ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022

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    <title>ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T14:55:38Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="53945" sha1="chjppczzy6v4l2qw5v3sxo195yr10w9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2022
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2022&lt;br /&gt;كأس العالم 2022
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar (Wordmark).svg
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2022
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 22
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Qatar|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2022
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 20 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵔ 2022
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 18 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 8 (ⴳ 5 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⴰⵕⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}} (3 ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ)
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ}}
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 64 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 172 (2.69 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ)
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 3,404,252 (53,191 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ)
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⴱⵉ}} (8 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ)
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ}}
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴼⵉⵕⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ}}
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵏⵉⵣ}}
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 219 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 4 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|← ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ 2018]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026|ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ 2026 →]]
| footnotes = 
| qid = 
}}

'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 22 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ([[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⵙⴳ 20 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ 18 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ/FIFA) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 2018. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022 ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ 5 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022 ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 220ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ]]. 

ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022 .. 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, 31 ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵣⵔⵢⵏⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022]], ⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ. ⴳⵔ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 20 ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ  2014 ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ 2014, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ 64 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵜ ⴳ 8 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 5 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ [[ⴷⴰⵡⵃⴰ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[18 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 2022. ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⵍ'[[ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]  ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴼⵓⴹ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 120&quot; ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵜ.

==ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵉⴽⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ==
ⵜⵃⵢⵢⵍ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⴰⵏ]].
ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ.


{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴰ]]
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
![[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ'ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ]]
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:2022 FIFA World Cup at Al Thumama Stadium.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴷⴰⵡⵃⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;44 400 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Brésil vs Serbie.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]&lt;br /&gt;88 966 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:2022 FIFA World Cup Korea Uruguay 02.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴰⵕⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;44 667 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|-
! [[ⵃⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 974]] 
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]]
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Al-rayyan-stadium.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴰⵕⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 032 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
| &lt;br /&gt;[[ⴷⴰⵡⵃⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;44 089 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:2020 AFC Champions League Final 2.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵍⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;44 325 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|-
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ]]
! [[ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ]]
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Al Bayt Stadium.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴰⵍⵅⴰⵡⵔ]]&lt;br /&gt;68 895 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Khalifa Stadium, Doha, Brazil vs Argentina (2010).jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴰⵕⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 857 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|}

== ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ==
ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 2022, ⵜⴼⵙⵔ [[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ 36 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ 69 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ 24 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ'ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ [[VAR]] ⵢ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022.
ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ
!ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ
!ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ
!ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ]]
|[[ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]])
|ⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⵏⴳ ([[Chinese Football Association|ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt; ⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵜ ([[Football Federation Australia|ⵓⵙⵜⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ]])&lt;br/&gt;ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵔⵔⴰⵃⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵙⵉⵎ ([Qatar Football Association|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]]) 
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ]] (ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ)
|-
|[[ⵢⵓⵛⵉⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵜⴰ]] ([[Japan Football Association|ⵉⴱⵓⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])


|ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])
|-
|[[ⵔⵢⵓⵊⵉ ⵙⴰⵜⵓ]] ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴽⴹⴱⵓⵏ]])
|ⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵛⵉ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵜⵛⵉ ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵏⴰⵡⵡⴰⴼ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ([[Bahrain Football Association|ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ]])
|ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴼⴰⵜ ([[Bahrain Football Association|ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ([[Qatar Football Association|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]]) 
|}

==ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!AFC
!CAF 
!CONCACAF
!CONMEBOL
|- 
|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Saudi Arabia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵥⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Qatar|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ}}&lt;br /&gt;(ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ)
|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Ghana|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵖⴰⵏⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Cameroon|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰ|ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}

|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}} 

|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Ecuador|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;|UEFA 
|-
|colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Wales|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵡⵉⵍⵥ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}} 
|}

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]]
|'''7'''||3||2||1||0||5||1||+4
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Senegal.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||5||4||+1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Ecuador.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||4||3||+1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Qatar.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]]
|'''0'''||3||0||0||3||1||7||–6
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|20 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|-
|21 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|-
|25 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 3'''
|'''ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 1'''
|'''ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|-
|29 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 0'''
|'''ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 2'''
|'''ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴱ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_England.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]]
|'''7'''||3||2||1||0||9||2||+7
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_United_States.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ]]
|'''5'''||3||1||2||0||2||1||+1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Iran.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]]
|'''3'''||3||1||0||2||4||7||–3
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Wales.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵡⵉⵍⵣ]]
|'''1'''||3||0||1||2||1||6||–5
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|21 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''6 – 2'''
|'''ⵉⵔⴰⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 1'''
|'''ⵡⵉⵍⵣ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|25 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵡⵉⵍⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⵉⵔⴰⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|-
|29 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵡⵉⵍⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 3'''
|'''ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵉⵔⴰⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 1'''
|'''ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵛ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Argentina.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||5||2||+3
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Poland.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||2||2||0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||2||3||–1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
|'''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵢⴰ]]
|'''3'''||3||1||0||2||3||5||–2
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|22 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 2'''
|'''ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|-
|26 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 0'''
|'''ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 0'''
|'''ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|-
|30 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 2'''
|'''ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴷ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
|'''1''' ||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_France.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||6||3||+3
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Australia.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||3||4||–1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||1||1||0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ]]
|'''1'''||3||0||1||2||1||3||–2
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|22 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''4 – 1'''
|'''ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|-
|26 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 1'''
|'''ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 1'''
|'''ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|-
|30 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴻ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||4||3||+1
|- bgcolor=#CCFFCC
| '''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Spain.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||9||3||+6
|- bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| '''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Germany.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||6||5||+1
|- bgcolor=#FFCCCC
| '''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Costa_Rica_(state).svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ]]
|'''3'''||3||1||0||2||3||11||–8
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|23 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 2'''
|'''ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''7 – 0'''
|'''ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|-
|27 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 1'''
|'''ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 1'''
|'''ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|-
|1 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 1'''
|'''ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 4'''
|'''ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴼ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Morocco.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
|'''7'''||3||2||1||0||4||1||+3
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]
|'''5'''||3||1||2||0||4||1||+3
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Belgium.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||1||2||–1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Canada.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
|'''0'''||3||0||0||3||2||7||–5
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|23 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Bayt]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|27 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''4 – 1'''
|'''ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|-
|1 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 2'''
|'''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Tumama]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Brazil.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||3||1||+2
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg|15px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||4||3||+1
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||4||4||0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]]
|'''1'''||3||0||1||2||5||8||–3
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|24 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 0'''
|'''ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|-
|28 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''3 – 3'''
|'''ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|-
| 2 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⵓⵏ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''1 – 0'''
|'''ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 3'''
|'''ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|}

=== ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵀ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|-
!width=&quot;30&quot;|
!width=&quot;180&quot;|&lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ
!width=&quot;30&quot;|ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵏⵔⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ
!width=&quot;20&quot;|ⵜⵔⵥⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⵙⵙⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ
!width=&quot;25&quot;|ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''1'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Portugal.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ]]
|'''6'''||3||2||0||1||6||4||+2
|- bgcolor=#ccffcc
| '''2'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||4||4||0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''3'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Uruguay.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]]
|'''4'''||3||1||1||1||2||2||0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#FFCCCC&quot;
| '''4'''||style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|20px]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵖⴰⵏⴰ]]
|'''3'''||3||1||0||2||5||7||–2
|}
{| style=&quot;width:100%;font-size:90%;&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; |
!style=&quot;width:25%;&quot; |
|-
|24 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 0'''
|'''ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''3 – 2'''
|'''ⵖⴰⵏⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|-
|28 ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 3'''
|'''ⵖⴰⵏⴰ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 0'''
|'''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|-
| 2 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''2 – 1'''
|'''ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |'''ⵖⴰⵏⴰ'''
|style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |'''0 – 2'''
|'''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ'''
|[[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub]]
|}

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ==
ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ 32 ⵖ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
!ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
!ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ
|-
|'''A'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]]
|-
|'''B'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ]]
|-
|'''C'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ]]
|-
|'''D'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ]]
|-
|'''E'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]
|-
|'''F'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]
|-
|'''G'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ]]
|-
|'''H'''
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ]]
|[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]]
|}

