ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ zghwiki https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1121 177579 171115 2026-08-04T16:17:15Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Aluminum) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Al''' ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 13. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D. C. |first1=Schmelling |title=Aluminum: The Thirteenth Element |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201205/physicshistory.cfm |website=aps.org}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ == ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵡⵉⵡⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵥⵕⴼⵜ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵖⴰⵔ|ⵓⵖⴰⵔ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵖⵔ ⴳⵔ 49 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴰⵔ 700 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Typical Properties of Aluminum |url=https://www.professionalplastics.com/professional-plastics-dop/aluminum-properties.pdf |website=Professional Plastics |access-date=17 October 2025 |format=pdf}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Joseph R. |title=Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys |year=1993 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-496-2 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8s6k6bL938C&pg=PA13}}</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵥⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ STEM-HAADF, ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] === ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ === ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13 ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ +3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al₂O₃) ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ.<ref name="GreenwoodEarnshaw">{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman N. |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |title=Chemistry of the Elements |year=1997 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-08-037941-8 |pages=217–219}}</ref> ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:AlHydrolysis.png|thumb|ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ pH]] === ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ === ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-27 (²⁷Al). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⴷ 100% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ. ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-26 (²⁶Al), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ 717,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dodd |first1=R. T. |title=Meteorites: A Petrologic-Chemical Synthesis |year=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-22570-0 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_I8AAAAIAAJ |access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (8.3% ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 270 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⴰⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ|ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al(OH)₃) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]]. ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ]], [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]], [[ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BAUXITE AND ALUMINA STATISTICS |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf |website=usgs.gov |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵓⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ|ⵓⴽⵓⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ]] (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉⵔ). == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Friedrich_Wöhler_Litho.jpg|thumb|ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵡⵓⵍⵔ, ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⴰⵥⴰⵔⵉⴼ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵡⵓⵍⵔ]] ⵉⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1827, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.<ref name="Wöhler">{{cite journal |last1=Wöhler |first1=F. |title=Ueber das Aluminium |journal=Annalen der Physik |year=1827 |volume=87 |issue=11 |pages=375–382 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15096n/f389.item |language=de}}</ref> ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵖ|ⵡⵓⵔⵖ]]. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉⴹⴱⵚⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]], ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵅ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hall-Héroult Process |url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminum-process.html |website=American Chemical Society}}</ref> == ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ == ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ]] ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ]] (Al₂O₃), ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ. '''ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ:''' ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (NaOH) ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴷⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=W. |last2=Habashi |first2=F. |title=The Bayer Process for Alumina Production |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1992-09_69_9/page/736 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |year=1992 |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=736 |doi=10.1021/ed069p736}}</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidričevo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] '''ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ:''' ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2072 °C), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ (Na₃AlF₆) ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵔ 1000 °C. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.<ref name="Totten">{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=G. E. |last2=MacKenzie |first2=D. S. |title=Handbook of Aluminum: Volume 2: Alloy Production and Materials Manufacturing |year=2003 |publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4rL-2mcNBEC}}. ISBN 978-0-8247-0896-8.</ref> == ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ == ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. * '''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ:''' ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⴽⴰⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aluminum in the Aerospace Industry |url=https://www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/amd0513-aluminum-aerospace-applications/ |website=Aerospace Manufacturing and Design}}</ref> * '''ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵛⴰ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ) ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aluminium packaging - The Aluminium Association |url=https://www.aluminium.org.au/application/aluminium-packaging/ |website=aluminium.org.au}}</ref> * '''ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ. * '''ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aluminum Electrical Bus Conductors |url=https://www.stormpower.com/blog/aluminum-vs-copper-electrical-bus-conductors/ |website=Storm Power Components}}</ref> * '''ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵓⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴼⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵉⵜ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⵀⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵉ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵙⵔ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ 5% ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 32% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aluminum Recycling |url=https://www.aluminum.org/industries/production/recycling |website=The Aluminum Association}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ == ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴽⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏⵜ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ.<ref name="WHO2003">{{cite web |title=ALUMINIUM IN DRINKING-WATER: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/wash-chemicals/aluminium-in-drinking-water-2003.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2003}}</ref> ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ|ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ]]. ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Virgili |first1=F. |last2=Infante |first2=P. F. |last3=Lombardi |first3=C. |title=Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: the science that shows a link |journal=Archives of Toxicology |year=2021 |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=3735–3749 |doi=10.1007/s00204-021-03185-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alzheimer's Society's view on aluminium and other metals |url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/aluminium-and-dementia |website=Alzheimer's Society}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}} 9f5qui175l664czdqk8pxq8yodmqw5z 0 1178 177581 153372 2026-08-04T16:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} '''ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵕ''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 1339), ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ '<nowiki/>'''ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓ ⴷⴰⵍⵓⵔⵜⵓ'''' ([[floruit|fl.]] id 1320),<ref name="Oldham 403–424">{{cite journal|title=The Portolan Maps of the Rhône Delta: A Contribution to the History of the Sea Charts of|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1925-05_65_5/page/403|journal=The Geographical Journal|date=May 1925|first=R.D.|last=Oldham|volume=65|issue=5|pages=403–424|id= |format=|doi=10.2/1782548|jstor=1782548|publisher=Blackwell Publishing }}<!--|accessdate=2008-05-15--></ref> ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ '''ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵜⵓ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵜⵉ'''<ref>Pujades (2007: p.491); Campbell (1987).</ref> ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ '''ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉ''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ|ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵔ]] [[ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ|ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]]-[[ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰ|ⴰⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 14, "ⴷⴰⵍⵓⵔⵜⵓ" ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ 1325 ⴷ "ⴷⵓⵍⵚⵉⵔ" ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ 1339. ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⴱⴰⵍⵎⴰ, ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰ|ⴱⴰⵍⵎⴰ]], ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵊⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼ]]. ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ.<ref>Caraci (1959), Campbell (1987, 2011).</ref> ==Dalorto 1325 Map== ==Dulcert 1339 Map== ==London c. 1340 map== ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{Reflist}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} pbqvsqxm1n0xtjamhyzbsmw74zacvdp 0 2072 177584 171131 2026-08-04T16:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''biology'''), ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ βίος ''bios'' "ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ", ⴷ -λογία ''-logia'' "ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ", ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⵔⴰⵏ.<ref name="DictionaryOfEtymology">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/biology |title=Biology |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Neurology,_19th_century;_cell_of_Schwann._Wellcome_L0002015.jpg|thumb|ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵡⴰⵏ, ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵛⵡⴰⵏ.]] === ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ === ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ]], [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ]] (384–322 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ [[ⵜⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ|ⵓⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ]], ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ (botany) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.<ref name="Mayr1998">{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-674-36446-2}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ === ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵃⵉⴹ]] (776–869) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ]] ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ "ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ]] (1213–1288) ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ (pulmonary circulation) ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.<ref name="Masood2009">{{cite book |last=Masood |first=Ehsan |year=2009 |title=Science and Islam: A History |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1-84831-040-7}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ === ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴼⵉⵣⴰⵍⵢⵓⵙ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵔⴼⵉ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴳ 1628. ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵥⵉⵥⵕⵉ|ⵓⵎⵥⵉⵥⵕⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ [[ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵀⵓⴽ]] ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 1665, ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵡⵏⵀⵓⴽ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ|ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.<ref name="Magner2002">{{cite book |last=Magner |first=Lois N. |title=A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8247-0824-5}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ === [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg|thumb|ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1842, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵛⴰⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴰⵙⴽⵉⵜⵛ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ".]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ". ⵜⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ [[ⵛⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵛⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴳ 1838-1839, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ]] , "[[ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ]]", ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.<ref name="Darwin1859">{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |title=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life |publisher=John Murray |year=1859 |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ == ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏ: ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, [[ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ]], ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ]]. === ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ === ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]]. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ [[ⴰⵍⵎⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ]] (DNA). ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ: ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ).<ref name="Mazzarello1999">{{cite journal |last1=Mazzarello |first1=P. |year=1999 |title=A unifying concept: the history of cell theory |journal=Nature Cell Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=E13–E15 |doi=10.1038/8964 |pmid=10559875}}</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Biological_cell.svg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ]] === ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ === ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵥ ⴹⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⴽⵜⵉⵏ.<ref name="Futuyma2005">{{cite book |last=Futuyma |first=Douglas J. |title=Evolution |publisher=Sinauer Associates |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87893-187-3}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (DNA) === ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⴽⵙⵉⵔⵉⴱⵓ), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙ (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ). ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵍ]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.<ref name="Pearson2006">{{cite journal |last=Pearson |first=H. |year=2006 |title=Genetics: what is a gene? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-05-25_441_7092/page/398 |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7092 |pages=398–401 |doi=10.1038/441398a |pmid=16724031 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..398P}}</ref> === ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵕⵥⵉⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉ (pH), ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ.<ref name="Cannon1926">{{cite journal |last=Cannon |first=W.B. |title=Physiological regulation of normal states: some tentative postulates concerning biological homeostatics |journal=A Charles Richet: ses amis, ses collègues, ses élèves |year=1926 |publisher=Les Éditions Médicales |pages=91}}</ref> == ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ == ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ: * [[ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (DNA), ⵙ.ⵎ.ⵔ. (RNA), ⴷ [[ⴰⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏ|ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ]]. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. * [[ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵉⵢⵏ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ. * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ. == ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ == ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]], [[ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ]], ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.<ref name="NAS2009">{{cite book |title=A New Biology for the 21st Century |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academies Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-309-14488-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32509/}}</ref> ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ]], ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ|ⵜⴷⵔⵓⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ]] ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ|ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ.<ref name="Thieman2012">{{cite book |last1=Thieman |first1=William J. |last2=Palladino |first2=Michael A. |title=Introduction to Biotechnology |publisher=Pearson |year=2012 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-321-76611-3}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]] [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] r97o64ru40intjbl6yc1ogzq1vax6ws 0 2929 177582 175586 2026-08-04T16:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ''' (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ: [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♆]], ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]: '''Neptunus''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]. ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 17 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ♆, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Neptune: The Planet of Storms and Mystery |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/neptune/overview/ |website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}</ref> ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵡⵉⵀⴰⴷ|ⵓⵡⵉⵀⴰⴷ]], ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ "ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ". ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ]], ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ|ⵉⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⵡⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]], ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ "[[ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ|ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ]]" ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ]], ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ. <ref>{{cite web |title=The Atmosphere of Neptune |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9823c/ |website=ESA/Hubble}}</ref> == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Galileo.arp.300pix.jpg|thumb|ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ [[ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ]] ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Le_Verrier_colored.jpg|thumb|ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ.]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:JohannGalle.jpg|thumb|ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉRYⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵜⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ.]] === ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉⵙ ⴱⵓⴼⴰⵔⴷ]] ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1845, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [[ⵓⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ]] ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kollerstrom |first1=Nick |title=The Discovery of Neptune |url=http://www.dioi.org/vols/w0.pdf |date=2001}}</ref> ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵛ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ]] ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ. ⴳ 23 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1846, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ ⵜⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉ [[ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ|ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ]] ⵏ [[ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ [[ⴳⴰⵍⵉ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵀⴰⵢⵏⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ]] ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ, ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ]]. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ (ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ, ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉ) ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mathematical discovery of planets |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Neptune_and_Pluto/ |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics archive}}</ref> === ⵉⵙⵎ === ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ" ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳⴰⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵊⴰⵏⵓⵙ". ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵍⵉⵙ]] ⵉⵙⵎ "ⵓⵇⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ". ⵜⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵢⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ" ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴳⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hind |first=J. R. |year=1847 |title=Second report of proceedings in the Cambridge Observatory relating to the new Planet (Neptune) |publisher=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |series=3 |volume=30 |page=197}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ == ⵙ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ 1.024 × 10²⁶ ⴽⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵏ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵣ|ⵓⴳⴰⵣ]]. ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 17 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 1/19 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ]]. [[ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ]] ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ|ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Planetary Physical Parameters |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?planet_phys_par |website=JPL Solar System Dynamics}}</ref> === ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ === ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5% ⴰⵔ 10% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵔ ⵏ 10% ⴰⵔ 20% ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ]]. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ 10 ⴰⵔ 15 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⵕⵥ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 7000 ⴽ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ|ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ]] ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]], [[ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ|ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜⵏ]], ⵙ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ 1.2 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubbard |first=W. B. |year=1997 |title=Neptune's Deep Chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-02-28_275_5304/page/1279 |journal=Science |volume=275 |issue=5304 |pages=1279–1280 |doi=10.1126/science.275.5304.1279 |bibcode=1997Sci...275.1279H |pmid=9064753}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ === ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵊⵉⵡⵛⵉⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irwin |first1=P. G. J. |last2=Teanby |first2=N. A. |last3=Davis |first3=G. R. |year=2007 |title=Revisiting the Winds of Neptune |journal=Icarus |volume=192 |issue=2 |pages=548–561 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2007.07.027 |bibcode=2007Icar..192..548I}}</ref> ⵙⵙⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]], ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ 2,100 ⴽⵎ/ⵙⴳ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ [[ⴼⵡⴰⵢⴰⵊⵔ 2]] "ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⵙ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⵉⵡⵛⵜ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ]] [[ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ]] [[ⵀⴰⴱⵍ]] ⴳ 1994. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hammel |first=H. B. |year=1995 |title=Hubble Space Telescope imaging of Neptune's cloud structure in 1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-06-23_268_5218/page/1740 |journal=Science |volume=268 |issue=5218 |pages=1740–1742 |doi=10.1126/science.268.5218.1740 |bibcode=1995Sci...268.1740H |pmid=17834491}}</ref> == ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ == ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 30.1 ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵜ (''''AU'''), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ 164.8 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴳ 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2011, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1846. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ 28.32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (23°) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ (25°), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Neptune's Orbit and Rotation |url=https://www.universetoday.com/21633/neptunes-orbit/ |website=Universe Today}}</ref> == ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ == ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ 14 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⵙⵉⵍ]] ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ 17 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agnor |first1=C. B. |last2=Hamilton |first2=D. P. |title=Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary-planet gravitational encounter |journal=Nature |date=May 2006 |volume=441 |issue=7090 |pages=192–194 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04792 |doi=10.1038/nature04792 |pmid=16688172 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..192A}}</ref> ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ -235 °C. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵚⵎⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ, ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ. ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⵏⵉⵔⵉⴷ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵡⴰⵢⴰⵊⵔ 2 ⵏⵖ ⵙ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱⵏ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Triton |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/neptune-moons/triton/in-depth/ |website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}</ref> == ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ == ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴽⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵀⴰⴹ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵣⴱⴳ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ "ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ": ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ, ⵜⴰⵡⵎⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⵖⵙⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Salo |first=H. |year=1995 |title=Neptune's ring arcs: V-shaped wakes of Corotating Moonlets |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1995-03-09_374_6518/page/143 |journal=Nature |volume=374 |issue=6518 |pages=143–145 |doi=10.1038/374143a0 |bibcode=1995Natur.374..143S}}</ref> == ⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ == ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴼⵡⴰⵢⴰⵊⵔ 2 ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ. ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴳ 25 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1989. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⴼ, ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵀⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voyager 2's Grand Tour |url=https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grand-tour/ |website=NASA JPL}}</ref> ⵜⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴼⵡⴰⵢⴰⵊⵔ 2 ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ, ⵜⵙⵖⵍ ⵉⵣⴱⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⴽⵜⵏ, ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "[[ⵓⴷⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ]]", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abramov |first1=O. |last2=Baines |first2=K.H. |title=Neptune Odyssey: A Flagship-Class Mission to the Neptune-Triton System |url=https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2020/EPSC2020-101.html |date=September 2020 |website=EPSC Abstracts Vol. 14}}</ref> == ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ == ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟ]] ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ +7.7 ⴷ +8.0, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Observing Neptune |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/how-to-see-neptune-in-2023/ |website=Sky & Telescope}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ | ⵏⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ) |ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ |ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ |ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 43by0zks5827r6zyg0py6laon6hx6le 0 3509 177583 148683 2026-08-04T16:21:39Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tassadit Yacine.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2015]] '''ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵓⵀ''' ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1949 ⴳ ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵣⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵓⵀ, ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1949 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ [[ⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ]] ([[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bleu-autour.com/auteur_bleu/tassadit/|title=Tassadit Yacine {{!}} Bleu autour, éditeur|website=bleu-autour.com|access-date=2020-03-07}}</ref> ==ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ== ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980. ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987 ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1992, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵚⵓⵕⴱⵓⵏ. ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ (EHESS) ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ 10 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2033, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⵓⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ. ==ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ== ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gelard|first=Marie Luce|date=2011-12-31|title=Tassadit Yacine, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi. Études d'ethnologie des affects en Kabylie, Préface de Françoise Héritier. Postface de Sherry B. Ortner|url=http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/13173|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales|language=fr|issue=54|pages=175–176|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13173|issn=1111-2050}}</ref> ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Amghar|first=Nabila|date=2001|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Chacal ou la ruse des dominés : aux origines du malaise culturel des intellectuels algériens, 2001|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2001_num_1232_1_5291_t1_0145_0000_6|journal=Hommes & Migrations|volume=1232|issue=1|pages=145–146}}</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵢⵣⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵢⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|date=2009-11-27|title=Tassadit Yacine (textes édités et présentés par), Pierre Bourdieu, Esquisses algériennes, Paris, Seuil (coll. Liber), 2008, 414 p.|url=http://journals.openedition.org/remmm/6322|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|language=fr|issue=126|doi=10.4000/remmm.6322|issn=0997-1327|doi-access=free}}</ref> ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵄⵎⵔⵓⵛ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴱⴰⵃ ⴱⵍⵄⵎⵔⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ), ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ammar Khodja|first=Soumya|date=2001|title=TASSADIT Yacine (sous la direction de), Enracinement culturel et rôle des médiateurs au Maghreb, L'exemple de Rabah Belamri, L'Harmattan-Awal, 2000, 164 p.|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ela/1900-v1-n1-ela03261/1041903ar/abstract/|journal=Études littéraires africaines|language=fr|issue=11|pages=82–83|doi=10.7202/1041903ar|issn=0769-4563|doi-access=free}}</ref> ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵢⵏ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|date=2015|title=Pierre Bourdieu, Algerian Sketches. 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Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=232–233|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28738|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵉⵜ (thesis) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ Terhi Lehtinen.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Nation à la marge de l'Etat : la construction identaire du Mouvement Culturel Amazigh dans l'espace national marocain et au-delà des frontières étatiques|url=http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0133|publisher=Paris, EHESS|date=2003-01-01|degree=thesis|first=Terhi|last=Lehtinen}}</ref> ''Chacal ou la ruse des dominés'' (2001) ⴷ ''Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi'' (2006) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=Maria Àngels Roque|date=2016|title=Entrevista a Tassadit Yacine|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5526318|journal=Quaderns de la Mediterrània = Cuadernos del Mediterráneo|issue=23|pages=307–318|issn=1577-9297}}</ref> ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonte|first=Pierre|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !. Paris, Éd. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006, 175 pages|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28736|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=229–231|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28736|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ== * 1987: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ: ⵇⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⴷⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵀⵉⵕⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ. * 1987: ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ, ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵢⵓ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ (ISBN 273510253X). * 1989: ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ, ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707118877) ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ. * 1992: ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ. ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ GDM (ISBN 2-906589-13-6). * 1992: ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵍⴰⵕⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ (ISBN 2738417620). * 1993: ⵉⵎⴰⴽⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707122890) * 1995: ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707124192) * 1995: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵓⵏⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/ publisud, (ISBN 2866007581) * 1996: ⵏⵡⴰⵕⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ }} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴷⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ }} o2zaj7yxpqk609sc4wrgxg9blnesd45 0 3917 177589 147201 2026-08-05T00:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 177589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵉⵏ 10''' ([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''Ben 10'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ [[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]] ⵏ [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴼ ⴰⴽⵛⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵔⵜⵉⵏⵎⵏ|ⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴼ ⴰⴽⵛⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵣ, ⴷ ⴰⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵔ ⴱⵔⴰⴷⵔⵣ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵣ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴹⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2005 ⵖ [[ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ]] ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵖⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ "ⵙⵏⵉⴽ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⴽ", ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 13 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2006. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2008. ==ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ== ⴱⵉⵏⵊⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ 10 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ<ref>« [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230644/http://www.bandai.co.uk/spotlight.aspx?BR_ID=16&SG_ID=16 The Story Ben 10] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bandai.co.uk%2Fspotlight.aspx%3FBR_ID%3D16%26SG_ID%3D16 ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ]] », ⵖ Bandai</ref> ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵔⵊⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵖ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵣⵔ, ⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⴱⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⵏ, ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⴱⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵇⵕⵕⴱⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵇⵚⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵜⵉⴽⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ "ⵓⵎⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ" ⴰⵔⵜⵙⵃⵡⵡⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ, ⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⴽⵔ. ⴱⵉⵏ 10 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ (The Story): "ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ (Cartoons) ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ 10 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [https://web.archive.org/web/20250824160924/https://cartoonnetwork.fandom.com/wiki/Ben_10_(2005_TV_series) "ⴱⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵙⵓⵏ"] (Ben Tennyson). == ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ? == ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ "ⴱⵉⵏ" ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ "ⵎⴰⴽⵙ" ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ "ⴳⵡⵉⵏ" ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ "ⴱⵉⵏ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴹⵕⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵓⵎⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴽⵙ" (Omnitrix). ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ "ⴱⵉⵏ" ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ 10 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ (Aliens) ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴱⵉⵏ 10 ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ: ⵀⵉⵜⴱⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴷⵎⴰⵜⵜ, ⴷⴰⵢⵎⵏⴷⵀⵉⴷ, ⵉⴽⵙ ⵉⵍ ⵉⵕ 8, ⴳⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵔ, ⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵕⵎⵣ, ⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵔⵉⴱⵊⵓⵣ, ⴰⴱⴳⵔⵉⴷ, ⴳⵓⵙⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽ, ⴽⴰⵏⵏⴱⵓⵍⵜ, ⵡⴰⵍⴷⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. "ⴱⵉⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ (Hero). ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵅⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴱⵉⵏ 10|ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ |ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ |ⵎⴰⵔⴼⵍ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} m9esf7vo10n3hef8jyyyzp0aw242r5f 2 8694 177590 102643 2026-08-05T04:31:09Z Viqsenne123 2613 177590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Tasdawit deg Lezzayer}} {{more citations needed|date=November 2014}} {{Infobox university | name = Tasdawit n Suq Ahras Mohamed Cherif Messaadia | native_name = جامعة سوق أهراس - محمد الشريف مساعدية<br/>ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵙⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ - ⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ | image = Logo of University of Souk Ahras.png | image_size = 150px | caption = Asaru n Tsedawit n Suq Ahras | established = {{start date and age|1998}} (d alemmas asdawan)<br />{{start date and age|2011}} (d tasdawit tummidt) | type = Azayez | rector = Noura Moussa<ref name="elkhabar2023">{{cite web|title=تخصصات جديدة تطلقها جامعة سوق اهراس|url=https://www.elkhabar.com/societe/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3-231630|website=El Khabar|language=ar|access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> | students = {{citation needed|date=August 2026}} | city = [[Suq Ahras]] | country = [[Lezzayer]] | affiliations = 6 n tesrewin, sin n yisuḍaf | website = http://www.univ-soukahras.dz/ }} '''Tasdawit n Suq Ahras Mohamed Cherif Messaadia''' (s [[Taɛrabt]]: جامعة سوق أهراس - محمد الشريف مساعدية) d tasdawit tazayezt yellan deg [[Suq Ahras]], gar-ubrid n ugafa-usammar n [[Lezzayer]]. == Amezruy == Tasdawit-a tettwaxdem deg useggas n 1998 d alemmas asdawan yeqqnen ɣer [[Tasdawit n Ɛennaba|Tasdawit n Badji Mokhtar n Ɛennaba]].