ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ zghwiki https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 828 5490 177448 177396 2026-07-23T13:49:26Z Grufo 1753 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 177448 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl tmp1 = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to add cannot be zero', 0) end if tmp1 == nil or tmp1 < 0 or math.floor(tmp1) ~= tmp1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp2 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + tmp1 - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp2] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + tmp1 + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) s0wwht3ty2l3u443tnfm9mh3z5pmpgj 177466 177448 2026-07-24T03:52:30Z Grufo 1753 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 177466 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset ~= -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(ctx.params) do fn_seq(key, val) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) local sequence = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do sequence[key] = val end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if sequence[nums[idx]] then fn_seq(nums[idx], sequence[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or] -- |[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1] -- |[and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2] -- |[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...] -- |[named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append 2] -- |[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1] -- |[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) 9ko1dij40e2ajwgg59fvqm72uoivi2f 10 5585 177449 177417 2026-07-23T13:55:16Z Lhoussine Bentayfaste 13 177449 wikitext text/x-wiki * ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ * [[ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ]] (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]], ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. * [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]] ⵙ 2 - 1. * [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵙ 2 - 0. * [[11 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2026|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]. *[[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]] ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵔⵙⵓⵏⴰⵍ]] ⵙ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ. * ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "[[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ]]" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ|ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ. {{ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ]] '''.''' [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ/ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ]]}} 41az2ttiigbtbx2kyurujhlmlvratn0 177452 177449 2026-07-23T14:05:46Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177452 wikitext text/x-wiki * ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏNⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. * [[ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ]] ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]], ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. * [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵙ 1 - 0 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ [[ⴼⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵚ]]. * ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "[[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ]]" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ|ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ. {{ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ |[[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ]] '''.''' [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ/ⴳ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ/ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ]]}} klkv89uybm1fffsqrholk925911dumw 0 39052 177441 159713 2026-07-23T13:23:09Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} syr7fm77004fg8yorzdrcqieo2ribi9 177443 177441 2026-07-23T13:23:48Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} hecxkzzukov5rzwk3gcw5m3w2fj6o2g 177444 177443 2026-07-23T13:24:15Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} lalvd478a2yeln35fasrt8btwcti1gp 177445 177444 2026-07-23T13:24:59Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} tvgv9ocvl5m77mdr05zwtm8l0k8yn22 177446 177445 2026-07-23T13:25:27Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 23so9fgtlb7lc37dx8cfq3htbnzlz2y 177447 177446 2026-07-23T13:25:44Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} gpyc5u8h3gudiz2pt0g2hb9r1ge28y3 177450 177447 2026-07-23T14:00:35Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 60u29k4q6vm0eo37ucypgb5hji4qwne 177451 177450 2026-07-23T14:05:00Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 177451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} eukglguayyzgsqohylrtzina90lgr1d 177453 177451 2026-07-23T14:37:00Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ */ 177453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ: ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ), ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} jemlqxdrpan2d754kutwpag1m2mocex 177454 177453 2026-07-23T14:37:23Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ */ 177454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ: ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ), ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} tg6dnm4n4hgqoo7vovho4dzui4yh3wp 177455 177454 2026-07-23T14:37:45Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ */ 177455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ: ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ), ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} i75izwsk8yh6h2svvi8otzqsevaou5g 177456 177455 2026-07-23T14:37:57Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ */ 177456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ: ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ), ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} prrb9jk72gn3hajlurgo3dgs52ml1nd 177457 177456 2026-07-23T14:40:48Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ */ 177457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ), ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 5oec58y1ys4f938nlsjv4drh1g9ylcn 177458 177457 2026-07-23T14:44:27Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 177458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 36wzkseprrly8yenoxxndklx43yn4tm 177459 177458 2026-07-23T15:01:25Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ */ 177459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} nxxckdoosmchy87ubkfiwfpo5xgljw9 177460 177459 2026-07-23T15:09:15Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ */ 177460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />:[[File:ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ 2026-07-23 at 16.03.55.