }}
* http://shenangopresbytery.wordpress.com/2008/07/
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8lcVW1o9TA
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5M9ik1ZBkw
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130118081940/http://egyptelections.carnegieendowment.org/2012/12/28/egypt%E2%80%99s-new-shura-council
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baiady, Freddy}}
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 1971]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:A kò tí ì ṣe àgbéyẹwò sí sí ojú-ewé ògbufọ̀ rẹ]]</text>
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    <title>Ann-Kio Briggs</title>
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      <text bytes="3968" sha1="camjga5mn4umcfdonn4ja49630vnet6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Ann-Kio Briggs|image=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1952|7|29|df=y}}|birth_place=[[England]]|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|citizenship=|occupation=[[Environmental movement|Environmental]] and [[Human rights defender|human rights activist]]|years_active=1998–present|known_for=[[Activism]]|notable_works=She is the founder and director of the [[non-governmental organization]] Agape Birthrights|children=4|height=|footnotes=}}

Ann-Kio Briggs, tí a tún ń pè ní Annkio Briggs, (tí a bí ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù keje ọdún 1952 ní England) jẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà tí ó jẹ́ ajàfẹ́tọ́ sí àyíká àti ajàfẹ́tọ́ ọmọnìyàn tí a bí ní ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì.    Òun ni olùdásílẹ̀ àti olùdarí àjọ tí kìí ṣe ti ìjọba Agape Birthrights. Ní ọdún 2011, ó jẹ́ agbẹnusọ fún Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Ìjọ́ba Ìjàw (IRA) àti United Niger Delta Energy Development Security Strategy (UNDEDS). &lt;ref name=&quot;briggs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=9713|title=The Problem Of Niger Delta Is Few Greedy Nigerians- Ann-kio Briggs|date=20 September 2013|access-date=23 December 2014|archivedate=23 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223201617/http://www.thenewswriterng.com/?p=9713|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=2022-02-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igbesi aye ibẹrẹ ati ẹkọ ==
A bí Briggs ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù keje ọdún 1952 ní England. Ìyá ọmọ ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì kan àti onímọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ọkọ̀ ojú omi Ijaw ni wọ́n bí i. Nígbà tí ó wà ní kékeré, wọ́n mú un lọ sí ọ̀dọ̀ ìyá àgbà rẹ̀, ẹni tí ó tọ́ ọ dàgbà pẹ̀lú baba rẹ̀ ní Abonnema, ìpínlẹ̀ Rivers. Nígbà tí ó wà ní Abonnema, ó parí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ rẹ̀, ó sì forúkọ sílẹ̀ ní Holy Rosary Girls School ní Port Harcourt fún ẹ̀kọ́ girama rẹ̀. Láti (1967 sí 1970), ogun abẹ́lé dí ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ lọ́wọ́. Lẹ́yìn tí ogun parí, Briggs kó lọ sí England pẹ̀lú ìdílé rẹ̀, níbi tí ó ti kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa Marketing, ó sì ṣe ìgbéyàwó. Òun àti ọkọ rẹ̀ bí ọmọ mẹ́rin papọ̀, wọ́n sì kọ ara wọn sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1998. Briggs gbọ́ èdè Igbo dáadáa, àti èdè ìbílẹ̀ rẹ̀, Kalabari. Ó tún ń sọ èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì Pidgin .  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Iṣẹ-ṣiṣe ==
Ní ọdún 1998, lẹ́yìn ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún ní Yúróòpù, ó padà sí Niger Delta ó sì dá Agape Birthrights sílẹ̀, àjọ tí kìí ṣe ti ìjọba àti ti kìí ṣe ti èrè.  ní olú-iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ ní Port Harcourt, Ìpínlẹ̀ Rivers. Briggs, nípasẹ̀ àjọ rẹ̀, ti ran àwọn agbègbè kan tí wọ́n ń gbèrú lọ́wọ́ láti ṣàkọsílẹ̀ ìwẹ̀nùmọ́ epo tí ó ń dà sílẹ̀ àti gbígbógun ti àìṣòdodo àti ìyapa. &lt;ref name=&quot;briggs5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/05/its-jonathan-or-no-peace-annkio-briggs/|title=It's Jonathan or no peace - Annkio Briggs|date=20 May 2013|access-date=23 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó tún ń ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ kárí ayé pẹ̀lú àwọn àjọ mìíràn nílé àti lókè òkun. &lt;ref name=&quot;briggs4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Awọn ẹbun ==
Briggs gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ àwọn akọni Ijaw láti ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin Ijaw. 

== Wo tun ==

* Akojọ ti awọn eniyan lati Ipinle Rivers 

== Awọn itọkasi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ita ìjápọ ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161109190655/http://agapebirthrights.com/ Agape Birthrights aaye ayelujara]
* [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/national-conference/tag/ann-kio-briggs/]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
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  <page>
    <title>Juwon Lawal</title>
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{{Infobox person
| name          = Juwon Lawal Razaq
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| birth_date    = {{birth date and age|1979|10|22|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Kogi]], [[Nàìjíríà]]
| nationality   = [[Nàìjíríà]]
| education     = [[Ambrose Alli University]]
| occupation    = [[Oníṣòwò]]
| known_for     = Olùdásílẹ̀, Africent Group
| organization  = Africent Group, JuWonOil LLC
}}

'''Juwon Lawal Razaq''' (tí a bí ní Ọjọ́ Méjìlélógún Oṣù Kẹwàá, 1979) jẹ́ oníṣòwò àti olùdarí ilé-iṣẹ́ ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tí ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ ní pàtàkì ní agbègbè epo rọ̀bì àti gasi, ètò ìgbọ́kọ̀-ojú-omi (maritime logistics), àti òwò ọjà (commodities trading). Òun ni olùdásílẹ̀ àti Aláṣẹ Àgbà (CEO) ti ẹgbẹ́ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ '''Africent Group'''. Àwọn iṣẹ́ òwò rẹ̀ ti tàn káàkiri [[Ìwọ̀orùn Áfíríkà]], [[Àrin Gbungbun Ìlà Oòrùn]] (Middle East), àti [[Orílẹ̀ Èdè Amẹ́ríkà]], pàápàá jùlọ nínú iṣẹ́ epo ọkọ̀ ojú-omi àti lubricants.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardLife&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2024-07-07 |title=Juwon Lawal Rasaq: Life of A Serial Investor Shaping Business World with Excellence |work=Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/juwon-lawal-rasaq-life-of-a-serial-investor-shaping-business-world-with-excellence/ |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisDay&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2024-07-03 |title=Juwon Lawal Rasaq: Life of A Serial Investor Shaping Business World with Excellence |work=ThisDay |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2024/07/03/juwon-lawal-rasaq-life-of-a-serial-investor-shaping-business-world-with-excellence |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀pẹ̀pẹ̀ ayé àti ẹ̀kọ́ ==
A bí Juwon Lawal Razaq ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Kogi]], [[Nàìjíríà]], ní ọdún 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardLife&quot;/&gt; Ìròyìn sọ pé ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ òwò rẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ nínú ísẹ́ epo kùròpùpù (palm kernel oil extraction) nígbà tí ó ṣì jẹ́ akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní [[Ambrose Alli University]] ní [[Ekpoma]], [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Ẹdó]], ní nǹkan bí ọdún 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Face2Face&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mubarik |first=Abu |date=2022-01-28|title=After making his 1st million at 23 while selling palm oil, he now runs big businesses in several countries |url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/after-making-his-1st-million-at-23-while-selling-palm-oil-he-now-runs-big-businesses-in-several-countries |publisher=Face2Face Africa |date=2022-01-28 |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalExcellence&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Badmus |first=Ronke |date=2024-04-08 |title=Juwon Lawal Rasaq: Balancing Entrepreneurship with Lifestyle |work=Global Excellence Online |url=https://globalexcellenceonline.com/juwon-lawal-rasaq-balancing-entrepreneurship-with-lifestyle-by-ronke-badmus/ |access-date=2025-11-30 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ́ ==
Lawal bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ ní ilé-iṣẹ́ ojú-omi (maritime industry) nípa dídá ilé-iṣẹ́ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ sílẹ̀, '''ABD Fuels''', ní ọdún 2009. Wọ́n dá ilé-iṣẹ́ náà sílẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ilé-iṣẹ́ tí ń pèsè epo fún ọkọ̀ ojú-omi àti àwọn iṣẹ́ eekaderi (logistics) tí ó jọmọ rẹ̀ ní etíkun Ìwọ̀orùn Áfíríkà.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardGoal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Bilesanmi |first=Olalekan |date=2019-05-12 |title=Our goal is to solve problems – Juwon Lawal |work=Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/our-goal-is-to-solve-problems-juwon-lawal/ |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iṣẹ́ yìí padà yípadà sí S8 Contractors &amp; Company Ltd, èyí tí ó darí àkíyèsí rẹ̀ sí àwọn iṣẹ́ eekaderi midstream àti upstream.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardGoal&quot;/&gt;

=== Africent Group ===
Lawal ni Aláṣẹ Àgbà (CEO) fún Africent Group, ilé-iṣẹ́ alájùmọ̀ṣe tí ó ní àwọn iṣẹ́ ní epo àti gasi, eekaderi ojú-omi, ọjà, àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ ìbáraẹnisọ̀rọ̀ (IT).&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardLife&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Hamsat |first=Folorunsho |date=2024-07 |title=Juwon Lawal Rasaq: Balancing Entrepreneurship with Lifestyle |work=Tribune Online |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/?p=914367 |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ẹka ilé-iṣẹ́ náà pẹ̀lú AfricentOCL UK Ltd àti Eleven Ocean Ltd, pẹ̀lú àwọn iṣẹ́ tí a tọ́ka sí ní [[United Arab Emirates]], [[United Kingdom]], àti [[Nàìjíríà]].&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardLife&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalExcellence&quot;/&gt; Díẹ̀ nínú àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ Group náà ti ṣe àtúnṣe orúkọ (rebranding), bíi Africent Industries tí a tún tò sí Cropyfy Ltd láti dojúkọ ìmúṣiṣẹ́ ohun ọ̀gbìn (agricultural processing), àti AfricentOCL UK Ltd tí ó yípadà sí JuWonTankers UK Ltd láti dojúkọ títà àwọn ọjà epo rọ̀bì àti yíyá ọkọ̀ ojú-omi.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheSun&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Portfolio entrepreneur, 'Juwon Lawal, scales up business |url=https://thesun.ng/portfolio-entrepreneur-juwon-lawal-scales-up-business/ |publisher=The Sun Nigeria |date=2024-12-14 |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== JuWonOil LLC ===
Ní Oṣù Kẹ̀sán ọdún 2024, Lawal ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ JuWonOil LLC, ilé-iṣẹ́ tí ń ta epo ọkọ̀ ojú-omi àti lubricants tí olú-ilé-iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ wà ní [[Houston]], [[Texas]], ó sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí Aláṣẹ Àgbà rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShipAndBunkerLaunch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2024-09-20 |title=New Bunker and Lubricant Trading Firm Launches in US |work=Ship &amp; Bunker |url=https://shipandbunker.com/news/am/166329-new-bunker-and-lubricant-trading-firm-launches-in-us |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwé-ìròyìn ilé-iṣẹ́ náà Ship &amp; Bunker ròyìn pé ilé-iṣẹ́ náà ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùpín iyasoto fún Q8 marine lubricants ní Texas.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShipAndBunkerLaunch&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BunkerMarketQ8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2024-10-28 |title=JuWonOil Tapped by Q8 Oils: Strengthening U.S. Marine Lubricants Market |work=Bunkermarket |url=https://bunkermarket.com/juwonoil-tapped-by-q8-oils-strengthening-u-s-marine-lubricants-market/ |access-date=2025-11-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìdánimọ̀ àti Àmì-ẹ̀yẹ ==
Àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ Lawal ti gba ìdánimọ̀ nínú ilé-iṣẹ́ fún iṣẹ́ wọn ní agbègbè ojú-omi àti iṣòwò:
* '''International Ship Brokers of The Year:''' AfricentOCL UK Ltd (tí ó jẹ́ JuWonTankers UK Ltd báyìí) jẹ́ ẹni tí a yàn fún ẹ̀ka yìí ní ibi Àmì-ẹ̀yẹ 2024 Greater London Enterprise Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;VanguardLife&quot;/&gt; Ilé-iṣẹ́ náà tún jẹ́ olùgbà àmì-ẹ̀yẹ ní ọdún 2023 nínú ẹ̀ka 'Best Maritime Materials and Vessel Chartering Provider'.&lt;ref name=&quot;ThisDay&quot;/&gt;
* '''Commonwealth Club Appointment:''' Wọ́n yan Lawal gẹ́gẹ́ bí Aṣojú Àgbáyé (Global Ambassador) fún Commonwealth Entrepreneurs Club.&lt;ref name=&quot;SaharaWeeklyAmbassador&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=2024 |title=Commonwealth Club Appoints Africent Group CEO Razaq Lawal Global Ambassador |work=Sahara Weekly |url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/commonwealth-club-appoints-africent-group-ceo-razaq-lawal-global-ambassador/ |access-date=2025-11-30 |archivedate=2025-11-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110223306/https://saharaweeklyng.com/commonwealth-club-appoints-africent-group-ceo-razaq-lawal-global-ambassador/ |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
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[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ẹni alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn oníṣòwò Nàìjíríà]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọmọ Ìpínlẹ̀ Kogi]]</text>
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    <title>Ayẹyẹ Ogun</title>
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'''Ayẹyẹ Odún Ogun''' jẹ́ ayẹyẹ olódọọdún tí àwọn [[Ìran Yorùbá|ará Yoruba]] ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Òndó|Ìpínlẹ̀ Ondo]], [[Nàìjíríà]] máa ń ṣe láti fi bu ọlá fún [[Ògún Lákáayé|Ogun]], ẹni tí ṣe jagunjagun àti ẹ̀mí tí òun ṣe àkóso iṣẹ́ irin tí àwọn Yorùbá gbàgbọ́ pé òun ni òrìṣà àkọ́kọ́ tó dé sí orí ayé.

== Ìtàn ==
Gẹ́gẹ́ bí [[Ìtàn àwọn Yorùbá|ìtàn àròsọ atenudenu, àwọn Yorùbá]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=February 19, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogun jẹ́ ọba àti baba [[Ọ̀rànmíyàn|Oranmiyan]], àti ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tó dé sí orí ayé; ó lo Àdá àti ajá láti la ọ̀nà kí àwọn òrìṣà lè ní ànfàní àti gba ojú ọ̀nà na wá sí ayé. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=February 16, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n tún sọ pé óun ni ó parí ìṣe lórí àwọn  ènìyàn àkókò tí òrìṣà [[Ọbàtálá|Obatala]], ẹni tí àwọn Yorùbá gbàgbọ́ pé òun ni ọlọ́run a ṣẹda. ṣẹ̀dá &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|location=Ibadan}}&lt;/ref&gt; A máa ń ṣe ayẹyẹ rẹ̀ ní nǹkan bí oṣù kẹjọ tàbí oṣù kẹsàn-án ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Ondo àti àwọn apá ibìkan ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkìtì|Ìpínlẹ̀ Ekiti]] .  &lt;ref name=&quot;bc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=13 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=1 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmúrasílẹ̀ Fún Ayẹyẹ Odún Ògún ==
Ìpalẹ̀mọ́ fún ayẹyẹ náà má ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ mẹ́tàdínlógún ṣáájú àkókò Ayẹyẹ na. Olórí Atókùn fún àwọn òrìṣà yio  kéde wíwo oṣù tuntun (èyí tí a gbọ́dọ̀ rí kí a tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ayẹyẹ náà) nípa fífon Fèrè ''upe'' (Fèrè Ìbílẹ̀ ) fún ọjọ́ méje. Ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án lẹ́yìn wíwo oṣù tuntun, ọba yio rán ìránṣẹ́ kan láti kéde ayẹyẹ náà ní gbangba. Àwọn ìpalẹ̀mọ́ fún ayẹyẹ náà ní àtúnṣe àwọn afárá àti pípa àwọn ipa ọ̀nà ẹsẹ̀ mọ́. Àjọyọ̀ náà ń bá a lọ pẹ̀lú ìṣọ́ tí a ń pè ní Ilagun, Asoro tàbí aisun ogun tí ó ń wáyé ní ọjọ́ mẹ́ta ṣáájú ọjọ́ Ogun. Àwọn alágbẹ̀dẹ [[Ilé-Ifẹ̀|ìlú Ife]] yio fi àwọn Àdá tuntun, ọkọ́ àti agogo ṣe ẹ̀bùn, tí wọ́n yio sì fi àwọn igi ọ̀pẹ, owó ẹyọ àti àwọn nǹkan mìíràn ṣe òsó ojúbo. Lẹ́yìn náà, a ó da omi ọtí sílẹ̀, tí wón yio si jọ àwọn ijó àṣà ní àyíká ojú ìbò náà, wọ́n yio se àdúrà. Leyin na, wọn a múra àwọn ajá sílẹ̀ fún ìrúbọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;bc&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Origin Of Ogun – God Of Iron - Ekimogun Descendant United Kingdom &amp; Northern Ireland|url=http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/origin-of-ogun-god-of-iron/|accessdate=12 January 2018|archivedate=13 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093024/http://www.ekimogundescendant.org/origin-of-ogun-god-of-iron/|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ|title=Food, feasts, and faith : an encyclopedia of food culture in world religions|location=Santa Barbara, California}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Àjọyọ̀ ==
Ni bí àwọn òjò mẹ́ta igbeyin toku, àjọyọ̀ Ayẹyẹ na yio tí mon gbóná yàtò. Ajá tí ó jẹ́ pàtàkì ayẹyẹ náà ni wọ́n máa ń pa ní ọjọ́ kìíní nínú àwọn ọjọ́ wọ̀nyí. Àwọn ènìyàn méjì yio fà ajá na dain, èyí sì máa ń mú kí èmi ti fe bo lọ́rùn ajá oun. Nígbà míì, Atókùn Àgbà máa ń pa ajá náà nípa fífi àdá gé ọri re lekana kí ó tó kú. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=14 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́yìn náà, a máa ń da ẹ̀jẹ̀ ajá náà pọ̀ mọ́ iyọ̀, kolanuts, emu ọ̀pẹ àti epo pupa, a sì máa ń da sórí àwọn ohun èlò iṣẹ́ àwọn olùjọ́sìn tí wọ́n kó jọ sínú abọ́ kan; èyí ni a gbàgbọ́ pé ó ń dáàbò bò wọ́n kúrò nínú wàhálà àti láti mú èrè púpọ̀ wá. Ogun ni olùtọ́jú àwọn tí wọ́n ń lo irin nínú iṣẹ́ ojoojúmọ́ wọn, bíi alágbẹ̀dẹ, awakọ̀, onímọ̀ ẹ̀rọ àti oníṣẹ́ abẹ. A tún lè ṣe ayẹyẹ náà níbikíbi nítorí pé Atókùn àgbà máa ń ṣe ayẹyẹ náà ní [[Àbújá|Abuja]] láì tẹ̀lé àṣẹ ọjọ́ mẹ́tàdínlógún tí a sábà máa ń ṣe.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ogun: Sacrifice to the iron : Orikini cult group and the Ogun festival god|url=https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/ogun-sacrifice-to-the-iron-god|accessdate=12 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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  <page>
    <title>Ini Adiakpan</title>
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      <text bytes="6503" sha1="solmth9pb8nsnrgioztgltn34udyxd7" xml:space="preserve">'''Princess Ini Adiakpan''' (tí wọ́n bí ní ọgbọ̀n ọjọ́ oṣù Kẹwàá ọdún 1960), jẹ́ òlóṣèlú orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]] tó ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bíi Kọmíṣọ́nà tó ń rí sí ọ̀rọ̀ àwọn obìnrin àti ire àwùjọ ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Akwa Ibom]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Michael|first=Yemi|date=2023-09-02|title=Social welfare commissioner promises better life for women, PWDs in Akwa Ibom|url=https://www.thecable.ng/akwa-ibom-social-welfare-commissioner-promises-better-life-for-women-pwds/|access-date=2025-08-17|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gómìnà [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Udom Emmanuel]] ló yàn án sípò ní oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2020 tí Gómìnà [[Umo Eno]] sì tun yàn sípò ọ̀hún ní oṣù Keje ọdún 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sherifat|first=Lawal|date=2020-08-04|title=Akwa Ibom NUJ hails appointment of Ememobong as Information Commissioner|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/akwa-ibom-nuj-hails-appointment-of-ememobong-as-information-commissioner/|access-date=2025-08-17|website=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Akwa Ibom gets seven brand new Commissioners, Special Adviser {{!}} AIT LIVE|url=https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/|access-date=2025-08-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804121616/https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Anthony|first=Lovina|date=2023-07-20|title=Gov Eno sends commissioners, special adviser nominees to A'Ibom Assembly [Full List]|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/20/gov-eno-sends-commissioners-special-adviser-nominees-to-aibom-assembly-full-list/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-08-17|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ayé rẹ̀ ==
Wón bí Adiakpan ní ọgbọ̀n ọjọ́ oṣù Kẹwàá ọdún 1960 sínú ìdílé olóògbé Jacob Bassey Adiakpan. Ìlú [[Ekpene Obom|Ekpene Obo]] ní agbègbè ìjọba ìbílè Esit-Eket ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Akwa Ibom]] ló ti wá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=INI ADIAKPAN – AKWA IBOM STATE GOVERNMENT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE|url=https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/|access-date=2025-08-17|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823014554/https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ètò-ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ ==
Adiakpan bẹ̀rẹ̀ ilé-ìwé alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní Salvation Army Primary School, ní [[Etinan]]. Ó lọ sí Salvation Army Secondary School, ní Akai Ubium, ní ọdún 1972 láti gba ẹ̀kọ́ girama, ní èyí tó parí ní Union Secondary school ní ọdún 1977. Ó tẹ̀síwájú nínú ètò ẹ̀kọ́ rẹ̀ ní School of Basic Studies, [[Ogoja]], níbi tó ti kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sí, lẹ́yìn náà ló lọ sí College of Education, Uyo láti kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa Ìtàn. Ní ọdún 1993, ó ṣe NYSC rẹ̀ ní Wudil Technical College, Wudil, ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Kánò]]. Ó gba ìwé-ẹ̀rí ẹ̀kọ́ àṣeyege ti Bachelor of Arts ní [[Ahmadu Bello University]]. Ní ọdún 1994, ó gba ìwé-ẹ̀rí ẹ̀kọ́ àṣeyege ti Master's degree nínú ẹ̀kọ́ Educational Technology ní University of Port-Harcourt. Ní ọdún 2010, ó gba ìwé-ẹ̀rí Doctor of Philosophy nínú ẹ̀kọ́ Education Technology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=INI ADIAKPAN – AKWA IBOM STATE GOVERNMENT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE|url=https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/|access-date=2025-08-17|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ ==
Ini ti ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bíi Kọmíṣọ́nà tó ń rí sí ètò ìdìbò ní Akwa Ibom State Independent Electoral Commission, AkISIEC, tí wọ́n sì yàn án sípò  Kọmíṣọ́nà tó ń rí sí ọ̀rọ̀ àwọn obìnrin àti ire àwùjọ ní Akwa Ibom State, ní ọdún 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=INI ADIAKPAN – AKWA IBOM STATE GOVERNMENT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE|url=https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/|access-date=2025-08-17|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó fìgbà kan jẹ́ ọmọ-ẹgbẹ́ Transition Committee èyí tí Gómìnà Udom Emmanuel yàn ní ọdún 2023, láti ṣàkósó ìfipòlé-ẹlòmìíràn-lọ́wọ́ nínú iṣèjọba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Utip|first=Udeme|date=2023-01-31|title=I will not respond to Tinubu's abuses – Gov Emmanuel|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-will-not-respond-to-tinubus-abuses-gov-emmanuel/|access-date=2025-08-18|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odey|first=Patrick|date=2023-02-01|title=You've nothing to offer Nigerians, Emmanuel replies Tinubu|url=https://punchng.com/youve-nothing-to-offer-nigerians-emmanuel-replies-tinubu/|access-date=2025-08-18|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, òun ni Delivery Advisor sí Gómìnà Umo Eno lórí ọ̀rọ̀ iṣẹ́ àwọn obìnrin ti orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Whistler|first=The|title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom – The Whistler Newspaper|url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406183545/https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/|archive-date=2025-04-06|access-date=2025-08-18|website=thewhistler.ng|language=en-GB|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nwafor|date=2025-03-04|title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/|access-date=2025-08-18|website=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bákan náà, òun ni Olùdarí ilé-ìwé Nema Adiakpan Nursery &amp; Primary School&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EDU|title=Akwa Ibom|url=https://education.gov.ng/akwa-ibom/|access-date=2025-08-18|website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti olùdarí àgbà Life Bridge and Empowerment Foundation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot; /&gt;

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      <text bytes="28933" sha1="ry4dbzap3a0e8sk05k9jjf8zitom48b" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Ìlù Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà tó rí bíi aago-yanrìn (hourglass)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Ìlù Gàǹgàn (Talking drum)
| image                 = TalkingDrum.jpg
| background            = percussion
| names                 = Dondo, Odondo, Tamanin, Luca Cappacio, Lunna, Donno, Kalangu, Dan karbi, Igba, Doodo, Tama, Tamma, Gangan
| classification        = Percussion (Ohun-èèlò lílù)
| inventors             = 
| related               = 
| musicians             = 
| builders              = 
| developed             = Látáyébáyé
| range                 = 
| articles              = 
| image_capt            = 
| hornbostel_sachs      = 211.242.11
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Ìlù kọ̀ọ̀kan tó ní ojú méjì tó rí bíi aago-yanrìn, tí wọ́n ń lu ojú kan
}}

[[File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|thumb|Àwọn onílù [[Yoruba music|Yorùbá]]: Ẹni tó súnmọ́ iwájú jù gbé [[omele ako]] àti [[batá drum|batá]], àwọn méjì tó kù gbé dùǹdún.]]
[[File:Gangan.jpg|thumb|Gàǹgàn]]
[[File:Omele Bata drum.jpg|thumb|Batá]]
[[File:The talking drum wooden frame.jpg|thumb|Pákó ara ìlù gàǹgàn]]

'''Ìlù gàǹgàn''' (tàbí dùǹdún) jẹ́ ìlù tó rí bíi [[Hourglass drum|aago-yanrìn]] láti [[West Africa|Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà]], èyí tí a lè lò gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ nípa ṣíṣàtúnṣe ohùn àti ìró rẹ̀ láti fara wé [[tone (linguistics)|ohùn]] àti [[Prosody (linguistics)|bí ènìyàn ṣe ń sọ̀rọ̀]].&lt;ref name=Gershon&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gershon |first1=Livia |title=How Does the West African Talking Drum Accurately Mimic Human Speech? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=2021-07-27 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-west-african-drums-really-talk-180978296/ |access-date=2021-08-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gninyomo |first=Luc |date=2021-08-14 |title=What Is a Talking Drum in Africa? |url=http://www.sheenmagazine.com/what-is-a-talking-drum-in-africa/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Sheen Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó ní [[drumhead|ojú ìlù]] méjì tí okùn awọ (leather tension cords) so pọ̀. Wọ́n sábà máa ń lù ú nígbà tí wọ́n bá rọ́ ọ lábẹ́ abíyá. Ẹni tó ń lù ú lè yí [[pitch (music)|ohùn]] ìlù náà padà nípa fífún okùn náà pọ̀ àti jùwọ́ rẹ̀ láàrin apá àti ara rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Talking Drum |url=https://percussion.byu.edu/talking-drum |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=BYU Percussion Techniques |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Láti bíi [[18th century|ọ̀rúndún kejìdínlógún]], àwọn onílù gàǹgàn ti ń lo [[Tone (linguistics)|ohùn ìlù]] láti fi tan àwọn ìwífún kálẹ̀, gẹ́gẹ́ bíi ìròyìn nípa ayẹyẹ àti àṣẹ, káàkiri ọ̀nà jínjìn tó tó {{convert|4|-|5|mi|adj=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Onílù tó mọ iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ dáadáa lè fi ìlù sọ odidi gbólóhùn ọ̀rọ̀. Púpọ̀ nínú àwọn ìlù gàǹgàn máa ń dún bí ìgbà tí ènìyàn ń kùn-yùngbà, ó sì sinmi lórí bí wọ́n ṣe ń lù ú.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

A rí àwọn ìlù tó jọ bẹ́ẹ̀ ní Eṣíà, ṣùgbọ́n wọn kì í lò ó láti fi fara wé ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ, bótilẹ̀jẹ́pé wọ́n ń lo [[idakka]] láti fara wé orin kíkọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title= Acoustics of Idakkā: An Indian snare drum with definite pitch|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324828208 |journal= The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|year=2018 |doi=10.1121/1.5038111|last1=Jose |first1=Kevin |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Anindya |last3=Gupta |first3=Anurag |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=3184–3194 |pmid=29857748 |bibcode=2018ASAJ..143.3184J }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oríṣi márùn-ún ìlù ''dùǹdún'' ti àwọn Yorùbá àti ''atumpan'' àti ''fontomfrom'' ti àwọn Asante (Ashanti) jẹ́ èyí tó gbajúmọ̀ dáadáa. Wọ́n máa ń fi ránṣẹ́ dé ìjìnnà tó tó {{convert|20|mi|km}}, níbi tí àwọn onílù mìíràn yóò ti gbà á, tí wọ́n á sì tètè ba tan ìròyìn kálẹ̀. {{fact|date=January 2026}}

== Àwọn orúkọ ìlù gàngàn nípa èdè tàbí agbègbè ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Èdè !! Orúkọ
|-
|Àwọn [[Akan language|èdè Akan]] (Fante, Twi, Baoule)
|Dondo, Odondo
|-
|[[Bambara language|Bambara]], [[Bozo languages|Bozo]], [[Dioula language|Dyula]]
|Tamanin
|-
|[[Dagbani language|Dagbani]], [[Gurunsi languages|Gurunsi]], [[Moore language|Moore]]
|Lunna, Donno
|-
|[[Efik language|Efik]]
|Obodom
|-
|[[Fulfulde language|Fulani]]
|Mbaggu, Baggel
|-
|[[Hausa language|Hausa]]
|Kalangu, Dan Kar'bi
|-
|[[Songhai language|Songhai]]
|Doodo
|-
|[[Serer language|Serer]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool pp 48–49&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], &quot;La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 48–49, {{ISBN|2723610551}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Khass&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103703/http://www.kassoumay.com/musique-senegal/instruments-senegal.html|url-status=dead|title=Instruments du Sénégal (in) kassoumay.com|archive-date=2012-07-05|access-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wolof language|Wolof]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Khass&quot;/&gt; [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Khass&quot;/&gt;
|Tama, Tamma&lt;ref name=&quot;Khass&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[Yoruba language|Yorùbá]]
|Dùǹdún, Gángan&lt;ref name=Durojaye&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Durojaye |first1=Cecilia |display-authors=etal|title=When Music Speaks: An Acoustic Study of the Speech Surrogacy of the Nigerian Dùndún Talking Drum |journal=Frontiers in Communication |date=2021-07-27 |volume=6 |page=132 |doi=10.3389/fcomm.2021.652690 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Ìtàn ==
Àwọn ìlù gàǹgàn wà lára àwọn ohun-èèlò orin tí ó pẹ́ jùlọ tí àwọn akéwì (griot) Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà ń lò,&lt;ref name=&quot;Khass&quot;/&gt; a sì lè tọpinpin ìtàn wọn padà sọ́dọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn [[Bono people|Bono]], àwọn [[Yoruba people|Yorùbá]], [[Ghana Empire|Ilẹ̀-Ọba Ghana]]&lt;ref name=MakeDrums&gt;{{cite web|title=The History of the Drum – Early History|date=2011-10-18|url=http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history|publisher=MakeDrums.com|access-date=2015-03-19|archive-date=2015-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093935/http://makedrums.com/the-history-of-the-drum-early-history|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Meyerowitz|first=Eva Lewin-Richter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExJPAQAAMAAJ|title=The Akan of Ghana: Their Ancient Beliefs|date=1958|publisher=Faber &amp; Faber|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti àwọn [[Hausa people|Hausa]]. Àwọn Yorùbá ní gúúsù-ìwọ̀-oòrùn [[Nigeria|Nàìjíríà]] àti [[Benin]] pẹ̀lú àwọn [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]] ní àríwá [[Ghana]] ti gbé ọ̀nà kíkọrin akéwì tí ó jinlẹ̀ tí ó sì da lórí ìlù gàǹgàn kalẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The talking drums of the Yoruba  |date=1954 |url=http://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/africanmusic/article/view/223|language=en-US |doi=10.21504/amj.v1i1.223 |last1=Beier |first1=Ulli |journal=African Music: Journal of the African Music Society |volume=1 |pages=29–31 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ oríṣi ìlù gàǹgàn ló ti gbèrú, tí ọ̀pọ̀ rẹ̀ sì ní ìṣẹ̀dá kan náà tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè yìí. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìlù tí kò rí bíi aago-yanrìn ni wọ́n tún yọjú tí wọ́n sì fún ní àwọn orúkọ àkànṣe, bíi Dunan àti [[Fontomfrom]].&lt;ref name=MakeDrums /&gt; Ìṣẹ̀dá yìí wà láàrin àwọn ààlà [[West Africa|Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà]] tòde-òní nìkan, yàtọ̀ fún àríwá [[Cameroon]] àti ìwọ̀-oòrùn [[Chad]], pẹ̀lú àwọn agbègbè tí wọ́n ní àjọpín ènìyàn tó jẹ́ ọ̀kan pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹ̀yà tó pọ̀ jùlọ ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà tó bá wọn pín ààlà, bíi àwọn [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]], [[Zarma people|Djerma]], [[Fulani]], àti Hausa.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

=== Àwọn ènìyàn Serer ===
Nínú ìtàn [[Senegal]] àti [[Gambia]], '''tama''' (ní [[Serer language|èdè Serer]]) jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun-èèlò orin tí wọ́n ń lò nínú àṣà ''&quot;Woong&quot;'' ti àwọn [[Serer people|ènìyàn Serer]] ([[Ndut initiation rite|&quot;ijó tí àwọn ọmọdékùnrin Serer tí wọ́n fẹ́ dábàkọ máa ń jó&quot;]], èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ''&quot;Xaat&quot;'' (ní èdè Serer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool pp 48–49&quot;/&gt; Ìlù tama yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú [[Serer religion|ẹ̀sìn Serer]] (èyí tó wà kí [[Ghana Empire|Ilẹ̀-Ọba Ghana]] tó wáyé).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool pp 48–49&quot;/&gt;

Nínú àṣà ''Xaat'', tama ni ìlù kẹrin nínú àwùjọ àwọn ìlù náà. Àwọn ìlù Serer tí wọ́n máa ń lù pẹ̀lú: Perngel; Lamb; Qiin; àti Tama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool p 49&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}} Gravrand, Henry, &quot;La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2 (1990), p. 49.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quote|Tí àkùkọ bá kọ, Xaat yóò sinmi yóò sì sùn títí di àsìkò ìkọlà, bí wọ́n bá ti rí i pé ó lè jó sí Woong, tí àwọn ìlù mẹ́rin sì yí i ká. Perngel, Lamb, Qiin àti Tama.|author=[[Henry Gravrand]]
}}

Láti ojú ìwòye ìtàn, àwọn akéwì àwọn ọba [[Senegambia]] máa ń lu tama (gẹ́gẹ́ bíi ìlù [[junjung]] ti Serer) ní àwọn àsìkò pàtàkì, bíi lásìkò ogun (ìpè láti dìhámọ́ra), nígbà tí àwọn ọba bá fẹ́ bá àwọn ará ìlú wọn sọ̀rọ̀, àti ní àwọn ipò àkànṣe ní ilẹ̀ Serer – gẹ́gẹ́ bíi rògbòdìyàn ní [[Tahompa]] (kọlu-lójijì ní ọ̀rúndún kọkàndínlógún)&lt;ref name=&quot;Joof&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Camara&quot;&gt;Camara, Alhaji Sait, &quot;Chossani Senegambia&quot; (history of Senegambia), in [[GRTS]] (Sunu Chossan), ([[Gambia]]).&lt;/ref&gt; àti [[Battle of Naoudourou|Ogun Naoudourou]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Joof&quot;&gt;{{in lang|en}} [[Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof|Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham]], &quot;Senegambia, the land of our heritage&quot; (1995). See also :

* {{in lang|fr}} [[Alioune Sarr|Sarr, Alioune]], &quot;Histoire du [[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]]-[[Kingdom of Saloum|Saloum]]&quot;, (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'[[Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire|Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire]], Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt; níbi tí àwọn Serer tí wọ́n fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ ṣẹ́gun (lọ́wọ́ àwọn wòlíì Mùsùlùmí ti Senegambia) ti pa ara wọn kàkà kí wọ́n jẹ́ kí àwọn ọmọ ogun Mùsùlùmí ṣẹ́gun àwọn tàbí fi ipá mú wọn gba Ìsìláàmù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joof&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Camara&quot;/&gt; Ìpààyàn-ara-ẹni jẹ́ ohun tí wọ́n gba láyè nínú ẹ̀sìn Serer kìkì bí ó bá bójúmu pẹ̀lú [[Serer principle of Jom|ìlànà Jom ti Serer]] (ẹ wo [[Serer religion|ẹ̀sìn Serer]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool p 40&quot;&gt;Gravrand, ''Pangool'' (1990), p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ náà ''&quot;Jom&quot;'' túmọ̀ sí &quot;iyì&quot; ní [[Serer language|èdè Serer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pangool p 40&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} Gravrand, Henry, &quot;L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain&quot;, in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Àwọn ènìyàn Yorùbá ===
==== Àyàngalú ====
Àyàngalú ni wọ́n gbàgbọ́ pé ó jẹ́ onílù Yorùbá àkọ́kọ́. Lẹ́yìn ikú rẹ̀ wọ́n sọ ọ́ di òrìṣà, wọ́n sì kà á mọ́ àwọn [[Orisha|Òrìṣà]]. Àwọn ẹlẹ́sin [[Yoruba religion|ìbílẹ̀ Yorùbá]] gbàgbọ́ pé òun ni ẹ̀mí tó ń ṣọ́ gbogbo àwọn onílù, àti pé nínú àwòrán áńgẹ́lì-ìrànwọ́ ló ti ń fún àwọn onílù ní ìmísí láti lùlù dáadáa. Ọ̀rọ̀ náà &quot;''Àyàn''&quot; túmọ̀ sí onílù nínú [[Yoruba language|èdè Yorùbá]]. Ìdí nìyí tí àwọn orúkọ ìdílé Yorùbá kan fi máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú Àyàn, gẹ́gẹ́ bíi Ayanbisi, Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande àti bẹ́ẹ̀ bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ. Àlẹ̀mọ́-ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ yìí jẹ́ kí a mọ àwọn tó ń jẹ́ ẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí arólé tó ń ṣọ́ àwọn àṣírí Àyàngalú.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheNation&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title='My life as an editor and gangan drummer' |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/life-editor-gangan-drummer/ |work=The Nation Newspaper |date=2016-04-10 |access-date=2026-03-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní [[20th century|ọ̀rúndún ogún]], ìlù gàǹgàn di apá kan àwọn orin ìgbàlódé ní Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà. Wọ́n ń lò ó láti lu orin [[Mbalax]] ti Senegal àti orin [[Fuji music|Fuji]] àti Jùjú ti Nàìjíríà (níbi tí wọ́n ti mọ̀ ọ́ sí dùǹdún, tí kò gbọ́dọ̀ dàrú pẹ̀lú ìlù béesì dundun ti àwọn ènìyàn Mandé).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Talking Drum in Nigerian Pop Music -- Fuji Music: MUSC&amp;105 1778 - F17 - MUSIC APPREC|url=https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music|access-date=2021-07-11|website=ccs.instructure.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wọ́n tún máa ń lo ìlù gàǹgàn níbi àwọn ayẹyẹ àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìgbéyàwó, ìsìnkú, àti àwọn àríyá àdáni. Lápapọ̀, àwọn ẹgbẹ́ akọrin ilẹ̀ Áfíríkà sábà máa ń lò ó gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan àwọn ohun-èèlò orin wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;RefinedNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Nigerian Talking Drum |url=https://refinedng.com/the-nigerian-talking-drum/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=RefinedNG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọgbọ́n lílù ==
[[File:Iya Ilu Dundun.png|thumb |Ìyá Ìlù, ìlù gàǹgàn [[Yoruba people|Yorùbá]].]]
Ohùn ìlù náà máa ń yípadà láti fara wé bí ọ̀rọ̀ ṣe ń dún. Wọ́n ń ṣe èyí nípa yíyí mímú tí wọ́n mú okùn awọ ojú ìlù náà le padà: àwọn okùn kan wà tó so àwọn ojú ìlù méjèèjì pọ̀ ([[Rope-tension|tension cord]]). Ìhà ìlù náà wà láàrin apá àti ìhà ẹni tó ń lù ú, kí ó lè jẹ́ pé nígbà tí wọ́n bá fún un, ojú ìlù yóò le koko, èyí tó máa ń fún un ní ohùn gíga ju ìgbà tí wọ́n bá jùwọ́ rẹ̀ lọ; wọ́n lè yí ohùn padà láàrin lílù ẹyọ kan, èyí tó ń mú ìró oníwíwọ́ jáde. Nítorí náà, ìlù lè gba ohùn, ìró, àti ìmúyára ọ̀rọ̀ ènìyàn, bótilẹ̀jẹ́pé kò lè sọ fáwẹ́lì tàbí kọ́ńsónáǹtì jáde.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Gertjegerdes-Myricks|first=Petra|title=African American History Village Receives New African Drums|newspaper=Columbus Times|date=17 July 2002|id={{ProQuest|367868191}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lílo ìlù gàǹgàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ọ̀nà ìbáraẹnisọ̀rọ̀ jẹ́ ohun tí àwọn ará Yúróòpù ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní ìdajì àkọ́kọ́ ọ̀rúndún kejìdínlógún. Wọ́n lè fi àwọn ìwífún kúnrẹ́rẹ́ ránṣẹ́ láti abúlé kan sí òmíràn kánkán ju bí ẹnìkan tó gun ẹṣin yóò ṣe gbé e lọ. Ní ọ̀rúndún kọkàndínlógún, Roger T. Clarke, ajíhìnrere kan, wá rí i pé &quot;àwọn ìró yẹn ń dúró fún ohùn àwọn sínẹ́bù (syllables) àwọn gbólóhùn ìbílẹ̀ tó kún fún ewì gidi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[James Gleick|Gleick, J.]] (2011), ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]'', London: Fourth Estate, p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ èdè Áfíríkà ló ní [[tone (linguistics)|ohùn oríṣiríṣi (tonal)]]; ìyẹn ni pé, ohùn ọ̀rọ̀ ṣe pàtàkì láti mọ ìtumọ̀ ọ̀rọ̀ kan pàtó.&lt;ref&gt;Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. ''Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Odden, David (1995), &quot;Tone: African languages&quot;. In J. Goldsmith (ed.), ''Handbook of Phonological Theory'', Oxford: [[Basil Blackwell]].&lt;/ref&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, [[Yoruba language|èdè Yorùbá]] ní ohùn mẹ́ta pàtàkì, ìsàlẹ̀ (low), àárín (medium), àti òkè (high), èyí tó jọba pẹ̀lú ìró orin do, re, àti mi; wọ́n á wá lo ìyàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn ohùn mẹ́ta wọ̀nyí láti gbé oríṣiríṣi ìròyìn jáde. Ètò ohùn mẹ́ta yìí kan náà pẹ̀lú àwọn ìyàtọ̀ wọn ló tún ń wúlò fún bí ìlù ṣe ń sọ̀rọ̀ nínú orin àti àṣà Yorùbá. Ṣùgbọ́n, èdè Serer àti àwọn èdè Senegambia tí ó jẹmọ́ ọn kì í ṣe èdè oníwùró-ohùn (tonal), yàtọ̀ sí púpọ̀ nínú àwọn èdè Niger-Congo yòókù.&lt;ref&gt;[[Pozdniakov, Konstant]] in and Segerer, Guillaume (2017), &quot;A Genealogic Classification of Atlantic Languages&quot;. (Draft) To appear in: Lüpke, Friederike (ed.) ''The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa'', Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣòro tó wà níbẹ̀ ni bí a ṣe lè fi ìròyìn tó díjú ránṣẹ́ láìlo fáwẹ́lì tàbí kọ́ńsónáǹtì àfi kìkì ohùn. Ọmọ ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì kan tó kó wá sí Áfíríkà, [[John F. Carrington]], nínú ìwé rẹ̀ ti ọdún 1949, ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', ṣe àlàyé bí àwọn onílù Áfíríkà ṣe lè fi àwọn ìròyìn tó díjú ránṣẹ́ káàkiri àwọn ibi tí ó jìn. Carrington sọ wí pé, wọ́n ń lo àwọn ohùn ìsàlẹ̀ (tí a tọ́ka sí gẹ́gẹ́ bí akọ) àti ohùn òkè (tí a tọ́ka sí gẹ́gẹ́ bí abo), onílù ń fọ̀rọ̀ránṣẹ́ nípasẹ̀ àwọn gbólóhùn àti ìdádúró (pauses), èyí tó lè rìnrìn-àjò tó máìlì 4–5.&lt;ref&gt;Carrington, J. F. (1949), ''The Talking Drums of Africa'', Carey Kingsgate Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀nà yìí lè gba àkókò tó pọ̀ ní ìlọ́po mẹ́jọ ju ṣíṣe àlàyé gbólóhùn lásán, ṣùgbọ́n ó múnádóko láti sọ fún àwọn abúlé ìtòsí nípa bíkọlu tàbí ayẹyẹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Ong|first=Walter|title=Interfaces of the Word: Studies in the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture|year=1977|page=101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó wá ṣàkíyèsí pé fún gbogbo ọ̀rọ̀ kékeré kọ̀ọ̀kan tí wọ́n bá lù lórí ìlù, wọ́n á fi gbólóhùn àfikún kún un, èyí tó lè má wúlò nínú ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ lásán ṣùgbọ́n yóò pèsè ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ àlàyé fún ìró ìlù náà gangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gleick13&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gleick|first=James|title=The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood|year=2011|publisher=Fourth Estate|location=London|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Àpẹẹrẹ ===
Ìròyìn bíi &quot;Padà wá sílé&quot; ni àwọn onílù lè túmọ̀ sí: &quot;Jẹ́ kí ẹsẹ̀ rẹ padà wá ní ọ̀nà tí wọ́n gbà lọ, jẹ́ kí itan rẹ padà wá ní ọ̀nà tí wọ́n gbà lọ, gbin ẹsẹ̀ rẹ àti itan rẹ sísàlẹ̀, nínú abúlé tó jẹ́ tiwa&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Gleick (2011), p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ ẹlẹ́yọ-kan yóò di odidi gbólóhùn. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, wọ́n yóò lu &quot;Oṣù&quot; gẹ́gẹ́ bí &quot;Oṣù ń wo ayé&quot;, àti &quot;ogun&quot; gẹ́gẹ́ bí &quot;ogun tó ń fa àfiyèsí sí ìkọlù awo-bàba&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;YorubaFactFinder&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gbólóhùn àfikún wọ̀nyí máa ń pèsè ìṣàlàyé nínú èyí tí ó fi lè ní ìtumọ̀ fún àwọn gbólóhùn tàbí ìró ìlù náà. Wọn kò lè ṣàtòjọ àwọn gbólóhùn wọ̀nyí ṣáá; nígbà tí wọ́n bá ń kọ́ bí a ṣe ń lùlù, wọ́n máa ń kọ́ àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní gbólóhùn kan pàtó tó bá ọ̀rọ̀ kọ̀ọ̀kan mu. Ìdí yìí nìkan ló sọ kíkọ́ èdè ìlù di ohun tó nira tí àwọn ènìyàn díẹ̀ ló sì ṣetán láti fi àkókò wọn kọ́ ọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ong|title=Interfaces of the Word|year=1977|page=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìró ìlù àfikún yóò dín ìdàrúdàpọ̀ nínú ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ kù. Ṣùgbọ́n ohun tó pa ẹ̀rín pa ẹkún ni pé, nígbà tí Ìwọ̀-oòrùn ayé ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í lóye ìmọ̀ ìlù yìí, ìwúlò rẹ̀ ti ń dínkù ní Áfíríkà. Bákan náà, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ sábà máa ń sọ ìtumọ̀ wọn nù. Nínú ìfọ̀rọ̀wánilẹ́nuwò kan pẹ̀lú Carrington, ó ṣàlàyé pé nígbà tí a kò bá lo àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ kan nígbà gbogbo, àwọn gbólóhùn tí ó jẹmọ́ wọn máa ń di ohun ìgbàgbé. Nígbà tí wọ́n fún wọn ní ìró ìlù fún ọmọbìnrin kékeré, àwọn onílù rò pé gbólóhùn tí wọ́n lù yẹn jẹ́ ti àwọ̀n tí wọ́n fi ń pẹja ni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ong|title=Interfaces of the Word|date=1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Finnegan ṣe tẹnumọ́ ọn,&lt;ref name=OLA&gt;{{cite book|last=Finnegan|first=Ruth|title=Oral Literature in Africa|year=2012|publisher=Open Book Publishers|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-1-906924-72-0|chapter-url=https://unglue.it/work/81834/|chapter=Drum Language and Literature}}&lt;/ref&gt; àwọn ìwífún tí wọ́n ń fi ìlù ránṣẹ́ kò mọ sọ́dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó wúlò fún ayé nìkan. Èdè ìlù tún wúlò fún kíkọ ewì tàbí ìwé, fún òwe, oríkì, ewì ìtàn, orin-òkú, àti ní àwọn àṣà kan wọ́n lè lò ó fún gbogbo irúfẹ́ ewì pátá. Àṣà kíkọ ewì àti orúkọ-ìlù àwọn ẹnìkọ̀ọ̀kan di odidi lítíréṣọ̀ àtẹnudẹ́nu kan. Ní ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ènìyàn kan bíi [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]] tàbí [[Yoruba people|Yorùbá]], èdè ìlù àti lítíréṣọ̀ gbèrú dáadáa. Nínú àwọn àṣà wọ̀nyí, kíkọrin/lílù ìlù di iṣẹ́ àkànṣe tí wọ́n sì máa ń jogún rẹ̀ lópọ̀lọpọ̀ ìgbà, wọ́n sì máa ń gbé àwọn ọ̀jọ̀gbọ́n onílù tó ní òye gidi nípa èdè ìlù àti lítíréṣọ̀ yọ sí ààfin ọba.&lt;ref name=&quot;RefinedNG&quot; /&gt;

== Ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́ nípa ìṣẹ̀dá rẹ̀ ==
Ìwọ̀n àwọn ìlù yìí yàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn onírúurú ẹ̀yà, ṣùgbọ́n gbogbo wọn pátá ló tẹ̀lé ìṣẹ̀dá ìpìlẹ̀ kan náà.

Ìlù ''Tama'' ti àwọn ènìyàn Serer, Wolof àti Mandinka farahàn jùlọ fún ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ tó kéré, èyí tó máa ń ní ìgùn tó jẹ́ {{convert|13|cm|in|abbr=on}} pẹ̀lú {{convert|7|cm|in|adj=on|abbr=on}} láti ipá-ìlà rẹ̀ (diameter). Èyí ń mú ohùn gíga jáde púpọ̀ ju àwọn ìlù gàǹgàn yòókù tó ní irú ìṣẹ̀dá yìí lọ.

Ní ọwọ́ kejì ẹ̀wẹ̀, àwọn ènìyàn Yorùbá àti Dagomba ní díẹ̀ lára àwọn ìlù gàǹgàn tó tóbi jùlọ nínú àwọn ẹgbẹ́ akọrin ''Lunna'' àti ''Dùǹdún'' tiwọn, pẹ̀lú ìgùn tó kábíẹ̀sì dé {{convert|23|–|38|cm|in|abbr=on}} àti ipá-ìlà ojú ìlù tó wà láàrin {{convert|10|and|18|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Nínú àwọn ẹgbẹ́ akọrin gàǹgàn Yorùbá, wọ́n máa ń lu àwọn ìlù ńlá wọ̀nyí pẹ̀lú àwọn kéékèèké mìíràn tí ó jọ ''Tama'', tí wọ́n ń pè ní ''Gàǹgàn'' ní [[Yoruba language|èdè Yorùbá]].

== Àwọn ọ̀nà lílù ==
[[File:WIKI LOVES AFRICA 2016 HYPERFOCALSTUDIOS.jpg|thumb|Àwọn onílù ń ṣe wọ́yà-wọ́yà]]
Àwọn ọ̀nà tí wọ́n ń gbà lù ú ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó dán mọ́rán pẹ̀lú ìṣẹ̀dá ìlù náà àti ohùn kọ̀ọ̀kan èdè yẹn. A lè gbọ́ ìyàtọ̀ tó ṣe kedere nínú ọ̀nà lílù rẹ̀ láàrin àwọn agbègbè tí wọ́n ti pọ̀ jù gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn ọmọ [[Fulani]] àti àwọn tó ń sọ [[Mande languages|èdè Mande]] àti àwọn agbègbè tí kì í ṣe ti Mande níhà ìlà-oòrùn.

Ọ̀nà lílù rẹ̀ tó pọ̀ jù ní àwọn agbègbè ìwọ̀-oòrùn bíi [[Senegal]], [[Gambia]], ìwọ̀-oòrùn [[Mali]], àti [[Guinea]] jẹ́ èyí tí a fi máa ń ṣàkíyèsí mímú ìró yára àti jíjá rẹ̀ gágá láàrin ọwọ́ tó di kẹ́kẹ́ (igi ìlù) mú àti ọwọ́ kejì tí ó wà lófìífèé, ó sì bára mu pẹ̀lú ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ èdè tí ó yàtọ̀ àti àwọn tí kò ní ohùn (non-tonal) tí wọ́n ń sọ ní agbègbè yìí. Ọ̀nà ìkọlura yìí ni wọ́n sábà máa ń gbọ́ nínú orin [[Mbalax]] tó gbajúmọ̀ ní Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Gregory F. |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000051499 |title=Mbalax |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=Oxford Music Online |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.51499}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Láti ìlà-oòrùn [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] àti [[Ghana]], títí lọ sí [[Niger]], ìwọ̀-oòrùn [[Chad]], àti [[Nigeria|Nàìjíríà]], yàtọ̀ fún àwọn agbègbè tí wọ́n ti jẹ́ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ [[Fulani]] àti àwọn tó ń sọ [[Mande languages|èdè Mande]], ọ̀nà tí wọ́n ń gbà lu ìlù gàǹgàn dálórí kíkọrin tó gùn tó sì fa-rọ̀ nípa fífi ọwọ́ tó di kẹ́kẹ́ lu ojú ìlù náà, pẹ̀lú lílo ọwọ́ kejì láti rọ ọ́ tàbí pa ohùn rẹ̀ lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá lù ú. Èyí ń mú kí ohùn ìlù náà fa-dùgù bíi rọ́bà, èyí tó máa ń fara wé àwọn ohùn wuwo àti ohùn títẹ̀ tó díjú nínú àwọn èdè láti agbègbè yìí (ẹ wo [[Niger–Congo languages#Tone|àtòjọ ohùn èdè Niger-Congo]]). Ọ̀nà lílù yìí jẹ́ ohun tí a lè gbọ́ ṣàkíá nínú orin ìgbàlódé láti agbègbè yìí, pàápàá jùlọ níbi tí ìlù gàǹgàn ti jẹ́ olórí ohun-èèlò orin, bíi orin [[Fuji music|Fuji]] ti àwọn Yorùbá ní Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref name=&quot;FujiPop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Talking Drum in Nigerian Pop Music -- Fuji Music|url=https://ccs.instructure.com/courses/1478582/pages/the-talking-drum-in-nigerian-pop-music-fuji-music|access-date=2021-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú àwọn ẹ̀yà kan, wọ́n fún olúkúlùkù ní &quot;orúkọ ìlù&quot; èyí tí a lè lò láti fi ọ̀rọ̀ ránṣẹ́ sí onítọ̀hún ní tààrà. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn Bulu ti [[Beti-Pahuin]] ní [[Cameroon]] ni &quot;Bí o tiẹ̀ wọṣọ dáadáa, ìfẹ́ ni ọ̀kan ṣoṣo&quot; tàbí &quot;Òkété kò ní ọmọ, eku-ilé kò ní ọmọ&quot;. Àwọn onílù gàǹgàn ń fọ̀rọ̀ránṣẹ́ nípa lílu orúkọ ẹni tí wọ́n ń fọ̀rọ̀ ránṣẹ́ sí, kí wọ́n tó kọ orúkọ ẹni tó fi ránṣẹ́ àti ọ̀rọ̀ rẹ̀ gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Drum Telegraphy&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ẹ tún wo ==
* [[Drum (communication)|Ìlù (fún ìbáraẹnisọ̀rọ̀)]]
* [[Whistling language|Àwọn èdè súfèé]], yíyí ohùn èdè sísọ padà.

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{reflist|1}}

== Ìwé Àtọ́ka ==
*{{in lang|fr}} [[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], &quot;La civilisation seereer – ''Pangool'', vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990, pp. 40, 48–49, {{ISBN|2723610551}}.
*{{in lang|fr}} Gravrand, Henry, &quot;L'Heritage spirituel Sereer: Valeur traditionelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain&quot;, in ''Ethiopiques'', numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-Africaine, 3e trimestre 1982 [http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901205550/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895 |date=2011-09-01 }} (retrieved 7 May 2012)
*{{in lang|en}} [[Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof|Joof, Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham]], &quot;Senegambia, the land of our heritage&quot; (1995)
*{{in lang|fr}} [[Alioune Sarr|Sarr, Alioune]], &quot;[[Alioune Sarr#Histoire du Sine-Saloum|Histoire du Sine-Saloum]]&quot; (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker, Bulletin de l'[[Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire|Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire]], Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, p. 42.
*&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044547/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773609,00.html Drum Telegraphy]&quot;. ''TIME'', 21 September 1942. Online version accessed 7 November 2006.

== Àwọn Ìjápọ̀ Ìta ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FDfn9t2zG4 Video of Senegalese talking drum, known as a ''Tama'' -&quot;Male' and the talking drum from africa&quot; (in) Youtube]

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[[Category:Àṣà Serer]]
[[Category:Ìtàn Serer]]
[[Category:Àṣà Senegal]]
[[Category:Àṣà Gambia]]
[[Category:Àwọn ohun-èèlò orin Senegal]]
[[Category:Àwọn ohun-èèlò orin Ghana]]
[[Category:Àwọn ìlù Áfíríkà]]
[[Category:Orin Ìwọ̀-oòrùn Áfíríkà]]
[[Category:Àwọn ohun-èèlò orin Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Àṣà Mali]]
[[Category:Àṣà Nàìjíríà]]
[[Category:Àṣà Niger]]
[[Category:Àwọn ohun-èèlò orin Yorùbá]]
[[Category:Ìlù]]
[[Category:Àwọn ohun-èèlò aṣojú ọ̀rọ̀ sísọ]]
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      <text bytes="1611" sha1="slv2y4qeebjnryo6s2cck5t5kt08961" xml:space="preserve">'''Jack'enneth : Opukeme''' jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé eré fíìmù, alábòójútó, àti olùdarí. Tí wọ́n pé ní ''[[All's Fair in Love (2024 film)|All's Fair in Love]]''.
==Ìgbésí ayé ìbéèrè àti ẹ̀kọ́==
Opukeme kò ìtàn fíìmù àgbéléwò pẹ̀lú àkòrí ''[[Adire (film)|&quot;àdìrẹ&quot;]]'' ní ọdún (2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=FilmOne wraps shoot of debut original 'Adire' | website=Pulse Nigeria | date=4 August 2022 | url=https://www.pulse.ng/story/filmone-wraps-shoot-of-debut-original-adire-2024072519052162386 | access-date=31 March 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọdún 2026, fíìmù rẹ̀, ''[[Aba Blues]]'', ní wọ́n ṣe àfihàn rẹ ni 15 March 2026 níìlú [[Èkó]], ní [[Nàìjíríà|orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last=Lasisi | first=Seyi | title=Jack'enneth Opukeme 's &quot;Aba Blues&quot; and the Conversations around Extractive Cinema | website=The Culture Custodian | date=17 March 2026 | url=https://culturecustodian.com/jackenneth-opukeme-s-aba-blues-and-the-conversations-around-extractive-cinema/ | access-date=31 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fíìmù==
:Fíìmù tí o dárí:
* ''[[Battle on Buka Street]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Farmer's Bride]]'' (2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Jack'enneth Opukeme Returns with &quot;Farmer's Bride&quot; Starring Tobi Bakre, Efe Irele &amp; Mercy Aigbe | website=[[BellaNaija]] | date=9 July 2024 | url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2024/07/jackenneth-opukeme-farmers-bride/ | access-date=31 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''[[Aba Blues]]'' (2026)

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
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    <title>Ekene Som Mekwunye</title>
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      <text bytes="17752" sha1="peornmn2rpi2e2skun0ju7sw1476rnk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Ekene Som Mekwunye|image=Ekene Som Mekwunye, March 2022.jpg|caption=Ekene in 2022|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1978|04|22}}|birth_place=[[Surulere]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria|occupation=Film director, film producer, screenwriter, educator|years_active=|spouse=Mutiat Mekwunye|partner=|children=2|parents=Ezekolie Peter Mekwunye (d. 2016), Lozie Grace Mekwunye&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://punchng.com/nigerias-govt-hospitals-slaughter-slabs/ | title=Nigeria's govt hospitals are slaughter slabs | date=17 June 2016 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''Ekene Som Mekwunye''' (jẹ́ ẹni tí a bí ní ọjọ́ kejìlélógún oṣù Kẹ́rin ọdún 1978) ó jẹ́ Olùdarí fíìmù ní orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]], Olùdásílẹ̀, òǹkọ̀wé àti Ọ̀mọ̀wé (ẹni tí ó kàwé).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bearing-witness.mit.edu/|title=Conference Details|website=Bearing Witness, Seeking Justice|access-date=2022-11-19|archive-date=2024-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421230751/https://bearing-witness.mit.edu/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekene di mímọ̀ nítorí àwọn fíìmù tí ó jẹ́ Olùdarí fún àti fíìmù tí ó gbé jádẹ́ bíi Light In The Dark,  One Lagos Night, Honey Money, Sylvia àti Èwò.

== Iṣẹ́ tí ó yàn láàyò ==
Mekwunye bẹ̀rẹ̀ iṣẹ́ ẹ rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùrànlọ́wọ́ olùyawòrán (camera assistant) ní ṣọ́ọ̀ṣì rẹ̀ kí ó tó rí iṣẹ́ gbà ní Africa Magic, níbi tí ó ti ṣiṣẹ́ lórí àwọn ètò bíi 53extra àti Jara, pẹ̀lú gbogbo àwọn ètò Channel O ní orílẹ̀-èdè [[Nàìjíríà]]. Lẹ́yìn náà, ó lọ sí New York Film Academy ní Los Angeles láti kọ́ nípa bí wọ́n ṣe máa ń ṣe fíìmù. Láìpẹ́ lẹ́yìn tí ó padà dé, ó dara pọ̀ mọ́ MTV Shuga gẹ́gẹ́ bí olùṣalábòójútó iṣẹ́ (project coordinator) láti rí sí sísọ eré ẹ̀rọ-amóhùn-máwòrán tó gbajúmọ̀ náà, èyí tí àÀkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń ṣe Shuga 3. Ó darí eré kúkúrú kan tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Oblivious, èyí tí ó gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ AMVCA &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/178143-the-meeting-october-1-shine-at-amvca.html|title='The Meeting', 'October 1' shine at AMVCA &amp;#124; Premium Times Nigeria|date=March 8, 2015|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 2015 gẹ́gẹ́ bí eré kúkúrú tí ó dára jùlọ.

Lẹ́yìn tí ó kúrò ní MTV Shuga, ó dá ilé-iṣẹ́ tirẹ̀ sílẹ̀ tí ń jẹ́ Riverside Productions, ó sì ṣẹ̀dá ètò ẹ̀rọ-amóhùnmáwòrán kan tí ó ń jẹ́ My Big Nigerian Wedding, èyí tí ó padà di ètò ayẹyẹ ìgbéyàwó tó tóbi jùlọ lórí ẹ̀rọ-amóhùnmáwòrán ní ilẹ̀ Áfíríkà. Lẹ́yìn náà, ó gbé àwọn eré kúkúrú mẹ́ta jáde: The Encounter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://xplorenollywood.com/ekene-som-mekwunye-releases-the-encounter/|title=Ekene Som Mekwunye Releases &quot;The Encounter&quot; &amp;#124; Xplorenollywood|date=18 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Simple Letter, àti Lasgidi Vice.

The Encounter gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ AMVCA&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2017-see-full-list-of-winners/|title=AMVCA 2017: See full list of winners|date=March 5, 2017|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; fún orin sinimá tó dára jùlọ ní ọdún 2017, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni Lasgidi Vice jẹ́ fíìmù tí wọ́n fi hàn ní àjọyọ̀ sinimá&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.welt.de/print/die_welt/hamburg/article179527520/Leute-Nollywood-Germany-statt-Bollywood.html|title=Leute: Nollywood Germany statt Bollywood|date=July 18, 2018|via=www.welt.de}}&lt;/ref&gt; àgbáyé ti Cannes ní ọdún 2018. Ó gbé sinimá àgbéléwò rẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ jáde tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Sylvia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/sylvia-review/|title=Sylvia Review - Directed by Daniel Oriahi and Produced by Ekene Mekwunye|first=Eddy|last=Mboho|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=April 15, 2026|archive-date=September 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922070813/https://sodasandpopcorn.ng/sylvia-review/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tí ó jáde ní àwọn sinimá&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/art/sylvia-the-art-of-exploring-spirit-husband-in-nollywood/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Sylvia... The 'art' of exploring 'spirit husband' in Nollywood|date=September 9, 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà ní oṣù Kẹsàn-án ọdún 2018, eré náà tún di wíwò ní oríṣiríṣi àjọyọ̀ sinimá àgbáyé bíi Nollywood Week&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/05/sylvia-debuts-nollywood-week-paris/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title='Sylvia' debuts at Nollywood Week in Paris|date=May 4, 2018|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní Paris àti BFI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5be62549c4f63|title=Sylvia (2018)|website=BFI}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó darí sinimá àgbéléwò rẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó tún jùmọ̀ gbé jáde pẹ̀lú Chidinma Uzodike tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Light In The Dark, èyí tí ó jáde ní àwọn sinimá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà àti Ghana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies|title=Latest Nigerian Entertainment News &amp; Updates|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n oṣù Kínní ọdún 2019. Eré yìí gba ìpè fún àmì-ẹ̀yẹ AMVCA mẹ́ta ní ọdún 2022, títí kan èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn ń fẹ́, tí ń ṣe Olùdarí tó dára jùlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021|title=AMVCA: 2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list|newspaper=BBC News Pidgin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n ṣàfihàn rẹ̀ ní àwọn àjọyọ̀ sinimá káàkiri ilẹ̀-ayé márùn-ún, títí kan Nollywood Week ní Paris,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/light-in-the-dark/|title=Light in the Dark &amp;#124; NollywoodWeek Film Festival|access-date=2022-11-19|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922050530/http://www.nollywoodweek.com/en/team/light-in-the-dark/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Valley African Film Festival,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/svaff/docs/svaff2019_booklet|title=Silicon Valley African Film Festival 2019 Souvenir Booklet|website=Issuu|date=29 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Soo Film Festivals ní orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà, Brasilia International Film Festival ní Brazil, Durban International Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Durban International Film Festival|url=https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DIFF-Prog-2019.pdf|access-date=1 Nov 2025|website=ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za|archive-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112145814/https://ccadiff.ukzn.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/DIFF-Prog-2019.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní Gúúsù Áfíríkà, àti àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè mìíràn bíi India, [[Egypt]], [[Tunisia]], [[Nàìjíríà]], àti [[Austrálíà|Australia]]. Ó gba àmì-ẹ̀yẹ Olùdarí tó dára jùlọ ní Kaduna International Film Festival&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2020/09/09/rita-dominic-joke-silver-win-big-at-kadiff-2020-awards/|title=Rita Dominic, Joke Silver Win Big At KADIFF 2020 Awards|date=September 9, 2020|access-date=April 15, 2026|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423203020/https://newnigeriannewspaper.com/2020/09/09/rita-dominic-joke-silver-win-big-at-kadiff-2020-awards/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 2020 fún eré kan náà.