<ref name="univsoukahras">{{cite web|title=University of Souk Ahras|url=http://www.univ-soukahras.dz/en/historical-overview-for-the-university-of-souk-ahras/|access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Aselway-agi n tdabelt yettwasbadu s lqanun uzemmal uxeddim n 01-279 (30 Cutember 2001), i d-yefkan sin n yisuḍaf; lqanun-agi yettwabeddel s wayeḍ n 06-282 (16 Ɣuct 2006).<ref name="elkhabar_decree">{{cite web|title=جامعة محمد الشريف مساعدية سوق أهراس|url=https://www.a-onec.com/2020/10/univ-soukahras.dz.html|language=ar|access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref> Deg 2011, alemmas-agi yettwarna s wudem unṣib ɣer tsedawit yettwaqeblen, s 6 n tesrewin d sin n yisuḍaf.<ref name="univsoukahras" /> == Tisrewin d isuḍaf == Tasdawit tesɛa 6 n tesrewin d sin n yisuḍaf:<ref name="elkhabar_decree" /> * Tasrewt n Tussna d Tesnatwilt (Faculty of Science and Technology) * Tasrewt n Tussniwin n Ugama d Tudert (Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences) * Tasrewt n Yisekkilen d Tutlayin (Faculty of Arts and Languages) * Tasrewt n Uɣaḍaf d Tussniwin Tisertiyin (Faculty of Law and Political Science) * Tasrewt n Tussniwin Tidamsanin, Tinezzuyin, d Tedbelt (Faculty of Economics, Commercial and Management Sciences) * Tasrewt n Tussniwin Tinmettiyin d Tmettiyin (Faculty of Human and Social Sciences) * {{citation needed|Sin n yisuḍaf (ismawen ur d-ttwabedden ara)|date=August 2026}} == Wali daɣen == * [[Tibdawyin deg Lezzayer]] * [[Suq Ahras]] == Ineɣmasen == {{reflist}} == Iseɣwan izgaraniyen == * {{official website|http://www.univ-soukahras.dz/}} [[Category:Tisdawyin deg Lezzayer]] [[Category:Souk Ahras Province]] pu655bvlb5onm3j0zr51u30qn6x9nrh 177591 177590 2026-08-05T04:37:20Z Viqsenne123 2613 177591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ|ⴰⵙⵙ=November 2014}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:320px; float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; border:1px solid #D90000;" |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white; font-size:110%;" | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ |- | [[File:Logo of University of Souk Ahras.png|150px]] |- | ''ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ'' |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |- | '''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ''' : 1998 |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ |- | '''ⴰⵏⴰⵡ''' : ⴰⵥⴰⵢⴻⵣ (Public)<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ''' : Noura Moussa<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵎⴻⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ''' : www.univ-soukahras.dz |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ |- | '''ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ''' : {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ |- | '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ''' : [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]<br /> '''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ''' : [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]] |} '''ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴷ ⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵙⵙⴰⴷⵉⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جامعة سوق أهراس - محمد الشريف مساعدية) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⴻⵣⵜ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]], ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]. lmi9svi1fu8x3y7lceqa7cq8yj2tsna 177592 177591 2026-08-05T04:41:24Z Viqsenne123 2613 /* */ 177592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ|ⴰⵙⵙ=November 2014}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:320px; float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; border:1px solid #D90000;" |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white; font-size:110%;" | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ |- | [[File:Logo of University of Souk Ahras.png|150px]] |- | ''ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ'' |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |- | '''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ''' : 1998 |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ |- | '''ⴰⵏⴰⵡ''' : ⴰⵥⴰⵢⴻⵣ (Public)<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ''' : Noura Moussa<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵎⴻⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ''' : www.univ-soukahras.dz |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ |- | '''ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ''' : {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ |- | '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ''' : [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]<br /> '''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ''' : [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]] |} '''ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴷ ⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵙⵙⴰⴷⵉⴰ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جامعة سوق أهراس - محمد الشريف مساعدية) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⴻⵣⵜ ⵢⴻⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]], ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]. == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ == ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ-ⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵅⴷⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998 ⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⵇⵏⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴻⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ.<ref name="univsoukahras">{{cite web|title=University of Souk Ahras|url=http://www.univ-soukahras.dz/en/historical-overview-for-the-university-of-souk-ahras/|access-date=13 November 2014}}</ref> ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011, ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⴻⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵖⴻⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⵎⵜ, ⵙ 6 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ.<ref name="univsoukahras" /> == ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵓⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ == ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵄⴰ 6 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ: * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴻⵔⵜ * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴻⴽⴽⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴻⵔⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴻⵣⵣⵓⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⴷⴱⴻⵍⵜ * ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴻⵜⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴻⵜⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ * {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ|ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ (ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⴻⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ-ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴻⴷⴷⴻⵏ ⴰⵔⴰ)}} == ⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖⴻⵏ == * [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]] == ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⴻⵏ == {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} [[Category:Souk Ahras Province]] 0f2nivwg4rk7vai4az481peen9qh2ej 177593 177592 2026-08-05T04:57:11Z Viqsenne123 2613 177593 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⵃⵕⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵙⵙⴰⵄⴷⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]], ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]. {| class="wikitable" style="width:320px; float:right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center; border:1px solid #D90000;" |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white; font-size:110%;" | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ |- | [[File:Logo of University of Souk Ahras.png|150px]] |- | ''ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ'' |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |- | '''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ''' : 1998 |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ |- | '''ⴰⵏⴰⵡ''' : ⴰⵥⴰⵢⴻⵣ<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ''' : Noura Moussa<br /> '''ⴰⵙⵎⴻⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ''' : www.univ-soukahras.dz |- ! style="background:#D90000; color:white;" | ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ |- | '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ''' : [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]<br /> '''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ''' : [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]] |} == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ == ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ 1998 ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ, ⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ. == ⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ == ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ: * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵇⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ * ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵜⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ == ⵡⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖⵏ == * [[ⵙⵓⵇ ⴰⵀⵔⴰⵙ]] == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == * (en) University of Souk Ahras. ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ: http://www.univ-soukahras.dz/en/historical-overview-for-the-university-of-souk-ahras/ * (ar) جامعة محمد الشريف مساعدية سوق أهراس. https://www.elkhabar.com/societe/تخصصات-جديدة-تطلقها-جامعة-سوق-اهراس-231630 [[Category:Souk Ahras Province]] 3kct3j3pmrgksb8qmo4oekdbvehbadf 0 20230 177580 168146 2026-08-04T16:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260804sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 177580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}} {{databox}} '''ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' (ⵙ {{Langx|ro|România|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]}}) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ {{ill|ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ|en|Eastern Europe}} ⴷ {{ill|ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ|en|Southeast Europe}}.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2007-06-12 |title=Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |website=cia.gov}}</ref> ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⵜ|en|Balkan Peninsula}}, ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|lt=ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|en|Danube}}. ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ {{ill|ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ|en|Carpathian Mountains}} ⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵖⴼ {{ill|ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ|lt=ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ|en|Black Sea}}.