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] <blockquote> ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} fr4ixf0x0f6w91fovb25w7aumgaf4my 177461 177460 2026-07-23T15:21:16Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ */ 177461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />:[[File:ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|awal s tirra_preface]] ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} ejdw3dse864xhyoofhxfz0qh7hed4c0 177462 177461 2026-07-23T15:21:38Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ */ 177462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: [[File:ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ 2026-07-23 at 16.03.55.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] <blockquote> # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />:[[File:ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|awal s tirra_preface]] ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} mxlr9ybitw1dozrp605nt0wmxrhgwy8 177463 177462 2026-07-23T15:22:44Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ */ 177463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: [[File:ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ 2026-07-23 at 16.03.55.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] <blockquote> # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ.[[File:ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|awal s tirra_preface]] ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} lwora5krj59jz6bmn8kd1ntx9jupy65 177464 177463 2026-07-23T15:23:26Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ */ 177464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: [[File:ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ 2026-07-23 at 16.03.55.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] <blockquote> # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == [[File:ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|awal s tirra_preface]] ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} sc9859eeejj1xd0rvo2u4ixtfhsiodn 177465 177464 2026-07-23T15:24:30Z El Hassan BOUTSSAID 2485 /* ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ */ 177465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ --> | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1957 | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = 2025 | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ = [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ = [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ = [[ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ]] | ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴼⵖⵜ = 2025 <!-- ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ --> | ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] | ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵣ = | ⵜⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵙⴳ = | ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ = | ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴷⴰ --> | ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ = ⵢⴰⵏ | ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ = 48 | ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ = 19.5 X 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔ <!-- ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵍⴼ = | ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ = | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ = | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵏ = | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ = [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] | ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ = <!-- ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ --> | ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ= | ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ISBN ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ = | ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ --> | ISBN = 978-9920-538-40-4 | ISBN2 = | ⵓⴽⵍⵙ= <!-- OCLC --> | ⴳⵓⴷⵔⵉⴷⵣ = <!-- Goodreads --> | ⴷⵉⵡⵉ = <!-- Dewey --> | ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ = <!-- congress --> | ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ = | ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ = <!-- ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ--> | ⴰⵎⴹⴼⵓⵕ = | ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ = }} [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ]] '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: '''awal s tirra''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ''ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ''. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]]<ref name=":0">[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ|''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ'']] (2025). ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', , [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].</ref> . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ , ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]], ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ.<ref name=":0" /> == ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ == '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: '''Mohamed Nabih''') <ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ [https://web.facebook.com/nabih.momamed ⵥⵕ]</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2013, 2016, 2021 ⴷ 2025. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ|ⵜⵖⵎⵉ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵍⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ, ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⵎ [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ]], [[ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]], [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]], [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]... ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵡⵡⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵚ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵓⵣⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵙⴰⵍⵎ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ == [[File:ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰ_ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ<ref>[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&&val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&&e=0&&l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵎⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵇⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⵊⴷⴷⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵉⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ '''ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ. ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ '''MOHAMED NABIH''', ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ : [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ (ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ) ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⵓ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ '''''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ''''' ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 19 ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ: <blockquote> ⴰⵃⵃ ⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ<br> ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⴽ ⵜⵜⵥⵉⵏ<br> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴽ<br> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ…<br> </blockquote> ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ (atig: 20dh). == ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ == ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ '''''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''''ⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''''' ⵔⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ; ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴰ(46-47) <ref name=":0" />: [[File:ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ 2026-07-23 at 16.03.55.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] <blockquote> # ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ # ⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ # ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ # ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ # ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⵕⵎⵉ # ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ # ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ # ⵔⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ # ⴰⴼⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵓⵔⵉ # ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵡ # ⴰⴽⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍ # ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵔⵉ # ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ # ⵜⴰⵕⵥⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⵎ # ⴰⴽⵯⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉ # ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ # ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴰⵛ # ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵥ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == [[File:ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ_ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''' ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⴼⵓⵜⵏ; [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ]] ⵓⴷⵢⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ''ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ''; <ref name=":0" />: ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ<br> ⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏ<br> ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵓ<br> ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵎ<br> ⴰ ⴽⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ<br> ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ<br> ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⵙⵙⵎⵅ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ<br> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⴰⵜ<br> ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ<br> </blockquote> === ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ === ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'' ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. == ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]]: '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ]] ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4-5-6 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)<ref name=":0" />:, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ : '''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ''', ⵢⵓⵔⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎ. ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ ⵢⵓⴼⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵄ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴻⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ... ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵣⵖⴰ, ⵜⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ... ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵛⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ... ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴼⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023, ⵎⴽ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ. == ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ '''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ''', ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ : * ''ⵜⴰⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴽⵓⵏⵓⵣ), ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉ|ⵡⴰⵏⵣⵉ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 * ''ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 * ''ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021<ref>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ, (2021). [[ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [https://ircam.biblio.ma/uploads/publications/378.pdf ⵥⵕ]</ref> * ''ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ'', ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025 == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵀ]] * [[ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵉⵎⵥ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ]] * [[ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ]] * [[ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵙ]] * [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ]] {{ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵎⵏⵥ |ⵉⵙⵎ=ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Books_in_Tamazight }} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ |ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ 2025}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} t9i7qniubnwkp0lfakiivlu7h0pleyu 0 52784 177442 177439 2026-07-23T13:23:46Z Lhoussine Bentayfaste 13 177442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ: '''Harry Stroomer''') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1946 ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴽⵎⴰⵔ]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1987 ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓ-ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ]].<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Toegang geblokkeerd / Access Blocked |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/harry-stroomer#tab-1 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.universiteitleiden.nl}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Harry Stroomer {{!