Ó darí sinimá àgbéléwò rẹ̀ kejì tí ó tún gbé jáde fúnra rẹ̀ tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ One Lagos Night.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://watch.eventive.org/nwff/play/607e385d78e7f4006057370d|title=One Lagos Night &amp;#124; NollywoodWeek ONLINE 2021|website=watch.eventive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ilé-iṣẹ́ Netflix&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/05/netflix-acquires-one-lagos-night/|title=Netflix acquires exclusive rights to Ekene Som Mekwunye's film &quot;One Lagos Night&quot;|date=May 11, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni ó ra eré yìí, wọ́n sì gbé e jáde fún gbogbo ayé ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlọ́gbọ̀n oṣù Kàrùn-ún ọdún 2021. Eré yìí ni wọ́n fi parí àjọyọ̀ Nollywood Week ní Paris ní ọdún 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nollywoodweek.com/en/|title=NollywoodWeek Film Festival – Festival du cinéma nigérian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó tún gba ìpè fún àmì-ẹ̀yẹ AMVCA méjì ní ọdún 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/amvca-2022-movies-actors-that-got-double-nominations/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=AMVCA 2022: Movies, actors that got double nominations|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 2022, ó ṣe sinimá kan tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Honey Money, nínú èyí tí [[Nancy Isime]], [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Iyabo Ojo]], [[Femi Branch]], Babarex, [[Uzee Usman]], Sandra Okunzuwa, Junior Pope, àti àwọn mìíràn ti kópa. Òun ni olùdarí, igbákejì olùgbéjáde, àti olùgbéjáde àgbà fún eré náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shockng.com/vsl-media-taps-ekene-som-mekwunye-to-direct-new-star-studded-feature/|title=VSL MEDIA Taps Ekene Som Mekwunye to Direct New Star Studded Feature|date=August 26, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eré yìí jáde ní àwọn sinimá ní oṣù Kẹrin ọdún 2023. Ilé- iṣẹ́ Amazon Prime&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/ekene-som-mekwunyes-tw-prime-directed-films-kali-ambivalent-hit-amazon-prime/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Ekene Som Mekwunye's tw Prime directed films &quot;Kali&quot;, &quot;Ambivalent&quot; hit Amazon Prime|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; gbé eré rẹ̀ méjì jáde ní oṣù Kẹrin ọdún 2024 tí àkọ́lé wọn ń jẹ́ Ambivalent àti Kali.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/ekene-mekwunye-premieres-new-films-on-amazon-prime/|title=Ekene Mekwunye premieres new films on Amazon Prime|date=5 April 2024|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó darí, ó sì gbé eré Move Like A Boss jáde, èyí tí ó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àwọn sinimá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà ní oṣù Kẹjọ ọdún 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/film/move-like-a-boss-for-cinemas-second-week-of-august/|title=&quot;Move Like a Boss&quot; for Cinemas Second Week of August}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Àwọn eré rẹ̀ bíi I Hate Love Stories àti Honey Money ni wọ́n ṣàfihàn ní Zanzibar International Film Festival ní oṣù Kẹjọ, àwọn ni sinimá ilẹ̀ Nàìjíríà àkọ́kọ́ tí wọ́n máa ṣàfihàn níbẹ̀ ní nǹkan bí ọdún mẹ́wàá sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/07/zanzibar-international-film-festival-selects-two-nigeria-films-for-2024-competition/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Zanzibar International Film Festival selects two Nigeria films for 2024 competition|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọjọ́ kejìdínlógún oṣù Keje ọdún 2025, ó gbé sinimá rẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ tí kò jẹ́ èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì jáde, eré Yorùbá tó gbàfiyèsí kan tí àkọ́lé rẹ̀ ń jẹ́ Èwò (Èèwọ̀).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nwafor|date=2025-07-05|title=Mekwunye, Balogun, Nwaturuocha craft masterpiece Yoruba epic &quot;Ewo&quot; set for cinemas July 18|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/mekwunye-balogun-nwaturuocha-craft-masterpiece-yoruba-epic-ewo-set-for-cinemas-july-18/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-01|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n gbé e jáde ní àwọn sinimá káàkiri Nàìjíríà àti Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nwafor|date=2025-07-19|title=I went on &quot;EWO&quot; movie set two weeks after I lost my daughter,” says Saidi Balogun|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/i-went-on-ewo-movie-set-two-weeks-after-i-lost-my-daughter-says-saidi-balogun/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-11-01|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ó tún jẹ́ olùkọ́ àbẹ̀wò ní School of Media and Communication ní Pan Atlantic University,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://elearning.pau.edu.ng/course/index.php?categoryid=154|title=LMS: All courses|website=elearning.pau.edu.ng|access-date=2021-05-18|archive-date=2021-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518125548/https://elearning.pau.edu.ng/course/index.php?categoryid=154|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; níbi tí ó ti ń kọ́ àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ọdún ìkẹyìn nípa sísọ sinimá àti àwọn ọ̀nà à ń gbà láti ṣe fíìmù àgbéléwò. Ó tún ń ṣètò ìdánilẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ fún àwọn ọ̀dọ́ tí ń ṣe sinimá tí ó pè ní The Imagery Program, níbi tí ó ti ń kọ́ni nípa kíkọ ìtàn eré, sísọ sinimá, àti ṣíṣe eré lórí ẹ̀rọ-amóhùnmáwòrán. Ó ti ṣe èyí nígbà méjì. Ó sọ̀rọ̀ ní ìpàdé Ted Talk ní ọdún 2020 ní apá Ìlà-oòrùn Nàìjíríà lórí agbára sísọ ìtàn nípasẹ̀ sinimá. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn olùbánisọ̀rọ̀ tí Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) pè láti wá sọ̀rọ̀ ní ìpàdé kan tí wọ́n pè ní Videography In the Hands of the People èyí tí ó wáyé ní Boston ní oṣù Kẹwàá ọdún 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/nigerian-film-maker-ekene-mekwunye-invited-to-speak-at-mits-conference/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Nigerian film-maker, Ekene Mekwunye invited to speak at MIT's conference|date=October 2, 2022|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbé-ayé Ekene gangan ==
Ó gbéyàwó ní inú oṣù kẹ́rin ogun 2012 sí Muti Mekwunye, (née Omotosho) ní ìlú Èkó wọ́n sì jọ ní ọmọ méjì papọ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/02/ekene-mekwunye-memoirs-of-a-father/|title=Ekene Mekwunye: Memoirs of a Father|date=10 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àtòjọ àwọn fíìmù rẹ̀ ==
'''Àṣààyàn fíìmù tó ṣe'''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ọdún
!Àkọ́lé
!Akópa
!Ipa
!Àkíyèsi
|-
|2011-2013
|''Jara''
|[[Helen Paul]], [[Uti Nwachukwu]],
|Producer
|TV show
|-
|2011-2013
|''53extra''
|[[Eku Edewor]], [[Dolapo Oni]],
|Producer
|TV show
|-
|2011-2013
|''Channel O''
|[[Denrele Edun]],
|Producer, director
|TV show
|-
|2013
|[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga 3]]
|[[Nick Mutuma]], [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Emmanuel Ikubese]], [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Chris Attoh]]
|Project coordinator
|TV series
|-
|2013
|''My Big Nigerian Wedding''
|[[Sisi Yemmie]], [[Bobo Yomi]],
|Director, producer, executive producer
|TV show
|-
|2013
|''Oblivious''
|[[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Kiki Omeili]], [[Uzor Osimkpa]]
|Screenwriter, producer, executive producer
|Short film, winner for the [[2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]] for ''Best short film''
|-
|2015
|''The Encounter''
|[[Gregory Ojefua]], [[Amarachi Onoh]], [[Stan Nze]],
|Producer
|Short film, winner for the [[2017 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]] for ''Best Sound Design''
|-
|2015
|''[[A Simple Letter]]''
|[[Nancy Isime]], [[Paul Utomi]]
|Producer
|Short film
|-
|2016
|''Lasgidi Vice''
|[[Theresa Edem]], [[Bucci Franklin]], [[Hauwa Allahbura]], [[Tunji Ogunkeye]]
|Producer
|Short film
|-
|2018
|''[[Sylvia (2018 film)|Sylvia]]''
|[[Zainab Balogun]], [[Chris Attoh]], [[Ini Dima-Okojie]] and [[Udoka Oyeka]]
|Producer
|Feature film, available on [[Prime Video]]
|-
|2019
|''[[Light In The Dark (film)|Light In The Dark]]''
|[[Rita Dominic]], [[Joke Silva]], [[Kalu Ikeagwu]], [[Kiki Omeili]], [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Ngozi Nwosu]], [[Saidi Balogun]]
|Story writer, director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film, available on [[Netflix]]
|-
|2021
|''[[One Lagos Night]]''
|[[Frank Donga]], [[Gold Ikponmwosa]], [[Eniola Badmus]], [[Genoveva Umeh]] and [[Ali Nuhu]]
|Director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film, available on Netflix
|-
|2023
|''[[How to Love Me (film)|How to Love Me]]''
|[[Yvonne Jegede]], [[IK Ogbonna]],
|Director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film, available on Prime Video
|-
|2023
|''[[Honey Money (film)|Honey Money]]''
|[[Nancy Isime]], [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Iyabo Ojo]], [[Femi Branch]],
|Director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film
|-
|2024
|''[[Ambivalent (film)|Ambivalent]]''
|[[Gabriel Afolayan]], [[Derby Frankson]], [[Aereis Umusu]], [[Anita.O James]],
|Writer, director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film, available on Prime Video
|-
|2024
|''[[Kali (2024 Nigerian film)|Kali]]''
|[[Lota Chukwu]], [[Bimbo Manuel]], [[Preach Bassey]], [[Nedine Love]], [[Blessing Martyn]], [[Doddy Abili]], [[Christle Lotanna Chris-Okafor]],
|Writer, director, producer, executive producer
|Feature film, available on Prime Video
|-
|2024
|''I Hate Love Stories''
|[[Gabriel Afolayan]], Obioma Ofoegbu, Hadar Mike Sanda
|Director, producer,
executive producer
|Production companies: Bukana Motion Pictures and Riverside Productions
|-
|2024
|''[[Move Like A Boss]]''
|[[Nancy Isime]], [[IK Ogbonna]], [[Yemi Solade]], [[Jaiye Kuti]], [[Tope Olowoniyan]], [[MC Lively]], [[Denrenle Edun]],
|Director, producer, casting director
|Feature film, available on Prime Video
|-
|2025
|''[[Èwò(Forbidden)]]''
|[[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Ademola Adedoyin]], [[Taiwo Hassan]], [[Jaiye Kuti]], [[Saidi Balogun]], [[Akin Lewis]], [[Yinka Quadri]], [[Moyo Lawal]], [[Tina Mba]], [[Dele Odule]],
|Director, producer, Writer, casting director, Executive Producer
|Feature film, available in Cinemas in Nigeria and Ghana
|-
|
|}

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
      <sha1>peornmn2rpi2e2skun0ju7sw1476rnk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Dotun Akinsanya</title>
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      <text bytes="9229" sha1="k1pa2baqbqku8671iwzskbarhw7xmns" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Nigerian badminton player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Nigerian English|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox badminton player
| name                    = Dotun Akinsanya
| image                   =
| size                    =
| caption                 =
| nickname                =
| birth_name              =
| birth_date              = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|1|20}}
| birth_place             =
| residence               =
| height                  = 1.63 m
| weight                  =
| country                 = {{NGR}}
| years_active            =
| handedness              = Right
| coach                   =
| event                   =
| highest_ranking         =
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking         =
| date_of_current_ranking =
| medaltemplates          =
{{MedalSport |Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{NGR}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton at the African Games|All-Africa Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[Badminton at the 2007 All-Africa Games|2007 Algiers]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003 Abuja]] | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[Badminton at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003 Abuja]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalBronze | [[Badminton at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003 Abuja]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[African Badminton Championships|African Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2004 African Badminton Championships|2004 Rose Hill]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2004 African Badminton Championships|2004 Rose Hill]] | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2002 African Badminton Championships|2002 Casablanca]] | Men's singles }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2002 African Badminton Championships|2002 Casablanca]] | Mixed team }}
{{MedalSilver | [[2000 African Badminton Championships|2000 Bauchi]] | Men's doubles }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2002 African Badminton Championships|2002 Casablanca]] | Men's doubles }}
| bwfbadminton_id         = 50377
| bwf_id                  = B9095B53-30E0-4DBF-A52A-A3AF40419B66
}}
'''Dotun Akinsanya''' (tí a bí ní ọjọ́ ogún oṣù kìíní ọdún 1981) jẹ́ [[Nàìjíríà|ọmọ orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà]] tí ó ń gbá bọ́ọ̀lù badminton.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Players: Dotun Akinsanya |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/player/50377/dotun-akinsanya |website=bwfbadminton.com |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]|accessdate=2 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ fàdákà nínú ìdíje àwọn ọkùnrin méjì àti àwọn ẹgbẹ́ àdàpọ̀, ó tún gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ idẹ nínú àwọn ọkùnrin ní ìseré gbogbo ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀ ti ọdún 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Les Jeux Africains - &quot;All Africa Games&quot; |url=http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20JEUX%20AFRICA/Jeux.htm |website=www.africa-badminton.com |publisher=[[Badminton Confederation of Africa]] |accessdate=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221081828/http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20JEUX%20AFRICA/Jeux.htm |archive-date=21 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́yìn náà, Akinsanya gba àmì ẹ̀yẹ wúrà nínú ìdíje èrè ìdárayá All-Africa Games ti ọdún 2007 nínú ìdíje àwọn ẹgbẹ́ adàpọ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=All Africa Games 2007 Alger (Algérie) |url=http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20JEUX%20AFRICA/AUTRESJEUX/pagespeciale9champafrique.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012432/http://www.africa-badminton.com/A%20JEUX%20AFRICA/AUTRESJEUX/pagespeciale9champafrique.htm |website=www.africa-badminton.com |archivedate=5 November 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2019 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 2002, ó ṣojú orílẹ̀-èdè Nàìjíríà ní ìdíje Manchester Commonwealth Games ti ọdún 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games Manchester 2002: Badminton  |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/bsp/statistics/events/badminton_results.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=4 August 2002 |access-date=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ọdún 2003, ó gba ẹ̀bùn ẹ̀kọ́ ọ̀fẹ́ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Ètò Ìṣọ̀kan Ìdíje Olórómọ̀píkì fún Ìdàgbàsókè Àwọn Ọmọdé àjọṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú International Badminton Federation, fún ìmúrasílẹ̀ àwọn ọ̀dọ́mọdé onímọ̀ fún àwọn ìdíje Olympic lọ́jọ́ iwájú, pàápàá jùlọ Olympic ti Beijing 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IOC's Olympic Solidarity Support Badminton's 'Road to Beijing' |url=https://en.people.cn/200302/14/eng20030214_111625.shtml |website=en.people.cn |publisher=[[People's Daily]] |date=14 February 2003 |accessdate=5 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ó gba ìdíje àsekágbá ilẹ̀ adúláwọ̀ l ti ọdún 2004, kò lè yẹ fún ìdíje olórómọ̀piki    ti ọdún 2004, lẹ́yìn tí ó ti wà ní ipò àgbáyé sí ọmọ [[South Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pas de visa olympique pour Akinsanya |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/node/132180 |website=www.lexpress.mu |publisher=[[L'Express (Mauritius)|L'Express]] |date=18 July 2004 |accessdate=5 September 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=5 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905053030/https://www.lexpress.mu/node/132180 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Àwọn àṣeyọrí==

=== Ìdíje All-Africa Games ===
''Ìdíje ọkùnrin nìkan''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium|Indoor Sports Halls National Stadium]], [[Abuja, Nigeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|}} 
| align=&quot;left&quot; | –, –
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]] '''Bronze'''
|}

''Okùnrin méjì'' 
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style=&quot;background:#FFB069&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Badminton at the 2003 All-Africa Games|2003]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Moshood Abiola National Stadium|Indoor Sports Halls National Stadium]],&lt;br&gt;[[Abuja, Nigeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Abimbola Odejoke]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Greg Okunghae]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ibrahim Adamu]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | –, –
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== Ìdíje African Championships ===
''Okùnrin nìkan''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2004 African Badminton Championships|2004]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | National Badminton Centre, [[Beau Bassin-Rose Hill|Rose Hill]], [[Mauritius]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|REU}} [[Olivier Fossy]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5–15, 15–10, 15–6
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 1.png]] '''Gold'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2002 African Badminton Championships|2002]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Casablanca, Morocco]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Abimbola Odejoke]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Walkover
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]] '''Silver'''
|}

''Okùnrin méjì''
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
! Year
! Venue
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2004 African Badminton Championships|2004]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | National Badminton Centre,&lt;br&gt;[[Beau Bassin-Rose Hill|Rose Hill]], [[Mauritius]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Abimbola Odejoke]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Chris Dednam]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johan Kleingeld]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2–15, 6–15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]] '''Silver'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2002 African Badminton Championships|2002]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Casablanca, Morocco]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Abimbola Odejoke]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Chris Dednam]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johan Kleingeld]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 5–7, 6–8, Retired
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]] '''Bronze'''
|-
|- style=&quot;background:#ECF2FF&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[2000 African Badminton Championships|2000]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Multi-Purpose Sports Hall,&lt;br&gt;[[Bauchi (city)|Bauchi]], [[Nigeria]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Abimbola Odejoke]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|MRI}} [[Denis Constantin]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|MRI}} [[Édouard Clarisse]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 2–15, 8–15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]] '''Silver'''
|}

=== Ìdíje IBF International ===
''Okùnrin méjì'' 
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style=&quot;background:#D5D5D5&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2002
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Nigeria International]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Ocholi Edicha]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuichi Ikeda]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shoji Sato]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | 3–15, 1–15
| style=&quot;text-align:left; background:white&quot; | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>k1pa2baqbqku8671iwzskbarhw7xmns</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ani Kayode Somtochukwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623145</id>
      <parentid>622420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T02:07:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>22272</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11800" sha1="kf59msfgm2lz9q9nnu05j61xqb1qeuh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu
| image              = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu at an EndSARS protest in 2020.jpg
| caption            = Ani Kayode Somtochukwu at an EndSARS protest in 2020
| birth_date         = {{Birth year and age|2000}}
| citizenship        = [[Nigerian]]
| education          = [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology]]
| occupation         = [[Writer]]
| organization       = Queer Union For Economic and Social Transformation
| known_for          = [[And Then He Sang a Lullaby]]
| awards             = [[Edmund White Award]]
| website            = 
}}

'''Ani Kayode Somtochukwu''' (tí a bí ní ọdún 2000) jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé ọmọ orílè-èdè  Nàìjíríà. Ní ọdún 2023, nígbà tí ó pé ọmọ ọdún mẹ́tàlélógún, ó tẹ ìwé àròsọ LGBTQ+ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀ jáde, ''ti a mọ́ sì And Then He Sang A Lullaby''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Book Review: And Then He Sang A Lullaby by Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/09/26/book-review-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-by-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harris |first=Elizabeth A. |date=2023-06-05 |title=A ‘Lucky Child’ Writes His Way From Nigeria to the Global Stage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/05/books/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby.html |access-date=2026-06-03 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwé àròsọ náà gba ẹ̀bùn àmì-ẹ̀yẹ Edmund White Award fún Ìtàn Àkọ́kọ́ ní ọdún 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Edmund White Award for Debut Fiction |url=https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/edmund-white-debut-fiction/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Publishing Triangle |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ìwé Roxane Gay ni ó tẹ̀ ẹ́ jáde, Cassava Republic àti Narrative Landscape ní wọ́n ṣe  àtẹ̀jáde ìwé náà ní orílẹ̀  èdè Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=And Then He Sang a Lullaby |url=https://groveatlantic.com/book/and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Grove Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Report |first=The Africa |date=2023-05-26 |title=Nigeria: Cassava Republic presents ‘And Then He Sang a Lullaby’ |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/310708/nigeria-cassava-republic-presents-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Africa Report |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=Narrative Landscape Press Makes Two Major Acquisitions! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2026/02/narrative-landscape-press-makes-two-major-acquisitions/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbésí ayé àti ẹ̀kọ́ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ==
Ani lọ sí ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ tí Command's School Awkunaw ní [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Enugu|ìlú Enugu]] kí ó tó lọ sí ilé ẹ̀kọ́ tí Union Secondary School. Lẹ́yìn ẹ̀kọ́ alákọ̀ọ́bẹ̀rẹ̀ àti girama rẹ̀, wọ́n sì gbà wọlé gẹ́gẹ́bíi akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology|University of Science and Technology ti ìlú Enugu]] nígbà tí wọ́n fọwọ́ sí òfin ìgbéyàwó ọkùnrin àti obìnrin kan náà ní orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà.  Ó kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìmọ̀ nípa bí nǹkan ṣe rí àti ìmọ̀ nípa ẹ̀dá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Timinepre |date=2022-04-14 |title=Ani Kayode Dreams an Ideological World for Queer folks in his Debut Novel - And Then He Sang A Lullaby |url=https://therustintimes.com/2022/04/14/ani-kayode-dreams-an-ideological-world-for-queer-folks-in-his-debut-novel-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Rustin Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbésí ayé ara ẹni ==
Ó ti ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́bíi òǹkọ̀wé láti ọdún 2015. Ani ti sọ̀rọ̀ nípa ìrírí ìfìyàjẹni láti ìgbà èwe rẹ̀ nít'orí pé wọ́n kà á sí obìnrin. Ó pè é ní alábàáṣepọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Iṣẹ́ ọwọ́ ==
Ani bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í kọ ìwé àròsọ àkọ́kọ́ rẹ̀, ''And Then He Sang a Lullaby'', ní ọdún 2018 ó sì tẹ̀ ẹ́ jáde ní ọdún 2023. Nígbà tí ó ń ṣàlàyé ìwé àròsọ náà, Grove Atlantic pè é ní “ohun tó ń múni ronú jinlẹ̀ àti ohun tó ń múni ronú jinlẹ̀,” ó kíyè sí bí ó ṣe ń ṣe ìwádìí lórí iye owó ìfẹ́ àti òmìnira nínú àwùjọ àwọn oníbàárà tí wọ́n kórìíra àwọn ọkùnrin àti obìnrin.  Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Ani ti sọ, ó kọ́kọ́ kọ ìwé àròsọ náà sínú ìwé àkọsílẹ̀ kí ó tó tẹ̀ ẹ́ sórí fóònù rẹ̀, nítorí pé owó tí àwọn onímọ̀ṣẹ́ kan fi tẹ̀ ẹ́ jẹ́ ohun tí kò ṣeé gbàgbọ́. 

Kí ìwé ìtàn tuntun Ani tó jáde, ó gba ẹ̀bùn James Currey àkọ́kọ́  ní ọdún 2021. Ẹnika Nwelue ló dá ẹ̀bùn náà sílẹ̀.  Àwọn ìwé rẹ̀ ti fara hàn nínú àwọn ìwé ìròyìn àti àkójọ ìwé kárí ilé adúláwò, Yúróòpù, Éṣíà àti Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kayode Ani |url=https://akefestival.org/festival/guests/kayode-ani/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Ake Arts and Books Festival |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode |url=https://www.afeelgoodbook.com/authors/ani-kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.afeelgoodbook.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=A Shrewdness of Apes {{!}} Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://iselemagazine.com/2026/04/30/a-shrewdness-of-apes-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Isele Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode Somtochukwu on And Then He Sang a Lullaby with Roxane Gay |url=https://centerforfiction.org/videos/ani-kayode-somtochukwu-on-and-then-he-sang-a-lullaby-with-roxane-gay |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Center for Fiction |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Somtochukwu |first=Ani Kayode |date=2025-05-11 |title=‘Writers Have the Obligation of Imagining the Future That Must Be Achieved’ |url=https://rpublc.com/story/2025/05/11/first-draft/first-draft-ani-kayode-somtochukwu |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=The Republic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpolongo ==
Ó dá àwùjọ Queer Union for Economic and Social Transformation (QUEST) sílẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LGBTQ+ Nigerians Are Celebrating Pride Month in Defiance of Anti-Gay Law |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/lgbtq-pride-month-nigeria-2022-anti-gay-law/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Global Citizen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ní ọdún 2022, ó ṣe aṣáájú ohun tí a ti ṣàpèjúwe gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfẹ̀hónúhàn LGBTQ+ àkọ́kọ́ ní gbangba ní ìlú Àbújá.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=EditorialBoard |date=2022-05-07 |title=Queer Lives Matter |url=https://socialistworkersleague.org/2022/05/07/queer-lives-matter/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Socialist Workers League |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006143826/https://socialistworkersleague.org/2022/05/07/queer-lives-matter/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Colin |date=2022-05-05 |title=Queer Nigerians protest proposed anti-trans ‘cross-dressing’ ban |url=https://76crimes.com/2022/05/05/queer-nigerians-protest-proposed-anti-trans-cross-dressing-ban/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n ṣètò ìfẹ̀hónúhàn náà ní ìdáhùn sí òfin kan tí wọ́n gbèrò láti fòfin de ṣiṣẹ́ bí obìnrin fún ọkùnrin àti ṣíṣe bí ọkùnrin fún obìnrin ní orílè-èdè Nàìjíríà. Ani nínú ìfọ̀rọ̀wánilẹ́nuwò kàn pẹ̀lú The Pink News sọ ariwoye rẹ nípa àwọn àbájáde òfin náà, ó fìdí rẹ múlè wípé ìyọ̀ǹda rẹ̀ lè fi àwọn ènìyàn tí kò bá obìnrin mu àti LGBTQ+ léwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kelleher |first=Patrick |date=2022-05-03 |title=Queer Nigerians stage defiant protest as government tries to ban ‘crossdressing’ |url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2022/05/03/nigeria-lgbt-trans-crossdressing-bill/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=PinkNews {{!}} Latest lesbian, gay, bi and trans news {{!}} LGBTQ+ news |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ó gbàgbọ́ pé ìdásílẹ̀ àwọn onímọ̀-ẹ̀yà ni ojútùú kan ṣoṣo tó lè wà fún àìnídùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mintrose |first=Adebayo Quadry-Adekanbi, Marcie |date=2023-08-12 |title=“Queer liberation is the only sustainable solution”: A conversation with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://shado-mag.com/articles/opinion/queer-liberation-is-the-only-sustainable-solution-a-conversation-with-ani-kayode-somtochukwu/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Shado Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àmì-ẹ̀yẹ==

* 2020 Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2020-10-10 |title=From Queer Rights to Gender Activists, Here are finalists for The Nigeria Prize for Difference &amp; Diversity |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/10/finalists-for-the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=minorityafrica.co |date=2020-07-01 |title=The Nigeria Prize for Difference and Diversity launches today - Minority Africa |url=https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/,%20https://minorityafrica.org/the-nigeria-prize-for-difference-and-diversity-launches-today/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021 James Currey Prize for African Literature - '''WON'''
* Summer/Fall 2023 Indies Introduce selection&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-05-31 |title=An Indies Introduce Q&amp;A with Ani Kayode Somtochukwu |url=https://www.bookweb.org/news/indies-introduce-qa-ani-kayode-somtochukwu-1629549 |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=the American Booksellers Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Prose Prize - '''SHORTLIST'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Association of Nigerian Authors |url=https://ananigeria.org/prizes |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=ananigeria.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Debut Fiction - '''NOMINEE'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ani Kayode {{!}} Author {{!}} LibraryThing |url=https://www.librarything.com/a/20735537/Ani-Kayode |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=LibraryThing.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 INDIES Book of the Year Award (Literary Fiction)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2023 Foreword INDIES Winners in Literary (Adult Fiction) |url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/awards/winners/2023/literary/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=www.forewordreviews.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023 Brittle Paper: The Notable African Books of the Year&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Announcing Brittle Paper's 100 Notable African Books of 2023! |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2023/11/announcing-brittle-papers-100-notable-african-books-of-2023/ |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=Brittle Paper |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2024 Edmund White Award for debut fiction - '''WON'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
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[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn olùkọ̀wé ará Nàìjíríà]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ọjọ́ìbí ní 2000]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn ènìyàn alààyè]]
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Àwọn '''ilẹ̀ olómi ní Uganda''' jÀwọn ohun àlùmọ́nì àdánidá tí wọ́n ṣe pàtàkì gan-an tí wọ́n bo 30,105 onígun mẹ́rin kìlómítà (11,624 sq mi) ti gbogbo ilẹ̀ Uganda tó jẹ́ 241,500 onígun mẹ́rin kìlómítà (93,200 sq mi) tó jẹ́ 13% gbogbo ilẹ̀ náà.[1] Ní Uganda, àwọn agbègbè tí wọ́n yí i ká ni wọ́n ń lò fún ìkọ́lé, iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀, ìrìn àjò, iṣẹ́ ọwọ́, àga, ẹja pípa, ibùgbé ènìyàn àti yíyọ àwọn ohun èlò tó wúlò, èso igbó àti ibi ọdẹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Willbroad|first1=Byamukama|last2=Kiyawa2|first2=Byamukama Willbroad1* and Salihu Abdullahi|last3=Internationals|first3=Ommega|date=2019-05-18|title=Sustainable Management and Conservation of Wetland Resources in Uganda: A Review|url=https://www.ommegaonline.org/article-details/article/2479|journal=Journal of Environment and Health Science|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=47–51|issn=2378-6841|access-date=2026-06-15|archivedate=2025-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922203930/https://www.ommegaonline.org/article-details/article/2479|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gẹgẹ bi Ijọba Iyika Resistance National ti gba agbara ni ọdun 1986, apanirun lawujọ, ọrọ-aje, iṣelu, ayika ati iṣakoso awọn ilẹ olomi ti ko dara wa. Ninu awọn akitiyan rẹ lati mu aisimi padabọsipo, ijọba ni oṣu mẹjọ akọkọ wọn ṣe awọn igbese to lagbara lati mu padabọsipo ati yago fun iparun awọn ilẹ olomi. Nipasẹ awọn itọnisọna iṣakoso ti a gbejade ni Oṣu Kẹsan ọdun 1986, ijọba bẹrẹ imupadabọ awọn orisun ile olomi nipa gbigbesilẹ ofin de lori awọn ero idominugere nla titi ti imọ-jinlẹ ti fihan ati eto imulo ibaramu awujọ ti wa ni aye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=James|first=D.|date=1976|title=Airframe Material Requirements|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/74526|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences|volume=282|issue=1307|pages=83–89|doi=10.1098/rsta.1976.0104|jstor=74526|bibcode=1976RSPTA.282...83J|issn=0080-4614}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipese owo ilẹ tutu ==
Àwọn ìsapá àtúnṣe fún àwọn ilẹ̀ olómi ní Uganda ni a gba owó láti ọ̀dọ̀ Global Environment Facility lábẹ́ iṣẹ́ àtúnṣe ojúọjọ́ tuntun kan, èyí tí ó mọ pàtàkì ilẹ̀ olómi nínú dídáàbòbò àwọn agbègbè ìbílẹ̀ kúrò lọ́wọ́ ìyípadà ojúọjọ́.  Ipese inawo naa mu ki awon igbesi aye miiran ti o le koju oju ojo dinku wahala lori iseda ati oniruuru eda. Ise agbese odun marun yii ni owo ti o ju US$4.3 milionu lo, Ile-ise Omi ati Ayika Uganda yoo si se, pelu iranlowo lati odo etò ayíká ajọ UN (UNEP) 

== Ètò òfin ==
Ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin Uganda ti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ìlànà òfin tó fi dandan lé ìjọba láti fi ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé àwọn ènìyàn àti láti dáàbòbò, àwọn adágún àdánidá, odò, ilẹ̀ olómi, ibi ìtọ́jú igbó, ibi ìtọ́jú ẹranko, àwọn ọgbà orílẹ̀-èdè àti ilẹ̀ èyíkéyìí tí a ó fi pamọ́ fún ètò àyíká àti ìrìn àjò afẹ́ fún ire gbogbo àwọn aráàlú. Àwọn wọ̀nyí ni Òfin Ilẹ̀ (Orí 227) tí ó kà á léèwọ̀ fún ìjọba láti má ṣe yá tàbí kí wọ́n ya àwọn ilẹ̀ olómi kúrò. Ètò òfin mìíràn tí ó ń dáàbò bo àyíká ni Òfin Àyíká Orílẹ̀-èdè ti ọdún 2019. 

== Ìpamọ́ ==
Ijọba Uganda ti bẹrẹ awọn igbiyanju itoju ati awọn ipolongo lati tọju awọn ilẹ olomi jakejado orilẹ-ede naa.   Awọn ajọ ati awọn alabaṣiṣẹpọ labẹ Iṣowo Ìbáṣepọ̀ Ìṣàkóso akójọpọ̀ awọn Oko Ododopade papọ lati koju ibajẹ awọn ilẹ olomi ni ayika Ti o tobi ju Kampala lati ọdun 2022.  

== Àwọn ìpèníjà ==
Ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀ olómi ní Uganda ti dojú kọ ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpèníjà, èyí sì ni bí iye ènìyàn ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i tí ó ń fa ìdènà sí àwọn ilẹ̀ olómi fún ibùgbé, iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ àti fún àwọn ohun àlùmọ́nì mìíràn.  Nínú ìkànìyàn tí UBOS ṣe ní ọdún 2014, ó fi hàn pé iye ènìyàn tó ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 3.2% lọ́dún kan, ó sì ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ pọ̀ sí i ní ìlọ́po mẹ́ta láti 12.6 mílíọ̀nù ní ọdún 1980 sí 34.8 mílíọ̀nù ní ọdún 2014. Èyí ti dí ìsapá ìjọba lọ́wọ́ láti dáàbò bo àwọn ohun àlùmọ́nì ilẹ̀ olómi, àti pé àwọn òfin àti ìlékúrò ni àwọn ọ̀nà míì tí ìjọba ti gbà láti ṣe é ní ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún. 

== Wo tun ==

* Aláṣẹ Igbó Orílẹ̀-èdè
* Ìlera ní Uganda

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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[[Fáìlì:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse_effect_with_energy_flows_shown_by_altitude.svg|thumb|Agbára ń ṣàn sọ̀kalẹ̀ láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn wá sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó sì tún ń ṣàn sókè láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ padà. Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin bá gba ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, wọ́n ń dènà ìtànṣán náà láti bọ́ sí òde òfurufú. Èyí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 33 °C (59 °F).]]
Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì tí ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé kan bá dènà ayé náà láti tú ooru rẹ̀ sí òde òfurufú (space), èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i. Ìgbóná ojú ilẹ̀ lè wá láti inú orísun ooru inú ayé náà fúnra rẹ̀ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí ó ti rí ní Jupiter), tàbí láti orísun òde bíi ìràwọ̀ tí ayé náà ń yí ká. Ní ti Ilẹ̀ Ayé, Oòrùn ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation), ìyẹn ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn, tí ń kọjá láàrín àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì láti gbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ní ìdáhùn sí èyí, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, tí ó jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ nínú rẹ̀ ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Èyí ń dín ìyára tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi lè tutù kù, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ ga sí i.

Láìsí ipa ilé eefin, àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ bí −18 °C (−0.4 °F) tó tutù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=15 October 2010 |work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007 |publisher=Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |vauthors=Le Treut H, Somerville R, Cubasch U, Ding Y, [[Cecilie Mauritzen|Mauritzen C]], Mokssit A, Peterson T, Prather M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |veditors=Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL |location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY |page=97 |chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science |access-date=25 March 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2018 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 November 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126204443/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí jìnnà sí àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ 14 °C (57 °F) ní ọ̀rúndún ogún (20th century).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT) |url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |website=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]] |publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=3 September 2008 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Yearly average temperature |url=https://climatechangetracker.org/global-warming/yearly-average-temperature |website=Climate Change Tracker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tí ó ti wà ní àdánidá, sísun epo fosaili ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide àti methane nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ipcc-AR4WG1-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=14 January 2009|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archive-date=21 January 2021|access-date=14 December 2020|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, títí di ọdún 2023,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=AR6 Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers Headline Statements |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/resources/spm-headline-statements/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìgbóná ayé tó tó 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) ti ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ìgbà Ìyípadà Iṣẹ́-Ọ̀nà (Industrial Revolution),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|access-date=22 June 2021|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pẹ̀lú pé àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n 0.18 °C (0.32 °F) ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láti ọdún 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first1=Rebecca |last1=Lindsey |first2=Luann |last2=Dahlman |title=Climate Change: Global Temperature |website=NOAA Climate.gov |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053036/http://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth%27s%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=15 June 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo àwọn nǹkan tí ìwọ̀n ooru wọn bá ga ju odo pípé (absolute zero) lọ máa ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde. Ìgbì ìtànṣán ooru tí Oòrùn àti Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde yàtọ̀ síra wọn nítorí pé ìwọ̀n ooru ojú wọn kò dọ́gba. Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Oòrùn jẹ́ 5,500 °C (9,900 °F), nítorí náà ó ń tú púpọ̀ nínú agbára rẹ̀ jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú (shortwave radiation) nínú àwọn ìgbì near-infrared àti ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú lè rí (visible wavelengths), èyí tí a mọ̀ sí ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn. Ní ìdàkejì, ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní ìwọ̀n ooru tó kéré gan-an, nítorí náà ó ń tú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn ìgbì infrared àárín àti infrared jíjìn.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Gáàsì kan ni a ń pè ní gáàsì ilé eefin bí ó bá lè gba ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn. Afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gba 23% péré nínú ìtànṣán igbi-kúkúrú tí ń wọlé láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ṣùgbọ́n ó ń gba 90% nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Earth's Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows |website=NASA.gov |date=10 April 2017 |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí èyí, afẹ́fẹ́ ń kó agbára jọ, ó sì ń mú kí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná sí i.

Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) (bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí nígbà náà) ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Fourier |first=J. |date=1824 |title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |url-status=live |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |language=fr |volume=27 |pages=136–167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802195946/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA136 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn náà lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú ẹ̀rí ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Foote |first=Eunice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382 |title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays |date=November 1856 |work=The American Journal of Science and Arts |volume=22 |pages=382–383 |access-date=31 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA382%2F |archive-date=30 September 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Amara |date=17 July 2019 |title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=8 October 2019 |website=NOAA Climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Easterbrook |first1=Steve |date=18 August 2015 |title=Who first coined the term &quot;Greenhouse Effect&quot;? |url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/ |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Serendipity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ekholm N |year=1901 |title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=27 |pages=1–62 |bibcode=1901QJRMS..27....1E |doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702 |number=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtumọ̀ ==
A ṣe ìtúmọ̀ ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí: “Ìpa ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared radiative effect) ti gbogbo àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs), àwọsánmà (clouds), àti díẹ̀ nínú aerosols ń gba ìtànṣán ilẹ̀ (terrestrial radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti apá míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń tú jáde.”&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: Annex VII: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú lágbára (enhanced greenhouse effect) ń ṣàlàyé pé nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin (GHGs) pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (nítorí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn), a ń mú kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

== Ọ̀rọ̀ ìmọ̀-ọrọ ==
Ọ̀rọ̀ “ipa ilé-gíláàsì” (greenhouse effect) wá láti ìfiwéra sí ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouses). Mejeeji ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń ṣiṣẹ́ nípa pípa ooru tí ó wá láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn pamọ́, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀nà tí wọ́n fi ń pa ooru náà yàtọ̀ síra. Ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pa ooru mọ́ jùlọ nípa díẹ̀kù ìrìnàjò afẹ́fẹ́ (convection), ìyẹn ìrìn afẹ́fẹ́ láàrín àyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=John |last=Worley |title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation |website=University of Georgia Extension |url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&amp;title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ipccar4wg1ch1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. |page=115 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ |access-date=24 March 2023 |quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth's greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìdàkejì, ipa ilé-gíláàsì ń pa ooru mọ́ nípa díẹ̀kù ìtànṣán ooru (radiative transfer) láàrín afẹ́fẹ́, àti nípa dín ìwọ̀n tí ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) fi ń jáde sí òde òfurufú kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ìtàn ìṣàwárí àti ìwádìí ==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 650
| image1            = 18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png
| caption1          = Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide ní agbára láti gba ooru pamọ́, ó sì lóye ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé.
| image2            = 191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg
| caption2          = Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni a ṣàlàyé ní ṣókí nínú àpilẹ̀kọ Popular Mechanics ọdún 1912 yìí, èyí tí gbogbo ènìyàn lè ka.
}}
Ìwàláàyè ipa ilé-gíláàsì, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a kò tíì pè é ní orúkọ yìí, ni Joseph Fourier kọ́kọ́ dámọ̀ràn rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fourier 1824 136–167&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Foote, Eunice, 1856. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113925/https://ia800802.us.archive.org/4/items/mobot31753002152491/mobot31753002152491.pdf Circumstances affecting the heat of the Sun's rays]&quot;: Art. XXXI, ''The American Journal of Science and Arts,'' 2nd Series, v. XXII/no. LXVI, November 1856, p. 382-383.&lt;/ref&gt; Claude Pouillet tún mú àríyànjiyàn àti ẹ̀rí náà lágbára sí i ní ọdún 1827 àti 1838. Ní ọdún 1856, Eunice Newton Foote fi hàn pé ipa ìgbóná Oòrùn lágbára sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní ìrì omi ju afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ lọ, àti pé ipa náà túbọ̀ lágbára sí i pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide. Ó parí rẹ̀ pé: “Afẹ́fẹ́ tí gáàsì yìí bá wà nínú rẹ̀ yóò fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé wa ní ìwọ̀n ooru gíga…”&lt;ref name=&quot;Foote 382–383&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Huddleston&quot;/&gt;

John Tyndall ni ẹni àkọ́kọ́ tí ó wọn bí àwọn gáàsì àti oru oríṣìíríṣìí ṣe ń gba àti ń tú ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì (infrared absorption and emission). Láti ọdún 1859 lọ, ó fi hàn pé ipa náà jẹ́ ti ìdíyelé kékeré gan-an nínú afẹ́fẹ́, pé àwọn gáàsì pàtàkì kò ní ipa kankan, àti pé ìrì omi ni ó ń kó ipa tó pọ̀ jù, ṣùgbọ́n pé díẹ̀ nínú hydrocarbons àti carbon dioxide tún ní ipa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-20&lt;/ref&gt; Svante Arrhenius tún ṣe àlàyé àti ìṣírò pípé sí i ní ọdún 1896, níbi tí ó ti ṣe àkọ́kọ́ àfihàn ìṣírò ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí iye carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ bá di ìlọ́po méjì.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-anrev-21&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀rọ̀ “greenhouse” ni Nils Gustaf Ekholm kọ́kọ́ lo fún ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ní ọdún 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;easterbrook.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ekholm N 1901 1–62&quot;/&gt;

Ní ọdún 1896, Svante Arrhenius lo àwọn àkíyèsí Langley nípa ìgbà tí ìtànṣán infurarẹ́dì ń pọ̀ sí i, níbi tí ìtànṣán láti Oṣù (Moon rays) ṣe ń kọjá afẹ́fẹ́ ní igun kékeré, tí ó sì ń bá carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i, láti ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ tí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ bí CO₂ bá dín kù ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Ó tún mọ̀ pé afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù yóò ní ìrì omi kéré sí i (omi omi jẹ́ gáàsì ilé eefin mìíràn), ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ìtútù míì tí èyí máa kó wá. Ó tún lóye pé ìtútù yìí yóò mú kí yinyin àti yìnyín pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè gíga latitude, èyí tí yóò sì mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé yá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí i (reflection), tí yóò sì tún mú ìtútù pọ̀ sí i, gẹ́gẹ́ bí James Croll ti ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀. Ní àpapọ̀, Arrhenius ṣe ìṣírò pé bí a bá dín CO₂ kù sí ìdajì, ó lè fa àkókò yìnyín ńlá (ice age). Ó tún ṣe ìṣírò pé bí CO₂ bá di ìlọ́po méjì, yóò fa ìgbóná àgbáyé tó tó 5–6 °C.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-22&lt;/ref&gt;

Nípasẹ̀ ìwádìí Tyndall, Lecher àti Pretner, Keller, Roentgen, àti Arrhenius, a ti fi hàn pé carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára àrà òtítọ́ láti gba àti láti pa ìtànṣán ooru mọ́ fún ìgbà díẹ̀, nígbà tí oxygen, nitrogen, àti argon nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ní agbára yìí ní ìwọ̀n kékeré péré. Èyí fi hàn pé ipa carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi ń ṣiṣẹ́ bí àṣọ tí ń bo Ilẹ̀ Ayé pẹ̀lú àyíká tí ń gba ooru (thermally absorbent envelope). Àbájáde gbogbogbò tí a lè sọ nípa ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù gidi nínú iye carbon dioxide àti omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni pé:

a. Ìpọ̀ sí i nínú wọn máa ń fa ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i nítorí pé ó ń gba agbára oorun pọ̀ sí i, nígbà tí ìdínkù wọn máa ń fa ìtútù. Ìṣírò Dr. Arrhenius, tó dá lórí ìtúpalẹ̀ ìṣirò pípẹ́ ti àwọn àkíyèsí Professor Langley, fi hàn pé bí iye carbon dioxide bá pọ̀ sí i sí ìlọ́po méjì tàbí mẹ́ta iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè pọ̀ sí i ní 8° sí 9 °C, èyí tí yóò sì dájú pé ìgbóná kan tó dàbí ti àkókò Middle Tertiary yóò ṣẹlẹ̀. Ní ìdàkejì, bí a bá dín carbon dioxide kù sí 55% sí 62% iye rẹ̀ ìsinsìnyí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ayé lè dín kù ní 4° sí 5 °C, èyí tí yóò sì fa ìgbà yìnyín ńlá (glaciation) tó jọ ti Pleistocene.

b. Ìyípadà míì ni pé ìpọ̀ sí i tàbí ìdínkù carbon dioxide nínú afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń jẹ́ kí ìwọn ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé dáa pọ̀ sí i (equalization) tàbí yàtọ̀ sí i (differentiation) ní agbègbè oríṣìíríṣìí.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìwọn ==
[[File:Climate Factor CO₂ (ZDF, Terra X).webm|thumb|Bí CO₂ ṣe ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì]]
Nǹkan ń tú ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) jáde ní ìwọ̀n tí ó ń tẹ̀lé agbára kẹrin ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ (fourth power of its temperature). Díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde ni àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin àti àwọsánmà ń gba. Láìsí ìgbàgbọ́ ìtànṣán yìí, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Síbẹ̀, nítorí pé díẹ̀ nínú ìtànṣán náà ni a ń gba, ìwọ̀n ooru àárín ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F). Nítorí náà, a lè ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru tó tó 33 °C (59 °F).

Ìtànṣán ooru (thermal radiation) ni a ń ṣe àfihàn rẹ̀ nípa iye agbára tí ó ń kó, tí a sábà máa ń wọn ní watt fún mita onígun (W/m²). Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tún ń ṣe ìwọn ipa ilé eefin nípa bí ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) ṣe ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ju bí ó ṣe ń dé òde òfurufú lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;{{rp|934}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=1 October 2010 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=13 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ìsinsìnyí, ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní àpapọ̀ ìwọ̀n 398 W/m², ṣùgbọ́n 239 W/m² péré ni ó ń dé òde òfurufú. Nítorí náà, ipa ilé eefin Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà sísàn agbára tó tó 159 W/m².&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt; A tún lè sọ ipa ilé eefin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdá (0.40) tàbí ogorun (40%) nínú ìtànṣán igbi-gígùn tí ń kúrò láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣùgbọ́n tí kò dé òde òfurufú.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-ravram2-28&lt;/ref&gt;

Bóyá a bá ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tàbí gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà nínú ìtànṣán ooru igbi-gígùn (longwave thermal radiation), ipa kan náà ni a ń wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;/&gt;

== Ipa rẹ̀ nínú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
{{ multiple image |total_width=450
| image1= Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg |caption1= Ìgúnrẹ́rẹ́ Keeling (Keeling Curve) ti iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.
| image2= Earth's heating rate since 2005.jpg |caption2= Ìwọ̀n tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé fi ń gbóná sí i (àwòrán ìṣàpẹẹrẹ) jẹ́ àbájáde àwọn nǹkan oríṣìíríṣìí, títí kan ipa ilé eefin tí ó ti pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Joseph Atkinson |date=22 June 2021 |title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/ |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:1960- Damages caused by countries' emissions of greenhouse gases.svg |thumb |Ìdàgbàsókè tí kò tẹ̀lé ìlà gígùn (non-linear growth) nínú ipa ìgbóná àgbáyé tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àkójọpọ̀ àwọn gáàsì ilé eefin tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (long-lived greenhouse gases) ti fa ìpalára ọrọ̀ ajé nínú àkókò ọdún  ọgọ́ta (60 years) tí a fojú díwọ̀n rẹ̀ pé ó ju ìlọ́po márùn-ún iye ìpalára tó ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àkókò ọdún ọgbọ̀n (30 years) lọ (gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwòrán náà ṣe fi hàn). Àpilẹ̀kọ kan nínú ìwé ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì Nature ṣírò pé àwọn ìpalára ọjọ́ iwájú tí yóò wáyé nítorí àwọn ìtújáde tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ ó kéré tán ní ìlọ́po mẹ́wàá ju àwọn ìpalára ìtàn àtẹ́yìnwá tí àwọn ìtújáde kan náà ti fa lọ.&lt;ref name=Nature_20260325enhanced&gt;
* Data source for '''''1990'''''-2020 panel: Fig. 4 of {{cite journal |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |journal=Nature |date=25 March 2026 |volume=651 |pages=959-966 |doi=10.1038/s41586-026-10272-6}}
* Data source for '''''1960'''''-2020 panel: Fig. S5 of {{cite web |last1=Burke |first1=Marshall |last2=Zahid |first2=Mustafa |last3=Diffenbaugh |first3=Noah S. |last4=Hsiang |first4=Solomon |title=Nature portfolio / Supplementary information / Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon |url=https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |website=Nature |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260406031318/https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10272-6/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10272_MOESM1_ESM.pdf |archive-date=6 April 2026 |page=28 |date=25 March 2026 |quote=Same as Figure 4 except valuing damages from emissions starting in 1960 rather than 1990. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìmúgbòòrò ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nípasẹ̀ àwọn gáàsì amúnágbóná àfikún tí àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń dá sílẹ̀ ni a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Yàtọ̀ sí pé a ti rí i láti inú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí ARGO, CERES àti àwọn ohun èlò ìwọ̀n mìíràn ṣe jálẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IPCC AR6 WG1 |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ìlọsíwájú yìí nínú ìfipá-ràn-rádíéṣọ́nù (radiative forcing) tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń fa ni a ti ṣàkíyèsí rẹ̀ ní tààràtà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Robert McSweeney |date=25 February 2015 |title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |publisher=Carbon Brief}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=phys.org |publisher=Science X}}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì jẹ́ pé ìdí pàtàkì rẹ̀ ni ìlọsíwájú nínú iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html |archive-date=24 October 2010 |access-date=15 October 2010 |publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CO₂ ni a ń ṣe jáde láti inú sísun epo fosaili (fossil fuel burning) àti àwọn iṣẹ́ mìíràn bíi ṣíṣe simẹnti (cement production) àti pípa igbó ilẹ̀ olóoru (tropical deforestation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC deforestation&quot;&gt;IPCC [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf Fourth Assessment Report, Working Group I Report &quot;The Physical Science Basis&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf|date=15 March 2011}} Chapter 7&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìwọ̀n CO₂ láti Mauna Loa Observatory fi hàn pé iye rẹ̀ ti pọ̀ sí i láti ìwọ̀n 313 parts per million (ppm)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide – Mauna Loa |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520204843/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/co2_data_mlo.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=8 December 2008 |publisher=[[NOAA]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ní ọdún 1960, ó sì kọjá àmì 400 ppm ní ọdún 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |date=12 May 2013 |title=Climate Milestone: Earth's {{CO2}} Level Passes 400 ppm |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |url-status=live |magazine=National Geographic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215081625/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ |archive-date=15 December 2013 |access-date=10 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iye CO₂ tí a ń rí báyìí ti ga ju ìwọ̀n tó ga jù lọ nínú àkọsílẹ̀ ilẹ̀-ayé (geological record) (≈300 ppm) gẹ́gẹ́ bí data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core data).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hansen J. |date=February 2005 |title=A slippery slope: How much global warming constitutes &quot;dangerous anthropogenic interference&quot;? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |url-status=live |journal=Climatic Change |volume=68 |issue=333 |pages=269–279 |bibcode=2005ClCh...68..269H |doi=10.1007/s10584-005-4135-0 |s2cid=153165132 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801065245/https://zenodo.org/record/1232798 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |access-date=8 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọdún 800,000 sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Deep ice tells long climate story |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |url-status=live |access-date=4 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm |archive-date=23 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; data tí a rí láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ yìnyín (ice core) fi hàn pé iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) ti yí padà láti ìwọ̀n tó kéré tó 180 ppm sí ìwọ̀n 270 ppm tó wà ṣáájú ìgbà iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrial level).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hileman B |date=28 November 2005 |title=Ice Core Record Extended |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical &amp; Engineering News |volume=83 |issue=48 |page=7 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515033556/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html |archive-date=15 May 2019 |access-date=6 September 2006|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ ìwádìí ojú-ọjọ́ àtijọ́ (paleoclimatologists) ka àwọn ìyípadà nínú iye carbon dioxide sí ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àkókò gígùn yìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bowen (2005), Thin Ice&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bowen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains |publisher=Owl Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1429932707 |access-date=1 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802192430/https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC |archive-date=2 August 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2008 |title=Temperature change and carbon dioxide change |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118144841/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/temperature-change.html |archive-date=18 January 2017 |website=U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Paleoclimatology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Agbára àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ==
=== Ìtọ́jú Ìmọ́lẹ̀ Ìgbi Kúkúrú Tó Ń Wọlé ===
[[Fáìlì:Solar spectrum en.svg|thumb|Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ Oòrùn (solar radiation spectrum) fún ìmọ́lẹ̀ tó ń bọ taara, ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti ní ìpele ojú òkun.]]
Ohun tí ó gbóná jù máa ń tú ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ó ní ìgbi kúkúrú síi jáde. Nítorí náà, Oòrùn ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi kúkúrú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde. Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ní ìtọ́jú ultraviolet, ìmọ́lẹ̀ tí ojú ènìyàn lè rí (visible light), àti ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi tó sún mọ́ (near-infrared radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn máa ń padà sẹ́yìn (reflect) àti pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tún máa ń gba á (absorb). Afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn ìkùukùu máa ń da nǹkan bí 23% ìmọ́lẹ̀ náà padà, wọ́n sì ń gba nǹkan bí 23% rẹ̀. Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń da 7% padà, ó sì ń gba 48% rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeb1&quot; /&gt; Ní àpapọ̀, Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń da nǹkan bí 30% gbogbo ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tó ń wọlé padà,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |title=Earth Fact Sheet |publisher=NSSDCA |first1=David R. |last1=Williams  |access-date=15 October 2010 |archive-date=25 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry |first=Daniel J. |last=Jacob |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect |isbn=978-1400841547 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003035132/http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì ń gba ìyókù rẹ̀ (240 W/m²).&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìtọ́jú Ìgbi Gígùn Tó Ń Jáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral Greenhouse Effect.png|thumb|Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) jẹ́ ìdínkù nínú iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde, èyí tí ó ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú agbára (radiative balance) ayé. Àwòrán àgbègbè ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi ipa àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì oríṣìíríṣìí hàn.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, èyí tí a tún mọ̀ sí ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi gbígbóná (thermal infrared radiation) tàbí ìtọ́jú ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial radiation).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt; Ní ọ̀nà àìlékọ̀ọ́kan, a máa ń pe ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní ìtọ́jú gbígbóná (thermal radiation). Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (Outgoing Longwave Radiation, OLR) ni ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ láti Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tí ó ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lọ sí òde ayé.

A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ní tààràtà nínú àwọn àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde gẹ́gẹ́ bí iṣẹ́ igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequency) tàbí gígùn ìgbi (wavelength). Àgbègbè tó wà láàárín àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti àwòrán ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé fi ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì hàn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot;/&gt;

Àwọn nkan oríṣìíríṣìí ló ń fa ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiation energy) tí ń dé òde ayé ní àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ (frequencies) tó yàtọ̀; fún àwọn igbohunsafẹfẹ́ kan, ọ̀pọ̀ nkan ló ń kó ipa papọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=G. A. |last2=Ruedy |first2=R. A. |last3=Miller |first3=R. L. |last4=Lacis |first4=A. A. |title=Attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2010 |volume=115 |issue=D20 |article-number=2010JD014287 |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |url=https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_sc05400j.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mọ̀ pé carbon dioxide (CO₂) ló ní ojúṣe fún ìdínkù nínú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (àti ìlọsíwájú tó bá a lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì) ní agbègbè tó sún mọ́ 667 cm⁻¹ (èyí tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbi 15 microns).&lt;ref name=&quot;wijng&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=van Wijngaarden |first1=W. A. |last2=Happer |first2=W. |title=Dependence of Earth's Thermal Radiation on Five Most Abundant Greenhouse Gases |journal=Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics |date=2020 |arxiv=2006.03098 |url=https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230508080935/https://wvanwijngaarden.info.yorku.ca/files/2020/12/WThermal-Radiationf.pdf?x45936 |archive-date= 8 May 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gbogbo ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ní àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń gòkè láti àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Ó tún máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí gbogbo ọ̀nà, yálà sókè tàbí sísàlẹ̀, ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì pẹ̀lú iye tí ó ti gba. Èyí máa ń fa kí ìsonù ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú dín kù, kí ìwọ̀n ooru sì pọ̀ sí i ní àwọn ìpele tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀. Bí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, iye ìtọ́jú tí wọ́n ń gba àti tí wọ́n ń tú jáde náà máa ń pọ̀ sí i, èyí sì ń mú kí ooru púpọ̀ sí i wà ní ìpamọ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti nínú àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
[[Fáìlì:Effective temperature for climate thermal radiation.svg|thumb|Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí a nílò láti tú iye kan pàtó ti ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) jáde.]]
Agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ń tú jáde bá ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan tí ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo ara rẹ̀ (blackbody) yóò ní láti ní kí ó lè tú iye agbára ooru kan náà jáde.

A lè lo ìmọ̀ yìí láti fi ṣe àfiwé ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé àti ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde:

* ''Ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde sí òde, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ jẹ́ −18 °C (0 °F).[&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704152516/https://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/ |date=2020-07-04 }} |title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance |publisher=Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University |access-date=15 October 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC4_ch012&quot;/&gt;

* ''Ìtọ́jú láti ojú ilẹ̀:'' Da lori ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko jẹ́ nǹkan bí 16 °C (61 °F), &lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;  èyí tí ó gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 34 °C (61 °F).

Ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sábà máa ń jẹ́ ìròyìn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n ìdíwọ̀n àárín ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó sún mọ́ ojú ilẹ̀ (near-surface air temperature). Èyí jẹ́ nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;clchgtrack&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The elusive &quot;absolute surface air temperature&quot;, see [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html GISS discussion]&lt;/ref&gt; ó sì kéré díẹ̀ ju ìwọ̀n ooru ojú ilẹ̀ tó munadoko lọ. Ìwọ̀n yìí gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ lọ ní 33 °C (59 °F).

=== Ìṣàn agbára ===
Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) ni ìwọ̀n ìrìnàjò agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan. A máa ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí W/m², èyí tí ó túmọ̀ sí iye joules agbára tí ń kọjá nípasẹ̀ square meter kan ní gbogbo ìṣẹ́jú àáyá. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìṣàn agbára tí a máa ń sọ nínú ìjíròrò gíga lórí ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn iye àgbáyé, ìyẹn ni pé a ń kó gbogbo ìrìnàjò agbára jọ fún gbogbo Ilẹ̀ Ayé, a sì pín in pẹ̀lú agbègbè ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, 5.1×10¹⁴ m² (5.1×10⁸ km²; 2.0×10⁸ mi²).&lt;ref name=&quot;utarea&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=What is the Surface Area of the Earth? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/25756/surface-area-of-the-earth/ |website=Universe Today |date=11 February 2017 |access-date=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìṣàn agbára (energy flux) tí ìtọ́jú ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde kúrò ní Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ìtújáde agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative transfer) ni ọ̀nà kan ṣoṣo tó lè yí agbára padà láàárín Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti iyokù àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Wallace2006-49&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:2001- Earth's energy imbalance.svg|thumb|Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀rúndún kọkànlélógún, ó sì ti dé ìwọ̀n tó jẹ́ ìlọ́po méjì ti àwọn ìṣírò IPCC tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt; Agbára láti ṣe àkíyèsí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì yìí ń dín kù nítorí pé wọ́n ń yọ àwọn satẹ́laiti kúrò nínú iṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mauritsen |first1=Thorsten |last2=Tsushima |first2=Yoko |last3=Meyssignac |first3=Benoit |last4=Loeb |first4=Normal G. |last5=Hakuba |first5=Maria |display-authors=4 |title=Earth's Energy Imbalance More Than Doubled in Recent Decades |journal=AGU Advances |date=10 May 2025 |volume=6 |issue=3 |article-number=e2024AV001636 |doi=10.1029/2024AV001636 |publisher=American Geophysical Union |bibcode=2025AGUA....601636M |quote=The imbalance is derived from the CERES-EBAF Edition 4.2.1 data set|hdl=21.11116/0000-0011-68B9-8 |hdl-access=free }}.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan da lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé àti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé bá pọ̀ ju ti ń jáde lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò gbóná sí i. Tí ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde bá pọ̀ ju ti ń wọlé lọ, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò tútù sí i. Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì máa ń fojú sí ìpò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde fi dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára ìtọ́jú tí a ti gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;cimss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Earth's Radiation Balance |url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html |website=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin |access-date=25 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ni ìwọn tí agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ gba pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé lọ. Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ni ìwọn pàtàkì tó ń ṣàkóso ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;SciAmEEB&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Don't Worry about CO2, Worry about the Earth's 'Energy Balance' |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-worry-about-co2-worry-about-the-earths-energy-balance/ |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìfihàn UN kan sọ pé: “EEI ni nǹkan tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ìfojúsùn ìtẹ̀síwájú ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-UNeei-53&lt;/ref&gt; Ìwádìí kan tún sọ pé: “Ìye gidi EEI ni ìwọn pàtàkì jù lọ tó ń ṣàlàyé ipo gidi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.”&lt;ref name=&quot;vsh2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=von Schuckmann |first1=K. |last2=Palmer |first2=M. |last3=Trenberth |first3=K. |last4=Cazenave |first4=A. |last5=Chambers |first5=D. |last6=Champollion |first6=N. |last7=Hansen |first7=J. |last8=Josey |first8=S. A. |last9=Loeb |first9=N. |last10=Mathiew |first10=P.P. |last11=Meyssignac |first11=B. |last12=Wild |first12=M. |title=An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=2016 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1038/nclimate2876|bibcode=2016NatCC...6..138V |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/512751/1/vonSchuckmannPostprint.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy imbalance, EEI) jẹ́ nǹkan bí 0.7 W/m² ní ọdún 2015, èyí tí ó fi hàn pé Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ń kó agbára ooru jọ, ó sì wà nínú ìlànà ìgbóná sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt; Ní ọdún 2024, ìtẹ̀síwájú àkókò gígùn náà ti pọ̀ sí i dé nǹkan bí ìlọ́po méjì iye yẹn.&lt;ref name=AGUadvances_20250510/&gt;

Ó ju 90% nínú agbára tí a ti dá sílẹ̀ pamọ́ lọ sí mímú òkun gbóná, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n kékeré gan-an tí ń lọ sí mímú ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́, àti yìnyín gbóná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |title=Earth's energy imbalance |url=https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2016/earths-energy-imbalance/ |website=Climate Lab Book |access-date=16 July 2023 |date=27 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Outgoing radiation with and without Greenhouse effect.svg|thumb|Ìfiwéra ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń gòkè sókè nínú gidi àti nínú àfojúsùn ìrònú kan níbi tí a ti yọ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu kúrò tàbí wọ́n pàdánù agbára wọn láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn—láì yí albedo Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà (ìyẹn ìfarahàn/ìgbàgbọ́ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn). Apá òkè fi ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù Ilẹ̀ Ayé hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe wọn un ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA). Apá (a) fi ipo gidi hàn pẹ̀lú ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=RRTM Earth's Energy Budget |url=http://climatemodels.uchicago.edu/rrtm/index.html |publisher=University of Chicago |access-date=9 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apá (b) fi ipo hàn lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ lẹ́yìn tí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) dá dúró; gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde yóò dé òde ayé; ìtútù yóò pọ̀ ju ìgbóná lọ (láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn), èyí tí yóò fa ìdínkù kíákíá nínú ìwọ̀n ooru. Apá (c) fi ipo ìdúróṣinṣin ìkẹyìn hàn, lẹ́yìn tí ojú ilẹ̀ bá ti tutù tó bẹ́ẹ̀ tí yóò fi ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tó tó láti dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ó ti gba láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot;/&gt;]]

=== Yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru padà ===
Àpẹẹrẹ rọrùn kan máa ń gba pé ipo ìdúróṣinṣin (steady state) wà, ṣùgbọ́n nínú ayé gidi, yíyí ọjọ́ àti òru (diurnal cycle), àti yíyí ọdún (seasonal cycle) pẹ̀lú ìdààmú ojú-ọjọ́ (weather disturbances), máa ń jẹ́ kó nira sí i. Ìgbóná Oòrùn máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ nígbà ọ̀sán nìkan. Ní òru, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù díẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n kì í tutù púpọ̀ nítorí pé ìfaradà ooru (thermal inertia) ti ètò ojú-ọjọ́ ń koju ìyípadà ní ọ̀sán àti òru, àti pẹ̀lú fún àkókò gígùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News |publisher=NASA Earth Observatory |author=Michon Scott |date=24 April 2006 |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru ojoojúmọ́ máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè nínú afẹ́fẹ́.

== Ìpa oṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ==
=== Ìṣùwọ̀n ìdínkù ooru pẹ̀lú gíga ===
Ní apá ìsàlẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́, troposphere, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù (tàbí ‘lapse’) bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí òkè. Ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù ṣe ń yí padà pẹ̀lú gíga ni a ń pè ní lapse rate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Nugent |first1=Alison |last2=DeCou |first2=David |title=ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND PHENOMENA: Chapter 5: Atmospheric Stability |url=http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/atmo/chapter/chapter-5-atmospheric-stability/ |access-date=31 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n nǹkan bí 6.5 °C/km (3.6 °F fún 1000 ft), ní àpapọ̀, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé èyí máa ń yàtọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (temperature lapse) jẹ́ nítorí ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Afẹ́fẹ́ tí Oòrùn ti gbóná láti ojú ilẹ̀ máa ń gòkè sókè. Bí ó ṣe ń gòkè, afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbooro sí i, ó sì máa ń tutù. Ní àkókò kan náà, afẹ́fẹ́ mìíràn máa ń rọ̀ sísàlẹ̀, ó máa ń pọ́n (compress), ó sì máa ń gbóná. Ìlànà yìí ni ó ń dá ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láti ìpele kan sí omiì nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nugent5&quot; /&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (vertical temperature gradient) ṣe pàtàkì fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Tí ìwọ̀n ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga bá jẹ́ òfo (ìyẹn pé ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ kò yàtọ̀ pẹ̀lú gíga, ó sì dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé), nígbà náà kì yóò sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá (ìyẹn pé iye rẹ̀ yóò jẹ́ òfo).&lt;ref name=&quot;ThomasStamnes1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Gary E. |last2=Stamnes |first2=Knut |title=Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-40124-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìwọ̀n ìtújáde ooru àti gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Spectral OLR.png|thumb|Ìtùtù níbi tí ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) ti jáde lè jẹ́ kó ye wa nípa fífi ìfarahàn (intensity) ní wavenumber kan pàtó wé ìfarahàn kúrú (black-body emission curve). Nínú àwòrán yìí, àwọn ìtùtù ìtújáde (emission temperatures) wà láàárín Tmin àti Ts. “Wavenumber” ni ìgbàkànsí (frequency) tí a pín pẹ̀lú iyara ìmọ́lẹ̀ (speed of light).]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fẹrẹẹ̀ má ṣeé kọjá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation). Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i, níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti kéré sí i, omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour) ti dín kù, àti pé ìdínkù ìtànkálẹ̀ ìgbì ìgbàgbọ́ (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn laini ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption lines) máa ń dín àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì tí àwọn molikula gaasi lè gba kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Strong |first1=J. |last2=Plass |first2=G. N. |date=1950 |title=The Effect of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines on Atmospheric Temperature |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950ApJ...112..365S/abstract#:~:text=Pressure%20broadening%20causes%20lines%20in,absorbed%20by%20the%20upper%20layers. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=112 |page=365 |bibcode=1950ApJ...112..365S |doi=10.1086/145352}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Fún gígùn ìgbì kan kọọkan, ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń dé òde ayé ni a ń tú jáde láti ìpele ìtọ́jú kan pàtó nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìfarahàn (intensity) ìtọ́jú tí a ń tú jáde jẹ́ kó da lórí àárín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ tí a fi ìwọ̀n tó yẹ ṣe ìwọ̀n nínú ìpele yẹn. Nítorí náà, fún gígùn ìgbì kọọkan ti ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, ìwọ̀n ìtùtù ìtújáde tó bá a mu (effective emission temperature) wà, tàbí ohun tí a tún ń pè ní ìtùtù ìmọ́lẹ̀ (brightness temperature).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=R. T. |date=January 2011 |title=Infrared radiation and planetary temperature |url=https://geosci.uchicago.edu/~rtp1/papers/PhysTodayRT2011.pdf |website=Physics Today |publisher=American Institute of Physics |pages=33–38}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Gígùn ìgbì ìtọ́jú (radiation) kan pàtó tún lè ní gíga ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission altitude), èyí tí ó jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n gíga tí a ṣe ìdíwọ̀n pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n tó yẹ nínú ìpele ìtọ́jú tí ń tú un jáde.

Ìtùtù ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective emission temperature) àti gíga ìtújáde (altitude) máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí gígùn ìgbì (wavelength) tàbí ìgbàkànsí (frequency) ṣe yàtọ̀. A lè rí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí nípa ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn àwòrán (plots) ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìyàtọ̀ ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect Overview.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHGs) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó pọ̀ ní nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba púpọ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ń tú jáde. Àwọn GHGs nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò pọ̀ ní àwọn gíga tó ga sí i—tí ó tutù sí i nítorí ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù ayíká (environmental lapse rate)—máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde sí òde ayé ní ìwọ̀n tó kéré ju ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.]]
Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde pẹ̀lú gígùn ìgbì tó wà láàárín 4–100 microns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|last=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The &quot;Greenhouse&quot; effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=https://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|access-date=23 March 2008|bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M|citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471|archive-date=15 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615024949/http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) tí ó fẹrẹẹ̀ jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé máa ń gba (absorb) díẹ̀ nínú àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó wà nínú àkókò/àgbègbè yìí ní kíkún ju míì lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell-1989&quot; /&gt;

Afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà nítòsí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kì í jẹ́ kí ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) rìn kọjá rárá dáadáa, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ ìsonù ooru láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìyọ̀ omi (evaporation) àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (convection). Síbẹ̀, ìsonù agbára nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative energy losses) máa ń di pàtàkì sí i bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn gíga afẹ́fẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ nítorí ìdínkù ìpọ̀ omi inú afẹ́fẹ́ (water vapour), tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì.

Dípò kí a máa rò pé ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń lọ sí òde ayé ń wá láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé fúnra rẹ̀, ó dára sí i láti rò pé ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde yìí ń bọ láti ìpele kan nínú aárín troposphere, èyí tí ó ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípasẹ̀ ìwọ̀n ìdínkù ìtùtù pẹ̀lú gíga (lapse rate). Ìyàtọ̀ ìtùtù láàárín àwọn ibi méjì yìí ló ń ṣàlàyé ìyàtọ̀ láàárín ìtọ́jú tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde àti ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń ṣàlàyé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model |publisher=[[Pennsylvania State University]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |last2=Gaudet |first2=Brian |access-date=4 November 2022 |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Tziperman |first1=Eli |title=Global Warming Science |date=2022 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691228808}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun ìdípọ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ==
=== Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ===
Gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gas, GHG) jẹ́ gáàsì kan tí ń kópa nínú ìdènà ìtújáde ooru nípa dídènà ìrìnàjò ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) láti jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ló ń kópa jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) nínú ìṣètò agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth’s energy budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi ===
Àwọn gáàsì tí ó lè gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde ni a ń pè ní àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí infurarẹẹdi (infrared active)&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0470943410 |edition=2 |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì.

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka méjì (bíi carbon monoxide, CO), àti gbogbo àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní àtọ́ka mẹ́ta tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ (pẹ̀lú H₂O àti CO₂), jẹ́ infrared active, wọ́n sì ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. (Ní ìtúmọ̀ ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ, èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé nígbà tí molíkúlù wọ̀nyí bá ń mì (vibrate), ìmì yẹn máa ń yí dipole moment molíkúlù náà padà, ìyẹn ni àìdọ́gba nínú ìpínpin ìná iná (electrical charge). Wo Infrared spectroscopy.)&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì tí molíkúlù wọn ní atomu kan ṣoṣo (bíi argon, Ar) tàbí tí ó ní atomu méjì tí ó jọ ara wọn (bíi nitrogen, N₂, àti oxygen, O₂) kì í ṣe infrared active. Wọ́n jẹ́ kedere fún ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation), àti fún ìdí iṣe, wọn kì í gba tàbí tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn jáde rárá. (Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé molíkúlù wọn jẹ́ aládàáṣe (symmetrical), nítorí náà kò ní dipole moment.) Irú àwọn gáàsì bẹ́ẹ̀ ló jẹ́ ju ìdá 99% nínú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ (dry atmosphere).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìgbàgbọ́ àti ìtújáde ===
[[Fáìlì:Longwave Absorption Coefficients of H2O and CO2.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| Àwọn olùka ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption coefficients) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave) ti oru omi (water vapor) àti carbon dioxide. Fún àwọn gígùn ìgbì tó sún mọ́ 15 microns (15 μm lórí ìwọ̀n òkè), níbi tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ti ń tú ìtọ́jú jáde ní kíkún, CO₂ jẹ́ olùgba ìtọ́jú (absorber) tó lágbára ju oru omi lọ.]] Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) ń gba (absorb) àti ń tú (emit) ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde nínú àwọn àgbègbè gígùn ìgbì kan pàtó (wavelength ranges), tí a ṣètò gẹ́gẹ́ bí laini ìgbàgbọ́ (spectral lines) tàbí ìbáńdà (bands).&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse gases) bá gba ìtọ́jú (radiation), wọ́n máa ń pín agbára tí wọ́n ti gba náà sí afẹ́fẹ́ tó yí wọn ká gẹ́gẹ́ bí agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy), ìyẹn agbára ìrìnàjò (kinetic energy) àwọn molikúlù gáàsì. A máa ń kó agbára láti inú molikúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lọ sí àwọn molikúlù mìíràn nípasẹ̀ ìjàkùkù (collisions) láàárín molikúlù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Ní ìtakora sí ohun tí a máa ń sọ nígbà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kì í “tún tújáde” fọ́tónù (photons) lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n bá ti gba ìtọ́jú náà. Nítorí pé molíkúlù kọ̀ọ̀kan máa ń ní ọ̀pọ̀ bilíọ̀nù ìjàkùkù (collisions) lọ́dọọdún kejì kejì (per second), agbára tí molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá gba nípasẹ̀ gbígba fọ́tónù máa ń tàn kálẹ̀ sí àwọn molíkúlù mìíràn kíákíá ṣáájú kí àǹfààní ìtújáde fọ́tónù tuntun lè wáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

Nínú ìlànà míì, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde, ní ìwọ̀n tí ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe ń ṣàkóso. Agbára gbígbóná (thermal energy) yìí máa ń jẹ́ kí àwọn molíkúlù gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn gba a, tàbí kí ó jáde kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí sì máa ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ tutù sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtọ́jú ===
Ìpa lórí afẹ́fẹ́: Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gbóná nípasẹ̀ ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) — omi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di dígì (condensation) tí ó sì ń tú ooru jáde, ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) tí ń gòkè láti ìsàlẹ̀, àti nípasẹ̀ ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a gba nínú afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; Afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń tutù nípasẹ̀ ìtànkálẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì àti àwọn ìkùukùu ti ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) jáde. Nínú troposphere, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì sábà máa ń ní ipa ìtútù apapọ̀ lórí afẹ́fẹ́, nítorí pé wọ́n máa ń tú ìtọ́jú gbígbóná jáde ju bí wọ́n ṣe ń gba a lọ. Ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì dáadáa, ní àpapọ̀, kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè pa ìtùtù àárín rẹ̀ mọ́ ní ìpele tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ dúró ṣinṣin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free |bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé: Ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) máa ń ṣàn lọ sí òkè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀ mejeeji nítorí ìgbàgbọ́ (absorption) àti ìtújáde (emission) nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ìṣàn agbára tó ń fagilé ara wọn yìí máa ń dín ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kù nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling), ìyẹn ni ìṣàn agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òkè ní àpapọ̀ (net upward radiative energy flow). Gbigbe ooru pẹ̀lú ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat transport) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals) máa ń pèsè ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative surface cooling), èyí tí ó máa ń díẹ̀ dènà ìdínkù yìí, ṣùgbọ́n ṣì wà ìdínkù àpapọ̀ nínú ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, fún ìwọn ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt;

Ìpa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy balance): Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ní ipa lórí ìṣètò agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) nípa dídín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) tí ń jáde sí òde ayé kù, fún ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé kan náà. Nítorí náà, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń yí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní TOA padà. Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé ìtùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbọ́dọ̀ ga sí i (ju ìtùtù tó munadoko pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ, ìyẹn ni ìtùtù tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí òde ayé), kí agbára tí ń jáde sí òde ayé lè dọ́gba pẹ̀lú agbára tí ń wọlé láti ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot; /&gt; Ó ṣe pàtàkì láti dojú kọ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy budget) dípò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, nígbà tí a bá ń ṣàlàyé ipa ìgbóná tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|414}}
[[File:Atmospheric heat flow profile.svg|thumb|upright=2.5|Ìṣàn ooru nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tó ń fi hàn (a) ìṣàn ooru ìtọ́jú (radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè àti àwọn ìṣàn ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sókè àti sí ìsàlẹ̀, (b) ìṣàn ooru tí kì í ṣe ti ìtọ́jú (non-radiative heat flow) tí ń lọ sókè (ooru tí a fi pamọ́ (latent heat) àti ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná (thermals)), (c) ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì láàárín ìgbóná àti ìtútù afẹ́fẹ́ ní gíga kọ̀ọ̀kan, àti (d) àwòrán ìpín ìtùtù afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature profile) rẹ̀.]]

=== Àwọn ìkùukùu àti àwọn aerosol ===
Àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) àti àwọn aerosol (aerosols) ní ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná mejeeji. Ipa ìtútù wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídá ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn padà sí òde ayé, nígbà tí ipa ìgbóná wọn ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú dídènà àti ìpamọ́ ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation).

Ní àpapọ̀, àwọn ìkùukùu (clouds) ní ipa ìtútù àpapọ̀ tó lágbára. Síbẹ̀, ìdàpọ̀ ipa ìtútù àti ipa ìgbóná máa ń yàtọ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí àwọn àbùdá pàtó àwọn ìkùukùu kan ṣe rí, pẹ̀lú irú wọn, gíga tí wọ́n wà, àti àwọn àbùdá opítíkà (optical properties) wọn.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFDLcre&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Radiative Effect |url=https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/cloud-radiative-effect/ |publisher=NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory |access-date=15 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìkùukùu cirrus tó rẹ̀rẹ̀ lè ní ipa ìgbóná àpapọ̀. Àwọn ìkùukùu lè gba (absorb) àti tú (emit) ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation) jáde, nítorí náà wọ́n lè ní ipa lórí àwọn àbùdá ìtọ́jú (radiative properties) afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liou |first=Kuo-Nan |date=1 June 1986 |title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective |journal=Monthly Weather Review |language=EN |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=1167–1199 |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114&lt;1167:IOCCOW&gt;2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1986MWRv..114.1167L |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn aerosol inú afẹ́fẹ́ (atmospheric aerosols) ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé nípa yíyí iye ìtọ́jú ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé àti iye ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ilẹ̀-ayé (terrestrial longwave radiation) tí a ń pa mọ́ nínú ètò Ilẹ̀ Ayé padà. Èyí máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ọ̀pọ̀ ìlànà tó yàtọ̀ sí ara wọn, tí a pín sí ipa aerosol tààrà (direct effects), ipa aerosol àìtààrà (indirect effects),&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Haywood2000-71&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Twomey1977-72&lt;/ref&gt; àti ipa aerosol ààrin tààrà (semi-direct effects). Àwọn ipa aerosol lórí ojú-ọjọ́ ni orísun àìdánilójú tó tóbi jù lọ nínú àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-Particulate_matter_Forster2007-73&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbìmọ̀ Alákóso Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ ní ọdún 2001 pé:&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect#cite_note-74&lt;/ref&gt; “Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé a lè pinnu ìfipa ìtọ́jú (radiative forcing) tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń fa pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú tó dára, àwọn àìdánilójú tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìfipa ìtọ́jú tí àwọn aerosol ń fa ṣì pọ̀ gan-an. Ní ìwọ̀n púpọ̀, wọ́n gbára lé àwọn ìṣírò láti inú àwọn àwòkọ́ṣe àgbáyé (global climate models), tí ó sì ṣòro láti fi ìdánwò tàbí àkíyèsí jẹ́rìí sí ní àkókò yìí.”

== Àwọn fọ́ọ̀mùlà ìpìlẹ̀ ==
=== Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko ===
Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation flux) kan máa ń ní ìwọ̀n ooru ìtọ́jú tó munadoko (effective radiating temperature) tàbí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó bá a mu. Ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ni ìwọ̀n ooru tí black body (ohun kan tí ó lè gba àti tú gbogbo ìtọ́jú jáde ní pípé) yóò nílò láti ní kí ó lè tú iye ìtọ́jú ooru náà jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbta&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Box 2: Solar and Earth Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect (adapted from Mackenzie, 2003) |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/mguidry/Unnamed_Site_2/Chapter%202/Figures/Box%202%20Solar%20and%20Earth%20Radiation%20Greenhouse%20Effect.pdf |website=Myron B. Thompson Academy |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = (\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí OLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn (agbára fún ẹ̀ka àgbègbè kan) ti ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (outgoing longwave radiation) tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé, àti pé &lt;math&gt;\sigma&lt;/math&gt; jẹ́ ìdúróṣinṣin Stefan–Boltzmann (Stefan–Boltzmann constant). Ní irú ọ̀nà kan náà, ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko ti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ni

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = (\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí SLR jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde. (OLR jẹ́ àkótán tí a ti ń lò ní gbogbogbòò. A sì lo SLR níbí láti ṣàpèjúwe ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí àkótán àjọṣe tó gba gbogbo ènìyàn gbọ́ fún un.)&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Àwọn Ìwọ̀n Ìdíwọ̀n Fún Ìpa Ilé-Gíláàsì ===
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect metrics time series.svg|thumb|upright= 1.35|Ìlọsíwájú nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) Ilẹ̀ Ayé láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2022, gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìsọfúnni láti inú satẹ́làítì NASA CERES ṣe fi hàn.]]