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport |url=http://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |publisher=}}</ref> ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ|ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ {{ill|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ|lt=ⴰⵣⴳⵏ-ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ|en|Semi-presidential republic}} {{ill|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|lt=ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|en|Unitary state}}. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ]] ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 1878|lt=ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 1878|en|Treaty of Berlin (1878)}}. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ]]. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]] ⴳ 1989. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ, ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ]] ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙ 19 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ) ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ (ⵙ {{Langx|ro|București|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]}}) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 1.6 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ [[ⵏⴰⵜⵓ|ⵏⴰⵟⵓ]] ⴷⴳ 29 ⵎⴰⵔⵙ, 2004.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-03-29 |title=Romanian officials mark 20 years of NATO membership |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |website=Romania Insider |language=en}}</ref> ==ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ== ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ''Român'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ''Romanus'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "[[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ|title=Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History|journal=The Proceedings of the Friesian School|author=Kelley L. Ross|year=2003|quote=Note: The Vlach Connection|url=http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ|journal=Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies)|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|first=Robert Lee|last=Wolff|volume=23|issue=1|date=January 1948|pages=1–34|doi=10.2307/2853672|jstor=2853672|s2cid=162802725|issn=0038-7134}}</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== === ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ === ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 42,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Trinkaus|first=E.|title=Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase|url=http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=45|issue=3|pages=245–253|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185013/http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003|pmid=14580595|archive-date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2025-10-01|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Trinkaus|first=E.|title=Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase|url=http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=45|issue=3|pages=245–253|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185013/http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003|pmid=14580595|archive-date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2025-10-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴼⵍ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⴰ|lt=ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⴰ|en|Vinča_culture}} ⴽⵔⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴹⵜ.<ref name=":0" /> {{ill|ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ|en=Dacians}}, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ {{ill|ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ|lt=ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ|en|Thracians}}, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ.<ref>{{Citation|last=Herodotus|title=The Ancient History of Herodotus by Herodotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&dq=herodotus+dacians+darius&pg=PA215|pages=213–217|year=1859|publisher=Derby & Jackson|author-link=Herodotus|translator=William Beloe|via=digitized Google Book Search}}</ref> ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 101 ⴷ 106 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ {{ill|ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ|en|Dacia}}.<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#s-inx|publisher=De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors}}</ref> ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.<ref name=":1" /> ⴷⴰⵔ 271 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ {{ill|ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ|en|Goths}} ⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire |url=http://www.unrv.com/provinces/dacia.php |publisher=United Nations of Roma Victor |quote="and were found in great quantities in the [[Western Carpathians]]. After [[Trajan]]'s conquest he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver"}}</ref> === ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵏ === ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |title=Colloquial Romanian |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=1}}</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ {{Ill|ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ|lt=ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ|en|Empire}} [[ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ|ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ]].<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Matley |first=Ian |title=Romania; a Profile |date=1970 |publisher=Praeger |pages=85}}</ref> ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14, ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|lt=ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|en|Principality}} ⵏ [[ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]].<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Giurescu |first=Constantin C. |title=The Making of the Romanian People and Language |date=1972 |publisher=Meridiane Publishing House |location=Bucharest |pages=43, 98-101,141}}</ref> ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ [[ⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ]]. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ {{Ill|ⵙⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ|en|Stephen The Great}} (1457-1504) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Eutropius |url=http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm |title=Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History |author2=Justin, Cornelius Nepos |date=1886 |publisher=George Bell and Sons |location=London |authorlink=Eutropius}}</ref> ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ]], ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ 19.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Watkins |first=Thayer |title=The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917041355/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm |archive-date=2008-09-17 |quote=The Emperor [[Aurelian]] recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ === ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵙⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Kocsis|first1=Karoly|title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&dq=hungarian+census+transylvania+1910&pg=PA116|page=102|year=2001|publisher=Simon Publications|isbn=193131375X|last2=Kocsis-Hodosi|first2=Eszter}}</ref> ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ 1848 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ.<ref>{{Citation|last=Bobango|first=Gerald J|title=The emergence of the Romanian national State|year=1979|location=New York|publisher=Boulder|isbn=9780914710516}}</ref> ⴳ 1859, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|lt=ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|en|Principality}} ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵣⴰ.<ref>{{in lang|ru}} {{Citation|title=San Stefano Preliminary Treaty|url=http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|year=1878}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ-ⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 1879.<ref>{{Citation|title=Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans|date=July 13, 1878|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|place=Berlin|archive-date=June 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴳ 1881, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.<ref>{{Citation|last=Patterson|first=Michelle|title=The Road to Romanian Independence|date=August 1996|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098|journal=Canadian Journal of History|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098|doi=10.3138/cjh.31.2.329|archive-date=2008-03-24|url-status=dead}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20: ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ === ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ 1916 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Text of the Treaty of Trianon |url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon |publisher=World War I Document Archive}}</ref> ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1918, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵓⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ "ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |author=Bernard Anthony Cook |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Taylor&Francis |year=2001 |isbn=0815340575 |page=162}}</ref> ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⵉⵜ, ⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵜⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.<ref name="levandehistoria.se">http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661</ref> ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ 1944, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1944. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ; ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⴰⴱⵓⴳⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵙⵙⴰ).<ref name="levandehistoria.se" /><ref name="romania.bloggsida.se">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Allt om Rumänien fakta – bättre än Wikipedia |url=http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408080406/http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia |archive-date=2012-04-08 }}</ref> === ⵣⴳ ⵜⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ === ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 1947.