===ⵜⴰⴳⴹⵡⵉⵜ===
ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ.
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right; width:1em; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ 16
|3eplace=oui
|bordures=aaa
|fond titres=E6F2E6
|fond gagnant=efefef
|fond perdant=f9f9f9 
|largeur équipes=200
|largeur scores=40
|H-titre='''ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|Q-titre='''ⴰⴼⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|D-titre='''ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|F-titre='''ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|F2-titre='''ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3'''&lt;br /&gt;

|H1-info=3 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ|ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|H1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}}'''
|H1-S1= '''3'''
|H1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ}}
|H1-S2= 1
|H1-v=1

|H2-info=3 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ|ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]]
|H2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}'''
|H2-S1= '''2'''
|H2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}
|H2-S2= 1
|H2-v=1

|H3-info=5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ Al Janub|Al Janub]]
|H3-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ}}
|H3-S1= 1 (1)
|H3-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|H3-S2= '''1 (3)'''
|H3-v=2

|H4-info=5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ 974]]
|H4-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}'''
|H4-S1= '''4'''
|H4-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ}}
|H4-S2= 1
|H4-v=1

|H5-info=4 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ|ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ]]
|H5-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''
|H5-S1= '''3'''
|H5-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}
|H5-S2= 0
|H5-v=1

|H6-info=4 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴰ|ⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴰ]]
|H6-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|H6-S1= '''3'''
|H6-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ}}
|H6-S2= 1
|H6-v=1

|H7-info=6 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|H7-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|H7-S1= '''0 (3)'''
|H7-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ}}
|H7-S2= 0 (0)
|H7-v=1

|H8-info=6 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ|ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|H8-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ}}'''
|H8-S1= '''6'''
|H8-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}
|H8-S2= 1
|H8-v=1

|Q1-info=9 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ|ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|Q1-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}}
|Q1-S1= 2 (3)
|Q1-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|Q1-S2= '''2 (4)'''
|Q1-v=2

|Q2-info=9 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]
|Q2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|Q2-S1= '''1 (4)'''
|Q2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}
|Q2-S2= 1 (2)
|Q2-v=1

|Q3-info=10 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ|ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ]]
|Q3-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
|Q3-S1= 1
|Q3-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|Q3-S2= '''2'''
|Q3-v=2

|Q4-info=10 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴰ|ⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵎⴰ]]
|Q4-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}'''
|Q4-S1= '''1'''
|Q4-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵟⵇⵉⵣ}}
|Q4-S2= 0
|Q4-v=1

|D1-info=13 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ|ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|D1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}'''
|D1-S1= '''3'''
|D1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}
|D1-S2= 0
|D1-v=1

|D2-info=14 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ|ⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵜ]]
|D2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|D2-S1= '''2'''
|D2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
|D2-S2= 0
|D2-v=1

|F1-info=18 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ|ⵍⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍ]]
|F1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|F1-S1= '''3 (4)'''
|F1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}
|F1-S2= 3 (2)
|F1-v=1

|F2-info=17 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ – [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ|ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]]
|F2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}'''
|F2-S1= '''2'''
|F2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
|F2-S2= 1
|F2-v=1
}}

===ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ===
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 49
| date = 3 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022
| heure = 18:00 [[UTC+03:00|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States}} [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ]]
| score = 3 - 1
| score mi-temps = 2 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Memphis Depay|Memphis]] {{but|10}}&lt;br&gt;[[Daley Blind|Blind]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|45+1}}&lt;br&gt;[[Denzel Dumfries|Dumfries]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|81}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|76}} [[Haji Wright|Wright]]
| stade = [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ]], [[ⴷⵓⵃⴰ]]
| affluence = 44 846
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil}} [[Wilton Sampaio]]
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/17/255711/285073/400128136?country=FR&amp;wtw-filter=ALL ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 50
| date = 3 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022
| heure = 22:00 [[UTC+03:00|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States}} [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ]]
| score = 2 - 1
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Lionel Messi|Messi]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|35}}&lt;br&gt;[[Julián Álvarez|Álvarez]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|57}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|77}} [[Enzo Fernández (football, 2001)|Fernández]]
| stade = [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ]], [[Al Rayyan|Al Rayyan]]
| affluence = 45 032
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland}} [[Szymon Marciniak]]
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/fr/match-centre/match/17/255711/285073/400128131?country=FR&amp;wtw-filter=ALL ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

==ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ==
&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ --&gt;
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>chjppczzy6v4l2qw5v3sxo195yr10w9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176824</id>
      <parentid>176766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ */</comment>
      <origin>176824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7785" sha1="pa8yg8u4hicngwwa0917kpw0imddnqv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>pa8yg8u4hicngwwa0917kpw0imddnqv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:59:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7779" sha1="a1fhnwslrcnyfwpvlhl7ygvqjf2nohe" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>a1fhnwslrcnyfwpvlhl7ygvqjf2nohe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176826</id>
      <parentid>176825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T19:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="8514" sha1="fk9lcdb8ya8ysu9vd861oc94esg694m" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (8 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 88 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (10 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 4 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 76 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (16 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T19:27:09Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="8508" sha1="f20sa0djt9e2icr2h0x304povaa2v35" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (8 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 88 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (10 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 4 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 76 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (16 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="9933" sha1="h8tnzxp5pzhhqx8tz4r2kc2avlezs9i" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (8 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 88 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (10 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 4 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 76 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (16 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
ⴳ 10 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017, ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 16 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴼ/ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 32. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 64 ⵖⵔ 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T20:12:26Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="10510" sha1="plddd9th23ainzrduphkdlmn478484g" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ.

== ⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ==
[[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (8 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 88 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (10 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 4 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 76 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (16 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
ⴳ 10 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017, ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 16 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴼ/ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 32. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 64 ⵖⵔ 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T20:20:35Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="10510" sha1="4d1ayr2leq9sv7kw5ubuzfco225dln8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = World Cup FIFA 2026
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2026 FIFA World Cup ensign (PD version).png
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2026
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = 
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 23
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Canada|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|USA|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 48 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 16 (ⴳ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ)
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = 
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = 
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = 
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = 
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = [https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022 ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ]
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|← ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2030|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026 →]]
}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 24 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ([[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]], ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ.[[File:Flag of the North American Free Trade Agreement (standard version).svg|thumbnail]]ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ (ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ) ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ 2002. ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ 1970 ⴷ 1986, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1994, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ 2022 ⴳ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ.

ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⴰⵙⴰⵡ, ⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ/ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[2022]] ⴷⴳ ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵕ.

== ⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ==
[[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ.

== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ==
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2013, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍⵒⴱⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2016, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ) [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ 4 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Options) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ:

*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (8 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 5 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 88 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 40 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (10 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 4 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 76 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
*    ⴰⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵖⵔ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ (16 ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ) – 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
ⴳ 10 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017, ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ 48 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 16 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴼ/ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 32. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 64 ⵖⵔ 80 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>4d1ayr2leq9sv7kw5ubuzfco225dln8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4146" sha1="dmiozok0bjom3ljd5ygx3549xr4abk5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4143" sha1="7xwm2t2j2wiakbqco0spev0u3qpv2u9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:23:12Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4140" sha1="h6hb8xfys0rmpzx5pvgnb89t97hzxct" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
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|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4137" sha1="5dy4q96hmfyd5mgdpxypcg1cucsnplp" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>5dy4q96hmfyd5mgdpxypcg1cucsnplp</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4134" sha1="rn5g1ve30culqtk7bazf13t7er6iwkg" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>rn5g1ve30culqtk7bazf13t7er6iwkg</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:25:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4128" sha1="e8mcm1q58qa2tsihwq6hsg8rl0e5xjh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>e8mcm1q58qa2tsihwq6hsg8rl0e5xjh</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:25:56Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4131" sha1="pn49xsrghtxfqtynap6zaw8xatdb003" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:26:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4128" sha1="c6g8e71v48milbztpn5h7viinpj6noz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
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      <text bytes="4128" sha1="hq060qtjy5a622fykcu116c1k4b0ikd" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4128" sha1="jjxcxcjldi2s2bnkgbp8m5afzf6ay02" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>jjxcxcjldi2s2bnkgbp8m5afzf6ay02</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4125" sha1="lje8a8wnbsv273z6cq2tvqdu3fl2jos" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>lje8a8wnbsv273z6cq2tvqdu3fl2jos</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:30:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4129" sha1="2pk0uizyre87v4w7jycpolc9dn8anlm" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>2pk0uizyre87v4w7jycpolc9dn8anlm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176878</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:31:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4130" sha1="ahxg5x12h8ex6pgurqg2aqc4jqbz7f8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flower poster 2.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]

ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ]], '''ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ'''  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ. ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ.

ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵖⴰⴷⴷ ⴰⴼ ⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ (ⵉⵖⵎⵉ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ.

ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵛⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;'''  Kaisa Mustajärvi, Pirkko Siikamäki, Saara Rytkönen, Antti Lammi, «  », ''Journal of Ecology'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89, &lt;abbr&gt;no&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ février 2001, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 80–87 &lt;small&gt;(DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2001.00521.x)&lt;/small&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pyrus pyraster sl24.jpg|thumb |ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴽⴽⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵖⵉ]]

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ==
ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;'''&lt;small&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ)&lt;/small&gt;''' https://web.archive.org/web/20210103122850/https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/lexieam.php&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ==
ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ, ⵣⵓⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;:

* ⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛ (ⵜⴰⵏⵡⵡⴰⵛⵜ)
* ⴰⵏⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢ (ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⵍⵓⵢⵜ)
* ⴰⵔ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] &quot;ⵍⵡⵕⴹ&quot; ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ, ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵜ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵜⵉⵍⵡⵕⴹⵉⵏ&quot;.

==ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ:

{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ 
|text=ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵖ
|25px
|25px
|[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=104722&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵍⵎⴰⵃⴰⴱⴱⴰ (ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵏⵉⵊⵜ)
}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵉⵎⵖⵉ |ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>ahxg5x12h8ex6pgurqg2aqc4jqbz7f8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1128</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:32:53Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰⵟ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵔⵔⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>37u690dv0kodrp3x5n8s0xvazgixocc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176880</id>
      <parentid>176879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:33:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4813" sha1="r0rtjesvvdxyjyohoi7s1t0jem7dpmu" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰⵟ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵔⵔⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>r0rtjesvvdxyjyohoi7s1t0jem7dpmu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176881</id>
      <parentid>176880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:34:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4810" sha1="10dxmieiy2syi51muxekdxvjc5dxvya" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵔⵔⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>10dxmieiy2syi51muxekdxvjc5dxvya</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176882</id>
      <parentid>176881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:34:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4810" sha1="64flad6a1tzb9myxw4177o6278dpaan" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵕⵕⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>64flad6a1tzb9myxw4177o6278dpaan</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176883</id>
      <parentid>176882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4813" sha1="szcpnqp9moxlaiqua3d263f0u2yk4qx" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵕⵕⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>szcpnqp9moxlaiqua3d263f0u2yk4qx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176884</id>
      <parentid>176883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:37:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4831" sha1="d29wk4z8ybd53ete2tzpg40h6wgw3cj" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵕⵕⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|الهراويين
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>d29wk4z8ybd53ete2tzpg40h6wgw3cj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176885</id>
      <parentid>176884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4834" sha1="g74eqhn18g5ae01o6a2cvf7vyd18gmz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵕⵕⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|الهراويين
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>g74eqhn18g5ae01o6a2cvf7vyd18gmz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176886</id>
      <parentid>176885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:39:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4837" sha1="eho759a1rd5if5n5sf4l56cijbxm3cz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ
| Rabat
| الرباط
| Rabat
|-
| ⴰⵏⴼⴰ
| Casablanca
| الدار البيضاء
| Casablanca
|-
| ⴼⴰⵙ
| Fez
| فاس
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉ
| Tangier
| طنجة
|
|-
| ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ
| Marrakesh
| مراكش
|
|-
| ⵙⵍⴰ
| Salé
| سلا
|
|-
| ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
| Meknes
| مكناس
|
|-
| ⵓⵊⴷⴰ
| Oujda
| وجدة
|
|-
| ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| Kenitra
| قنيطرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
| Agadir
| أكادير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
| Tetouan
| تطوان
|
|-
| ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| Temara
| تمارة
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| Safi
| أسفي
|
|-
| ⴼⴹⴰⵍⴰ
| Mohammedia
| المحمدية
|
|-
| ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| Khouribga
| خريبكة
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| El Jadida
| الجديدة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ
| Beni Mellal
| بني ملال
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| Aït Melloul
| أيت ملول
|
|-
| ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵓⵕ
| Nador
| الناظور
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵄⴰⵣⵣⴰ
| Dar Bouazza
| دار بوعزة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵣⴰ
| Taza
| تازة
|
|-
| ⵙⵟⵟⴰⵜ
| Settat
| سطات
|
|-
| ⴱⵕⵕⵛⵉⴷ
| Berrechid
| برشيد
|
|-
| ⵅⵎⵉⵙⴰⵜ
| Khemisset
| الخميسات
|
|-
| ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ
| Inezgane
| إنزكان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ
| Ksar El Kebir
| القصر الكبير
|
|-
| ⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵙ
| Larache
| العرائش
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ
| Guelmim
| كلميم
|
|-
| ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ
| Khenifra
| خنيفرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ
| Berkane
| بركان
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ
| Taourirt
| تاوريرت
|
|-
| ⴱⵓⵙⴽⴽⵓⵔⴰ
| Bouskoura
| بوسكورة
|
|-
| ⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵓ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ
| Fquih Ben Salah
| الفقيه بن صالح
|
|-
| ⴷⵛⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵜ
| Dcheira El Jihadia
| الدشيرة الجهادية
|
|-
| ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ
| Oued Zem
| واد زم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵖⵏ
| El Kelaa Des Sraghna
| قلعة السراغنة
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Sidi Slimane
| سيدي سليمان
|
|-
| ⵕⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
| Errachidia
| الراشيدية
|
|-
| ⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ
| Guercif
| كرسيف
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ
| Oulad Teima
| أولاد تايمة
|
|-
| ⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵔ
| Ben Guerir
| بن جرير
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵜ
| Tifelt
| تيفلت
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵇⵍⵉⵄⵜ
| Lqliaa
| القليعة
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| Taroudant
| تارودانت
|
|-
| ⴰⵚⴼⵕⵓ
| Sefrou
| صفرو
|
|-
| ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| Essaouira
| الصويرة
|
|-
| ⴰⴼⵏⵉⴷⵇ
| Fnideq
| الفنيدق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵇⴰⵙⵎ
| Sidi Kacem
| سيدي قاسم
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ
| Tiznit
| تيزنيت
|
|-
| ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ
| Tan-Tan
| طانطان
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ
| Ouarzazate
| وارزازات
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ
| Souk El Arbaa
| سوق الأربعاء
|
|-
| ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵙⵓⴼⵜ
| Youssoufia
| اليوسفية
|
|-
| ⵍⴰⵀⵔⴰⵡⵢⵢⵉⵏ
| Lahraouyine
|الهراويين
|
|-
| ⵎⴰⵕⵜⵉⵍ
| Martil
| مارتيل
|
|-
| ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵔⵔⵓⴷⴰ
| Ain Harrouda
| عين حرودة
|
|-
| ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| Suq as-Sabt Awlad an-Nama
| سوق السبت أولاد النامة
|
|-
| ⵚⵅⵉⵔⴰⵜ
| Skhirat
| الصخيرات
|
|-
| ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
| Ouazzane
| وازان
|
|-
| ⴱⵏⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ
| Benslimane
| بنسليمان
|
|-
| ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ
| Al Hoceima
| الحسيمة
|
|-
| ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵕ
| Beni Ansar
| بني أنصار
|
|-
| ⴰⵎⴹⵢⴰⵇ
| M'diq
| المضيق
|
|-
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵏⵓⵕ
| Sidi Bennour
| سيدي بنور
|
|-
| ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ
| Midelt
| ميدلت
|
|-
| ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
| Azrou
| أزرو
|
|-
| ⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ
| Drargua
| الدراركة
|
|-
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>eho759a1rd5if5n5sf4l56cijbxm3cz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176887</id>
      <parentid>155785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:43:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4462" sha1="h5gr0jytgobfy3iqsyjt8nniu8547gn" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ
| page
| الصفحة
| page
|-
| '''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ
| book
| الكتاب
| livre
|-
| '''ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
| earth / soil / ground
| الأرض /التراب
| terre / sol
|- 
| '''ⴰⴽⵓⴷ
| time
| الوقت
| temps
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| freedom
| الحرية
| liberté
|-
| '''ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| free (m.)
| حر
| libre (m.)
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ
| world
| العالم
| monde
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ 
| article
| مقال
| article
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
| center
| المركز
| centre
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ
| president
| الرئيس
| président
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| writer
| الكاتب
| écrivain
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
| history
| التاريخ
| histoire
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ
| war
| الحرب
| guerre
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ
| fighting, fight, battle
| القتال، المعركة
| combat, bataille
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ
| animal
| الحيوان
| animal
|-
| '''ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
| climate
| المناخ
| climat
|-
| '''ⴰⵜⵉⴳ
| price
| الثمن
| prix
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| picture, photo
| الصورة
| photo
|-
| '''ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
| prehistory
| ما قبل التاريخ
| préhistoire
|-
| '''ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| music
| الموسيقى
| musique
|-
| '''ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ 
| south
| الجنوب
| sud
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ
| north
| الشمال
| nord
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ
| east
| الشرق
| est, orient
|-
| '''ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
| west
| الغرب
| ouest
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ
| republic 
| الجمهورية
| république
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ 
| kingdom
| المملكة
| royaume
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ
| revolution
| الثورة
| révolution
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ
| capital city
| العاصمة
| capitale
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ 
| region
| المنطة، الإقليم
| région / province
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ
| opposition
| المعارضة
| opposition
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ
| encyclopedia
| الموسوعة
| encyclopédie
|-
| '''ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ
| strength 
| القوة
| puissance
|-
|}

==ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]]
! عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ'''
| page
| صفحة
|-
| '''ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ'''
| data
|معطيات
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ'''
| movement
| حركة
|-

| '''ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ''' 
| activity
|نشاط
|-
| '''ⵙⵏⴼⵍ''' 
| to edit
| تحرير
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ'''
| editor
| محرر
|-
| '''ⵙⵏⵖⵍ''' 
| to copy
|نسخ
|-
| '''ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ''' 
| copy 
| نسخة
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵖⵏ
| link
| رابط
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ
| account
| حساب (رسمي)
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ
| size
| حجم
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ/ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ
| user
| مستعمل
|-
| '''ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ
| file
| ملف
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ
| list
| لائحة
|-
| '''ⵓⵎⵓⵖ
| menu
|  قائمة
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼ
| gallery
| 
|-
| '''ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ
| comment
| تعليق
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ
| level
| مستوى
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ
| guide
|دليل
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ
| member
| عضو
|-
| '''ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ
| pseudonym / nickname
| لقب
|-
| '''ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ
| anonymous
| مجهول
|-
| '''ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ
| unknown
| مجهول
|-
| '''ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ
| text
| نص
|-
| '''ⴰⵣⵡⵍ
| title 
| عنوان
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
| word
| كلمة
|-
| '''ⵙⵜⵢ
| select
| إختر
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ
| help 
| مساعدة
|-
|}

= ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ =
*[[ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ]]

= ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ =

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>h5gr0jytgobfy3iqsyjt8nniu8547gn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176888</id>
      <parentid>176887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:44:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4483" sha1="andt5xunwnjh3yhjgibzsqo2qnaq88y" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]]
!عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
! Français
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|40px]]
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ
| page
| الصفحة
| page
|-
| '''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ
| book
| الكتاب
| livre
|-
| '''ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
| earth / soil / ground
| الأرض /التراب
| terre / sol
|- 
| '''ⴰⴽⵓⴷ
| time
| الوقت
| temps
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| freedom
| الحرية
| liberté
|-
| '''ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| free (m.)
| حر
| libre (m.)
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ
| world
| العالم
| monde
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ 
| article
| مقال
| article
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
| center
| المركز
| centre
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ
| president
| الرئيس
| président
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ
| writer
| الكاتب
| écrivain
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
| history
| التاريخ
| histoire
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ
| war
| الحرب
| guerre
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ
| fighting, fight, battle
| القتال، المعركة
| combat, bataille
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ
| animal
| الحيوان
| animal
|-
| '''ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
| climate
| المناخ
| climat
|-
| '''ⴰⵜⵉⴳ
| price
| الثمن
| prix
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| picture, photo
| الصورة
| photo
|-
| '''ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
| prehistory
| ما قبل التاريخ
| préhistoire
|-
| '''ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| music
| الموسيقى
| musique
|-
| '''ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ 
| south
| الجنوب
| sud
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ
| north
| الشمال
| nord
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ
| east
| الشرق
| est, orient
|-
| '''ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
| west
| الغرب
| ouest
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ
| republic 
| الجمهورية
| république
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ 
| kingdom
| المملكة
| royaume
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ
| revolution
| الثورة
| révolution
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ
| capital city
| العاصمة
| capitale
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ 
| region
| المنطة، الإقليم
| région / province
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴳⵍⴰ
| opposition
| المعارضة
| opposition
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ
| encyclopedia
| الموسوعة
| encyclopédie
|-
| '''ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ
| strength 
| القوة
| puissance
|-
|}

==ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|40px]]
! English 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United States.svg|40px]]
! عربية
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|40px]]
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ'''
| page
| صفحة
|-
| '''ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ'''
| data
|معطيات
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ'''
| movement
| حركة
|-

| '''ⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷ''' 
| activity
|نشاط
|-
| '''ⵙⵏⴼⵍ''' 
| to edit
| تحرير
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ'''
| editor
| محرر
|-
| '''ⵙⵏⵖⵍ''' 
| to copy
|نسخ
|-
| '''ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ''' 
| copy 
| نسخة
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵖⵏ
| link
| رابط
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏ
| account
| حساب (رسمي)
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ
| size
| حجم
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ/ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ
| user
| مستعمل
|-
| '''ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ
| file
| ملف
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ
| list
| لائحة
|-
| '''ⵓⵎⵓⵖ
| menu
|  قائمة
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼ
| gallery
| ألبوم الصور
|-
| '''ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ
| comment
| تعليق
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ
| level
| مستوى
|-
| '''ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ
| guide
|دليل
|-
| '''ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ
| member
| عضو
|-
| '''ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ
| pseudonym / nickname
| لقب
|-
| '''ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ
| anonymous
| مجهول
|-
| '''ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ
| unknown
| مجهول
|-
| '''ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ
| text
| نص
|-
| '''ⴰⵣⵡⵍ
| title 
| عنوان
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
| word
| كلمة
|-
| '''ⵙⵜⵢ
| select
| إختر
|-
| '''ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ
| help 
| مساعدة
|-
|}

= ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ =
*[[ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ]]

= ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ =

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176889</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T22:46:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ''' ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.
=ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ=
ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ « Internet » ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ internetting, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ : « ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ », ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1972 ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵏ (Robert Elliot Kahn), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1983, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ « Internet » ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ARPANET ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ.

=ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ=
=ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ=

=ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ=
=ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ=
=ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ=
=ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ=
=ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ=
=ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ=
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1218</id>
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      <origin>176890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6099" sha1="1t6l76e1z4uj1nfew8wkujxmnt3wanf" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ  ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ  ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ  ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6095" sha1="s6r6jj1vfjxhe9k1xt1n3syu9el9ztj" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
'''ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ''', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ  ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵖ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⴷ:

* ⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=360483]

==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ:==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ  ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ.

ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ  ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ: ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ: ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ  ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵖⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ).

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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    <title>ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ</title>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
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      <text bytes="9021" sha1="qfg805ekxvv6srrsfdqysi7gcjjnbai" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ , ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ , ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⴰⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ) , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ , ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⴰⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ) , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⴰⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ) , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|alt=ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔ|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⴰⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ) , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ) , ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|alt=ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔ|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|thumb|alt=ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔ|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}} 
ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ, ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ, ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ  ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ, ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ: България, ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴽ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵉⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ  ⵉⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ 110.994 ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (428.55 ⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ), ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⴼⵉⴷⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⴳⴰⵙ

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏⴼⵓ ⵣⴳⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⴹⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 6500 ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ,  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵇⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵔⵙⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜⵢⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵇⴷⵓⵏⵢⵢⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵖⵊⴷⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 45 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵓⵎ , ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ,    ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰ. ⵉⵏⵟⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔⵓⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ  ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ , ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⵉⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 681 ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵅ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵣⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ , ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵉⵥⴰⵏⵟ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1185 ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵅⵛⵛ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⵉⵛⵛⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1218-1241). ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵃⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ , ⵜⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1396 ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵓⵜⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ.

ⵜⴼⵔⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉⵜ (1877-1878) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⵉⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ , ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵀⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1946 , ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵀⴰⴹ ⵅ ⵜⵉⴽⵡⵡⵛ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  1989 ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵜⵜⵓⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⵅ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ. ⵣⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵣⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵎⵉⵏⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ 1991 , ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 28 ⵏ ⴰⴱⵏⵏⵣ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵔⴽⵓⵎ , ⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ , ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 68 ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵛⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⵣ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ , ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ - ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ - ⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2018 ⴷ 2021 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⵍⵎⵉ ⵜⵢⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵊⵊⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⵉ 2022. ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ , ⴰⴳ ⵉⴽⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢ , ⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⵏ 9.009.018 ⴷⵉ ⴳⵯ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 , ⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵣⵉ 6.4 ⴰⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵙ. ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵄⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵄⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
      <sha1>5tmg1b06xl45hkeb1v1qbwz4114szxb</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T23:06:10Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
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      <text bytes="4722" sha1="npze08ne4skyd282qgub6uhpfrlp5yo" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵄⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T23:07:33Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4722" sha1="rfkpfakz6ntjf3qrhkqrz5nwoxkplis" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵄⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T23:07:57Z</timestamp>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵄⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4716" sha1="t6zn3kxyusqjv2ld3uauljtumw5xk56" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
      <sha1>ak8pfs3y88tnhc8o0kdu2i0ufp40qri</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T23:10:25Z</timestamp>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4725" sha1="5toc2qjahxid5uc8o3qhbmgjsbhowlw" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴹⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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        <username>ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ</username>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴹⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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        <id>32142</id>
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      <text bytes="4721" sha1="6ya4c0w823113w3lb5xu8apfmudcorf" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ '''ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ''' ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ]]. ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ 
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵡ ⴳⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎ ⴳⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ 
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵎⵎⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵖ. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵟⵟⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵚⴰⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵚⴼ,
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵕⵕⴱⵄ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵟⵟⴼⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵉⵔ. 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⵉ: ⵉⵔⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵇⵉⵍⵍⵓ. ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ: ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓⵜ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵯⴷⴷⵉⵎⵜ, ⴱⵓ ⵉⴳⵯⵍⵥⴰⵏ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ, ⵓⵔⵓⵣⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ
ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵖⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴱⴰⵔⵉ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ 
ⵙ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴹⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴽⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵍⵍⴰⵃ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ
ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ. 

==ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵛⵛⴰⵃ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ==
ⴰⵅⵎⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⵙⴳ 1991. ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⴹⵕⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ  ⵉⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    <ns>2</ns>
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        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <text bytes="727" sha1="i4e35r6s2nx4arkdcug2ku5n9guto7g" xml:space="preserve">Azul

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [[User:YourUsername|👤 &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0033cc;&quot;&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;]]
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  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [[User talk:YourUsername|💬 &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0033cc;&quot;&gt;Talk&lt;/span&gt;]]
  &lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [[User:YourUsername/Sandbox|📝 &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0033cc;&quot;&gt;Contributions&lt;/span&gt;]]
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&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="422" sha1="mywfpxqhbex32ot9jgnlg6dd7uoyf4o" xml:space="preserve">Azul

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [[ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ |👤 &lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0033cc;&quot;&gt;User&lt;/span&gt;]]
  &lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mywfpxqhbex32ot9jgnlg6dd7uoyf4o</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="286" sha1="rgq584oqx6gg7ajvrnhf5mtiyicy4jf" xml:space="preserve">Azul

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ] 
  &lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rgq584oqx6gg7ajvrnhf5mtiyicy4jf</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="296" sha1="navb9oyagavtd5r1ia8xwemuwr3ylcd" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵣⵓⵍ: 

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ] 
  &lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>navb9oyagavtd5r1ia8xwemuwr3ylcd</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="8c2gczab0pu4ww7msjd2cg5gha3r34v" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵣⵓⵍ: 

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ] 
  &lt;/div&gt;ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="489" sha1="mkuiaf0mi2y2dyeeee5g1he6j8r4hcf" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵣⵓⵍ: 

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]
 &quot;ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ&quot; 
  &lt;/div&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="646" sha1="aimcqsc8wusprcxjomy8tdjr2ormssc" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵣⵓⵍ: 

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]
 &quot;ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ&quot; 
  &lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ:</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:08:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="836" sha1="7pdfs8x934wcwnmuyxqix8hi5ylze22" xml:space="preserve">ⴰⵣⵓⵍ: 

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; gap: 5px; margin-bottom: 15px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; background: #b0b0b0; border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #777; text-align: center; padding: 10px;&quot;&gt;
    [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 👤 &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]
 &quot;ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ&quot; 
  &lt;/div&gt;ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

[[ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ|ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]] 

[[ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙ]] 

[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]</text>
      <sha1>7pdfs8x934wcwnmuyxqix8hi5ylze22</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176922</id>
      <parentid>176921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:10:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="614" sha1="pbgnzpkq10hztck36lik1j0314i42iw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Main Container using Flexbox --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;&quot;&gt;

  &lt;!-- Navigation Grid (The row of cards/buttons) --&gt;
  &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;
    
    &lt;!-- Example Button Card (Repeat this div for each button) --&gt;
    &lt;div style=&quot;flex: 1; min-width: 70px; background: #b0b0b0; border: 1px solid #777; border-radius: 8px; text-align: center; padding: 10px; white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;
      [[User:YourUsername|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0033cc;&quot;&gt;👤&lt;br&gt;Amgrad&lt;/span&gt;]]
    &lt;/div&gt;
    
  &lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pbgnzpkq10hztck36lik1j0314i42iw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176923</id>
      <parentid>176922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:10:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176924</id>
      <parentid>176923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="205" sha1="ct2ywvf009kgawplewmown7dlpa02eb" xml:space="preserve">ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ &lt;&lt;بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحیم&gt;&gt;

ⴰⵣⵓⵍ 🖐

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ:

[https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]</text>
      <sha1>ct2ywvf009kgawplewmown7dlpa02eb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176925</id>
      <parentid>176924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:17:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="493" sha1="s13q93phqqh54nivltzss286jbkf09y" xml:space="preserve">ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ &lt;&lt;بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحیم&gt;&gt;

ⴰⵣⵓⵍ 🖐

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ:

[https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]


ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:

ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ

ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙ 

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ</text>
      <sha1>s13q93phqqh54nivltzss286jbkf09y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176926</id>
      <parentid>176925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:21:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="900" sha1="i1buckk0c163ti2kohbf3bde8exfqxw" xml:space="preserve">ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ &lt;&lt;🌷بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحیم&gt;&gt;

ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 🌍🖐

&lt;sub&gt;'''&quot;ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ&quot;'''&lt;/sub&gt;


ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ: [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]


'''&lt;u&gt;ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;/u&gt;'''

[[ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

[[ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙ]] 

[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]</text>
      <sha1>i1buckk0c163ti2kohbf3bde8exfqxw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176927</id>
      <parentid>176926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-22T00:22:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>176927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="901" sha1="gk3952uyxfttskye5s0yep8fuxuybt5" xml:space="preserve">ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ &lt;&lt;🌷بسم اللّه الرحمن الرحیم&gt;&gt;

ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 🌍🖐

&lt;sub&gt;'''&quot;ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ&quot;'''&lt;/sub&gt;


ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵏⵓ: [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61572544543354 ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ]


'''&lt;u&gt;ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;/u&gt;'''

[[ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

[[ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵙ]] 

[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]</text>
      <sha1>gk3952uyxfttskye5s0yep8fuxuybt5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3121</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176822</id>
      <parentid>139926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:44:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>176822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4159" sha1="69i7tcn4t39fdgqb47i7i5y6dwutb6c" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{Infobox
|label10=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
|label11=ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ
|label12=ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
|label13=ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢ
|label16=ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ
|label17=ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ
|label19=ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ
|label20=ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ
|data10=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|15px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
|data11=[[ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]]
|data12=[[ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⴷ]]
|data19=92,73ⴽⵎ²
|data16=494,252 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵖ (2014)
|data17=131,020
|data13=60000
|data20=470ⵎ
|image3=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Coat_of_arms_of_Oujda.png|80px]]
|image15=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Oujdacol.jpg|250px]]
|above=ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ
|abovestyle=background-color: lightgrey;
|header14=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ
|subheader='''Oujda''' ([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⴼⵕ]])|subheaderstyle1=background-color: lightgrey
|header9=ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ
|header18=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
|data35={{Map draw| 34.689167, -1.911389|zoom=11| height=250 | width=250|frameless=s|marker-symbol=city}}
|data36=[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zgh&amp;pagename=ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ&amp;params=34.689167_N_-1.911389_E_scale:8000 34.689167, -1.911389]
|headerstyle=background-color: lightgrey;
|subheader2=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|15px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
}}
&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;'''ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵓⵊⴷⴰ''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵊ ⴱⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵏ 14 ⴽⵎ. ⵜⵇⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵣⵏⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 60ⴽⵎ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴱⵏⴰ ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⴰ ⵖ 994 ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⴷ.

==ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ==
ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ 492 873 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⵖ ⵏⵥⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014&lt;ref&gt;RGPH 2014 - Site HCP : [https://web.archive.org/web/20230702000402/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/]&lt;/ref&gt;.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ===
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ : 21%
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ : 24,6%

===ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ===
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ : 45,4%
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ  (ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ) : 26,2%
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 17%
* ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ (ⵏⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ) : 46,9%

==ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ==
===ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰ ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ''ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ'', ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵎⵎⵉⵇⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ|ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    <title>ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ</title>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ  ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ'''  '''ⴼⵉⴼⴰ''' (''FIFA World Cup'' ⵙ  [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ) ⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ '''ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ''' ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (''&lt;u&gt;ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ&lt;/u&gt;),'' ⵜⴰ ⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ''ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ'' ('''[[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]''') ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ 4 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1930|1930]] ⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1942 ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1946 ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ]]  ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ|ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|2022]] ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ &quot; [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ]] &quot; ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜⵜ ⵏ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]] . ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026|2026]] .

==ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ==
ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ  ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵜⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵛⵎ  [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]] . ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1998|1998]] ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 2022 ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 2026 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ 48 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ . ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ.

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==

==ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ==

===ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ  1930-1970===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Jules Rimet trophy replica.jpg|ⴰⴽⵔⴰⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ 1930 ⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1970|thumb]]

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Jules Rimet presents 1930 FIFA Cup to Raúl Jude 1974 stamp of Nicaragua.jpg|ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵔⴰⵡⵓⵍ ⵊⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 1930 |thumb]]

===ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵊ===

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|right|thumb]][[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Antoine Griezmann World Cup Trophy.jpg|right|thumb]]

==ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ==

==ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ==

==ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ==


[[ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]

==ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5199" sha1="cly0lhxl46o4iaok5l7r2u7163q16ps" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ  ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ'''  '''ⴼⵉⴼⴰ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: FIFA World Cup) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ '''ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ''' ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ)'','' ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵔⵔⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ''ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ'' ('''[[ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]''') ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ 4 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1930|1930]] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1942 ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1946 ⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ|ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|2022]] ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ &quot; [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ]] &quot; ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵕ]]. ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026|2026]].

==ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ==
ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ  ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵜⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵛⵎ  [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]] . ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1998|1998]] ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 2022 ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 2026 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵙ 48 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ . ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ.