IPCC sọ pé ìpa ilé-gíláàsì, G, jẹ́ 159 W m⁻², níbi tí G ti jẹ́ ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru ìgbi gígùn (longwave thermal radiation) tí ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sílẹ̀, kúrò nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde tí ó sì dé òde ayé:&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot; /&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G = \mathrm{SLR} - \mathrm{OLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ní ọ̀nà míì, a lè ṣàpèjúwe ipa ilé-gíláàsì nípasẹ̀ ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect), g̃, tí a ṣàlàyé gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;\tilde g = G/\mathrm{SLR} = 1 - \mathrm{OLR}/\mathrm{SLR}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìpa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ṣe àfíwọ̀n sí (normalized greenhouse effect) ni ìpín nínú gbogbo ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé. Da lórí àwọn iye tí IPCC fún, g̃= 0.40. Ní àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ míì, ìtọ́jú ooru tí ń dé òde ayé kéré ní ìdá 40% ju iye tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis |date=2021 |publisher=IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth's Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|968}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ravram1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Raval |first1=A. |last2=Ramanathan |first2=V. |title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect |journal=Nature |date=1989 |volume=342 |issue=6251 |pages=758–761 |doi=10.1038/342758a0 |bibcode=1989Natur.342..758R |s2cid=4326910 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nígbà míì, a máa ń fi ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru (temperature difference) ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru yìí ní ìbáṣepọ̀ tó sún mọ́ra pẹ̀lú àwọn ìwọ̀n tí a mẹ́nu kàn lókè.

Nígbà tí a bá ṣàfihàn ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, èyí ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (thermal radiation) tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde, kúrò nínú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko tí ó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé:

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = T_\mathrm{surface,eff} - T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} = \left(\mathrm{SLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4} - \left(\mathrm{OLR}/\sigma\right)^{1/4}&lt;/math&gt;

Nínú àwọn ìjíròrò àìlékọ̀ọ́kan lórí ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé ìwọ̀n ooru tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà yóò ní bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì. Síbẹ̀, nínú àwọn ìjíròrò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tó jinlẹ̀, nígbà tí a bá ń fi ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì, a sábà máa ń lo fọ́ọ̀mùlà tó wà lókè. Fọ́ọ̀mùlà náà ń tọ́ka sí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), kì í ṣe ìwọ̀n ooru gidi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó tún ń fi ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé wé òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top of the atmosphere), dípò fífi ayé gidi wé ipò àfojúsùn ìrònú kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Haberle |first1=Robert M. |title=Estimating the power of Mars' greenhouse effect |journal=Icarus |date=2013 |volume=223 |issue=1 |pages=619–620 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2012.12.022|bibcode=2013Icar..223..619H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìyàtọ̀ ìwọ̀n ooru, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;, ń fi hàn bí ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ.

=== Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú ===
[[Fáìlì:Earth Energy Budget with GHE.svg|thumb|upright=1.35| A lè lóye ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìdínkù nínú munadoko ìtútù pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (''planetary cooling''). A máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n ipa ilé-gíláàsì gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìpín nínú ìṣàn ìtọ́jú (''radiation flux'') tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú jáde tí kò dé òde ayé, ìyẹn ni 40% tàbí 159 W/m². Díẹ̀ nínú ìtọ́jú tí a tú jáde máa ń jẹ́ fífi fagilé pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú tí ń bọ sísàlẹ̀ (''downwelling radiation''), nítorí náà kò kó ooru lọ ní tòótọ́. Ìyọ̀ omi (''evaporation'') àti ìkòkò-ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ (''convection'') máa ń san díẹ̀ lára ìdínkù ìtútù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yìí padà. Ìwọ̀n ooru kékeré ní àwọn gíga tó ga nínú afẹ́fẹ́ sì ń fi ààlà sí ìwọ̀n tí ìtọ́jú ooru (''thermal radiation'') lè jáde lọ sí òde ayé.]]
Àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (Earth's top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ni ìwọ̀n tí agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń wọlé fi pọ̀ ju agbára ìtọ́jú tí ń jáde lọ:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = \mathrm{ASR} -\mathrm{OLR}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí ASR ti jẹ́ àárín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú oòrùn tí a ti gba (mean flux of absorbed solar radiation). A lè tú ASR sílẹ̀ sí

:&lt;math&gt;\mathrm{ASR} = (1-A) \,\mathrm{MSI}&lt;/math&gt;

níbi tí &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; ti jẹ́ albedo (ìfarahàn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà, ìyẹn agbára rẹ̀ láti da ìmọ́lẹ̀ padà), àti pé MSI jẹ́ àárín ìwọ̀n agbára ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (mean solar irradiance incoming at the top of the atmosphere).

A lè ṣàfihàn ìwọ̀n ooru ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan gẹ́gẹ́ bí

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{radeq} = (\mathrm{ASR}/\sigma)^{1/4} = \left[(1-A)\,\mathrm{MSI}/\sigma  \right]^{1/4} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ìwọ̀n ooru pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń yí padà lọ sí ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, EEI) ti jẹ́ odo, ìyẹn ni: &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{EEI} = 0&lt;/math&gt;. Nígbà tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan bá wà ní ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò (overall effective temperature) ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà ni a lè fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff} = T_\mathrm{radeq}\;.&lt;/math&gt;

Nítorí náà, èrò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium) ṣe pàtàkì nítorí pé ó ń fi hàn ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń fẹ́ lọ sí ní ìparí.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSPredPlanTemp&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Predicted Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/predictedplanetarytemperatures.html |website=ACS Climate Science Toolkit |publisher=American Chemical Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030348/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html| archive-date=26 March 2023|access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rrtmeeb&quot; /&gt;

Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), ní àfikún sí i, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;, Tí a bá tún mọ ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko (effective temperature), tí a sì mọ iye ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect), nígbà náà a lè mọ àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (mean surface temperature).

Èyí ni ìdí tí ìwọ̀n tí a mọ̀ sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) fi ṣe pàtàkì: ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìwọ̀n díẹ̀ tó ń pinnu àárín ìwọ̀n ooru ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (mean surface temperature).

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì àti Ìwọ̀n Ooru ===
Ní ìpò gbogbogbòò, pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan máa ń sún mọ́ ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium), níbi tí ìwọ̀n ìṣàn agbára tí ń wọlé àti tí ń jáde ti máa ń wà ní ìdọ́gba tó dára. Ní irú ipò bẹ́ẹ̀, ìwọ̀n ooru ìdọ́gba (equilibrium temperature) pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ni a máa ń pinnu pẹ̀lú àárín ìwọ̀n ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ń wọlé (mean solar irradiance) àti albedo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà (ìyẹn iye ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí a ń padà sẹ́yìn sí òde ayé dípò kí a gba a).

Ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń fi hàn bí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe gbóná ju ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò ti pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà lọ. Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó munadoko (effective surface temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt;, jẹ́, nípa lílo ìtumọ̀ tí a ṣàlàyé ti &lt;math&gt;\Delta T_\mathrm{GHE}&lt;/math&gt;,

:&lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff} = T_\mathrm{eff} + \Delta T_\mathrm{GHE} \;.&lt;/math&gt;

Ọ̀kan lè tún ṣàfihàn ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{surface,eff}&lt;/math&gt; àti &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; nípa lílo ''G'' tàbí ''g̃''.

Nítorí náà, ìlànà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó tóbi jù máa ń bá ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tó ga jù mu, bí a bá pa gbogbo ohun mìíràn mọ́ (ìyẹn, àwọn nkan tí ń pinnu &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;), jẹ́ òótọ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀ fúnra rẹ̀.

Ṣàkíyèsí pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì (greenhouse effect) ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru gbogbo pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì náà pẹ̀lú, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì láti sún mọ́ ipò ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ìtọ́jú (radiative equilibrium).&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn Àròsọ Tó Kò Tọ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Earth's Overall Heat Flow.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn (longwave radiation) jáde sínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé. Ìwọ̀n ìṣàn ooru lapapọ (net heat flow) máa ń lọ láti ibi tó gbóná sí ibi tó tutù, ní ìbámu pẹ̀lú òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (''second law of thermodynamics'').&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot; /&gt; (Àwòrán ìṣàn ooru yìí jẹ́ àfihàn tó jọ àwòrán ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí NASA ṣe. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2009.)]]
Àwọn àìníyé àti àròsọ kan sábà máa ń wà nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ àti bí ó ṣe ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ooru pọ̀ sí i.

Àṣìṣe ìrònú tó wọ́pọ̀ ni a máa ń pè ní “àṣìṣe ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀” (surface budget fallacy).&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|413}} Ó wáyé nígbà tí ènìyàn bá rò pé ìpọ̀sí nínú ìfarahan CO₂ lè fa ìgbóná nìkan nípa mímú kí ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (downward thermal radiation) sí ojú Ilẹ̀ pọ̀ sí i, nítorí pé ó ń jẹ́ kí afẹ́fẹ́ di ẹni tó ń tú ìtọ́jú dara sí i. Tí afẹ́fẹ́ ní ìsàlẹ̀ Ilẹ̀ bá ti fẹrẹẹ̀ di aláìlẹ́gbẹ́ fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (opaque) tán, èyí lè dà bíi pé CO₂ kì yóò tún lè fa ìgbóná kankan sí i. Ṣùgbọ́n ó jẹ́ àṣìṣe láti fojú kọ ìṣúná agbára ojú Ilẹ̀ (surface energy budget) dípò ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere energy budget). Kò sí ìyàtọ̀ ohun tí ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ojú Ilẹ̀, ìpọ̀sí nínú CO₂ máa ń dín ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde lọ sí òde ayé (OLR) kù, èyí sì ń fa àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (TOA energy imbalance) tí ó yọrí sí ìgbóná. Àwọn olùwádìí àkọ́kọ́ bíi Callendar (1938)&lt;ref name=Callendar_193804&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callendar |first1=G. S. |title=The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=April 1938 |doi=10.1002/qj.49706427503}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti Plass (1959) dojú kọ ìṣúná ojú Ilẹ̀, ṣùgbọ́n iṣẹ́ Manabe ní ọdún 1960s ṣe àlàyé kedere ìtóbi pàtàkì ìṣúná agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|414}}

Lára àwọn tí kò gba ipa ilé-gíláàsì gbọ́, àṣìṣe ìrònú kan wà pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń rán ooru láti afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó tutù sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé tí ó gbóná, èyí tí yóò jẹ́ ìtakora sí òfin kejì ti ìmò ìtọ́jú ooru (second law of thermodynamics).&lt;ref name=&quot;2ndlawviol&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming Violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Brief Responses to Climate Change Denialism Statements |url=https://www.geol.umd.edu/sgc/elevator/elevator34.html |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=13 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Halpern2010&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Halpern |first1=J. B. |last2=Close |first2=C. M. |last3=Ho-Stuart |first3=C. |last4=Shore |first4=J. D. |last5=Smith |first5=A. P. |last6=Zimmermann |first6=J. |title=Comment on &quot;falsification of the Atmospheric CO2 Greenhouse Effects Within the Frame of Physics&quot; |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics B |date=2010 |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=1309–1332 |doi=10.1142/S021797921005555X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, èrò yìí jẹ́ àìníyé. Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation heat flow) jẹ́ ìṣàn agbára neti (net energy flow) lẹ́yìn tí a ti ka ìtọ́jú tí ń lọ sí ọ̀nà méjèèjì pọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;Modest2021&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Modest |first1=Michael F.|author1-link=Michael F. Modest |title=Radiative Heat Transfer |date=2021 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0323984065 |edition=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìṣàn ìtọ́jú máa ń lọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sí afẹ́fẹ́ àti sí òde ayé,&lt;ref name=&quot;budget&quot; /&gt; gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ṣe ń retí nítorí pé ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná ju afẹ́fẹ́ àti òde ayé lọ. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ń tú ìtọ́jú ooru sí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé sísàlẹ̀, èyí jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìlànà ìgbésẹ̀ ìgbóná ìtọ́jú (radiative heat transfer).&lt;ref name=&quot;Siegel1971&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=R. |last2=Howell |first2=J. R. |title=Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710021465/downloads/19710021465.pdf |publisher=NASA |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtọ́jú sísàlẹ̀ yìí kàn ń dín ìṣàn ìtọ́jú neti tí ń gòkè lọ kù, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń dín ìtútù kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;uaATMO336eeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Earth's Energy Budget II -- Radiation Emitted by the Earth, the Greenhouse Effect, and the Overall Energy Balance |url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring17/atmo336s2/lectures/sec3/energybudget2.html |publisher=University of Arizona, Hydrology &amp; Atmospheric Sciences |access-date=28 May 2023 |date=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àwòṣe Tó Rọrùn ==
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Ìṣàn agbára láàárín òde ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àti ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ṣẹlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú ooru (radiation), níbi tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ti ń gba àti tú ìtọ́jú ooru jáde, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Àwọn data náà wá láti ọdún 2007.]]
Àwọn àwòṣe tó rọrùn ni a sábà máa ń lò láti ṣàtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmòye bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń wáyé àti bí ó ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ìwọ̀n ooru ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé.

=== Àwòṣe Ìpele Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
A lè rí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣẹlẹ̀ nínú àwòṣe tó rọrùn níbi tí a ti kà afẹ́fẹ́ sí bí ìpele kan ṣoṣo tó jọra jakejado, tí ń ṣe ìṣàkóso ìyípadà ìtọ́jú ìtọ́jú (radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àti òde ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-single&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn àwòṣe tí ó díẹ̀ lágbára sí i máa ń fi àwọn ìpele míì kún un, tàbí wọ́n máa ń fi ìṣàn ìgbóná nípasẹ̀ convection sílẹ̀ nínú rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;acs-multi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Multi-Layer Atmosphere Model |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |accessdate=2 October 2022 |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130202305/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/multilayermodel.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpele Ìtújáde Tó Dọ́gba ===
Ìtúpalẹ̀ kan ni pé a lè kà gbogbo ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn tí ń jáde (outgoing longwave radiation) sí bí ẹni pé ó ń jáde láti ìpele kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ìwọ̀n ooru rẹ̀ dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n ooru tó munadoko gbogbogbòò fún ìtújáde pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2017 |title=A mental picture of the greenhouse effect |journal=Theor Appl Climatol |volume=128 |issue=3–4 |pages=679–688 |doi=10.1007/s00704-016-1732-y |s2cid=123923155 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ kan ti pe ìpele yìí ní ìpele ìtújáde tó munadoko (effective radiating level, ERL), wọ́n sì dámọ̀ràn pé bí ìpọ̀sí CO₂ ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ERL gbọ́dọ̀ gòkè sí i kí ìwọ̀n ìpọ̀ CO₂ tó wà lókè ìpele náà lè wà ní ìdọ́gba.&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Radiation Balance of the Earth-Atmosphere System |url=https://www.aos.wisc.edu/~aos121br/radn/radn/sld001.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |publisher=University of Wisconsin |quote=Based on the account in Horel &amp; Geisler (1996) 'Global Environmental Change: An Atmospheric Perspective'}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀nà yìí kéré síi nínú ìpéye rẹ̀ ju bí a ṣe ń ka ìyàtọ̀ ìpele ìtújáde ìtọ́jú gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ìpele tí ìtọ́jú ń jáde lọ (emission altitude variation by wavelength) sí. Síbẹ̀, ó lè wúlò fún ìmúye tó rọrùn nípa bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt; Fún àpẹẹrẹ, a lè lo ó láti ṣàlàyé bí ipa ilé-gíláàsì ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nígbà tí ìpọ̀sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rasmus2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benestad |first1=R. E. |date=2016 |title=What is the best description of the greenhouse effect? |url=https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2016/02/what-is-the-best-description-of-the-greenhouse-effect/ |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=RealClimate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aosuw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tziperman2022&quot; /&gt;

Ìpele ìtújáde tó dọ́gba (equivalent emission altitude) fún Ilẹ̀ Ayé lapapọ̀ ti ń gòkè sí i pẹ̀lú ìtẹ̀sí tó tó 23 m (75 ft) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá, èyí tí a sọ pé ó bá ìgbóná ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé àgbáyé mu tó tó 0.12 °C (0.22 °F) fún gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 1979 sí 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Benestad2017&quot; /&gt;

== Àwọn ipa tó jọmọ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ==
=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dín Kù ===
Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti ṣàkíyèsí pé ní àwọn ìgbà kan, ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (negative greenhouse effect) máa ń wáyé lórí apá kan Ilẹ̀ Antaktíkà.&lt;ref name=&quot;hsch&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Schmithüsen |first1=Holger |last2=Notholt |first2=Justus |last3=König-Langlo |first3=Gert |last4=Lemke |first4=Peter |last5=Jung |first5=Thomas |date=16 December 2015 |title=How increasing {{CO2}} leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=42 |issue=23 |doi=10.1002/2015GL066749 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=131351000 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sejas&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sejas |first1=S.A. |last2=Taylor |first2=P. C. |last3=Cai |first3=M. |date=2018 |title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau |journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci |volume=1 |issue=17 |page=17 |doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y |pmc=7580794 |pmid=33102742|bibcode=2018npCAS...1...17S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ibi tí ìyípadà ìwọ̀n ooru afẹ́fẹ́ (temperature inversion) lagbara, ìyẹn níbi tí afẹ́fẹ́ ti gbóná ju ojú Ilẹ̀ lọ, ó lè ṣeé ṣe kí ipa ilé-gíláàsì yí padà, kí wíwà àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ kí ìtútù ìtọ́jú (radiative cooling) sí òde ayé pọ̀ sí i. Nínú ọ̀ràn yìí, ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń jáde sí òde ayé ju ìwọ̀n ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ojú Ilẹ̀ ń tú jáde lọ. Nítorí náà, iye agbègbè ìpò yìí fún ipa ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ odi.

=== Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tí Kò Ṣeé Dènà (Runaway Greenhouse Effect) ===
Most scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is inevitable in the long term, as the Sun gradually becomes more luminous as it ages, and will spell the end of all life on Earth. As the Sun becomes 10% brighter about one billion years from now, the surface temperature of Earth will reach 47 °C (117 °F) (unless albedo is increased sufficiently), causing the temperature of Earth to rise rapidly and its oceans to boil away until it becomes a greenhouse planet, similar to Venus today.

== Àwọn Ara Òde Ilẹ̀ Ayé Mìíràn ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Àwọn Ara Ọ̀run Mìíràn&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Atmospheres and Planetary Temperatures |url=https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=ACS |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127144936/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/energybalance/planetarytemperatures.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McKay |first1=C. P. |last2=Pollack |first2=J. B. |last3=Courtin |first3=R. |date=6 September 1991 |title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan |url=https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |journal=Science |language=en |volume=253 |issue=5024 |pages=1118–1121 |bibcode=1991Sci...253.1118M |doi=10.1126/science.11538492 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11538492 |s2cid=10384331 |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629174917/https://wray.eas.gatech.edu/physicsplanets2012/Assignments/McKay_etal1991_TitanAntiGreenhouse.pdf |archive-date= 29 June 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasatitan&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Titan | date=2 May 2018 |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/saturn-moons/titan/in-depth/#:~:text=Titan%27s%20atmosphere%20is%20mostly%20nitrogen,accelerated%20in%20Saturn%27s%20magnetic%20field. |access-date=29 May 2023 |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! !!Venus !! Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth) !! Mars !! Titan
|-
| Iwọn otutu oju Ilẹ̀ Ayé, &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{observed}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|735|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|288|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} ||{{convert|215|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|94|K|C F|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;\Delta T}_\mathrm{GHE&lt;/math&gt;|| {{convert|503|K-change}} || {{convert|33|K-change}} || {{convert|6|K-change}} || {{convert|21|K-change}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt;{{convert|12|K-change}} GHE+AGHE
|-
| Ìtẹ̀sí (Pressure) || 92 atm || 1 atm || 0.0063 atm || 1.5 atm
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Pàtàkì (Primary gases) || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.965)&lt;br /&gt; N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.035) || N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.78)&lt;br /&gt; O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.21)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.009) || CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.95)&lt;br /&gt;N (0.03)&lt;br /&gt;Ar (0.02) || N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;(0.95)&lt;br /&gt;CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;(≈0.05)
|-
| Àwọn Gásì Tó Kéré Ní Ìpín (Trace gases) || SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, Ar || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO || H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| Ìwọ̀n Ooru Tó Munadoko Pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì (Planetary Effective Temperature), &lt;math&gt;T_\mathrm{eff}&lt;/math&gt; || {{convert|232|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|255|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || {{convert|209|K|C F|0|abbr=on}} || 73 K tropopause;&lt;br /&gt; 82 K stratopause
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì, &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt;|| {{Val|16000}} W/m{{sup|2}} || 150 W/m{{sup|2}} || 13 W/m{{sup|2}} || 2.8 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 1.9 W/m{{sup|2}} GHE+AGHE
|-
| Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì Tó Dọ́gba (Normalized Greenhouse Effect), &lt;math&gt;\tilde g&lt;/math&gt;|| 0.99|| 0.39 || 0.11 || 0.63 GHE;&lt;br /&gt; 0.42 GHE+AGHE
|}

Nínú Ìṣètò Oòrùn (Solar System), yàtọ̀ sí Ilẹ̀ Ayé, ó kéré tán àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì méjì àti òṣùpá kan tún ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

=== Venus ===
Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì lórí Venus pọ̀ gan-an, ó sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ìdí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ dé tó 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F). Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ kún gan-an, tí ó sì jẹ́ pé nǹkan bí ìdá 97% nínú rẹ̀ ni carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot;/&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé Venus sún mọ́ Oòrùn ní ìwọ̀n tó tó 30% síi, ó ń gba (ó sì ń gbóná láti inú) ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn kéré ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, nítorí pé Venus ń fọ̀hùn padà (reflect) nǹkan bí ìdá 77% ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn tí ó dé e, nígbà tí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń fọ̀hùn padà nǹkan bí ìdá 30%. Bí kò bá sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì rárá, a máa retí pé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Venus yóò jẹ́ 232 K (−41 °C; −42 °F). Nítorí náà, dípò ìrò pé súnmọ́ Oòrùn ni ìdí tí Venus fi gbóná ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ, kóòdà ó jẹ́ òdì kejì ohun tí a lè rò.&lt;ref name=&quot;uwatmos211oct10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 October 2001 |title=ATM S - Climate and Climate Change |url=https://atmos.washington.edu/academics/classes/2001Q4/211/notes_greenhouse.html |access-date=14 June 2023 |publisher=University of Washington}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Venus Fact Sheet |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=5 Weird Facts About Venus |url=https://www.britannica.com/list/5-weird-facts-about-venus#:~:text=Even%20though%20Venus%20is%20much,and%20reradiated%20as%20infrared%20radiation. |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nítorí titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ tó ga, carbon dioxide (CO₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Venus ń fi ìmúra ìgbóná jùlọ (continuum absorption) hàn, ìyẹn ni pé ó ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbi gígùn ní gbogbo àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi, kì í ṣe ní àwọn ìbáṣepọ̀ ìgbà igbi pàtó nìkan bí ó ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

A ti ṣe àbá fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún pé ipa ilé-gíláàsì tó yára ju ìṣàkóso lọ (runaway greenhouse effect) tí ó kan carbon dioxide àti ìrì omi lè ti ṣẹlẹ̀ lórí Venus;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rasool |first1=I. |last2=De Bergh |first2=C. |date=June 1970 |title=The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; in the Venus Atmosphere |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nature |volume=226 |issue=5250 |pages=1037–9 |bibcode=1970Natur.226.1037R |doi=10.1038/2261037a0 |pmid=16057644 |s2cid=4201521 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021110413/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=22 June 2026 |archivedate=21 October 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021110413/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf |deadurl=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; èrò yìí ṣì wà lára àwọn tí a gba lọ́pọ̀ jù lọ títí di òní.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCarthy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Michael Cabbage and Leslie |title=NASA climate modeling suggests Venus may have been habitable |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811030814/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|date=10 August 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Venus ní ìrírí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí kò lè dákẹ́, èyí tí ó yọrí sí afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó kún fún carbon dioxide tó tó ìdá 96%, àti titẹ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tó fẹrẹ̀ dà bí ìtẹ̀sí omi ní ijinlẹ̀ tó tó 900 m (3,000 ft) nínú òkun lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé. Ó ṣeé ṣe kí Venus ti ní òkun omi ní ìgbà kan, ṣùgbọ́n omi yìí yóò ti yọ (boil off) bí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ ṣe ń gòkè dé 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F) tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hashimoto, G. L. |author2=Roos-Serote, M. |author3=Sugita, S. |author4=Gilmore, M. S. |author5=Kamp, L. W. |author6=Carlson, R. W. |author7=Baines, K. H. |date=2008 |title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]] |volume=113 |issue=E9 |pages=E00B24 |bibcode=2008JGRE..113.0B24H |doi=10.1029/2008JE003134 |s2cid=45474562 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=David Shiga |date=10 October 2007 |title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html |archive-date=24 March 2009 |access-date=17 July 2019 |work=New Scientist}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jakosky&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jakosky |first1=Bruce M. |title=The New Solar System |date=1999 |publisher=Sky Publishing |isbn=978-0-933346-86-4 |editor1-last=Beatty |editor1-first=J. Kelly |edition=4th |location=Boston |pages=175–200 |chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets |oclc=39464951 |editor2-last=Petersen |editor2-first=Carolyn Collins |editor3-last=Chaikin |editor3-first=Andrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mars ===
Mars ní nǹkan bí ìdá 70 ìgbà CO₂ ju Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Crisp2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Crisp |first1=D. |date=2012 |title={{CO2}} GREENHOUSE EFFECTS ON VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/climatology2012/pdf/8083.pdf |access-date=28 May 2023 |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì kékeré nìkan, tó tó nǹkan bí 6 K (11 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;ACSplanet&quot; /&gt; Ipa ilé-gíláàsì yìí kéré nítorí àìsí ìrì omi (water vapour) àti bí afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ṣe tinúrinú gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brennan |first1=John |date=2017 |title=Does Mars Have a Greenhouse Effect? |url=https://sciencing.com/mars-greenhouse-effect-1914.html |website=Sciencing}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣírò ìtújáde ìtànràn (radiative transfer) kan náà tí ó ń ṣàlàyé ìgbóná lórí Ilẹ̀ Ayé tún ń ṣàlàyé ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Mars dáadáa, nígbà tí a bá kà àkópọ̀ afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Does the {{CO2}} atmosphere of Mars disprove greenhouse warming? |url=https://metafact.io/factchecks/77-does-the-co2-atmosphere-of-mars-disprove-greenhouse-warming |access-date=28 May 2023 |website=metafact |date=14 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WeartVenus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Weart |first1=Spencer |title=The Discovery of Global Warming: Venus &amp; Mars |url=https://history.aip.org/climate/Venus.htm |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Center for History of Physics |publisher=American Institute of Physics}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haberle2013&quot; /&gt;

=== Titan ===
Oṣù Saturni Titan ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì àti ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi (anti-greenhouse effect) ní àkókò kan náà. Wíwà nitrogen (N₂), methane (CH₄), àti hydrogen (H₂) nínú afẹ́fẹ́ rẹ̀ ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì, èyí tí ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ gòkè sí 21 K (38 °F) ju ìwọ̀n tí a máa retí lọ fún ara yìí tí kò bá ní àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 November 2005 |title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse |url=https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927031140/https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/ |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=Astrobiology Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn gáàsì N₂ àti H₂ kì í sábà gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí ń gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí Titan nítorí ìkọlu tí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ń fa láàárín àwọn patíkù, ìwọ̀n àti ìtóbi afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó pọ̀, àti ìgbi gígùn ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí ń bọ láti ojú Ilẹ̀ tó tutù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Wíwà ìkùukùu tó wà ní gíga, tí ń gba àwọn ìgbi gígùn ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn ṣùgbọ́n tí ó jẹ́ mímọ́ fún ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared), ń kópa nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì odi tó tó nǹkan bí 9 K (16 °F).&lt;ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

Abajade lapapọ ti àwọn ipa méjèèjì yìí jẹ́ ìgbóná tó tó 21 K − 9 K = 12 K (22 °F), nítorí náà ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú Ilẹ̀ Titan tó jẹ́ 94 K (−179 °C; −290 °F) jẹ́ 12 K gbóná ju ohun tí yóò jẹ́ bí kò bá sí afẹ́fẹ́ rárá lọ.ref name=&quot;McKay1991&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;astrobio2005&quot; /&gt;

=== Ìpa ìtẹ̀sí (pressure) ===
A kò lè ṣe àfojúsùn ìwọn ìbátan ipa ilé-gíláàsì lórí àwọn ara ọ̀run (celestial bodies) oríṣìíríṣìí nípa fífi iye àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ wọn wé ara wọn nìkan. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé àwọn ohun mìíràn yàtọ̀ sí iye àwọn gáàsì wọ̀nyí náà ń kópa nínú ṣíṣe àyẹ̀wò ìtóbi ipa ilé-gíláàsì.

Ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ ń ní ipa lórí iye ìtọ́jú ìgbóná tí molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba. Ìtẹ̀sí tó ga ń yọrí sí ìgbàlódé ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption) sí i, nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí kéré sì ń dín un kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;

Èyí jẹ́ nítorí ohun tí a ń pè ní “ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí” (pressure broadening) nínú àwọn ìlà àfihàn ìmọ́lẹ̀ (spectral lines). Nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga, ìkọlù láàárín àwọn molikula máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́pọ̀ síi. Ìkọlù wọ̀nyí ń tú ìbú àwọn ìlà ìmúra (absorption lines) ká, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò síi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot; /&gt;{{rp|226}} 

Molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó wà ní kùtùkùtù ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé ń ní ìkọlù tó tó nǹkan bí bílíọ̀nù méje (7 billion) ní gbogbo ìsẹ́jú ààyá kan. Ìwọ̀n yìí kéré sí i ní àwọn ìpele gíga afẹ́fẹ́, níbi tí ìtẹ̀sí àti ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe kéré sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;eiuatmo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Atmosphere |url=https://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfjps/1400/atmos_struct.html#:~:text=Near%20sea%20level%2C%20an%20atom,is%20about%201%20each%20minute. |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=Eastern Illinois University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Èyí túmọ̀ sí pé àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì lè gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná lórí àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn (wavelengths) tó pọ̀ síi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ ju bí wọ́n ṣe lè ṣe é lọ ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plass1950&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot; /&gt;

Lórí àwọn pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì mìíràn, ìfàsílẹ̀ ìlà ìmúra nítorí ìtẹ̀sí (pressure broadening) túmọ̀ sí pé molikula kọ̀ọ̀kan nínú gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa síi nínú mímú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná di àdúgbò nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ lapapọ̀ bá ga (bíi lórí Venus), ṣùgbọ́n yóò dín ìmúra rẹ̀ kù nígbà tí ìtẹ̀sí afẹ́fẹ́ bá kéré (bíi lórí Mars).&lt;ref name=&quot;Pierrehumbert2011&quot; /&gt;


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==</text>
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    <title>Apejọ Kariaye Asilomar lori Awọn Imọ-ẹrọ Idalọwọsi Ayika</title>
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'''Apejọ Kariaye Asilomar lori Awọn Imọ-ẹrọ Idalọwọsi Ayika''' ni apejọ ti Margaret Leinen ti Ajo Idahun Oju-ọjọ ṣe agbekalẹ rẹ, Michael MacCracken ti Ile-ẹkọ Ayika si ṣe alaga rẹ. Apejọ naa waye ni Oṣu Kẹta ọdun 2010 ati awọn iṣeduro ni a tẹjade ni Oṣu kọkanla ọdun 2010. Ero naa ni lati ṣe idanimọ ati dinku awọn ewu ti o wa pẹlu imọ-ẹrọ oju-ọjọ (geoengineering, tabi intervention afefe), ati pe o da lori Apejọ Asilomar ti ọdun 1975 lori Atunṣe DNA eyiti o jiroro awọn eewu bio ati ilana ti imọ-ẹrọ bio. Ẹgbẹ kan ti o ju àádọ́jọ awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ati awọn onimọ-ẹrọ pejọ pọ pẹlu awọn agbẹjọro, awọn onimọ-jinlẹ ayika ati awọn oṣiṣẹ iranlọwọ ajalu ni ipade gbangba lati yago fun awọn ẹsun ti dìtẹ̀ lakoko ijiroro yii.  Apejọ Asilomar ṣe idojukọ ni iyasọtọ lori idagbasoke awọn itọsọna idinku eewu fun awọn adanwo idasi oju-ọjọ. 

== Àwọn góńgó ìpàdé náà ==

* Ṣe idanimọ awọn ewu ti o ṣeeṣe ti o ni nkan ṣe pẹlu awọn idanwo ilowosi oju-ọjọ
* Ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ètò kan láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò ìṣètò ìdánwò fún àwọn ewu ìṣọ̀kan tó lè wáyé  kí o sì dámọ̀ràn àwọn ìlànà láti rí i dájú pé wọ́n ní ààbò láti hùwà wọn
* Ṣe agbekalẹ awọn iṣedede atinuwa fun iwadii idasi oju-ọjọ fun agbegbe imọ-jinlẹ kariaye 

== Àwọn Ìdámọ̀ràn ==

* Ìdí pàtàkì fún ṣíṣe ìwádìí nípa ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ojúọjọ́ ni láti mú àlàáfíà àwùjọ àti àyíká pọ̀ sí i;
* A gbero ati ṣe eto iwadii imọ-ẹrọ oju-ọjọ ni kariaye;
* Abojuto ijọba ti o yẹ, ikopa gbogbogbo, ati ṣiṣe ipinnu waye lakoko igbero ati ṣiṣe awọn iṣẹ ti a gbero;
* Ìfihàn àti pàṣípààrọ̀ àwọn ètò ìwádìí, dátà, àti àwọn àwárí dín àìní fún àwọn àdánwò tí ó lè ba àyíká jẹ́ kù, kí ó sì mú kí ẹ̀kọ́ láti inú àwọn àdánwò tí a ṣe pọ̀ sí i; àti
* A ṣe àyẹ̀wò déédéé àti ìṣàyẹ̀wò òmìnira nípa bí òye àti àìdánilójú ṣe tó láti fún gbogbo ènìyàn àti àwọn olùṣètò òfin ní ìwífún àti ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé tó dára jùlọ 

== Egbe oludari ==

* Michael C. MacCracken (alága), [http://climate.org/michael-maccracken Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Afẹ́fẹ́] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701173838/https://climate.org/michael-maccracken/ |date=2023-07-01 }}, USA
* Scott Barren, [[Yunifásítì Kòlúmbíà|Yunifásítì Columbia]], USA
* Roger Barry, Ile-iṣẹ Data Agbaye fun Glaciology ati Yunifasiti ti Colorado, AMẸRIKA
* [[Paul J. Crutzen|Paul Crutzen]] (ọmọ ẹgbẹ́ tó bá a mu), Max Planck Institute, Germany, àti Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA
* Steven Hamburg, Olórí Onímọ̀ Sáyẹ́ǹsì, Àjọ Ìdáàbòbò Àyíká, USA
* Richard Lampitt, Ile-iṣẹ Aworan Okun Orilẹ-ede ati Yunifasiti ti Southampton, UK
* Diana Liverman, Yunifásítì Arizona, Amẹ́ríkà, àti [[Yunifásítì ìlú Oxford|Yunifásítì Oxford]], UK
* Thomas Lovejoy, H. John Heinz III Ile-iṣẹ fun Imọ-jinlẹ, Eto-ọrọ-aje ati Ayika, USA
* Gordon McBean, Yunifásítì ti Ìwọ̀-Oòrùn Ontario, Kánádà
* John Shepherd, Ile-iṣẹ Aworan Okun Orilẹ-ede, Yunifasiti ti Southampton, ati Ile-iṣẹ Tyndall fun Iwadi Iyipada Oju-ọjọ, UK
* Stephen Seidel, Ile-iṣẹ Pew lori Iyipada Oju-ọjọ Agbaye, USA
* Richard Somerville, Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Scripps ti Ìwádìí Òkun, Yunifásítì California, San Diego, USA
* Tom ML Wigley, Yunifásítì Adelaide, Australia 

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Kíkà síwájú síi ==

* {{Cite journal|last1=Kintisch|first1=E.|title='Asilomar 2' Takes Small Steps Toward Rules for Geoengineering|doi=10.1126/science.328.5974.22|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=328|issue=5974|pages=22–23|year=2010|pmid=20360071}}
* {{Cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Alexis|title=Climate Hackers Want to Write Their Own Rules|journal=Wired}}
*  

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121016101517/http://climateresponsefund.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=137&amp;Itemid=81 Apejọ Kariaye Asilomar lori Awọn Imọ-ẹrọ Idalọwọsi Ayika, 2010], Owo Idahun Ayika
* [http://climateresponsefund.org/images/Conference/finalfinalreport.pdf Àwọn Ìdámọ̀ràn Àpérò Asilomar lórí Àwọn Ìlànà fún Ìwádìí sí Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ Afẹ́fẹ́. Ìròyìn Àpérò]</text>
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    <title>Igba otutu ti 1990–91 ni Iwoorun Yuroopu</title>
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      <text bytes="14502" sha1="2s07xuid1lk9cmj5vovmz3g2kzl5vg2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; {{Infobox winter season|name=Winter of 1990–1991 in Western Europe|image=Snow in Ware, Hertfordshire, February 1991.jpg|caption=Snow in Ware, Hertfordshire, February 1991|first event started=December 1990|last event concluded=February 1991|damage=|fatalities=At least 42}}

Ìgbà '''òtútù ọdún 1990–91''' Ìgbà òtútù ni òtútù ní Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Yúróòpù, tí a mọ̀ ní pàtàkì fún ipa rẹ̀ lórí Ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì, àti fún ìṣàn yìnyín líle méjì tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990 àti oṣù Kejì ọdún 1991. Àkókò afẹ́fẹ́ líle àti òjò líle tí ó fa ìbàjẹ́ káàkiri ni ó wà láàárín wọn. Ìgbà òtútù ni òtútù jùlọ láti oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1987, a kò sì rí ìṣàn yìnyín tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ apá ní Ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì mọ́ títí di ìgbà tí yìnyín náà rọ̀ ní oṣù Kejì ọdún 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;http1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7864395.stm|title=UK &amp;#124; Heavy snow hits much of Britain|publisher=BBC|work=BBC News|date=2 February 2009|access-date=25 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990 ==
Òjò yìnyín tó rọ̀ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990 fa ìdàrúdàpọ̀ ní àwọn apá pàtàkì ní United Kingdom, bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé wọ́n tún ròyìn òjò yìnyín tó rọ̀ ní gbogbo apá ìwọ̀ oòrùn Yúróòpù. &lt;ref name=&quot;http2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/10/world/heavy-snow-snarls-much-of-west-europe.html|title=Heavy Snow Snarls Much of West Europe|work=New York Times|date=10 December 1990|access-date=25 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní United Kingdom, yìnyín bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í rọ̀ lórí Midlands, Wales àti Pennines ní alẹ́ ọjọ́ keje sí ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990, ó sì ń bá a lọ fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọjọ́ kejì. Ìwọ̀n yìnyín náà wúwo gan-an, ní nǹkan bí 6 centimeters (2.4 in) wákàtí kan, nítorí náà ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ni a bo láàrín ìdajì wákàtí tí yìnyín náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í rọ̀. Pẹ̀lú èyí ni afẹ́fẹ́ líle tí ó dé agbára ìjì ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè tí ó yọrí sí ipò òjò yìnyín. Ọ̀pọ̀ apá Midlands ròyìn pé ó kéré tán 20 centimeters (7.9 in) ti yìnyín nígbà tí jíjìn rẹ̀ dé 60 centimeters (24 in) ní agbègbè Derby. Ní àwọn òkè Welsh, ìṣàn omi tó tó mítà mẹ́rin (13 ft) wà. Yìnyín rọ̀ ní Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Yúróòpù ní ọjọ́ kejì, ọjọ́ kẹsàn-án oṣù Kejìlá.&lt;ref name=&quot;http4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=g_YVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=6497,3902250&amp;dq=snow&amp;hl=en|title=Snow blusters through Britain, western Europe|work=Morning Star|date=10 December 1990|access-date=25 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fáìlì:Wildcroft_Road_in_snow,1990_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1073452.jpg|left|thumb|Yìnyín ní Canley, Coventry ní ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990.]]
Ọkọ̀ ojú irin ti da wahala gidigidi pẹlu ọpọlọpọ eniyan ti o wa ninu ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ wọn ati gbogbo iṣẹ ọkọ oju irin ni Midlands ti fagile, nigba ti awọn ọna ati awọn papa ọkọ ofurufu ni awọn ibomiiran ni iwọ-oorun Yuroopu ti pa. &lt;ref name=&quot;http2&quot;/&gt; Ní àríwá Spain, àwọn aláṣẹ ìrìnnà ọkọ̀ ti fipá mú wọn láti ti àwọn òkè ńláńlá pa nítorí yìnyín líle koko, nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ọkọ̀ ojú irin ní Tessin, gúúsù Switzerland náà ti dí wọn lọ́wọ́ gidigidi. &lt;ref name=&quot;http2&quot; /&gt; Ní ilẹ̀ Faransé, wọ́n dí ọ̀nà pàtàkì tó wà láàárín Lyon àti Grenoble, wọ́n sì tún ní láti yí ọ̀nà ọkọ̀ padà, nígbà tí ọ̀nà abẹ́lẹ̀ Mont Blanc tó so Faransé àti Ítálì pọ̀ mọ́ àwọn òkè Alps náà kò ṣeé wọ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;http3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/11/world/12-dead-and-9-missing-as-europe-digs-out-after-a-heavy-snowfall.html|title=12 Dead and 9 Missing as Europe Digs Out After a Heavy Snowfall|work=New York Times|date=11 December 1990|access-date=25 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọ̀nà ní àwọn apá kan ní East Tyrol ti Austria àti ìwọ̀ oòrùn Carinthia ni wọ́n ti pa nítorí ìbẹ̀rù òjò dídì. Òjò dídì tún rọ̀ ní Italy níbi tí Turin ti rí òjò dídì àkọ́kọ́ ṣáájú Kérésìmesì láti ọdún 1964. &lt;ref name=&quot;http3&quot; /&gt; Ni akoko kanna pupọ ni gusu Yuroopu ni iriri afẹfẹ giga ati ojo lile, &lt;ref name=&quot;http3&quot; /&gt;pẹ̀lú àwọn iṣẹ́ ọkọ̀ ojú omi tí wọ́n dá dúró ní Venice lẹ́yìn ìkún omi. &lt;ref name=&quot;http5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hPYVAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4056,4218657&amp;dq=snow&amp;hl=en|title=Snow plagues continent|work=Morning Star|date=11 December 1990|access-date=25 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Oju ojo lile naa mu ki awọn laini ina mọnamọna dinku ni gbogbo England ti o yori si pipadanu ina mọnamọna ni ọpọlọpọ awọn agbegbe. Agbara ina tun da duro ni awọn apakan France. &lt;ref name=&quot;http2&quot;/&gt; Ni UK, nnkan bi eniyan 650,000 ni ko ni ina mọnamọna, ati nnkan bi milionu 1.2 laisi omi fun ọpọlọpọ ọjọ. Wọn pe ọmọ-ogun lati ṣe iranlọwọ lati mu awọn ipese ina mọnamọna pada si awọn agbegbe ita. &lt;ref name=&quot;http4&quot;/&gt; Ni afikun, awọn ipo oju ojo ti ko dara ni ipa odi lori eto-ọrọ aje pẹlu awọn gbigbe ni awọn ile itaja ni ohun ti o jẹ ọjọ Satide kẹta ṣaaju [[Christmas|Keresimesi]] ti o kere pupọ ju deede lọ.
[[Fáìlì:Children_tobogganing_in_Manor_Kilbride,_Co_Wicklow_03.jpg|thumb|Àwọn ọmọdé tí wọ́n ń tà oúnjẹ ní Manor Kilbride, Co Wicklow, Ireland ní ìgbà òtútù ọdún 1990]]
Oju ojo lile naa yori si iku eniyan mẹwa ni UK. Awon meta ku ninu ijamba opopona ni Northern Ireland ti afẹfẹ agbara kọlu. &lt;ref name=&quot;http2&quot;/&gt; Ní Austria, yìnyín tó wà ní ojú ọ̀nà Inntal ló fa ìdìpọ̀ ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ mọ́kànlélógún kan ní ojú ọ̀nà Inntal tó pa ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn lára. &lt;ref name=&quot;http3&quot;/&gt;

Pupọ julọ yìnyín naa ti lọ laarin ọjọ mẹrin, ṣugbọn awọn ipa rẹ ni a ri fun ọpọlọpọ ọjọ lẹhin naa. Pupọ julọ ti iyoku Oṣu Kejìlá ko ni idamu, ati pe awọn iji lile kọlu UK ni akoko Keresimesi ati Ọdun Tuntun. Afẹfẹ giga ati ojo lile ni Ọjọ Keresimesi fa idamu ati idinku ina ni awọn apakan diẹ ninu UK, lakoko ti UK ati Ireland ni awọn afẹfẹ lile ni ọjọ 5 ati 6 Oṣu Kini ọdun 1991. Afẹfẹ ti o to {{Convert|70|mph}} wó igi àti àwọn okùn iná mànàmáná lulẹ̀ tí ó sì mú kí ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ilé dúdú ní gbogbo Ireland àti gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn England, èyí tí ó yọrí sí ikú ènìyàn 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;http12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gales claim 30 more lives across Britain and ireland|publisher=Cowles Publishing Company|work=Spokane Chronicle|date=7 January 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn tí ó kú ní àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ ọkọ̀ ojú omi 11 tí wọ́n sọnù nínú ọkọ̀ ojú omi oníṣòwò méjì, tọkọtaya kan tí wọ́n ń rìn ní etíkun nítòsí Brighton àti ènìyàn 13 tí wọ́n kú ní Ireland nítorí àwọn igi tí wọ́n wó lulẹ̀ àti àwọn ìjàǹbá mìíràn. &lt;ref name=&quot;http13&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gales kill 30 in Britain, Ireland|work=The Free Lance Star|date=7 January 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; Méje lára àwọn ikú ará Ireland ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí igi kan já lu ọkọ̀ minibus kan.

== Oṣù Kejì ọdún 1991 ==
[[Fáìlì:It_did_used_to_snow_in_Darfield._-_geograph.org.uk_-_529728.jpg|right|thumb|Àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ń gùn ún ní gẹ̀rẹ́gẹ̀rẹ́ ní Darfield, South Yorkshire, ní oṣù kejì ọdún 1991.]]
Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìnyín kejì ní ìgbà òtútù wáyé ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ oṣù kejì ọdún 1991, ó sì mú ojú ọjọ́ tó tutù jùlọ wá láti oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1987. Láìdàbí ìjì tó ti kọjá, ó kọlu ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilẹ̀ Yúróòpù, ó dì àwọn odò àti adágún, àti àwọn odò Venice tí ó dìdì fún ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ láti ọdún 1985. &lt;ref name=&quot;http6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qboTAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4853,1925765&amp;dq=snow&amp;hl=en|title=Europe hit by bad winter|work=New Straits Times Malaysia|date=8 February 1991|access-date=25 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ní ilẹ̀ Faransé, French Riviera ní ìrírí yìnyín tó wúwo jùlọ fún ọdún márùn-ún, èyí sì yọrí sí ìdàrúdàpọ̀ ọkọ̀ - ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn awakọ̀ ló dìdì ní ojú ọ̀nà etíkun láàárín Nice àti Antibes, &lt;ref name=&quot;http7&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Zk8QAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4092,4049515&amp;dq=snow&amp;hl=en|title=Snow blankets the Riviera|work=Ellensburg Daily Record|date=7 February 1991|access-date=25 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí àwọn ènìyàn méjì kú níbòmíràn lẹ́yìn tí wọ́n fara hàn sí ojú ọjọ́ òtútù, &lt;ref name=&quot;http6&quot; /&gt; àti ìdíje ẹṣin ní ibi ìsinmi [[Òkun Mẹditéránì|Mẹditaréníà]] ti Cagnes-sur-Mer ni a fagilé nítorí yìnyín tó ń rọ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;http6&quot; /&gt; Gúúsù [[Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì|Soviet Union]] tí ó sábà máa ń ní ìrírí òtútù díẹ̀ rí i pé otútù ti lọ sílẹ̀ sí {{Convert|−10|C}}, &lt;ref name=&quot;http6&quot; /&gt; nígbà tí Spitsbergen ní Norway gbádùn ojú ọjọ́ tí kò ní àsìkò tó dára. &lt;ref name=&quot;http6&quot; /&gt;

Ní United Kingdom, afẹ́fẹ́ òtútù láti ìlà-oòrùn ló mú kí yìnyín náà wọlé. Ní àkọ́kọ́, ó pọ̀ jù ní àwọn agbègbè ìlà-oòrùn England, bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ó tàn kálẹ̀ kíákíá. Nígbà tí ó fi máa di alẹ́ ọjọ́ kẹfà oṣù kejì, ọ̀pọ̀ apá ilẹ̀ England àti Wales ti ń rí òjò yìnyín, nígbà tí ó fi máa di òwúrọ̀ ọjọ́ kejì, ọ̀pọ̀ àgbègbè jí sí òjò yìnyín tó bò. Pẹ̀lú èyí, òjò yìnyín líle kan dé pẹ̀lú òtútù tó kéré sí òdo, àti òjò yìnyín tó ń rọ̀ tí ó ń rọ̀ jálẹ̀ ọjọ́ náà. Òtútù náà kéré sí {{Convert|-11.7|C}} kò sì kọjá {{Convert|-5|C}} ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè. Jíjìn yìnyín ju {{Convert|10|cm}} kọjá ilẹ̀ Gẹ̀ẹ́sì, afẹ́fẹ́ ìlà-oòrùn sì ń fẹ́ lọ sí apá òkè. Ní ilẹ̀ gíga, ó ga tó {{Convert|30|cm}} . Àwọn abúlé ní Exmoor ni a gé kúrò nípasẹ̀ àwọn ìṣàn omi tí ó súnmọ́ {{Convert|2|m}} . &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)&quot;&gt;ìtọ́kasí tí a nílò&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Lẹ́ẹ̀kan sí i, yìnyín náà mú ìdàrúdàpọ̀ ìrìn àjò wá sí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè náà, pàápàá jùlọ sí àwọn ọkọ̀ ojú irin, pẹ̀lú British Rail tí ó ń ṣe àwáwí tí ó lókìkí báyìí pé ìdádúró líle koko sí iṣẹ́ ni irú yìnyín tí kò tọ́ ń fà . &lt;ref name=&quot;http8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/topics/weather/4434770/Snow-Britain-Wrong-kind-of-snow-strikes-again.html|archivedate=14 January 2013|title=Snow Britain: Wrong kind of snow strikes again|work=Daily Telegraph|date=2 February 2009|access-date=26 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n fipá mú kí pápákọ̀ òfurufú Heathrow fagilé àwọn ọkọ̀ òfurufú, nígbà tí wọ́n ti pa Birmingham àti Gatwick . &lt;ref name=&quot;http10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2009/02/02/30130/timeline-how-snow-has-hit-uk-flights-1991-2009.html|title=Timeline: How snow has hit UK flights, 1991 – 2009|work=Travel Weekly|date=2 February 2009|access-date=26 November 2009|archivedate=5 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205134410/http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/Articles/2009/02/02/30130/timeline-how-snow-has-hit-uk-flights-1991-2009.html|deadurl=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n fi ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ sílẹ̀ bí àwọn ọ̀nà àti ọ̀nà afẹ́fẹ́ ṣe di èyí tí kò ṣeé kọjá, àti àwọn odò, adágún àti apá kan ti Bristol Channel dì.

Nígbà tí ó fi di ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù kejì, ipò nǹkan ti burú sí i, pẹ̀lú ìjìnlẹ̀ yìnyín tó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó 20 centimeters (7.9 in) ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè. Àwọn apá kan ní Yorkshire gba ìforúkọsílẹ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;http9&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article5633815.ece|title=Snow storms will be most widespread in 18 years, Met Office warns|work=Times Online|date=1 February 2009|access-date=26 November 2009}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bingley ní West Yorkshire ní 47 centimeters (19 in) àti Pencelli ní Powys ní 35 centimeters (14 in). Lẹ́yìn tí ooru ti lọ sílẹ̀ sí −10 °C (14 °F) ní alẹ́ ọjọ́ 8–9 oṣù Kejì, ipò ojú ọjọ́ ti dínkù díẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kejì, wọ́n sì tẹ̀síwájú láti ṣe bẹ́ẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ 10 oṣù Kejì. Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, ooru òru kò pọ̀, yìnyín tuntun sì rọ̀ ní ọjọ́ 12 oṣù Kejì. Lẹ́yìn tí ìfúnpá gíga yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í tàn káàkiri UK, láìka àwọn òtútù òru sí i, ìtútù díẹ̀ bẹ̀rẹ̀. Ní ọjọ́ 20 oṣù Kejì, ètò Atlantic dé, ó mú afẹ́fẹ́ díẹ̀ láti gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn àti òjò pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí ó mú kí ìtútù náà pọ̀ sí i, tí ó sì jẹ́ kí ooru náà padà sí iye méjì.

== Wo tun ==

* Igba otutu ti 1946–47 ni United Kingdom
* Igba otutu ti 1962–1963 ni United Kingdom
* Oṣù Kejì ọdún 2009 Ìrọ̀lẹ́ yìnyín ní Àwọn Erékùṣù Gẹ̀ẹ́sì
* Igba otutu ti 2009–10 ni Yuroopu
* Oju ojo ti ọdun 2009

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |last2=Möller |first2=V. |last3=van Diemenn |first3=R. |last4=Fuglesvedt |first4=J.R. |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first1=Valérie |editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte |pages=2215–2256 |chapter=Annex VII: Glossary |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |display-authors=etal |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai |editor-last3=Pirani |editor-first3=Anna |editor-last4=Connors |editor-first4=Sarah L. |editor-last5=Péan |editor-first5=Clotilde |display-editors=etal |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot; /&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Treut-2007&quot;&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |journal=Journal Earth System Science Data |date=2025 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=2641–2680 |doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F |doi-access=free |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. |url=http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |website=sequestration.org |publisher=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |quote= |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=2010-10-01 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |quote=The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently over two-and-a-half times greater than its pre-industrial levels}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels),&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell-2021&quot;&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|687}}  Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Energy Agency-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |quote=Carbon dioxide's lifetime cannot be represented with a single value because the gas is not destroyed over time, but instead moves among different parts of the ocean–atmosphere–land system. Some of the excess carbon dioxide is absorbed quickly (for example, by the ocean surface), but some will remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, due in part to the very slow process by which carbon is transferred to ocean sediments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases |website=EPA.gov |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Smith |first2=Chris |last3=Walsh |first3=Tristram |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Lamboll |first5=Robin |last6=Hall |first6=Bradley |last7=Hauser |first7=Mathias |last8=Ribes |first8=Aurélien |last9=Rosen |first9=Debbie |last10=Gillett |first10=Nathan P. |last11=Palmer |first11=Matthew D. |last12=Rogelj |first12=Joeri |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Trewin |first14=Blair |last15=Allen |first15=Myles |date=2024-06-05 |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àbùdá àti Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣiṣẹ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Atmospheric Transmission.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n máa ń gba a wọlé, wọ́n sì tún máa ń tú ú jáde ní àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn kan náà tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, àwọn ìkùukùu, àti afẹ́fẹ́ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2233}}

Nǹkan bí ìdá 99% afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ Ilẹ̀ Ayé (láìka ìrì omi sí) ni nitrogen (N₂) (78%) àti oxygen (O₂) (21%) ṣe. Nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu méjì ti èròjà kan náà, kò sí àìdọ́gba nínú bí agbára iná inú wọn (electrical charges) ṣe pín ká,&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot; /&gt; nítorí náà ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared thermal radiation) kò ní ipa kankan lórí wọn fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rárá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Peng-Sheng |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yin-Chih |last3=Chiu |first3=Hsuan-Han |last4=Yen |first4=Da-Lun |last5=Lee |first5=Chieh |last6=Tsai |first6=Yi-Cheng |last7=Ting |first7=Te-Chuan |date=6 October 2018 |title=Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer |journal=[[Heliyon]] |volume=4 |issue=10 |article-number=e00785 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785 |doi-access=free |pmid=30302408 |pmc=6174548 |bibcode=2018Heliy...400785W |issn = 2405-8440 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúra kékeré gan-an péré ló ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ohun tí a mọ̀ sí collision-induced absorption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |s2cid=128823108 |issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Which Gases Are Greenhouse Gases? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/whichgases.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |publisher=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=128823108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nǹkan bí ìdá 0.9% míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ náà jẹ́ argon (Ar), èyí tí ó jẹ́ molikula atomu kan ṣoṣo (monatomic), nítorí náà ó jẹ́ mímọ́ pátápátá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, carbon dioxide (0.04%), methane, nitrous oxide àti àwọn gáàsì míì tí iye wọn kéré gan-an jọ ṣe kere ju ìdá 0.1% afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ. Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu ti àwọn èròjà oríṣìíríṣìí, àìdọ́gba kan wà nínú bí agbára iná wọn ṣe pín ká. Àìdọ́gba yìí ń jẹ́ kí ìrìnkèrindò molikula (molecular vibrations) lè bá àwọn ìgbì amúnáwòrán (electromagnetic radiation) ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀. Èyí ló mú kí wọ́n lè gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi, ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n jẹ́ infrared active, àti pé wíwà wọn nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-94341-0 |edition=2 |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ipá Mú-Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú Yí Padà (Radiative Forcing) ===
[[Fáìlì:1750- Radiative forcing - greenhouse gases and aerosols.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hansen àti àwọn alábàáṣiṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (2025) kọ̀wé pé IPCC ti dín ìwọ̀n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń ní kù nínú àwọn ìṣírò rẹ̀, èyí tí ó sì mú kí wọ́n tún dín ìwọ̀n climate sensitivity (bí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe ń fèsì sí ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì) kù.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203/&gt; Nínú ohun tí Hansen pè ní “àdéhùn Faustian” (Faustian bargain), ìṣàkóso àti ìdínkù aerosols mú kí ààyè afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ sí i, ṣùgbọ́n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń pèsè kò tún tó láti dín ipa ìgbóná tó ń pọ̀ sí i láti ọwọ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kù. Èyí ló ṣàlàyé ìdí tí ìgbóná ayé fi ga ju bí a ṣe retí lọ ní ọdún 2023 sí 2024.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=James E. |last2=Kharecha |first2=Pushker |last3=Sato |first3=Makiko |last4=Tselioudis |first4=George |last5=Kelly |first5=Joseph |last6=Bauer |first6=Susanne E. |last7=Ruedy |first7=Reto |last8=Jeong |first8=Eunbi |last9=Jin |first9=Quijian |last10=Rignot |first10=Eric |last11=Velicogna |first11=Isabella |last12=Schoeberl |first12=Mark R. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Amponsem |first14=Joshua |last15=Cao |first15=Junji |last16=Keskinen |first16=Anton |last17=Li |first17=Jing |last18=Pokela |first18=Anni |display-authors=4 |title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed? |journal=Environment |date=3 February 2025 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=6–44 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|bibcode=2025ESPSD..67....6H |doi-access=free }} Figure 3.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse gas absorption coefficients.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Àwọn kọ́ẹ́fíṣẹ́ntì ìmúra ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi-ìgbi-gígùn (longwave-infrared absorption coefficients) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì. Ìrì omi (water vapour) máa ń gba ìtọ́jú lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò. Ilẹ̀ Ayé sì máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) jáde ní agbára púpọ̀ ní pàtàkì ní àgbègbè ìmúra carbon dioxide (CO₂) tó wà ní ìwọ̀n igbi 15 micrometre (15 µm). Ìpàtàkì ìrì omi nínú ìmúra ìtọ́jú máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó ga sí i.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba apá kan nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiant energy) tí ó ń gba láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ó máa ń da apá kan padà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀, ó sì máa ń da tàbí tú ìyókù rẹ̀ padà sí òde ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ooru. Ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan dá lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó wà láàárín agbára tó ń wọlé àti agbára tó ń jáde. Nígbà tí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé bá yí padà, ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ máa ń gbóná sí i tàbí tutù sí i, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí oríṣìíríṣìí àyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa ggas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827230238/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Radiative forcing jẹ́ ìwọ̀n kan tí a ń ṣe ní watts fún mètà onígun (W/m²), tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe ipa tí àyípadà kan láti òde ní lórí ohun kan tó ń ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) tí àyípadà òde bẹ́ẹ̀ fa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀. Radiative forcing rere (positive forcing), bíi èyí tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá pọ̀ sí i, túmọ̀ sí pé agbára tó ń wọlé pọ̀ ju agbára tó ń jáde lọ ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń fa ìgbóná àfikún. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, radiative forcing odi (negative forcing), bíi èyí tí sulfate tí sulfur dioxide dá sílẹ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa, máa ń yọrí sí ìtútù.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2245}}&lt;ref name=&quot;epa cforce&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Climate Forcing |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827223551/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_climate-forcing-2016.pdf] &lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ (lower atmosphere), àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pàṣípààrọ̀ ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, wọ́n sì ń dín ìṣàn ooru tí ń lọ kúrò lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kù. Èyí ń dín ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ ìgbéga ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (upward radiative heat transfer) kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=J. M. |last2=Hobbs |first2=P. V. |title=Atmospheric Science |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-732951-2 |edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tún ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ òkè (upper atmosphere) tutù sí i. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ òkè rọrùn gan-an ju afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ lọ, àti pé ooru tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá tún tú jáde níbẹ̀ máa ń ní àǹfààní púpọ̀ sí i láti tẹ̀síwájú lọ sí òde ayé ju láti bá àwọn molikula gáàsì díẹ̀ tí ó wà ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àbájáde, afẹ́fẹ́ òkè náà ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|413}}

== Àfikún Gáàsì Kọọkan sí Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì ==
Àwọn ìyípadà tí ènìyàn ń fa sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá ni a máa ń pè ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2223}}

Àtòjọ yìí fi hàn àwọn ìpín pàtàkì jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀, láìsí èyí tí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àtòjọ náà tún mẹ́nuba ozone tó wà nínú troposphere, nítorí pé gáàsì yìí ní ipa ìtútù nínú stratosphere, ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ìgbóná nínú troposphere tí ó jọ ti nitrous oxide àti CFCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; id-&quot;GHG-ranking&quot;
|+ Ìpín Ìdásílẹ̀ Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì Lapapọ̀ (% Contribution to Total Greenhouse Effect)
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | K&amp;T (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kiehl |first=J.T. |author2=Kevin E. Trenberth |year=1997 |title=Earth's annual global mean energy budget |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78..197K |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/kiehl.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Schmidt (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{citation |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |title=The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |work=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=115 |issue=D20 |pages=D20106 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022111918/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |author2=R. Ruedy |author3=R.L. Miller |author4=A.A. Lacis |article-number=2010JD014287 |author-link1=Gavin Schmidt |doi-access=free}}, D20106. [http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html Web page ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604034848/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html|date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Olùkópa (Contributor) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds)
|-
| Ìrì Omi (Water Vapour) || 60 || 41 || 67 || 50
|-
| Àwọsánmà (Clouds) || || 31 || || 25
|-
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| 26 || 18 || 24 || 19
|-
| Tropospheric ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) || 8 || || ||
|-
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;|| 6 || || ||
|-
| Other || || 9 || 9 || 7
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;&quot; |
K&amp;T (1997) lo 353 ppm ti CO₂, wọ́n sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ọ̀run mímọ́ (clear-sky greenhouse effect) tó jẹ́ 125 W/m². Wọ́n dá lórí àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ kan ṣoṣo àti àwòṣe awọsánmà kan. Àwọn ìpín “Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà” jẹ́ láti ìtumọ̀ Schmidt (2010) ti iṣẹ́ K&amp;T (1997).

Schmidt (2010) lo data climatology ti ọdún 1980 pẹ̀lú 339 ppm ti CO₂, ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ 155 W/m². Ó tún kópa ìpínkiri àkókò àti ìpínkiri mẹ́ta-ọ̀nà (3-D spatial distribution) ti àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtọ́jú (absorbers) sínú àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀.&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Ipa Pàtàkì Ìrì Omi (Special Role of Water Vapour) ===
[[Fáìlì:CO2 H2O absorption atmospheric gases unique pattern energy wavelengths of energy transparent to others.png|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìgbi agbára (energy wavelengths) kan ṣoṣo, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún máa ń jẹ́ mímọ́ fún àwọn ìgbi míì. Àpẹẹrẹ ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption patterns) ti ìrì omi (water vapour) (àwọn gíga buluu) àti carbon dioxide (CO₂) (àwọn gíga pupa) máa ń bọ́ lórí ara wọn ní àwọn ìwọ̀n igbi kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìrì omi (water vapour) ni gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ lapapọ̀, nítorí pé ó ń kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 41–67% nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt; Síbẹ̀, ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ nínú ayé kì í jẹ́ ohun tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń ṣàkóso taara. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn bíi ìrìgá (irrigation) lè ní ipa lórí ìrì omi ní agbègbè kan, ipa yìí kéré gan-an lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé nítorí pé ìrì omi kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ — ìgbà ààyè rẹ̀ jẹ́ nǹkan bí ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 1995 |title=AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System |url=http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163357/http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Eso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, nípa àìtaara, bí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yóò mú kí ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí yóò sì tún mú ìgbóná náà lágbára sí i. Ìlànà yìí ni a mọ̀ sí ìfèsìpadà ìrì omi (water vapour feedback). Èyí ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ìlànà Clausius–Clapeyron, tó sọ pé bí ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ń gòkè, ìpọ̀ ìrì omi tí afẹ́fẹ́ lè dì pọ̀ sí i nínú ìwọn kọọkan tún máa ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Held&amp;Soden2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Isaac M. |last2=Soden |first2=Brian J. |date=November 2000 |title=Water vapor feedback and global warming |journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=441–475 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.9397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441 |issn=1056-3466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lè yàtọ̀ gidigidi: ó lè jẹ́ kéré ju 0.01% lọ ní àwọn agbègbè tó tutù gan-an, sí i tó 3% nípa ìpọ̀ ní afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ti kún fún omi ní ìwọ̀n 32 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Evans, Kimberly Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/environment00kimm_0 |title=The environment: a revolution in attitudes |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7876-9082-3 |location=Detroit |chapter=The greenhouse effect and climate change |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DdtzAAAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Tó Wọ́pọ̀ (Global Warming Potential, GWP) àti CO₂ Equivalents ===
[[Fáìlì:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg|thumb|Àfiwé agbára ìgbóná ayé (GWP-100) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mẹ́ta lórí àkókò ọdún 100 fún ton kọọkan: Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), nitrous oxide, àti methane, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂, èyí tí a fi ṣe ìpele ìfíwéra, nítorí náà GWP rẹ̀ jẹ́ 1). PFTBA ni a lo nínú àpẹẹrẹ yìí gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ẹgbẹ́ ńlá kan ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì fluorinated tí ó lágbára gan-an. Àpapọ̀ àwọn hydrocarbon fluorinated kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 10% ti ìgbóná ayé.]]
Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò (GWP) jẹ́ ìwọn bí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kan ṣe ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lórí àkókò kan pàtó, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-40&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n tí kò ní ẹ̀ka (dimensionless) tí a ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìlọ́po ìgbóná tí ìwọ̀n kan náà ti CO₂ yóò fa. Nítorí náà, ní ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀, CO₂ ní GWP tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú 1. Fún àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, ó dá lórí bí gáàsì náà ṣe lágbára tó láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation), bí ó ṣe yara tó láti kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àkókò tí a fi ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò náà.

Fún àpẹẹrẹ, methane ní Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé lórí ọdún 20 (GWP-20) tó jẹ́ 81.2,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-41&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tó túmọ̀ sí pé jíjò ton kan ti methane dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtújáde ton 81.2 ti carbon dioxide, bí a bá fi àkókò ọdún 20 ṣe ìwọ̀n wọn. Níwọ̀n bí methane ṣe ní àkókò ìgbé ayé nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó kúkúrú ju carbon dioxide lọ, GWP rẹ̀ máa ń dín kù lórí àwọn àkókò tó gùn sí i, pẹ̀lú GWP-100 tó jẹ́ 27.9 àti GWP-500 tó jẹ́ 7.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHG emissions) lè jẹ́ fífi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide equivalent mass tàbí carbon dioxide equivalent nìkan (tí a ń fi àmì CO₂e tàbí CO₂eq hàn, tí a tún lè kọ sí CO₂-e tàbí CO₂-eq). A lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ láti inú GWP àti ìwọ̀n gáàsì tí a tú jáde. Fún gáàsì kankan, ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n CO₂ tí yóò mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná tó bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n gáàsì náà. Nítorí náà, ó pèsè ìwọ̀n kan ṣoṣo fún fífi wọn ipa ojú-ọjọ́ ti àwọn gáàsì oríṣìíríṣìí. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí GWP tí a fi ìwọ̀n gáàsì kejì náà sọ́pọ̀; a sì máa ń fi hàn ní gigatonnes (àmì: Gt).


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==

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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá, ṣíṣàfikún àwòrán àti àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |last2=Möller |first2=V. |last3=van Diemenn |first3=R. |last4=Fuglesvedt |first4=J.R. |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first1=Valérie |editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte |pages=2215–2256 |chapter=Annex VII: Glossary |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |display-authors=etal |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai |editor-last3=Pirani |editor-first3=Anna |editor-last4=Connors |editor-first4=Sarah L. |editor-last5=Péan |editor-first5=Clotilde |display-editors=etal |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot; /&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Treut-2007&quot;&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |journal=Journal Earth System Science Data |date=2025 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=2641–2680 |doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F |doi-access=free |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. |url=http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |website=sequestration.org |publisher=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |quote= |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=2010-10-01 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |quote=The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently over two-and-a-half times greater than its pre-industrial levels}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels),&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell-2021&quot;&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|687}}  Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Energy Agency-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |quote=Carbon dioxide's lifetime cannot be represented with a single value because the gas is not destroyed over time, but instead moves among different parts of the ocean–atmosphere–land system. Some of the excess carbon dioxide is absorbed quickly (for example, by the ocean surface), but some will remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, due in part to the very slow process by which carbon is transferred to ocean sediments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases |website=EPA.gov |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Smith |first2=Chris |last3=Walsh |first3=Tristram |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Lamboll |first5=Robin |last6=Hall |first6=Bradley |last7=Hauser |first7=Mathias |last8=Ribes |first8=Aurélien |last9=Rosen |first9=Debbie |last10=Gillett |first10=Nathan P. |last11=Palmer |first11=Matthew D. |last12=Rogelj |first12=Joeri |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Trewin |first14=Blair |last15=Allen |first15=Myles |date=2024-06-05 |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àbùdá àti Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣiṣẹ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Atmospheric Transmission.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n máa ń gba a wọlé, wọ́n sì tún máa ń tú ú jáde ní àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn kan náà tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, àwọn ìkùukùu, àti afẹ́fẹ́ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2233}}

Nǹkan bí ìdá 99% afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ Ilẹ̀ Ayé (láìka ìrì omi sí) ni nitrogen (N₂) (78%) àti oxygen (O₂) (21%) ṣe. Nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu méjì ti èròjà kan náà, kò sí àìdọ́gba nínú bí agbára iná inú wọn (electrical charges) ṣe pín ká,&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot; /&gt; nítorí náà ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared thermal radiation) kò ní ipa kankan lórí wọn fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rárá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Peng-Sheng |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yin-Chih |last3=Chiu |first3=Hsuan-Han |last4=Yen |first4=Da-Lun |last5=Lee |first5=Chieh |last6=Tsai |first6=Yi-Cheng |last7=Ting |first7=Te-Chuan |date=6 October 2018 |title=Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer |journal=[[Heliyon]] |volume=4 |issue=10 |article-number=e00785 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785 |doi-access=free |pmid=30302408 |pmc=6174548 |bibcode=2018Heliy...400785W |issn = 2405-8440 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúra kékeré gan-an péré ló ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ohun tí a mọ̀ sí collision-induced absorption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |s2cid=128823108 |issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Which Gases Are Greenhouse Gases? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/whichgases.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |publisher=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=128823108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nǹkan bí ìdá 0.9% míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ náà jẹ́ argon (Ar), èyí tí ó jẹ́ molikula atomu kan ṣoṣo (monatomic), nítorí náà ó jẹ́ mímọ́ pátápátá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, carbon dioxide (0.04%), methane, nitrous oxide àti àwọn gáàsì míì tí iye wọn kéré gan-an jọ ṣe kere ju ìdá 0.1% afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ. Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu ti àwọn èròjà oríṣìíríṣìí, àìdọ́gba kan wà nínú bí agbára iná wọn ṣe pín ká. Àìdọ́gba yìí ń jẹ́ kí ìrìnkèrindò molikula (molecular vibrations) lè bá àwọn ìgbì amúnáwòrán (electromagnetic radiation) ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀. Èyí ló mú kí wọ́n lè gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi, ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n jẹ́ infrared active, àti pé wíwà wọn nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-94341-0 |edition=2 |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ipá Mú-Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú Yí Padà (Radiative Forcing) ===
[[Fáìlì:1750- Radiative forcing - greenhouse gases and aerosols.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hansen àti àwọn alábàáṣiṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (2025) kọ̀wé pé IPCC ti dín ìwọ̀n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń ní kù nínú àwọn ìṣírò rẹ̀, èyí tí ó sì mú kí wọ́n tún dín ìwọ̀n climate sensitivity (bí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe ń fèsì sí ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì) kù.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203/&gt; Nínú ohun tí Hansen pè ní “àdéhùn Faustian” (Faustian bargain), ìṣàkóso àti ìdínkù aerosols mú kí ààyè afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ sí i, ṣùgbọ́n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń pèsè kò tún tó láti dín ipa ìgbóná tó ń pọ̀ sí i láti ọwọ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kù. Èyí ló ṣàlàyé ìdí tí ìgbóná ayé fi ga ju bí a ṣe retí lọ ní ọdún 2023 sí 2024.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=James E. |last2=Kharecha |first2=Pushker |last3=Sato |first3=Makiko |last4=Tselioudis |first4=George |last5=Kelly |first5=Joseph |last6=Bauer |first6=Susanne E. |last7=Ruedy |first7=Reto |last8=Jeong |first8=Eunbi |last9=Jin |first9=Quijian |last10=Rignot |first10=Eric |last11=Velicogna |first11=Isabella |last12=Schoeberl |first12=Mark R. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Amponsem |first14=Joshua |last15=Cao |first15=Junji |last16=Keskinen |first16=Anton |last17=Li |first17=Jing |last18=Pokela |first18=Anni |display-authors=4 |title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed? |journal=Environment |date=3 February 2025 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=6–44 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|bibcode=2025ESPSD..67....6H |doi-access=free }} Figure 3.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse gas absorption coefficients.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Àwọn kọ́ẹ́fíṣẹ́ntì ìmúra ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi-ìgbi-gígùn (longwave-infrared absorption coefficients) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì. Ìrì omi (water vapour) máa ń gba ìtọ́jú lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò. Ilẹ̀ Ayé sì máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) jáde ní agbára púpọ̀ ní pàtàkì ní àgbègbè ìmúra carbon dioxide (CO₂) tó wà ní ìwọ̀n igbi 15 micrometre (15 µm). Ìpàtàkì ìrì omi nínú ìmúra ìtọ́jú máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó ga sí i.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba apá kan nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiant energy) tí ó ń gba láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ó máa ń da apá kan padà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀, ó sì máa ń da tàbí tú ìyókù rẹ̀ padà sí òde ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ooru. Ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan dá lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó wà láàárín agbára tó ń wọlé àti agbára tó ń jáde. Nígbà tí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé bá yí padà, ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ máa ń gbóná sí i tàbí tutù sí i, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí oríṣìíríṣìí àyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa ggas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827230238/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Radiative forcing jẹ́ ìwọ̀n kan tí a ń ṣe ní watts fún mètà onígun (W/m²), tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe ipa tí àyípadà kan láti òde ní lórí ohun kan tó ń ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) tí àyípadà òde bẹ́ẹ̀ fa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀. Radiative forcing rere (positive forcing), bíi èyí tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá pọ̀ sí i, túmọ̀ sí pé agbára tó ń wọlé pọ̀ ju agbára tó ń jáde lọ ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń fa ìgbóná àfikún. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, radiative forcing odi (negative forcing), bíi èyí tí sulfate tí sulfur dioxide dá sílẹ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa, máa ń yọrí sí ìtútù.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2245}}&lt;ref name=&quot;epa cforce&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Climate Forcing |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827223551/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_climate-forcing-2016.pdf] &lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ (lower atmosphere), àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pàṣípààrọ̀ ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, wọ́n sì ń dín ìṣàn ooru tí ń lọ kúrò lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kù. Èyí ń dín ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ ìgbéga ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (upward radiative heat transfer) kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=J. M. |last2=Hobbs |first2=P. V. |title=Atmospheric Science |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-732951-2 |edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tún ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ òkè (upper atmosphere) tutù sí i. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ òkè rọrùn gan-an ju afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ lọ, àti pé ooru tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá tún tú jáde níbẹ̀ máa ń ní àǹfààní púpọ̀ sí i láti tẹ̀síwájú lọ sí òde ayé ju láti bá àwọn molikula gáàsì díẹ̀ tí ó wà ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àbájáde, afẹ́fẹ́ òkè náà ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|413}}

== Àfikún Gáàsì Kọọkan sí Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì ==
Àwọn ìyípadà tí ènìyàn ń fa sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá ni a máa ń pè ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2223}}

Àtòjọ yìí fi hàn àwọn ìpín pàtàkì jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀, láìsí èyí tí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àtòjọ náà tún mẹ́nuba ozone tó wà nínú troposphere, nítorí pé gáàsì yìí ní ipa ìtútù nínú stratosphere, ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ìgbóná nínú troposphere tí ó jọ ti nitrous oxide àti CFCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; id-&quot;GHG-ranking&quot;
|+ Ìpín Ìdásílẹ̀ Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì Lapapọ̀ (% Contribution to Total Greenhouse Effect)
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | K&amp;T (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kiehl |first=J.T. |author2=Kevin E. Trenberth |year=1997 |title=Earth's annual global mean energy budget |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78..197K |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/kiehl.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Schmidt (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{citation |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |title=The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |work=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=115 |issue=D20 |pages=D20106 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022111918/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |author2=R. Ruedy |author3=R.L. Miller |author4=A.A. Lacis |article-number=2010JD014287 |author-link1=Gavin Schmidt |doi-access=free}}, D20106. [http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html Web page ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604034848/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html|date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Olùkópa (Contributor) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds)
|-
| Ìrì Omi (Water Vapour) || 60 || 41 || 67 || 50
|-
| Àwọsánmà (Clouds) || || 31 || || 25
|-
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| 26 || 18 || 24 || 19
|-
| Tropospheric ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) || 8 || || ||
|-
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;|| 6 || || ||
|-
| Other || || 9 || 9 || 7
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;&quot; |
K&amp;T (1997) lo 353 ppm ti CO₂, wọ́n sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ọ̀run mímọ́ (clear-sky greenhouse effect) tó jẹ́ 125 W/m². Wọ́n dá lórí àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ kan ṣoṣo àti àwòṣe awọsánmà kan. Àwọn ìpín “Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà” jẹ́ láti ìtumọ̀ Schmidt (2010) ti iṣẹ́ K&amp;T (1997).