}} African Studies Centre Leiden |url=https://ascleiden.nl/content/ASC-community/members/harry-stroomer |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=ascleiden.nl}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ == === ⵉⴷ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ: === * Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français (Éditions Brill, 2025) : Une œuvre monumentale en 4 volumes cumulant près de 40 ans de recherches.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=SAADOUNI |first=Mohamed |date=2026-01-24 |title=Review of the Berber Tachelḥiyt–French Dictionary. (4 Volumes) |url=https://scholarhub.univh2c.ma/fls/vol10/iss1/13 |journal=Faits de Langue et Société (FLS) |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ: === * An Anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) (2001)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |url=https://ircam.biblio.ma/catalogue/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10382 |title=An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) |date=2001 |publisher=Rudiger Koppe Verlag |isbn=978-3-89645-381-5 |series=Berber studies |location=Koln}}</ref> * Textes Berbères des Guedmioua et Goundafa (Haut-Atlas, Maroc) (2001)<ref>[https://www.fnac.com/a1175193/Harry-Stroomer-Textes-berberes-des-Guedmioua-et-Goundafa ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]</ref> * Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco): A Linguistic Reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Work (2004) * Textes berbères du Maroc central (En collaboration avec Arsène Roux, 2007)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Roux |first=Arsène |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=2007 |title=Textes berbères du Maroc central ; (textes originaux en transcription). ; Arsène Roux ; édités par Harry Stroomer. |url=https://altair.imarabe.org//notice.php?q=id:128571&lang=fr |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=altair.imarabe.org}}</ref> * Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (En collaboration avec Pierre Amard)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (Broché) au meilleur prix {{!}} E.Leclerc |url=https://www.e.leclerc/fp/textes-berberes-des-ait-ouaouzguite-broche-9782857449607 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.e.leclerc}}</ref> * Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey === ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼⵏ: === ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]]'' (ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜ [[ⵔⵓⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⴱⴱ ⴼⵉⵔⵍⴰⴳ]]) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ:<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag - African Studies / Africanistics, Cultural and Legal Anthropology, History of Christian Missions, and Sociology {{!}} Series details |url=https://www.koeppe.de/reihe_bs-berber-studies |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.koeppe.de}}</ref> * Catalogue des archives berbères du « Fonds Arsène Roux » (2003) * Textes berbères des Aït Âyyache (la vallée d'Ansegmir, Midelt, Maroc) (Collectés par Youssef Aït Lemkadem, édités par Harry Stroomer) === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵛⵉⵜⵉⵏ: === * Mehri Texts from Oman (1999) : Basé sur les travaux de terrain de T.M. Johnstone.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Johnstone |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books/about/Mehri_Texts_from_Oman.html?id=buGOA-4hX1EC&redir_esc=y |title=Mehri Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T.M. Johnstone |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=1999 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04215-4 |language=en}}</ref> * A Grammar of Boraana Oromo (1995) * "Islamic poetry of Oromos in Northern Kenya" (Publication académique, 2001) == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ}} erutqnsft9vk2hstk2ine96mgunui81 177467 177442 2026-07-24T11:52:58Z Lhoussine Bentayfaste 13 /* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */ 177467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ: '''Harry Stroomer''') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1946 ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴽⵎⴰⵔ]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1987 ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓ-ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ]].<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Toegang geblokkeerd / Access Blocked |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/harry-stroomer#tab-1 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.universiteitleiden.nl}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Harry Stroomer {{!}} African Studies Centre Leiden |url=https://ascleiden.nl/content/ASC-community/members/harry-stroomer |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=ascleiden.nl}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ == === ⵉⴷ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ: === * Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français (Éditions Brill, 2025) : Une œuvre monumentale en 4 volumes cumulant près de 40 ans de recherches.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=SAADOUNI |first=Mohamed |date=2026-01-24 |title=Review of the Berber Tachelḥiyt–French Dictionary. (4 Volumes) |url=https://scholarhub.univh2c.ma/fls/vol10/iss1/13 |journal=Faits de Langue et Société (FLS) |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ: === * An Anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) (2001)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |url=https://ircam.biblio.ma/catalogue/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10382 |title=An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) |date=2001 |publisher=Rudiger Koppe Verlag |isbn=978-3-89645-381-5 |series=Berber studies |location=Koln}}</ref> * Textes Berbères des Guedmioua et Goundafa (Haut-Atlas, Maroc) (2001)<ref>[https://www.fnac.com/a1175193/Harry-Stroomer-Textes-berberes-des-Guedmioua-et-Goundafa ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]</ref> * Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco): A Linguistic Reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Work (2004) * Textes berbères du Maroc central (En collaboration avec Arsène Roux, 2007)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Roux |first=Arsène |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=2007 |title=Textes berbères du Maroc central ; (textes originaux en transcription). ; Arsène Roux ; édités par Harry Stroomer. |url=https://altair.imarabe.org//notice.php?q=id:128571&lang=fr |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=altair.imarabe.org}}</ref> * Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (En collaboration avec Pierre Amard)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (Broché) au meilleur prix {{!