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==

==ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ==

===ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ  1930-1970===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Jules Rimet trophy replica.jpg|ⴰⴽⵔⴰⵡⵙ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ 1930 ⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ 1970|thumb]]

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Jules Rimet presents 1930 FIFA Cup to Raúl Jude 1974 stamp of Nicaragua.jpg|ⵊⵓⵍ ⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵔⴰⵡⵓⵍ ⵊⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 1930 |thumb]]

===ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵊ===

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Maradona-Mundial 86 con la copa.JPG|right|thumb]][[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Antoine Griezmann World Cup Trophy.jpg|right|thumb]]

==ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ==

==ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ==

==ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ==


[[ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]

==ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>cly0lhxl46o4iaok5l7r2u7163q16ps</sha1>
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    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>5585</id>
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      <text bytes="2141" sha1="r515087pcymm73z0a5xrb244b85d145" xml:space="preserve">* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ]] ⵓ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] [[ⵉⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] (ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴷⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 104 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Edgar Morin LslaP 1549751.jpg|Frameless|150px|right]]
* [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ]] ⵙ 4 - 0.
* [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜ ⴹⵉⴼⵡⴰⵕ]] ⵙ 2 - 1 ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ/ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ.
* [[11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]].
*[[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]] ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ]] ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ.
*  ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ]]&quot; ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ|ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.


{{ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ]] '''.''' [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ/ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ]]}}</text>
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&lt;div class=&quot;main-footer&quot;&gt;ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ [[commons:Category:Tamazight|ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⵥ]]&lt;/div&gt;

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|&lt;u&gt;ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ&lt;/u&gt;: {{ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ|ⵣⵖ, ⵖ/ⵅ/ⴷⵖ, ⵊⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣ ⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ, ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ/ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ, ⵖⵡⴰⴷ/ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⵛⵔⴰ}} ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ&lt;/u&gt;: {{ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ|ⵙⴳ, ⴳ/ⴷⴳ, ⴳⵔ, ⵉⵙ ⴷ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ, ⴰⵣⴽⴽⴰ, ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ/ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ, ⵡⴰⴷ/ⵜⴰⴷ, ⴽⵔⴰ}} ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;u&gt;ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ&lt;/u&gt; ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⵓ/ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.
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      <text bytes="4105" sha1="3yvcu6gfaku5135csuyti7k3uqe5hem" xml:space="preserve">[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|Frameless|200px|right]]
'''[[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ]]''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]: Albert Einstein) (14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879 – 18 ⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1955) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ [[ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, (ⵉⴼⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ), ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ|ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ&quot; ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1921 ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ (ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ) ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ (Photoelectric)&quot;, ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ|ⵜⵏⴳⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] (E=mc²), [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ]], ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜ/ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ &quot;ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ (ⴰⵏⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ) ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ (1902 - 1909) ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ&quot;, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ (ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ) ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴽⵓⴷ.

{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ/22|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] '''.''' [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]] }}</text>
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|&lt;u&gt;ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ&lt;/u&gt;: ⴰⵔ {{ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ|ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ}} ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ&lt;/u&gt;: ⴰⵔ {{ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ|ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ}} ⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;ⴰⵛⴽⵓ&lt;/u&gt;: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ [[ⴻ|ⵓⵛⴼⴰ]] ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ.
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{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ|[[wikt:|ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] '''·''' [[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ/21|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]]}}
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      <text bytes="3726" sha1="ekbg8xmp0pw7x8w0xz4gfsxaay237i6" xml:space="preserve">*... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵎⵢⵓⵜⵛⵉ]] (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵓⵔ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴳⵔⴰⵀⴰⵎ]] ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ?[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Antonio Meucci.jpg|frameless|150px|right]]
* ...ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵏⵕⵡⵉⵊⵉ [[ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵙ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵙⵏ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵟⵕⵏⵊ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ 2800 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓ|ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓ]]?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ]] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ 225 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 243 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ!
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵢⵉⴼⵢⴰ]] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ [[ⴱⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]]?
* ...[[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ]] ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ [[ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ]]?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⵍ|ⵡⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ &quot;[[ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳ (1967). ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ 18 ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ|ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ]] ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴰⵔⵖⵏ]]?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵕⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ|ⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵍⵜ]] ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ]]?
* ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]] ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽⴰⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ), ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵏ?
{{ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ]] '''.''' [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ/ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ]]}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ/22</title>
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'''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⴷⴷⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ]]''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1942 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 10 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2004. ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ «ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ» ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ).

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1942 ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ.
ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴳⵣⵍⵇⴰⵏ: &quot;ⴷⴷⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ&quot; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵄⴰⵍⵉ&quot;.

{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ/22|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] '''.'''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}}</text>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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'''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ]]''' ⵏⵖ '''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⴷⴷⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ]]''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1942 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 10 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2004. ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ «ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ» ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ).

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1942 ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵔⵔⵃⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ.
ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴳⵣⵍⵇⴰⵏ: &quot;ⴷⴷⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ&quot; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵄⴰⵍⵉ&quot;.

{{ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ/22|ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ]] '''.'''[[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]}}</text>
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    <title>Module:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ</title>
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      </contributor>
      <origin>176928</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="23805" sha1="r1zgj2dcf4hkqeasx029u3v4i6q204x" xml:space="preserve">-- Supports manual template parameters and Wikidata auto-fetch.
-- Module use: {{#invoke:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|main|qid=Q...}}
-- Template use: {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ}}
-- ============================================================

local p = {}

-- ── Utility helpers ───────────────────────────────────────────

local function trimWhitespace(s)
    if type(s) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return s:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') or ''
end

local function exists(var)
    return var ~= nil and var ~= ''
end

-- Merge parent-frame args then invoke args (invoke wins on conflict)
local function getArgs(frame)
    local args = {}
    local parent = frame:getParent()
    if parent and parent.args then
        for k, v in pairs(parent.args) do args[k] = trimWhitespace(v) end
    end
    for k, v in pairs(frame.args) do args[k] = trimWhitespace(v) end
    return args
end

-- Format a Wikidata time string to a readable date
local function formatDate(dateString)
    if not dateString or type(dateString) ~= 'string' then return dateString end
    local year, month, day = dateString:match('^%+(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return dateString end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    local base
    if day and day ~= '00' and month and month ~= '00' then
        base = year .. '-' .. month .. '-' .. day .. 'T00:00:00Z'
        return lang:formatDate('j F Y', base)
    elseif month and month ~= '00' then
        base = year .. '-' .. month .. '-01T00:00:00Z'
        return lang:formatDate('F Y', base)
    else
        return year
    end
end

-- ── Wikidata entity loader ─────────────────────────────────────

local function getEntity(entityId)
    if not mw.wikibase then return nil end
    if not entityId then
        entityId = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage()
    end
    if not entityId then return nil end

    local success, entity = pcall(function()
        return mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
    end)

    if not (success and entity) then return nil end

    -- Attach helpers directly onto the entity table
    entity.getBestStatements = function(self, propertyId)
        if not self.claims or not self.claims[propertyId] then return {} end
        local out = {}
        for _, claim in pairs(self.claims[propertyId]) do
            if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                table.insert(out, claim)
            end
        end
        return out
    end

    return entity
end

-- ── Wikidata value fetchers ────────────────────────────────────

-- Low-level: fetch and format all values for one property on an entity
local function makeRequest(entityId, property)
    local entity = getEntity(entityId)
    if not entity then return nil, false end

    local statements = entity:getBestStatements(property)
    if #statements == 0 then return nil, false end

    local values = {}
    for _, statement in ipairs(statements) do
        local dv = statement.mainsnak.datavalue
        local val = nil

        if dv.type == 'string' then
            val = dv.value

        elseif dv.type == 'monolingualtext' then
            val = dv.value.text

        elseif dv.type == 'wikibase-entityid' then
            local tid   = dv.value.id
            local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(tid)
            local link  = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(tid)
            if link then
                val = string.format('[[%s|%s]]', link, label or tid)
            else
                val = string.format('[[:d:%s|%s]]', tid, label or tid)
            end

        elseif dv.type == 'quantity' then
            local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
            local lang   = mw.getContentLanguage()
            val = amount and lang:formatNum(amount) or dv.value.amount

        elseif dv.type == 'time' then
            val = formatDate(dv.value.time)
        end

        if val then table.insert(values, val) end
    end

    if #values &gt; 0 then
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

-- Fetch one or multiple properties; return first non-nil result
local function getWikidataValue(properties, entityId)
    local props = type(properties) == 'table' and properties or {properties}
    local values = {}
    for _, prop in ipairs(props) do
        local val, found = makeRequest(entityId, prop)
        if found then table.insert(values, val) end
    end
    if #values &gt; 0 then return table.concat(values, ', '), true end
    return nil, false
end

-- Return manual arg value; fall back to Wikidata if absent
local function getValueOrWikidata(args, paramName, properties)
    local value = args[paramName]
    if value then value = trimWhitespace(value) end
    local fromWikidata = false
    if not exists(value) and properties then
        value, fromWikidata = getWikidataValue(properties, args.qid)
    end
    return value, fromWikidata
end

-- ── Wikidata edit icon ────────────────────────────────────────

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId then return '' end
    return string.format(
        ' [[File:Edit-icon.svg|20px|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/%s#%s|ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]',
        entityId, propertyId
    )
end