Schmidt (2010) lo data climatology ti ọdún 1980 pẹ̀lú 339 ppm ti CO₂, ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ 155 W/m². Ó tún kópa ìpínkiri àkókò àti ìpínkiri mẹ́ta-ọ̀nà (3-D spatial distribution) ti àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtọ́jú (absorbers) sínú àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀.&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Ipa Pàtàkì Ìrì Omi (Special Role of Water Vapour) ===
[[Fáìlì:CO2 H2O absorption atmospheric gases unique pattern energy wavelengths of energy transparent to others.png|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìgbi agbára (energy wavelengths) kan ṣoṣo, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún máa ń jẹ́ mímọ́ fún àwọn ìgbi míì. Àpẹẹrẹ ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption patterns) ti ìrì omi (water vapour) (àwọn gíga buluu) àti carbon dioxide (CO₂) (àwọn gíga pupa) máa ń bọ́ lórí ara wọn ní àwọn ìwọ̀n igbi kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìrì omi (water vapour) ni gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ lapapọ̀, nítorí pé ó ń kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 41–67% nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt; Síbẹ̀, ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ nínú ayé kì í jẹ́ ohun tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń ṣàkóso taara. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn bíi ìrìgá (irrigation) lè ní ipa lórí ìrì omi ní agbègbè kan, ipa yìí kéré gan-an lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé nítorí pé ìrì omi kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ — ìgbà ààyè rẹ̀ jẹ́ nǹkan bí ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 1995 |title=AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System |url=http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163357/http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Eso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, nípa àìtaara, bí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yóò mú kí ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí yóò sì tún mú ìgbóná náà lágbára sí i. Ìlànà yìí ni a mọ̀ sí ìfèsìpadà ìrì omi (water vapour feedback). Èyí ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ìlànà Clausius–Clapeyron, tó sọ pé bí ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ń gòkè, ìpọ̀ ìrì omi tí afẹ́fẹ́ lè dì pọ̀ sí i nínú ìwọn kọọkan tún máa ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Held&amp;Soden2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Isaac M. |last2=Soden |first2=Brian J. |date=November 2000 |title=Water vapor feedback and global warming |journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=441–475 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.9397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441 |issn=1056-3466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lè yàtọ̀ gidigidi: ó lè jẹ́ kéré ju 0.01% lọ ní àwọn agbègbè tó tutù gan-an, sí i tó 3% nípa ìpọ̀ ní afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ti kún fún omi ní ìwọ̀n 32 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Evans, Kimberly Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/environment00kimm_0 |title=The environment: a revolution in attitudes |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7876-9082-3 |location=Detroit |chapter=The greenhouse effect and climate change |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DdtzAAAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Tó Wọ́pọ̀ (Global Warming Potential, GWP) àti CO₂ Equivalents ===
[[Fáìlì:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg|thumb|Àfiwé agbára ìgbóná ayé (GWP-100) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mẹ́ta lórí àkókò ọdún 100 fún ton kọọkan: Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), nitrous oxide, àti methane, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂, èyí tí a fi ṣe ìpele ìfíwéra, nítorí náà GWP rẹ̀ jẹ́ 1). PFTBA ni a lo nínú àpẹẹrẹ yìí gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ẹgbẹ́ ńlá kan ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì fluorinated tí ó lágbára gan-an. Àpapọ̀ àwọn hydrocarbon fluorinated kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 10% ti ìgbóná ayé.]]
Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò (GWP) jẹ́ ìwọn bí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kan ṣe ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lórí àkókò kan pàtó, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-40&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n tí kò ní ẹ̀ka (dimensionless) tí a ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìlọ́po ìgbóná tí ìwọ̀n kan náà ti CO₂ yóò fa. Nítorí náà, ní ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀, CO₂ ní GWP tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú 1. Fún àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, ó dá lórí bí gáàsì náà ṣe lágbára tó láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation), bí ó ṣe yara tó láti kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àkókò tí a fi ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò náà.

Fún àpẹẹrẹ, methane ní Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé lórí ọdún 20 (GWP-20) tó jẹ́ 81.2,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-41&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tó túmọ̀ sí pé jíjò ton kan ti methane dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtújáde ton 81.2 ti carbon dioxide, bí a bá fi àkókò ọdún 20 ṣe ìwọ̀n wọn. Níwọ̀n bí methane ṣe ní àkókò ìgbé ayé nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó kúkúrú ju carbon dioxide lọ, GWP rẹ̀ máa ń dín kù lórí àwọn àkókò tó gùn sí i, pẹ̀lú GWP-100 tó jẹ́ 27.9 àti GWP-500 tó jẹ́ 7.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHG emissions) lè jẹ́ fífi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide equivalent mass tàbí carbon dioxide equivalent nìkan (tí a ń fi àmì CO₂e tàbí CO₂eq hàn, tí a tún lè kọ sí CO₂-e tàbí CO₂-eq). A lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ láti inú GWP àti ìwọ̀n gáàsì tí a tú jáde. Fún gáàsì kankan, ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n CO₂ tí yóò mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná tó bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n gáàsì náà. Nítorí náà, ó pèsè ìwọ̀n kan ṣoṣo fún fífi wọn ipa ojú-ọjọ́ ti àwọn gáàsì oríṣìíríṣìí. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí GWP tí a fi ìwọ̀n gáàsì kejì náà sọ́pọ̀; a sì máa ń fi hàn ní gigatonnes (àmì: Gt).

== Àtòjọ gbogbo àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ==
[[Fáìlì:1979- Radiative forcing - climate change - global warming - EPA NOAA.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ipa radiative forcing (ipa ìgbóná) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò pípẹ́ ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní kíákíá, ó sì ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ di ìlọ́po méjì nínú ọdún mẹ́rìnlélógójì (40 years).&lt;ref name=NOAA_AGGI_2024&gt;{{cite web |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116020004/https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |archive-date=16 January 2026 |date=2026 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Greenhouse Gas Index |url=https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143115/https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==

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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá àti ṣíṣàfikún àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |last2=Möller |first2=V. |last3=van Diemenn |first3=R. |last4=Fuglesvedt |first4=J.R. |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first1=Valérie |editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte |pages=2215–2256 |chapter=Annex VII: Glossary |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |display-authors=etal |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai |editor-last3=Pirani |editor-first3=Anna |editor-last4=Connors |editor-first4=Sarah L. |editor-last5=Péan |editor-first5=Clotilde |display-editors=etal |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot; /&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Treut-2007&quot;&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |journal=Journal Earth System Science Data |date=2025 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=2641–2680 |doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F |doi-access=free |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. |url=http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |website=sequestration.org |publisher=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |quote= |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=2010-10-01 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |quote=The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently over two-and-a-half times greater than its pre-industrial levels}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels),&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell-2021&quot;&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|687}}  Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Energy Agency-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |quote=Carbon dioxide's lifetime cannot be represented with a single value because the gas is not destroyed over time, but instead moves among different parts of the ocean–atmosphere–land system. Some of the excess carbon dioxide is absorbed quickly (for example, by the ocean surface), but some will remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, due in part to the very slow process by which carbon is transferred to ocean sediments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases |website=EPA.gov |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Smith |first2=Chris |last3=Walsh |first3=Tristram |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Lamboll |first5=Robin |last6=Hall |first6=Bradley |last7=Hauser |first7=Mathias |last8=Ribes |first8=Aurélien |last9=Rosen |first9=Debbie |last10=Gillett |first10=Nathan P. |last11=Palmer |first11=Matthew D. |last12=Rogelj |first12=Joeri |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Trewin |first14=Blair |last15=Allen |first15=Myles |date=2024-06-05 |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àbùdá àti Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣiṣẹ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Atmospheric Transmission.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n máa ń gba a wọlé, wọ́n sì tún máa ń tú ú jáde ní àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn kan náà tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, àwọn ìkùukùu, àti afẹ́fẹ́ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2233}}

Nǹkan bí ìdá 99% afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ Ilẹ̀ Ayé (láìka ìrì omi sí) ni nitrogen (N₂) (78%) àti oxygen (O₂) (21%) ṣe. Nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu méjì ti èròjà kan náà, kò sí àìdọ́gba nínú bí agbára iná inú wọn (electrical charges) ṣe pín ká,&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot; /&gt; nítorí náà ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared thermal radiation) kò ní ipa kankan lórí wọn fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rárá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Peng-Sheng |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yin-Chih |last3=Chiu |first3=Hsuan-Han |last4=Yen |first4=Da-Lun |last5=Lee |first5=Chieh |last6=Tsai |first6=Yi-Cheng |last7=Ting |first7=Te-Chuan |date=6 October 2018 |title=Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer |journal=[[Heliyon]] |volume=4 |issue=10 |article-number=e00785 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785 |doi-access=free |pmid=30302408 |pmc=6174548 |bibcode=2018Heliy...400785W |issn = 2405-8440 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúra kékeré gan-an péré ló ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ohun tí a mọ̀ sí collision-induced absorption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |s2cid=128823108 |issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Which Gases Are Greenhouse Gases? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/whichgases.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |publisher=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=128823108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nǹkan bí ìdá 0.9% míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ náà jẹ́ argon (Ar), èyí tí ó jẹ́ molikula atomu kan ṣoṣo (monatomic), nítorí náà ó jẹ́ mímọ́ pátápátá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, carbon dioxide (0.04%), methane, nitrous oxide àti àwọn gáàsì míì tí iye wọn kéré gan-an jọ ṣe kere ju ìdá 0.1% afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ. Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu ti àwọn èròjà oríṣìíríṣìí, àìdọ́gba kan wà nínú bí agbára iná wọn ṣe pín ká. Àìdọ́gba yìí ń jẹ́ kí ìrìnkèrindò molikula (molecular vibrations) lè bá àwọn ìgbì amúnáwòrán (electromagnetic radiation) ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀. Èyí ló mú kí wọ́n lè gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi, ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n jẹ́ infrared active, àti pé wíwà wọn nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-94341-0 |edition=2 |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ipá Mú-Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú Yí Padà (Radiative Forcing) ===
[[Fáìlì:1750- Radiative forcing - greenhouse gases and aerosols.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hansen àti àwọn alábàáṣiṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (2025) kọ̀wé pé IPCC ti dín ìwọ̀n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń ní kù nínú àwọn ìṣírò rẹ̀, èyí tí ó sì mú kí wọ́n tún dín ìwọ̀n climate sensitivity (bí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe ń fèsì sí ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì) kù.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203/&gt; Nínú ohun tí Hansen pè ní “àdéhùn Faustian” (Faustian bargain), ìṣàkóso àti ìdínkù aerosols mú kí ààyè afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ sí i, ṣùgbọ́n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń pèsè kò tún tó láti dín ipa ìgbóná tó ń pọ̀ sí i láti ọwọ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kù. Èyí ló ṣàlàyé ìdí tí ìgbóná ayé fi ga ju bí a ṣe retí lọ ní ọdún 2023 sí 2024.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=James E. |last2=Kharecha |first2=Pushker |last3=Sato |first3=Makiko |last4=Tselioudis |first4=George |last5=Kelly |first5=Joseph |last6=Bauer |first6=Susanne E. |last7=Ruedy |first7=Reto |last8=Jeong |first8=Eunbi |last9=Jin |first9=Quijian |last10=Rignot |first10=Eric |last11=Velicogna |first11=Isabella |last12=Schoeberl |first12=Mark R. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Amponsem |first14=Joshua |last15=Cao |first15=Junji |last16=Keskinen |first16=Anton |last17=Li |first17=Jing |last18=Pokela |first18=Anni |display-authors=4 |title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed? |journal=Environment |date=3 February 2025 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=6–44 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|bibcode=2025ESPSD..67....6H |doi-access=free }} Figure 3.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse gas absorption coefficients.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Àwọn kọ́ẹ́fíṣẹ́ntì ìmúra ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi-ìgbi-gígùn (longwave-infrared absorption coefficients) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì. Ìrì omi (water vapour) máa ń gba ìtọ́jú lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò. Ilẹ̀ Ayé sì máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) jáde ní agbára púpọ̀ ní pàtàkì ní àgbègbè ìmúra carbon dioxide (CO₂) tó wà ní ìwọ̀n igbi 15 micrometre (15 µm). Ìpàtàkì ìrì omi nínú ìmúra ìtọ́jú máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó ga sí i.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba apá kan nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiant energy) tí ó ń gba láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ó máa ń da apá kan padà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀, ó sì máa ń da tàbí tú ìyókù rẹ̀ padà sí òde ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ooru. Ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan dá lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó wà láàárín agbára tó ń wọlé àti agbára tó ń jáde. Nígbà tí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé bá yí padà, ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ máa ń gbóná sí i tàbí tutù sí i, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí oríṣìíríṣìí àyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa ggas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827230238/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Radiative forcing jẹ́ ìwọ̀n kan tí a ń ṣe ní watts fún mètà onígun (W/m²), tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe ipa tí àyípadà kan láti òde ní lórí ohun kan tó ń ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) tí àyípadà òde bẹ́ẹ̀ fa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀. Radiative forcing rere (positive forcing), bíi èyí tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá pọ̀ sí i, túmọ̀ sí pé agbára tó ń wọlé pọ̀ ju agbára tó ń jáde lọ ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń fa ìgbóná àfikún. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, radiative forcing odi (negative forcing), bíi èyí tí sulfate tí sulfur dioxide dá sílẹ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa, máa ń yọrí sí ìtútù.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2245}}&lt;ref name=&quot;epa cforce&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Climate Forcing |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827223551/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_climate-forcing-2016.pdf] &lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ (lower atmosphere), àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pàṣípààrọ̀ ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, wọ́n sì ń dín ìṣàn ooru tí ń lọ kúrò lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kù. Èyí ń dín ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ ìgbéga ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (upward radiative heat transfer) kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=J. M. |last2=Hobbs |first2=P. V. |title=Atmospheric Science |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-732951-2 |edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tún ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ òkè (upper atmosphere) tutù sí i. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ òkè rọrùn gan-an ju afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ lọ, àti pé ooru tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá tún tú jáde níbẹ̀ máa ń ní àǹfààní púpọ̀ sí i láti tẹ̀síwájú lọ sí òde ayé ju láti bá àwọn molikula gáàsì díẹ̀ tí ó wà ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àbájáde, afẹ́fẹ́ òkè náà ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|413}}

== Àfikún Gáàsì Kọọkan sí Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì ==
Àwọn ìyípadà tí ènìyàn ń fa sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá ni a máa ń pè ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2223}}

Àtòjọ yìí fi hàn àwọn ìpín pàtàkì jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀, láìsí èyí tí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àtòjọ náà tún mẹ́nuba ozone tó wà nínú troposphere, nítorí pé gáàsì yìí ní ipa ìtútù nínú stratosphere, ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ìgbóná nínú troposphere tí ó jọ ti nitrous oxide àti CFCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; id-&quot;GHG-ranking&quot;
|+ Ìpín Ìdásílẹ̀ Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì Lapapọ̀ (% Contribution to Total Greenhouse Effect)
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | K&amp;T (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kiehl |first=J.T. |author2=Kevin E. Trenberth |year=1997 |title=Earth's annual global mean energy budget |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78..197K |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/kiehl.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Schmidt (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{citation |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |title=The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |work=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=115 |issue=D20 |pages=D20106 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022111918/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |author2=R. Ruedy |author3=R.L. Miller |author4=A.A. Lacis |article-number=2010JD014287 |author-link1=Gavin Schmidt |doi-access=free}}, D20106. [http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html Web page ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604034848/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html|date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Olùkópa (Contributor) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds)
|-
| Ìrì Omi (Water Vapour) || 60 || 41 || 67 || 50
|-
| Àwọsánmà (Clouds) || || 31 || || 25
|-
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| 26 || 18 || 24 || 19
|-
| Tropospheric ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) || 8 || || ||
|-
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;|| 6 || || ||
|-
| Other || || 9 || 9 || 7
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;&quot; |
K&amp;T (1997) lo 353 ppm ti CO₂, wọ́n sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ọ̀run mímọ́ (clear-sky greenhouse effect) tó jẹ́ 125 W/m². Wọ́n dá lórí àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ kan ṣoṣo àti àwòṣe awọsánmà kan. Àwọn ìpín “Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà” jẹ́ láti ìtumọ̀ Schmidt (2010) ti iṣẹ́ K&amp;T (1997).

Schmidt (2010) lo data climatology ti ọdún 1980 pẹ̀lú 339 ppm ti CO₂, ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ 155 W/m². Ó tún kópa ìpínkiri àkókò àti ìpínkiri mẹ́ta-ọ̀nà (3-D spatial distribution) ti àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtọ́jú (absorbers) sínú àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀.&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Ipa Pàtàkì Ìrì Omi (Special Role of Water Vapour) ===
[[Fáìlì:CO2 H2O absorption atmospheric gases unique pattern energy wavelengths of energy transparent to others.png|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìgbi agbára (energy wavelengths) kan ṣoṣo, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún máa ń jẹ́ mímọ́ fún àwọn ìgbi míì. Àpẹẹrẹ ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption patterns) ti ìrì omi (water vapour) (àwọn gíga buluu) àti carbon dioxide (CO₂) (àwọn gíga pupa) máa ń bọ́ lórí ara wọn ní àwọn ìwọ̀n igbi kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìrì omi (water vapour) ni gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ lapapọ̀, nítorí pé ó ń kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 41–67% nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt; Síbẹ̀, ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ nínú ayé kì í jẹ́ ohun tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń ṣàkóso taara. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn bíi ìrìgá (irrigation) lè ní ipa lórí ìrì omi ní agbègbè kan, ipa yìí kéré gan-an lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé nítorí pé ìrì omi kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ — ìgbà ààyè rẹ̀ jẹ́ nǹkan bí ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 1995 |title=AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System |url=http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163357/http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Eso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, nípa àìtaara, bí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yóò mú kí ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí yóò sì tún mú ìgbóná náà lágbára sí i. Ìlànà yìí ni a mọ̀ sí ìfèsìpadà ìrì omi (water vapour feedback). Èyí ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ìlànà Clausius–Clapeyron, tó sọ pé bí ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ń gòkè, ìpọ̀ ìrì omi tí afẹ́fẹ́ lè dì pọ̀ sí i nínú ìwọn kọọkan tún máa ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Held&amp;Soden2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Isaac M. |last2=Soden |first2=Brian J. |date=November 2000 |title=Water vapor feedback and global warming |journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=441–475 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.9397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441 |issn=1056-3466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lè yàtọ̀ gidigidi: ó lè jẹ́ kéré ju 0.01% lọ ní àwọn agbègbè tó tutù gan-an, sí i tó 3% nípa ìpọ̀ ní afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ti kún fún omi ní ìwọ̀n 32 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Evans, Kimberly Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/environment00kimm_0 |title=The environment: a revolution in attitudes |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7876-9082-3 |location=Detroit |chapter=The greenhouse effect and climate change |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DdtzAAAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Tó Wọ́pọ̀ (Global Warming Potential, GWP) àti CO₂ Equivalents ===
[[Fáìlì:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg|thumb|Àfiwé agbára ìgbóná ayé (GWP-100) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mẹ́ta lórí àkókò ọdún 100 fún ton kọọkan: Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), nitrous oxide, àti methane, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂, èyí tí a fi ṣe ìpele ìfíwéra, nítorí náà GWP rẹ̀ jẹ́ 1). PFTBA ni a lo nínú àpẹẹrẹ yìí gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ẹgbẹ́ ńlá kan ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì fluorinated tí ó lágbára gan-an. Àpapọ̀ àwọn hydrocarbon fluorinated kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 10% ti ìgbóná ayé.]]
Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò (GWP) jẹ́ ìwọn bí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kan ṣe ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lórí àkókò kan pàtó, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-40&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n tí kò ní ẹ̀ka (dimensionless) tí a ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìlọ́po ìgbóná tí ìwọ̀n kan náà ti CO₂ yóò fa. Nítorí náà, ní ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀, CO₂ ní GWP tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú 1. Fún àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, ó dá lórí bí gáàsì náà ṣe lágbára tó láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation), bí ó ṣe yara tó láti kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àkókò tí a fi ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò náà.

Fún àpẹẹrẹ, methane ní Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé lórí ọdún 20 (GWP-20) tó jẹ́ 81.2,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-41&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tó túmọ̀ sí pé jíjò ton kan ti methane dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtújáde ton 81.2 ti carbon dioxide, bí a bá fi àkókò ọdún 20 ṣe ìwọ̀n wọn. Níwọ̀n bí methane ṣe ní àkókò ìgbé ayé nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó kúkúrú ju carbon dioxide lọ, GWP rẹ̀ máa ń dín kù lórí àwọn àkókò tó gùn sí i, pẹ̀lú GWP-100 tó jẹ́ 27.9 àti GWP-500 tó jẹ́ 7.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHG emissions) lè jẹ́ fífi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide equivalent mass tàbí carbon dioxide equivalent nìkan (tí a ń fi àmì CO₂e tàbí CO₂eq hàn, tí a tún lè kọ sí CO₂-e tàbí CO₂-eq). A lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ láti inú GWP àti ìwọ̀n gáàsì tí a tú jáde. Fún gáàsì kankan, ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n CO₂ tí yóò mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná tó bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n gáàsì náà. Nítorí náà, ó pèsè ìwọ̀n kan ṣoṣo fún fífi wọn ipa ojú-ọjọ́ ti àwọn gáàsì oríṣìíríṣìí. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí GWP tí a fi ìwọ̀n gáàsì kejì náà sọ́pọ̀; a sì máa ń fi hàn ní gigatonnes (àmì: Gt).

== Àtòjọ gbogbo àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ==
[[Fáìlì:1979- Radiative forcing - climate change - global warming - EPA NOAA.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ipa radiative forcing (ipa ìgbóná) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò pípẹ́ ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní kíákíá, ó sì ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ di ìlọ́po méjì nínú ọdún mẹ́rìnlélógójì (40 years).&lt;ref name=NOAA_AGGI_2024&gt;{{cite web |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116020004/https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |archive-date=16 January 2026 |date=2026 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Greenhouse Gas Index |url=https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143115/https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìpín tí gáàsì kọ̀ọ̀kan ń kó sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect) dá lórí àwọn àbùdá gáàsì náà, iye rẹ̀, àti àwọn ipa àìtaara tí ó lè fa. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, ipa radiative forcing tààrà ti ìwọ̀n kan ti methane jẹ́ nǹkan bí ìlọ́po 84 lágbára ju ìwọ̀n kan náà ti carbon dioxide lọ lórí àkókò ọdún 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;TableOfWarmingPotentials5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report |page=731 |chapter=Appendix 8.A |access-date=6 November 2017 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013100414/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Láti ọdún 1980s, a tún ti ń ṣe ìṣírò àwọn ìpín greenhouse gas forcing (ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú ọdún 1750) pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú gíga, ní lílo àwọn àfihàn tí IPCC dámọ̀ràn tí a ti mú jáde láti inú àwọn àwòṣe radiative transfer.&lt;ref name=&quot;butmon2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Butler J. and Montzka S. |year=2020 |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html |publisher=[[NOAA]] Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìwọ̀n gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni a sábà máa ń wọn ní parts per million (ppm) tàbí parts per billion (ppb) ní ìwọ̀n àgbègbè (by volume). Ìwọ̀n CO₂ tó jẹ́ 420 ppm túmọ̀ sí pé nínú gbogbo mílíọ̀nù kan (1,000,000) molikula afẹ́fẹ́, 420 nínú wọn ni molikula CO₂. Ìlọsíwájú àkọ́kọ́ ti 30 ppm nínú ìwọ̀n CO₂ gba nǹkan bí ọdún 200 láti ṣẹlẹ̀, láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) títí di ọdún 1958. Ṣùgbọ́n ìlọsíwájú tó tẹ̀lé e, tó jẹ́ 90 ppm, ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín ọdún 56 péré, láti ọdún 1958 sí 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kibert2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles J. Kibert |title=Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-119-05532-7 |chapter=Background |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qv3iCwAAQBAJ|page=698}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Full Mauna Loa CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; record |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428033710/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bákan náà, àpapọ̀ ìlọsíwájú ọdún kọ̀ọ̀kan ní àwọn ọdún 1960s jẹ́ 37% péré ti ohun tí ó jẹ́ láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite FTP |last=Tans |first=Pieter |date=3 May 2008 |server=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Division |title=Annual CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; mole fraction increase (ppm) for 1959–2007 |url=ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_gr_mlo.txt }} {{cite web |title=additional details |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142754/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=15 May 2008}}; see also {{cite journal |last1=Masarie |first1=K.A. |last2=Tans |first2=P.P. |year=1995 |title=Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |url-status=live |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=100 |issue=D6 |pages=11593–610 |bibcode=1995JGR...10011593M |doi=10.1029/95JD00859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193900/https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀ àkíyèsí (observations) wà lórí ẹ̀rọ ayélujára nínú oríṣìíríṣìí Àkójọpọ̀ Dátà Àkíyèsí Kemísírì Afẹ́fẹ́ (Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases). Tábìlì tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ fi àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, tí wọ́n sì dà pọ̀ dáadáa (long-lived, well-mixed greenhouse gases), hàn, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n wọn nínú troposphere àti ipa radiative forcing tààrà wọn, gẹ́gẹ́ bí Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ṣe dá wọn mọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |contribution=Chapter 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì àtọ̀ka wọ̀nyí (trace gases) déédéé láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ tí a kó jọ láti oríṣìíríṣìí agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Monitoring Laboratory |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases |url=https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and Japan Meteorological Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment |url=https://agage.mit.edu/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tábìlì náà kò kà ìrì omi (water vapor) sí, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ ni a máa ń ṣe ìṣírò wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate change feedback) tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara látàrí àwọn ìyípadà nínú àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn. Ó tún yọ ozone kúrò, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara nìkan látàrí àwọn refrigerants oríṣìíríṣìí tí ń fa ìparun ozone. Diẹ̀ lára àwọn gáàsì tó kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (short-lived gases), bíi carbon monoxide àti NOx, pẹ̀lú àwọn aerosol bíi eruku ilẹ̀ (mineral dust) tàbí black carbon, ni a tún yọ kúrò nítorí ipa wọn tó kéré àti ìyípadà wọn tó lágbára. Bákan náà, àwọn refrigerants kéékèèké àti àwọn gáàsì halogenated mìíràn ni a tún yọ kúrò, nítorí pé a ti ṣe wọn ní iye tó kéré ju àwọn tó wà nínú tábìlì náà lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731–738}}  àti Annex III ti Ìròyìn IPCC WG1 ti ọdún 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar6&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2021-08-09 |editor=Dentener F. J. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport |section=Annex III: Tables of historical and projected well-mixed greenhouse gas mixing ratios and effective radiative forcing of all climate forcers |section-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexIII.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor2=B. Hall |editor3=C. Smith}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4–9}}


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==

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    <revision>
      <id>623195</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T10:14:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>NigerianScribe</username>
        <id>33701</id>
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      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá àti ṣíṣàfikún àwọn ìtọ́kasí</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |last2=Möller |first2=V. |last3=van Diemenn |first3=R. |last4=Fuglesvedt |first4=J.R. |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first1=Valérie |editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte |pages=2215–2256 |chapter=Annex VII: Glossary |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |display-authors=etal |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai |editor-last3=Pirani |editor-first3=Anna |editor-last4=Connors |editor-first4=Sarah L. |editor-last5=Péan |editor-first5=Clotilde |display-editors=etal |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot; /&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Treut-2007&quot;&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |journal=Journal Earth System Science Data |date=2025 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=2641–2680 |doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F |doi-access=free |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. |url=http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |website=sequestration.org |publisher=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |quote= |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=2010-10-01 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |quote=The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently over two-and-a-half times greater than its pre-industrial levels}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels),&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell-2021&quot;&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|687}}  Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Energy Agency-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |quote=Carbon dioxide's lifetime cannot be represented with a single value because the gas is not destroyed over time, but instead moves among different parts of the ocean–atmosphere–land system. Some of the excess carbon dioxide is absorbed quickly (for example, by the ocean surface), but some will remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, due in part to the very slow process by which carbon is transferred to ocean sediments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases |website=EPA.gov |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Smith |first2=Chris |last3=Walsh |first3=Tristram |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Lamboll |first5=Robin |last6=Hall |first6=Bradley |last7=Hauser |first7=Mathias |last8=Ribes |first8=Aurélien |last9=Rosen |first9=Debbie |last10=Gillett |first10=Nathan P. |last11=Palmer |first11=Matthew D. |last12=Rogelj |first12=Joeri |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Trewin |first14=Blair |last15=Allen |first15=Myles |date=2024-06-05 |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àbùdá àti Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣiṣẹ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Atmospheric Transmission.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n máa ń gba a wọlé, wọ́n sì tún máa ń tú ú jáde ní àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn kan náà tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, àwọn ìkùukùu, àti afẹ́fẹ́ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2233}}

Nǹkan bí ìdá 99% afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ Ilẹ̀ Ayé (láìka ìrì omi sí) ni nitrogen (N₂) (78%) àti oxygen (O₂) (21%) ṣe. Nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu méjì ti èròjà kan náà, kò sí àìdọ́gba nínú bí agbára iná inú wọn (electrical charges) ṣe pín ká,&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot; /&gt; nítorí náà ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared thermal radiation) kò ní ipa kankan lórí wọn fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rárá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Peng-Sheng |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yin-Chih |last3=Chiu |first3=Hsuan-Han |last4=Yen |first4=Da-Lun |last5=Lee |first5=Chieh |last6=Tsai |first6=Yi-Cheng |last7=Ting |first7=Te-Chuan |date=6 October 2018 |title=Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer |journal=[[Heliyon]] |volume=4 |issue=10 |article-number=e00785 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785 |doi-access=free |pmid=30302408 |pmc=6174548 |bibcode=2018Heliy...400785W |issn = 2405-8440 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúra kékeré gan-an péré ló ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ohun tí a mọ̀ sí collision-induced absorption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |s2cid=128823108 |issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Which Gases Are Greenhouse Gases? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/whichgases.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |publisher=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=128823108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nǹkan bí ìdá 0.9% míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ náà jẹ́ argon (Ar), èyí tí ó jẹ́ molikula atomu kan ṣoṣo (monatomic), nítorí náà ó jẹ́ mímọ́ pátápátá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, carbon dioxide (0.04%), methane, nitrous oxide àti àwọn gáàsì míì tí iye wọn kéré gan-an jọ ṣe kere ju ìdá 0.1% afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ. Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu ti àwọn èròjà oríṣìíríṣìí, àìdọ́gba kan wà nínú bí agbára iná wọn ṣe pín ká. Àìdọ́gba yìí ń jẹ́ kí ìrìnkèrindò molikula (molecular vibrations) lè bá àwọn ìgbì amúnáwòrán (electromagnetic radiation) ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀. Èyí ló mú kí wọ́n lè gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi, ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n jẹ́ infrared active, àti pé wíwà wọn nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-94341-0 |edition=2 |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ipá Mú-Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú Yí Padà (Radiative Forcing) ===
[[Fáìlì:1750- Radiative forcing - greenhouse gases and aerosols.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hansen àti àwọn alábàáṣiṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (2025) kọ̀wé pé IPCC ti dín ìwọ̀n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń ní kù nínú àwọn ìṣírò rẹ̀, èyí tí ó sì mú kí wọ́n tún dín ìwọ̀n climate sensitivity (bí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe ń fèsì sí ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì) kù.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203/&gt; Nínú ohun tí Hansen pè ní “àdéhùn Faustian” (Faustian bargain), ìṣàkóso àti ìdínkù aerosols mú kí ààyè afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ sí i, ṣùgbọ́n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń pèsè kò tún tó láti dín ipa ìgbóná tó ń pọ̀ sí i láti ọwọ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kù. Èyí ló ṣàlàyé ìdí tí ìgbóná ayé fi ga ju bí a ṣe retí lọ ní ọdún 2023 sí 2024.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=James E. |last2=Kharecha |first2=Pushker |last3=Sato |first3=Makiko |last4=Tselioudis |first4=George |last5=Kelly |first5=Joseph |last6=Bauer |first6=Susanne E. |last7=Ruedy |first7=Reto |last8=Jeong |first8=Eunbi |last9=Jin |first9=Quijian |last10=Rignot |first10=Eric |last11=Velicogna |first11=Isabella |last12=Schoeberl |first12=Mark R. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Amponsem |first14=Joshua |last15=Cao |first15=Junji |last16=Keskinen |first16=Anton |last17=Li |first17=Jing |last18=Pokela |first18=Anni |display-authors=4 |title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed? |journal=Environment |date=3 February 2025 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=6–44 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|bibcode=2025ESPSD..67....6H |doi-access=free }} Figure 3.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse gas absorption coefficients.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Àwọn kọ́ẹ́fíṣẹ́ntì ìmúra ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi-ìgbi-gígùn (longwave-infrared absorption coefficients) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì. Ìrì omi (water vapour) máa ń gba ìtọ́jú lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò. Ilẹ̀ Ayé sì máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) jáde ní agbára púpọ̀ ní pàtàkì ní àgbègbè ìmúra carbon dioxide (CO₂) tó wà ní ìwọ̀n igbi 15 micrometre (15 µm). Ìpàtàkì ìrì omi nínú ìmúra ìtọ́jú máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó ga sí i.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba apá kan nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiant energy) tí ó ń gba láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ó máa ń da apá kan padà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀, ó sì máa ń da tàbí tú ìyókù rẹ̀ padà sí òde ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ooru. Ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan dá lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó wà láàárín agbára tó ń wọlé àti agbára tó ń jáde. Nígbà tí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé bá yí padà, ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ máa ń gbóná sí i tàbí tutù sí i, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí oríṣìíríṣìí àyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa ggas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827230238/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Radiative forcing jẹ́ ìwọ̀n kan tí a ń ṣe ní watts fún mètà onígun (W/m²), tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe ipa tí àyípadà kan láti òde ní lórí ohun kan tó ń ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) tí àyípadà òde bẹ́ẹ̀ fa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀. Radiative forcing rere (positive forcing), bíi èyí tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá pọ̀ sí i, túmọ̀ sí pé agbára tó ń wọlé pọ̀ ju agbára tó ń jáde lọ ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń fa ìgbóná àfikún. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, radiative forcing odi (negative forcing), bíi èyí tí sulfate tí sulfur dioxide dá sílẹ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa, máa ń yọrí sí ìtútù.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2245}}&lt;ref name=&quot;epa cforce&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Climate Forcing |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827223551/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_climate-forcing-2016.pdf] &lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ (lower atmosphere), àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pàṣípààrọ̀ ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, wọ́n sì ń dín ìṣàn ooru tí ń lọ kúrò lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kù. Èyí ń dín ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ ìgbéga ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (upward radiative heat transfer) kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=J. M. |last2=Hobbs |first2=P. V. |title=Atmospheric Science |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-732951-2 |edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tún ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ òkè (upper atmosphere) tutù sí i. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ òkè rọrùn gan-an ju afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ lọ, àti pé ooru tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá tún tú jáde níbẹ̀ máa ń ní àǹfààní púpọ̀ sí i láti tẹ̀síwájú lọ sí òde ayé ju láti bá àwọn molikula gáàsì díẹ̀ tí ó wà ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àbájáde, afẹ́fẹ́ òkè náà ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|413}}

== Àfikún Gáàsì Kọọkan sí Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì ==
Àwọn ìyípadà tí ènìyàn ń fa sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá ni a máa ń pè ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2223}}

Àtòjọ yìí fi hàn àwọn ìpín pàtàkì jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀, láìsí èyí tí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àtòjọ náà tún mẹ́nuba ozone tó wà nínú troposphere, nítorí pé gáàsì yìí ní ipa ìtútù nínú stratosphere, ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ìgbóná nínú troposphere tí ó jọ ti nitrous oxide àti CFCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; id-&quot;GHG-ranking&quot;
|+ Ìpín Ìdásílẹ̀ Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì Lapapọ̀ (% Contribution to Total Greenhouse Effect)
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | K&amp;T (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kiehl |first=J.T. |author2=Kevin E. Trenberth |year=1997 |title=Earth's annual global mean energy budget |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78..197K |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/kiehl.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Schmidt (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{citation |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |title=The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |work=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=115 |issue=D20 |pages=D20106 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022111918/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |author2=R. Ruedy |author3=R.L. Miller |author4=A.A. Lacis |article-number=2010JD014287 |author-link1=Gavin Schmidt |doi-access=free}}, D20106. [http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html Web page ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604034848/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html|date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Olùkópa (Contributor) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds)
|-
| Ìrì Omi (Water Vapour) || 60 || 41 || 67 || 50
|-
| Àwọsánmà (Clouds) || || 31 || || 25
|-
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| 26 || 18 || 24 || 19
|-
| Tropospheric ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) || 8 || || ||
|-
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;|| 6 || || ||
|-
| Other || || 9 || 9 || 7
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;&quot; |
K&amp;T (1997) lo 353 ppm ti CO₂, wọ́n sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ọ̀run mímọ́ (clear-sky greenhouse effect) tó jẹ́ 125 W/m². Wọ́n dá lórí àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ kan ṣoṣo àti àwòṣe awọsánmà kan. Àwọn ìpín “Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà” jẹ́ láti ìtumọ̀ Schmidt (2010) ti iṣẹ́ K&amp;T (1997).

Schmidt (2010) lo data climatology ti ọdún 1980 pẹ̀lú 339 ppm ti CO₂, ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ 155 W/m². Ó tún kópa ìpínkiri àkókò àti ìpínkiri mẹ́ta-ọ̀nà (3-D spatial distribution) ti àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtọ́jú (absorbers) sínú àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀.&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Ipa Pàtàkì Ìrì Omi (Special Role of Water Vapour) ===
[[Fáìlì:CO2 H2O absorption atmospheric gases unique pattern energy wavelengths of energy transparent to others.png|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìgbi agbára (energy wavelengths) kan ṣoṣo, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún máa ń jẹ́ mímọ́ fún àwọn ìgbi míì. Àpẹẹrẹ ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption patterns) ti ìrì omi (water vapour) (àwọn gíga buluu) àti carbon dioxide (CO₂) (àwọn gíga pupa) máa ń bọ́ lórí ara wọn ní àwọn ìwọ̀n igbi kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìrì omi (water vapour) ni gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ lapapọ̀, nítorí pé ó ń kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 41–67% nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt; Síbẹ̀, ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ nínú ayé kì í jẹ́ ohun tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń ṣàkóso taara. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn bíi ìrìgá (irrigation) lè ní ipa lórí ìrì omi ní agbègbè kan, ipa yìí kéré gan-an lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé nítorí pé ìrì omi kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ — ìgbà ààyè rẹ̀ jẹ́ nǹkan bí ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 1995 |title=AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System |url=http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163357/http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Eso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, nípa àìtaara, bí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yóò mú kí ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí yóò sì tún mú ìgbóná náà lágbára sí i. Ìlànà yìí ni a mọ̀ sí ìfèsìpadà ìrì omi (water vapour feedback). Èyí ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ìlànà Clausius–Clapeyron, tó sọ pé bí ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ń gòkè, ìpọ̀ ìrì omi tí afẹ́fẹ́ lè dì pọ̀ sí i nínú ìwọn kọọkan tún máa ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Held&amp;Soden2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Isaac M. |last2=Soden |first2=Brian J. |date=November 2000 |title=Water vapor feedback and global warming |journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=441–475 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.9397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441 |issn=1056-3466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lè yàtọ̀ gidigidi: ó lè jẹ́ kéré ju 0.01% lọ ní àwọn agbègbè tó tutù gan-an, sí i tó 3% nípa ìpọ̀ ní afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ti kún fún omi ní ìwọ̀n 32 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Evans, Kimberly Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/environment00kimm_0 |title=The environment: a revolution in attitudes |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7876-9082-3 |location=Detroit |chapter=The greenhouse effect and climate change |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DdtzAAAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Tó Wọ́pọ̀ (Global Warming Potential, GWP) àti CO₂ Equivalents ===
[[Fáìlì:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg|thumb|Àfiwé agbára ìgbóná ayé (GWP-100) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mẹ́ta lórí àkókò ọdún 100 fún ton kọọkan: Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), nitrous oxide, àti methane, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂, èyí tí a fi ṣe ìpele ìfíwéra, nítorí náà GWP rẹ̀ jẹ́ 1). PFTBA ni a lo nínú àpẹẹrẹ yìí gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ẹgbẹ́ ńlá kan ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì fluorinated tí ó lágbára gan-an. Àpapọ̀ àwọn hydrocarbon fluorinated kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 10% ti ìgbóná ayé.]]
Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò (GWP) jẹ́ ìwọn bí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kan ṣe ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lórí àkókò kan pàtó, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-40&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n tí kò ní ẹ̀ka (dimensionless) tí a ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìlọ́po ìgbóná tí ìwọ̀n kan náà ti CO₂ yóò fa. Nítorí náà, ní ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀, CO₂ ní GWP tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú 1. Fún àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, ó dá lórí bí gáàsì náà ṣe lágbára tó láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation), bí ó ṣe yara tó láti kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àkókò tí a fi ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò náà.

Fún àpẹẹrẹ, methane ní Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé lórí ọdún 20 (GWP-20) tó jẹ́ 81.2,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-41&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tó túmọ̀ sí pé jíjò ton kan ti methane dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtújáde ton 81.2 ti carbon dioxide, bí a bá fi àkókò ọdún 20 ṣe ìwọ̀n wọn. Níwọ̀n bí methane ṣe ní àkókò ìgbé ayé nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó kúkúrú ju carbon dioxide lọ, GWP rẹ̀ máa ń dín kù lórí àwọn àkókò tó gùn sí i, pẹ̀lú GWP-100 tó jẹ́ 27.9 àti GWP-500 tó jẹ́ 7.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHG emissions) lè jẹ́ fífi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide equivalent mass tàbí carbon dioxide equivalent nìkan (tí a ń fi àmì CO₂e tàbí CO₂eq hàn, tí a tún lè kọ sí CO₂-e tàbí CO₂-eq). A lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ láti inú GWP àti ìwọ̀n gáàsì tí a tú jáde. Fún gáàsì kankan, ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n CO₂ tí yóò mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná tó bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n gáàsì náà. Nítorí náà, ó pèsè ìwọ̀n kan ṣoṣo fún fífi wọn ipa ojú-ọjọ́ ti àwọn gáàsì oríṣìíríṣìí. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí GWP tí a fi ìwọ̀n gáàsì kejì náà sọ́pọ̀; a sì máa ń fi hàn ní gigatonnes (àmì: Gt).

== Àtòjọ gbogbo àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ==
[[Fáìlì:1979- Radiative forcing - climate change - global warming - EPA NOAA.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ipa radiative forcing (ipa ìgbóná) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò pípẹ́ ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní kíákíá, ó sì ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ di ìlọ́po méjì nínú ọdún mẹ́rìnlélógójì (40 years).&lt;ref name=NOAA_AGGI_2024&gt;{{cite web |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116020004/https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |archive-date=16 January 2026 |date=2026 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Greenhouse Gas Index |url=https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143115/https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìpín tí gáàsì kọ̀ọ̀kan ń kó sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect) dá lórí àwọn àbùdá gáàsì náà, iye rẹ̀, àti àwọn ipa àìtaara tí ó lè fa. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, ipa radiative forcing tààrà ti ìwọ̀n kan ti methane jẹ́ nǹkan bí ìlọ́po 84 lágbára ju ìwọ̀n kan náà ti carbon dioxide lọ lórí àkókò ọdún 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;TableOfWarmingPotentials5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report |page=731 |chapter=Appendix 8.A |access-date=6 November 2017 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013100414/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Láti ọdún 1980s, a tún ti ń ṣe ìṣírò àwọn ìpín greenhouse gas forcing (ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú ọdún 1750) pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú gíga, ní lílo àwọn àfihàn tí IPCC dámọ̀ràn tí a ti mú jáde láti inú àwọn àwòṣe radiative transfer.&lt;ref name=&quot;butmon2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Butler J. and Montzka S. |year=2020 |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html |publisher=[[NOAA]] Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìwọ̀n gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni a sábà máa ń wọn ní parts per million (ppm) tàbí parts per billion (ppb) ní ìwọ̀n àgbègbè (by volume). Ìwọ̀n CO₂ tó jẹ́ 420 ppm túmọ̀ sí pé nínú gbogbo mílíọ̀nù kan (1,000,000) molikula afẹ́fẹ́, 420 nínú wọn ni molikula CO₂. Ìlọsíwájú àkọ́kọ́ ti 30 ppm nínú ìwọ̀n CO₂ gba nǹkan bí ọdún 200 láti ṣẹlẹ̀, láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) títí di ọdún 1958. Ṣùgbọ́n ìlọsíwájú tó tẹ̀lé e, tó jẹ́ 90 ppm, ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín ọdún 56 péré, láti ọdún 1958 sí 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kibert2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles J. Kibert |title=Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-119-05532-7 |chapter=Background |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qv3iCwAAQBAJ|page=698}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Full Mauna Loa CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; record |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428033710/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bákan náà, àpapọ̀ ìlọsíwájú ọdún kọ̀ọ̀kan ní àwọn ọdún 1960s jẹ́ 37% péré ti ohun tí ó jẹ́ láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite FTP |last=Tans |first=Pieter |date=3 May 2008 |server=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Division |title=Annual CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; mole fraction increase (ppm) for 1959–2007 |url=ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_gr_mlo.txt }} {{cite web |title=additional details |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142754/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=15 May 2008}}; see also {{cite journal |last1=Masarie |first1=K.A. |last2=Tans |first2=P.P. |year=1995 |title=Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |url-status=live |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=100 |issue=D6 |pages=11593–610 |bibcode=1995JGR...10011593M |doi=10.1029/95JD00859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193900/https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀ àkíyèsí (observations) wà lórí ẹ̀rọ ayélujára nínú oríṣìíríṣìí Àkójọpọ̀ Dátà Àkíyèsí Kemísírì Afẹ́fẹ́ (Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases). Tábìlì tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ fi àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, tí wọ́n sì dà pọ̀ dáadáa (long-lived, well-mixed greenhouse gases), hàn, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n wọn nínú troposphere àti ipa radiative forcing tààrà wọn, gẹ́gẹ́ bí Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ṣe dá wọn mọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |contribution=Chapter 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì àtọ̀ka wọ̀nyí (trace gases) déédéé láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ tí a kó jọ láti oríṣìíríṣìí agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Monitoring Laboratory |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases |url=https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and Japan Meteorological Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment |url=https://agage.mit.edu/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tábìlì náà kò kà ìrì omi (water vapor) sí, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ ni a máa ń ṣe ìṣírò wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate change feedback) tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara látàrí àwọn ìyípadà nínú àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn. Ó tún yọ ozone kúrò, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara nìkan látàrí àwọn refrigerants oríṣìíríṣìí tí ń fa ìparun ozone. Diẹ̀ lára àwọn gáàsì tó kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (short-lived gases), bíi carbon monoxide àti NOx, pẹ̀lú àwọn aerosol bíi eruku ilẹ̀ (mineral dust) tàbí black carbon, ni a tún yọ kúrò nítorí ipa wọn tó kéré àti ìyípadà wọn tó lágbára. Bákan náà, àwọn refrigerants kéékèèké àti àwọn gáàsì halogenated mìíràn ni a tún yọ kúrò, nítorí pé a ti ṣe wọn ní iye tó kéré ju àwọn tó wà nínú tábìlì náà lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731–738}}  àti Annex III ti Ìròyìn IPCC WG1 ti ọdún 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar6&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2021-08-09 |editor=Dentener F. J. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport |section=Annex III: Tables of historical and projected well-mixed greenhouse gas mixing ratios and effective radiative forcing of all climate forcers |section-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexIII.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor2=B. Hall |editor3=C. Smith}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4–9}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+IPCC list of greenhouse gases with lifetime, 100-year [[global warming potential]], concentrations in the [[troposphere]] and radiative forcings. The abbreviations TAR, AR4, AR5 and AR6 refer to the different IPCC reports over the years. The baseline is pre-industrialization (year 1750).
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Species
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[#Atmospheric lifetime|Lifetime]]
(years)
&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |100-yr
[[Global warming potential|GWP]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mole Fraction [ppt – except as noted]{{efn-ua|1=[[Mole fraction]]s: μmol/mol = ppm = parts per million (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;); nmol/mol = ppb = parts per billion (10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;); pmol/mol = ppt = parts per trillion (10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;).}} + [[Radiative forcing]] [W m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;]{{efn-ua|Values are relative to year 1750. AR6 reports the ''effective radiative forcing'' which includes effects of rapid adjustments in the atmosphere and at the surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Hansen, J. |author2=Sato, M. |author3=Ruedy, R. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of Climate Forcings |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=D18104 |article-number=2005JD005776 |doi=10.1029/2005JD005776 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2005JGRD..11018104H }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Concentrations 
over time&lt;ref name=&quot;hats&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Long-term global trends of atmospheric trace gases |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/data.html |access-date=2021-02-11 |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;agage&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=AGAGE Data and Figures |url=https://agage.mit.edu/data/agage-data |access-date=2021-02-11 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

up to year 2022
|-
!Baseline
Year 1750
![[IPCC Third Assessment Report|TAR]]&lt;ref name=&quot;tar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/ |title=TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis |page=358 |contribution=Chapter 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Year 1998
![[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|AR4]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm |title=AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis |page=141 |contribution=Chapter 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Year 2005
![[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|AR5]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|678}}
Year 2011
![[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|AR6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4–9}} 
Year 2019
|-
|[[Carbon dioxide|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] [ppm]
|{{efn-ua|The IPCC states that ''&quot;no single atmospheric lifetime can be given&quot;'' for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}  This is mostly due to the rapid growth and cumulative magnitude of the disturbances to Earth's [[carbon cycle]] by the geologic extraction and burning of fossil carbon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedlingstein2020&quot; /&gt; As of year 2014, fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emitted as a theoretical 10 to 100&amp;nbsp;GtC pulse on top of the existing atmospheric concentration was expected to be 50% removed by land vegetation and ocean [[Carbon sink|sinks]] in less than about a century, as based on the projections of [[Coupled Model Intercomparison Project|coupled models]] referenced in the AR5 assessment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report – Supplemental Material |page=8SM-16 |chapter=Figure 8.SM.4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/07/WGI_AR5.Chap_.8_SM.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A substantial fraction (20–35%) was also projected to remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, where fractional persistence increases with pulse size.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=David |year=2009 |title=Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/12933 |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=117–34 |bibcode=2009AREPS..37..117A |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 |hdl=2268/12933}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Joos, F. |author2=Roth, R. |author3=Fuglestvedt, J.D. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: A multi-model analysis |url=https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/2793/2013/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=2793–2825 |doi=10.5194/acpd-12-19799-2012 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/58316}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

|1
|278
|365 '''(1.46)''' 
|379 '''(1.66)'''
|391 '''(1.82)'''
|410 '''(2.16)'''
|[[File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Methane|CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] [ppb]
|12.4
|28
|700
|1,745 '''(0.48)'''
|1,774 '''(0.48)'''
|1,801 '''(0.48)'''
|1866 '''(0.54)'''
|[[File:CH4 mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Nitrous oxide|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O]] [ppb]
|121
|265
|270 
|314 '''(0.15)'''
|319 '''(0.16)''' 
|324 '''(0.17)'''
|332 '''(0.21)'''
|[[File:HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Trichlorofluoromethane|CFC-11]]
|45
|4,660
|0
|268 '''(0.07)'''
|251 '''(0.063)'''
|238 '''(0.062)'''
|226 '''(0.066)'''
|[[File:Hats_f11_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Dichlorodifluoromethane|CFC-12]]
|100
|10,200
|0
|533 '''(0.17)'''
|538 '''(0.17)'''
|528 '''(0.17)'''
|503 '''(0.18)'''
|[[File:Hats_f12_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Chlorotrifluoromethane|CFC-13]]
|640
|13,900
|0
|4 '''(0.001)'''
| –
|2.7 '''(0.0007)'''
|3.28 '''(0.0009)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-13_mm.pdf cfc13]
|-
|[[1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane|CFC-113]]
|85
|6,490
|0
|84 '''(0.03)'''
|79 '''(0.024)'''
|74 '''(0.022)'''
|70 '''(0.021)'''
|[[File:Hats_f113_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane|CFC-114]]
|190
|7,710
|0
|15 '''(0.005)'''
| –
| –
|16 '''(0.005)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-114_mm.pdf cfc114]
|-
|[[CFC-115]]
|1,020
|5,860
|0
|7 '''(0.001)'''
| –
|8.37 '''(0.0017)'''
|8.67 '''(0.0021)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-115_mm.pdf cfc115]
|-
|[[HCFC-22]]
|11.9
|5,280
|0
|132 '''(0.03)'''
|169 '''(0.033)'''
|213 '''(0.0447)'''
|247 '''(0.0528)'''
|[[File:HCFC22_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HCFC-141b]]
|9.2
|2,550
|0
|10 '''(0.001)'''
|18 '''(0.0025)'''
|21.4 '''(0.0034)'''
|24.4 '''(0.0039)'''
|[[File:HCFC141b_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HCFC-142b]]
|17.2
|5,020
|0
|11 '''(0.002)'''
|15 '''(0.0031)'''
|21.2 '''(0.0040)'''
|22.3 '''(0.0043)'''
|[[File:HCFC142b_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trichloroethane|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|5
|160
|0
|69 '''(0.004)'''
|19 '''(0.0011)'''
|6.32 '''(0.0004)'''
|1.6 '''(0.0001)'''
|[[File:BK_MC.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Carbon tetrachloride|CCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|26
|1,730
|0{{efn-ua|Natural sources do exist, but these do not produce a concentration as high as 1 [[Parts-per notation|part per quadrillion]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gribble|first=Gordon W.|title=Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds – A Comprehensive Update|year=2009 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |isbn=978-3-211-99323-1 |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|102 '''(0.01)'''
|93 '''(0.012)'''
|85.8 '''(0.0146)'''
|78 '''(0.0129)'''
|[[File:Hats_ccl4_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-23]]
|222
|12,400
|0
|14 '''(0.002)'''
|18 '''(0.0033)'''
|24 '''(0.0043)'''
|32.4 '''(0.0062)'''
|[[File:HFC-23_mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-32]]
|5.2
|677
|0
| –
| –
|4.92 '''(0.0005)'''
|20 '''(0.0022)'''
|[[File:BK_HFC32.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-125]]
|28.2
|3,170
|0
| –
|3.7 '''(0.0009)'''
|9.58 '''(0.0022)'''
|29.4 '''(0.0069)'''
|[[File:HFC125_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-134a]]
|13.4
|1,300
|0
|7.5 '''(0.001)'''
|35 '''(0.0055)'''
|62.7 '''(0.0100)'''
|107.6 '''(0.018)'''
|[[File:HFC-134a mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-143a]]
|47.1
|4,800
|0
| –
| –
|12.0 '''(0.0019)'''
|24 '''(0.0040)'''
|[[File:HFC143a_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-152a]]
|1.5
|138
|0
|0.5 '''(0.0000)'''
|3.9 '''(0.0004)'''
|6.4 '''(0.0006)'''
|7.1 '''(0.0007)'''
|[[File:HFC152a_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Tetrafluoromethane|CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] (PFC-14)
|50,000
|6,630
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |40&lt;ref name=&quot;Natural&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harnisch|first1=Jochen|last2=Eisenhauer|first2=Anton|title=Natural CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; on Earth|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=25|year=1998|issue=13 |pages=2401–2404|doi=10.1029/98GL01779 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.2401H |s2cid=129805049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn-ua|Figure is combined total natural abundance of all perfluorocarbons: no data exist for individual compounds.}}
|80 '''(0.003)'''
|74 '''(0.0034)'''
|79 '''(0.0040)'''
|85.5 '''(0.0051)'''
|[[File:Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Hexafluoroethane|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] (PFC-116)
|10,000
|11,100
|3 '''(0.001)'''
|2.9 '''(0.0008)'''
|4.16 '''(0.0010)'''
|4.85 '''(0.0013)'''
|[[File:Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Sulfur hexafluoride|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|3,200
|23,500
|0.01&lt;ref name=&quot;Natural&quot;/&gt;
|4.2 '''(0.002)'''
|5.6 '''(0.0029)'''
|7.28 '''(0.0041)'''
|9.95 '''(0.0056)'''
|[[File:Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Sulfuryl fluoride|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|36
|4,090
|0
| –
| –
|1.71 '''(0.0003)'''
|2.5 '''(0.0005)'''
|[[File:SO2F2_mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Nitrogen trifluoride|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|500
|16,100
|0
| –
| –
|0.9 '''(0.0002)'''
|2.05 '''(0.0004)'''
|[[File:Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|}
{{notelist-ua}}


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==

&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>brmd578sj1dkw8v740lcb2l9ftjp5pw</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>623197</id>
      <parentid>623195</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T10:28:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NigerianScribe</username>
        <id>33701</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tẹ̀síwájú pẹ̀lú ìtumọ̀ àpilẹ̀kọ sí Yorùbá</comment>
      <origin>623197</origin>
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[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse-effect-t2.svg|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń di díẹ̀ lára ooru tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn bá mú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná. Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì mẹ́ta ni a fi ààmì hàn nínú àwòrán yìí: carbon dioxide (CO₂), ìrì omi (water vapour), àti methane (CH₄).]]
[[Fáìlì:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Àwọn ohun tó ń darí ìgbóná ayé (global warming) tí ó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ títí di báyìí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ìlànà àdánidá àti ti ara (physical drivers). Àǹfààní ìgbóná ayé tó lè ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́jọ́ iwájú láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ohun tó pẹ́ pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bíi ìtújáde carbon dioxide (CO₂), kò sí nínú àwòrán yìí. Àwọn ìlà kéékèèké (whiskers) tó wà lórí ọ̀kọ̀ọ̀kan àwọn bààrà ń fi àgbègbè àṣìṣe tí ó ṣeé ṣe hàn.]]

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (Greenhouse Gases, GHGs) jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tí ń di ooru mú, tí wọ́n sì ń mú kí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú àwọn ara ọ̀run bíi Ilẹ̀ Ayé ga sí i. Kò dàbí àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba àwọn ìtọ́jú (radiation) tí pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan ń tú jáde, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6WG1annexVII&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Matthews |first1=J.B.R. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |last2=Möller |first2=V. |last3=van Diemenn |first3=R. |last4=Fuglesvedt |first4=J.R. |date=2021-08-09 |publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]] |editor-last1=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first1=Valérie |editor-link1=Valérie Masson-Delmotte |pages=2215–2256 |chapter=Annex VII: Glossary |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022 |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |display-authors=etal |editor-last2=Zhai |editor-first2=Panmao |editor-link2=Panmao Zhai |editor-last3=Pirani |editor-first3=Anna |editor-last4=Connors |editor-first4=Sarah L. |editor-last5=Péan |editor-first5=Clotilde |display-editors=etal |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn ń mú Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná, èyí sì ń jẹ́ kí ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ tú ooru jáde. Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ooru yìí ni àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń gba. Bí kò bá sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot; /&gt; dípò ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ tó jẹ́ 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Le Treut-2007&quot;&gt;Le Treut, H., R. Somerville, U. Cubasch, Y. Ding, C. Mauritzen, A. Mokssit, T. Peterson and M. Prather, 2007: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change]&quot;. In: &quot;[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/ Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]&quot;. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.&lt;/ref&gt; Ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní ìwọ̀n tí a kò tíì rí rí tẹ́lẹ̀ láti ìgbà tí a ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣe ìwọ̀n rẹ̀, tí ó sì dé 0.27 ± 0.1 °C ní gbogbo ọdún mẹ́wàá láàárín ọdún 2015 sí 2024. Ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tó ga yìí jẹ́ àbájáde àkópọ̀ ìtújáde àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ti dé ìpele gíga jù lọ rí, tó jẹ́ 53.6 ± 5.2 Gt CO₂e lọ́dọọdún ní àárín ọdún mẹ́wàá tó kọjá (2014–2023), pẹ̀lú ìdínkù nínú agbára ìtútù tí aerosol ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2024: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |journal=Journal Earth System Science Data |date=2025 |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=2641–2680 |doi=10.5194/essd-17-2641-2025 |bibcode=2025ESSD...17.2641F |doi-access=free |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/17/2641/2025/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì márùn-ún tó pọ̀ jù lọ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé, tí a ṣe àtòkọ wọn láti èyí tí ó pọ̀ jù lọ sí èyí tí ó kéré sí i gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n molikula àpapọ̀ wọn ní gbogbo ayé, ni:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019134514/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |title=Inside the Earth's invisible blanket. |url=http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |website=sequestration.org |publisher=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |quote= |access-date=2026-06-23 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231450/http://sequestration.org/science/greenhousegases.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ìrì omi (water vapour), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), àti ozone (O₃). Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn tí ó tún ṣe pàtàkì ni chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs àti HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), àti nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). Ìrì omi ń fa nǹkan bí ìdajì gbogbo ipa ilé-gíláàsì. Ó ń ṣiṣẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate feedback), ìyẹn ni pé ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń yí padà ní ìdáhùn sí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt-2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Gavin Schmidt |date=2010-10-01 |title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect |url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/ |publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies – Science Briefs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn iṣẹ́ ènìyàn láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) ní nǹkan bí ọdún 1750 ti mú kí iye carbon dioxide (CO₂) pọ̀ sí i ní ju ìdá 50% lọ,&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels |url=https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels |access-date=30 August 2022 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti pé ìwọ̀n methane ti pọ̀ sí i ní ìdá 150%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |quote=The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is currently over two-and-a-half times greater than its pre-industrial levels}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìtújáde carbon dioxide ni ó ń fa nǹkan bí ìdá mẹ́ta nínú mẹ́rin gbogbo ìgbóná ayé, nígbà tí ìtújáde methane sì ń fa ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìyókù rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |date=12 January 2016 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data|}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìtújáde carbon dioxide tí ènìyàn ń fa wá láti inú sísun epo fósílì (fossil fuels),&lt;ref name=&quot;EPA_GHGdata&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=12 January 2016 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205123907/https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=30 December 2019 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]] |quote=The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.}}&lt;/ref&gt; nígbà tí iṣẹ́ ogbin àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń kópa díẹ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Canadell-2021&quot;&gt;Canadell, J.G., P.M.S. Monteiro, M.H. Costa, L. Cotrim da Cunha, P.M. Cox, A.V. Eliseev, S. Henson, M. Ishii, S. Jaccard, C. Koven, A. Lohila, P.K. Patra, S. Piao, J. Rogelj, S. Syampungani, S. Zaehle, and K. Zickfeld, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter05.pdf Chapter 5: Global Carbon and other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 673–816, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|687}}  Ìtújáde methane sì ń wá láti inú iṣẹ́ ogbin, ìmújáde epo fósílì, egbin, àti àwọn orísun mìíràn.&lt;ref name=&quot;International Energy Agency-2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Methane Tracker 2023 |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023 |publisher=International Energy Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó máa ń gba ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún ọdún kí àyíká lè gba gbogbo carbon dioxide (CO₂) padà kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà carbon cycle,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Greenhouse Gases |date=16 December 2015 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |quote=Carbon dioxide's lifetime cannot be represented with a single value because the gas is not destroyed over time, but instead moves among different parts of the ocean–atmosphere–land system. Some of the excess carbon dioxide is absorbed quickly (for example, by the ocean surface), but some will remain in the atmosphere for thousands of years, due in part to the very slow process by which carbon is transferred to ocean sediments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ṣùgbọ́n methane máa ń wà nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò àárín ọdún méjìlá (12 years) péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding methane emissions |publisher=International Energy Agency |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ìṣàn carbon àdánidá máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín afẹ́fẹ́, àwọn ètò ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀, òkun, àti àwọn àkójọpọ̀ ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀ (sediments). Àwọn ìṣàn wọ̀nyí ti wà ní ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó dára fún nǹkan bí mílíọ̀nù ọdún kan sẹ́yìn,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Indicators: Atmospheric Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-atmospheric-concentrations-greenhouse-gases |website=EPA.gov |date=27 June 2016 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ti yí padà gidigidi ní àwọn àkókò tó jìn sí i nínú ìtàn ayé. Ní báyìí, ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide (CO₂) ga ju bí ó ti rí lọ ní ọdún mílíọ̀nù mẹ́ta sẹ́yìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Lindsey |first1=Rebecca |title=Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624204311/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=2020-03-02 |website=climate.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúdójúìwọ̀n ọdún 2023 lórí àwọn àmì pàtàkì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé tí ènìyàn ń fa, ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé (Earth's energy imbalance) ti dé àwọn ìpele gíga tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Smith |first2=Chris |last3=Walsh |first3=Tristram |last4=Lamb |first4=William F. |last5=Lamboll |first5=Robin |last6=Hall |first6=Bradley |last7=Hauser |first7=Mathias |last8=Ribes |first8=Aurélien |last9=Rosen |first9=Debbie |last10=Gillett |first10=Nathan P. |last11=Palmer |first11=Matthew D. |last12=Rogelj |first12=Joeri |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Trewin |first14=Blair |last15=Allen |first15=Myles |date=2024-06-05 |title=Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/2625/2024/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=2625–2658 |doi=10.5194/essd-16-2625-2024 |bibcode=2024ESSD...16.2625F |doi-access=free |issn=1866-3516}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tí ìwọ̀n ìtújáde tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ bá tẹ̀síwájú, ìgbóná ayé yóò kọjá 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) láàárín ọdún 2040 sí 2070. Èyí jẹ́ ìpele kan tí Ìgbìmọ̀ Àgbáyé Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) sọ pé ó jẹ́ “ewú tó lágbára” (dangerous).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carbon Brief-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Analysis: When might the world exceed 1.5C and 2C of global warming?|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|access-date=2021-06-17|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606135004/https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-when-might-the-world-exceed-1-5c-and-2c-of-global-warming|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àbùdá àti Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣiṣẹ́ ==
[[Fáìlì:Atmospheric Transmission.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Atmospheric absorption and scattering at different wavelengths of electromagnetic waves. The largest absorption band of carbon dioxide is not far from the maximum in the thermal emission from ground, and it partly closes the window of transparency of water—explaining carbon dioxide's major heat-trapping effect.]]
Àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì jẹ́ àwọn gáàsì tó ń ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi (infrared radiation), ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n máa ń gba a wọlé, wọ́n sì tún máa ń tú ú jáde ní àgbègbè ìgbi gígùn kan náà tí ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, àwọn ìkùukùu, àti afẹ́fẹ́ Ayé ń tú ìtọ́jú rẹ̀ jáde.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot;&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf Annex VII: Glossary] [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256, [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022]].&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2233}}

Nǹkan bí ìdá 99% afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ Ilẹ̀ Ayé (láìka ìrì omi sí) ni nitrogen (N₂) (78%) àti oxygen (O₂) (21%) ṣe. Nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu méjì ti èròjà kan náà, kò sí àìdọ́gba nínú bí agbára iná inú wọn (electrical charges) ṣe pín ká,&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot; /&gt; nítorí náà ìtọ́jú ìgbóná infurarẹẹdi (infrared thermal radiation) kò ní ipa kankan lórí wọn fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rárá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Peng-Sheng |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yin-Chih |last3=Chiu |first3=Hsuan-Han |last4=Yen |first4=Da-Lun |last5=Lee |first5=Chieh |last6=Tsai |first6=Yi-Cheng |last7=Ting |first7=Te-Chuan |date=6 October 2018 |title=Absorption coefficient of carbon dioxide across atmospheric troposphere layer |journal=[[Heliyon]] |volume=4 |issue=10 |article-number=e00785 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00785 |doi-access=free |pmid=30302408 |pmc=6174548 |bibcode=2018Heliy...400785W |issn = 2405-8440 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìmúra kékeré gan-an péré ló ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ohun tí a mọ̀ sí collision-induced absorption.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |s2cid=128823108 |issn=1944-8007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Which Gases Are Greenhouse Gases? |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/greenhousegases/whichgases.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |publisher=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Höpfner |first1=M. |last2=Milz |first2=M. |last3=Buehler |first3=S. |last4=Orphall |first4=J. |last5=Stiller |first5=G. |date=24 May 2012 |title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and nitrogen (N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=39 |issue=L10706 |article-number=2012GL051409 |doi=10.1029/2012GL051409 |bibcode=2012GeoRL..3910706H |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=128823108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nǹkan bí ìdá 0.9% míì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ náà jẹ́ argon (Ar), èyí tí ó jẹ́ molikula atomu kan ṣoṣo (monatomic), nítorí náà ó jẹ́ mímọ́ pátápátá fún ìtọ́jú ìgbóná. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, carbon dioxide (0.04%), methane, nitrous oxide àti àwọn gáàsì míì tí iye wọn kéré gan-an jọ ṣe kere ju ìdá 0.1% afẹ́fẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Ayé lọ. Ṣùgbọ́n nítorí pé molikula wọn ní àwọn atomu ti àwọn èròjà oríṣìíríṣìí, àìdọ́gba kan wà nínú bí agbára iná wọn ṣe pín ká. Àìdọ́gba yìí ń jẹ́ kí ìrìnkèrindò molikula (molecular vibrations) lè bá àwọn ìgbì amúnáwòrán (electromagnetic radiation) ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀. Èyí ló mú kí wọ́n lè gba ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi, ìyẹn ni pé wọ́n jẹ́ infrared active, àti pé wíwà wọn nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;Archer2011Ch4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=David |url=http://forecast.uchicago.edu/chapter4.pdf |title=Global Warming: Understanding the Forecast, Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gases |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-94341-0 |edition=2 |access-date=14 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ipá Mú-Ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì Ìtọ́jú Yí Padà (Radiative Forcing) ===
[[Fáìlì:1750- Radiative forcing - greenhouse gases and aerosols.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Hansen àti àwọn alábàáṣiṣẹ́ rẹ̀ (2025) kọ̀wé pé IPCC ti dín ìwọ̀n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń ní kù nínú àwọn ìṣírò rẹ̀, èyí tí ó sì mú kí wọ́n tún dín ìwọ̀n climate sensitivity (bí Ilẹ̀ Ayé ṣe ń fèsì sí ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì) kù.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203/&gt; Nínú ohun tí Hansen pè ní “àdéhùn Faustian” (Faustian bargain), ìṣàkóso àti ìdínkù aerosols mú kí ààyè afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ sí i, ṣùgbọ́n ipa ìtútù tí aerosols ń pèsè kò tún tó láti dín ipa ìgbóná tó ń pọ̀ sí i láti ọwọ́ àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kù. Èyí ló ṣàlàyé ìdí tí ìgbóná ayé fi ga ju bí a ṣe retí lọ ní ọdún 2023 sí 2024.&lt;ref name=Envt_Hanson_20250203&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=James E. |last2=Kharecha |first2=Pushker |last3=Sato |first3=Makiko |last4=Tselioudis |first4=George |last5=Kelly |first5=Joseph |last6=Bauer |first6=Susanne E. |last7=Ruedy |first7=Reto |last8=Jeong |first8=Eunbi |last9=Jin |first9=Quijian |last10=Rignot |first10=Eric |last11=Velicogna |first11=Isabella |last12=Schoeberl |first12=Mark R. |last13=von Schuckmann |first13=Karina |last14=Amponsem |first14=Joshua |last15=Cao |first15=Junji |last16=Keskinen |first16=Anton |last17=Li |first17=Jing |last18=Pokela |first18=Anni |display-authors=4 |title=Global Warming Has Accelerated: Are the United Nations and the Public Well-Informed? |journal=Environment |date=3 February 2025 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=6–44 |doi=10.1080/00139157.2025.2434494|bibcode=2025ESPSD..67....6H |doi-access=free }} Figure 3.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Fáìlì:Greenhouse gas absorption coefficients.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Àwọn kọ́ẹ́fíṣẹ́ntì ìmúra ìtọ́jú infurarẹẹdi-ìgbi-gígùn (longwave-infrared absorption coefficients) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pàtàkì. Ìrì omi (water vapour) máa ń gba ìtọ́jú lórí àgbègbè ìwọ̀n igbi tó gbòòrò. Ilẹ̀ Ayé sì máa ń tú ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) jáde ní agbára púpọ̀ ní pàtàkì ní àgbègbè ìmúra carbon dioxide (CO₂) tó wà ní ìwọ̀n igbi 15 micrometre (15 µm). Ìpàtàkì ìrì omi nínú ìmúra ìtọ́jú máa ń dín kù bí a ṣe ń gòkè sí àwọn ìpele afẹ́fẹ́ tó ga sí i.]]
Ilẹ̀ Ayé máa ń gba apá kan nínú agbára ìtọ́jú (radiant energy) tí ó ń gba láti ọ̀dọ̀ Oòrùn, ó máa ń da apá kan padà gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ́lẹ̀, ó sì máa ń da tàbí tú ìyókù rẹ̀ padà sí òde ayé gẹ́gẹ́ bí ooru. Ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ ojú pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì kan dá lórí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì tó wà láàárín agbára tó ń wọlé àti agbára tó ń jáde. Nígbà tí ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára Ilẹ̀ Ayé bá yí padà, ojú Ilẹ̀ rẹ̀ máa ń gbóná sí i tàbí tutù sí i, èyí tí ó sì ń yọrí sí oríṣìíríṣìí àyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ àgbáyé.&lt;ref name=&quot;epa ggas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827230238/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Radiative forcing jẹ́ ìwọ̀n kan tí a ń ṣe ní watts fún mètà onígun (W/m²), tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe ipa tí àyípadà kan láti òde ní lórí ohun kan tó ń ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìyàtọ̀ nínú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì agbára ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́ (top-of-atmosphere, TOA) tí àyípadà òde bẹ́ẹ̀ fa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀. Radiative forcing rere (positive forcing), bíi èyí tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá pọ̀ sí i, túmọ̀ sí pé agbára tó ń wọlé pọ̀ ju agbára tó ń jáde lọ ní òkè afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń fa ìgbóná àfikún. Ní ọwọ́ kejì, radiative forcing odi (negative forcing), bíi èyí tí sulfate tí sulfur dioxide dá sílẹ̀ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ń fa, máa ń yọrí sí ìtútù.&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2245}}&lt;ref name=&quot;epa cforce&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2016 |title=Climate Change Indicators in the United States – Climate Forcing |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827223551/https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-climate-forcing |archive-date=27 August 2016 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_climate-forcing-2016.pdf] &lt;/ref&gt;

Nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ (lower atmosphere), àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì máa ń pàṣípààrọ̀ ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation) pẹ̀lú ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé, wọ́n sì ń dín ìṣàn ooru tí ń lọ kúrò lórí ojú Ilẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú kù. Èyí ń dín ìwọ̀n àpapọ̀ ìgbéga ooru nípasẹ̀ ìtọ́jú (upward radiative heat transfer) kù.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wallace2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=J. M. |last2=Hobbs |first2=P. V. |title=Atmospheric Science |date=2006 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-732951-2 |edition=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|139}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Manabe1964&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Manabe |first1=S. |last2=Strickler |first2=R. F. |title=Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment |journal=J. Atmos. Sci. |date=1964 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=361–385 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1964)021&lt;0361:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1964JAtS...21..361M |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìlọsíwájú nínú ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tún ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ òkè (upper atmosphere) tutù sí i. Èyí jẹ́ nítorí pé afẹ́fẹ́ òkè rọrùn gan-an ju afẹ́fẹ́ ìsàlẹ̀ lọ, àti pé ooru tí àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì bá tún tú jáde níbẹ̀ máa ń ní àǹfààní púpọ̀ sí i láti tẹ̀síwájú lọ sí òde ayé ju láti bá àwọn molikula gáàsì díẹ̀ tí ó wà ní afẹ́fẹ́ òkè ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ lọ. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí àbájáde, afẹ́fẹ́ òkè náà ń dín kù ní ìwọ̀n rẹ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;PierrehumbertTextbook&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pierrehumbert |first1=Raymond T. |title=Principles of Planetary Climate |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86556-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|413}}

== Àfikún Gáàsì Kọọkan sí Ipa Ilé-Gíláàsì ==
Àwọn ìyípadà tí ènìyàn ń fa sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì àdánidá ni a máa ń pè ní ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect).&lt;ref name=&quot;AR6_WGI_AnnexVII&quot; /&gt;{{rp|2223}}

Àtòjọ yìí fi hàn àwọn ìpín pàtàkì jù lọ nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀, láìsí èyí tí ìwọ̀n ìtẹ́ àpapọ̀ ojú Ilẹ̀ Ayé yóò jẹ́ nǹkan bí −18 °C (0 °F),&lt;ref name=&quot;NASACO2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Science Briefs: Greenhouse Gases: Refining the Role of Carbon Dioxide |url=http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112211604/http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/ma_01/ |archive-date=2005-01-12 |access-date=2016-04-26 |website=NASA GISS |author1=Qiancheng Ma |date=March 1998 }}&lt;/ref&gt; dípò nǹkan bí 15 °C (59 °F) tí a ní lónìí.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trenberth2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Karl TR, Trenberth KE |year=2003 |title=Modern global climate change |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |via=Zenodo |s2cid-access=free |url-status=live |journal=Science |volume=302 |issue=5651 |pages=1719–23 |bibcode=2003Sci...302.1719K |doi=10.1126/science.1090228 |pmid=14657489 |s2cid=45484084 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422194919/https://zenodo.org/record/1230878 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àtòjọ náà tún mẹ́nuba ozone tó wà nínú troposphere, nítorí pé gáàsì yìí ní ipa ìtútù nínú stratosphere, ṣùgbọ́n ó ní ipa ìgbóná nínú troposphere tí ó jọ ti nitrous oxide àti CFCs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2016-08-01 |title=Atmospheric Concentration of Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-08/documents/print_ghg-concentrations-2016.pdf |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; id-&quot;GHG-ranking&quot;
|+ Ìpín Ìdásílẹ̀ Gáàsì Ilé-Gíláàsì Lapapọ̀ (% Contribution to Total Greenhouse Effect)
! !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | K&amp;T (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kiehl |first=J.T. |author2=Kevin E. Trenberth |year=1997 |title=Earth's annual global mean energy budget |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78..197K |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078&lt;0197:EAGMEB&gt;2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free|url=http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/387h/PAPERS/kiehl.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Schmidt (2010)&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot;&gt;{{citation |author1=Schmidt, G.A. |title=The attribution of the present-day total greenhouse effect |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |work=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=115 |issue=D20 |pages=D20106 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022111918/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2010/2010_Schmidt_etal_1.pdf |bibcode=2010JGRD..11520106S |doi=10.1029/2010JD014287 |archive-date=22 October 2011 |author2=R. Ruedy |author3=R.L. Miller |author4=A.A. Lacis |article-number=2010JD014287 |author-link1=Gavin Schmidt |doi-access=free}}, D20106. [http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html Web page ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604034848/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/abs/sc05400j.html|date=4 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! Olùkópa (Contributor) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds) !! Ọ̀run Mímọ́ (Clear Sky) !! Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà (With Clouds)
|-
| Ìrì Omi (Water Vapour) || 60 || 41 || 67 || 50
|-
| Àwọsánmà (Clouds) || || 31 || || 25
|-
| CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;|| 26 || 18 || 24 || 19
|-
| Tropospheric ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) || 8 || || ||
|-
| N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O + CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;|| 6 || || ||
|-
| Other || || 9 || 9 || 7
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 0.85em; padding: 5px 2px 5px 10px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;&quot; |
K&amp;T (1997) lo 353 ppm ti CO₂, wọ́n sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ọ̀run mímọ́ (clear-sky greenhouse effect) tó jẹ́ 125 W/m². Wọ́n dá lórí àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ kan ṣoṣo àti àwòṣe awọsánmà kan. Àwọn ìpín “Pẹ̀lú Àwọsánmà” jẹ́ láti ìtumọ̀ Schmidt (2010) ti iṣẹ́ K&amp;T (1997).