}} E.Leclerc |url=https://www.e.leclerc/fp/textes-berberes-des-ait-ouaouzguite-broche-9782857449607 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.e.leclerc}}</ref> * Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey === ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼⵏ: === ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]]'' (ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜ [[ⵔⵓⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⴱⴱ ⴼⵉⵔⵍⴰⴳ]]) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ:<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag - African Studies / Africanistics, Cultural and Legal Anthropology, History of Christian Missions, and Sociology {{!}} Series details |url=https://www.koeppe.de/reihe_bs-berber-studies |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.koeppe.de}}</ref> * Catalogue des archives berbères du « Fonds Arsène Roux » (2003) * Textes berbères des Aït Âyyache (la vallée d'Ansegmir, Midelt, Maroc) (Collectés par Youssef Aït Lemkadem, édités par Harry Stroomer) === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵛⵉⵜⵉⵏ: === * Mehri Texts from Oman (1999) : Basé sur les travaux de terrain de T.M. Johnstone.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Johnstone |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books/about/Mehri_Texts_from_Oman.html?id=buGOA-4hX1EC&redir_esc=y |title=Mehri Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T.M. Johnstone |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=1999 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04215-4 |language=en}}</ref> * A Grammar of Boraana Oromo (1995) * "Islamic poetry of Oromos in Northern Kenya" (Publication académique, 2001) == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == * [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ-ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ]] == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ}} jtfex2ql2cod7r9sc9a8on1mwvp73dr 177469 177467 2026-07-24T11:55:12Z Lhoussine Bentayfaste 13 /* ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ */ 177469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ: '''Harry Stroomer''') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1946 ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴽⵎⴰⵔ]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1987 ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓ-ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ]].<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Toegang geblokkeerd / Access Blocked |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/harry-stroomer#tab-1 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.universiteitleiden.nl}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Harry Stroomer {{!}} African Studies Centre Leiden |url=https://ascleiden.nl/content/ASC-community/members/harry-stroomer |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=ascleiden.nl}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ == === ⵉⴷ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ: === * Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français (Éditions Brill, 2025) : Une œuvre monumentale en 4 volumes cumulant près de 40 ans de recherches.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=SAADOUNI |first=Mohamed |date=2026-01-24 |title=Review of the Berber Tachelḥiyt–French Dictionary. (4 Volumes) |url=https://scholarhub.univh2c.ma/fls/vol10/iss1/13 |journal=Faits de Langue et Société (FLS) |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ: === * An Anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) (2001)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |url=https://ircam.biblio.ma/catalogue/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10382 |title=An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) |date=2001 |publisher=Rudiger Koppe Verlag |isbn=978-3-89645-381-5 |series=Berber studies |location=Koln}}</ref> * Textes Berbères des Guedmioua et Goundafa (Haut-Atlas, Maroc) (2001)<ref>[https://www.fnac.com/a1175193/Harry-Stroomer-Textes-berberes-des-Guedmioua-et-Goundafa ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]</ref> * Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco): A Linguistic Reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Work (2004) * Textes berbères du Maroc central (En collaboration avec Arsène Roux, 2007)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Roux |first=Arsène |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=2007 |title=Textes berbères du Maroc central ; (textes originaux en transcription). ; Arsène Roux ; édités par Harry Stroomer. |url=https://altair.imarabe.org//notice.php?q=id:128571&lang=fr |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=altair.imarabe.org}}</ref> * Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (En collaboration avec Pierre Amard)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (Broché) au meilleur prix {{!}} E.Leclerc |url=https://www.e.leclerc/fp/textes-berberes-des-ait-ouaouzguite-broche-9782857449607 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.e.leclerc}}</ref> * Ghomara Berber: A Brief Grammatical Survey === ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼⵏ: === ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]]'' (ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜ [[ⵔⵓⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⴱⴱ ⴼⵉⵔⵍⴰⴳ]]) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ:<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag - African Studies / Africanistics, Cultural and Legal Anthropology, History of Christian Missions, and Sociology {{!}} Series details |url=https://www.koeppe.de/reihe_bs-berber-studies |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.koeppe.de}}</ref> * Catalogue des archives berbères du « Fonds Arsène Roux » (2003) * Textes berbères des Aït Âyyache (la vallée d'Ansegmir, Midelt, Maroc) (Collectés par Youssef Aït Lemkadem, édités par Harry Stroomer) === ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵛⵉⵜⵉⵏ: === * Mehri Texts from Oman (1999) : Basé sur les travaux de terrain de T.M. Johnstone.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Johnstone |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books/about/Mehri_Texts_from_Oman.html?id=buGOA-4hX1EC&redir_esc=y |title=Mehri Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T.M. Johnstone |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=1999 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04215-4 |language=en}}</ref> * A Grammar of Boraana Oromo (1995) * "Islamic poetry of Oromos in Northern Kenya" (Publication académique, 2001) == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == * [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ]] == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ}} lo9su4xq9zag01kgapggr1dfna3j2c7 14 52788 177468 2026-07-24T11:53:57Z Lhoussine Bentayfaste 13 Created page with "{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}}" 177468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}} 7opwqwz8ok36qvcvupitkg76jtwg7dm