-- ── Section / row builders ────────────────────────────────────

local HEADER_COLOR  = '#2E8B57'  -- Sea-green for sports tournament
local HEADER_TEXT   = 'white'
local SECTION_COLOR = '#4a9e6b'  -- Slightly lighter for sub-section headers
local ROW_BG        = '#f1f1f1'

local function addSectionHeader(infobox, title)
    infobox:tag('tr')
        :tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :wikitext(title)
        :css({
            ['background-color'] = SECTION_COLOR,
            ['color']            = HEADER_TEXT,
            ['padding']          = '0.4em',
            ['text-align']       = 'center',
            ['font-weight']      = 'bold',
			['font-size']        =  '110%',
        })
end

-- Add a standard label/value row; skip when value is absent
local function addRow(container, label, value, entityId, properties)
    if not exists(value) then return end
    local row = container:tag('tr')
    row:tag('th')
        :wikitext(label)
        :css({
            ['background-color'] = ROW_BG,
            ['padding']          = '0.2em',
            ['text-align']       = 'left',
            ['font-weight']      = 'bold',
            ['width']            = '45%',
        })
    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em' })
    -- Append Wikidata edit icons when value came from Wikidata
    if entityId and properties then
        local icons = {}
        for _, pid in ipairs(type(properties) == 'table' and properties or {properties}) do
            if pid then table.insert(icons, editIcon(entityId, pid)) end
        end
        cell:wikitext(value .. table.concat(icons))
    else
        cell:wikitext(value)
    end
end

-- ── Main entry point ──────────────────────────────────────────

function p.main(frame)
    local args = getArgs(frame)

    -- Resolve Wikidata entity
    local entityId = trimWhitespace(args.qid)
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    args.qid = entityId  -- normalise so getValueOrWikidata sees it

    local entity = getEntity(entityId)

    -- ── Build the infobox table ───────────────────────────────

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
    infobox:addClass('infobox')
    infobox:css({
        ['border']            = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
        ['border-spacing']    = '3px',
        ['background-color']  = '#f8f9fa',
        ['color']             = 'black',
        ['margin']            = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
        ['padding']           = '0.2em',
        ['float']             = 'right',
        ['clear']             = 'right',
        ['font-size']         = '90%',
        ['line-height']       = '1.5em',
        ['width']             = '22em',
    })

    -- ── Title header ─────────────────────────────────────────

    local title, titleFromWD = getValueOrWikidata(args, 'ⴰⵣⵡⵍ',
        entity and nil or nil)  -- label fetched separately below
    if not exists(title) and entityId then
        title = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId)
        titleFromWD = true
    end

    local titleRow = infobox:tag('tr')
    local titleCell = titleRow:tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({
            ['background-color'] = HEADER_COLOR,
            ['color']            = HEADER_TEXT,
            ['padding']          = '0.4em',
            ['text-align']       = 'center',
            ['font-weight']      = 'bold',
            ['font-size']        = '115%',
            ['position']         = 'relative',
            ['line-height']       = '2em',
        })

    local titleDiv = mw.html.create('div')
        :css({ ['padding'] = '0 30px' })
        :wikitext(title or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text)
    titleCell:node(titleDiv)

    -- Football icon in top-right of header
    titleCell:node(
        mw.html.create('div')
            :css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' })
            :wikitext('[[File:Football.svg|30px|alt=ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]')
    )

    -- ── Native name ──────────────────────────────────────────

    local nativeName = getValueOrWikidata(args, 'ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ', {'P1448', 'P1705'})
    if exists(nativeName) then
        infobox:tag('tr')
            :tag('th')
            :attr('colspan', 2)
            :wikitext(nativeName)
            :css({
                ['background-color'] = HEADER_COLOR,
                ['color']            = HEADER_TEXT,
                ['padding']          = '0.3em',
                ['text-align']       = 'center',
                ['font-weight']      = 'normal',
                ['font-size']        = '100%',
                ['line-height']       = '2em',
            })
    end

    -- ── Image ────────────────────────────────────────────────

    local imageFile = args['ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ']
    local imageFromWD = false
    if not exists(imageFile) and entity then
        local imgs = entity:getBestStatements('P18')
        if #imgs &gt; 0 then
            imageFile  = imgs[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
            imageFromWD = true
        end
    end

    if exists(imageFile) then
        infobox:tag('tr')
            :tag('td')
            :attr('colspan', 2)
            :wikitext('[[File:' .. imageFile .. '|250px|center]]')
            :css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em' })

        -- Image caption
        local caption = args['ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ']
        if not exists(caption) and entity then
            local caps = entity:getBestStatements('P2096')
            if #caps &gt; 0 then
                caption = caps[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
            end
        end
        if exists(caption) then
            local capCell = infobox:tag('tr')
                :tag('td')
                :attr('colspan', 2)
                :css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.2em',
                       ['font-style'] = 'italic' })
            capCell:wikitext(caption)
            if imageFromWD and entityId then
                capCell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, 'P18'))
            end
        end
    end

    -- ── Sections definition ───────────────────────────────────
    -- Each section: { title, { {label, paramName, wdProperty|{props}}, … } }
    -- wdProperty = nil means manual-only

    local sections = {
        {
            title = 'ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ',   -- General info (New Section)
            rows = {
                { 'ⴰⵏⴰⵡ',        'ⴰⵏⴰⵡ',        'P31'   },   -- Type / Instance of
                { 'ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ',       'ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ',       'P571'  },   -- Inception / Founded
                { 'ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ',      'ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ',      'P576'  },   -- Abolished
                { 'ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ',     'ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ',     'P1075' },   -- Continent / Region
                { 'ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ', 'ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ', 'P163'  },   -- TV Broadcaster
            }
        },
        {
            title = 'ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ',   -- Tournament details
            rows = {
                { 'ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ',   'ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ',     'P641'  },   -- sport
                {'ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ', 'ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ', 'P3450'}, -- sports season of
                {'ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ', 'ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ', 'P822'}, -- mascot 
				{'ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ',  'ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ',  nil}, -- ball name
                { 'ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ', 'ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ', 'P664'  },   -- organizer
                { 'ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ', 'ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ',   'P393'  },   -- edition number
                { 'ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ',   'ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ',     'P17' }, -- host country
                {'ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ', 'ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ', 'P585'}, -- year
                { 'ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ',  'ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ',  'P580'}, -- start date
                {'ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ', 'ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ', 'P582'}, -- end date
                { 'ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ', 'ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ',     'P1132' },   -- number of participants
                { 'ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ', 'ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ',  'P1923' },   -- participants
                { 'ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ', 'ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ',  nil  },   -- number of venues
				{ 'ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ', 'ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ',  'P276'  },  -- venus
            }
        },
        {
            title = 'ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ',   -- Latest edition results
            rows = {
                { 'ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ',      'ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ', 'P1346' },  -- winner
                { 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2', 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2', nil    },  -- second place
                { 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3', 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3',  nil    },  -- third place
                { 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4', 'ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4', nil    },  -- fourth place 
            }
        },
        {
            title = 'ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ',   -- Tournament statistics
            rows = {
                { 'ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ',                 'ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ',             'P1350' },  -- Matches played
                { 'ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ',                'ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ',             'P6087' },  -- Goals scored
                { 'ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ',                    'ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ',                 'P1110' },  -- Attendance
                { 'ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',            'ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',         'P3279' },  -- Top Scorer
                { 'ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',            'ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',         nil     },  -- Best player
                { 'ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ',  'ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ', nil     },  -- Best young player
                { 'ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',            'ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ',   nil     },  -- Best goalkeeper
                { 'ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ',             'ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ',          nil     },  -- Fair play
                { 'ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ',                 'ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ',              nil     },  -- yellow cards
                { 'ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ',                 'ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ',              nil     },  -- red cards
            }
        },
        {
            title = 'ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ',   -- See also
            rows = {
                { 'ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ', 'ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ', nil   },  -- Main article
                { 'ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ',  'ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ',      'P856' },  -- Official website 
            }
        },
    }

    -- ── Render sections ───────────────────────────────────────

    for _, section in ipairs(sections) do
        local hasContent  = false
        local sectionHtml = mw.html.create('')

        for _, rowDef in ipairs(section.rows) do
            local label, paramName, wdProp = rowDef[1], rowDef[2], rowDef[3]
            local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(args, paramName, wdProp)

            -- Special: build date range for dates field when from Wikidata
            if paramName == 'dates' and not exists(args['dates']) and entity then
                local stmts_start = entity:getBestStatements('P580')
                local stmts_end   = entity:getBestStatements('P582')
                if #stmts_start &gt; 0 and #stmts_end &gt; 0 then
                    local ds = formatDate(stmts_start[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.time)
                    local de = formatDate(stmts_end[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.time)
                    if ds and de then value = ds .. ' – ' .. de; fromWD = true end
                elseif #stmts_start &gt; 0 then
                    value  = formatDate(stmts_start[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.time)
                    fromWD = true
                end
            end