Schmidt (2010) lo data climatology ti ọdún 1980 pẹ̀lú 339 ppm ti CO₂, ó sì ṣe ìṣírò ipa ilé-gíláàsì lapapọ̀ tí ó jẹ́ 155 W/m². Ó tún kópa ìpínkiri àkókò àti ìpínkiri mẹ́ta-ọ̀nà (3-D spatial distribution) ti àwọn ohun tí ń gba ìtọ́jú (absorbers) sínú àyẹ̀wò rẹ̀.&lt;br /&gt;
|}

=== Ipa Pàtàkì Ìrì Omi (Special Role of Water Vapour) ===
[[Fáìlì:CO2 H2O absorption atmospheric gases unique pattern energy wavelengths of energy transparent to others.png|thumb|Àwọn gáàsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń gba díẹ̀ nínú ìgbi agbára (energy wavelengths) kan ṣoṣo, ṣùgbọ́n wọ́n tún máa ń jẹ́ mímọ́ fún àwọn ìgbi míì. Àpẹẹrẹ ìmúra ìtọ́jú (absorption patterns) ti ìrì omi (water vapour) (àwọn gíga buluu) àti carbon dioxide (CO₂) (àwọn gíga pupa) máa ń bọ́ lórí ara wọn ní àwọn ìwọ̀n igbi kan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA climate forcings&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=January 14, 2009 |title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìrì omi (water vapour) ni gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ lapapọ̀, nítorí pé ó ń kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 41–67% nínú ipa ilé-gíláàsì.&lt;ref name=&quot;kiehl197&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schmidt2010paper&quot; /&gt; Síbẹ̀, ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ nínú ayé kì í jẹ́ ohun tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ń ṣàkóso taara. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn bíi ìrìgá (irrigation) lè ní ipa lórí ìrì omi ní agbègbè kan, ipa yìí kéré gan-an lórí ìwọ̀n àgbáyé nítorí pé ìrì omi kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ — ìgbà ààyè rẹ̀ jẹ́ nǹkan bí ọjọ́ mẹ́sàn-án péré.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 April 1995 |title=AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System |url=http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020163357/http://www.eso.org/gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/pwv/mockler.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |access-date=2011-09-11 |publisher=Eso.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Síbẹ̀, nípa àìtaara, bí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yóò mú kí ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí yóò sì tún mú ìgbóná náà lágbára sí i. Ìlànà yìí ni a mọ̀ sí ìfèsìpadà ìrì omi (water vapour feedback). Èyí ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ìlànà Clausius–Clapeyron, tó sọ pé bí ìwọ̀n ooru ṣe ń gòkè, ìpọ̀ ìrì omi tí afẹ́fẹ́ lè dì pọ̀ sí i nínú ìwọn kọọkan tún máa ń pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref name=&quot;Held&amp;Soden2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Held |first1=Isaac M. |last2=Soden |first2=Brian J. |date=November 2000 |title=Water vapor feedback and global warming |journal=[[Annual Review of Energy and the Environment]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=441–475 |citeseerx=10.1.1.22.9397 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.441 |issn=1056-3466 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nítorí náà, ìwọ̀n ìrì omi nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lè yàtọ̀ gidigidi: ó lè jẹ́ kéré ju 0.01% lọ ní àwọn agbègbè tó tutù gan-an, sí i tó 3% nípa ìpọ̀ ní afẹ́fẹ́ tí ó ti kún fún omi ní ìwọ̀n 32 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Evans, Kimberly Masters |url=https://archive.org/details/environment00kimm_0 |title=The environment: a revolution in attitudes |publisher=Thomson Gale |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7876-9082-3 |location=Detroit |chapter=The greenhouse effect and climate change |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=DdtzAAAACAAJ}} |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Tó Wọ́pọ̀ (Global Warming Potential, GWP) àti CO₂ Equivalents ===
[[Fáìlì:Perfluorotributylamine-global-warming-potential.jpg|thumb|Àfiwé agbára ìgbóná ayé (GWP-100) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mẹ́ta lórí àkókò ọdún 100 fún ton kọọkan: Perfluorotributylamine (PFTBA), nitrous oxide, àti methane, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂, èyí tí a fi ṣe ìpele ìfíwéra, nítorí náà GWP rẹ̀ jẹ́ 1). PFTBA ni a lo nínú àpẹẹrẹ yìí gẹ́gẹ́ bí aṣojú ẹgbẹ́ ńlá kan ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì fluorinated tí ó lágbára gan-an. Àpapọ̀ àwọn hydrocarbon fluorinated kópa nínú nǹkan bí ìdá 10% ti ìgbóná ayé.]]
Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò (GWP) jẹ́ ìwọn bí gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì kan ṣe ń di ooru mú nínú afẹ́fẹ́ lórí àkókò kan pàtó, ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú carbon dioxide (CO₂).&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:2-40&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n tí kò ní ẹ̀ka (dimensionless) tí a ń fi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìlọ́po ìgbóná tí ìwọ̀n kan náà ti CO₂ yóò fa. Nítorí náà, ní ìtumọ̀ rẹ̀, CO₂ ní GWP tó dọ́gba pẹ̀lú 1. Fún àwọn gáàsì mìíràn, ó dá lórí bí gáàsì náà ṣe lágbára tó láti gba ìtọ́jú ìgbóná (thermal radiation), bí ó ṣe yara tó láti kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, àti àkókò tí a fi ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò náà.

Fún àpẹẹrẹ, methane ní Ìwọn Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé lórí ọdún 20 (GWP-20) tó jẹ́ 81.2,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#cite_note-Global_warming_potential_:0-41&lt;/ref&gt; èyí tó túmọ̀ sí pé jíjò ton kan ti methane dọ́gba pẹ̀lú ìtújáde ton 81.2 ti carbon dioxide, bí a bá fi àkókò ọdún 20 ṣe ìwọ̀n wọn. Níwọ̀n bí methane ṣe ní àkókò ìgbé ayé nínú afẹ́fẹ́ tó kúkúrú ju carbon dioxide lọ, GWP rẹ̀ máa ń dín kù lórí àwọn àkókò tó gùn sí i, pẹ̀lú GWP-100 tó jẹ́ 27.9 àti GWP-500 tó jẹ́ 7.95.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ìtújáde gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì (GHG emissions) lè jẹ́ fífi hàn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n carbon dioxide equivalent mass tàbí carbon dioxide equivalent nìkan (tí a ń fi àmì CO₂e tàbí CO₂eq hàn, tí a tún lè kọ sí CO₂-e tàbí CO₂-eq). A lè ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ láti inú GWP àti ìwọ̀n gáàsì tí a tú jáde. Fún gáàsì kankan, ó jẹ́ ìwọ̀n CO₂ tí yóò mú kí Ilẹ̀ Ayé gbóná tó bẹ́ẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n gáàsì náà. Nítorí náà, ó pèsè ìwọ̀n kan ṣoṣo fún fífi wọn ipa ojú-ọjọ́ ti àwọn gáàsì oríṣìíríṣìí. A máa ń ṣe ìṣírò rẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí GWP tí a fi ìwọ̀n gáàsì kejì náà sọ́pọ̀; a sì máa ń fi hàn ní gigatonnes (àmì: Gt).

== Àtòjọ gbogbo àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì ==
[[Fáìlì:1979- Radiative forcing - climate change - global warming - EPA NOAA.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Ipa radiative forcing (ipa ìgbóná) ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ fún àkókò pípẹ́ ti ń pọ̀ sí i ní kíákíá, ó sì ti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ di ìlọ́po méjì nínú ọdún mẹ́rìnlélógójì (40 years).&lt;ref name=NOAA_AGGI_2024&gt;{{cite web |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |website=NOAA.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116020004/https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/aggi.html |archive-date=16 January 2026 |date=2026 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Annual Greenhouse Gas Index |url=https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421143115/https://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/annual-greenhouse-gas-index |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=U.S. Global Change Research Program}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ìpín tí gáàsì kọ̀ọ̀kan ń kó sí ipa ilé-gíláàsì tí a ti mú pọ̀ sí i (enhanced greenhouse effect) dá lórí àwọn àbùdá gáàsì náà, iye rẹ̀, àti àwọn ipa àìtaara tí ó lè fa. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, ipa radiative forcing tààrà ti ìwọ̀n kan ti methane jẹ́ nǹkan bí ìlọ́po 84 lágbára ju ìwọ̀n kan náà ti carbon dioxide lọ lórí àkókò ọdún 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;TableOfWarmingPotentials5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report |page=731 |chapter=Appendix 8.A |access-date=6 November 2017 |chapter-url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013100414/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Láti ọdún 1980s, a tún ti ń ṣe ìṣírò àwọn ìpín greenhouse gas forcing (ní ìfíwéra pẹ̀lú ọdún 1750) pẹ̀lú ìdánilójú gíga, ní lílo àwọn àfihàn tí IPCC dámọ̀ràn tí a ti mú jáde láti inú àwọn àwòṣe radiative transfer.&lt;ref name=&quot;butmon2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Butler J. and Montzka S. |year=2020 |title=The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html |publisher=[[NOAA]] Global Monitoring Laboratory/Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìwọ̀n gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì nínú afẹ́fẹ́ ni a sábà máa ń wọn ní parts per million (ppm) tàbí parts per billion (ppb) ní ìwọ̀n àgbègbè (by volume). Ìwọ̀n CO₂ tó jẹ́ 420 ppm túmọ̀ sí pé nínú gbogbo mílíọ̀nù kan (1,000,000) molikula afẹ́fẹ́, 420 nínú wọn ni molikula CO₂. Ìlọsíwájú àkọ́kọ́ ti 30 ppm nínú ìwọ̀n CO₂ gba nǹkan bí ọdún 200 láti ṣẹlẹ̀, láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (Industrial Revolution) títí di ọdún 1958. Ṣùgbọ́n ìlọsíwájú tó tẹ̀lé e, tó jẹ́ 90 ppm, ṣẹlẹ̀ láàárín ọdún 56 péré, láti ọdún 1958 sí 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kibert2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Charles J. Kibert |title=Sustainable Construction: Green Building Design and Delivery |publisher=Wiley |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-119-05532-7 |chapter=Background |chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=qv3iCwAAQBAJ|page=698}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Full Mauna Loa CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; record |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428033710/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/full.html |archive-date=28 April 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |publisher=Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bákan náà, àpapọ̀ ìlọsíwájú ọdún kọ̀ọ̀kan ní àwọn ọdún 1960s jẹ́ 37% péré ti ohun tí ó jẹ́ láàárín ọdún 2000 sí 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite FTP |last=Tans |first=Pieter |date=3 May 2008 |server=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratories, Global Monitoring Division |title=Annual CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; mole fraction increase (ppm) for 1959–2007 |url=ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/co2_gr_mlo.txt }} {{cite web |title=additional details |url=http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225142754/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=15 May 2008}}; see also {{cite journal |last1=Masarie |first1=K.A. |last2=Tans |first2=P.P. |year=1995 |title=Extension and integration of atmospheric carbon dioxide data into a globally consistent measurement record |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |url-status=live |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |volume=100 |issue=D6 |pages=11593–610 |bibcode=1995JGR...10011593M |doi=10.1029/95JD00859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193900/https://zenodo.org/record/1231364 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀ àkíyèsí (observations) wà lórí ẹ̀rọ ayélujára nínú oríṣìíríṣìí Àkójọpọ̀ Dátà Àkíyèsí Kemísírì Afẹ́fẹ́ (Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases). Tábìlì tó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ fi àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì tó pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́, tí wọ́n sì dà pọ̀ dáadáa (long-lived, well-mixed greenhouse gases), hàn, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n wọn nínú troposphere àti ipa radiative forcing tààrà wọn, gẹ́gẹ́ bí Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ṣe dá wọn mọ̀.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ |title=AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis |contribution=Chapter 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń ṣe ìwọ̀n àwọn gáàsì àtọ̀ka wọ̀nyí (trace gases) déédéé láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ afẹ́fẹ́ tí a kó jọ láti oríṣìíríṣìí agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Monitoring Laboratory |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases |url=https://gaw.kishou.go.jp/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch Programme and Japan Meteorological Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Advanced Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment |url=https://agage.mit.edu/ |access-date=2020-12-11 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tábìlì náà kò kà ìrì omi (water vapor) sí, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ ni a máa ń ṣe ìṣírò wọn gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìfèsìpadà sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ (climate change feedback) tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara látàrí àwọn ìyípadà nínú àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì mìíràn. Ó tún yọ ozone kúrò, nítorí pé àwọn ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n rẹ̀ máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àìtaara nìkan látàrí àwọn refrigerants oríṣìíríṣìí tí ń fa ìparun ozone. Diẹ̀ lára àwọn gáàsì tó kì í pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (short-lived gases), bíi carbon monoxide àti NOx, pẹ̀lú àwọn aerosol bíi eruku ilẹ̀ (mineral dust) tàbí black carbon, ni a tún yọ kúrò nítorí ipa wọn tó kéré àti ìyípadà wọn tó lágbára. Bákan náà, àwọn refrigerants kéékèèké àti àwọn gáàsì halogenated mìíràn ni a tún yọ kúrò, nítorí pé a ti ṣe wọn ní iye tó kéré ju àwọn tó wà nínú tábìlì náà lọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731–738}}  àti Annex III ti Ìròyìn IPCC WG1 ti ọdún 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar6&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2021-08-09 |editor=Dentener F. J. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport |section=Annex III: Tables of historical and projected well-mixed greenhouse gas mixing ratios and effective radiative forcing of all climate forcers |section-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexIII.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor2=B. Hall |editor3=C. Smith}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|4–9}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Àtòjọ IPCC ti àwọn gáàsì ilé-gíláàsì pẹ̀lú àkókò tí wọ́n máa ń pẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́ (lifetime), Agbára Ìgbóná Ayé Gbogbogbò lórí ọdún 100 (100-year Global Warming Potential), ìwọ̀n wọn nínú troposphere, àti àwọn radiative forcings wọn. Àwọn àkótán TAR, AR4, AR5 àti AR6 ń tọ́ka sí àwọn ìròyìn IPCC oríṣìíríṣìí tí a tẹ̀ jáde láàárín àwọn ọdún. Ìpìlẹ̀ ìfíwéra náà ni àkókò ṣáájú Ìyípadà Ilé-iṣẹ́ (pre-industrialization), ìyẹn ọdún 1750.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Species
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[#Atmospheric lifetime|Lifetime]]
(years)
&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |100-yr
[[Global warming potential|GWP]]
&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Mole Fraction [ppt – except as noted]{{efn-ua|1=[[Mole fraction]]s: μmol/mol = ppm = parts per million (10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;); nmol/mol = ppb = parts per billion (10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;); pmol/mol = ppt = parts per trillion (10&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;).}} + [[Radiative forcing]] [W m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;]{{efn-ua|Values are relative to year 1750. AR6 reports the ''effective radiative forcing'' which includes effects of rapid adjustments in the atmosphere and at the surface.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Hansen, J. |author2=Sato, M. |author3=Ruedy, R. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Efficacy of Climate Forcings |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=119 |issue=D18104 |article-number=2005JD005776 |doi=10.1029/2005JD005776 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2005JGRD..11018104H }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Concentrations 
over time&lt;ref name=&quot;hats&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Long-term global trends of atmospheric trace gases |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/hats/data.html |access-date=2021-02-11 |publisher=NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;agage&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=AGAGE Data and Figures |url=https://agage.mit.edu/data/agage-data |access-date=2021-02-11 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}&lt;/ref&gt;

up to year 2022
|-
!Baseline
Year 1750
![[IPCC Third Assessment Report|TAR]]&lt;ref name=&quot;tar&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/ |title=TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis |page=358 |contribution=Chapter 6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Year 1998
![[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|AR4]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar4&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg1.htm |title=AR4 Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis |page=141 |contribution=Chapter 2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Year 2005
![[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|AR5]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|678}}
Year 2011
![[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|AR6]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ar6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|4–9}} 
Year 2019
|-
|[[Carbon dioxide|CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] [ppm]
|{{efn-ua|The IPCC states that ''&quot;no single atmospheric lifetime can be given&quot;'' for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ar5&quot; /&gt;{{rp|731}}  This is mostly due to the rapid growth and cumulative magnitude of the disturbances to Earth's [[carbon cycle]] by the geologic extraction and burning of fossil carbon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friedlingstein2020&quot; /&gt; As of year 2014, fossil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emitted as a theoretical 10 to 100&amp;nbsp;GtC pulse on top of the existing atmospheric concentration was expected to be 50% removed by land vegetation and ocean [[Carbon sink|sinks]] in less than about a century, as based on the projections of [[Coupled Model Intercomparison Project|coupled models]] referenced in the AR5 assessment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report – Supplemental Material |page=8SM-16 |chapter=Figure 8.SM.4 |chapter-url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/07/WGI_AR5.Chap_.8_SM.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A substantial fraction (20–35%) was also projected to remain in the atmosphere for centuries to millennia, where fractional persistence increases with pulse size.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Archer |first=David |year=2009 |title=Atmospheric lifetime of fossil fuel carbon dioxide |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/12933 |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=117–34 |bibcode=2009AREPS..37..117A |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.031208.100206 |hdl=2268/12933}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |author=Joos, F. |author2=Roth, R. |author3=Fuglestvedt, J.D. |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: A multi-model analysis |url=https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/2793/2013/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=2793–2825 |doi=10.5194/acpd-12-19799-2012 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/58316}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

|1
|278
|365 '''(1.46)''' 
|379 '''(1.66)'''
|391 '''(1.82)'''
|410 '''(2.16)'''
|[[File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Methane|CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] [ppb]
|12.4
|28
|700
|1,745 '''(0.48)'''
|1,774 '''(0.48)'''
|1,801 '''(0.48)'''
|1866 '''(0.54)'''
|[[File:CH4 mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Nitrous oxide|N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O]] [ppb]
|121
|265
|270 
|314 '''(0.15)'''
|319 '''(0.16)''' 
|324 '''(0.17)'''
|332 '''(0.21)'''
|[[File:HATS_Nitrous_Oxide_concentration.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Trichlorofluoromethane|CFC-11]]
|45
|4,660
|0
|268 '''(0.07)'''
|251 '''(0.063)'''
|238 '''(0.062)'''
|226 '''(0.066)'''
|[[File:Hats_f11_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Dichlorodifluoromethane|CFC-12]]
|100
|10,200
|0
|533 '''(0.17)'''
|538 '''(0.17)'''
|528 '''(0.17)'''
|503 '''(0.18)'''
|[[File:Hats_f12_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Chlorotrifluoromethane|CFC-13]]
|640
|13,900
|0
|4 '''(0.001)'''
| –
|2.7 '''(0.0007)'''
|3.28 '''(0.0009)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-13_mm.pdf cfc13]
|-
|[[1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane|CFC-113]]
|85
|6,490
|0
|84 '''(0.03)'''
|79 '''(0.024)'''
|74 '''(0.022)'''
|70 '''(0.021)'''
|[[File:Hats_f113_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane|CFC-114]]
|190
|7,710
|0
|15 '''(0.005)'''
| –
| –
|16 '''(0.005)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-114_mm.pdf cfc114]
|-
|[[CFC-115]]
|1,020
|5,860
|0
|7 '''(0.001)'''
| –
|8.37 '''(0.0017)'''
|8.67 '''(0.0021)'''
|[https://agage2.eas.gatech.edu/data_archive/data_figures/monthly/pdf/CFC-115_mm.pdf cfc115]
|-
|[[HCFC-22]]
|11.9
|5,280
|0
|132 '''(0.03)'''
|169 '''(0.033)'''
|213 '''(0.0447)'''
|247 '''(0.0528)'''
|[[File:HCFC22_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HCFC-141b]]
|9.2
|2,550
|0
|10 '''(0.001)'''
|18 '''(0.0025)'''
|21.4 '''(0.0034)'''
|24.4 '''(0.0039)'''
|[[File:HCFC141b_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HCFC-142b]]
|17.2
|5,020
|0
|11 '''(0.002)'''
|15 '''(0.0031)'''
|21.2 '''(0.0040)'''
|22.3 '''(0.0043)'''
|[[File:HCFC142b_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[1,1,1-Trichloroethane|CH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|5
|160
|0
|69 '''(0.004)'''
|19 '''(0.0011)'''
|6.32 '''(0.0004)'''
|1.6 '''(0.0001)'''
|[[File:BK_MC.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Carbon tetrachloride|CCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|26
|1,730
|0{{efn-ua|Natural sources do exist, but these do not produce a concentration as high as 1 [[Parts-per notation|part per quadrillion]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gribble|first=Gordon W.|title=Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds – A Comprehensive Update|year=2009 |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media |isbn=978-3-211-99323-1 |page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|102 '''(0.01)'''
|93 '''(0.012)'''
|85.8 '''(0.0146)'''
|78 '''(0.0129)'''
|[[File:Hats_ccl4_global.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-23]]
|222
|12,400
|0
|14 '''(0.002)'''
|18 '''(0.0033)'''
|24 '''(0.0043)'''
|32.4 '''(0.0062)'''
|[[File:HFC-23_mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-32]]
|5.2
|677
|0
| –
| –
|4.92 '''(0.0005)'''
|20 '''(0.0022)'''
|[[File:BK_HFC32.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-125]]
|28.2
|3,170
|0
| –
|3.7 '''(0.0009)'''
|9.58 '''(0.0022)'''
|29.4 '''(0.0069)'''
|[[File:HFC125_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-134a]]
|13.4
|1,300
|0
|7.5 '''(0.001)'''
|35 '''(0.0055)'''
|62.7 '''(0.0100)'''
|107.6 '''(0.018)'''
|[[File:HFC-134a mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-143a]]
|47.1
|4,800
|0
| –
| –
|12.0 '''(0.0019)'''
|24 '''(0.0040)'''
|[[File:HFC143a_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[HFC-152a]]
|1.5
|138
|0
|0.5 '''(0.0000)'''
|3.9 '''(0.0004)'''
|6.4 '''(0.0006)'''
|7.1 '''(0.0007)'''
|[[File:HFC152a_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Tetrafluoromethane|CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;]] (PFC-14)
|50,000
|6,630
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |40&lt;ref name=&quot;Natural&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harnisch|first1=Jochen|last2=Eisenhauer|first2=Anton|title=Natural CF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; and SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt; on Earth|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=25|year=1998|issue=13 |pages=2401–2404|doi=10.1029/98GL01779 |bibcode=1998GeoRL..25.2401H |s2cid=129805049 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn-ua|Figure is combined total natural abundance of all perfluorocarbons: no data exist for individual compounds.}}
|80 '''(0.003)'''
|74 '''(0.0034)'''
|79 '''(0.0040)'''
|85.5 '''(0.0051)'''
|[[File:Tetrafluoromethane_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Hexafluoroethane|C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]] (PFC-116)
|10,000
|11,100
|3 '''(0.001)'''
|2.9 '''(0.0008)'''
|4.16 '''(0.0010)'''
|4.85 '''(0.0013)'''
|[[File:Hexafluoroethane_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Sulfur hexafluoride|SF&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|3,200
|23,500
|0.01&lt;ref name=&quot;Natural&quot;/&gt;
|4.2 '''(0.002)'''
|5.6 '''(0.0029)'''
|7.28 '''(0.0041)'''
|9.95 '''(0.0056)'''
|[[File:Sulfur_Hexafluoride_concentration.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Sulfuryl fluoride|SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|36
|4,090
|0
| –
| –
|1.71 '''(0.0003)'''
|2.5 '''(0.0005)'''
|[[File:SO2F2_mm.png|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|-
|[[Nitrogen trifluoride|NF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;]]
|500
|16,100
|0
| –
| –
|0.9 '''(0.0002)'''
|2.05 '''(0.0004)'''
|[[File:Nitrogen_Trifluoride_concentration.jpg|upright=0.5|frameless]]
|}


== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==

&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g42h3qwlh4d8vvjonsqaokgh3l5oztl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá 1983–1985 ní Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623095</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T16:21:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341507774|1983–1985 North American drought]]&quot;</comment>
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Ọ̀dá líle koko kan tí ó ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìgbì ooru líle ní àwọn apá kan ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà àti gúúsù Kánádà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àárín ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 1983, ó sì gbòòrò títí di ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn ọdún 1985. 

== Àkótán Àkótán ==
Ó ṣeé ṣe kí ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 1983 ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní oṣù kẹrin.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)&quot;&gt;ìtọ́kasí tí a nílò&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọ̀dá náà kan ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ ní Midwest àti Great Plains. Bákan náà, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ ní ìrírí ooru ní oṣù ooru, pẹ̀lú ìwọ̀n otútù tó ju ogorun °F (38 °C) tàbí jù bẹ́ẹ̀ lọ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè. Nígbà tó yá ní ọdún 1983 àti ọdún méjì tó tẹ̀lé e, àwọn ipò òjò bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í kan gúúsù àárín gbùngbùn Kánádà pẹ̀lú, pàápàá jùlọ Alberta, Manitoba àti Saskatchewan. Ó ṣeé ṣe kí ọ̀dá náà wáyé lábẹ́ La Niña tí kò lágbára láti dé ìwọ̀nba tí ó lè ti ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àárín ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 1983. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A 1983-84 La Niña Animation|journal=The Physical Sciences Laboratory|date=January 2010|url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/etd/232|access-date=May 12, 2022|last1=Xeflide|first1=Seth}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Midwestern ==
Ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ pé gbogbo àwọn agbègbè ní Ìpínlẹ̀ Indiana&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=U.S. Drought Disaster Declared by U.S.|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/03/us/drought-disaster-declared-by-us.html|access-date=2009-04-13|date=1983-09-03|first=Andrew H.|last=Malcolm}}&lt;/ref&gt; àti ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ní Illinois&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Droughts in Illinois|publisher=NWS|url=http://www.co.sangamon.il.us/NHMP/PDF/Drought-draft.pdf|access-date=March 30, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni wọ́n fún ní ìkéde àjálù ọ̀dá nítorí ooru tó léwu, pẹ̀lú àwọn ipò gbígbẹ gidigidi. Ní Kentucky, Ọ̀dá ọdún 1983 jẹ́ èyí tó burú jùlọ ní ọ̀rúndún 20. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ igi àti igbó ló di aláìlera.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Top Ten Heat Events|publisher=NOAA|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk=top10heat|access-date=2009-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìpínlẹ̀ Àríwá-Ìlà Oòrùn ==
Àwọn ipò gbígbẹ tún kan àwọn apá kan ní Àárín Àríwá Àtìláńtíìkì láàrín ọdún 1983 sí 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The Surface Water Resource Potential of New Jersey|journal=The Montclair State University|date=January 2010|url=https://digitalcommons.montclair.edu/etd/232|access-date=May 12, 2022|last1=Xeflide|first1=Seth}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀dá náà, pàápàá jùlọ ní ọdún 1983 sí 1985, kan Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, àwọn apá kan ní New England àti ìlà-oòrùn Ìpínlẹ̀ New York.

== Kánádà ==
Ní àwọn apá kan ní gúúsù àárín gbùngbùn Kánádà láàárín ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 1983 sí ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 1985, ọ̀dá mú kí àwọn èso oko tí kò dára tó, pàápàá jùlọ ní Alberta, Manitoba àti ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè ní Saskatchewan.  Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé oṣù June jẹ́ òjò díẹ̀ fún àwọn agbègbè wọ̀nyí, oṣù Keje fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ òdìkejì pátápátá, gẹ́gẹ́ bí oṣù August, ìgbà ìrúwé àti ọdún méjì tó tẹ̀lé e. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chinook_summer_1984&quot; /&gt;

== Ìgbì ooru tó jọra ==
Ooru líle tó pọ̀ jù kan ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ apá ní Amẹ́ríkà láti ìgbà ìrúwé ọdún 1983 sí àárín ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn ọdún 1985. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The National Climate Program Act and Climate Change|location=Washington DC|publisher=US Government Printing Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAsYFsl2KdwC&amp;dq=the+us+%221985+heat+wave%22&amp;pg=PA384|access-date=May 14, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oòrùn líle gbá [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Missouri|Missouri]], Illinois àti [[Kentucky|Kentucky,]] èyí tó pa ọgọ́rùn-ún ènìyàn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=St. Louis Bears Brunt of Heat Wave as U.S. Toll Rises|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/24/us/st-louis-bears-brunt-of-heat-wave-as-us-toll-rises.html|access-date=2009-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ooru àti gbígbẹ náà tún kọjá àwọn agbègbè Gúúsù ìlà-oòrùn àti Àárín Àtítíníà, títí kan ìlú New York .  Àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ mìíràn tó ní ipa nínú rẹ̀ ni [[Nebraska]], [[Iowa]],  [[Wisconsin]],  [[Minnesota]] àti [[Kansas]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A Long and Hot Summer}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Long Hot Summer|publisher=Tandfonline}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>r2a8uw6x4l64quwg8rfpvfestciqdq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ètò Ìwádìí Ọ̀gbẹlẹ̀</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623096</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T16:40:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337116111|Drought Research Initiative]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>623096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11163" sha1="cvp0kojojt1mg599tbptgck25h2sld2" xml:space="preserve">A dá Ìwádìí Ọ̀dá (DRI) sílẹ̀ láti lóye àwọn ànímọ́ àti ìlànà tó ń nípa lórí ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Canada àti láti sọ àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ wọn dáadáa, nípa títọ́ka sí ọ̀dá líle tó bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1999 tó sì parí ní ọdún 2005. Ó jẹ́ ìsapá onírúurú ẹ̀kọ́ tó ní àwọn olùwádìí mẹ́ẹ̀ẹ́dógún tí wọ́n ń náwó láti ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ gíga mẹ́fà ní Canada, àwọn alábáṣiṣẹpọ̀ tó lé ní ogún láti àwọn yunifásítì mìíràn àti àwọn ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ìjọba àpapọ̀, àti àwọn alábáṣiṣẹpọ̀ láti ìjọba ìpínlẹ̀ mẹ́ta (Alberta, Manitoba àti Saskatchewan). DRI dojúkọ àwọn kókó ìwádìí márùn-ún: ìṣírò, òye, àsọtẹ́lẹ̀, ìfiwéra pẹ̀lú ọ̀dá mìíràn, àti àwọn ìtumọ̀ fún àwùjọ. Àwọn àlàyé lè wà nínú Stewart àti àwọn ẹlẹgbẹ́ rẹ̀ (2008) àti lórí ojú-òpó wẹ́ẹ̀bù DRI.

== Agbetẹlẹ ==
Ọ̀dá jẹ́ àbùkù kan nínú ìyípo ojúọjọ́, ojúọjọ́, àti ojúọjọ́ tí omi àti agbára ń yípo, tí a sábà máa ń bẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn iṣẹ́ afẹ́fẹ́ ńlá sí agbègbè, tí a sì ń mú kí ó sunwọ̀n síi tí a sì ń ṣe àtúnṣe pẹ̀lú àyíká ojúọjọ́ agbègbè sí agbègbè, ìmọ̀ nípa omi ojúọjọ́, ojúọjọ́ ilẹ̀ àti àbájáde omi ojúọjọ́ ní àyípo ọdọọdún. Ọ̀dá jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ẹ̀yà ara ilẹ̀ Canada, níbi tí ìṣàn ojúọjọ́ ńlá ti ní ipa lórí ìdènà láti inú àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ tó lágbára láti ìwọ̀ oòrùn àti àwọn orísun omi afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná tí òkun ń mú wá.

DRI kojú ọ̀dá tó ti pẹ́ ní ọdún 1999, tó sì fòpin sí àyípadà ojúọjọ́ rẹ̀ ní ọdún 2004–2005 àti ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn èròjà omi rẹ̀ ní ọdún 2005. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ fún ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún ní àwọn agbègbè prairie. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí Phillips (2002) ti sọ, fún àwọn Prairies ìwọ̀ oòrùn àti àárín gbùngbùn Kánádà ní ọdún 2001 àti 2002 &quot;... ó jẹ́ àkókò tó burú jùlọ. Kódà nínú àwo eruku ní àwọn ọdún 1930, kò sí ọdún kan láàárín Medicine Hat, Kindersley àti Saskatoon tó gbẹ ju ti ọdún 2001 lọ&quot;.  Ọ̀dá náà ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀, eré ìtura, ìrìn àjò, ìlera, agbára iná mànàmáná omi, àti igbó ní Páírì. Owó tí a ń tà nílé dín ní nǹkan bí $5.8 bílíọ̀nù, àti pé àwọn ènìyàn tí iṣẹ́ wọn pàdánù ju 41,000 lọ ní ọdún 2001 àti 2002. Ó ṣe àfikún sí owó tí kò dára (tàbí tí kò ní èrè) fún àwọn agbègbè púpọ̀ fún ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ ní ọdún márùndínlọ́gbọ̀n.  pẹ̀lú ìṣẹ̀dá oko ní Kánádà tí ó dínkù sí iye tí a fojú díwọ̀n $3.6 bilionu ní ọdún 2001 sí 2002. Àwọn omi tí a lè gbẹ́kẹ̀lé tẹ́lẹ̀, bí odò, ilẹ̀ olómi, àwọn ibi ìtọ́jú omi, àti omi ilẹ̀, ni a máa ń dẹ́kun, wọ́n sì máa ń kùnà nígbà gbogbo. 

== Ìwádìí ==
DRI fojusi awọn koko-ọrọ iwadii marun, pẹlu iṣiro, oye, ati asọtẹlẹ ogbele ti o dara julọ, ati pe Ilé-iṣẹ́ Kánádà fún Àwọn Ẹ̀kọ́ Ìmọ̀-afẹ́fẹ́ àti Afẹ́fẹ́ ni o ṣe inawo pupọ julọ. Ayika pẹlu awọn ogbele miiran ati awọn ipa wọn lori awujọ tun ti ni atilẹyin nipasẹ ayíká Kánádà, Àgbẹ̀ àti Oúnjẹ Agri-Canada, Àwọn Ohun Àlùmọ́nì Àdánidá Kánádà, Ìṣàkóso Ìtúnṣe Oko Prairie, Àjọ Ìṣàn Omi Saskatchewan, Ìgbìmọ̀ Ìwádìí Saskatchewan, Ìtọ́jú Omi Manitoba àti Manitoba Hydro.

=== Ìṣàfihàn ===
Láti ṣe àpèjúwe ọ̀dá tó wáyé láàárín ọdún 1999 sí 2005, DRI ti ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn ìrísí ojúọjọ́, omi àti ilẹ̀ lórí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìwọ̀n ààyè àti àkókò. Àgbéyẹ̀wò náà dáhùn àwọn ìbéèrè mẹ́ta:

* Àwọn ohun tí a nílò láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò ọ̀dá náà?
* Àwọn orísun dátà àti àwọn àbájáde àwòṣe wo ló wà láti ṣe ìwọ̀n àwọn oníyípadà?
* Báwo ni a ṣe ń ṣe àfihàn ìnáwó omi àti agbára ní àwọn agbègbè prairie?

Àtúpalẹ̀ náà ti ní ìṣàyẹ̀wò onípele mẹ́rin ti ojúọjọ́ nígbà ọ̀dá lórí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìwọ̀n ìgbà nípa lílo ìwọ̀n otútù, ọriniinitutu, gíga ilẹ̀ ayé, afẹ́fẹ́, àwọsánmà, iye òjò, àti ojúọjọ́ lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́. Ní ojú ilẹ̀, a ṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn ànímọ́ ààyè àti ti ìgbà ti ipò ewéko (ìdààmú omi) fún àwọn irú ewéko pàtàkì (àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn àti àwọn agbègbè boreal), ọrinrin ilẹ̀, àwọn nẹ́tíwọ́ọ̀kì odò, ìṣàn odò, ipele adágún, ilẹ̀ omi, ibi ìpamọ́ ìdààmú, omi ilẹ̀ àti ìṣàn omi lábẹ́ ilẹ̀ láti pinnu ìgbà àti ibi tí ọ̀dá ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀. Àtúpalẹ̀ àwọn dátà inú ilé, dátà sátẹ́láìtì àti àwọn àbájáde àpẹẹrẹ pèsè àkópọ̀ ìtàn ìdàgbàsókè ọ̀dá náà.

=== Àwọn iṣẹ́ ===
DRI tun dojukọ lori oye awọn ilana ati awọn esi ti o ṣakoso idasile, itankalẹ, idaduro, ati iṣeto ti ogbele pẹlu awọn ibeere wọnyi:

* Àwọn ìlànà wo ló fa ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀dá náà?
* Àwọn ìlànà àti èsì wo ló ṣe alabapin sí ìdàgbàsókè rẹ̀, ìtẹ̀síwájú rẹ̀, àti ìṣètò rẹ̀?
* Àwọn ìlànà àti èsì wo ló darí òpin rẹ̀?

A le bẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀dá àti fún ìgbà pípẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọ̀nà. Àwọn ìlànà tí ó dín òjò kù ní àwọn àìlera ìṣàn omi ńlá, àìsí ọ̀rinrin tí a fà sí agbègbè kan, ìdínkù àwọn ohun èlò ọrinrin agbègbè, ìṣẹ̀dá virga (pẹ̀lú òjò tí kò dé ilẹ̀), àti ipa tí ó ṣeé ṣe kí àwọn aerosols kó nínú àyíká tí eruku pọ̀ sí. Nígbà ọ̀dá ọdún márùn-ún, àwọn ìlànà wọ̀nyí àti àwọn nǹkan mìíràn ṣiṣẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà àti ibi láti dènà òjò púpọ̀ lórí àwọn apá pílánẹ́ẹ̀tì ńlá.

=== Àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ===
Ìwádìí náà ń gbèrò láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò àti dín àìdánilójú kù nínú àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ọ̀dá àti ìṣètò rẹ̀, ó sì dojúkọ ìṣàyẹ̀wò àti àtúnṣe àwọn àpẹẹrẹ; àwọn irinṣẹ́ àpẹẹrẹ tí a lò ni àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ojúọjọ́ àgbáyé àti agbègbè (GCMs àti RCMs) àti àwọn àpẹẹrẹ omi. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ omi ni a ń darí nípasẹ̀ àbájáde láti inú àwọn àpẹẹrẹ ojúọjọ́, dátà láti àwọn ibi ìwádìí, àti àtúnyẹ̀wò. Àwọn ìkẹ́kọ̀ọ́ àpẹẹrẹ DRI dáhùn àwọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí:

* Báwo ni wọ́n ṣe sọ àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ọ̀dá tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, tí a gbé karí àwọn ọ̀nà ìgbàlódé?
* Báwo ni a ṣe lè mú àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ náà sunwọ̀n síi pẹ̀lú ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ tó dára jù?
* Báwo ni àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ náà ṣe lè sunwọ̀n síi pẹ̀lú ìyípadà agbára àti ìmọ̀ nípa físíìsì tó dára jù?
* Kí ni ìwọ̀n àti ìlànà tó yẹ fún àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ọ̀dá Prairie?

Àwọn àbájáde ìtàn àti àwọn àgbékalẹ̀ tuntun tí a ti pamọ́ dá lórí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ọ̀ràn wọ̀nyí, àti ìwádìí DRI ṣe àyẹ̀wò ipa tí ọ̀rinrin ilẹ̀ àti ìbòrí yìnyín ní lórí àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ àkókò.

=== Àwọn àfiwé ===
A ti fi ọ̀dá ọdún 1999 sí 2005 wé àwọn ọ̀dá tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ tẹ́lẹ̀ ní agbègbè yìí àti níbòmíràn nínú àyípadà ojú ọjọ́ àti ojú ọjọ́. awọn ìbéèrè wọ̀nyí ni a darí àfiwéra wọ̀nyí:

* Báwo ni àwọn ànímọ́ ara, ìlànà, àti ìdáhùn sí ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Canada láìpẹ́ yìí ṣe jọra pẹ̀lú a) ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Canada tó ti kọjá, b) ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ gbogbo, c) ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ US Great Plains, àti d) ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ kárí ayé?
* Báwo ni àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ ọ̀dá yìí ṣe jọra pẹ̀lú ti ọ̀dá mìíràn?
* Báwo ni ọ̀dá yìí ṣe rí ní ìfiwéra pẹ̀lú ìyàtọ̀ ojúọjọ́ àtijọ́ àti ìyípadà ojúọjọ́ tí a ń retí?

Awọn afiwera ti ogbele 1999-2005 ti dojukọ lori eto inu ati wiwa ni agbegbe kan pato. Ọpọlọpọ awọn ogbele (pẹlu eyi) ni eto inu ti o ni idiwọn fun awọn ilana ojoriro wọn, eyiti o maa n yipada ni pataki lakoko ogbele. 

=== Àwọn ipa ===
Ilọsiwaju ninu apejuwe ati asọtẹlẹ ogbele ni ipa lori awujọ, ti a fihan ninu awọn ibeere wọnyi:

* Àwọn àjọ wo ni ọ̀dá ń ṣe ní ipa lórí?
* Kí ni àwọn ipa wọ̀nyí, àti báwo ni a ṣe lè dín wọn kù?
* Báwo ni DRI ṣe lè kojú àwọn ipa ọ̀dá lórí àwọn àjọ tí ó ní ipa?

DRI, ní ìgbìmọ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn olùlò rẹ̀, ti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ ìdánwò DEWS (Àìsàn Ọgbà) ó sì dá ìgbìmọ̀ ìmọ̀ràn kan sílẹ̀ tí ó ní àwọn ògbóǹkangí láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ àti àwọn ẹgbẹ́ olùlò. 

== Ètò náà ==
Àwọn olùwádìí pàtàkì Ronald Stewart àti John Pomeroy ló ń darí DRI. Ìgbìmọ̀ olùdarí tí Jim Bruce ń darí ni ó ń ṣe àkóso ètò ètò náà, ìgbìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì sì ń ṣe ìpinnu ojoojúmọ́ nípa ìmúṣẹ iṣẹ́ náà. Akọ̀wé kan tí ó ní olùdarí nẹ́tíwọ́ọ̀kì, olùdarí ìnáwó, àti àwọn olùdarí dátà méjì ló ń ṣe àwọn àlàyé iṣẹ́ náà. Ìgbìmọ̀ Ìmọ̀ràn Àwọn Alábàáṣiṣẹpọ̀, tí Harvey Hill ń darí, ń ròyìn àìní olùlò sí ìgbìmọ̀ olùdarí. Ètò náà tún ń ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ pẹ̀lú àwọn ètò ìwádìí àti àwọn ẹ̀ka ní ìpele ìpínlẹ̀, ti ìjọba àpapọ̀ àti ti àgbáyé. 

== Àṣẹ tí a ti ṣe àkóso rẹ̀ ==
DRI ti kó ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìwífún nípa ọ̀dá ní Kánádà jọ, àwọn ìjápọ̀ ojú òpó wẹ́ẹ̀bù rẹ̀ sì dé àwọn ìwádìí tí ó ń ṣe àyẹ̀wò àwọn èròjà ọ̀dá nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ní ojú ilẹ̀ àti ní ìsàlẹ̀ ilẹ̀; ibi ìkópamọ́ omi ilẹ̀ àti omi gbogbogbòò ní Prairie jẹ́ apá kan nínú ìsapá yìí. Àwọn àpilẹ̀kọ ìṣàkópọ̀ àti ìwé ìròyìn gbogbogbòò nípa ọ̀dá ọdún 1999-2005 wà ní ìmúrasílẹ̀, a sì ń ṣe àwárí àwọn ọ̀nà tuntun ti kíkó àwọn ìwádìí àti ìtújáde wọn. Àwọn ọ̀dọ́mọdé onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ní ìpele Ph.D. àti Master ti ṣe ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìwádìí ti ètò náà, wọ́n sì ń lépa iṣẹ́ ní àwọn ẹ̀ka ẹ̀kọ́ tí ó jọra.

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ẹ̀ka:A kò tí ì ṣe àgbéyẹwò sí sí ojú-ewé ògbufọ̀ rẹ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 2002</title>
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      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360519551|2002 North American drought]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:Animation_of_US_drought_map_2002.gif|thumb|350x350px|Àwòrán àwòrán ilẹ̀ ọ̀dá ní Amẹ́ríkà ní ọdún 2002]]
'''Ọ̀dá Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 2002''' jẹ́ ọ̀dá tó yanilẹ́nu tó sì léwu tó ní ipa lórí Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà, Àárín Gbùngbùn Amẹ́ríkà àti Àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Òkè, àti Ẹ̀ka Òkun Ìlà Oòrùn.

== Àkótán Àkótán ==
Ọ̀dá ọdún 2002 bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìgbà ìrúwé, ó sì tàn kálẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀, títí bí Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Wyoming àti Utah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The US Drought of 2002|publisher=NOAA|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2002/ann/paleo-drought.html|accessdate=2009-04-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NOAA Drought Monitor|publisher=NOAA|url=http://drought.unl.edu/dm/archive/2002/drmon0514.htm|accessdate=2009-04-17|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905201648/http://drought.unl.edu/dm/archive/2002/drmon0514.htm|archivedate=2008-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;Wọ́n fipá mú Denver láti fi àwọn ìdènà omi lé e lọ́wọ́ fún ìgbà àkọ́kọ́ ní ohun tó lé ní ogún ọdún. Ọ̀dá ọdún 2002 ní ipa búburú ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|title=The Drought of 2002 in Colorado|publisher=[[Colorado State University|The Colorado State University]]|url=http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/72906.pdf|accessdate=January 22, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Experts See Potential Drought this Summer|newspaper=Kankakee, Illinois Daily Journal|url=https://www.daily-journal.com/news/local/experts-see-potential-drought-this-summer/article_88bee4c8-7c92-5cdb-81af-76f2c3b57a9b.html|accessdate=Dec 11, 2020|date=Apr 9, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gẹ́gẹ́ bó ṣe sábà máa ń rí nígbà tí òjò bá ń rọ̀ ní ìlà oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà, ọ̀dá ọdún 2002 jẹ́ nítorí ìtẹ̀síwájú ìwọ̀ oòrùn ti Bermuda High tí ó jẹ́ díẹ̀-títí, èyí tí ó yọrí sí ìṣàn afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná sí gúúsù-gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn tí ó sì mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ líle máa ṣàn lọ sí àríwá, ó sì mú kí ìjì náà máa rìn lọ dáadáa sí ìwọ̀ oòrùn. Ìwọ̀n ìjì Bermuda High tún pa afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná mọ́ ní ìpele ilẹ̀, ó sì dènà ìṣẹ̀dá àwọsánmà convective. Ní ìyàtọ̀ sí èyí, àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Midwestern àti Mississippi Valley ní òjò tó rọ̀ gan-an nítorí pé òjò púpọ̀ láti inú àwọn ètò iwájú rọ̀ ní agbègbè náà. Èyí jọ òjò tó rọ̀ ní ìṣáájú gẹ́gẹ́ bí òjò Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ti ọdún 1999, ṣùgbọ́n ní ọdún 2002 ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ kejì àti àìròtẹ́lẹ̀ kan ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí ètò ìfúnpá gíga kan ṣẹ̀dá lórí Òkun ti Mexico, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tó ṣọ̀wọ́n ní àwọn oṣù ooru. Èyí tún dí ìṣàn omi Gulf sí àríwá. Àìtó òjò pọ̀ sí i láti [[New Jersey]] sí gúúsù sí [[Ìpínlẹ̀ Georgia|Georgia]] àti ní New York àti New England pẹ̀lú àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Great Lakes àti omi Mississippi tí ó rọ̀ lọ́nà àìròtẹ́lẹ̀. Ìyípadà sí ìrísí El Nino ní ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn ọdún 2002 mú kí ipò òjò àti ìtutù túbọ̀ rọ̀ síi fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọdún 2003-04, èyí tí ó pa àìtó òjò rẹ́ kúrò nínú ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ọ̀dá ọdún 1998-02. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5053/pdf/SIR2005-5053.pdf|title=The Drought of 1998-2002 in North Carolina - Precipitation and hydrologic conditions|date=2005|location=Reston, Virginia|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|last=Weaver|first=J. Curtis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kánádà ==
Ọ̀dá ọdún 2002 tún ba àwọn apá kan ní Kánádà jẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ Alberta, Manitoba àti Saskatchewan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Canada Drought of 2002|publisher=CDC News|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/agriculture/drought2002.html|accessdate=January 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6facju60qw7vwaa9zc3dzgkh89jm87o</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Climate Change and Its Effects on the World</title>
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      <comment>Translated</comment>
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| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Climate change montage.png
| caption = Àwọn ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí ayé
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Àwọn ìdí
| data2 = Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná, gígé igbó, iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́
| label3 = Àwọn àbájáde
| data3 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìkún-omi, ìgbẹ́, ìgòkè omi òkun
| label4 = Ìdènà
| data4 = Agbara oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́, gbigbin igi
}}
= Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Àwọn Àbájáde Rẹ̀ Lórí Ayé =

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ àyípadà pípẹ́ nínú ìwọn ìgbóná ilẹ̀ ayé, ìrísí òjò, afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn àfihàn ojú-ọjọ́ míràn. Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn, pàápàá jùlọ lílo epo ilẹ̀ bíi epo rọ̀bà, gaasi àti kọ́ọ̀lù, ni ó jẹ́ ìdí pàtàkì fún ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ òde òní.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìdí tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
Àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ni:

* Lílo epo ilẹ̀ fún mímú agbára ṣiṣẹ́.
* Ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná bíi carbon dioxide (CO₂) àti methane sí afẹ́fẹ́.
* Gígé igbó àti ìparun igi.
* Ìdàgbàsókè ilé-iṣẹ́ àti ìrìnàjò ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àbájáde lórí ayé ==

=== Ìgbóná ayé tó ń pọ̀ síi ===
Ìwọn ìgbóná ilẹ̀ ayé ti ń ga síi ní gbogbo ọdún. Ìgbóná yìí ń yí ìṣètò ojú-ọjọ́ padà ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìjì líle àti ìkún-omi ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń fa ìjì líle, òjò ńlá àti ìkún-omi tó pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of Climate Change |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi ===
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé ti ń ní ìṣòro omi nítorí ìdínkù nínú ìròyìn òjò àti ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́-ogbin ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń dín ìkórè irúgbìn kù, ó sì ń fa àìní oúnjẹ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìgòkè omi òkun ===
Yíyọ yinyin ní agbègbè òtútù ń mú kí omi òkun gòkè síi, èyí tí ó ń halẹ̀ mọ́ àwọn ìlú etíkun àti àwọn erékùṣù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IPCC Report on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/ipcc-wgii-report |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpa lórí ìlera ènìyàn ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń mú kí àrùn, ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù, ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ayika míràn pọ̀ síi, tí wọ́n sì lè ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdènà àti Ìmúlò ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù ni:

* Gbigbin igi.
* Lílo agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Atúnlò àwọn ohun èlò.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Climate Change: Who We Are and What We Do |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/index.html |publisher=UNFCCC |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika àgbáyé]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>623108</id>
      <parentid>623098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:33:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>623108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4448" sha1="lkit9gxm7wbv2949a07v9blyulj6vn7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Climate change montage.png
| caption = Àwọn ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí ayé
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Àwọn ìdí
| data2 = Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná, gígé igbó, iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́
| label3 = Àwọn àbájáde
| data3 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìkún-omi, ìgbẹ́, ìgòkè omi òkun
| label4 = Ìdènà
| data4 = Agbara oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́, gbigbin igi
}}
'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ àyípadà pípẹ́ nínú ìwọn ìgbóná ilẹ̀ ayé, ìrísí òjò, afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn àfihàn ojú-ọjọ́ míràn. Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn, pàápàá jùlọ lílo epo ilẹ̀ bíi epo rọ̀bà, gaasi àti kọ́ọ̀lù, ni ó jẹ́ ìdí pàtàkì fún ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ òde òní.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìdí tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
Àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ni:

* Lílo epo ilẹ̀ fún mímú agbára ṣiṣẹ́.
* Ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná bíi carbon dioxide (CO₂) àti methane sí afẹ́fẹ́.
* Gígé igbó àti ìparun igi.
* Ìdàgbàsókè ilé-iṣẹ́ àti ìrìnàjò ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn àbájáde lórí ayé ==

=== Ìgbóná ayé tó ń pọ̀ síi ===
Ìwọn ìgbóná ilẹ̀ ayé ti ń ga síi ní gbogbo ọdún. Ìgbóná yìí ń yí ìṣètò ojú-ọjọ́ padà ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìjì líle àti ìkún-omi ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń fa ìjì líle, òjò ńlá àti ìkún-omi tó pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of Climate Change |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi ===
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé ti ń ní ìṣòro omi nítorí ìdínkù nínú ìròyìn òjò àti ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́-ogbin ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń dín ìkórè irúgbìn kù, ó sì ń fa àìní oúnjẹ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìgòkè omi òkun ===
Yíyọ yinyin ní agbègbè òtútù ń mú kí omi òkun gòkè síi, èyí tí ó ń halẹ̀ mọ́ àwọn ìlú etíkun àti àwọn erékùṣù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IPCC Report on Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/ipcc-wgii-report |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpa lórí ìlera ènìyàn ===
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń mú kí àrùn, ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù, ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ayika míràn pọ̀ síi, tí wọ́n sì lè ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdènà àti Ìmúlò ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù ni:

* Gbigbin igi.
* Lílo agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Atúnlò àwọn ohun èlò.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Climate Change: Who We Are and What We Do |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture/index.html |publisher=UNFCCC |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika àgbáyé]]</text>
      <sha1>lkit9gxm7wbv2949a07v9blyulj6vn7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ọdá ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà 1988–1990</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623099</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355326573|1988–1990 North American drought]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8785" sha1="fs8xf3kuxaru8whhwdlsvm3dpt4iahr" xml:space="preserve">[[Fáìlì:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Vice_President_Bush_in_The_Oval_Office_Discuss_The_Status_of_The_Drought_Situation_with_Richard_Lyng_-_DPLA_-_41ec3b3247a152e0bd6173b180052e9c.jpg|thumb|[[Ààrẹ ilẹ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà|Ààrẹ Amẹ́ríkà]] [[Ronald Reagan]] àti Igbákejì Ààrẹ [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] jíròrò ọ̀dá pẹ̀lú Akọ̀wé fún Àgbẹ̀ Lyng]]
[[Fáìlì:Low_Mississippi_River,_1988_drought,_wooden_hull_exploration.jpg|thumb|Ṣíṣe àwárí àwọn ọkọ̀ ojú omi onígi tí wọ́n wó lulẹ̀ ní Odò Mississippi ní Memphis, Tennessee nígbà ọ̀dá]]
'''Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà ti Àríwá ọdún 1988 sí 1990''' Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ ní Amẹ́ríkà. Ọ̀dá ọdún púpọ̀ yìí bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ agbègbè ní ọdún 1988, ó sì tẹ̀síwájú títí di ọdún 1989 àti 1990 (ní àwọn agbègbè kan). Ọ̀dá náà fa ìbàjẹ́ $60 bilionu ($163 bilionu 2026 USD) ní owó Amẹ́ríkà, èyí tó bá ìfàsẹ́yìn mu. Ọ̀dá náà fa díẹ̀ lára ​​àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ eruku tó burú jùlọ láti ọdún 1977 tàbí ọdún 1930 ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ibi ní Midwestern United States, títí kan ìjì eruku tó gùn, èyí tó ti ilé ìwé ní ​​South Dakota pa ní ìparí oṣù Kejì ọdún 1988. Ní ìgbà ìrúwé, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ibùdó ojú ọjọ́ ti ṣe àkọsílẹ̀ fún òjò tó kéré jùlọ lóṣooṣù àti àkókò tó gùn jùlọ láàrín òjò tó ṣeé wọ̀n, fún àpẹẹrẹ, ọjọ́ márùndínlọ́gọ́ta ní ìtẹ̀léra láìsí òjò ní Milwaukee. Ní ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn, ooru méjì tó ń mú kí ó gbóná jáde, tó jọ ti ọdún 1934 àti 1936. Àwọn ìgbì ooru tó ń mú kí ooru pa 4,800 sí 17,000 ènìyàn ní Amẹ́ríkà. Ní ìgbà ẹ̀ẹ̀rùn ọdún 1988, ọ̀dá náà fa ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ iná ìgbẹ́ ní igbó ìwọ̀ oòrùn Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà, títí kan iná Yellowstone ti ọdún 1988.

Nígbà tí ọ̀dá náà pọ̀ sí i, ó bo 45% ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà. Ilẹ̀ náà kéré sí i ju ti Dust Bowl lọ, èyí tó bo 70% ilẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀dá ọdún 1988–1990 kì í ṣe pé ó jẹ́ ọ̀dá tó gbowó jù lọ ní ìtàn Amẹ́ríkà nìkan, ó tún jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn àjálù àdánidá tó gbowó jù lọ ní ìtàn Amẹ́ríkà. Ní Kánádà, àdánù tó jẹ mọ́ ọ̀dá fi kún $1.8 bilionu (dọ́là Kánádà ọdún 1988).

== Ìpilẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ==
Ìwọ̀ oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà ní ọ̀dá gbígbóná tó gùn ní ìparí ọdún 1980. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ California ní ọ̀kan lára ​​àwọn ọ̀dá tó gùn jùlọ tí wọ́n tíì rí rí láti ìparí ọdún 1986 títí dé ìparí ọdún 1992. Ipò náà burú sí i ní ọdún 1988 nítorí pé ọ̀pọ̀ ìpínlẹ̀ Amẹ́ríkà náà ní ọ̀dá gbígbóná tó le gan-an. Ní ìpínlẹ̀ California, ọ̀dá ọdún mẹ́fà náà parí ní ìparí ọdún 1992 gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ El Niño pàtàkì kan ní Òkun Pàsífíkì (àti ìbúgbàù Òkè Pinatubo ní oṣù kẹfà ọdún 1991) èyí tó ṣeé ṣe kó fa òjò líle koko tó ń rọ̀ nígbà gbogbo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny2NvbyAPgC&amp;pg=PA122|page=122|access-date=2013-06-11|year=1992|publisher=ASCE Publications|title=Lessons learned from the California Drought (1987-1992)|author=((Water Resources Support Center, Institute For Water Resources, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers))|isbn=978-0-7881-4163-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ríro ilẹ̀ tí ó rọrùn láti gbìn, àti fífún omi inú ilẹ̀ ní omi láti fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ bàjẹ́ ló fà á tí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí fi jẹ́ kí ó bàjẹ́.

== Ìbàjẹ́ ==
Ọ̀dá ọdún 1988 jẹ́ ọ̀dá tó burú jùlọ láti ìgbà Dust Bowl, èyí tó ti ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ohun tó lé ní adota ọdún sẹ́yìn. A ṣírò ìbàjẹ́ ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà (ní ọdún 2008, tí a ṣe àtúnṣe sí àfikún owó) láàárín $80 bilionu sí $120 bilionu. Ìpínlẹ̀ Minnesota nìkan rí ìpàdánù ọkà tó tó $1.2 bilionu. Ọ̀dá náà fa ìparun tó jọ ti ìjì líle Andrew ní ọdún 1992 àti ìjì líle Katrina ní ọdún 2005. Ní Kánádà, ìpàdánù tó jẹ mọ́ ọ̀dá jẹ́ $1.8 bilionu (ní ọdún 1988 owó ilẹ̀ Kánádà).

Lẹ́yìn ọ̀dá díẹ̀ ní gúúsù ìlà-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà àti California ní ọdún tó kọjá, ọ̀dá ọdún 1988–1989 kan àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Mid-Atlantic, gúúsù ìlà-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà, àárín ìwọ̀-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà, àríwá Great Plains, àti ìwọ̀-oòrùn Amẹ́ríkà. A ṣírò pé ooru tó tẹ̀lé ọ̀dá náà ti pa àwọn ará Amẹ́ríkà tó lé ní ẹgbẹ̀rún márùn-ún (5,000) àti àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn káàkiri Amẹ́ríkà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Impacts of Recent Climate Anomalies: Losers and Winners|publisher=Illinois State Water Survey|url=http://www.isws.illinois.edu/pubdoc/DCS/ISWSDCS2007-01.pdf|access-date=2017-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀dá náà ba àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn jẹ́ ní gbogbo orílẹ̀-èdè, koríko di àwọ̀ ilẹ̀, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìlú sì kéde pé omi kò ní jẹ́ kí ó rọ̀. Òjò tó ju ínṣì mẹ́rin (100 mm) lọ ló rọ̀ sí àwọn apá kan ní Midwest ní oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1988 láti ọwọ́ ìjì líle Gilbert, tó rékọjá Texas àti Oklahoma gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì ilẹ̀ olóoru, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Hurricane Gilbert - September 14-21, 1988|publisher=[[Weather Prediction Center|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/gilbert1988.html|access-date=2017-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;ó ń rẹ̀wẹ̀sì bí ó ṣe ń lọ sí àríwá sí Missouri, ó sì ń rọ̀ títí dé àwọn Adágún Ńlá  Ní àwọn agbègbè kan, ìjì líle Gilbert borí ọ̀dá náà pátápátá, ṣùgbọ́n àwọn ibòmíràn wà ní −6 tàbí kí ó dín sí i lórí Palmer Drought Severity Index ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ìgbà ìwọ́-oòrùn ọdún 1988, a sì nílò àyípadà gbogbogbòò nínú àpẹẹrẹ tí ó ti wà fún oṣù mẹ́sàn-án sí i ṣáájú láti dín ipa omi tí ọ̀dá náà ní lórí omi kù. Ìbàjẹ́ iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀ ni a ṣe ní àkókò yìí, èyí sì yọrí sí iye owó ọjà tí ó gbajúmọ̀. 

Iná igbó ní Páàkì Orílẹ̀-èdè Yellowstone jó {{Convert|793880|acre|km2|0}}   ó sì yí ojú ilẹ̀ padà lọ́nà tó ṣe pàtàkì. &lt;ref name=&quot;Young&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=June 23, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀dá oníjàǹbá náà tẹ̀síwájú ní gbogbo ìpínlẹ̀ Upper Agbedeiwoorun àti àríwá Great Plains ní ọdún 1989, kò sì parí ní gbangba títí di ọdún 1990. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Billion Dollar Disasters (Northern Plains Drought in Summer 1989)|publisher=Live Science|url=http://www.livescience.com/environment/disaster_chronology_1980_2004.html|access-date=2009-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Drought Stricken Areas Find Relief after Rains|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/16/us/drought-stricken-areas-find-relief-after-rains.html|access-date=2009-04-13|first=William|last=Robbins}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ipò gbígbẹ tẹ̀síwájú ní ọdún 1989, ó kan Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, àwọn apá kan ní Nebraska,   Minnesota,   Kansas àti àwọn apá ńlá ní Colorado. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Improving Drought Management|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]|url=http://www.bre.orst.edu/Faculty/selker/Oregon%20Water%20Policy%20and%20Law%20Website/Report%20of%20the%20WWPRAC/DROUGHT.PDF|access-date=2009-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|title=Drought of 1989|publisher=NOAA|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events/US/1989-1991|access-date=November 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀dá náà tún kan àwọn apá kan ní [[Kánádà|Canada]] . 

Láti ìgbà ìrúwé, afẹ́fẹ́ tó ń fẹ́ nígbà gbogbo mú afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbẹ gbígbẹ tó gbóná wọ àárín gbùngbùn ilẹ̀ náà láti aṣálẹ̀ gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn, nígbà tí ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ọdún, afẹ́fẹ́ gbígbóná àti ọ̀rinrin láti ọgbun omi ti Mexico ni òfin náà; nítorí náà, láìka otútù tó ga gan-an sí, gíga otútù tó hàn gbangba kò le tó bí ó ti rí nígbà ìgbì ooru ọdún 1995 .

== Wo tun ==

* Igba ooru ti orilẹ-ede Amẹrika ti ọdun 1980
* Iṣẹlẹ La Niña 1988-1990

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
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= Àwọn Ìdí Tí ń Fa Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ =

'''Àwọn ìdí tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ni àwọn iṣẹ́ àdánidá àti iṣẹ́ ènìyàn tó ń yí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná àti àfihàn ojú-ọjọ́ ilẹ̀ ayé padà. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ọ̀pọ̀ mílíọ̀nù ọdún sẹ́yìn, àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ni ó ń fa púpọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìgbóná ayé tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ọrundún kọkàndínlógún sí ìsinsìnyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lílo epo ilẹ̀ ==
Lílo epo ilẹ̀ bíi epo rọ̀bà, gaasi adayeba àti kọ́ọ̀lù fún mímú agbára ṣiṣẹ́ ń tú carbon dioxide (CO₂) sí afẹ́fẹ́. Carbon dioxide jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tó ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change: Evidence and Causes |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-evidence-causes/ |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gígé igbó ==
Igi ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́. Nígbà tí a bá gé igbó tàbí sun un, agbára ayé láti fa carbon dioxide kù díẹ̀, èyí sì ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilé-iṣẹ́ àti iṣẹ́ iṣelọpọ ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ ń tú gaasi ilé-ìgbóná sí afẹ́fẹ́ nígbà ìṣiṣẹ́ wọn. Ṣíṣe símẹ́nti, irin àti àwọn ohun èlò ilé-iṣẹ́ mìíràn jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun pàtàkì fún ìtujá eéfín wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìrìnàjò ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àti ọkọ̀ òfurufú ==
Ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́, ọkọ̀ òfurufú àti ọkọ̀ ojú omi máa ń lo epo ilẹ̀ tí ó sì ń tú carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi mìíràn sí afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Transport |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/transport |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ́-ogbin àti ìtọju ẹran ==
Ìtọju màlúù, àgùntàn àti àwọn ẹran mìíràn ń tú methane sí afẹ́fẹ́. Methane jẹ́ gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tó lágbára ju carbon dioxide lọ nípa agbára rẹ̀ láti di ooru mú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Methane and Climate Change |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2025 |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àdánidá ==
Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìbúṣẹ́ òkè ayọnáyọná àti àyípadà nínú agbára oòrùn lè ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀, àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé àwọn wọ̀nyí kò lè ṣàlàyé ìgbóná ayé tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àkókò òde òní.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scientific Consensus on Climate Change |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀rí sáyẹ́ǹsì fi hàn pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ni ó jẹ́ ìdí pàtàkì fún ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní ayé òde òní. Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù, gbigbin igi àti lílo agbára tí kò ní ìdòtí jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìpa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]</text>
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| data4 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti ìgòkè omi òkun
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'''Àwọn ìdí tí ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ni àwọn iṣẹ́ àdánidá àti iṣẹ́ ènìyàn tó ń yí ìwọ̀n ìgbóná àti àfihàn ojú-ọjọ́ ilẹ̀ ayé padà. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn àyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ọ̀pọ̀ mílíọ̀nù ọdún sẹ́yìn, àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ni ó ń fa púpọ̀ jùlọ nínú ìgbóná ayé tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ láti ọrundún kọkàndínlógún sí ìsinsìnyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lílo epo ilẹ̀ ==
Lílo epo ilẹ̀ bíi epo rọ̀bà, gaasi adayeba àti kọ́ọ̀lù fún mímú agbára ṣiṣẹ́ ń tú carbon dioxide (CO₂) sí afẹ́fẹ́. Carbon dioxide jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tó ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change: Evidence and Causes |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/climate-change-evidence-causes/ |publisher=The Royal Society |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gígé igbó ==
Igi ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́. Nígbà tí a bá gé igbó tàbí sun un, agbára ayé láti fa carbon dioxide kù díẹ̀, èyí sì ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilé-iṣẹ́ àti iṣẹ́ iṣelọpọ ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ ń tú gaasi ilé-ìgbóná sí afẹ́fẹ́ nígbà ìṣiṣẹ́ wọn. Ṣíṣe símẹ́nti, irin àti àwọn ohun èlò ilé-iṣẹ́ mìíràn jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun pàtàkì fún ìtujá eéfín wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìrìnàjò ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àti ọkọ̀ òfurufú ==
Ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́, ọkọ̀ òfurufú àti ọkọ̀ ojú omi máa ń lo epo ilẹ̀ tí ó sì ń tú carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi mìíràn sí afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Transport |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/transport |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iṣẹ́-ogbin àti ìtọju ẹran ==
Ìtọju màlúù, àgùntàn àti àwọn ẹran mìíràn ń tú methane sí afẹ́fẹ́. Methane jẹ́ gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tó lágbára ju carbon dioxide lọ nípa agbára rẹ̀ láti di ooru mú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Methane and Climate Change |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2025 |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ àdánidá ==
Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìbúṣẹ́ òkè ayọnáyọná àti àyípadà nínú agbára oòrùn lè ní ipa lórí ojú-ọjọ́. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀, àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì gbà pé àwọn wọ̀nyí kò lè ṣàlàyé ìgbóná ayé tó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ ní àkókò òde òní.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Scientific Consensus on Climate Change |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀rí sáyẹ́ǹsì fi hàn pé iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ni ó jẹ́ ìdí pàtàkì fún ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní ayé òde òní. Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù, gbigbin igi àti lílo agbára tí kò ní ìdòtí jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìpa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọ̀dá ilẹ̀ Àríwá Amẹ́ríkà ní ọdún 1950 sí 1960</title>
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    <id>80608</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:24:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308127569|1950s–1960s North American drought]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Ọ̀dá ní àwọn ọdún 1950 bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Gúúsù Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn ní Amẹ́ríkà, títí bí Central California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico àti àwọn agbègbè Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Texas. Láti ọdún 1954 ni ọ̀dá náà ti tàn kálẹ̀ dé àwọn agbègbè Òkè apáta, awọn Pẹ̀tẹ́lẹ̀ Ńlá, Gúúsù Upland àti Àárín gbùngbùn Amẹ́ríkà.  Àwọn ọ̀dá ọdún 1950 gbilẹ̀ gidigidi ní Àárín Gbùngbùn Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà, agbègbè Àwọn Adágún Ńlá àti agbègbè Àárín Gbùngbùn Àtìláńtíìkì (ìyẹn láti Virginia sí Pennsylvania, New Jersey àti gúúsù ìlà-oòrùn ìpínlẹ̀ New York) ní ọdún 1954  Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, àwọn ipò gbígbẹ bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í dínkù ní ọdún 1958 àti 1959. Àwọn ọdún gbígbẹ jùlọ ní ọdún mẹ́wàá yìí jẹ́ ní ọdún 1954 àti 1956.