            -- Special: wrap bare website URL in an external link
            if paramName == 'website' and exists(value) and value:match('^https?://') then
                local display = value:gsub('^https?://', ''):gsub('/$', '')
                value = '[' .. value .. ' ' .. display .. ']'
            end

            if exists(value) then
                hasContent = true
                local row  = sectionHtml:tag('tr')
                row:tag('th')
                    :wikitext(label)
                    :css({
                        ['background-color'] = ROW_BG,
                        ['padding']          = '0.2em',
                        ['text-align']       = 'left',
                        ['font-weight']      = 'bold',
                        ['width']            = '45%',
                    })
                local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em' })

                if fromWD and entityId and wdProp then
                    local icons = {}
                    local props = type(wdProp) == 'table' and wdProp or {wdProp}
                    for _, pid in ipairs(props) do
                        table.insert(icons, editIcon(entityId, pid))
                    end
                    cell:wikitext(value .. table.concat(icons))
                else
                    cell:wikitext(value)
                end
            end
        end

        if hasContent then
            addSectionHeader(infobox, section.title)
            infobox:node(sectionHtml)
        end
    end

    -- ── Previous / Next navigation ────────────────────────────

    local previous, prevFromWD = getValueOrWikidata(args, 'ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ', 'P155')
    local next_ed,  nextFromWD = getValueOrWikidata(args, 'ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ',      'P156')

    if exists(previous) or exists(next_ed) then
        local navRow  = infobox:tag('tr')
        local navCell = navRow:tag('td')
            :attr('colspan', 2)
            :css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })

        local navText = (previous or '') .. ' [[File:Football.svg|20px]] ' .. (next_ed or '')
        if entityId then
            if prevFromWD then navText = navText .. editIcon(entityId, 'P155') end
            if nextFromWD then navText = navText .. editIcon(entityId, 'P156') end
        end
        navCell:wikitext(navText)
    end

    -- ── Footnotes ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    if exists(args.footnotes) then
        infobox:tag('tr')
            :tag('td')
            :attr('colspan', 2)
            :wikitext(args.footnotes)
            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%' })
    end

    -- ── Separator ─────────────────────────────────────────────

    infobox:tag('tr')
        :tag('td')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. HEADER_COLOR })

    -- ── Edit footer ───────────────────────────────────────────

    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit',  section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr')
        :tag('td')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({
            ['padding']          = '0.2em',
            ['font-size']        = '85%',
            ['text-align']       = 'left',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f8f8',
        })

    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div')
        :css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between',
               ['align-items'] = 'center' })

    local editSpan = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')

    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext(
            '[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · ' ..
            '[' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · ' ..
            '[' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]'
        )
    else
        editSpan:wikitext(
            '[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · ' ..
            '[' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]'
        )
    end

    local templateDocUrl = mw.title.new('ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ'):fullUrl()
    footerDiv:tag('span')
        :css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' })
        :wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. templateDocUrl .. '|ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⴷ]]')

    footerCell:node(footerDiv)

    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>r1zgj2dcf4hkqeasx029u3v4i6q204x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>176803</id>
      <parentid>176796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T15:57:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ */</comment>
      <origin>176803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14099" sha1="1t83edjss5hv4ty57524r7rchuaepjq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>1t83edjss5hv4ty57524r7rchuaepjq</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T16:06:00Z</timestamp>
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        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="15080" sha1="j8l8zj077awo8ps5n0llrg7tu6ou526" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>j8l8zj077awo8ps5n0llrg7tu6ou526</sha1>
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      <id>176805</id>
      <parentid>176804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T16:22:46Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="16336" sha1="1gagcc46u8c1lnzahw6ardd9x35yr6x" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T16:31:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="16418" sha1="5p13dreicfs0k6pz3eumr37si9vvyzn" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16470" sha1="n8ekderyqqh7dladhl1zvfsx3407pmo" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>n8ekderyqqh7dladhl1zvfsx3407pmo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176808</id>
      <parentid>176807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T16:37:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>176808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16518" sha1="nxhr3zjmq09ya4kat93vk61m8dt0lex" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>nxhr3zjmq09ya4kat93vk61m8dt0lex</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176809</id>
      <parentid>176808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T17:05:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>176809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18672" sha1="m9rj6kuhuh0bvgrx1my1p1ncxo6n14c" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 


ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>m9rj6kuhuh0bvgrx1my1p1ncxo6n14c</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T17:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18692" sha1="pzm8f048iknh2m2zmxxif8bh3dgzbe0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 


'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="18822" sha1="2viuo0mqi4jjr5wn6k942b2b89m4n6v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>2viuo0mqi4jjr5wn6k942b2b89m4n6v</sha1>
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        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18875" sha1="tlf6re2w98x0lraj74qrn2x2qitlkmc" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]] 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>tlf6re2w98x0lraj74qrn2x2qitlkmc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176813</id>
      <parentid>176812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⴱⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18872" sha1="s9pnjs8ybos4mcp5flm8zr9he4kimdx" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]] 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="18986" sha1="l96n5gtneveaffd4wcvh2n4zd77vv7u" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ'''
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>l96n5gtneveaffd4wcvh2n4zd77vv7u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176815</id>
      <parentid>176814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:14:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18981" sha1="0rcic5hyorrwjf86nere8ayki6zrja6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>0rcic5hyorrwjf86nere8ayki6zrja6</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:14:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18996" sha1="by09hooxrdj6lxejjclzyudtju0iets" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

&lt;sub&gt;''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ''&lt;/sub&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>by09hooxrdj6lxejjclzyudtju0iets</sha1>
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      <text bytes="18967" sha1="bqhxiiz75pdfmu4c2nz2ygs1fuzxrfo" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

&lt;sub&gt;''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ''&lt;/sub&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>bqhxiiz75pdfmu4c2nz2ygs1fuzxrfo</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:19:29Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵢⵢⵓⴱ</username>
        <id>438</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18988" sha1="np63gdxn8x7nsorpixthdbvbbmih24g" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⵔⴰⵏ|ⵉⵕⴰⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 


ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; , ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ 


'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;


'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 


'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

&lt;sub&gt;''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ''&lt;/sub&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>np63gdxn8x7nsorpixthdbvbbmih24g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>176820</id>
      <parentid>176819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-21T18:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>176820</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18983" sha1="ppy2ucal3pmhxbdz6dqych5dwevksu6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⵔⴰⵏ|ⵉⵕⴰⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ.

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ.    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ. 

'''ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;

'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 

'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

&lt;sub&gt;''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ''&lt;/sub&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="19020" sha1="iyzdamibsork8zvmlehrve9vshgl7l8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴹⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد باقر الصدر) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1935 - ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵛⴰⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵅⵓⵎⵉⵙ&quot;, ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵅⴰⴼⵓⵕ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵊⵄⴼⴰⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵃⵉⵣⴱ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵄⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ]] , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵇⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⵉⵇ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ]]. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵃⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ, ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎ]]. ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ.
==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ==
===ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ===
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⴰⴹⵉⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ&quot;, ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵄⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1945, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵔⴼ ⵜⵎⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 24 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵅⵓ'ⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⴽⵉⵎ, ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1977, ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍ-ⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ ⴼ ⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴽⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ.
ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1979–1980, ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⵖⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ&quot;, ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ. ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵢⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1979. ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ, ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ  ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵡⴰⵜ (فتوى) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ.

===ⴰⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ===

ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚ-ⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ 5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙⴰⵢⵢⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ. ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ 9 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1980, ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵖⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵯⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰⵏ. ⵉⴱⴰⵄⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵍⵀⵓⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵚⴰⴷⵔ.
ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵅⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⵔⴰⵏ|ⵉⵕⴰⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2024, ⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⵎⵄⴰ ⴰⵍ-ⵇⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴷⴷⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴱⵉⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵍⵓⵢⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵖⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2026.

==ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ==
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⴰⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ (ⴰⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵉⵇⵜⵉⵚⴰⴷⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ (ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ), ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ , ⵉⵖⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ:

'''ⵅⵉⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⵉⵏⵙⴰⵏ:''' ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. 

'''ⵛⴰⵀⴰⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰⵏⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ:''' ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ.

ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴷⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵉⵄⵉⵜⵏ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵣⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Logical Foundations of Induction (Book) (Arabic).jpg]] 

ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;'''''ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ'''''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://archive.org/details/al-osas-al-manteqiah}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵙⵍⴱⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ.    

== ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ:

'''ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ:'''

ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ) ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵄⵓⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵍⵡⵓⵜⵇⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵄⵉ ⴰⵍⵅⵓⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵙⵉⴽ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ. 

'''[[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]]:'''

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ), ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ |url=https://archive.org/details/mehmetdll97_gmail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

'''ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴱⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ:

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ 

'''[[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]:'''

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵍⵓⵍⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⴷ&quot;

ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴷⴰⴽ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;

'''ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ:'''

- ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ 

- ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵜ

- ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ

- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ 

'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ: (ⵄⵉⵍⵎ ⵓⵍⵄⴰⵇⵉⴷⴰ)'''

- ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ 

- ⴰⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵀⴷⵉ]] 

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flsftonashhdsddr 000CVR.jpg]]

&lt;sub&gt;''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵇⵉⵔ ⴰⵚⵚⴰⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵍⵙⴰⴼⴰⵜⵓⵏⴰ''&lt;/sub&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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