== Àwọn ọ̀dá ọdún 1960 ==
Àwọn ọdún 1960 rí àwọn ipò ọ̀dá tí ó jọ ti àwọn ọdún 1950: Ní ọdún 1962, àkókò gbígbẹ kan New England. Èyí pẹ̀lú Connecticut, Rhode Island àti Massachusetts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2020EF001930|title=A Retrospective and Prospective Examination of the 1960s U.S. Northeast Drought|date=2021|last1=Xue|first1=Zeyu|last2=Ullrich|first2=Paul|journal=Earth's Future|volume=9|issue=7|bibcode=2021EaFut...901930X}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn ọ̀dá ọdún 1960 náà kan àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè láti New York sí Pennsylvania, Ohio àti Indiana ní àwọn ọdún wọ̀nyí. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=The 1960s Droughts and New York Watersheds|journal=Journal of Climate|date=October 2012|volume=25|issue=19|pages=6721–6742|publisher=The American Meteorological Society|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00518.1|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/25/19/jcli-d-11-00518.1.xml|access-date=August 8, 2024|last1=Seager|first1=Richard|last2=Pederson|first2=Neil|last3=Kushnir|first3=Yochanan|last4=Nakamura|first4=Jennifer|last5=Jurburg|first5=Stephanie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Examinations of the 1960s U.S. Droughts|work=The Earth and Environment Systems Modeling|url=https://climatemodeling.science.energy.gov/research-highlights/retrospective-and-prospective-examinations-1960s-us-northeast-drought|access-date=August 8, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn apá kan ti Great Plains tàbí àwọn ìpínlẹ̀ Midwestern mìíràn tún ní àwọn ipò ọ̀dá ní ọdún mẹ́wàá yìí. Àwọn apá ìlà-oòrùn United States ní ipa pàtàkì láti ọdún 1962 sí 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2020EF001930|title=A Retrospective and Prospective Examination of the 1960s U.S. Northeast Drought|date=2021|last1=Xue|first1=Zeyu|last2=Ullrich|first2=Paul|journal=Earth's Future|volume=9|issue=7|bibcode=2021EaFut...901930X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Global Warming and Human Survival</title>
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      <id>623102</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623102</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5483" sha1="0dtarxszfhsa07cteug1h5y5wzoj8uh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìgbóná Ayé àti Ìwàláàyè Ènìyàn
| image = Global warming map.jpg
| caption = Ìgbóná ayé ń ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn, oúnjẹ, omi àti ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìgbóná ayé
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná, lílo epo ilẹ̀ àti gígé igbó
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi, àìní oúnjẹ àti ìṣòro ìlera
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Agbara alágbára tuntun, gbigbin igi àti dídín ìtujá eéfín kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, WHO, NASA àti IPCC
}}

= Ìgbóná Ayé àti Ìwàláàyè Ènìyàn =

'''Ìgbóná ayé''' jẹ́ ìlósókè nínú ìwọ̀n ìgbóná àpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ ayé tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní pàtàkì nítorí ìkójọpọ̀ àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìgbóná ayé jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní, ó sì ní ipa pátá lórí ìwàláàyè ènìyàn àti gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín ìgbóná ayé àti ìwàláàyè ènìyàn ==
Ìwàláàyè ènìyàn dá lórí ààyè tí ó ní omi mímu, oúnjẹ tó péye, afẹ́fẹ́ mímọ́ àti ojú-ọjọ́ tó dára. Bí ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ síi, ó ń yí àwọn ohun wọ̀nyí padà, ó sì ń fa ìṣòro fún àwọn ènìyàn ní gbogbo agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìlera ènìyàn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù lè fa àìlera, ìgbẹ̀mí ooru àti ikú láàárín àwọn arúgbó, àwọn ọmọ kékeré àti àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ní àìlera míràn. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ tún lè mú kí àwọn àrùn bíi ibà àti àrùn tí ẹ̀fọn ń gbé tàn sí agbègbè tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí oúnjẹ àti omi ==
Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti àìlera ojú-ọjọ́ ń dín agbára iṣẹ́-ogbin kù, èyí tí ó sì lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti ìyàn ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé. Àwọn orísun omi mímu tún lè dín kù nítorí ìgbẹ́ àti ìrísí òjò tó yàtọ̀ sí ti ìṣáájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/global-warming/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ibùgbé ènìyàn ==
Ìgòkè omi òkun, ìjì líle àti ìkún-omi ń ba ilé àti amáyédẹrùn jẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè etíkun. Èyí ń mú kí ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀ kí wọ́n sì ṣí lọ sí ibòmíràn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Will Global Warming Change Earth? |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/global-warming/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé ==
Ìparun iṣẹ́-ogbin, ìbàjẹ́ amáyédẹrùn àti ìlera tí kò péye lè fa ìpadà sẹ́yìn nínú ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè. Àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ṣì ń dàgbà ni wọ́n sábà máa ń jìyà jù lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Earth as humans' habitat: global climate change and the health of populations |journal=International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |year=2014 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3937947/ |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbésẹ̀ láti dáàbò bo ìwàláàyè ènìyàn ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ìwàláàyè ènìyàn lódì sí ìgbóná ayé ni:

* Dídín lílo epo ilẹ̀ kù.
* Lílo agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Gbigbin igi àti ìtọju igbó.
* Ìmúlò ìlànà ìtọju ayika.
* Ìmúrasílẹ̀ sí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀rí sáyẹ́ǹsì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé ń jẹ́ ìrokeke sí ìwàláàyè ènìyàn nípasẹ̀ ipa rẹ̀ lórí ìlera, oúnjẹ, omi àti ayika. Bí ayé ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù ni yóò pinnu bí ìran ọjọ́ iwájú yóò ṣe lè gbé ayé tó láàárín àti tó dára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Global warming threatens human thermoregulation and survival |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |year=2020 |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/135006 |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* United Nations Climate Change Programme
* World Health Organization
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>623102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
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      <origin>623106</origin>
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      <text bytes="5434" sha1="etzogd1lm3l0nzv0xc65fcjn9y5lxw1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìgbóná Ayé àti Ìwàláàyè Ènìyàn
| image = Global warming map.jpg
| caption = Ìgbóná ayé ń ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn, oúnjẹ, omi àti ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìgbóná ayé
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná, lílo epo ilẹ̀ àti gígé igbó
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi, àìní oúnjẹ àti ìṣòro ìlera
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Agbara alágbára tuntun, gbigbin igi àti dídín ìtujá eéfín kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, WHO, NASA àti IPCC
}}

'''Ìgbóná ayé''' jẹ́ ìlósókè nínú ìwọ̀n ìgbóná àpapọ̀ ilẹ̀ ayé tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní pàtàkì nítorí ìkójọpọ̀ àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Ìgbóná ayé jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní, ó sì ní ipa pátá lórí ìwàláàyè ènìyàn àti gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín ìgbóná ayé àti ìwàláàyè ènìyàn ==
Ìwàláàyè ènìyàn dá lórí ààyè tí ó ní omi mímu, oúnjẹ tó péye, afẹ́fẹ́ mímọ́ àti ojú-ọjọ́ tó dára. Bí ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ síi, ó ń yí àwọn ohun wọ̀nyí padà, ó sì ń fa ìṣòro fún àwọn ènìyàn ní gbogbo agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìlera ènìyàn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù lè fa àìlera, ìgbẹ̀mí ooru àti ikú láàárín àwọn arúgbó, àwọn ọmọ kékeré àti àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ní àìlera míràn. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ tún lè mú kí àwọn àrùn bíi ibà àti àrùn tí ẹ̀fọn ń gbé tàn sí agbègbè tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí oúnjẹ àti omi ==
Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti àìlera ojú-ọjọ́ ń dín agbára iṣẹ́-ogbin kù, èyí tí ó sì lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti ìyàn ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé. Àwọn orísun omi mímu tún lè dín kù nítorí ìgbẹ́ àti ìrísí òjò tó yàtọ̀ sí ti ìṣáájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Warming |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/global-warming/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ibùgbé ènìyàn ==
Ìgòkè omi òkun, ìjì líle àti ìkún-omi ń ba ilé àti amáyédẹrùn jẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè etíkun. Èyí ń mú kí ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀ kí wọ́n sì ṣí lọ sí ibòmíràn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Will Global Warming Change Earth? |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/global-warming/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé ==
Ìparun iṣẹ́-ogbin, ìbàjẹ́ amáyédẹrùn àti ìlera tí kò péye lè fa ìpadà sẹ́yìn nínú ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè. Àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ṣì ń dàgbà ni wọ́n sábà máa ń jìyà jù lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Earth as humans' habitat: global climate change and the health of populations |journal=International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |year=2014 |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3937947/ |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbésẹ̀ láti dáàbò bo ìwàláàyè ènìyàn ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ìwàláàyè ènìyàn lódì sí ìgbóná ayé ni:

* Dídín lílo epo ilẹ̀ kù.
* Lílo agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Gbigbin igi àti ìtọju igbó.
* Ìmúlò ìlànà ìtọju ayika.
* Ìmúrasílẹ̀ sí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹ̀rí sáyẹ́ǹsì fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé ń jẹ́ ìrokeke sí ìwàláàyè ènìyàn nípasẹ̀ ipa rẹ̀ lórí ìlera, oúnjẹ, omi àti ayika. Bí ayé ṣe ń ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù ni yóò pinnu bí ìran ọjọ́ iwájú yóò ṣe lè gbé ayé tó láàárín àti tó dára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Global warming threatens human thermoregulation and survival |journal=Journal of Clinical Investigation |year=2020 |url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/135006 |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* United Nations Climate Change Programme
* World Health Organization
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>etzogd1lm3l0nzv0xc65fcjn9y5lxw1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture</title>
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      <comment>Translated</comment>
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      <text bytes="6358" sha1="qlx5w0me0o6x7ctw2mg7fiqom5gfoj6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìpa Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Lórí Iṣẹ́ Ọ̀gbìn
| image = Rice plantation.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ìkórè irúgbìn àti ààbò oúnjẹ ní ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi, ìdínkù ìkórè àti ìfarahàn kòkòrò àrùn
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìmúlò
| data4 = Ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́, ìtọju omi àti irúgbìn aláfaradà
| label5 = Àwọn orísun
| data5 = FAO, IPCC, OECD àti UN
}}

= Ìpa Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Lórí Iṣẹ́ Ọ̀gbìn =

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí '''iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn''' ní gbogbo agbègbè ayé. Ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ìgbóná, ìrísí òjò àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an ń yí ọ̀nà tí a fi ń ṣe iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn padà, ó sì ń ní ipa lórí ìpèsè oúnjẹ àti ààbò oúnjẹ ní ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crop production and climate change |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b1-crops/chapter-b1-1/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdínkù nínú ìkórè irúgbìn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi àti àìlera ojú-ọjọ́ lè dín ìkórè àwọn irúgbìn bíi àgbàdo, ìrẹsì, alíkámà àti ẹ̀wà kù. Ìdínkù omi àti ìgbẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìṣòro yìí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of climate change on agriculture |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ti ń dojú kọ ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi nítorí ìrísí òjò tí kò dájú. Ìṣòro yìí ń dín agbára àwọn agbẹ̀ láti gbin irúgbìn tó péye kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 - Climate change impacts on agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/4/y4252e/y4252e15.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìkún-omi àti ìparun ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn ==
Òjò ńlá àti ìkún-omi lè ba ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn jẹ́, kí wọ́n sì fọ irúgbìn lọ. Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí tún lè fa ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìyọkúrò àwọn ohun èlò inú ilẹ̀ tó ń jẹ́ kí irúgbìn dàgbà dáadáa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agricultural production is shaped by climate change impact and adaptation |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2024/07/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2024-2033_e173f332/full-report/component-5.html |publisher=OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfarahàn kòkòrò àti àrùn irúgbìn ==
Ìyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ lè mú kí kòkòrò àti àrùn irúgbìn pọ̀ síi tàbí tan dé àwọn agbègbè tuntun. Èyí ń fa ìdínkù nínú ìkórè àti ilosoke nínú ináwó iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of climate change on agriculture |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ẹran-ọ̀sìn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi lè fa ìrora ooru fún màlúù, ewúrẹ́ àti àwọn ẹran-ọ̀sìn mìíràn. Ó tún lè dín iye oúnjẹ àti omi tó wà fún wọn kù, èyí tí ó lè ní ipa lórí ìdàgbàsókè wọn àti iye wara tàbí ẹran tí wọ́n ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A review of effects of climate change on Agriculture in Africa |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12267 |publisher=arXiv |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ààbò oúnjẹ ==
Nítorí pé iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ni orísun pàtàkì fún oúnjẹ ayé, ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti ilosoke nínú iye owó oúnjẹ. Èyí lè ní ipa tó lágbára jùlọ lórí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ṣì ń dàgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The State of Food and Agriculture 2016: Climate change, agriculture and food security |url=https://www.fao.org/agrifood-economics/publications/detail/en/c/447313/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ọ̀nà láti fara da ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
Àwọn agbẹ̀ àti ìjọba lè lo àwọn ọ̀nà wọ̀nyí láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù:

* Lílo irúgbìn tó lè fara da ìgbẹ́ àti ìgbóná.
* Ìmúlò ọ̀nà ìtọju omi tó dára.
* Gbigbin oríṣìíríṣìí irúgbìn.
* Lílo ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́.
* Ìtọju ilẹ̀ àti igbó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Latest IPCC report highlights the critical need to transform agrifood systems |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/latest-ipcc-report-highlights-the-critical-need-to-transform-agrifood-systems-as-a-way-to-mitigate-and-adapt-to-climate-change/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà tó tóbi jù lọ tí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ayé ń dojú kọ. Ìmúlò àwọn ọ̀nà tuntun àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn agbẹ̀, àwọn olùṣètò ìlànà àti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ìwádìí lè ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dáàbò bo ààbò oúnjẹ àti ìdàgbàsókè iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ní ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Historical Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Global Agricultural Productivity |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10415 |publisher=arXiv |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ààbò oúnjẹ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>623104</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6294" sha1="akve8rvduobr7fa8t8q8yldmz23gvio" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìpa Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Lórí Iṣẹ́ Ọ̀gbìn
| image = Rice plantation.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ìkórè irúgbìn àti ààbò oúnjẹ ní ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi, ìdínkù ìkórè àti ìfarahàn kòkòrò àrùn
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìmúlò
| data4 = Ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́, ìtọju omi àti irúgbìn aláfaradà
| label5 = Àwọn orísun
| data5 = FAO, IPCC, OECD àti UN
}}

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí '''iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn''' ní gbogbo agbègbè ayé. Ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n ìgbóná, ìrísí òjò àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an ń yí ọ̀nà tí a fi ń ṣe iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn padà, ó sì ń ní ipa lórí ìpèsè oúnjẹ àti ààbò oúnjẹ ní ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crop production and climate change |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b1-crops/chapter-b1-1/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdínkù nínú ìkórè irúgbìn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi àti àìlera ojú-ọjọ́ lè dín ìkórè àwọn irúgbìn bíi àgbàdo, ìrẹsì, alíkámà àti ẹ̀wà kù. Ìdínkù omi àti ìgbẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìṣòro yìí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of climate change on agriculture |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ti ń dojú kọ ìgbẹ́ àti àìní omi nítorí ìrísí òjò tí kò dájú. Ìṣòro yìí ń dín agbára àwọn agbẹ̀ láti gbin irúgbìn tó péye kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 - Climate change impacts on agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/4/y4252e/y4252e15.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìkún-omi àti ìparun ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn ==
Òjò ńlá àti ìkún-omi lè ba ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn jẹ́, kí wọ́n sì fọ irúgbìn lọ. Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí tún lè fa ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìyọkúrò àwọn ohun èlò inú ilẹ̀ tó ń jẹ́ kí irúgbìn dàgbà dáadáa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Agricultural production is shaped by climate change impact and adaptation |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2024/07/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2024-2033_e173f332/full-report/component-5.html |publisher=OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfarahàn kòkòrò àti àrùn irúgbìn ==
Ìyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́ lè mú kí kòkòrò àti àrùn irúgbìn pọ̀ síi tàbí tan dé àwọn agbègbè tuntun. Èyí ń fa ìdínkù nínú ìkórè àti ilosoke nínú ináwó iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Effects of climate change on agriculture |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ẹran-ọ̀sìn ==
Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi lè fa ìrora ooru fún màlúù, ewúrẹ́ àti àwọn ẹran-ọ̀sìn mìíràn. Ó tún lè dín iye oúnjẹ àti omi tó wà fún wọn kù, èyí tí ó lè ní ipa lórí ìdàgbàsókè wọn àti iye wara tàbí ẹran tí wọ́n ń pèsè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A review of effects of climate change on Agriculture in Africa |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12267 |publisher=arXiv |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ààbò oúnjẹ ==
Nítorí pé iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ni orísun pàtàkì fún oúnjẹ ayé, ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti ilosoke nínú iye owó oúnjẹ. Èyí lè ní ipa tó lágbára jùlọ lórí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ṣì ń dàgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The State of Food and Agriculture 2016: Climate change, agriculture and food security |url=https://www.fao.org/agrifood-economics/publications/detail/en/c/447313/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ọ̀nà láti fara da ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
Àwọn agbẹ̀ àti ìjọba lè lo àwọn ọ̀nà wọ̀nyí láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù:

* Lílo irúgbìn tó lè fara da ìgbẹ́ àti ìgbóná.
* Ìmúlò ọ̀nà ìtọju omi tó dára.
* Gbigbin oríṣìíríṣìí irúgbìn.
* Lílo ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́.
* Ìtọju ilẹ̀ àti igbó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Latest IPCC report highlights the critical need to transform agrifood systems |url=https://www.fao.org/newsroom/detail/latest-ipcc-report-highlights-the-critical-need-to-transform-agrifood-systems-as-a-way-to-mitigate-and-adapt-to-climate-change/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà tó tóbi jù lọ tí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ayé ń dojú kọ. Ìmúlò àwọn ọ̀nà tuntun àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn agbẹ̀, àwọn olùṣètò ìlànà àti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ìwádìí lè ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dáàbò bo ààbò oúnjẹ àti ìdàgbàsókè iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ní ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Historical Impact of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Global Agricultural Productivity |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.10415 |publisher=arXiv |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ààbò oúnjẹ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ìgbìmọ̀ Ètò Ìlànà Ọ̀dá Orílẹ̀-èdè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/825477406|National Drought Policy Commission]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2894" sha1="4e0u6unubg5c4wf0n2tubj3yvwkz1mz" xml:space="preserve">'''Òfin Ètò Ìṣèlú Ọ̀dá''' ni a ṣẹda nipasẹ Ofin Eto Odaran Ọgbẹ ti Orilẹ-ede Amẹrika ti ọdun 1998, lati ṣe iwadi lori igbaradi ọgbẹ ti ijọba apapọ, ipinlẹ, agbegbe ati ẹya lọwọlọwọ, ati atunyẹwo awọn ofin ati awọn eto lati pinnu boya awọn abawọn wa ninu awọn eto imulo iranlọwọ ati awọn ohun elo lọwọlọwọ. Igbimọ naa gbejade ijabọ kan si Aare ati Ile-igbimọ Aṣofin, Ngbaradi fun Ọgbẹ ni Ọrundun 21st, Oṣu Karun ọdun 2000.

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==

* &lt;nowiki&gt; This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;\&quot;&quot;&quot;'&quot;&quot;'&quot;}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url(&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg&quot;)right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#bf3c2c)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==</text>
      <sha1>4e0u6unubg5c4wf0n2tubj3yvwkz1mz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iṣẹ́ Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ọ̀dá</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623109</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:39:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294649143|Drought Relief Service]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>623109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5197" sha1="0hjr9xu9i76d6agghdnu5jfgy64o2c5" xml:space="preserve">'''Iṣẹ́ Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ọ̀dá''' (DRS) jẹ́ àjọ àpapọ̀ ti Àdéhùn Tuntun ti Amẹ́ríkà tí a dá sílẹ̀ ní ọdún 1935 láti ṣètò àwọn iṣẹ́ ìrànlọ́wọ́ ní ìdáhùn sí Dust Bowl. Ó ra màlúù tí wọ́n lè pa nítorí ọ̀dá.

== Ìtàn ==
&quot;Ọ̀dá mẹ́rin tó pọ̀ ní àgbègbè Great Plains láàrín ọdún 1930 sí 1940 ló ṣẹ̀lẹ̀, èyí tó fa ìjì eruku tó gbòòrò, àìsí iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀, àìníṣẹ́, àìníṣẹ́ àti ìparun sí ọrọ̀ ajé orílẹ̀-èdè náà.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=American Geosciences Institute - Serving the Geosciences Since 1948|accessdate=2012-03-02|url=http://www.agiweb.org/gap/legis109/drought.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n ṣàpèjúwe ọ̀dá tó wáyé ní ọdún 1934 gẹ́gẹ́ bí &quot;èyí tó burú jùlọ nínú ìtàn Amẹ́ríkà, tó bo ju ìpín márùndínlọ́gọ́rin nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún orílẹ̀-èdè náà lọ, tó sì ní ipa lórí ìpínlẹ̀ metadinlogbon gidigidi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Timeline . Surviving the Dust Bowl . American Experience . WGBH|work=PBS|access-date=2012-03-02|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/dust-bowl-surviving-dust-bowl/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn DRS ra màlúù ní àwọn agbègbè tí a yàn fún àwọn agbègbè pajawiri, níbi tí àwọn màlúù wà nínú ewu ebi nítorí ọ̀dá.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Historical Voices|accessdate=2012-03-02|url=http://www.historicalvoices.org/1930s/index.php|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001134/http://www.historicalvoices.org/1930s/index.php|archivedate=2012-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owó tí a san wà láti $14 sí $20 fún ẹnìkọ̀ọ̀kan. Àwọn ẹranko tí kò yẹ fún jíjẹ ènìyàn – èyí tí ó ju adota nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún lọ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ètò náà – ni a pa. Àwọn màlúù tí ó kù ni a fi fún Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) láti lò fún ìpínkiri oúnjẹ fún àwọn ìdílé ní gbogbo orílẹ̀-èdè.

Ará Texan kan ṣàlàyé ìtàn tí wọ́n kọ sílẹ̀ nínú ìdílé rẹ̀: 
 
Ní oṣù kẹfà ọdún 1934, ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ jẹ́ ibi ìgbẹ̀yìn, Ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin fọwọ́ sí Iṣẹ́ Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Ọ̀dá fún ríra àwọn màlúù tí ọ̀dá ti kọlù. Gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìwọ̀n àti ipò wọn, ilé iṣẹ́ náà yóò san $4 sí $8 fún àwọn ọmọ màlúù, $10 sí $15 fún àwọn ọmọ ọdún, pẹ̀lú àwọn màlúù, àwọn ọmọ ẹṣin ńlá àti àwọn akọ màlúù tí ó mú $12 sí $20 wá. Àwọn tí wọ́n wà ní ipò búburú jùlọ ni a pa lẹ́sẹ̀kẹsẹ̀ tí a sì sin àwọn mìíràn sí ibi ìkópamọ́ àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn fún pípa.
Bẹ̀rẹ̀ láti oṣù kẹfà ọdún 1934, ètò náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ títí di ìparí oṣù kíní ọdún 1935 pẹ̀lú ìjọ́ba tí ó ra ohun ọ̀sìn tí ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó mílíọ̀nù 8.3 tí ó pèsè $111 mílíọ̀nù ní owó fún àwọn onílé ẹran àti àwọn onígbèsè wọn...

Mo rántí ìtàn nípa ètò pípa ẹran ní àwọn ọdún tó tẹ̀lé e. Àwọn òbí mi àti àwọn òbí àgbà mi mú àwọn màlúù wàrà àti akọ màlúù àgbà wọn lọ sí ibùdó ìtajà ìjọba láti tà wọ́n kí wọ́n sì pa wọ́n. Mo rántí pé wọ́n sin òkú àwọn ẹran náà sínú ihò caliche kan ní àdúgbò.

Kò jẹ́ òótọ́ pé àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn kan tí a rà ni a wakọ̀ lórí àpáta fún pípa, bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ìtàn ṣì wà níbẹ̀.

Ní ọjọ́ keje oṣù kẹjọ ọdún 1934, àkọlé ìwé ìròyìn New York Times tó tẹ̀lé yìí fi bí ètò náà ṣe gbòòrò tó hàn: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=CATTLE SLAUGHTER A BLOW TO TANNERS - Price 'Catastrophe' Laid to Surplus of Hides Created in Federal Drought Program. RELIEF MEETINGS TODAY Groups in Chicago and Boston Seek to Stabilize Market as Quotations Drop Fast. CATTLE SLAUGHTER A BLOW TO TANNERS|accessdate=2012-03-02|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50611FB3E5B107A93C5A91783D85F408385F9&amp;scp=22&amp;sq=%22Federal%20Surplus%20Relief%22&amp;st=cse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 August 1934}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 {{quote|CATTLE SLAUGHTER A BLOW TO [[Tanning (leather)|TANNERS]]; Price 'Catastrophe' Laid to Surplus of Hides Created in Federal Drought Program. RELIEF MEETINGS TODAY Groups in Chicago and Boston Seek to Stabilize Market as Quotations Drop Fast.

... Federal Surplus Relief Corporation agreed with the meat packers to pay them for their services by giving them all the byproducts ...}}
Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ó ṣòro fún àwọn àgbẹ̀ láti fi àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn wọn sílẹ̀, ètò pípa màlúù ran ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ wọn lọ́wọ́ láti yẹra fún ìforígbárí. &quot;Ètò ríra màlúù ìjọba jẹ́ iṣẹ́ Ọlọ́run fún ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn àgbẹ̀, nítorí wọn kò lè tọ́jú màlúù wọn, ìjọba sì san owó tó dára ju èyí tí wọ́n lè rí ní ọjà àdúgbò lọ.&quot;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0hjr9xu9i76d6agghdnu5jfgy64o2c5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Climate Change and Food Security</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80613</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623110</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:39:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5678" sha1="7qkfovxchzv572jq5jr9y1tni7o1z6s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Ààbò Oúnjẹ
| image = Food security and climate change.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ìpèsè, ìwọlé àti ìdúróṣinṣin oúnjẹ ní ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Ààbò oúnjẹ àti sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìdínkù ìkórè, ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti ilosoke iye owó oúnjẹ
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìfaradà
| data4 = Ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́, ìtọju omi àti agbára ìfaradà agbẹ̀
| label5 = Àwọn orísun
| data5 = FAO, IPCC, WFP àti UN
}}
'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ààbò oúnjẹ''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀ràn ayika àti ìdàgbàsókè tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ààbò oúnjẹ túmọ̀ sí ìpèsè oúnjẹ tó péye, ìwọlé sí oúnjẹ, lílo oúnjẹ tó dára àti ìdúróṣinṣin nínú ìpèsè oúnjẹ fún gbogbo ènìyàn ní gbogbo àkókò. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń halẹ̀ mọ́ gbogbo àwọn apá wọ̀nyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Food Security: A Framework Document |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/k2595e/k2595e00.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìpèsè oúnjẹ ==
Ìgbóná ayé, ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti ìrísí òjò tí kò dájú ń dín ìkórè irúgbìn kù ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé. Èyí lè dín iye oúnjẹ tó wà fún àwọn ènìyàn kù, pàápàá ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó gbẹ́kẹ̀ lé iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Food Security: Risks and Responses |url=https://www.ecolex.org/details/literature/climate-change-and-food-security-risks-and-responses-mon-090409/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìwọlé sí oúnjẹ ==
Nígbà tí ìkórè bá dín kù, iye owó oúnjẹ sábà máa ń ga. Èyí lè mú kí àwọn ìdílé aláìní ṣòro láti rà oúnjẹ tó péye fún ìdílé wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change threatens global food security |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí dídára oúnjẹ ==
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè ní ipa lórí iye àwọn èròjà ara tí oúnjẹ ní. Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi àti àìní omi lè dín iye àwọn èròjà pàtàkì nínú àwọn irúgbìn kan kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change and food security |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/home/en |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìdúróṣinṣin oúnjẹ ==
Ààbò oúnjẹ kò dá lórí ìpèsè oúnjẹ nìkan, ṣùgbọ́n ó tún dá lórí bí ìpèsè náà ṣe lè tẹ̀síwájú láìsí ìdààmú. Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an bíi ìjì, ìkún-omi àti ìgbẹ́ lè dá ìpèsè oúnjẹ dúró fún àkókò pípẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change has direct and indirect impacts on agrifood systems |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ẹja àti ẹran-ọ̀sìn ==
Ìgbóná omi òkun àti àyípadà ayika omi lè ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ẹja. Bákan náà, ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi lè fa ìrora ooru àti àìlera fún ẹran-ọ̀sìn, èyí tí ó lè dín ìṣelọpọ wara àti ẹran kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change and food security: risks and responses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328563618_Climate_change_and_food_security_risks_and_responses |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ọ̀nà láti mú ààbò oúnjẹ lágbára ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí ààbò oúnjẹ kù ni:

* Lílo irúgbìn tó lè fara da ìgbẹ́ àti ìgbóná.
* Ìmúlò ọ̀nà ìtọju omi tó dára.
* Gbigbin oríṣìíríṣìí irúgbìn.
* Dídín ìparun oúnjẹ kù.
* Ìmúlò ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/what-we-do/en |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ìrokeke sí ààbò oúnjẹ nípasẹ̀ ipa rẹ̀ lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ẹja, ẹran-ọ̀sìn àti ìdúróṣinṣin ìpèsè oúnjẹ. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, àwọn agbẹ̀ àti àwọn àjọ àgbáyé jẹ́ ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ààbò oúnjẹ fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change threatens our ability to ensure global food security |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/home/en |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* World Food Programme (WFP)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ààbò oúnjẹ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>7qkfovxchzv572jq5jr9y1tni7o1z6s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Water Scarcity and Climate Change</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623111</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:42:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5404" sha1="lzr712ssqiythigbl6yq5dkxqt21ha0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Àìní Omi àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Water scarcity in dry land.jpg
| caption = Àìní omi jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà ayika tó ń pọ̀ síi nípasẹ̀ ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti àwọn orísun omi
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Ìgbẹ́, ìgbóná ayé, ilosoke olùgbé àti lílo omi ju bó ṣe yẹ lọ
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Àìní omi mímu, ìdínkù iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìrokeke sí ààbò oúnjẹ
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìfaradà
| data5 = Ìṣàkóso omi tó péye, ìtọju omi àti ìmúlò imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tuntun
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = FAO, UN àti IPCC
}}
'''Àìní omi''' jẹ́ ipò tí iye omi tó wà kò tó láti bá ìbéèrè àwọn ènìyàn, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ilé-iṣẹ́ mu. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti di ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń mú kí àìní omi pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Scarcity |url=https://www.fao.org/land-water/water/water-scarcity/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ láàárín àìní omi àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ==
Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń yí bí òjò ṣe ń rọ̀ padà, ó sì ń fa ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìgbẹ́ àti ìkún-omi. Àwọn àyípadà wọ̀nyí ń ní ipa lórí iye omi tó wà fún mímu, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti lílo ilé-iṣẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Land, Water and Climate Change |url=https://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/climate-change/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbẹ́ àti ìdínkù nínú òjò ==
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé ń dojú kọ ìgbẹ́ tó ń pẹ́ síi àti ìdínkù nínú iye òjò tó ń rọ̀. Èyí ń dín iye omi inú odò, adágún àti ilẹ̀ abẹ́ omi kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change, Water and Food Security |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2096e/i2096e00.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ilosoke nínú ìbéèrè omi ==
Ilosoke olùgbé, ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìgbòkègbodò iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ń mú kí ìbéèrè fún omi pọ̀ síi. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ sì ń mú kí ìpèsè omi dín kù, èyí tí ó ń fa àìní omi tó lágbára síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Scarcity, the Climate Crisis and Global Food Security |url=https://www.un.org/tr/node/210428 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ààbò oúnjẹ ==
Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ni olùlò omi tó pọ̀ jù lọ ní ayé. Àìní omi lè dín ìkórè irúgbìn kù, ó sì lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti ilosoke nínú iye owó oúnjẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change, Water and Food Security |url=https://www.fao.org/4/i2096e/i2096e00.htm |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìlera àti ìgbésí ayé ènìyàn ==
Àìní omi mímu tó mọ́ lè fa ìtànkálẹ̀ àrùn àti ìṣòro ìlera. Ó tún lè fa ìṣòro ìmọ́tótó àti ìdàgbàsókè awùjọ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water scarcity affects billions of people worldwide |url=https://www.fao.org/platforms/water-scarcity/en |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín àìní omi kù ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín àìní omi kù ni:

* Ìmúlò ọ̀nà ìtọju omi tó péye.
* Lílo imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ìrígéṣọ̀nù tó fi omi pamọ́.
* Atúnlò omi fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ilé-iṣẹ́.
* Gbigbin igi àti ìtọju igbó.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba àti àwọn àjọ àgbáyé lórí ìṣàkóso omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Multimodel Assessment of Water Scarcity Under Climate Change |url=https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/125365/records/67653e15829d7ef70f48d657 |publisher=FAO AGRIS |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Àìní omi àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn ìṣòro méjì tí wọ́n ní ìbáṣepọ̀ pẹ̀lú ara wọn. Bí ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ síi ni ìpèsè omi ṣe ń dín kù ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè. Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso omi tó péye àti ìdínkù ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo àwọn orísun omi fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water scarcity and climate change impacts on global water resources |url=https://agris.fao.org/search/ar/records/67653e15829d7ef70f48d657 |publisher=FAO AGRIS |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==

* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* United Nations (UN)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àìní omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ààbò oúnjẹ]]</text>
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    <title>Ètò Ìròyìn Ìdámọ̀ràn Ọ̀gbẹ Orílẹ̀-èdè Tí A Ṣẹ̀pọ̀</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:53:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357084476|National Integrated Drought Information System]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fáìlì:NOAA-NIDIS-logo.png|thumb|Àmì fún Ètò Ìròyìn Ìdámọ̀ràn Ọ̀dá ti Orílẹ̀-èdè NOAA (NIDIS)]]
Wọ́n fọwọ́ sí òfin Ètò Ìwífún Ìṣọpọ̀ Orílẹ̀-èdè (NIDIS) ní ọdún 2006 (Òfin Gbogbogbòò 109-430) wọ́n sì tún fún ní àṣẹ ní ọdún 2014 àti 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2014|title=Public Law 113–86, National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2014|url=https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ86/PLAW-113publ86.pdf|website=Congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2014|title=Public Law 113–86, National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2014|url=https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ86/PLAW-113publ86.pdf|website=Congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ẹgbẹ́ Àwọn Gómìnà Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn ṣàlàyé ìdí tí a fi nílò NIDIS nínú ìròyìn ọdún 2004, Ṣíṣẹ̀dá Ètò Ìkìlọ̀ Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ọ̀dá fún Ọ̀rúndún 21: Ètò Ìkìlọ̀ Ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ Ọ̀dá Orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2014|title=Public Law 113–86, National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2014|url=https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ86/PLAW-113publ86.pdf|website=Congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òfin NIDIS ń béèrè fún ọ̀nà ìbáṣepọ̀, alábàáṣiṣẹpọ̀ púpọ̀ sí àbójútó ọ̀dá, àsọtẹ́lẹ̀, àti ìkìlọ̀ ìbẹ̀rẹ̀, tí National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) ń darí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 6, 2014|title=Public Law 113–86, National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2014|url=https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ86/PLAW-113publ86.pdf|website=Congress.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Iṣẹ́ NIDIS ni “láti mú kí orílẹ̀-èdè náà lágbára láti ṣàkóso àwọn ewu tó jẹ mọ́ ọ̀dá, nípa fífún àwọn tó ní ìwífún àti ohun èlò tó dára jùlọ láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò bí ọ̀dá ṣe lè wáyé àti láti múra sílẹ̀ dáadáa fún, dínkù, àti láti dáhùn sí àwọn ipa ọ̀dá.”  Láti ṣe èyí, NIDIS yóò ṣẹ̀dá ètò ìkìlọ̀ ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀dá fún orílẹ̀-èdè náà. 

Ní kíkọ́ ìpìlẹ̀ fún ètò ìkìlọ̀ ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ogbó orílẹ̀-èdè, NIDIS ń ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún àwọn ètò ìkìlọ̀ ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ogbó àgbègbè mẹ́jọ (DEWS) káàkiri orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà, èyí tí ó gbẹ́kẹ̀lé àwọn nẹ́tíwọ́ọ̀kì ti àpapọ̀, ẹ̀yà, ìpínlẹ̀, agbègbè, àti àwọn alábáṣiṣẹpọ̀ ẹ̀kọ́ láti jẹ́ kí ìmọ̀ nípa ojú ọjọ́ àti ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ rọrùn fún àwọn olùṣe ìpinnu: California-Nevada, Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Intermountain, Midwest, Àfonífojì Odò Missouri, Northeast, Àríwá Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn Pàsífíìkì, Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn, àti awọn Pẹ̀tẹ́lẹ̀ Gúúsù. 

NIDIS lo àwọn òṣìṣẹ́, ìrírí, àti àwọn nẹ́tíwọ́ọ̀kì ti Ile-iṣẹ Iwakọ ti Orilẹ-ede, awọn Ile-iṣẹ Oju-ọjọ Agbegbe NOAA, àti awọn Ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ àti Ìṣàyẹ̀wò agbègbè(RISAs), láàrín àwọn mìíràn. Àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìjọba àpapọ̀ àti àwọn ẹ̀ka tí wọ́n ń bá NIDIS ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ pẹ̀lú egbẹ́ awọn Onímọ̀-ẹ̀rọ ti Ọmọ-ogun Amẹ́ríkà,Ọ́fíìsì Àtúnṣe, U.S. Ìwádìí Ilẹ̀, NASA, U.S. Ẹ̀ka Agbára, U.S.Ile-iṣẹ Idaabobo Ayika, Ile-iṣẹ Imọ-jinlẹ Orilẹ-ede, ati Iṣẹ Itoju awọn Oro Adayeba ti  U.S. 

NIDIS ń kọ́lé lórí ètò ìṣiṣẹ́, dátà, àti àwọn ọjà ìṣiṣẹ́ láti ọ̀dọ̀ onírúurú ilé iṣẹ́. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, ó ní dátà láti inú nẹ́tíwọ́ọ̀kì SNOTEL (SNOw TELemetry) ti Iṣẹ́ Ìtọ́jú awọn Ohun Èlò Àdánidá ti eka Iṣẹ́ agbẹ̀ ti US, àwọn ìpele ìpamọ́ àti ìṣàn omi láti Ẹ̀ka Ilẹ̀ ti US àti Ẹgbẹ́ Ọmọ-ogun ti US Army Corps of Engineers, àti àwọn àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ odò láti ọ̀dọ̀ Iṣẹ́ Ojú-ọjọ́ ti Orílẹ̀-èdè . Ó ní àwọn ọjà ìṣiṣẹ́ bíi ''Atẹle Droit ti Amẹrika'' àti ''Ìwòye Droning Àkókò'' . Àwọn olùwádìí ń ṣiṣẹ́ láti ran àwọn olùpinnu lọ́wọ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àyíká nípa ṣíṣe ìṣàyẹ̀wò òjò, àsọtẹ́lẹ̀, àti àwọn ipa ìwífún tí ó wà ní onírúurú ìwọ̀n ààyè àti ààlà ilẹ̀, títí kan agbègbè, omi, agbègbè àti ẹ̀yà. NIDIS jẹ́ àpẹẹrẹ fún àwọn iṣẹ́ ìwífún, ní ìtìlẹ́yìn fún ìmúrasílẹ̀ àti àtúnṣe sí ìyàtọ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìyípadà.

Ní ìparí ọdún 2007, NIDIS ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ US Drone Portal, tàbí drought.gov, ojú-òpó wẹ́ẹ̀bù kan tí ó kó ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn ohun èlò ìjọba àpapọ̀, ìpínlẹ̀, àti ẹ̀kọ́ jọ fún ṣíṣàkíyèsí òjò. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New U.S. drought web site|url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ní oṣù kìíní ọdún 2021, NIDIS ṣiṣẹ́ pẹ̀lú NOAA's awọn Ilé-iṣẹ́ Orílẹ̀-èdè fún Ìwífún nípa Àyíká láti ṣe ìfilọ́lẹ̀ Ibudo ọkọ ofurufu AMẸRIKA tí a tún ṣe àtúnṣe. Ojú-òpó wẹ́ẹ̀bù tuntun náà ṣe àfihàn àwọn àkóónú tuntun àti àwọn àwòrán ìbánisọ̀rọ̀ tuntun tí a ṣe láti pèsè ìwífún tí a lè ṣe, tí a lè pín àti àwọn àwòrán tí ó rọrùn láti lóye tí ó ń ṣàpèjúwe àwọn ipò òjò lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́ àti àsọtẹ́lẹ̀ nípa ìlú, agbègbè, ìpínlẹ̀, kódù póòstù, àti ní agbègbè omi sí àwọn ìwọ̀n àgbáyé. Drone Amẹ́ríkàPortal tún ń kó àwọn ìwífún nípa ipa òjò jọ fún àwọn ẹ̀ka ọrọ̀-ajé bíi iṣẹ́-ogbin, agbára, àwọn ohun èlò omi, àti eré ìtura nípa lílo àwọn máàpù àti dátà ìbánisọ̀rọ̀. 

Ọ́fíìsì NOAA fún ètò NIDIS ní àtìlẹ́yìn fún ètò náà, ó sì wà ní NOAA awọn Ilé Ìwádìí etò Ayé ní Boulder, Colorado.

== Àwọn òfin tó jọra ==

* Òfin Ìròyìn Ọ̀dá ti ọdún 2013 (S. 376; Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin 113) - òfin kan tí yóò fún ní àṣẹ láti fi owó fún Ètò Ìròyìn Ọ̀dá Àdàpọ̀ ti Orílẹ̀-èdè (NIDIS) títí di ọdún 2018. &lt;ref name=&quot;CoxSenatepasses&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Senate passes bill funding drought information program|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/senate/197331-senate-passes-bill-funding-drought-information-program/|accessdate=7 February 2014|date=3 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Òfin náà jáde ní Ilé Aṣòfin Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà nígbà Ìgbìmọ̀ Aṣòfin Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà 113th . 
* Òfin Àtúnṣe Àṣẹ Ètò Ìròyìn Àròpọ̀ ti Orílẹ̀-èdè ti Ọdún 2013 (HR 2431; 113th Congress) - òfin kan tí yóò fún ní àṣẹ láti fi owó fún Ètò Ìròyìn Àròpọ̀ ti Orílẹ̀-èdè títí di ọdún 2018.   Wọ́n ṣètò ìwé òfin náà fún ìdìbò ní ilé ìgbìmọ̀ aṣòfin.
* Òfin kan láti tún fún ní àṣẹ sí Ètò Ìròyìn Ọ̀dá Àpapọ̀ ti Orílẹ̀-èdè (PL 113-86, 128 STAT. 1015)

== Àwọn Àkíyèsí ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Flooding and Extreme Weather Events</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T17:56:21Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Translated</comment>
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      <text bytes="5578" sha1="j87e57p6lm369vg0b7mydsluxk0b3dk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìkún-omi àti Àwọn Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Ojú-ọjọ́ Tó Le Gan-an
| image = Flooding after heavy rain.jpg
| caption = Ìkún-omi àti ìjì líle jẹ́ díẹ̀ lára àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó ń pọ̀ síi nítorí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìkún-omi, ìjì líle, ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù àti ìgbẹ́
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìparun ilé, ìfarapa ènìyàn, ìdínkù iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìparun amáyédẹrùn
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìfaradà
| data5 = Ètò ìkìlọ̀ kíákíá, ìṣàkóso omi àti ìmúrasílẹ̀ sí àjálù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, WMO, UN àti WHO
}}
'''Ìkún-omi''' àti '''àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an''' jẹ́ àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ayika tí ó ń ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́pọ̀ ìgbà síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé nítorí '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́'''. Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí ní ìkún-omi, ìjì líle, ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù, ìgbẹ́ àti òjò ńlá. Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì ti fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé ń mú kí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí pọ̀ síi ní ìgbà àti ní agbára wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Extreme Weather |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/extreme-weather |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìkún-omi ==
Ìkún-omi máa ń ṣẹlẹ̀ nígbà tí omi bá ju agbára odò, adágún tàbí ètò ìṣàn omi lọ. Òjò ńlá àti ìgòkè omi òkun tí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń fa ni wọ́n ń mú kí ìkún-omi pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Floods |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Òjò ńlá àti Ìjì Líle ==
Ìgbóná afẹ́fẹ́ ń mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ lè gba omi púpọ̀ síi, èyí tí ó ń fa òjò ńlá àti ìjì líle ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè. Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí lè fa ìparun ilé, afárá àti àwọn ohun ìní míì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=State of the Global Climate |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/resources/state-of-global-climate |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbóná Tó Pọ̀ Jù ==
Ìgbóná ayé ti mú kí ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù máa ṣẹlẹ̀ lọ́pọ̀ ìgbà ju ti tẹ́lẹ̀ lọ. Ìgbóná yìí lè ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn, pàápàá àwọn ọmọ kékeré àti àwọn arúgbó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbẹ́ ==
Ìgbẹ́ jẹ́ àkókò pípẹ́ tí òjò kò fi rọ̀ tó. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń mú kí ìgbẹ́ pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè, èyí sì ń ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìpèsè omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Ènìyàn àti Ọ̀rọ̀ Ajé ==
Ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an lè fa ìpadánù ẹ̀mí, ìfarapa àti ìparun ilé àti amáyédẹrùn. Wọ́n tún lè ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ọjà àti ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Extreme Weather and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmúrasílẹ̀ àti Ìfaradà ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an kù ni:

* Ìdásílẹ̀ ètò ìkìlọ̀ kíákíá fún àjálù.
* Ìmúlò ètò ìṣàn omi tó dára ní àwọn ìlú.
* Kíkó ilé àti amáyédẹrùn tó lè fara da àjálù.
* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Ìkọ́ni fún àwọn aráàlú nípa bí wọ́n ṣe lè fara da àjálù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Early Warnings for All Initiative |url=https://wmo.int/early-warnings-all |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an jẹ́ díẹ̀ lára àwọn ipa tó hàn gbangba jù lọ ti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́. Ìmúrasílẹ̀ tó péye àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, àwọn àjọ àgbáyé àti àwọn aráàlú jẹ́ ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa wọn kù àti láti dáàbò bo ìgbésí ayé ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Extreme weather events in a changing climate |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
* United Nations (UN)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìkún-omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àjálù àdánidá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ọ̀rọ̀ ojú-ọjọ́]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abojuto Ogbele ti Amẹrika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623114</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351521118|United States Drought Monitor]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Abojuto Ogbele ti Amẹrika''' jẹ́ àkójọ àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ tí ó fún àwọn ògbógi láyè láti ṣe àyẹ̀wò ọ̀dá ní Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Atẹle náà kìí ṣe àjọ kan bí kò ṣe àjọṣepọ̀ láàárín Ile-iṣẹ Iyọkuro Oògùn Orilẹ-ede (NDMC) ní Yunifásítì ti Nebraska–Lincoln, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), àti Ìṣàkóso Òkun àti Afẹ́fẹ́ Orílẹ̀-èdè (NOAA). Àwọn ògbógi ọ̀tọ̀ọ̀tọ̀ ń fúnni ní ìpinnu tó dára jùlọ láti ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ máàpù kan ní gbogbo ọ̀sẹ̀ tí ó ń fi ọ̀dá hàn ní gbogbo Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Ìsapá náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ọdún 1999 gẹ́gẹ́ bí àjọpọ̀ ìjọba àpapọ̀, ìpínlẹ̀, àti ẹ̀kọ́, tí ó dàgbàsókè láti inú ètò láti ọwọ́ egbẹ́ awọn Gómìnà Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn (WGA) láti pèsè ìwífún nípa ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tó bá àkókò mu àti tó yéni lórí ìpèsè omi àti ọ̀dá fún àwọn olùṣètò. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Svoboda|first1=Mark|last2=LeComte|first2=Doug|last3=Hayes|first3=Mike|last4=Heim|first4=Richard|last5=Gleason|first5=Karin|last6=Angel|first6=Jim|last7=Rippey|first7=Brad|last8=Tinker|first8=Rich|last9=Palecki|first9=Mike|title=THE DROUGHT MONITOR|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=August 2002|volume=83|issue=8|pages=1181–1190|doi=10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1181}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;t492&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Zhiying|last2=Smerdon|first2=Jason E.|last3=Seager|first3=Richard|last4=Siegert|first4=Noel|last5=Mankin|first5=Justin S.|title=Emergent Trends Complicate the Interpretation of the United States Drought Monitor (USDM)|journal=AGU Advances|volume=5|issue=2|date=2024|doi=10.1029/2023AV001070|url=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn òǹkọ̀wé tí ń yípo ni wọ́n ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò náà, wọ́n sì ní àtúnyẹ̀wò láti ọ̀dọ̀ àwọn onímọ̀ nípa ojú ọjọ́ 250, àwọn aṣojú ìtẹ̀síwájú, àti àwọn mìíràn káàkiri orílẹ̀-èdè náà. Ní ọ̀sọ̀ọ̀sẹ̀, àwọn òǹkọ̀wé náà máa ń ṣe àtúnyẹ̀wò àwòrán ìṣáájú náà, wọ́n sì dá lórí òjò, òjò yìnyín, àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ mìíràn, àti ìròyìn àwọn olùwòye nípa bí ọ̀dá ṣe ń nípa lórí àwọn ohun ọ̀gbìn, ẹranko igbó, àti àwọn àmì mìíràn. Àwọn òǹkọ̀wé máa ń ṣe àtúnṣe àwọn ìwífún àti ìròyìn tí ó takora láti wá pẹ̀lú àwòrán tuntun ní gbogbo ọ̀sán ọjọ́rú. Lẹ́yìn náà, wọ́n máa ń tú àwòrán náà jáde ní òwúrọ̀ ọjọ́rú tó tẹ̀lé e.

== Wo tun ==

* Àwo eruku
* Àtòjọ Ìbéèrè fún Ìgbóná Omi
* [[Ètò Ìròyìn Ìdámọ̀ràn Ọ̀gbẹ Orílẹ̀-èdè Tí A Ṣẹ̀pọ̀]]
* Àtòjọ òjò Palmer
* Àtòjọ Ìṣàn Omi Tí A Déédéé
* Ìwádìí ojú ọjọ́ òjò ti orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* {{Official website|http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu}}
* [https://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/us-drought-monitor Drought Monitor summary at the U.S. Drought Portal]</text>
      <sha1>l0ru60xhsecued1m6lyq2gx4olagu5j</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Drought and Its Effects on Communities</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623115</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6153" sha1="n2xt8qirq0uxvmak42clf57euqqjfmf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìgbẹ́ àti Àwọn Àbájáde Rẹ̀ Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ
| image = Drought in dry region.jpg
| caption = Ìgbẹ́ lè ní ipa tó lágbára lórí omi, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn ènìyàn.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti àjálù àdánidá
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Àìní òjò, ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Àìní omi, àìní oúnjẹ, ìṣòro ìlera àti ìṣíkiri ènìyàn
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìfaradà
| data5 = Ìṣàkóso omi, ogbìn ọlọ́gbọ́n ojú-ọjọ́ àti ètò ìkìlọ̀ kíákíá
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = FAO, WHO, UNDRR àti IPCC
}}
'''Ìgbẹ́''' jẹ́ àkókò pípẹ́ tí òjò kò fi rọ̀ tó, tí ó sì ń fa àìní omi fún àwọn ènìyàn, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ayika. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn àjálù àdánidá tí ó ń kan ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn jù lọ ní ayé, tí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ sì ń mú kí ó pọ̀ síi ní ìgbà àti ní agbára rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought |url=https://www.fao.org/land-water/water/drought/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìgbẹ́ ==
Ìgbẹ́ lè ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí àìní òjò fún àkókò pípẹ́, ìgbóná ayé tó ń pọ̀ síi àti ìyípadà nínú ìṣètò ojú-ọjọ́. Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ síi ń mú kí omi yára gbẹ látinú ilẹ̀ àti àwọn orísun omi, èyí sì ń mú kí ìgbẹ́ burú síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought/ |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ==
Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ni ọ̀kan lára àwọn ẹ̀ka tó ń jìyà jù lọ nígbà ìgbẹ́. Àìní omi ń dín ìkórè irúgbìn kù, ó sì lè fa ikú àwọn ẹran-ọ̀sìn. Ní ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè tó ń dàgbà, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn lè gba tó ìdá mẹ́ẹ̀ẹ́dọ́gbọ̀n nínú ọgọ́rùn-ún gbogbo ipa taara tí ìgbẹ́ ń fa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought and Agriculture |url=https://www.fao.org/land-water/water/drought/droughtandag/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àìní omi àti ààbò oúnjẹ ==
Ìgbẹ́ ń dín iye omi mímu àti omi fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn kù. Èyí lè fa àìní oúnjẹ, ilosoke nínú iye owó oúnjẹ àti ìjẹun àìpéye ní àwọn àwùjọ tó fara hàn sí ìgbẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought and Food Insecurity |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought/famine-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ìlera ènìyàn ==
Àìní omi mímu àti oúnjẹ lè fa àìlera àti ìtànkálẹ̀ àwọn àrùn bíi gbuuru, kọ́lérà àti àìlera ara. Ìgbẹ́ tún lè fa ìdààmú ọkàn àti ìṣòro ọpọlọ nítorí ìpọnjú ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìfipá mú ènìyàn láti kó lọ sí ibòmíràn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/drought/ |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣíkiri ènìyàn àti ìṣòro àwùjọ ==
Nígbà tí omi àti oúnjẹ kò bá sí, ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn máa ń fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀ láti lọ wá ibi tí omi àti iṣẹ́ wà. Èyí lè fa ìṣíkiri ènìyàn, ìjà fún àwọn orísun adayeba àti ìṣòro àwùjọ míì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=GAR Special Report on Drought 2021 |url=https://www.undrr.org/publication/gar-special-report-drought-2021 |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé ==
Ìgbẹ́ lè fa ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìṣelọpọ agbára ina àti àwọn iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ tí wọ́n gbẹ́kẹ̀ lé omi. Èyí lè fa ìpadàsẹ́yìn nínú ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn àwùjọ àti àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought impact, vulnerability, risk assessment, management and mitigation under climate change |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S122679882405267X |publisher=ScienceDirect |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa ìgbẹ́ kù ==
Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìgbẹ́ lórí àwọn àwùjọ kù ni:

* Ìtọju àti ìṣàkóso omi tó péye.
* Lílo irúgbìn tó lè fara da ìgbẹ́.
* Ìmúlò ètò ìkìlọ̀ kíákíá fún ìgbẹ́.
* Gbigbin igi àti ìtọju ayika.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba, àwọn àjọ àgbáyé àti àwọn aráàlú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A rapid review of drought risk mitigation measures |url=https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1697416/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==
Ìgbẹ́ jẹ́ àjálù àdánidá tó ní ipa pẹ̀lú lórí omi, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìlera àti ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn àwùjọ. Bí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ṣe ń pọ̀ síi ni ó ṣe pàtàkì kí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè àti àwọn àwùjọ múra sílẹ̀ láti dín ipa ìgbẹ́ kù àti láti kọ́ agbára ìfaradà sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drought |url=https://www.undrr.org/understanding-disaster-risk/terminology/hips/mh0401 |publisher=United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn orísun ==
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àjálù àdánidá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deforestation and Climate Change</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623116</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5458" sha1="tqttus2icvulz0eh1bfreolgujthftc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Gígé Igbó àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Deforestation in tropical forest.jpg
| caption = Gígé igbó ń dín agbára ayé láti gba carbon dioxide kù, ó sì ń mú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ pọ̀ síi.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìparun igbó
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Gígé igi, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìdàgbàsókè ìlú àti iṣẹ́ ìwakùsà
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìparun ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ìdínkù orísun omi
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Gbigbin igi, ìtọju igbó àti ìmúlò ilẹ̀ alágbára
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = FAO, UNEP, IPCC àti WWF
}}
'''Gígé igbó''' jẹ́ ìyọkúrò tàbí ìparun igbó fún àwọn ìdí bíi iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìkọ́lé ilé, ìwakùsà àti ìlò igi gẹ́gẹ́ bí epo tàbí ohun èlò ìkọ́lé. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń fa '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' nítorí pé ó ń dín iye igi tí ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Láàárín Gígé Igbó àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Igi àti igbó ń gba carbon dioxide (CO₂) láti inú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà tí a mọ̀ sí ''photosynthesis''. Nígbà tí a bá gé igi tàbí sun igbó, carbon dioxide tí a ti fipamọ́ sínú igi náà máa padà sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/our-work/what-we-do/forests/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Tí Ń Fa Gígé Igbó ==

Àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń fa gígé igbó ni:

* Ìfẹ̀ sí ilẹ̀ tuntun fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.
* Ìkọ́lé ilé àti ìdàgbàsókè ìlú.
* Ìwakùsà àwọn ohun alumọ́ni.
* Gígé igi fún epo àti ohun èlò ilé.
* Ìkọ́lé ọ̀nà àti amáyédẹrùn míì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The State of the World's Forests 2024 |url=https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Gígé igbó ń mú kí iye gaasi ilé-ìgbóná nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ síi. Ó tún ń yí ìrísí òjò padà, ó sì lè mú kí ìgbẹ́ àti ìkún-omi pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ẹ̀dá Alààyè ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko àti ewéko ń gbé inú igbó. Nígbà tí a bá pa igbó run, àwọn ẹ̀dá wọ̀nyí máa ń pàdánù ibùgbé wọn, èyí tí ó sì lè fa ìparun àwọn irú ẹranko àti ewéko kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Biodiversity |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn àwùjọ, pàápàá àwọn tó ń gbé ní agbègbè igbó, ń gbẹ́kẹ̀ lé igbó fún oúnjẹ, omi, oogun ibílẹ̀ àti iṣẹ́. Gígé igbó lè ní ipa lórí ìgbésí ayé àti ọrọ̀ ajé wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests, People and Livelihoods |url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Gígé Igbó Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín gígé igbó kù ni:

* Gbigbin igi tuntun.
* Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso igbó tó péye.
* Ìdínkù lílo igi gẹ́gẹ́ bí epo.
* Ìmúlò iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn tí kò ní pa igbó run.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba àti àwọn àjọ àgbáyé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) |url=https://www.un-redd.org/ |publisher=UN-REDD Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Gígé igbó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ó ní ipa lórí ìgbóná ayé, ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn ènìyàn. Ìtọju igbó àti gbigbin igi jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
* UN-REDD Programme

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Gígé igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀dá alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]</text>
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| above = Gígé Igbó àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Deforestation in tropical forest.jpg
| caption = Gígé igbó ń dín agbára ayé láti gba carbon dioxide kù, ó sì ń mú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ pọ̀ síi.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìparun igbó
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Gígé igi, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìdàgbàsókè ìlú àti iṣẹ́ ìwakùsà
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìparun ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ìdínkù orísun omi
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Gbigbin igi, ìtọju igbó àti ìmúlò ilẹ̀ alágbára
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = FAO, UNEP, IPCC àti WWF
}}
'''Gígé igbó''' jẹ́ ìyọkúrò tàbí ìparun igbó fún àwọn ìdí bíi iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ìkọ́lé ilé, ìwakùsà àti ìlò igi gẹ́gẹ́ bí epo tàbí ohun èlò ìkọ́lé. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń fa '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' nítorí pé ó ń dín iye igi tí ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Láàárín Gígé Igbó àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Igi àti igbó ń gba carbon dioxide (CO₂) láti inú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà tí a mọ̀ sí ''photosynthesis''. Nígbà tí a bá gé igi tàbí sun igbó, carbon dioxide tí a ti fipamọ́ sínú igi náà máa padà sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó sì ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-change/our-work/what-we-do/forests/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Tí Ń Fa Gígé Igbó ==

Àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń fa gígé igbó ni:

* Ìfẹ̀ sí ilẹ̀ tuntun fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.
* Ìkọ́lé ilé àti ìdàgbàsókè ìlú.
* Ìwakùsà àwọn ohun alumọ́ni.
* Gígé igi fún epo àti ohun èlò ilé.
* Ìkọ́lé ọ̀nà àti amáyédẹrùn míì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The State of the World's Forests 2024 |url=https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Gígé igbó ń mú kí iye gaasi ilé-ìgbóná nínú afẹ́fẹ́ pọ̀ síi. Ó tún ń yí ìrísí òjò padà, ó sì lè mú kí ìgbẹ́ àti ìkún-omi pọ̀ síi ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ẹ̀dá Alààyè ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko àti ewéko ń gbé inú igbó. Nígbà tí a bá pa igbó run, àwọn ẹ̀dá wọ̀nyí máa ń pàdánù ibùgbé wọn, èyí tí ó sì lè fa ìparun àwọn irú ẹranko àti ewéko kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Biodiversity |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn àwùjọ, pàápàá àwọn tó ń gbé ní agbègbè igbó, ń gbẹ́kẹ̀ lé igbó fún oúnjẹ, omi, oogun ibílẹ̀ àti iṣẹ́. Gígé igbó lè ní ipa lórí ìgbésí ayé àti ọrọ̀ ajé wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests, People and Livelihoods |url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118041451/https://www.fao.org/forestry/livelihoods/en/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Gígé Igbó Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín gígé igbó kù ni:

* Gbigbin igi tuntun.
* Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso igbó tó péye.
* Ìdínkù lílo igi gẹ́gẹ́ bí epo.
* Ìmúlò iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn tí kò ní pa igbó run.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba àti àwọn àjọ àgbáyé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) |url=https://www.un-redd.org/ |publisher=UN-REDD Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Gígé igbó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ó ní ipa lórí ìgbóná ayé, ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn ènìyàn. Ìtọju igbó àti gbigbin igi jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
* UN-REDD Programme

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Gígé igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀dá alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The Importance of Environmental Conservation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80620</id>
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      <id>623117</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:07:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623117</origin>
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      <text bytes="5305" sha1="qk70yj81bhbb0vein1uszrad9l13ok9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Pataki Ìtọju Ayika
| image = Environmental conservation.jpg
| caption = Ìtọju ayika ń ṣe pàtàkì fún ìlera ènìyàn àti ìdúróṣinṣin ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìtọju ayika
| label3 = Àfojúsùn
| data3 = Ìdáàbò bo àwọn orísun adayeba àti ẹ̀dá alààyè
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìmúlò
| data4 = Gbigbin igi, àtúnlò ohun èlò àti dídín ìdòtí kù
| label5 = Àwọn ipa rere
| data5 = Ààbò omi, afẹ́fẹ́ mímọ́ àti ìdáàbò bo ẹ̀dá alààyè
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, UN, FAO àti IUCN
}}
'''Ìtọju ayika''' jẹ́ ìgbésẹ̀ àti ìlànà tí a ń gbé láti dáàbò bo ayika àti láti rí i dájú pé àwọn orísun adayeba bíi omi, ilẹ̀, afẹ́fẹ́ àti igbó wà fún ìran òní àti àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. Ìtọju ayika jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìdúróṣinṣin ayé àti ìgbésí ayé ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Environmental Conservation? |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/environmental-rights-and-governance |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdáàbò Bo Àwọn Orísun Adayeba ==

Àwọn orísun adayeba bíi omi, ilẹ̀ ọlọ́ra àti igbó ni ènìyàn ń lò fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti ìgbésí ayé ojoojúmọ́. Ìtọju ayika ń rí i dájú pé a ń lò àwọn orísun wọ̀nyí lọ́nà tó yẹ kí wọ́n má bàjẹ́ tàbí parun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Natural Resources and Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdáàbò Bo Ẹ̀dá Alààyè ==

Ayika ni ibùgbé fún ọ̀pọ̀ irú ẹranko àti ewéko. Ìparun igbó, ìdòtí àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè fa ìparun àwọn irú ẹ̀dá alààyè kan. Ìtọju ayika ń ràn wá lọ́wọ́ láti dáàbò bo onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ibùgbé wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://www.iucn.org/our-work/topic/biodiversity-conservation |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìlera Ènìyàn àti Ayika ==

Afẹ́fẹ́ mímọ́, omi mímu àti ayika tó mọ́ jẹ́ àwọn ohun pàtàkì fún ìlera ènìyàn. Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ àti omi lè fa ọ̀pọ̀ àrùn, nítorí náà ìtọju ayika ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín àwọn ewu wọ̀nyí kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Healthy Environment, Healthy People |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/environmental-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtọju Ayika àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Gbigbin igi, ìtọju igbó àti dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù. Ìtọju ayika nítorí náà jẹ́ apá pàtàkì nínú ìjà lòdì sí ìgbóná ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action and Environmental Protection |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ọ̀rọ̀ Ajé ==

Ayika tó dára ń ṣe atilẹyin fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, irin-ajo àti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ míì. Bí ayika bá bàjẹ́, ó lè ní ipa búburú lórí ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Environment and Economic Development |url=https://www.fao.org/sustainability/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Tọ́jú Ayika ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti tọ́jú ayika ni:

* Gbigbin igi tuntun àti ìtọju igbó.
* Àtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò tí a ti lò tẹ́lẹ̀.
* Dídín ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ àti omi kù.
* Lílo agbára tó ṣeé tún ṣe bíi agbára oòrùn àti afẹ́fẹ́.
* Ìkọ́ni àti ìmọ̀lára fún àwọn aráàlú nípa pataki ìtọju ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Environmental Conservation Strategies |url=https://www.unep.org/resources |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìtọju ayika jẹ́ ohun pàtàkì fún ìlera ènìyàn, ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìdúróṣinṣin ayé. Nípasẹ̀ ìmúlò àwọn ìlànà ìtọju ayika, àwọn ènìyàn lè dáàbò bo ayé fún ara wọn àti fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Our Common Future and Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/environment-day |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* World Health Organization (WHO)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀dá alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn orísun adayeba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Solar Energy as a Sustainable Solution</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623118</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:10:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
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      <text bytes="5854" sha1="btjxdtnzmypjb3ggu1kllatk2f3dadz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Agbára Oòrùn Gẹ́gẹ́ Bí Ojútùú Alágbára
| image = Solar panels in sunlight.jpg
| caption = Agbára oòrùn jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun agbára tí a lè tún ṣe tí kò sì ní ipa búburú púpọ̀ lórí ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Agbára oòrùn
| label3 = Orísun agbára
| data3 = Ìmọ́lẹ̀ àti ooru láti ọ̀dọ̀ oòrùn
| label4 = Àwọn àǹfààní
| data4 = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù, agbára mímọ́ àti ìdúróṣinṣin agbára
| label5 = Àwọn ìpèníjà
| data5 = Ináwó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ tó ga àti ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé lórí ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, IEA, UNEP àti IPCC
}}
'''Agbára oòrùn''' jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ìmọ́lẹ̀ àti ooru oòrùn, tí a sì ń yí padà sí iná mọ́ná tàbí ooru fún lílo ní ilé, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun agbára tí a lè tún ṣe, tí kò sì ní parí bí epo rọ́bà, gáàsì àti ẹ̀yà míì ti epo ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is renewable energy? |url=https://www.un.org/en/node/177513 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí Agbára Oòrùn Ṣe N Ṣiṣẹ́ ==

A máa ń lo '''àwo oòrùn''' (solar panels) láti gba ìmọ́lẹ̀ oòrùn kí a sì yí i padà sí iná mọ́ná nípasẹ̀ ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ''photovoltaic''. A tún lè lo agbára oòrùn fún gbígbóná omi, fún ìrígéṣọ̀nù àti fún fífi agbára pèsè sí àwọn agbègbè tí kò ní asopọ̀ mọ́ ètò iná àpapọ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar energy |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àǹfààní Agbára Oòrùn ==

=== Dídín Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Kù ===
Agbára oòrùn kò ń tú carbon dioxide tàbí àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn jáde nígbà tí a bá ń lò ó. Èyí mú kí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is renewable energy? |url=https://www.un.org/en/node/177513 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Orísun Agbára Tí Kò Ní Parí ===
Oòrùn ń tan ní gbogbo ọjọ́, èyí sì túmọ̀ sí pé agbára oòrùn jẹ́ orísun agbára tí a lè máa lo fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún láì bẹ̀rù pé yóò parí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Energy |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-ca/sustainability/learning-center/solar-energy |publisher=Microsoft Sustainability |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìrànlọ́wọ́ Fún Àwọn Agbègbè Tí Kò Ní Iná ===
Agbára oòrùn lè pèsè iná fún àwọn abúlé àti agbègbè tí kò ní ìsọ̀kan pẹ̀lú ètò iná orílẹ̀-èdè, pàápàá ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ń dàgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar energy: A panacea for the electricity generation crisis in Nigeria |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8166761/ |publisher=PubMed Central |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdágbàsókè Ọ̀rọ̀ Ajé ===
Ìdàgbàsókè nínú ilé-iṣẹ́ agbára oòrùn ń dá iṣẹ́ sílẹ̀ fún àwọn onímọ̀ ẹ̀rọ, àwọn olùgbékalẹ̀ àti àwọn oníṣòwò. Ó tún ń dín ìnáwó epo àti gáàsì tí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè ń wọlé kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development |url=https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/6/3/476/6606003 |publisher=Oxford Academic |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìpèníjà ==

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé agbára oòrùn ní ọ̀pọ̀ àǹfààní, àwọn ìpèníjà kan wà:

* Ináwó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ fún rírà àti fífi àwo oòrùn sílẹ̀ lè ga.
* Agbára oòrùn ń ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa jù lọ nígbà tí oòrùn bá ń tàn.
* A sábà máa nílò batiri tàbí àwọn ọ̀nà ìpamọ́ agbára fún lílo ní òru tàbí ní ọjọ́ tí ojú ọ̀run bá ṣú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy: Sustainable Solutions for All |url=https://www.goclimate.com/knowledge/renewable-energy |publisher=GoClimate |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbára Oòrùn àti Ìdàgbàsókè Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ==

Agbára oòrùn jẹ́ apá pàtàkì nínú ìdàgbàsókè aláyọ̀ọ́dá nítorí pé ó ń pèsè agbára mímọ́, ó ń dín ìdòtí ayika kù, ó sì ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dáàbò bo àwọn orísun adayeba fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar power technologies for sustainable electricity generation – A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115012149 |publisher=ScienceDirect |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Agbára oòrùn jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ojútùú tó dára jù lọ fún ìṣòro agbára àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní ayé òde òní. Bí ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ṣe ń dàgbà àti bí iye owó ohun èlò ṣe ń dín kù, ó ṣeé ṣe kí agbára oòrùn di orísun agbára pàtàkì jù lọ ní ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar energy technology and its roles in sustainable development |url=https://academic.oup.com/ce/article/6/3/476/6606003 |publisher=Oxford Academic |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations (UN)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára oòrùn]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]</text>
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    <title>Ìlànà ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ọ̀dá ní California</title>
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    <id>80622</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249730210|California drought manipulation conspiracy theory]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ìlànà ìdìtẹ̀ ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ ọ̀dá ní California''' jẹ́ ìlànà ìdìtẹ̀ kan tí ó dábàá pé ọ̀dá ọdún 2011–2017 jẹ́ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ tí ènìyàn mọ̀ọ́mọ̀ ṣe, tí a dá sílẹ̀ nípasẹ̀ àtúnṣe ojú ọjọ́. Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn olùṣèwádìí tí wọ́n pe ara wọn ní “àwọn olùṣèwádìí òmìnira” àti “àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì” ló ń gbé e lárugẹ jùlọ, àti nípasẹ̀ àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìròyìn mìíràn. [ìtọ́kasí tí a nílò] Àwọn onímọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àti àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìròyìn gbogbogbòò ti kọ ìlànà náà sílẹ̀ gẹ́gẹ́ bí ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì aláìlágbára tàbí ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì àìlóye. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=September 26, 2015|title=Drought blamers: California conspiracists see government's hand in arid climate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/26/california-drought-conspiracy-theories-geoengineering-climate|archivedate=September 27, 2015|accessdate=August 31, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Awọn ẹtọ pataki ati awọn paati ==
Ọ̀dá ọdún 2011 sí 2017 mú kí ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn máa bẹ̀rù, èyí sì mú kí àwọn èrò ìdìtẹ̀ tó ń sọ pé wọ́n ń ṣàlàyé ohun tó fa ìṣòro tó díjú nípa lílo àwọn àlàyé tó rọrùn jù àti èyí tí kò dá lórí ẹ̀rí. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|volume=35|issue=2|journal=The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology|pages=47–64|title=Mimesis and Conspiracy|doi=10.3167/cja.2017.350205}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn olùdámọ̀ràn sọ pé a lo àwọn chemtrails láti nípa lórí ìkùukùu ìjì, ní ọ̀nà tí yóò fi dín ìdàgbàsókè òjò kù. Èyí yóò ṣẹlẹ̀ nítorí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn nuclei condensation cloud, tàbí &quot;àwọn irugbin cloud&quot;, ní agbègbè kan ṣoṣo. Àwọn mìíràn sọ pé àwọn ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tí ó jọ HAARP (ètò ìwádìí ionospheric ti ìjọba àpapọ̀, tí a dẹ́kun ní ọdún 2015), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=HAARP closure postponed until 2015|url=http://www.adn.com/article/20140702/haarp-closure-postponed-until-2015|first=Dermot|last=Cole|date=July 2, 2014|work=Alaska Dispatch News|access-date=August 29, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni a n lo lati ṣẹda agbegbe ti o tobi ati lile ti titẹ giga lori Etikun Iwọ-oorun ti Orilẹ Amẹrika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rogers|first=Paul|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_24904396/california-drought-whats-causing-it|title=California drought: What's causing it?|date=January 13, 2014|access-date=March 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n sọ pé èyí náà ń kó ìjì àti òjò níjàánu. &lt;ref name=&quot;guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gumbel|first=Andrew|date=September 26, 2015|title=Drought blamers: California conspiracists see government's hand in arid climate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/26/california-drought-conspiracy-theories-geoengineering-climate|archivedate=September 27, 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=August 31, 2016}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGumbel2015&quot;&gt;Gumbel, Andrew (September 26, 2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/sep/26/california-drought-conspiracy-theories-geoengineering-climate &quot;Drought blamers: California conspiracists see government's hand in arid climate&quot;]. ''[[The Guardian]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;August 31,&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àdàkọ:Cite news|cite news]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([[:Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Dane Wigington àti ẹgbẹ́ rẹ̀ Agogo Imọ-ẹrọ Geo ni àwọn olùgbékalẹ̀ ẹ̀kọ́ yìí tí ó hàn gbangba jùlọ. Wigington sọ pé àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìjọba àti àwọn ẹgbẹ́ mìíràn ní àwọn ohun tí ó ń mú kí ipò ọrọ̀ ajé àti ti ìpìlẹ̀ ayé yípadà láti darí ojú ọjọ́ ní Etíkun Ìwọ̀-Oòrùn àti níbòmíràn.

Àwọn olùgbèjà ti sọ pé àwọn ló ṣeé gbàgbọ́ fún ẹ̀kọ́ yìí, ní apá kan, nítorí ètò ìfúnrúgbìn ìkùukùu ní Agbègbè Los Angeles ,tí wọ́n bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọdún 2016.  Èyí mú kí wọ́n túbọ̀ rí i pé ìjọba ń tẹ̀síwájú láti máa ṣe àtúnṣe ojúọjọ́ àti/tàbí ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ojúọjọ́.  

== Wo tun ==
{{Portal|California|Weather}}

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}{{Conspiracy theories}}</text>
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    <title>Ìkún omi Zadar ti ọdun 2017</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331378618|2017 Zadar flash flood]]&quot;</comment>
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Ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2017, ìlú Zadar ti Croatia àti agbègbè tí ó yí i ká ní ipa lórí ètò ìrọ̀rùn mesoscale tí ó mú kí òjò rọ̀ gidigidi, èyí tí ó fa ìkún omi òjò. Òjò tó tó 300 millimeters (12 in) òjò, ìlọ́po mẹ́ta ní ìpíndọ́gba oṣù kẹsàn-án, ni a kọ sílẹ̀ láàárín wákàtí mẹ́rìnlélógún ní ọjọ́ kẹwàá sí mọ́kànlá oṣù kẹsàn-án. &lt;ref name=&quot;dhmz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ó fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ tó 190 mm (7.5 in) tó já bọ́ sí àárín wákàtí méjì ní òwúrọ̀ ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kẹsàn-án ọjọ́ náà.  &lt;ref name=&quot;dhmz&quot; /&gt; Ni ita Zadar, ikun omi waye ni Sali ati Sukošan.  Ìlú Nin ló burú jùlọ ní ìpalára náà, nítorí pé omi tó kún bo etí odò náà. a sì kéde ìpàjáwìrì níbẹ̀. &lt;ref name=&quot;retrospective&quot; /&gt; Kò sí ikú kankan. Ìkún omi náà fa ìbàjẹ́ tó tó mílíọ̀nù 322 ti Croatian kuna (€43 mílíọ̀nù). Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilé, àwọn ilé gbígbé àti àwọn ilé ìtajà ló bàjẹ́, títí bí itẹ́ òkú Zadar, àwọn ilé ìwòsàn, àwọn ọ̀nà àti ilé ìtajà kan. &lt;ref name=&quot;retrospective&quot; /&gt; Ìṣàn omi náà ba férémù ilé ìgbé kan jẹ́ tí wọ́n ń kọ́. &lt;ref name=&quot;slobodna&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Željko Predovan: Poplava nam je podigla konstrukciju 12 milijuna eura vrijedne poslovno-stambene zgrade, možda ćemo morati sve rušiti!|url=https://zadarski.slobodnadalmacija.hr/zadar/4-kantuna/zeljko-predovan-poplava-nam-je-podigla-konstrukciju-12-milijuna-eura-vrijedne-poslovno-stambene-zgrade-mozda-cemo-morati-sve-rusiti-508634|access-date=25 November 2021|language=hr|date=25 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awọn opopona Zadar–Ražanac ati Poljica-Brig – Nin ni a fọ ​​jade.  Ilé iṣẹ́ ìtọ́jú omi ti Zadar ní kuna mílíọ̀nù mẹ́wàá ló bàjẹ́, nígbà tí a ṣírò pé owó tí a ná láti tún àwọn ọ̀nà ṣe ju kuna mílíọ̀nù mẹ́rin lọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;water treatment&quot; /&gt; Àwọn adágún iyọ̀ ní Nin pàdánù ìkórè iyọ̀ ọdún náà nítorí ìkún omi. 

Òjò àti ìkún omi tó rọ̀ ló fà á. Zadar, ìlú etíkun kan, wà ní agbègbè Ravni Kotari tó tẹ́jú. Síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, òkè Velebit gbòòrò sí etíkun lẹ́yìn Ravni Kotari, ó sì mú kí ìjì tó ń bọ̀ láti Òkun Tyrrhenian ní ìwọ̀ oòrùn mú kí òjò máa rọ̀ nígbà gbogbo, ó sì máa ń rọ̀ nígbà tí ó ń kọjá lórí Zadar.  Eto convective mesoscale ti o fa ikun omi naa gbooro ju kilomita 400 (250 mi) ni ila-oorun si iwọ-oorun, o si de iwọn otutu ti −65 °C (−85 °F) ni oke awọsanma naa. A gbasilẹ awọn ikọlu ina ti o ju 25,000 lọ nitosi Zadar. Ojo 285 mm (11.2 in) ti o rọ ni Zadar, nigba ti a gbasilẹ 325 mm (12.8 in) ni Zemunik nitosi. &lt;ref name=&quot;dhmz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=18 September 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&amp;param=objave&amp;el=priopcenja&amp;daj=pr12092017 &quot;Poplava u Zadru i okolici 11. rujna 2017&quot;] &amp;#x5B;Flood in Zadar and surroundings on 11 September 2017&amp;#x5D;. ''Meteo.hr'' (in Croatian). [[Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service]]. 12 September 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200918171201/https://meteo.hr/objave_najave_natjecaji.php?section=onn&amp;param=objave&amp;el=priopcenja&amp;daj=pr12092017 Archived] from the original on 18 September 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;25 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé iye òjò tó rọ̀ pọ̀ gan-an, kò wó àkọsílẹ̀ ojoojúmọ́ Zemunik tó jẹ́ 352.2 mm (13.87 in) lulẹ̀, èyí tó wáyé nígbà ìkún omi ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;dhmz&quot; /&gt;

Ní ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 2017, wọ́n kéde pé Zadar ló rọ̀ jù lọ ní gbogbo àwọn ibùdó ojú ọjọ́ ayé ní ọjọ́ yìí, ó sì borí iye òjò tí ìjì líle Irma fà ní Florida, nígbà tí Gospić wà ní ipò kẹjọ.   &lt;ref name=&quot;tportal record&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sibẹsibẹ, a ṣe atunṣe data naa nigbamii lati fi iye ti o ga julọ kun fun Erekusu Alabat, Philippines,&lt;ref name=&quot;istramet&quot; /&gt; nítorí ìjì líle Tropical Maring.

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;retrospective&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dhmz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=18 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;floodlist&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dnevnik&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tportal&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;slobodna&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Željko Predovan: Poplava nam je podigla konstrukciju 12 milijuna eura vrijedne poslovno-stambene zgrade, možda ćemo morati sve rušiti!|url=https://zadarski.slobodnadalmacija.hr/zadar/4-kantuna/zeljko-predovan-poplava-nam-je-podigla-konstrukciju-12-milijuna-eura-vrijedne-poslovno-stambene-zgrade-mozda-cemo-morati-sve-rusiti-508634|access-date=25 November 2021|language=hr|date=25 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;water treatment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;jutarnji&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;istramet&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;aljazeera&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nezavisne&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tportal record&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=21 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pmbqlf8gik84s6u3rc6gm403k87lozj</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Impact of Industries on Climate Change</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623122</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:45:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5714" sha1="aqpaezcff3yen1t1y98lmwb7icyojd5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìpa Àwọn Ilé-iṣẹ́ Lórí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Industrial emissions.jpg
| caption = Ìtujá gaasi láti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun tó ń fa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná, lílo epo fosaili àti ìdòtí ilé-iṣẹ́
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá, ìmúlò imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tuntun àti dídín ìtujá gaasi kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UNEP, IEA àti UN
}}
'''Àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ẹ̀ka pàtàkì tó ń ṣèrànwọ́ sí ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé ayé. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ bẹ́ẹ̀, ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ tún ń tú àwọn '''gaasi ilé-ìgbóná''' bíi carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) àti nitrous oxide (N₂O) sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó ń mú kí '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' pọ̀ síi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Industry |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí Àwọn Ilé-iṣẹ́ Ṣe Ń Ní Ìpa Lórí Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ ń lo epo fosaili bíi epo rọ́bà, kóòlù àti gáàsì adayeba láti pèsè agbára fún iṣẹ́ wọn. Nígbà tí a bá sun àwọn epo wọ̀nyí, wọ́n máa ń tú carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi mìíràn sí afẹ́fẹ́, tí wọ́n sì ń dá ooru mọ́ inú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ẹ̀ka Ilé-iṣẹ́ Tó Ń Ṣe Àfikún Sí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ tí ó ń ṣe àfikún púpọ̀ sí ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná ni:

* Ilé-iṣẹ́ irin àti ọ̀pá irin.
* Ilé-iṣẹ́ simẹnti.
* Ilé-iṣẹ́ kemika.
* Ilé-iṣẹ́ epo àti gáàsì.
* Ilé-iṣẹ́ aṣọ àti aṣọ-ọṣọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Industry |url=https://www.iea.org/topics/industry |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ayika ==

Ìtujá gaasi láti àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ń fa ìgbóná ayé, ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìyípadà nínú ojú-ọjọ́. Ó tún lè fa ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ìlera Ènìyàn ==

Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ láti inú iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́ lè fa àwọn àrùn bíi àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, àrùn ọkàn àti àwọn ìṣòro míì tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú èémí. Àwọn ọmọ kékeré àti àwọn arúgbó ni wọ́n sábà máa ń fara hàn sí àwọn ewu wọ̀nyí jù lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ambient Air Pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Ìpa Ilé-iṣẹ́ Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ lórí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù ni:

* Lílo agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá bíi agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Ìmúlò imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tó ń fi agbára pamọ́.
* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Àtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò tí a ti lò tẹ́lẹ̀.
* Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso ìdòtí tó péye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Net Zero Industry Tracker |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/net-zero-industry-tracker |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdàgbàsókè Ilé-iṣẹ́ Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-iṣẹ́ káàkiri ayé ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í lo imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tuntun àti agbára mímọ́ láti dín ìtujá gaasi wọn kù. Èyí jẹ́ apá pàtàkì nínú ìdàgbàsókè aláyọ̀ọ́dá àti ìmúṣẹ àwọn àfojúsùn ìdàgbàsókè alágbára ti àgbáyé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Industry and Sustainable Development |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ ṣe pàtàkì fún ọrọ̀ ajé, wọ́n tún ní ipa tó lágbára lórí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́. Ìmúlò agbára mímọ́, imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tuntun àti ìṣàkóso ayika tó péye lè ràn àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ lọ́wọ́ láti dín ipa wọn lórí ayika kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Industry, emissions and climate change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)
* United Nations (UN)
* World Health Organization (WHO)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilé-iṣẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]</text>
      <sha1>aqpaezcff3yen1t1y98lmwb7icyojd5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìkún omi Bosnia àti Herzegovina ti ọdún 2021</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80625</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623123</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T18:49:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360455702|2021 Bosnia and Herzegovina floods]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>623123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22773" sha1="7kmvy3cm8vi8ek9an5z71nn13rwulh8" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox event|name=2021 floods in Bosnia and Herzegovina|image=Miljacka2021.jpg|image_size=|image_alt=|Image_Caption=The river [[Miljacka]]'s strong current during a non-stop cloudy day in [[Sarajevo]]|date=4–11 November 2021|Location=[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|cause=|Deaths=0|injuries=|missing=|property_damage=|website=}}Láàárín ọjọ́ kẹrin sí ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2021, òjò ńlá rọ̀ yọrí sí ìkún omi tó gbòòrò ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ibi káàkiri Bosnia àti Herzegovina. Ilé-iṣẹ́ Federal Hydrometeoreological Institute ti kìlọ̀ ní ọjọ́ karùn-ún oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2021 fún ìkún omi. Ìbàjẹ́ ohun èlò ńlá ló ṣẹlẹ̀.

Ìgbì omi àkọ́kọ́ bẹ̀rẹ̀ ní alẹ́ ọjọ́ 4–5 oṣù kọkànlá, ó sì fa kí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ odò kún tàbí kí ìwọ̀n wọn pọ̀ sí i. Ó kéré tán, ọgọ́rọ̀ọ̀rún nǹkan ló kún díẹ̀. Ibùdó àwọn ará ìlú Otes ló ṣòro jùlọ, níbi tí wọ́n ti lo àwọn ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ iná láti kó ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ènìyàn jáde àti àwọn àpò iyanrìn tí wọ́n gbé kalẹ̀ láti dènà ìkún omi ilé. Wọ́n sọ pé òjò kò ní dáwọ́ dúró pátápátá títí di ọjọ́ Ajé, ọjọ́ kẹjọ oṣù kọkànlá ọdún 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Svjetski mediji o poplavama u BiH|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174143/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ àwọn abúlé ní Sarajevo Canton ló rì sínú omi, wọ́n sì ti ọ̀nà A1 pa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Svjetski mediji o poplavama u BiH|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174143/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omi náà ń lọ sílẹ̀ ní ọjọ́ kẹfà àti ọjọ́ keje oṣù kọkànlá, àyàfi ní ìlú Doboj, níbi tí ìbísí díẹ̀ ti wáyé.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Svjetski mediji o poplavama u BiH|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174143/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn bọ́ǹbù díẹ̀ tí kò bú gbàù ni wọ́n rí ní àwọn agbègbè tí omi ti bò tẹ́lẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Svjetski mediji o poplavama u BiH|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105174143/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694115/svjetski-mediji-o-poplavama-u-bih|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn agbègbè tí ó kan ==

=== Agbègbè Sarajevo ===
[[Fáìlì:Sarajevo_Floods,_2021.jpg|right|thumb|Agbegbe omi kan nitosi [[Sarajevo]]]]
Olú ìlú Sarajevo ni ìkún omi ti kàn jùlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì ní Sarajevo wà lábẹ́ omi, èyí sì fa ìfàsẹ́yìn ọkọ̀. Ìkún omi náà kọlu Otes jùlọ. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilé ló kún fún omi, àwọn ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ kan sì dì mọ́ omi. Àwọn oníná, ọlọ́pàá, Àjọ fún Ààbò Àwùjọ ti Sarajevo Canton (àti àwọn ilé iṣẹ́ ìjọba), àti àwọn olùyọ̀ǹda ara-ẹni ló ṣe àkóso ipò náà. Àìtó àwọn ènìyàn ló wà, kì í sì í ṣe gbogbo nǹkan tó kàn ni wọ́n yára ràn lọ́wọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ìkún omi pa àwọn ọkọ̀ tó wà láàrín Otes àti ìyókù ìlú náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn odò Željeznica àti Tilava kún Butmir àti Gornji Kotorac, níbi tí ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ nǹkan ti bàjẹ́. Afárá Most spasa (Àfárá Ìgbàlà) tó so Butmir pọ̀ àti agbègbè Sokolović Kolonija tó wà ní àdúgbò náà ni ó rì sínú omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ìdènà ọkọ̀ ti wà lórí àwọn ọ̀nà tó so Boljakov Potok, Pofalići, àti Stup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ìkún omi ti parẹ́ ní Stari Grad nítorí ìdáhùnpadà gíga àti ìfọ̀mọ́ àwọn omi ojú ilẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Wọ́n ti àwọn ilé ìwé pa ní Ilidža, níbi tí wọ́n ti ń ṣe àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ olùyọ̀ǹda láti ṣètò àpò iyanrìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn odò náà ń yọ́ díẹ̀díẹ̀ sí etí odò wọn láàárín ọjọ́ kẹfà sí ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kọkànlá.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=In Pictures: Flash floods in Bosnia prompt evacuations|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107145837/https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/11/7/flash-floods-in-bosnia-prompt-evacuations-power-outages|archive-date=7 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-07|work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wọ́n ti ìdúró ọkọ̀ ojú omi Vilsonovo Šetalište pa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Odò Željeznica wó ilẹ̀ tó wà nítòsí rẹ̀. Àwọn nǹkan tó wà nítòsí wà nínú ewu láti wó sínú odò náà nítorí èyí.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n gbé àwọn àpò iyanrìn sí Butmir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Omi kún Vlakovo gidigidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Miljacka fẹ́rẹ̀ẹ́ rì sínú àwọn afárá kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Àwọn ẹ̀rọ agbára Reljevo kò ṣiṣẹ́ dáadáa, èyí tó fa kí iná mànàmáná wọn ṣókùnkùn fún wákàtí díẹ̀. Iná mànàmáná wọn kò dúró dáadáa, pàápàá jùlọ ní Ilidža.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Omi kún ilé iṣẹ́ atẹ́gùn ti ilé iṣẹ́ Meser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ó ba ilé eré ìdárayá Jahorina Ski Resort jẹ́ pẹ̀lú.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Privremeno zatvoren pješački most na Vilsonovom šetalištu u Sarajevu|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|date=5 November 2021|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105111631/https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694096/privremeno-zatvoren-pjesacki-most-na-vilsonovom-setalistu-u-sarajevu|archive-date=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn ilé pàdánù agbára iná mànàmáná ní Foča àti pé omi ibẹ̀ kò le mu fún ìgbà díẹ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Ozbiljni problemi i u Foči: Nema struje, voda nije za piće|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694083/ozbiljni-problemi-i-u-foci-nema-struje-voda-nije-za-pice|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omi kún Voznica ní Hadzići, bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé àwọn ilé kò ní ipa lórí. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=U Goraždu problemi sa odvodima i nestancima struje|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694102/u-gorazdu-problemi-sa-odvodima-i-nestancima-struje|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ògbógi ti ń kìlọ̀ pé àbájáde búburú yóò wà lórí pípa igbó run . Ó ní ipa lórí bí ìkún omi ṣe pọ̀ tó, àti lórí àwọn orísun omi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Voda kod Dupovaca i Tarčina došla blizu nekih objekata|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/694171/voda-kod-dupovaca-i-tarcina-dosla-blizu-nekih-objekata|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omíyalé ní Vojkovici, Ìlà Oòrùn Ilidža, fi ilé àádọ́jọ sí ewu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=U Vojkovićima poplavljeno i ugroženo 150 kuća|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694152/u-vojkovicima-poplavljeno-i-ugrozeno-150-kuca|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àwọn ènìyàn mẹ́sàn-án ni wọ́n kó kúrò ní abúlé Kijevo, ọ̀nà Foča– Trnovo sì bàjẹ́ díẹ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Kijevo pod vodom: Velike poplave, evakuisano devet osoba|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694203/kijevo-pod-vodom-velike-poplave-evakuisano-devet-osoba|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Ìlera Àpapọ̀ ní Sarajevo Canton gbani nímọ̀ràn pé kí a má ṣe mu omi ẹ̀rọ tí a fi ń gbá omi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 November 2021|title=Oprezno s konzumiranjem vode iz česme u Kantonu Sarajevo|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694308/oprezno-s-konzumiranjem-vode-iz-cesme-u-kantonu-sarajevo|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìjọba Sarajevo Canton kéde pé ìjọba pajawiri àdánidá ti parí, nítorí ìkún omi, ní ọjọ́ kẹrìndínlógún oṣù kọkànlá. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=26 November 2021|title=Vlada Kantona Sarajevo proglasila prestanak stanja prirodne nesreće od poplava|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/kantoni/sarajevo/699521/vlada-kantona-sarajevo-proglasila-prestanak-stanja-prirodne-nesrece-od-poplava|archivedate=26 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== CENTON Àárín Gbùngbùn Bosnia ===
Ipele Bosna ati Fojnica ti n ga si i, ṣugbọn ko si awọn ile ibugbe kankan ti o kan ni Central Bosnia Canton. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Rijeke Bosna i Fojnica u porastu, nema poplavljenih stambenih objekata|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694155/rijeke-bosna-i-fojnica-u-porastu-nema-poplavljenih-stambenih-objekata|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Canton Herzegovina-Neretva ===
Ipele odo Neretva ni Konjic de ipo giga ni agogo mẹrin aabọ akoko agbegbe nibiti ikun omi ti waye ati pe awọn opopona wa labẹ omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Vodostaj Neretve u Konjicu najveći otkako postoje mjerenja, u selu Hotovlje mještani se od klizišta sklonili u džamiju!|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694034/vodostaj-neretve-u-konjicu-najveci-otkako-postoje-mjerenja-u-selu-hotovlje-mjestani-se-od-klizista-sklonili-u-dzamiju|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107114303/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694034/vodostaj-neretve-u-konjicu-najveci-otkako-postoje-mjerenja-u-selu-hotovlje-mjestani-se-od-klizista-sklonili-u-dzamiju|archive-date=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wọ́n gba àwọn ará ìlú Mostar nímọ̀ràn láti se omi wọn, èyí tí kò ṣeé lò fún lílò.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Danas obavezno prokuhavanje vode u Mostaru|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694077/danas-obavezno-prokuhavanje-vode-u-mostaru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107175657/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694077/danas-obavezno-prokuhavanje-vode-u-mostaru|archive-date=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilé gbígbé, àti àwọn ọ̀nà ìbílẹ̀ ní agbègbè Konjic ni omi kún, àwọn ìṣòro sì wà pẹ̀lú iná mànàmáná àti ọkọ̀ ojú omi ní àwọn abúlé kan. Abúlé Hotovlje kò ní sí ìrìnàjò ní agbègbè náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Dramatično u Konjicu: Selo Hotovlje odsječeno od svijeta, klizište prijeti kući|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694187/dramaticno-u-konjicu-selo-hotovlje-odsjeceno-od-svijeta-kliziste-prijeti-kuci|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106151858/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694187/dramaticno-u-konjicu-selo-hotovlje-odsjeceno-od-svijeta-kliziste-prijeti-kuci|archive-date=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ìpele Buna ga jùlọ láti ìgbà tí wọ́n ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í wọn ní ọdún 1923, ní 195 cm (6.40 ft), ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ilé ní Blagaj sì tún kún.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Zastrašujući huk rijeke Bune, objekti kod Tekije pod vodom|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694198/zastrasujuci-huk-rijeke-bune-objekti-kod-tekije-pod-vodom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106124100/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694198/zastrasujuci-huk-rijeke-bune-objekti-kod-tekije-pod-vodom|archive-date=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Níkẹyìn, ìpele odò Neretva dínkù, àwọn ọ̀nà sì di èyí tí a sé ní agbègbè Konjic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Zastrašujući huk rijeke Bune, objekti kod Tekije pod vodom|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694198/zastrasujuci-huk-rijeke-bune-objekti-kod-tekije-pod-vodom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106124100/https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694198/zastrasujuci-huk-rijeke-bune-objekti-kod-tekije-pod-vodom|archive-date=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neretva ti kún fún ìdọ̀tí, ìṣòro kan nígbà òjò líle koko tí a ti mọ̀ fún ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún, tí ó jẹ́ nítorí pé àwọn ohun tí a kò fi òfin pamọ́ sí ẹ̀bá odò náà ń fà. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Neretva kao plutajuća deponija, tone smeća kod brane u Grabovici|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694213/neretva-kao-plutajuca-deponija-tone-smeca-kod-brane-u-grabovici|archivedate=6 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tuzla Canton ===
Awọn Spreča iṣan omi saare mewa ti afonifoji ni Sprečko polje, nitosi Gračanica, ni ọjọ 9 Oṣu kọkanla 2021. Iwọn omi jẹ {{Convert|304|cm|ft}} . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=9 November 2021|title=Poplave u Sprečkom polju: Spreča na području Gračanice poplavila 10 hektara plodne doline|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/695002/poplave-u-spreckom-polju-spreca-na-podrucju-gracanice-poplavila-10-hektara-plodne-doline|access-date=10 April 2022|archivedate=9 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Zenica-Doboj Canton ===
Omi kún ojú ọ̀nà àdúgbò ní Visoko, èyí sì fa ìdènà ọkọ̀. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Nevrijeme uzrokovalo brojne probleme i u Visokom|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694050/nevrijeme-uzrokovalo-brojne-probleme-i-u-visokom|archivedate=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omi kún Bosna ní Kakanj, Povezice, Malješ àti Doboj . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=5 November 2021|title=Dramatična noć: Nabujala rijeka Bosna izlila se u Kaknju, poplavljene kuće|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694226/dramaticna-noc-nabujala-rijeka-bosna-izlila-se-u-kaknju-poplavljene-kuce|archivedate=5 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Omi kún ilẹ̀ oko àti ilé gbígbé tí ó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ pẹ̀lú. Láti ọjọ́ kẹfà sí ọjọ́ kọkànlá oṣù kọkànlá, omi odò ti dínkù. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 November 2021|title=Mirza Ganić: Nivo rijeke Bosne značajno opao, sada je lakše|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694365/mirza-ganic-nivo-rijeke-bosne-znacajno-opao-sada-je-lakse|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ìrìnàjò déédéé bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í lọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 November 2021|title=Nivo vodenih tokova na području grada Zenica u blagom opadanju|work=[[Dnevni Avaz]]|url=https://avaz.ba/vijesti/bih/694302/nivo-vodenih-tokova-na-podrucju-grada-zenica-u-blagom-opadanju|archivedate=7 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdáhùn kárí ayé ==

* Croatia — Minisita fun Oro Ile okeere ati tiYúróòpù ti Croatia, Gordan Grlić-Radman, funni ni iranlọwọ ni atunṣe awọn ibajẹ ikun omi ni Bosnia ati Herzegovina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=8 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wo tun ==

* Ìkún omi ní Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn Yúróòpù ti ọdún 2014
* Ìkún omi Bosnia àti Herzegovina ti ọdún 2024

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Air Pollution and Public Health</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623124</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:01:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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| above = Ìdòtí Afẹ́fẹ́ àti Ìlera Àwùjọ
| image = Air pollution in city.jpg
| caption = Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó ń ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn káàkiri ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìlera àwùjọ
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Ẹfin ilé-iṣẹ́, ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́, ìsunmọ́ epo fosaili àti sisun ìdòtí
| label4 = Àwọn ipa rẹ̀
| data4 = Àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró, àrùn ọkàn àti ikú àìpé
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá, ìdínkù ẹfin àti ìṣàkóso ìdòtí
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = WHO, UNEP, IPCC àti UN
}}

'''Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́''' jẹ́ ìfarahàn àwọn ohun tó lè ba ìlera ènìyàn àti ayika jẹ́ nínú afẹ́fẹ́. Àwọn ohun wọ̀nyí lè jẹ́ gaasi, ẹfin, eruku kéékèèké àti àwọn kemika míì tí wọ́n ń wọ afẹ́fẹ́ láti inú iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́, ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́, ìsunmọ́ epo fosaili àti sisun ìdòtí. Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ìlera àwùjọ tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Pollution |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/air-pollution |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Orísun Ìdòtí Afẹ́fẹ́ ==

Àwọn orísun pàtàkì tí ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ ti máa ń wá ni:

* Ẹfin láti inú àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́.
* Ẹfin ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àti àwọn ọkọ̀ ojú omi.
* Sisun epo fosaili bíi kóòlù, epo rọ́bà àti gáàsì.
* Sisun ìdòtí ilé àti ohun ọ̀gbìn.
* Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ adayeba bíi ìná igbó àti eruku afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ẹ̀yà Ìdòtí Afẹ́fẹ́ ==

Àwọn ohun tí wọ́n sábà máa ń ba afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ ni:

* Carbon monoxide (CO)
* Sulfur dioxide (SO₂)
* Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)
* Ozone (O₃)
* Particulate matter (PM2.5 àti PM10)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Pollution and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/air |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ìlera Àwùjọ ==

Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ lè fa ọ̀pọ̀ àrùn àti ìṣòro ìlera, pàápàá fún àwọn ọmọ kékeré, àwọn arúgbó àti àwọn ènìyàn tí wọ́n ní àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró tẹ́lẹ̀. Àwọn àrùn wọ̀nyí ni:

* Àrùn ikọ́-fèé (asthma)
* Àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró
* Àrùn ọkàn àti ẹ̀jẹ̀
* Àrùn ẹ̀dọ̀fóró oníbàjẹ́ (COPD)
* Ikú àìpé nítorí ìṣòro èémí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Pollution and Health |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/air-quality-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ayika ==

Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ tún ní ipa lórí ayika nípasẹ̀ fífi kún ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́. Àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná bíi carbon dioxide àti methane ń dá ooru mọ́ inú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé, èyí tí ó ń fa ìgbóná ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Air Pollution |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Ìdòtí Afẹ́fẹ́ Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ kù ni:

* Lílo agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá bíi agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Dídín lílo epo fosaili kù.
* Ìmúlò ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ tó ń tú ẹfin díẹ̀.
* Ìtọju àti ìṣàkóso ìdòtí tó péye.
* Gbigbin igi láti mú afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Pollution Solutions |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/air/what-we-do/air-pollution-solutions |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ ìṣòro ayika àti ìlera àwùjọ tó ń kan ọ̀pọ̀ mílíọ̀nù ènìyàn káàkiri ayé. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn aráàlú jẹ́ ohun pàtàkì láti dín ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ kù àti láti dáàbò bo ìlera àwọn ènìyàn àti ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Quality and Health |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>How to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623125</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:03:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5856" sha1="3jat8pxubug8pa24a1kvl6ah3nqospw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Bí a Ṣe Lè Dín Ìtujá Gaasi Ilé-Ìgbóná Kù
| image = Renewable energy and trees.jpg
| caption = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti koju ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìdínkù ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná
| label3 = Àwọn gaasi pàtàkì
| data3 = Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Methane (CH₄), Nitrous oxide (N₂O)
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data4 = Agbára alágbára tuntun, ìtọju igbó, ìmúlò ọkọ̀ ojú-ọ̀nà àpapọ̀ àti ìfipamọ́ agbára
| label5 = Àfojúsùn
| data5 = Dídín ìgbóná ayé àti ìdáàbò bo ayika
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UNEP, UN àti UNFCCC
}}

'''Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná''' jẹ́ àwọn gaasi tí wọ́n ń di ooru mọ́ inú afẹ́fẹ́ ayé, tí wọ́n sì ń fa '''ìgbóná ayé''' àti '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́'''. Àwọn gaasi wọ̀nyí ni carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) àti nitrous oxide (N₂O). Dídín ìtujá wọn kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Causes and Effects of Climate Change |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/causes-effects-climate-change |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lílo Agbára Tí A Lè Tún Ṣe ==

Ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà tó dára jù lọ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù ni lílo agbára tí a lè tún ṣe bíi agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́ àti agbára omi dípò lílo epo fosaili bíi kóòlù, epo rọ́bà àti gáàsì adayeba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Generating Power |url=https://www.un.org/en/node/82514 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfipamọ́ Agbára ==

Lílo àwọn ohun èlò tó ń fi agbára pamọ́ àti dídín lílo iná mọnamọ́ná tí kò ṣe pàtàkì kù lè dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù. Àwọn ilé àti ilé-iṣẹ́ tún lè lo imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ tuntun láti fi agbára pamọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sectoral Solution to Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/interactive/sectoral-solution-climate-change/index.php |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lílo Ọkọ̀ Ojú-ọ̀nà Àpapọ̀ ==

Ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àti ọkọ̀ òfurufú jẹ́ àwọn orísun pàtàkì tí ìtujá carbon dioxide ti ń wá. Lílo ọkọ̀ ojú-ọ̀nà àpapọ̀, rírìn ẹsẹ̀ tàbí lílo kẹ̀kẹ́ lè dín ìtujá gaasi kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Actions for a Healthy Planet |url=https://www.un.org/en/actnow/ten-actions |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtọju Igbó àti Gbigbin Igi ==

Igi ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́ nípasẹ̀ ìlànà photosynthesis. Ìtọju igbó àti gbigbin igi tuntun lè ràn lọ́wọ́ láti yọ carbon dioxide kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́ àti láti dín ìgbóná ayé kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) |url=https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/land-use--land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmúlò Ọ̀nà Ogbìn Tó Dáa ==

Ọ̀nà iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn kan lè tú methane àti nitrous oxide sí afẹ́fẹ́. Lílo ọ̀nà ogbìn alágbára, dídín sisun àgbàdo àti koríko kù, àti ìmúlò àjàrà aláyọ̀ọ́dá lè dín ìtujá gaasi wọ̀nyí kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Food and Climate Change: Healthy Diets for a Healthier Planet |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/food |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dídín Ìdòtí àti Àtúnlò Ohun Èlò ==

Àtúnlò ohun èlò, ìtúnṣe ohun èlò tó bàjẹ́ àti dídín ìdòtí tí a ń dá sílẹ̀ kù lè dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù. Ìdòtí tí ó bàjẹ́ níbi ìkó ìdòtí sábà máa ń tú methane sí afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Actions for a Healthy Planet |url=https://www.un.org/en/actnow/ten-actions |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ Àgbáyé ==

Ìjọba, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn aráàlú gbọ́dọ̀ ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù. Àwọn àdéhùn àgbáyé bíi Adehun Paris ń gbìmọ̀ láti dín ìgbóná ayé kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika fún ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UN Climate Change – Mitigation |url=https://unfccc.int/resource/bigpicture |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù jẹ́ ojúṣe gbogbo ènìyàn. Nípasẹ̀ lílo agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá, ìtọju igbó, ìfipamọ́ agbára àti ìmúlò ìgbésí ayé tó bójú mu ayika, àwọn ènìyàn lè dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù kí wọ́n sì dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Facts about the Climate Emergency |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action/facts-about-climate-emergency |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Climate Change and Children's Health</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623126</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:06:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5344" sha1="ib4l91cmhjpiphv3qm2c6kr57c6vnuw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Ìlera Àwọn Ọmọdé
| image = Children and climate change.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní ipa pàtàkì lórí ìlera àti ìdàgbàsókè àwọn ọmọ kékeré.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìlera àwọn ọmọdé
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìgbóná tó pọ̀ jù, àìní oúnjẹ, àrùn àti ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́
| label4 = Àwọn ẹgbẹ́ tó fara hàn jù lọ
| data4 = Ọmọdé àti àwọn ọmọ kékeré
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Ìtọju ayika, ìlera àwùjọ àti ìmúrasílẹ̀ sí àjálù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = WHO, UNICEF, IPCC àti UNEP
}}
'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà àgbáyé tó tóbi jù lọ ní ọrundún kọkànlélọ́gbọ̀n. Ó ní ipa lórí ayika, ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìlera ènìyàn, pàápàá jù lọ lórí '''àwọn ọmọdé''', nítorí pé ara wọn ṣì ń dàgbà, wọ́n sì máa ń fara hàn sí àwọn ewu ayika ju àwọn àgbà lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Children's Health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbóná Tó Pọ̀ Jù àti Ìlera Ọmọdé ==

Ìgbóná ayé tí ń pọ̀ sí i lè fa ìṣòro bíi ìgbóná ara tó pọ̀ jù, àìní omi nínú ara àti àìlera fún àwọn ọmọdé. Àwọn ọmọ kékeré kò lè fara da ooru tó pọ̀ bí àwọn àgbà ṣe lè ṣe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdòtí Afẹ́fẹ́ àti Àrùn Ẹ̀dọ̀fóró ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń pọ̀ sí i pọ̀, èyí sì lè fa àwọn àrùn bíi ikọ́-fèé àti àwọn ìṣòro ẹ̀dọ̀fóró míì fún àwọn ọmọdé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Air Pollution and Child Health |url=https://www.unicef.org/reports/clear-the-air-child-health |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àìní Oúnjẹ àti Àìlera Ara ==

Ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ burúkú lè ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìpèsè oúnjẹ. Èyí lè fa àìní oúnjẹ àti àìlera ara fún àwọn ọmọdé, pàápàá ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ń dàgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Climate Crisis is a Child Rights Crisis |url=https://www.unicef.org/reports/climate-crisis-child-rights-crisis |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtànkálẹ̀ Àwọn Àrùn ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè mú kí àwọn àrùn tí kokoro tàbí ẹ̀fọn ń tan bíi ibà àti dengue túbọ̀ tan sí àwọn agbègbè tuntun. Àwọn ọmọdé jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ẹgbẹ́ tí wọ́n fara hàn sí ewu àwọn àrùn wọ̀nyí jù lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health Risks |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Àjálù Ojú-ọjọ́ Lórí Ọmọdé ==

Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìkún-omi, ìjì líle àti ìgbẹ́ lè fa ìparun ilé, ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ àti ilé ìwòsàn. Èyí lè dá ẹ̀kọ́ àti ìlera àwọn ọmọdé rú, ó sì lè ní ipa lórí ìgbésí ayé wọn fún àkókò pípẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Children and Climate Risk Index |url=https://www.unicef.org/reports/childrens-climate-risk-index-report |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dáàbò Bo Ìlera Àwọn Ọmọdé ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí àwọn ọmọdé kù ni:

* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Ìmúlò agbára alágbára tuntun.
* Ìmúgbòòrò iṣẹ́ ìlera àwùjọ.
* Ìmúrasílẹ̀ sí àjálù ojú-ọjọ́.
* Ìmúlò ìlànà ìtọju ayika àti ìdáàbò bo àwọn ọmọdé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Protecting Children's Health from Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní ipa tó lágbára lórí ìlera àti ìdàgbàsókè àwọn ọmọdé káàkiri ayé. Ìjọba, àwọn àjọ àgbáyé àti àwọn aráàlú gbọ́dọ̀ ṣiṣẹ́ pọ̀ láti dín ipa rẹ̀ kù kí wọ́n sì dáàbò bo ìlera àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Children's Health |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwọn ọmọdé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìlera àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ọmọdé]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìjì líle ní oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1981</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623127</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331374010|December 1981 windstorm]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4278" sha1="l7lwwygxwen0nvs55h5pynqp8chfaaj" xml:space="preserve">
'''Iji lile ti o waye ni Oṣu Kejila ọdun 1981''' jẹ iji lile ti o kan guusu Gẹ̀ẹ́sì, Wales ati guusu iwọ-oorun France ni Ọjọ́ kẹtàlá oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1981. Iji naa di ipo ti o kere ju. 

Ní England, ìjì náà bẹ̀rẹ̀ pẹ̀lú afẹ́fẹ́ líle àti yìnyín, èyí tí ó dé Cornwall ní òwúrọ̀. Kí ó tó dé, a ti dé ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìwọ̀n otútù tí ó rẹlẹ̀ ní oṣù Kejìlá, pẹ̀lú -25.1C ní RAF Shawbury ní Shropshire&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/philip-eden/Snowiest-of-20th-century.htm Philip Eden: Snowiest of 20th century]- ''weatheronline.co.uk'', accessed 2011-03-25&lt;/ref&gt; àti -5.9C ní Southampton&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/8717227.Forecasters_predict__12_tonight_in_Hampshire/ Weather forecasters predict -12 tonight in Hampshire] ''Southern Daily Echo'', published 2010-12-02, accessed 2011-03-25&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ìrọ̀lẹ́, ìjì omi ìrọ̀lẹ́ máa ń pọ̀ mọ́ ìjì ìjì tó ga tó mítà 1.45 (ẹsẹ̀ 4.8) ní ìrọ̀lẹ́, ìjì náà sì máa ń jà ní mítà 1.45 (ẹsẹ̀ 4.8).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|archivedate=16 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; èyí sì yọrí sí ipele omi tó ga jùlọ tí a kọ sílẹ̀ ní Bristol Channel láti ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ ọ̀rúndún ogún.  Omi láti inú yìnyín tó ń yọ́, tí ojú ọjọ́ tó rọrùn tí ó máa ń tẹ̀lé ìrẹ̀wẹ̀sì omi náà fà, ló tún mú kí ìkún omi náà pọ̀ sí i &lt;ref name=&quot;bos-06-12-13&quot; /&gt; A wọn ìgbì omi tó pọ̀ jùlọ ní Hinkley Point ní mítà 1.3 (4 ft 3 in) lókè ìpele omi tó ga tó mítà 7.4 (24 ft) ní Ordnance Datum (OD) ní wákàtí 2025, àti mítà 1.3 (4 ft 3 in) tí a wọn ní Avonmouth. A wọn afẹ́fẹ́ náà ní 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph) láti ìwọ̀ oòrùn. Lókè àwọn ààbò òkun ní àlàfo máìlì meje (11 km) ti etíkun North Somerset ní àwọn ibi mejilelogun láti Clevedon sí Porlock bẹ̀rẹ̀ lẹ́yìn 19:30, ó sì tẹ̀síwájú títí di nǹkan bí 21:30 nígbà tí iyàrá afẹ́fẹ́ náà ti dé 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph) láti ìwọ̀ oòrùn. Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé kò sí ikú ẹ̀mí kankan, ìkún omi tó wáyé bo ilẹ̀ tó tó 12,500 eékà (5,100 hẹ́tà) ilẹ̀, tó sì kan ilé àti dúkìá ìṣòwò tó tó 1072, pẹ̀lú àwọn ẹran ọ̀sìn tó tó £150,000 tí wọ́n sì pa ẹran àti ọkà tó tó £50,000. Wessex Water Authority ṣírò iye owó ìbàjẹ́ tó ṣẹlẹ̀ sí £6m, èyí sì yọrí sí ètò ọdún mẹ́ta ti ìṣàyẹ̀wò ààbò òkun, àtúnṣe àti àtúnṣe.  

Ní ilẹ̀ Faransé, ìjì náà fa ìkún omi tó gbòòrò ní gúúsù ìwọ̀ oòrùn, ó sì ba àwọn odò Garonne àti Adour jẹ́, ó sì tún ba ìlú Bordeaux jẹ́. 

Ọkọ̀ ojú omi MV Bonita, ọkọ̀ ojú omi ẹrù Ecuador tó wúwo tó 8000 tọ́ọ̀nù láti Hamburg sí Panama, ni ìjì náà mú ní English Channel. Wọ́n gba 29 là kúrò nínú ọkọ̀ ojú omi náà, 4 nípasẹ̀ helicopter títí tí ìjì náà fi le jù fún helicopter láti ṣiṣẹ́. Ọkọ̀ ojú omi ìgbàlà Guernsey gbà àwọn òṣìṣẹ́ tó kù là, síbẹ̀síbẹ̀, ènìyàn méjì ló kú. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Guernsey lifeboat's 1981 rescue of Bonita crew remembered|work=BBC News|date=13 December 2011|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-guernsey-16141409|access-date=10 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Omi wọ ilé ẹ̀rọ ìtútù omi ti ibùdó agbára átọ́míìkì Hinkley Point, èyí sì fa ìdènà fún ọ̀sẹ̀ mélòó kan lẹ́yìn ìjì náà. 

== Wo tun ==

* Ìjábá ọkọ̀ ojú omi ìgbẹ̀mí Penlee - ìjì líle kan ní ọjọ́ mẹ́fà lẹ́yìn náà, ní ọjọ́ kọkàndínlógún oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1981
* Ìjì Ńlá ti ọdún 1987
* Ìkún omi Bristol Channel, 1607
* Ìkún omi ilé iṣẹ́ agbára átọ́míìkì Blayais ti ọdún 1999 - tí ìjì kan náà fà
* Ìjì líle ti ilẹ̀ Yúróòpù

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120718095516/http://www.burnham-on-sea.com/1981-storm.shtml Àwòrán ìbàjẹ́ ní Burnham-on-Sea]

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623128</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
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      <text bytes="5695" sha1="6wxyh5ysf71gyj1wiis5j32te3ervev" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìpa Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Lórí Ẹranko àti Ẹ̀dá Alààyè
| image = Wildlife affected by climate change.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ibùgbé, oúnjẹ àti ìwàláàyè àwọn ẹranko káàkiri ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ẹ̀dá alààyè
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìparun ibùgbé, ìkúrò ní agbègbè ìbílẹ̀ àti ìparun àwọn irú ẹranko
| label4 = Àwọn ohun tó ń fa á
| data4 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìyípadà ìrísí òjò àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó burú
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Ìtọju ayika, ìdáàbò bo ibùgbé ẹranko àti dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UNEP, IUCN àti WWF
}}

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìpèníjà ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ó ń ní ipa lórí ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn ẹranko àti àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè nípasẹ̀ yíyí ìgbóná ayé, ìrísí òjò àti àwọn ipò ayika padà. Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko ń fara hàn sí ewu nítorí pé ibùgbé àti orísun oúnjẹ wọn ń yí padà tàbí ń parun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Biodiversity |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparun Ibùgbé Ẹranko ==

Ìgbóná ayé, gígé igbó àti ìyípadà nínú ìrísí òjò lè fa ìparun àwọn ibi tí ẹranko ti ń gbé. Nígbà tí ibùgbé wọn bá parun, ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko máa ń ní ìṣòro láti rí oúnjẹ àti ibi ààbò.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Habitat Loss |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/effects-of-climate-change |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣípadà Nínú Ìrìnàjò Ẹranko ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko máa ń ṣípo láti agbègbè kan sí omiì láti wá oúnjẹ tàbí ibi tó yẹ fún ìbímọ̀. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti mú kí ọ̀pọ̀ nínú wọn yí ọ̀nà ìrìnàjò wọn padà, èyí tí ó lè ní ipa lórí ìwàláàyè wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Animal Migration |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparun Àwọn Irú Ẹranko ==

Diẹ̀ lára àwọn ẹranko kò lè fara da ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ tó yara, èyí sì lè fa ìparun wọn pátápátá. Àwọn ẹranko tó ń gbé ní agbègbè yinyin tàbí ibi tó ní ojú-ọjọ́ pàtó ni wọ́n sábà máa ń fara hàn sí ewu yìí jù lọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Species and Climate Change |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/climate-change-and-biodiversity |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Oúnjẹ àti Ẹ̀wọ̀n Oúnjẹ ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè dín iye ewéko àti àwọn ẹranko kéékèèké tí àwọn ẹranko mìíràn ń jẹ kù. Èyí lè yí ẹ̀wọ̀n oúnjẹ padà, tí ó sì lè ní ipa lórí gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè nínú agbègbè náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Impacts on Ecosystems |url=https://www.unep.org/resources |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Ojú-ọjọ́ Tó Burú ==

Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ bíi ìgbẹ́, ìkún-omi, ìjì líle àti ìná igbó lè pa ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko tàbí ba ibùgbé wọn jẹ́. Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí ti pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé nítorí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Extreme Weather |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/extreme-weather |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dáàbò Bo Ẹranko àti Ẹ̀dá Alààyè ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí ẹranko kù ni:

* Ìtọju igbó àti àwọn ibi ìpamọ́ ẹranko.
* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Gbigbin igi tuntun àti ìmúlò agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá.
* Ìmúlò àwọn ètò ìdáàbò bo ẹ̀dá alààyè.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè láti dáàbò bo ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Conservation and Climate Change |url=https://www.iucn.org/our-work/topic/climate-change |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí ẹranko àti gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè. Ìdáàbò bo ayika, ìtọju ibùgbé ẹranko àti dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti rí i dájú pé àwọn ẹranko àti àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè yóò tẹ̀síwájú láti wà fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/climate-change |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹranko]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀dá alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè]]</text>
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    <title>Climate Change and Marine Life</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
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      <text bytes="6150" sha1="3jx8vdcpf10pu722zekb6e5863dfzt1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Ìyè Omi Òkun
| image = Coral reef affected by climate change.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ẹja, iyùn àti àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè inú òkun.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìyè omi òkun
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Ìgbóná ayé, ìmúnibajẹ́ omi òkun àti ìdínkù afẹ́fẹ́ òksíjẹnì nínú omi
| label4 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìparun iyùn, ìṣípadà ibùgbé ẹja àti ìdínkù onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti ìtọju àwọn ilolupo omi
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, IPCC, UNEP àti EEA
}}

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó tóbi jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ó ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí '''ìyè omi òkun''', pẹ̀lú ẹja, iyùn, ewéko inú omi àti àwọn ẹranko omi mìíràn. Òkun ti gba ìwọ̀n ooru tó pọ̀ gan-an láti inú ìgbóná ayé, èyí sì ń yí ilolupo omi padà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How is climate change impacting the world's ocean? |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbóná Omi Òkun ==

Bí ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, ìwọ̀n ooru omi òkun náà ń ga. Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹja àti àwọn ẹranko omi ní ìwọ̀n ooru tí wọ́n lè fara da, nítorí náà ìgbóná tó pọ̀ lè mú kí wọ́n kúrò ní ibùgbé wọn tàbí kí iye wọn dín kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change and marine life |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3497116/ |publisher=PubMed Central |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmúnibajẹ́ Omi Òkun ==

Nígbà tí carbon dioxide (CO₂) bá wọ inú omi òkun, ó máa ń mú kí omi náà túbọ̀ ní àsídì. Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ni a mọ̀ sí '''ìmúnibajẹ́ omi òkun''' (ocean acidification). Ó ní ipa búburú lórí iyùn, ẹ̀fọ́ omi àti àwọn ẹranko tí ń lo kalisiumu láti dá àpò tàbí egungun wọn sílẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ocean acidification is a deadly threat to marine life |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/oct/23/ocean-acidification-deadly-threat-to-marine-life-finds-eight-year-study |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparun Iyùn Òkun ==

Iyùn òkun jẹ́ ilolupo pàtàkì fún ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún irú ẹja àti ẹranko omi. Ìgbóná omi àti ìmúnibajẹ́ omi òkun lè fa '''fífọ̀ awọ iyùn''' (coral bleaching), èyí tí ó lè yọrí sí ìparun wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How climate change impacts marine life |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/how-climate-change-impacts |publisher=European Environment Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdínkù Òksíjẹnì Nínú Omi ==

Ìgbóná omi òkun lè dín iye òksíjẹnì tó wà nínú omi kù. Èyí ń jẹ́ kí ó ṣòro fún ẹja àti àwọn ẹranko omi míì láti yege, ó sì lè yọrí sí ikú wọn ní àwọn agbègbè kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How climate change impacts marine life |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/how-climate-change-impacts |publisher=European Environment Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣípadà Nínú Ìpínkiri Ẹja àti Ẹranko Omi ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹja àti ẹranko omi ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í ṣí lọ sí agbègbè tí omi rẹ̀ tútù síi nítorí ìgbóná omi òkun. Ìṣípadà yìí lè ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ìpeja àti orísun oúnjẹ fún ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn káàkiri ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global imprint of climate change on marine life |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1958 |publisher=Nature Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ènìyàn ==

Ó lé ní ẹgbẹ̀rún mílíọ̀nù ènìyàn ló ń gbára lé ẹja gẹ́gẹ́ bí orísun amuaradagba àti iṣẹ́ oúnjẹ wọn. Ìdínkù iye ẹja àti ìparun ilolupo omi lè ní ipa lórí ààbò oúnjẹ àti ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn agbègbè etí òkun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How is climate change impacting the world's ocean? |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dáàbò Bo Ìyè Omi Òkun ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí ìyè omi òkun kù ni:

* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Lílo agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá bíi agbára oòrùn àti afẹ́fẹ́.
* Ìtọju iyùn òkun àti àwọn ilolupo omi.
* Ìṣàkóso ìpeja ní ọ̀nà tó péye.
* Ìdínkù ìdòtí tí ń wọ inú òkun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change and biodiversity loss in marine ecosystems |url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/how-climate-change-impacts |publisher=European Environment Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí ìyè omi òkun àti ilolupo omi káàkiri ayé. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn aráàlú jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti láti dáàbò bo àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè inú omi fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How is climate change impacting the world's ocean? |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/ocean-impacts |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations (UN)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* European Environment Agency (EEA)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Òkun]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹja]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀dá alààyè]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ìkún Omi Ńlá ti ọdún 1968</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80632</id>
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      <id>623131</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:14:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ToluT15</username>
        <id>33915</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>O ti ṣẹ̀dá àyọkà nípa ṣíṣe ògbufọ̀ ojú-ewé &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355299415|Great Flood of 1968]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3637" sha1="rxj0vdjz76hdtado9yp9cug8trc08wh" xml:space="preserve">
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Template:Infobox weather event/styles.css&quot; /&gt; {{Infobox weather event|name=Great flood of 1968|image=Pool River during the Great Flood of 1968.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=Pool River in [[Catford]] during the flood|date=September 1968}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects|damages=More than 14,000 properties flooded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Forty years on from the floods of 1968|url=https://www.waterbriefing.org/home/water-issues/item/2321-forty-years-on-from-the-floods-of-1968?tmpl=component&amp;print=1|access-date=10 February 2018|date=12 September 2008|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;|fatalities=None&lt;ref name=&quot;Eden&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eden|first1=Philip|title=September 1968 Floods – London cut off|url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/philip-eden/September-1968-Floods.htm|access-date=10 February 2018|work=weatheronline.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;|affected=[[Home counties]]}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer}}

'''Ìkún Omi Nla ti ọdun 1968''' ìkún omi jẹ́ ìkún omi tí ó wáyé nípasẹ̀ omi ìfúnpá kékeré tí ó mú òjò líle àti ààrá rọ̀ sí Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn England àti France ní àárín oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1968, èyí tí ó burú jùlọ ní ọjọ́ Àìkú ọjọ́ 15 oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1968, tí ó sì tẹ̀lé ìkún omi tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ ní Gúúsù Ìwọ̀ Oòrùn England ní oṣù keje.  Ó ṣeé ṣe kí èyí ni ìkún omi tó le jùlọ ní agbègbè Home Counties láàárín ọgọ́rùn-ún ọdún tó kọjá.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mesoscale and Small-Scale Motions as Revealed by Hourly Rainfall Maps of an Outstanding Rainfall Event: 14-16 September 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Àwọn agbègbè tí ó burú jùlọ ni Crawley, East Grinstead, Horley, Lewisham, Petersfield, Redhill, Tilbury, Tunbridge Wells àti Tonbridge. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Good neighbours ease the burden in flood areas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ní ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀ẹ́dógún oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1968, wọ́n darí ọkọ̀ ojú irin Charing Cross sí Hastings ní àkókò 9:50 ní ìlà Edenbridge, ṣùgbọ́n omi ìkún omi yí i ká ní ibùdó ọkọ̀ ojú irin Edenbridge . Àwọn arìnrìn-àjò 150 lo wákàtí méjìlá tí wọ́n dúró sí inú ọkọ̀ ojú irin náà.

== Faranse ==
Ní wákàtí méje àkọ́kọ́ ní ọjọ́ kẹẹ̀ẹ́dógún oṣù kẹsàn-án ọdún 1968, òjò tó tó ìwọ̀n ìṣẹ́jú mẹ́ta rọ̀ ní Nice. Ní Toulon, okùn iná mànàmáná kan pa ẹlẹ́ṣin kan tí ó já sínú ojú ọ̀nà tí omi ti kún. Ìkórè wáìnì náà bàjẹ́ gidigidi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Storm havoc in south France|work=[[The Times]]|date=16 September 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Wo tun ==

* Ìkún omi Thames ti ọdún 1947
* Oṣù Keje 1968 Ìjì eruku ilẹ̀ England àti Wales, ìjì líle ní oṣù Keje
* Ìkún omi Chew Stoke ti ọdun 1968, ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ìkún omi oṣù Keje ní Somerset.

== Àwọn ìtọ́kasí ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde ==

* [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/3/2/southeast_england_floods_-_15_september_1968.pdf Ilé iṣẹ́ ìjọba àpapọ̀, ní Gúúsù Ìlà Oòrùn England, ìkún omi ọdún 1968] ti wà ní [https://web.archive.org/web/20170119052238/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/3/2/southeast_england_floods_-_15_september_1968.pdf àkójọpọ̀] Gov.uk

* [http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/philip-eden/September-1968-Floods.htm Awọn ikun omi nla ti ọdun 1968] lori [[WeatherOnline]]
{{Weather events in the United Kingdom}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sustainable Development and Climate Action</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80633</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:14:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623132</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5626" sha1="gk12dnfuhdlfgmwzl3iv8nvegrwcqsr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára àti Ìgbésẹ̀ Lòdì sí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́
| image = Sustainable development and climate action.jpg
| caption = Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára àti ìgbésẹ̀ lòdì sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn àfojúsùn pàtàkì fún ọjọ́ iwájú ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára àti ìmúlò ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àfojúsùn pàtàkì
| data3 = Ìdínkù ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná àti ìdáàbò bo ayika
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìmúlò
| data4 = Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá, ìtọju igbó, àti ìfipamọ́ agbára
| label5 = Àjọ tó ń darí
| data5 = Ìparapọ̀ Àwọn Orílẹ̀-Èdè (UN)
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, UNEP, IPCC àti UNDP
}}

'''Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára''' jẹ́ ìdàgbàsókè tí ń bá a lọ láì ba agbára àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú láti pèsè fún àìní wọn jẹ́. Ó ń darapọ̀ ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé, ìdáàbò bo ayika àti ìlera àwùjọ. Ní àkókò kan náà, '''ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ gbogbo àwọn ìlànà àti iṣẹ́ tí a ń ṣe láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù àti láti fara mọ́ àwọn ìyípadà rẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Sustainable Development? |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Láàárín Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára àti Ìgbésẹ̀ Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè ní ipa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, omi, ìlera àti ìdàgbàsókè àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè. Nítorí náà, ìdàgbàsókè alágbára kò lè ṣàṣeyọrí láìsí àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ tó péye lòdì sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àfojúsùn Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára ==

Ní ọdún 2015, Ìparapọ̀ Àwọn Orílẹ̀-Èdè ṣe ìfilọlẹ̀ '''Àwọn Àfojúsùn Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára''' (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs) mẹ́tàdínlógún. Àfojúsùn kẹtàlá (SDG 13) dojú kọ ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìmúlò ìgbésẹ̀ lòdì sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Goal 13: Climate Action |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbára Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ==

Lílo agbára tí a lè tún ṣe bíi agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́ àti agbára omi jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà tó ṣe pàtàkì fún ìdàgbàsókè alágbára àti dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/energy |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtọju Igbó àti Ayika ==

Igbó ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó ń ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dín ìgbóná ayé kù. Ìtọju igbó àti dídènà gígé igi láìní ìṣètò jẹ́ apá pàtàkì nínú ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmúlò Ọ̀nà Ìgbésí Ayé Tó Bójú Mu Ayika ==

Àwọn ènìyàn lè ṣèrànwọ́ sí ìdàgbàsókè alágbára nípasẹ̀:

* Dídín ìdòtí kù àti àtúnlò ohun èlò.
* Ìfipamọ́ agbára iná.
* Lílo ọkọ̀ ojú-ọ̀nà àpapọ̀.
* Gbigbin igi tuntun.
* Ìtọju omi àti àwọn ohun àmúyẹ adayeba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Act Now for Climate Action |url=https://www.un.org/en/actnow |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ Àgbáyé ==

Ìṣòro ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ọ̀ràn àgbáyé tí ó nílò ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín gbogbo àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè. Àwọn àdéhùn bíi '''Adehun Paris''' ń ṣiṣẹ́ láti dín ìgbóná ayé kù àti láti fi agbára fún àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè láti fara mọ́ àwọn ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Paris Agreement |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára àti ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà méjì tí kò lè yà kúrò lọ́dọ̀ ara wọn. Nípasẹ̀ ìmúlò agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá, ìtọju ayika àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ àgbáyé, a lè dáàbò bo ayé àti àwọn ohun àmúyẹ rẹ̀ fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Report and Climate Action |url=https://hdr.undp.org/ |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations (UN)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwọn Àfojúsùn Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára]]
]]</text>
      <sha1>gk12dnfuhdlfgmwzl3iv8nvegrwcqsr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wind Energy and the Future of Clean Power</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623136</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5415" sha1="6qrq9gk2c1skttr87mkwzx51dmarzrq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ àti Ọjọ́ Ọla Agbára Mímọ́
| image = Wind turbines.jpg
| caption = Àwọn túbíìnì afẹ́fẹ́ ń yí agbára afẹ́fẹ́ padà sí iná mọnamọ́ná láì tú gaasi ilé-ìgbóná púpọ̀ sí afẹ́fẹ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika àti agbára
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Agbára afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára
| label3 = Orísun agbára
| data3 = Afẹ́fẹ́ adayeba
| label4 = Àwọn àǹfààní
| data4 = Agbára mímọ́, dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti ìdáàbò bo ayika
| label5 = Ìpenija
| data5 = Ìyípadà agbára afẹ́fẹ́, iye owó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ tó ga àti àìní amáyédẹrùn
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IEA, IRENA, UNEP àti UN
}}

'''Agbára afẹ́fẹ́''' jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ìṣípadà afẹ́fẹ́ adayeba, tí a sì ń lò láti mú àwọn túbíìnì afẹ́fẹ́ ṣiṣẹ́ láti ṣe iná mọnamọ́ná. Ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun '''agbára mímọ́''' tí a lè tún lò, tí kò sì ń tú gaasi ilé-ìgbóná púpọ̀ sí afẹ́fẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí epo fosaili ṣe ń ṣe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wind Energy |url=https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Technology/Wind-Energy |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ Ṣe Ń Ṣiṣẹ́ ==

Túbíìnì afẹ́fẹ́ máa ń lo agbára ìṣí afẹ́fẹ́ láti yí àwọ̀n abẹ́ rẹ̀ ká. Ìyípadà yìí máa ń ṣiṣẹ́ lórí ẹrọ amúnáwá, tí ó sì ń yí agbára ẹrọ padà sí iná mọnamọ́ná fún lílo ilé, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwọn ibi iṣẹ́ míì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Wind Turbines Work |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work |publisher=United States Department of Energy |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àǹfààní Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ ==

Agbára afẹ́fẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀ àǹfààní, wọ́n sì ni:

* Kò ń tú carbon dioxide púpọ̀ sí afẹ́fẹ́.
* Ó jẹ́ agbára tí a lè tún lò.
* Ó dín ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé lórí epo fosaili kù.
* Ó ń ṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ fún ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn nínú ẹ̀ka agbára.
* Ó ń ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dín ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benefits of Renewable Energy Use |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/energy |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpenija Nínú Ìmúlò Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ ==

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé agbára afẹ́fẹ́ ní ọ̀pọ̀ àǹfààní, ó tún ní àwọn ìpenija kan:

* Afẹ́fẹ́ kò máa ń fẹ́ ní agbára tó dọ́gba ní gbogbo àkókò.
* Ìkọ́lé àwọn túbíìnì afẹ́fẹ́ lè ná owó púpọ̀ ní ìbẹ̀rẹ̀.
* Àwọn túbíìnì lè ní ipa lórí àwọn ẹyẹ àti àwọn ẹranko tó ń fò.
* Kò sí amáyédẹrùn tó péye ní àwọn agbègbè kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wind Power and Challenges |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ àti Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Lílo agbára afẹ́fẹ́ dípò epo fosaili lè dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù gan-an. Èyí jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì tí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè ayé fi ń ṣiṣẹ́ láti dín ìgbóná ayé kù àti láti mú ìmúṣẹ Adehun Paris ṣẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọjọ́ Ọla Agbára Mímọ́ ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í nawo púpọ̀ sínú agbára afẹ́fẹ́ gẹ́gẹ́ bí apá kan nínú ìlànà wọn láti dé ibi tí ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná yóò jẹ́ odo (net zero emissions). A retí pé agbára afẹ́fẹ́ yóò di ọ̀kan lára àwọn orísun iná mọnamọ́ná tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ ní ayé ní àwọn ọdún tó ń bọ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook |url=https://www.irena.org/publications |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Agbára afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ojútùú pàtàkì sí ìṣòro ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìdáàbò bo ayika. Pẹ̀lú ìdàgbàsókè imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ àgbáyé, agbára afẹ́fẹ́ lè ṣe ipa pàtàkì nínú ọjọ́ ọla agbára mímọ́ àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Energy Transformation |url=https://www.irena.org |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára afẹ́fẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Iná mọnamọ́ná]]</text>
      <sha1>6qrq9gk2c1skttr87mkwzx51dmarzrq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rising Sea Levels and Coastal Communities</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623137</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:20:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5640" sha1="sduxvag1uqy4ba32zr5iupna6spjg01" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìgòkè Ìpele Omi Òkun àti Àwọn Àwùjọ Etí Òkun
| image = Sea level rise coastal flooding.jpg
| caption = Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun ń fa ìkún-omi àti ìbàjẹ́ ilẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè etí òkun.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí àwùjọ etí òkun
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa á
| data3 = Ìgbóná ayé, yíyọ yinyin àti ìfọ̀rọ̀pọ̀ omi tó gbóná
| label4 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìkún-omi, ìparun ilé, ìbàjẹ́ ilẹ̀ àti ìsípò àwọn ènìyàn
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti ìmúlò ètò ìbámu sí ayipada ojú-ọjọ́
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UN, NOAA àti NASA
}}

'''Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ipa pàtàkì jù lọ tí '''ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ń fa ní ayé òde òní. Bí ìwọ̀n ooru ayé ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i, yinyin ní àwọn agbègbè òkè òkun àti ilẹ̀ Arctic ń yo, nígbà tí omi òkun náà sì ń fẹ̀ sí i nítorí ìgbóná rẹ̀. Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí ń mú kí ìpele omi òkun máa gòkè díẹ̀díẹ̀ káàkiri ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sea Level Rise |url=https://climate.mit.edu/explainers/sea-level-rise |publisher=MIT Climate Portal |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 0

== Àwọn Ohun Tí Ń Fa Ìgòkè Ìpele Omi Òkun ==

Àwọn ohun pàtàkì tí ń fa ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun ni:

* Yíyọ yinyin ní Greenland àti Antarctica.
* Ìfọ̀rọ̀pọ̀ omi òkun bí omi ṣe ń gbóná.
* Ìgbóná ayé tí gaasi ilé-ìgbóná ń fa.
* Ìyípadà nínú ìṣàn omi òkun àti ìpele ilẹ̀ etí òkun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change: Global Sea Level |url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level |publisher=NOAA Climate.gov |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ Etí Òkun ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ mílíọ̀nù ènìyàn ló ń gbé ní agbègbè etí òkun káàkiri ayé. Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun lè fa ìkún-omi, ìparun ilé àti ìbàjẹ́ àwọn amáyédẹrùn bíi ọ̀nà, afárá, ilé ìwòsàn àti ilé-ẹ̀kọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Surging Seas in a Warming World |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/reports/sea-level-rise |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2

== Ìbàjẹ́ Ilẹ̀ Etí Òkun ==

Ìgòkè omi òkun ń fa ìjẹ́ ilẹ̀ etí òkun (coastal erosion), èyí tí ó ń dín ilẹ̀ tó wà fún ilé, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìrìnàjò afẹ́ kù. Ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè, àwọn etí òkun ń sún mọ́ inú ilẹ̀ lọ́dọọdún.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sea-level Rise |url=https://www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/impacts-climate-change/weather-and-oceans/sea-level-rise |publisher=AdaptNSW |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 3

== Ìwọ̀n Omi Tútù Tó Ń Dín Kù ==

Ní àwọn agbègbè etí òkun, omi iyọ̀ lè wọ inú àwọn kángà àti ibi ìpamọ́ omi tútù. Èyí lè fa ìṣòro fún omi mímu àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, pàápàá jù lọ ní àwọn erékùṣù kéékèèké àti àwọn agbègbè ilẹ̀ pẹlẹbẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sea Level Rise and Coastal Impacts |url=https://earth.gov/sealevel/about-sea-level-change/introduction/ |publisher=Earth.gov |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 4

== Ìṣípò Àwọn Ará Àwùjọ ==

Nígbà tí ìkún-omi àti ìjẹ́ ilẹ̀ bá pọ̀ sí i, àwọn ènìyàn lè fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀ kí wọ́n sì lọ sí agbègbè míì. Ìṣípò ènìyàn yìí lè ní ipa lórí ọrọ̀ ajé, àṣà àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn àwùjọ etí òkun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coastal Cities and Sea Level Rise |url=https://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Coastal_cities_and_sea_level_rise |publisher=Coastal Wiki |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 5

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Farada Ìṣòro Yìí ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ipa ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun kù ni:

* Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.
* Kíkọ odi ààbò etí òkun àti àwọn amáyédẹrùn ìdènà ìkún-omi.
* Ìtọju mangurofu àti àwọn ilolupo etí òkun.
* Ìmúlò ètò ìṣètò ìlú tó ráyè wo ìgòkè omi òkun lọ́jọ́ iwájú.
* Ìmúrasílẹ̀ àwọn àwùjọ sí àwọn àjálù ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise |url=https://doi.org/10.3390/W13162151 |publisher=Water Journal |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; 6

== Ìparí ==

Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun jẹ́ ìṣòro ayika tó ń pọ̀ sí i ní gbogbo agbègbè ayé. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, àwọn àjọ àgbáyé àti àwọn aráàlú jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù àti láti dáàbò bo àwọn àwùjọ etí òkun fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. 7

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* MIT Climate Portal
* National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
* United Nations (UN)
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* Earth.gov

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgòkè ìpele omi òkun]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Etí òkun]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìkún-omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwùjọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>sduxvag1uqy4ba32zr5iupna6spjg01</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Renewable Energy and Its Benefits</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623138</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6245" sha1="42z9kjznupd2znnk2wmkoqv3x4kpnh6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Agbára Aláyọ̀ọ́dá àti Àwọn Àǹfààní Rẹ̀
| image = Renewable energy sources.jpg
| caption = Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá ń pèsè iná mọnamọ́ná láì ba ayika jẹ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika àti agbára
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Agbára tí a lè tún ṣe
| label3 = Àwọn irú agbára
| data3 = Agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́, agbára omi, agbára ilẹ̀ gbígbóná àti agbára biomass
| label4 = Àwọn àǹfààní
| data4 = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù, ìdáàbò bo ayika àti ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé
| label5 = Ìpèníjà
| data5 = Iye owó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ tó ga àti àìní amáyédẹrùn tó péye
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IRENA, IEA, UNEP àti UN
}}

'''Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá''' jẹ́ agbára tí a lè tún ṣe tàbí tí isedá ń pèsè ní ìgbà gbogbo láì parí. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ rẹ̀ ni agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́, agbára omi, agbára ilẹ̀ gbígbóná àti agbára biomass. Agbára wọ̀nyí yàtọ̀ sí epo fosaili bíi epo rọ́bà, kóòlù àti gáàsì adayeba, nítorí pé wọ́n kò ń tú gaasi ilé-ìgbóná púpọ̀ sí afẹ́fẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy Explained |url=https://www.irena.org/renewable-energy |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Irú Agbára Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ==

=== Agbára Oòrùn ===
Agbára oòrùn jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ìmọ́lẹ̀ àti ooru oòrùn. A máa ń lo pánẹ́ẹ̀lì oòrùn láti yí agbára yìí padà sí iná mọnamọ́ná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Solar Energy Basics |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-basics |publisher=United States Department of Energy |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Afẹ́fẹ́ ===
Agbára afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ìṣí afẹ́fẹ́, tí a sì ń lò láti ṣiṣẹ́ túbíìnì afẹ́fẹ́ fún ṣíṣe iná mọnamọ́ná.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wind Energy |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/wind |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Omi ===
Agbára omi jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ìṣàn omi odò tàbí adágún omi láti ṣe iná mọnamọ́ná nípasẹ̀ àwọn ilé-iṣẹ́ amúnáwá omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hydropower Special Market Report |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/hydropower-special-market-report |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Agbára Ilẹ̀ Gbígbóná ===
Agbára ilẹ̀ gbígbóná (geothermal energy) jẹ́ agbára tí a ń rí láti inú ooru tó wà lábẹ́ ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Geothermal Energy Basics |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/geothermal/geothermal-basics |publisher=United States Department of Energy |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àǹfààní Agbára Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ==

=== Dídín Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Kù ===
Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá ń dín ìtujá carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn kù, èyí tí ó ń ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dín ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdáàbò Bo Ayika ===
Nítorí pé agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá kò ń fa ìdòtí afẹ́fẹ́ tàbí omi bí epo fosaili ṣe ń ṣe, ó ń ṣèrànwọ́ fún ìlera ènìyàn àti ìdáàbò bo àwọn ilolupo ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Environment |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/energy |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdàgbàsókè Ọrọ̀ Ajé ===
Ẹ̀ka agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá ń ṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ tuntun fún ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn nípa ìkọ́lé, ìtọju àti ìṣiṣẹ́ àwọn ohun èlò agbára tuntun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy and Jobs Annual Review |url=https://www.irena.org/publications |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ààbò Agbára ===
Lílo agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá ń dín ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé orílẹ̀-èdè lórí epo tí wọ́n ń wọlé láti òkè òkun kù, èyí sì ń mú kí ààbò agbára túbọ̀ lágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Energy Security and Clean Energy Transitions |url=https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-security |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìpèníjà ==

Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá ní ọ̀pọ̀ àǹfààní, ó tún ní àwọn ìpèníjà bíi:

* Iye owó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ tó ga fún fifi ohun èlò sílẹ̀.
* Àìní amáyédẹrùn tó péye ní àwọn agbègbè kan.
* Ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé àwọn orísun adayeba bíi oorun àti afẹ́fẹ́ tí kò dọ́gba ní gbogbo àkókò.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Energy Outlook |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ojútùú tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìṣòro ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára. Pẹ̀lú ìmúlò rẹ̀, a lè dín ìdòtí ayika kù, dáàbò bo ilolupo ayika àti pèsè agbára tó péye fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewables 2025 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2025 |publisher=International Energy Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Iná mọnamọ́ná]]</text>
      <sha1>42z9kjznupd2znnk2wmkoqv3x4kpnh6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Importance of Recycling for the Environment</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623139</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:26:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5332" sha1="gbqqcafksdiaqg19krs8zxfvx8z9b8l" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìtàkùnṣe Àtúnlò Ohun Èlò fún Àyíká
| image = Recycling symbol.jpg
| caption = Àtúnlò ohun èlò ń dín ìdọ̀tí kù, ó sì ń dáàbò bo ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Àtúnlò ohun èlò àti ìtọju ayika
| label3 = Àfojúsùn
| data3 = Dídín ìdọ̀tí kù àti ìfipamọ́ ohun àmúyẹ adayeba
| label4 = Àwọn ohun tí a lè tún lò
| data4 = Iwe, ṣiṣu, irin, gíláàsì àti aṣọ
| label5 = Àwọn àǹfààní
| data5 = Ìdáàbò bo ayika, ìfipamọ́ agbára àti dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, EPA, UN àti OECD
}}

'''Àtúnlò ohun èlò''' jẹ́ ìlànà fífi àwọn ohun tí a ti lò tẹ́lẹ̀ ṣe ohun tuntun dípò fífi wọ́n sínú ibi ìkójọpọ̀ ìdọ̀tí. Ìlànà yìí jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìtọju ayika àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=What is Recycling?
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdínkù Ìdọ̀tí ==

Àtúnlò ohun èlò ń dín iye ìdọ̀tí tí a ń kó sínú ibi ìkójọpọ̀ ìdọ̀tí kù. Èyí ń dín ìbàjẹ́ ilẹ̀ àti ìdòtí omi àti afẹ́fẹ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Waste Management and Recycling
|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfipamọ́ Ohun Àmúyẹ Adayeba ==

Àtúnlò ohun èlò ń dín ìwúlò ohun àmúyẹ adayeba bíi igi, irin àti epo rọ́bà kù. Fún àpẹẹrẹ, àtúnlò iwe ń dín iye igi tí a máa gé lulẹ̀ fún ṣíṣe iwe tuntun kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Recycling Basics
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìfipamọ́ Agbára ==

Ṣíṣe ohun tuntun láti inú ohun èlò tí a tún lò sábà máa ń lo agbára kékeré ju ṣíṣe wọn láti inú ohun àmúyẹ tuntun lọ. Èyí ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti fi agbára pamọ́ àti láti dín iye epo tí a ń lò kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Benefits of Recycling
|url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste
|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dídín Ìtujá Gaasi Ilé-Ìgbóná Kù ==

Àtúnlò ohun èlò ń dín ìtujá carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn kù. Èyí ń ṣèrànwọ́ nínú ìjà lòdì sí ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Recycling and Climate Change
|url=https://www.unep.org/resources
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Èlò Tí A Lè Tún Lò ==

Àwọn ohun èlò tí a lè tún lò ni:

* Iwe àti paali
* Ṣiṣu
* Gíláàsì
* Irin bíi aluminiomu àti irin
* Aṣọ àti aṣọ ìgbéléwọ̀n
* Àwọn ohun èlò ẹ̀rọ kan

Àtúnlò àwọn ohun wọ̀nyí lè dín ìpalára sí ayika kù gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Materials That Can Be Recycled
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle/how-do-i-recycle-common-recyclables
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ọrọ̀ Ajé ==

Ẹ̀ka àtúnlò ohun èlò ń ṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ fún ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn nínú ìkójọpọ̀, títọ́ka àti ìṣelọpọ ohun tuntun láti inú ohun èlò tí a tún lò. Èyí ń ṣèrànwọ́ fún ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Recycling and Green Jobs
|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí Àwọn Ènìyàn Ṣe Lè Kópa ==

Àwọn ènìyàn lè ṣèrànwọ́ sí àtúnlò ohun èlò nípasẹ̀:

* Pínpín ìdọ̀tí sí oríṣìíríṣìí ẹ̀ka.
* Fífiranṣẹ́ ohun èlò tí a lè tún lò sí ibi ìkójọpọ̀ wọn.
* Rírà àwọn ohun tí a ṣe láti inú ohun èlò tí a tún lò.
* Dídín lílo ṣiṣu tí a máa ń lò lẹ́ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo kù.

== Ìparí ==

Àtúnlò ohun èlò jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà tó munadoko jù lọ fún ìtọju ayika àti ìdáàbò bo ohun àmúyẹ adayeba. Nípasẹ̀ àtúnlò, a lè dín ìdọ̀tí kù, fi agbára pamọ́, dáàbò bo ayika àti kọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú tó dára fún àwọn ìran tó ń bọ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Global Waste Management Outlook
|url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-waste-management-outlook
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=24 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
* United Nations (UN)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Àtúnlò ohun èlò]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ohun àmúyẹ adayeba]]</text>
      <sha1>gbqqcafksdiaqg19krs8zxfvx8z9b8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Reducing Plastic Waste to Protect the Planet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623140</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:31:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5887" sha1="0av2eg944izqycffsxlvpz1kvynn1bk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Dídín Ìdọ̀tí Ṣíṣu Kù Láti Dáàbò Bo Ayé
| image = Plastic waste pollution.jpg
| caption = Dídín ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu kù ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dáàbò bo ayika àti ilolupo ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu àti ìtọju ayika
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí ń fa ìṣòro
| data3 = Lílo ṣiṣu ìlò ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo àti ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí tí kò péye
| label4 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìdòtí omi, ìpalára sí ẹranko àti ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná
| label5 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data5 = Àtúnlò, lílo ohun èlò tó lè tún lò àti dídín lílo ṣiṣu kù
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, OECD, EPA àti UN
}}

'''Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó pọ̀ sí i jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ṣiṣu jẹ́ ohun èlò tó rọrùn láti ṣe àti láti lò, ṣùgbọ́n ọ̀pọ̀ irú rẹ̀ lè gba ọgọ́rọ̀ọ̀rún ọdún kí wọ́n tó bàjẹ́ nínú ayika. Ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ilẹ̀, omi, afẹ́fẹ́ àti gbogbo ilolupo ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beat Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣòro Ìdọ̀tí Ṣíṣu ==

Àgbáyé ń ṣe mílíọ̀nù tọ́nù ṣiṣu lọ́dọọdún, ṣùgbọ́n ìpín kékeré nínú wọn ni a máa ń tún lò. Ọ̀pọ̀ ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu máa ń parí sínú ibi ìkójọpọ̀ ìdọ̀tí, odò àti òkun, níbi tí wọ́n ti ń fa ìpalára sí ilolupo ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Plastics Outlook |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ayika ==

Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu lè ní ipa búburú lórí ayika ní ọ̀pọ̀ ọ̀nà:

* Ó lè dí àwọn ọ̀nà omi, tí ó sì lè fa ìkún-omi.
* Ó ń ba ilẹ̀ àti omi jẹ́.
* Ó ń pa ẹja, ẹyẹ àti àwọn ẹranko mìíràn.
* Ó ń yọrí sí ìkójọpọ̀ àwọn patíkù ṣiṣu kéékèèké (microplastics) nínú omi àti oúnjẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ṣíṣu Ìlò Ẹ̀ẹ̀kan Ṣoṣo ==

Ṣíṣu ìlò ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo bíi àpò ṣiṣu, igo omi, ṣíbí àti ife ṣiṣu ni wọ́n ń fa ìṣòro púpọ̀ jù lọ nítorí pé a máa ń sọ wọ́n nù lẹ́yìn lílo ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo. Ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè ti bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í dín lílo irú ṣiṣu bẹ́ẹ̀ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Single-use Plastics: A Roadmap for Sustainability |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/single-use-plastics-roadmap-sustainability |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Ìdọ̀tí Ṣíṣu Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu kù ni:

* Lílo àpò tí a lè tún lò dípò àpò ṣiṣu.
* Lílo igo omi tí a lè tún kún.
* Ṣíṣe àtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò ṣiṣu.
* Rírà àwọn ọja tí kò ní ìpamọ́ ṣiṣu púpọ̀.
* Pínpín ìdọ̀tí sí oríṣìíríṣìí ẹ̀ka fún àtúnlò tó rọrùn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Reduce, Reuse, Recycle |url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Pẹ̀lú Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Ṣíṣe ṣiṣu láti inú epo fosaili àti sisun ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu máa ń tú carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn sí afẹ́fẹ́. Dídín ìlò ṣiṣu kù lè ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Turning off the Tap: How the World Can End Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/turning-off-tap-how-world-can-end-plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ọrọ̀ Ajé ==

Ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu tó péye àti àtúnlò ohun èlò lè ṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ tuntun, dín ináwó ìmójútó ìdọ̀tí kù, kí ó sì ṣe àfikún sí ìdàgbàsókè alágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Plastics Outlook |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastics |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Dídín ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu kù jẹ́ ojúṣe gbogbo ènìyàn, láti ọ̀dọ̀ ẹni kọ̀ọ̀kan dé àwọn ìjọba àti ilé-iṣẹ́. Nípasẹ̀ àtúnlò, ìdínkù lílo ṣiṣu àti ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí tó péye, a lè dáàbò bo ayika àti ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beat Plastic Pollution Campaign |url=https://www.unep.org/plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
* United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àtúnlò ohun èlò]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]</text>
      <sha1>0av2eg944izqycffsxlvpz1kvynn1bk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Environmental Impact of Plastic Pollution</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623141</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-24T19:38:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6123" sha1="0pdkrn0v67b6b3znj7y6u8e06dg2nau" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìpa Ìdọ̀tí Ṣíṣu Lórí Àyíká
| image = Plastic pollution environment.jpg
| caption = Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu ń ba ilẹ̀, omi àti afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́ káàkiri ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu àti ipa rẹ̀ lórí ilolupo ayika
| label3 = Àwọn orísun pàtàkì
| data3 = Ṣiṣu ìlò ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo, ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí tí kò péye àti ìtúpalẹ̀ egbin
| label4 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìdòtí omi, ìparun ilolupo ayika, ìpalára sí ẹranko àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label5 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data5 = Àtúnlò, dídín lílo ṣiṣu kù àti ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí tó péye
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, UN àti OECD
}}

'''Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó lágbára jù lọ ní ayé òde òní. Ṣiṣu jẹ́ ohun èlò tí a ń lò púpọ̀ nítorí pé ó rọrùn láti ṣe àti láti lò, ṣùgbọ́n ó lè gba ọgọ́rọ̀ọ̀rún ọdún kí ó tó bàjẹ́ nínú ayika. Ní gbogbo ọdún, mílíọ̀nù tọ́nù ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu ni wọ́n máa ń sọ sínú odò, adágún, òkun àti ilẹ̀, èyí tí ń fa ìpalára sí ilolupo ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdòtí Omi àti Òkun ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu máa ń wọ inú odò àti òkun, níbi tí wọ́n ti ń kó ìpalára bá ẹja, ẹyẹ omi àti àwọn ẹranko omi mìíràn. A ti ṣe àfihàn pé láìka gbogbo ìgbésẹ̀ tó wà lọ́wọ́lọ́wọ́, mílíọ̀nù tọ́nù ṣiṣu ṣi ń wọ inú ilolupo omi lọ́dọọdún.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plastic Pollution and Marine Litter |url=https://www.unep.org/topics/ocean-seas-and-coasts/ecosystem-degradation-pollution/plastic-pollution-marine-litter |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Ẹranko ==

Àwọn ẹranko omi àti ẹyẹ sábà máa ń jẹ ṣiṣu ní àṣìṣe, tàbí kí wọ́n di mọ́ ọn. Èyí lè fa ebi, ìfarapa tàbí ikú fún wọn. A tún ti rí àwọn patíkù ṣiṣu kéékèèké (microplastics) nínú ara ọ̀pọ̀ ẹja àti ẹranko omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/pollution-solution-global-assessment-marine-litter-and-plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Microplastics àti Ilolupo Ayika ==

Nígbà tí ṣiṣu bá ń fọ́ sí àwọn ege kéékèèké, wọ́n máa ń di '''microplastics'''. Àwọn patíkù wọ̀nyí lè wọ inú omi, ilẹ̀ àti ẹ̀wọ̀n oúnjẹ. Wọ́n ti rí microplastics ní ọ̀pọ̀ ibi lágbàáyé, láti inú òkun títí dé ibi tó jinlẹ̀ jù lọ lórí ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sources, Fate and Effects of Microplastics in the Marine Environment |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/sources-fate-and-effects-microplastics-marine-environment-global-assessment |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Pẹ̀lú Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ṣiṣu ni a ń ṣe láti inú epo àti gáàsì adayeba. Ìwakùsà, ìṣelọpọ àti sisun ṣiṣu máa ń tú carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ń mú kí ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ túbọ̀ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plastics – Fueling Oil Demand, Climate Change and Pollution |url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/plastics |publisher=United Nations |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Ọrọ̀ Ajé àti Àwùjọ ==

Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu ń fa ináwó ńlá fún ìmójútó ayika, ìmímọ́ etí òkun àti ìtọju ilolupo omi. Ó tún lè ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ẹja, ìrìnàjò afẹ́ àti ìlera àwọn ènìyàn tó ń gbé ní agbègbè tí ìdọ̀tí pọ̀ sí.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Environmental Justice Impacts of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution |url=https://leap.unep.org/en/knowledge/reports/neglected-environmental-justice-impacts-marine-litter-and-plastic |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Ìṣòro Yìí Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dín ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu kù ni:

* Dídín lílo ṣiṣu ìlò ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo kù.
* Ṣíṣe àtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò ṣiṣu.
* Lílo àwọn ohun èlò tí a lè tún lò dípò ṣiṣu.
* Ìmúlò ètò ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí tó péye.
* Ìmọ̀lára àti ẹ̀kọ́ fún àwọn aráàlú nípa ìtọju ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Beat Plastic Pollution |url=https://www.unep.org/plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu jẹ́ ìṣòro ayika àgbáyé tí ó ń ní ipa lórí omi, ilẹ̀, ẹranko, ènìyàn àti ojú-ọjọ́. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ìjọba, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti aráàlú jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ìṣòro yìí kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Plastic Pollution Facts and Solutions |url=https://www.unep.org/plastic-pollution |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=24 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdọ̀tí ṣiṣu]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìṣàkóso ìdọ̀tí]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilolupo ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àtúnlò ohun èlò]]</text>
      <sha1>0pdkrn0v67b6b3znj7y6u8e06dg2nau</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jose R. Cordero S.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623158</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T05:00:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36752-02</username>
        <id>34578</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ṣ'èdá ojúewé pẹ̀lú &quot;{{Infobox person | name          = José Rafael Cordero Sánchez | image         =  | birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|14}} | birth_place   = Barquisimeto, Venezuela | occupation    = Akọrin, akọwe orin, onkọwe itan-akọọlẹ, agbátẹrù, oluṣe fiimu | nationality   = Ara Venezuela | known_for     = Odio a Maduro }}  '''José Rafael Cordero Sánchez''' (bíi ní ọjọ́ 14 Oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990) jẹ́ akọrin, akọwe orin,...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>623158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2332" sha1="0qz27pmkhtrxidncsl19eye4yf37omt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = José Rafael Cordero Sánchez
| image         = 
| birth_date    = {{Birth date and age|1990|12|14}}
| birth_place   = Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| occupation    = Akọrin, akọwe orin, onkọwe itan-akọọlẹ, agbátẹrù, oluṣe fiimu
| nationality   = Ara Venezuela
| known_for     = Odio a Maduro
}}

'''José Rafael Cordero Sánchez''' (bíi ní ọjọ́ 14 Oṣù Kejìlá ọdún 1990) jẹ́ akọrin, akọwe orin, onkọwe itan-akọọlẹ, agbátẹrù àti oluṣe fiimu láti Venezuela. Ó gbajúmọ̀ fún orin rẹ̀ tó ní àkòrí ìṣèlú àti àwùjọ nípa ipò Venezuela.

== Ìgbésí ayé ==
Ó bíi ní ìlú '''Barquisimeto''', ní ìpínlẹ̀ Lara, Venezuela. Ó kẹ́kọ̀ọ́ nípa ìtúpalẹ̀ ètò àti ìṣàkóso ní Yunifásítì Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Láti kékeré, ó ní ìfẹ́ sí orin, kíkọ̀wé àti àwọn ọ̀ràn àwùjọ.

== Iṣẹ́ rẹ̀ ==
Cordero Sánchez ń lo orin gẹ́gẹ́ bí ohun èlò fún ìtakò àti ìṣàkọsílẹ̀ ipò Venezuela. Ó ń da àwọn irú orin bíi electronic pop, synth-pop àti reggaeton pọ̀.

=== Àwọn iṣẹ́ pàtàkì ===
* '''Odio a Maduro''' (àlọ́mọ́ 2020 àti Vol. 2) — àkójọpọ̀ orin ìtakò
* '''Crisisdosis'''
* '''Me Iré De Aquí'''
* '''Cumplirás'''
* '''Libertad''' — fún ìtúsílẹ̀ àwọn ẹlẹ́wọ̀n òṣèlú
* '''Observa la silla de terror''' — fídíò orin àti fíìmù kúkúrú

Ó tún ń ṣe fíìmù àti àkóóni dígítálì. Ó ń gbani láti gbààwọ́ ẹ̀tọ́ ènìyàn, àwọn ẹlẹ́wọ̀n òṣèlú àti ẹ̀tọ́ ẹranko.

== Ìpa rẹ̀ ==
Orin rẹ̀ jẹ́ àkópọ̀ ti ìmọ̀lára ti ara ẹni, ìṣèlú ìtakò àti ìrètí fún ọjọ́ iwájú. Àwọn orin rẹ̀ ń sọ̀rọ̀ nípa àwọn wàhálà àwùjọ, ètò ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìṣèlú ní orílẹ̀-èdè rẹ̀.

== Àwọn ìtànṣí ita ===
* [https://joserafaelcorderosanchez.site/ Ojú-ewé ìjọba]
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/4nLuvtvNeZ3xfwFy8JvU1f Spotify]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/8550372-Jos%C3%A9-Rafael-Cordero-S%C3%A1nchez Discogs]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tecw_E4UGUg Crisisdosis - Official Music Video]

== Àwọn orísun ===
{{Reflist}}
* José Rafael C</text>
      <sha1>0qz27pmkhtrxidncsl19eye4yf37omt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìtọju Omi Fún Àwọn Ìran Ọjọ́ Ọ̀la</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623178</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T08:44:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5096" sha1="efljzdu6t44lg848edgsk0kc1ayf0nb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìtọju Omi Fún Àwọn Ìran Ọjọ́ Ọ̀la
| image = Water conservation.jpg
| caption = Ìtọju omi jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ohun àmúyẹ adayeba fún ọjọ́ iwájú.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìtọju omi àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára
| label3 = Àfojúsùn
| data3 = Ìfipamọ́ omi fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ ọ̀la
| label4 = Àwọn ìpenija
| data4 = Àìní omi, ìdòtí omi àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label5 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data5 = Ìfipamọ́ omi, àtúnlò omi àti ìṣàkóso omi tó péye
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UN, UNEP, UNESCO àti WHO
}}

'''Ìtọju omi fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ ọ̀la''' jẹ́ ìlànà àti àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ tí a ń gbé láti rí i dájú pé omi mímu àti omi fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ilé iṣẹ́ àti ìgbésí ayé yóò wà fún àwọn ènìyàn ní ọjọ́ iwájú. Omi jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun àmúyẹ adayeba tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìwàláàyè gbogbo ẹ̀dá alààyè lórí ilẹ̀ ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water and Sustainable Development |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/ |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtàkùnṣe Ìtọju Omi ==

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé omi bo apá ńlá ilẹ̀ ayé, ìpín kékeré nínú rẹ̀ ni omi tútù tí ènìyàn lè lò fún mímu àti iṣẹ́ ojoojúmọ́. Ìdàgbàsókè olùgbé, ìdòtí omi àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti mú kí ìṣòro àìní omi pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=World Water Development Report |url=https://www.unesco.org/reports/wwdr |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Tó Ń Fa Àìní Omi ==

Àwọn nǹkan pàtàkì tó ń fa àìní omi ni:

* Ìdàgbàsókè olùgbé ayé.
* Ìdòtí odò, adágún àti àwọn orísun omi.
* Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ogbele.
* Ìlò omi ju bó ṣe yẹ lọ.
* Ìṣàkóso omi tí kò péye.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Scarcity |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/scarcity |publisher=UN-Water |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Àìní Omi Lórí Àwùjọ ==

Àìní omi lè ní ipa púpọ̀ lórí ìlera ènìyàn, iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ọrọ̀ ajé. Ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè, àìní omi ń fa ìṣòro nínú iṣẹ́ agbẹ́, ìlera àwọn ọmọde àti ìdàgbàsókè àwùjọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Drinking-water |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Tọ́jú Omi ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti tọ́jú omi ni:

* Dídènà fífi omi ṣòfò.
* Ìtúnlò omi fún iṣẹ́ míì.
* Lílo ohun èlò tó ń dín lílo omi kù.
* Ìtọju àwọn odò àti adágún.
* Kíkó omi òjò pamọ́ fún lílo ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Conservation |url=https://www.epa.gov/watersense |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Omi ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí bí omi ṣe ń pín káàkiri ayé. Ní àwọn agbègbè kan, òjò ń pọ̀ ju bó ṣe yẹ lọ, nígbà tí àwọn agbègbè míì sì ń ní ìrírí ogbele tó lágbára. Èyí ń mú kí ìṣòro omi túbọ̀ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Water |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/water |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipa Àwọn Ìjọba àti Àwùjọ ==

Àwọn ìjọba àti àwọn àwùjọ ní ipa pàtàkì nínú ìtọju omi nípasẹ̀:

* Ṣíṣe àwọn òfin ìṣàkóso omi.
* Ìkọ́lé àwọn amáyédẹrùn omi.
* Ìmúlò ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìfipamọ́ omi.
* Ìdáàbò bo àwọn orísun omi adayeba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water Security and Sustainable Development |url=https://www.unwater.org/publications |publisher=UN-Water |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìtọju omi jẹ́ ojúṣe gbogbo ènìyàn. Nípasẹ̀ ìfipamọ́ omi, ìṣàkóso omi tó péye àti ìdáàbò bo àwọn orísun omi, a lè rí i dájú pé omi yóò wà fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ ọ̀la àti fún ìdàgbàsókè alágbára ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable Water Management |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 |publisher=United Nations Sustainable Development Goals |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations (UN)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* UN-Water

[[Ẹ̀ka:Omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ohun àmúyẹ adayeba]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìṣàkóso ohun àmúyẹ]]</text>
      <sha1>efljzdu6t44lg848edgsk0kc1ayf0nb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ní Nàìjíríà: Àwọn Ìpenija àti Àwọn Ojútùú</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623179</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T08:47:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated</comment>
      <origin>623179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5871" sha1="neyjxd0khvi7fya8w8boycu1v2o3rws" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ní Nàìjíríà: Àwọn Ìpenija àti Àwọn Ojútùú
| image = Climate change in Nigeria.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, omi àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn ará Nàìjíríà.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní Nàìjíríà
| label3 = Àwọn ìpenija pàtàkì
| data3 = Ogbele, ìkún-omi, ìparun ilẹ̀ àti àìní omi
| label4 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data4 = Gbígbìn igi, agbára aláyọ̀ọ́dá àti ìṣàkóso ayika
| label5 = Àwọn ẹ̀ka tó kan
| data5 = Ọ̀gbìn, ìlera, omi àti ọrọ̀ ajé
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UNEP, World Bank àti Nigerian Meteorological Agency
}}

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ní Nàìjíríà''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó ṣe pàtàkì jù lọ ní orílẹ̀-èdè náà. Ìyípadà yìí ń fa ìgbóná ayé tó pọ̀ sí i, ayípadà nínú ìrọ̀lẹ́ òjò àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó burú bíi ìkún-omi àti ogbele. Àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ wọ̀nyí ń ní ipa lórí ìgbésí ayé àwọn ènìyàn àti ìdàgbàsókè ọrọ̀ ajé orílẹ̀-èdè náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Nigeria |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/nigeria |publisher=World Bank |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìpenija Tó Wà Ní Nàìjíríà ==

=== Ogbele ===
Àwọn agbègbè àríwá Nàìjíríà ń ní ìrírí ogbele tó pọ̀ sí i, èyí tí ń dín iye omi tó wà fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti fún mímu kù. Ogbele tún ń fa ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìdínkù nínú ìṣelọpọ oúnjẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Risk Profile: Nigeria |url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/west-and-central-africa/nigeria |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìkún-omi ===
Ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ní gúúsù Nàìjíríà àti lẹ́gbẹ̀ẹ́ àwọn odò ń ní ìrírí ìkún-omi tó lágbára ní gbogbo ọdún. Ìkún-omi ń ba ilé, ọ̀nà àti ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn jẹ́, ó sì ń fa ìfarapa àti ìpadànù ohun-ini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Flood Response Overview |url=https://www.unocha.org/nigeria |publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìparun Ilẹ̀ àti Ìdínkù Igi ==

Gígé igi láìsí ìtúnròpọ̀ àti ìlò ilẹ̀ tí kò bófin mu ń fa ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìtànkálẹ̀ aṣálẹ̀ ní àwọn agbègbè kan ní Nàìjíríà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment: Nigeria |url=https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpa Lórí Ìlera ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè mú kí àwọn àrùn tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ooru, omi tí kò mọ́ àti kokoro arun pọ̀ sí i. Ó tún lè ní ipa lórí ààbò oúnjẹ àti ìlera àwọn ọmọde àti àwọn àgbàlagbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ojútùú ==

=== Gbígbìn Igi ===
Gbígbìn igi tuntun àti ìdáàbò bo àwọn igbó tó wà lè dín ìparun ilẹ̀ kù àti mú kí afẹ́fẹ́ di mímọ́ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Lílo Agbára Aláyọ̀ọ́dá ===
Lílo agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́ àti àwọn orísun agbára mìíràn tó lè tún ṣe lè dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renewable Energy in Nigeria |url=https://www.irena.org |publisher=International Renewable Energy Agency |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìṣàkóso Omi Tó Péye ===
Ìfipamọ́ omi àti ìmúlò àwọn ètò ìṣàkóso omi lè ṣèrànwọ́ láti koju ogbele àti àìní omi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Water and Climate Change |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/climate-change |publisher=UN-Water |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ẹ̀kọ́ àti Ìmọ̀lára Àwùjọ ===
Fífún àwọn aráàlú ní ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa rẹ̀ kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì jù lọ láti kojú ìṣòro náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Education for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/climate-change/education |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ìṣòro tó ń ní ipa lórí gbogbo ẹ̀ka ìgbésí ayé ní Nàìjíríà. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti aráàlú jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ipa rẹ̀ kù àti láti kọ́ ọjọ́ iwájú alágbára fún orílẹ̀-èdè náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* World Bank
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
* Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Nàìjíríà]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ogbele]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìkún-omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ọ̀gbìn ní Nàìjíríà]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ṣe Ń Ní Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ Ìbílẹ̀</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T08:51:45Z</timestamp>
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        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623181</origin>
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      <text bytes="6205" sha1="qpc0y98trum34brd7nnufc329t972oq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Bí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ṣe Ń Ní Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ Ìbílẹ̀
| image = Climate change and local communities.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń ní ipa lórí ìgbésí ayé àti ọrọ̀ ajé àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ogbele, ìkún-omi, ìdínkù ìṣelọpọ oúnjẹ àti àìní omi
| label4 = Àwọn ẹgbẹ́ tí ó kan jùlọ
| data4 = Àwọn agbẹ̀, àwọn apẹja àti àwọn ará ìlú kéékèèké
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìfarada
| data5 = Ìmúlò ọgbìn tuntun, ìtọju omi àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ àwùjọ
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, WHO, UNESCO àti IPCC
}}

= Bí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ṣe Ń Ní Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Àwùjọ Ìbílẹ̀ =

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' ń ní ipa tó lágbára lórí àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀ ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé, pàápàá jùlọ àwọn àwùjọ tí ìgbésí ayé wọn dá lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn, ẹja àti àwọn ohun àmúyẹ adayeba. Àwọn àwùjọ wọ̀nyí sábà máa ń jẹ́ aláìlera jù lọ sí àwọn ayípadà nínú òjò, ìgbóná àti àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le gan-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Local Communities |url=https://www.ipcc.ch |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Iṣẹ́ Ọ̀gbìn ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀ ń gbára lé iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn fún oúnjẹ àti owó-wíwòlé wọn. Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè yí àkókò òjò padà, fa ogbele tàbí ìkún-omi, èyí tí ń dín ìkórè irugbin kù àti mú kí àìní oúnjẹ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Agriculture in Nigeria |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8436081/ |publisher=Studies in the agriculture category had the highest publications in Nigeria |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Omi ==

Àwọn ayípadà nínú òjò àti ìgbóná lè fa àìní omi ní ọ̀pọ̀ àwùjọ. Ní àwọn agbègbè míì, ìkún-omi lè ba àwọn orísun omi jẹ́ tàbí kó ìdọ̀tí wọ inú wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Self-Reported Experiences of Climate Change in Nigeria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/3/1/16 |publisher=Climate Journal |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Lórí Àwọn Apẹja àti Àwọn Agbẹ̀ ==

Àwọn apẹja àti agbẹ̀ jẹ́ lára àwọn ẹgbẹ́ tí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń kan jù lọ. Ìyípadà nínú ìwọ̀n omi àti ìgbóná omi lè dín iye ẹja kù, nígbà tí ogbele àti ìyípadà òjò sì lè dín ìkórè irugbin kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perception of climate change effects on forest-dependent rural livelihoods in Ondo State, Nigeria |url=https://journals.ui.edu.ng/index.php/njred/article/view/977 |publisher=The Nigerian Journal of Rural Extension and Development |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìkún-omi àti Ìfarapa Ilé àti Ohun-ini ==

Ìkún-omi jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó ń ní ipa lórí àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀. Ó lè ba ilé, ọ̀nà àti ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn jẹ́, kí ó sì mú kí àwọn ènìyàn fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Impacts of Climate Change on Residents of Eti-Osa West and East Local Government Areas, Lagos, Nigeria |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JEES/article/view/49764 |publisher=Journal of Environment and Earth Science |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣílọ̀ Kúrò Ní Ilé àti Ìṣòro Àwùjọ ==

Ní àwọn agbègbè tí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti burú gan-an, àwọn ènìyàn lè fi ilé wọn sílẹ̀ kí wọ́n sì lọ sí ibòmíràn láti wá omi, ilẹ̀ ọ̀gbìn tàbí iṣẹ́. Èyí lè fa ìṣòro àwùjọ àti ìdààmú ọrọ̀ ajé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Indigenous Understanding of Climate Change, Impacts and Coping Strategies in Rural Kwara State, Nigeria |url=https://doaj.org/article/c65aa88a9a5941cc9145473964c56403 |publisher=Geography, Environment, Sustainability |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Farada Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀ lè farada ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ nípasẹ̀:

* Lílo àwọn irúgbìn tó lè fara da ogbele.
* Ìtọju omi àti kíkó omi òjò pamọ́.
* Gbígbìn igi àti ìdáàbò bo igbó.
* Ìmúlò ẹ̀kọ́ àti ìmọ̀ nípa ayika.
* Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn ọmọ àwùjọ àti ìjọba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of Rural Households' Adaptation to Climate Change in Oyo State, Nigeria |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343059065_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_DETERMINANTS_OF_RURAL_HOUSEHOLDS%27_ADAPTATION_TO_CLIMATE_CHANGE_IN_IBARAPA_AREA_OF_OYO_STATE_NIGERIA |publisher=Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ìṣòro tó ń ní ipa lórí ìlera, iṣẹ́ àti ìgbésí ayé àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn aráàlú, ìjọba àti àwọn àjọ àgbáyé jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ipa rẹ̀ kù àti láti dáàbò bo ọjọ́ iwájú àwọn àwùjọ wọ̀nyí. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Systematic Review of Climate Change Impact Research in Nigeria |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8436081/ |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ogbele]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìkún-omi]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ọ̀gbìn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ìmọ̀ Nípa Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623182</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T08:56:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5236" sha1="nlq6m40i1zjz7fpayqbyag5zm5qqz7b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìmọ̀ Nípa Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì
| image = Carbon footprint illustration.jpg
| caption = Àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì ń ṣàfihàn iye gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tí ènìyàn, ilé-iṣẹ́ tàbí orílẹ̀-èdè ń tú sí afẹ́fẹ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́
| label3 = Àwọn gaasi pàtàkì
| data3 = Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) àti nitrous oxide (N2O)
| label4 = Àwọn orísun pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìlò epo fosaili, ọkọ̀ ojú-ọ̀nà, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdínkù
| data5 = Agbára àtúnṣe, ìfipamọ́ agbára àti gbígbìn igi
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = IPCC, UNEP, UN àti EPA
}}

'''Àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì''' ({{lang-en|Carbon footprint}}) jẹ́ ìwọ̀n iye àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tí ènìyàn, ilé-iṣẹ́, àjọ tàbí orílẹ̀-èdè kan ń tú sí afẹ́fẹ́ nítorí àwọn iṣẹ́ wọn. Carbon dioxide (CO2) ni gaasi tó wọ́pọ̀ jù lọ nínú ìṣírò àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì, ṣùgbọ́n methane àti nitrous oxide tún ń kópa pàtàkì.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is a Carbon Footprint? |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/climate-action/what-we-do/climate-action-note/what-carbon-footprint |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kí Ni Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì Túmọ̀ Sí? ==

Àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì jẹ́ ọ̀nà tí a fi ń wọn ipa tí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ní lórí ayika, pàápàá jùlọ lórí ìgbóná ayé àti ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́. Bí iye gaasi ilé-ìgbóná ṣe ń pọ̀ sí i nínú afẹ́fẹ́, bẹ́ẹ̀ ni ìgbóná ayé ṣe ń túbọ̀ pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/ |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Orísun Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì ==

Àwọn ohun tó ń fa àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì pọ̀ sí i ni:

* Lílo epo rọ̀bà àti gáàsì fún ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ àti ilé-iṣẹ́.
* Lílo iná tí a ṣe láti epo fosaili.
* Iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti títọ́ ẹran ọ̀sìn.
* Gígé igbó àti ìparun ilolupo ayika.
* Ìṣelọpọ àti ìgbọ̀nsẹ̀ àwọn ọja ilé-iṣẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì Lórí Ayika ==

Ìdàgbàsókè àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì ń fa:

* Ìgbóná ayé.
* Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
* Ìyo yinyin ní agbègbè òtútù.
* Ìgbéga ìpele omi òkun.
* Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó le bíi ìkún-omi àti ogbele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ |publisher=NASA Climate Change |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí A Ṣe Lè Dín Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì kù ni:

* Lílo agbára oòrùn àti agbára afẹ́fẹ́.
* Dídín lílo epo fosaili kù.
* Lílo ọkọ̀ ìrìnàjò àpapọ̀ tàbí rírìn ẹsẹ̀ fún ìrìnàjò tó kúrú.
* Gbígbìn igi tuntun àti ìdáàbò bo igbó.
* Àtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò àti dídín ìdọ̀tí kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Act Now: Climate Action for People and Planet |url=https://www.un.org/en/actnow |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àpá Ẹsẹ̀ Kábọ́nì Ní Nàìjíríà ==

Ní Nàìjíríà, àwọn orísun pàtàkì ti àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì ni lílo epo rọ̀bà, iṣẹ́ ilé-iṣẹ́, sisun egbin àti gígé igbó. Ìmúlò agbára àtúnṣe àti ìṣàkóso ayika tó dára lè ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nigeria Climate Change Policy Response |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/nigeria |publisher=World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìmọ̀ nípa àpá ẹsẹ̀ kábọ́nì jẹ́ pàtàkì fún ìdáàbò bo ayika àti ìjà lòdì sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́. Nípasẹ̀ dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti lílo agbára tó mọ́, a lè dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Emissions Gap Report |url=https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations (UN)
* United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
* NASA
* World Bank

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Gaasi ilé-ìgbóná]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìgbóná ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>nlq6m40i1zjz7fpayqbyag5zm5qqz7b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ipa Àwọn Ilé-Ẹ̀kọ́ Nínú Ìdáàbò Bo Àyíká</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623183</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T08:59:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4899" sha1="73wokm950jc5omoljp8mz0ie9lshutq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ipa Àwọn Ilé-Ẹ̀kọ́ Nínú Ìdáàbò Bo Àyíká
| image = Environmental education in schools.jpg
| caption = Àwọn ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ní ipa pàtàkì nínú ìkọ́ni àti ìmúlò ìtọju ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Ẹ̀kọ́ àti sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ẹ̀kọ́ ayika ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́
| label3 = Àwọn ibi-afẹ́de
| data3 = Ìmọ̀lára ayika, ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára
| label4 = Àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìkọ́ni ayika, àtúnlò ohun èlò, gbígbìn igi àti ìtọju omi
| label5 = Àwọn alábàápín
| data5 = Akẹ́kọ̀ọ́, olùkọ́, òbí àti ìjọba
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNESCO, UNEP, UNICEF àti UN
}}

'''Àwọn ilé-ẹ̀kọ́''' ní ipa pàtàkì nínú ìdáàbò bo àyíká nípasẹ̀ fífún àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ní ẹ̀kọ́ àti ìmọ̀ nípa bí wọ́n ṣe lè tọ́jú ayika. Ẹ̀kọ́ ayika ń ran àwọn ọmọ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ lọ́wọ́ láti mọ ìtóbi ìṣòro ayika bíi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́, ìdọ̀tí ayika, gígé igbó àti ìparun ilolupo ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/education/sustainable-development |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ẹ̀kọ́ Ayika Nínú Ilé-Ẹ̀kọ́ ==

Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ lè fi ẹ̀kọ́ ayika sínú àwọn kókó ẹ̀kọ́ bíi sáyẹ́ǹsì, ẹ̀kọ́ ilẹ̀ ayé àti ẹ̀kọ́ àwùjọ. Èyí ń jẹ́ kí àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ lóye bí iṣẹ́ ènìyàn ṣe ń ní ipa lórí ayika àti àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa búburú náà kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Learning for Our Planet: A Global Review of How Environmental Issues are Integrated in Education |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìgbékalẹ̀ Ìṣe Tó Dáàbò Bo Àyíká ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ń gbé àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ láti dáàbò bo ayika, gẹ́gẹ́ bí:

* Gbígbìn igi ní agbègbè ilé-ẹ̀kọ́.
* Ìkójọpọ̀ àti àtúnlò ìdọ̀tí.
* Ìfipamọ́ omi àti iná.
* Dídín lílo ṣiṣu ìlò ẹ̀ẹ̀kan ṣoṣo kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Greening Education Partnership |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/greening-education-partnership |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipa Àwọn Olùkọ́ ==

Àwọn olùkọ́ jẹ́ alákóso pàtàkì nínú fífi ìmọ̀ ayika kọ́ àwọn ọmọ ilé-ẹ̀kọ́. Wọ́n lè lo àwọn iṣẹ́ ọwọ́, ìjíròrò àti ìrìnàjò ẹ̀kọ́ láti mú kí àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ lóye àwọn ọ̀ràn ayika dáadáa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Environmental Education and Training |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/environmental-education |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipa Àwọn Akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ ==

Àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ lè di aṣáájú nínú ìdáàbò bo ayika nípasẹ̀:

* Kíkópa nínú ẹgbẹ́ ayika ilé-ẹ̀kọ́.
* Fífún àwọn ẹlòmíràn ní ìmọ̀ nípa ìtọju ayika.
* Kíkópa nínú iṣẹ́ ìmótótó àwùjọ.
* Dídín ìsọfò omi àti iná kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Young People and Climate Action |url=https://www.unicef.org/climate-action |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Pẹ̀lú Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára ==

Ẹ̀kọ́ ayika ní ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ ń ṣèrànwọ́ fún ìmúṣẹ àwọn Àfojúsùn Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára ti Àjọ Ìṣọ̀kan Àgbáyé, pàápàá jùlọ àwọn tó ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú ẹ̀kọ́ tó dára, ìgbésẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìdáàbò bo ilolupo ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Àwọn ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ jẹ́ ibi pàtàkì fún ìkọ́ni àti ìgbéga ìmúlò tó dáàbò bo ayika. Nípasẹ̀ ẹ̀kọ́, ìmọ̀lára àti ìṣe rere, àwọn akẹ́kọ̀ọ́ lè di àwọn olùdarí ọjọ́ iwájú nínú ìtọju ayika àti ìjà lòdì sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Education and Climate Change |url=https://www.unesco.org/en/climate-change/education |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀kọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀kọ́ ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>73wokm950jc5omoljp8mz0ie9lshutq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ Aláwọ̀ Èwe àti Ọjọ́ Ọ̀la Ayé</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80646</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623184</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:03:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5497" sha1="qhzoeemyx31ife341ooxwcerr0c4i3s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ Aláwọ̀ Èwe àti Ọjọ́ Ọ̀la Ayé
| image = Green technology.jpg
| caption = Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín ìpalára sí ayika kù àti láti kọ́ ọjọ́ ọ̀la alágbára.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika àti ẹ̀rọ
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára
| label3 = Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ
| data3 = Agbára oòrùn, agbára afẹ́fẹ́, ọkọ̀ iná mànàmáná àti àtúnlò egbin
| label4 = Àwọn àfojúsùn
| data4 = Dídín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù àti ìtọju ohun àmúyẹ adayeba
| label5 = Àwọn ànfààní
| data5 = Ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí, ìmúdàgba ọrọ̀ ajé àti ìdáàbò bo ayika
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, IPCC, UN àti IEA
}}

'''Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe''' ({{lang-en|Green technology}}) jẹ́ àkójọpọ̀ àwọn ẹ̀rọ, ọ̀nà àti ìmúlò ìmọ̀ sáyẹ́ǹsì tí a ṣe láti dín ipa búburú iṣẹ́ ènìyàn lórí ayika kù. Ó ń dojú kọ àwọn ìṣòro bíi ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́, ìdọ̀tí ayika àti ìparun ohun àmúyẹ adayeba nípasẹ̀ lílo imọ̀ tuntun tó bá ayika mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Green Technology? |url=https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/green-technology |publisher=IBM |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kí Ni Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ Aláwọ̀ Èwe? ==

Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe jẹ́ lílo ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ láti ṣẹ̀dá àwọn ọjà àti iṣẹ́ tí kò ní ba ayika jẹ́. Àfojúsùn rẹ̀ ni láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù, láti fi ohun àmúyẹ adayeba pamọ́ àti láti mú ìdàgbàsókè alágbára ṣẹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Green Technologies for a Sustainable Future |url=https://evs.institute/fundamentals-of-environmental-science-and-ecology/green-technologies-sustainable-future-innovation |publisher=Environmental Studies Institute |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àpẹẹrẹ Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ Aláwọ̀ Èwe ==

Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ pàtàkì ti imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe ni:

* Agbára oòrùn fún mímú iná mànàmáná jáde.
* Agbára afẹ́fẹ́ láti ṣe iná.
* Ọkọ̀ ayọ́kẹ́lẹ́ iná mànàmáná.
* Ẹ̀rọ àtúnlò egbin àti ṣiṣu.
* Ilé aláwọ̀ èwe tí ń lo agbára díẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Future of Sustainable Technology |url=https://www.computer.org/resources/sustainable-technology |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Rẹ̀ Lórí Ayika ==

Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe ń dín ìdọ̀tí afẹ́fẹ́, omi àti ilẹ̀ kù. Ó tún ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín ìtujá carbon dioxide àti àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná mìíràn kù, èyí tí ń ṣe pàtàkì nínú ìjà lòdì sí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=What is Green Technology? |url=https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/green-technology |publisher=IBM |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìmọ̀ Ẹ̀rọ Aláwọ̀ Èwe àti Ọ̀rọ̀ Ajé ==

Ìdàgbàsókè imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe lè ṣẹ̀dá iṣẹ́ tuntun nínú ẹ̀ka agbára àtúnṣe, iṣẹ́ ìkọ́lé àti ìṣàkóso egbin. Ó tún lè dín ìnáwó agbára kù fún àwọn ilé àti ilé-iṣẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Green Technology: How Innovation Is Redefining the Future of the Planet |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/5410222.pdf?abstractid=5410222&amp;mirid=1 |publisher=SSRN |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpenija Tó Wà ==

Lára àwọn ìpenija tí ó dojú kọ ìmúlò imọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe ni:

* Iye owó ìbẹ̀rẹ̀ tó ga.
* Àìní amáyédẹrùn tó péye.
* Àìní ìmọ̀ tó pọ̀ nípa àwọn ànfààní rẹ̀.
* Ìgbẹ́kẹ̀lé púpọ̀ lórí epo fosaili ní ọ̀pọ̀ orílẹ̀-èdè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable Environmental Technologies: Recent Development, Opportunities, and Key Challenges |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/23/10956 |publisher=MDPI Applied Sciences |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọjọ́ Ọ̀la Ayé ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ àwọn amòye gbà pé ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe yóò jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì jù lọ fún ọjọ́ ọ̀la ayé. Ìdàgbàsókè nínú agbára oòrùn, hydrogen aláwọ̀ èwe, batiri tuntun àti ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ ìmú afẹ́fẹ́ mọ́ ń ṣí ọ̀nà sí ayé tí yóò jẹ́ alágbára àti aláàyè fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. 

== Ìparí ==

Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn irinṣẹ́ pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìdáàbò bo ayika àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára. Nípasẹ̀ ìfowósowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti aráàlú, a lè lo imọ̀ yìí láti dáàbò bo ayé àti láti mú kí ọjọ́ ọ̀la àwọn ìran tó ń bọ̀ dára sí i. 

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations (UN)
* International Energy Agency (IEA)
* IBM
* IEEE Computer Society

[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ aláwọ̀ èwe]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Agbára àtúnṣe]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹ̀rọ]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]</text>
      <sha1>qhzoeemyx31ife341ooxwcerr0c4i3s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Iná Igbó àti Ìpa Rẹ̀ Lórí Àyíká</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80647</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623185</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5876" sha1="ncmn5bcedtj7bad5qtdtbrctwjwxx9k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Iná Igbó àti Ìpa Rẹ̀ Lórí Àyíká
| image = Wildfire.jpg
| caption = Iná igbó lè fa ìparun sí igbó, ẹranko àti ilolupo ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Iná igbó àti ìdáàbò bo ayika
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tó ń fa a
| data3 = Ooru tó pọ̀, ogbele, mànàmáná àti iṣẹ́ ènìyàn
| label4 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data4 = Ìparun igbó, ìdọ̀tí afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìpadànù ẹranko
| label5 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdènà
| data5 = Ìṣàkóso igbó, ẹ̀kọ́ ayika àti ìtọju ohun ọ̀gbìn
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, FAO, WHO àti NASA
}}

'''Iná igbó''' jẹ́ iná tí ń jó nínú igbó, pápá koríko tàbí àwọn agbègbè tí ewéko pọ̀ sí. Iná bẹ́ẹ̀ lè bẹ̀rẹ̀ láti ọwọ́ àwọn ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ adayeba bíi mànàmáná tàbí láti ọwọ́ iṣẹ́ ènìyàn. Ní ọ̀pọ̀ ọdún sẹ́yìn, iná igbó ti di ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó ń pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé nítorí ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ogbele.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wildfires and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts/where-we-work/wildfires |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Tó Ń Fa Iná Igbó ==

Ọ̀pọ̀ nǹkan lè fa iná igbó, lára wọn ni:

* Ooru tó pọ̀ gan-an àti ogbele.
* Mànàmáná lákòókò ìjì.
* Ìsun ewéko tàbí egbin láìsí ìṣọ́ra.
* Gígé àti sisun igbó fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.
* Àìtọju àwọn agbègbè igbó dáadáa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forest Fires |url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/firemanagement |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Iná Igbó Lórí Àyíká ==

=== Ìparun Igbó ===

Iná igbó lè pa ẹgbẹẹgbẹ̀rún igi run ní àkókò kúkúrú. Èyí máa ń dín agbára ayé láti fa carbon dioxide kù, ó sì ń mú ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ buru sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìpadànù Ẹranko àti Ilolupo Ayé ===

Ọ̀pọ̀ ẹranko àti àwọn ewéko lè kú tàbí pàdánù ibùgbé wọn nítorí iná igbó. Èyí lè ba ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ilolupo ayé jẹ́, kí ó sì fa ìparun àwọn irú ẹ̀dá kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Impact of Wildfires on Biodiversity |url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/wildfires-and-biodiversity |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdọ̀tí Afẹ́fẹ́ ===

Ẹfin tí iná igbó ń dá sílẹ̀ ní àwọn gaasi ilé-ìgbóná àti àwọn patíkù kéékèèké tó lè ba afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́. Èyí lè ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn àti ẹranko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wildfires and Air Quality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/wildfires-and-health |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìparun Ilẹ̀ ===

Lẹ́yìn iná igbó, ilẹ̀ lè pàdánù àwọn ohun amúnirọ̀rùn tó ń jẹ́ kí irugbin dàgbà dáadáa. Èyí lè fa ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìdínkù nínú iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wildfires and Soil Degradation |url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/firemanagement |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Pẹ̀lú Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ń mú kí ooru àti ogbele pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé, èyí tí ń jẹ́ kí iná igbó rọrùn láti tàn káàkiri. Ní àkókò kan náà, iná igbó ń tú carbon dioxide sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ń tún mú ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change and Wildfires |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/explore/ask-nasa-climate/3108/why-are-wildfires-getting-worse/ |publisher=NASA Climate |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Iná Igbó Kù ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ iná igbó kù ni:

* Ìtọju àti ìṣàkóso igbó tó péye.
* Fífún àwọn aráàlú ní ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ewu iná igbó.
* Dídènà sisun egbin láìsí ìṣọ́ra.
* Ìmúlò àwọn ètò ìkìlọ̀ tete.
* Gbígbìn igi tuntun láti rọ́pò àwọn tí iná ti pa run.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Integrated Fire Management |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/disasters-conflicts/what-we-do/integrated-fire-management |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Iná igbó jẹ́ ìṣòro ayika tó lè ní ipa lórí igbó, ẹranko, afẹ́fẹ́ àti ìgbésí ayé ènìyàn. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba, àwọn àjọ ayika àti àwọn aráàlú jẹ́ pàtàkì láti dín ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ iná igbó kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Wildfire Information System |url=https://gwis.jrc.ec.europa.eu |publisher=European Commission Joint Research Centre |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Iná igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdọ̀tí afẹ́fẹ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilolupo ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Igbó]]</text>
      <sha1>ncmn5bcedtj7bad5qtdtbrctwjwxx9k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìdáàbò Bo Àwọn Igbó àti Ibugbé Àwọn Ẹranko Ẹlẹ́dá</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623187</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:08:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5256" sha1="9fzzt1gshlcl9ip8w0tvdyrgq63tikj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìdáàbò Bo Àwọn Igbó àti Ibugbé Àwọn Ẹranko Ẹlẹ́dá
| image = Forest and wildlife habitat.jpg
| caption = Ìdáàbò bo igbó àti ibùgbé àwọn ẹranko jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti pa ilolupo ayé mọ́.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìtọju igbó àti ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá
| label3 = Àwọn ewu pàtàkì
| data3 = Gígé igi, ìparun ibùgbé, ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti ìdọ̀tí ayika
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìdáàbò bo
| data4 = Ìtọju igbó, ìdásílẹ̀ àwọn àgbègbè ìpamọ́ àti gbígbìn igi tuntun
| label5 = Àwọn ànfààní
| data5 = Ìdáàbò bo onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè àti ìmú ìwọ̀ntúnwọ̀nsì ilolupo ayé ṣẹ
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, FAO, IUCN àti WWF
}}

'''Ìdáàbò bo àwọn igbó àti ibùgbé àwọn ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá''' jẹ́ àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ tí a ń gbé láti dáàbò bo igbó àti àwọn ibi tí àwọn ẹranko àti ewéko ti ń gbé ní àdánidá. Igbó àti àwọn ibùgbé ẹranko jẹ́ apá pàtàkì nínú ilolupo ayé nítorí wọ́n ń pèsè oúnjẹ, ibi ìbímọ́ àti ààbò fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹ̀dá alààyè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Biodiversity |url=https://www.fao.org/forestry/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìtóbi Igbó àti Ibugbé Ẹranko ==

Igbó ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti fa carbon dioxide kúrò nínú afẹ́fẹ́, ó sì ń tú oxygen síta fún ìmú èémí àwọn ẹ̀dá alààyè. Bákan náà, àwọn ibùgbé ẹranko jẹ́ ibi tí àwọn ẹranko ti ń rí oúnjẹ, omi àti ibi ìbímọ́ wọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Forests and Climate Change |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ohun Tó Ń Fa Ìparun Igbó àti Ibugbé Ẹranko ==

Àwọn ohun pàtàkì tó ń fa ìparun igbó àti ibùgbé ẹranko ni:

* Gígé igi fún igi ìná àti iṣẹ́ ilé iṣẹ́.
* Ìgbòkègbodò iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìgbékalẹ̀ ìlú tuntun.
* Ìwakùsà àti ìlò ilẹ̀ fún iṣẹ́ ọrọ̀ ajé.
* Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́.
* Iná igbó àti ìdọ̀tí ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment |url=https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Ìparun Igbó Lórí Àyíká ==

Ìparun igbó lè fa:

* Ìpadànù onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè.
* Ìgbéga ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná.
* Ìparun ilẹ̀ àti ìgbéga aṣálẹ̀.
* Ìdínkù nínú iye omi tó wà fún ènìyàn àti ẹranko.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deforestation and Forest Degradation |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/deforestation-and-forest-degradation |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dáàbò Bo Igbó àti Ẹranko ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo igbó àti àwọn ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá ni:

* Dídín gígé igi láìsí àṣẹ kù.
* Gbígbìn igi tuntun láti rọ́pò àwọn tí a gé.
* Ìdásílẹ̀ àwọn àgbègbè ìpamọ́ ẹranko àti igbó.
* Fífún àwọn aráàlú ní ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìtọju ayika.
* Ìmúlò òfin tó lágbára lòdì sí ìparun ilolupo ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation |url=https://www.iucn.org/our-work/topic/protected-areas |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Àwọn Àwùjọ àti Ìjọba ==

Àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀ àti ìjọba ní ipa pàtàkì nínú ìtọju igbó àti ibùgbé ẹranko. Ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín àwọn agbègbè ìbílẹ̀, àwọn àjọ ayika àti ìjọba lè mú kí ìdáàbò bo ilolupo ayé munadoko sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Community-Based Forest Management |url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/forests |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìdáàbò bo àwọn igbó àti ibùgbé àwọn ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì jù lọ láti pa ilolupo ayé mọ́ àti láti dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso tó péye àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ gbogbo ènìyàn lè dín ìparun igbó àti ìpadànù ẹranko kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Living Planet Report |url=https://livingplanet.panda.org |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilolupo ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè]]</text>
      <sha1>9fzzt1gshlcl9ip8w0tvdyrgq63tikj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìdí Tí Ó Fi Ṣe Pàtàkì Láti Dín Gígé Igbó Kù</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623189</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:13:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5226" sha1="96r2mokxbzkwhymqgl69xwn3mzxb4q6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìdí Tí Ó Fi Ṣe Pàtàkì Láti Dín Gígé Igbó Kù
| image = Deforestation.jpg
| caption = Dídín gígé igbó kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì láti dáàbò bo ayika àti ilolupo ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Dídín gígé igbó kù
| label3 = Àwọn ìṣòro tó ń fa a
| data3 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́, ìparun ilolupo ayé àti ìdọ̀tí ayika
| label4 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data4 = Gbígbìn igi tuntun, ìṣàkóso igbó àti ẹ̀kọ́ ayika
| label5 = Àwọn ànfààní
| data5 = Ìdáàbò bo ẹranko, ìtọju omi àti ìdínkù ìgbóná ayé
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, FAO, IUCN àti UN
}}

'''Gígé igbó''' jẹ́ ìṣe yíyọ àwọn igi àti ewéko kúrò ní agbègbè kan láì ṣe àtúnròpọ̀ wọn. Ìṣe yìí ti di ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro ayika tó tobi jù lọ ní ayé lónìí. Dídín gígé igbó kù jẹ́ pàtàkì fún ìdáàbò bo ilolupo ayé, ìlera ènìyàn àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Why do forests matter?
|url=https://www.unep.org/topics/forests/why-do-forests-matter
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdí Tí A Fi Gbọ́dọ̀ Dín Gígé Igbó Kù ==

=== Ìjà Lòdì Sí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ===

Igbó ń gba carbon dioxide láti inú afẹ́fẹ́, wọ́n sì ń fi pamọ́ sínú igi àti ilẹ̀. Nígbà tí a bá gé igbó, gaasi yìí máa padà sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ń mú ìgbóná ayé pọ̀ sí i. Dídín gígé igbó kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà tó munadoko jù lọ láti dín ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Forests - nature's solution to carbon pollution
|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/science/climate-issues/forests
|publisher=United Nations
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdáàbò Bo Onírúurú Ẹ̀dá Alààyè ===

Igbó jẹ́ ibùgbé fún ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ẹranko, ẹyẹ àti ewéko. Gígé igbó lè fa ìparun àwọn ẹ̀dá wọ̀nyí tàbí kí wọ́n pàdánù ibùgbé wọn. Dídín gígé igbó kù yóò ṣèrànwọ́ láti pa onírúurú ẹ̀dá alààyè mọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Deforestation and forest degradation
|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-brief/deforestation-and-forest-degradation
|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìtọju Omi àti Ilẹ̀ ===

Igbó ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti pa omi mọ́, láti dín ìgbé omi lọ́wọ́ àti láti dènà ìparun ilẹ̀. Nígbà tí a bá gé igbó, ilẹ̀ lè bẹ̀rẹ̀ sí í yọ, ìkún-omi sì lè pọ̀ sí i ní agbègbè náà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Environmental services
|url=https://www.itto.int/sustainable_forest_management/environmental_services/
|publisher=International Tropical Timber Organization
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdáàbò Bo Ìgbésí Ayé Àwọn Ènìyàn ===

Ọ̀pọ̀ ènìyàn ní ayé ń gbára lé igbó fún oúnjẹ, omi, oogun àti iṣẹ́ ọwọ́ wọn. Gígé igbó lè ba ìgbésí ayé àwọn àwùjọ wọ̀nyí jẹ́, pàápàá jùlọ àwọn àwùjọ ìbílẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Many Benefits of Forests
|url=https://gfr.wri.org/many-benefits-forests
|publisher=World Resources Institute
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Dín Gígé Igbó Kù ==

* Gbígbìn igi tuntun láti rọ́pò àwọn tí a gé.
* Ìmúlò ìṣàkóso igbó tó péye.
* Dídènà gígé igi láìsí àṣẹ.
* Ìfúnni ní ẹ̀kọ́ ayika fún àwọn aráàlú.
* Ìmúlò àwọn ọ̀nà iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn tí kò ba igbó jẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Reducing Deforestation: Basic Knowledge
|url=https://www.fao.org/sustainable-forest-management/toolbox/modules/reducing-deforestation/basic-knowledge/en/
|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Dídín gígé igbó kù jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìdáàbò bo ayika àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára. Nípasẹ̀ ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba, àwọn àjọ ayika àti aráàlú, a lè pa àwọn igbó mọ́ fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Halting deforestation and forest degradation: a key climate, development and livelihood solution
|url=https://www.fao.org/haltingdeforestation/about/our-work/
|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
|access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* United Nations (UN)
* World Resources Institute (WRI)
* International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Gígé igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Igbó]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ilolupo ayé]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]</text>
      <sha1>96r2mokxbzkwhymqgl69xwn3mzxb4q6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìṣàkóso Egbin Fún Àyíká Tó Mọ́</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623191</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:17:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5789" sha1="qs1xoaom3ntdzvjwcpkf3n790fyh70n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìṣàkóso Egbin Fún Àyíká Tó Mọ́
| image = Waste management.jpg
| caption = Ìṣàkóso egbin tó péye ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti jẹ́ kí àyíká mọ́ àti láti dáàbò bo ìlera aráàlú.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìṣàkóso egbin àti ìtọju ayika
| label3 = Àwọn irú egbin
| data3 = Egbin ilé, egbin ilé-iṣẹ́, egbin ọ̀gbìn àti egbin ẹ̀rọ iná mànàmáná
| label4 = Àwọn ọ̀nà ìṣàkóso
| data4 = Kíkó egbin jọ, pínpín egbin, àtúnlò àti ìparun egbin tó bófin mu
| label5 = Àwọn ànfààní
| data5 = Ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí, ìdáàbò bo ìlera àti ìtọju ohun àmúyẹ adayeba
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, WHO, World Bank àti UN
}}

'''Ìṣàkóso egbin''' ni gbogbo àwọn ìgbésẹ̀ tí a ń gbé láti kó egbin jọ, láti yà wọ́n sọ́tọ̀, láti tún wọn lò tàbí láti pa wọ́n run ní ọ̀nà tí kò ní ba ayika jẹ́. Ìṣàkóso egbin tó péye jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ohun pàtàkì jù lọ fún ìdáàbò bo ìlera aráàlú àti fún mímú ayika mọ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Solid Waste Management
|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/solid-waste-management
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kí Ni Ìṣàkóso Egbin? ==

Ìṣàkóso egbin ní í ṣe pẹ̀lú kíkó egbin jọ láti ibi tí wọ́n ti dá wọn sílẹ̀, ìrìnàjò wọn sí ibi ìtọju, ìtúnlò àwọn ohun èlò tó tún lè wúlò àti ìparun àwọn egbin tó kù ní ọ̀nà tó bófin mu. Èyí ń dín ìdọ̀tí afẹ́fẹ́, omi àti ilẹ̀ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Waste Management
|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management
|publisher=Wikipedia
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Irú Egbin ==

Àwọn irú egbin tó wọ́pọ̀ ni:

* Egbin ilé bíi ewéko tí a ti lò, ìwé àti ṣiṣu.
* Egbin ilé-iṣẹ́.
* Egbin iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.
* Egbin ilé ìwòsàn.
* Egbin ẹ̀rọ iná mànàmáná bíi fóònù àti kọ̀ǹpútà tó ti bàjẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=What is Waste Management?
|url=https://iere.org/what-is-a-waste-management/
|publisher=Institute for Environmental Research and Education
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdí Tí Ìṣàkóso Egbin Fi Ṣe Pàtàkì ==

=== Ìdáàbò Bo Ìlera ===

Ìṣàkóso egbin tó péye ń dènà ìtànkálẹ̀ àrùn àti ìbísí àwọn kokoro tó lè fa àrùn bíi ẹfọn, eku àti ẹyẹlé. Egbin tí a kò ṣètò dáadáa lè ba omi àti afẹ́fẹ́ jẹ́, èyí tí ó lè ní ipa lórí ìlera ènìyàn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Waste Management's Global Health Implications on Environmental Sanitation
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/u_Rekartinnovations/comments/13chw5t/
|publisher=Reddit
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìtọju Ayika ===

Ìṣàkóso egbin ń dín ìdọ̀tí ilẹ̀, omi àti afẹ́fẹ́ kù, ó sì ń dáàbò bo ilolupo ayé àti àwọn ẹranko ẹlẹ́dá. Egbin tí a ju sí ibi tí kò yẹ lè ba àwọn odò àti ilẹ̀ jẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Importance of Waste Management
|url=https://www.prysmian.com/en/insight/sustainability/the-importance-of-waste-management
|publisher=Prysmian
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdínkù Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ ===

Egbin tí a sin sínú ilẹ̀ tàbí tí a fi sí ibi ìkópa egbin lè tú methane sí afẹ́fẹ́, èyí tí ó jẹ́ gaasi ilé-ìgbóná tó lágbára. Ìtúnlò àti ìṣàkóso egbin tó dára lè dín ìtujá gaasi wọ̀nyí kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Solid Waste Management
|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency/what-we-do/cities/solid-waste-management
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Ìṣàkóso Egbin ==

* Pínpín egbin sí egbin tó lè tún lò àti èyí tí a kò lè tún lò.
* Àtúnlò ìwé, ṣiṣu, irin àti gíláàsì.
* Ṣíṣe èròjà àgbàdo láti inú egbin adayeba.
* Kíkó egbin jọ déédéé.
* Fífún àwọn aráàlú ní ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ìtọju ayika.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=The Necessity of Source Segregation in Residential Society Waste Management
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/u_zerowastesolutions/comments/183gayy/
|publisher=Reddit
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìṣàkóso Egbin Ní Nàìjíríà ==

Ní Nàìjíríà, ìlú ńlá bíi Lagos, Abuja àti Kano ń dojú kọ ìṣòro egbin tó pọ̀ sí i nítorí ìdagba olùgbé àti ìlúgbòòrò. Ìmúlò àwọn ètò ìtúnlò egbin àti ìfọwọ́sowọ́pọ̀ láàárín ìjọba àti aráàlú lè ràn lọ́́wọ́ láti dín ìṣòro náà kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Why Was Waste Management Important?
|url=https://iere.org/why-was-waste-management-important/
|publisher=Institute for Environmental Research and Education
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Ìṣàkóso egbin tó péye jẹ́ ohun pàtàkì fún ayika tó mọ́, ìlera tó dára àti ìdàgbàsókè alágbára. Nípasẹ̀ àtúnlò, pínpín egbin àti ìmọ̀lára ayika, a lè dáàbò bo ayé fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. 0

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* World Health Organization (WHO)
* United Nations (UN)
* World Bank
* Institute for Environmental Research and Education (IERE)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Egbin]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdọ̀tí ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Àtúnlò]]</text>
      <sha1>qs1xoaom3ntdzvjwcpkf3n790fyh70n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìdí Tí Àtúnlò àti Lílo Ohun Èlò Padà Ṣe Ṣe Pàtàkì</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623192</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5094" sha1="5tkkc8cjo11jabihfemw3tsod5ev1r0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox
| above = Ìdí Tí Àtúnlò àti Lílo Ohun Èlò Padà Ṣe Ṣe Pàtàkì
| image = Recycling symbol.jpg
| caption = Àtúnlò àti lílo ohun èlò padà ń ṣèrànwọ́ láti dín egbin kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Àtúnlò àti lílo ohun èlò padà
| label3 = Àwọn ohun tí a lè tún lò
| data3 = Ṣiṣu, ìwé, irin, gíláàsì àti aṣọ
| label4 = Àwọn ànfààní
| data4 = Ìdínkù egbin, ìfipamọ́ ohun àmúyẹ adayeba àti ìdínkù ìdọ̀tí ayika
| label5 = Àwọn ibi tí a ti ń lò ó
| data5 = Ilé, ilé-ẹ̀kọ́, ilé-iṣẹ́ àti àwùjọ
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = UNEP, EPA, World Bank àti UN
}}

'''Àtúnlò''' àti '''lílo ohun èlò padà''' jẹ́ àwọn ọ̀nà pàtàkì tí a fi ń dín egbin kù àti láti dáàbò bo ayika. Àtúnlò túmọ̀ sí yíyí egbin tàbí ohun èlò tí a ti lò sí ohun tuntun tí a lè tún lò, nígbà tí lílo ohun èlò padà túmọ̀ sí lílo ohun kan lẹ́ẹ̀kansi láì ṣe ìyípadà púpọ̀ sí i.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=What is Recycling?
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kí Ni Àtúnlò àti Lílo Ohun Èlò Padà? ==

Àtúnlò ni ìlànà yíyí àwọn ohun èlò bíi ìwé, ṣiṣu, irin àti gíláàsì sí àwọn ohun tuntun tí a lè tún lò. Lílo ohun èlò padà sì jẹ́ fífi ohun tí a ti lò tẹ́lẹ̀ sí iṣẹ́ míì láì sọ ọ́ di egbin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Recycling Basics
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle/recycling-basics
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìdí Tí Àtúnlò Fi Ṣe Pàtàkì ==

=== Ìdínkù Egbin ===

Àtúnlò ń dín iye egbin tí a ń kó sí ibi ìkópa egbin kù, èyí tí ń dín ìdọ̀tí ilẹ̀ àti omi kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=What a Waste 2.0
|url=https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/
|publisher=World Bank
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìfipamọ́ Ohun Àmúyẹ Adayeba ===

Nípasẹ̀ àtúnlò, a lè dín lílo àwọn ohun àmúyẹ adayeba bíi igi, irin àti epo rọ̀bà kù. Èyí ń jẹ́ kí àwọn ohun wọ̀nyí wà fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Resource Efficiency
|url=https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/resource-efficiency
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìdínkù Ìdọ̀tí Ayika ===

Ṣíṣe ohun tuntun láti inú ohun tí a ti tún lò sábà máa ń lo agbára díẹ̀ ju lílo ohun àmúyẹ tuntun lọ. Èyí ń dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná àti ìdọ̀tí afẹ́fẹ́ kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Recycling and Climate Change
|url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-recycling-and-waste
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Àpẹẹrẹ Lílo Ohun Èlò Padà ==

Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ lílo ohun èlò padà ni:

* Lílo ìgò tàbí àpótí lẹ́ẹ̀kansi fún ìpamọ́ ohun èlò.
* Lílo aṣọ àtijọ́ fún iṣẹ́ ọwọ́ tàbí ìmọ́tótó.
* Lílo ìwé tí a ti kọ sí ẹ̀gbẹ́ kan fún ìkọ̀wé mìíràn.
* Lílo àpò aṣọ dípò àpò ṣiṣu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Reuse: Why It's Important
|url=https://www.epa.gov/recycle/reducing-and-reusing-basics
|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ipa Àtúnlò Nínú Ìdàgbàsókè Alágbára ==

Àtúnlò àti lílo ohun èlò padà ń ṣèrànwọ́ fún ìdàgbàsókè alágbára nípa dídín ìsọfò ohun àmúyẹ adayeba kù àti nípa ṣíṣe àfọwọ́kọ ọrọ̀ ajé tó dá lórí lílo ohun èlò pẹ́ẹ̀pẹ́ẹ̀.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Circular Economy and Resource Efficiency
|url=https://www.unep.org/topics/resource-efficiency/circularity
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìparí ==

Àtúnlò àti lílo ohun èlò padà jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ọ̀nà tó rọrùn jù lọ láti dáàbò bo ayika. Nípasẹ̀ ìmúlò wọn ní ilé, ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ àti ilé-iṣẹ́, a lè dín egbin kù, fi ohun àmúyẹ adayeba pamọ́ àti mú kí ayika mọ́ fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=Global Waste Management Outlook
|url=https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-waste-management-outlook
|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme
|access-date=25 June 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
* World Bank
* United Nations (UN)

[[Ẹ̀ka:Àtúnlò]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Egbin]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìtọju ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdàgbàsókè alágbára]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ìdọ̀tí ayika]]
[[Ẹ̀ka:Ohun àmúyẹ adayeba]]</text>
      <sha1>5tkkc8cjo11jabihfemw3tsod5ev1r0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Ìṣelọpọ Irugbin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>623193</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T09:28:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishatu98</username>
        <id>34546</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated #1Lib1RefNG</comment>
      <origin>623193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5949" sha1="0mjc8dry02xmgi7g9h5h3vsouxf580f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox 
| above = Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ àti Ìṣelọpọ Irugbin
| image = Climate change and crop production.jpg
| caption = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lè ní ipa lórí ìdagba àti ìṣelọpọ irugbin ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.
| label1 = Ẹ̀ka
| data1 = Sáyẹ́ǹsì ayika àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn
| label2 = Kókó-ọrọ
| data2 = Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ àti iṣẹ́ àgbẹ̀
| label3 = Àwọn ipa pàtàkì
| data3 = Ogbele, ìkún-omi, ooru tó pọ̀ àti ìyípadà ojò
| label4 = Àwọn ojútùú
| data4 = Irugbin tó lè fara da ogbele, ìrigeson àti iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn alágbára
| label5 = Àwọn agbègbè tó ní ipa púpọ̀
| data5 = Àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó gbára lé iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn
| label6 = Àwọn orísun
| data6 = FAO, IPCC, UNEP àti Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment
}}

'''Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́''' jẹ́ ọ̀kan lára àwọn ìṣòro tó tóbi jù lọ tí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ń dojú kọ ní ayé òde òní. Ìyípadà nínú iwọǹ otutu, iye ojò àti ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ ojú-ọjọ́ tó lágbára bíi ogbele àti ìkún-omi lè ní ipa lórí ìdagba àti ìṣelọpọ irugbin ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change impacts on crop yields |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-023-00491-0 |publisher=Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bí Ìyípadà Ojú-ọjọ́ Ṣe Ń Ní Ìpa Lórí Ìṣelọpọ Irugbin ==

=== Ooru Tó Pọ̀ Jù ===

Ìgbóná ayé ń mú kí iwọǹ otutu pọ̀ sí i ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè. Ooru tó pọ̀ lè dín ìdagba irugbin bíi àgbàdo, alikama àti ọkà kù, ó sì lè dín iye irugbin tí a máa kórè kù.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate change impacts on crop yields: A review of empirical findings |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815224001804 |publisher=Environmental Modelling &amp; Software |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìyípadà Nínú Ojò ===

Ní àwọn agbègbè kan, ojò ń dín kù, nígbà tí ó ń pọ̀ jù ní àwọn agbègbè míì. Àìní omi lè fa ogbele, tí ojò tó pọ̀ sì lè fa ìkún-omi tó máa ba irugbin jẹ́.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crop production and climate change |url=https://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/production-resources/module-b1-crops/chapter-b1-1/en/ |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ Ojú-ọjọ́ Tó Lágbára ===

Ìjì líle, ìkún-omi àti ogbele tó pọ̀ sí i lè pa irugbin run, kí wọ́n sì dín ìṣelọpọ oúnjẹ kù ní agbègbè tó kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for crop production |url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/climate-impacts-on-agriculture-implications-for-crop-production |publisher=Foreign, Commonwealth &amp; Development Office |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Irugbin Tó Máa Nìkan Jùlọ ==

Àwọn irugbin pàtàkì bíi àgbàdo, iresi, alikama, ẹ̀wà soya àti ọkà ni a ti rí pé wọ́n ń fara gba ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jùlọ. Ìwádìí fi hàn pé ìgbóná ayé ń dín ìṣelọpọ púpọ̀ nínú wọn kù ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè ayé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate poses big threat to crop production, new study says |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/06/20/climate-threat-crop-production |publisher=Axios |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìpa Rẹ̀ Lórí Ààbò Oúnjẹ ==

Níwọ̀n bí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn ṣe ń dín kù ní ọ̀pọ̀ agbègbè, iye oúnjẹ tó wà lè dín kù, èyí sì lè fa ìyàn àti ìgbéga iye owó oúnjẹ, pàápàá ní àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè tó ń gòkè àgbà.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change is Affecting Crop Yields and Reducing Global Food Supplies |url=https://explore.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/climate-change-is-affecting-crop-yields-and-reducing-global-food-supplies |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Àwọn Ọ̀nà Láti Fara Da Ìṣòro Náà ==

Àwọn ọ̀nà láti dín ipa ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ lórí iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn kù ni:

* Lílo irugbin tó lè fara da ogbele àti ooru.
* Ìmúlò ìrigeson tó dára.
* Ìyípadà àsìkò gbígbìn.
* Ìmúlò iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn alágbára àti ìtọju ilẹ̀.
* Ìdàgbàsókè ìmọ̀ ẹ̀rọ iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Climate Change Adaptation for Agriculture |url=https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/BSE/BSE-109/BSE-109.html |publisher=Virginia Tech |access-date=25 June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ìbáṣepọ̀ Pẹ̀lú Nàìjíríà ==

Ní Nàìjíríà, ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ ti ní ipa lórí ìṣelọpọ irugbin nípa ogbele ní àríwá orílẹ̀-èdè àti ìkún-omi ní gúúsù àti àárín gbùngbùn. Èyí ti ní ipa lórí ìṣelọpọ àgbàdo, iresi, jéró àti àwọn irugbin mìíràn tó ṣe pàtàkì fún oúnjẹ àti ọrọ̀ ajé orílẹ̀-èdè náà. 0

== Ìparí ==

Ìyípadà ojú-ọjọ́ jẹ́ ìpenija ńlá fún iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn àti ìṣelọpọ irugbin ní gbogbo ayé. Ìmúlò ọ̀nà iṣẹ́ ọ̀gbìn tuntun àti ìgbésẹ̀ láti dín ìtujá gaasi ilé-ìgbóná kù lè ràn lọ́wọ́ láti dáàbò bo ààbò oúnjẹ fún àwọn ìran ọjọ́ iwájú. 1

== Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí ==
{{Reflist}}

== Àwọn Orísun ==
* Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
* Nature Reviews Earth &amp; Environment
* Encyclopaedia Britannica

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