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |publisher=CIA - The World Factbook}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania - Country Background and Profile |url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html |archive-date=2008-12-10|publisher=ed-u.com}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴽⵢⴰⵡⵛⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵉⵇⵇⵙⵃⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵇⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Caraza |first=Grigore |title=Aiud însângerat |publisher=Editura Vremea XXI |year=2004 |isbn=9736450503 |volume=Chapter IV |language=Romanian}}</ref> ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵕⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ [[ⵏⴰⵜⵓ]] ⴳ 2004,<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm |publisher=NATO}}</ref> ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ==ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ== ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 238,391 km²,<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ROMANIA, SERBIA |url=http://www.status-invest.com/en/site/press/investorbg-02-04-2007/ }}</ref> ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵓⵍⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵢⵍⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ. ===ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ=== ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ]] ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ]]. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 11°C ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ 8°C ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref name="climate">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania: Climate |url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}</ref> ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ. ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60 cm.<ref>{{in lang|ro}}{{citation|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics}}</ref> ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 38.5°C ⴷⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ 1944.<ref name="temperature2">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Climate of Romania |url=http://www.romaniatourism.com/climate.html }}</ref> ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 44.5°C ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1950.<ref name="temperature2" /> <gallery caption="ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ"> ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:BaleaLac4.jpg ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lipovean.jpg ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:07.zori in Valeni.2.jpg ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pietrosu Mare.jpg ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG </gallery> ==ⴰⵎⵓⵏ== === ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ === ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ: * ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ * ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ * ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ * ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ * ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ * ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ * ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ-ⵉⵍⴼⵓⴱ * ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ === ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ! scope="col" |ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ! scope="col" |ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹ |- ! scope="row" | ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ | 16,463,000 | 82% |- ! scope="row" | ⵉⵎⴰⵊⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ | 2,500,000 | 12.45%<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ETHNIC STRUCTURE|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm/ |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011202502/http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵏⵏ | 620,000 | 3% |- ! scope="row" | ⵉⵡⴽⵕⴰⵏⵏ | 300,000 | 1.5%<ref name="wilson">"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) ''Nations Abroad''. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. {{ISBN|0-8133-3738-0}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ | 135,000 | 0.6%<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130100705/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archivedate=2008-11-30|title=Political relations|publisher=Auswärtiges Amt}}Archived</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) | 50,000 | 0.2% |- ! scope="row" | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ | 20,068,000 | 100% |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;" |+ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ (Genre) ! scope="col" |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ! scope="col" |ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ |- ! scope="row" | [[ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ|ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ]] | {{Commas|10004180}} |49.28% |- ! scope="row" | [[ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ]] | {{Commas|10294390}} |50.72% |- ! scope="row" | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011 | {{Commas|20298570}} |100%<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|title=The Pension System in Romania|first=Tudor|last=Moldovan|date=18 February 2006|website=EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126085148/http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |} <gallery> File:Venus, Romania -beach-26July2009.jpg File:ViewfromVartopskiresortover-VartopPassAndBihorMountains.jpg File:A3 near Cheile Turului 2.JPG File:CFR 96 at Gara de Nord, 2006.jpg File:Sarmale with polenta and sour cream.jpg File:Hora Unirii.webm File:Romanian Church, Jerusalem (9198088899).jpg </gallery> === ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ === [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]]. ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ]], [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵇⴰⵏⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania - Culture |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=2007-12-31 |publisher=}}</ref> ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ {{ill|ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ|en|Ancient_Greece}}, {{ill|ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ|en|Ancient Rome}} ⴷ {{ill|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵏ|en|Slavs}}.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Sicilian Peoples: The Romans |url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art159.htm}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ {{lang|ro|Mămăligă}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ {{lang|ro|[[:en:Polenta|Polenta]]}} ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ [[ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ|ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ]], ⴷ {{lang|ro|Mici}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵚⵉⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sausages}}, d {{lang|ro|{{ill|Sarmale|en}}}} ⴷ {{lang|ro|Chiftele}} ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ {{lang|ro|Țuică}} ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Medicover |url=https://www.medicover.ro/despre-sanatate/mamaliga-beneficii-nutrienti-si-moduri-de-consum,1692,n,1948}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Bucataria romaneasca {{!}} EURAXESS |url=https://www.euraxess.gov.ro/ro/romania/informatii-si-asistenta/viata-cotidiana/bucataria-romaneasca |website=www.euraxess.gov.ro |language=ro}}</ref> ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵟⵟⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Christmas}} ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Easter}}, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ {{lang|ro|[[Ie]]}} ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ).<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cum s-a făcut Marea Unire pe 1 Decembrie 1918, ziua unui vis împlinit. Discursurile din Sala Unirii |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/1-decembrie-1918-ziua-unui-vis-implinit-cum-s-a-infaptuit-marea-unire.html |website=Știrile ProTV |language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Ia nationala: istoria iei, ziua iei, tipurile de ie, materiale din care este confectionata, mituri – Blog – IE Nationala |url=https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |language=ro-RO}}</ref> === ⴰⵙⴳⴷ === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ]], ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]]. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ 86,7% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 4.7%, ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 3.7%, [[:en:Pentecostalism|ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵙ 1.5, ⴰⵢⴽⵓⵣⵏ (ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ) ⵙ 1%,<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=18 July 2018 |title=Romanian Muslims Cancel Grand Mosque Project |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/07/18/romania-muslim-cult-tables-turkish-grand-mosque-project-07-17-2018/}}</ref> ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ 0.9%.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=2002 Census Reports - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/census/2002censusreports/ |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ === <gallery caption="ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ"> ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Cluj Napoca river.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cluj_Napoca_river.jpg|[[:simple:Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca]] ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:RO IS Iaşi , panoramic view 4.JPG|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_IS_Ia%C5%9Fi_,_panoramic_view_4.JPG|[[:simple:Iaşi|Iaşi]] ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Sibiuphoto.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|[[:simple:Sibiu|Sibiu]] ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:OradeaTownHall.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OradeaTownHall.jpg|[[:simple:Oradea|Oradea]] </gallery>[[ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120922094800/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf Preliminary Data for 2011 census]" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 September 2012.</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 300,000. ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵢⴰⵛⵉ]], [[ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰ]], [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ]], [[ⴽⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵜⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵓⴼⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200,000: [[ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉ]], [[ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ]], [[ⴱⵍⵓⵢⵛⵜⵉ]], [[ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ]]. ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.<ref>{{citation|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|title=Population in Romania|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095441/http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|archivedate=11 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ == ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ]] ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007. ⴳ 2024, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ (PIB) ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 894 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ $47,203.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report |website=IMF |language=en}}</ref> ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ|ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]], ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org}}</ref> ⴳⵔ 2007 ⴷ 2022, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵙ 44%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=GDP per capita in PPS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> === ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ === ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 15,7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ 2018. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ 68.7% ⴳ 2020, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ 2022.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last= |first= |date= |title=Cum a afectat pandemia turismul românesc: Sosirile vizitatorilor străini au scăzut în iunie cu 68,7% faţă de iunie 2019 |url=https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/cum-a-afectat-pandemia-turismul-romanesc-sosirile-vizitatorilor-19460871 |work=Ziarul Financiar}}</ref> ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ({{ill|ⵙⵉⴱⵢⵓ|en|Sibiu}}, {{ill|ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ|en|Bucharest}}, {{ill|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵙⴰ|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|ⵢⴰⵛⵉ|en|Iași}}, {{ill|ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ|en|Timișoara}}, {{ill|ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴱⵓⴽⴰ|en|Cluj-Napoca}}, {{ill|ⴰⵍⴱⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⴰ|en|Alba Iulia}}, {{ill|ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ|en|Oradea}}), ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⵎⵎⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Giușcă |first=Mădălina |date=23 May 2020 |title=Religious tourism and pilgrimage at Prislop Monastery, Romania: motivations, faith and perceptions |url=https://humangeographies.org.ro/articles/141/a_141_9_giusca.pdf |journal=Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=149-167 |doi=10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9}}</ref><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Ionel |first=Marian |date=2020 |title=Implications of Religious Tourism on the Romanian Tourist Market |url=https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Section%203/26.pdf |journal=Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series |publisher=[[Ovidius University of Constanța]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=362-367}}</ref> == ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ == ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ. ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵡⴹ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴷ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴽ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵣⵖ 1989, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ. == ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ == === ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ === ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ,<ref name="Europaworld">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Romania |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=9781857434125 |edition=48 |volume=2 |location=London and New York |pages=3734–3759}}</ref> ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1991 ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ.<ref name="Europaworld" /> ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ 73 ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ ⵏ 2003 ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 140 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 346 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ.<ref name="Europaworld" /> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.<ref name="Europaworld" /> ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵏ {{ill|ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ|fr|Comté (domaine)}} ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref name="Europaworld" /><ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |year=2000 |title=Romanian Legal system |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |archive-date=2008-01-25 |publisher=CIA Factbook}}</ref> === ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ === ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ 41 ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴱⴹⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ 319 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 2,686 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics |language=ro |id=Chapter 1.8}}</ref> ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ. === ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ === ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ (ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ]] ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. 90,000 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 2003: 15,000 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵣⴳ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ, 45,800 ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, 13,250 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵍⵉⵏ 6,800 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴷ 8,800 ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ.<ref>{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21}}</ref> == ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉ == {{notelist}} == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{Reflist}}{{ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ}} [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ]] {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} guzxhmkf26o6coivab15hmh26gch6p0 4 29856 177585 114241 2026-08-04T20:38:14Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177585 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: [[4 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]. <!-- ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵣⴰ --> <!-- ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ --> *[[1578]]: ⴰⴽⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ '''ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵏⵉⵇⵏ(ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ وادي المخازن)''' ⵏⴳⵔ '''ⵉⵙⴰⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ''' ⴷ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. *[[1749]]: ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ]]''' ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. *[[2024]]: ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ '''ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰ''' ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵎⴱⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. {{ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ}} mxyr398w3rx1xqipaa4c7d1ushemije 4 29857 177594 114245 2026-08-05T09:44:55Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177594 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ: [[5 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]. <!-- ⵉⵣⵎⵣⵣⴰ --> <!-- ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ --> *[[1907]]: ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵓⵜⵜⵏ '''[[ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ|ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]]'''. *[[1963]]: ⴰⵥⵥⴰ ⵏ '''ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ''' ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. *'''1991''': ⴰⵙⵖⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ '''[[ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵔⵓⵙ]]'''. *[[1991]]: ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏ '''ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|]] ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. {{ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ/ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔⵜ}} dehhn4d0jj8f1pnn4v9on86038mnpzq 4 29944 177587 114342 2026-08-04T20:48:28Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text=ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⵉⵄⵉⴱ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⴰⴹⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵛⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⴱⴰ,ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⴰⴹⴰ, ⵀⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵄⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ (ⴰ), ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵍⴰⵥ (ⴰ), ⵉⵏⵙ (ⵉ) ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ|author=[[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ]]|source=}} e6ceislfir57k2ifkop4vn6vceb0llp 177588 177587 2026-08-04T20:49:29Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text=ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⵉⵄⵉⴱ ⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵛⴰⴹⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵛⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵉⴱⴰ,ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⴰⴹⴰ, ⵀⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵄⵏⴰ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ (ⴰ), ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵍⴰⵥ (ⴰ), ⵉⵏⵙ (ⵉ) ⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰ.|author=[[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ]]|source=}} cdanmlnlk386wzo08sbbb5gfehua2jd 4 30044 177595 114446 2026-08-05T09:46:11Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text= ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ/ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ|author= ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ|source=}} nz5uy1qsuvc5rad45wf0hk8wv8ino5x 3 45231 177578 164528 2026-08-04T14:20:12Z AccountVanishRequests 2049 ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ AccountVanishRequests ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:曈嶅]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Renamed user 693026079900a6d720af0cf90684d93c]] ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/曈嶅|曈嶅]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 693026079900a6d720af0cf90684d93c|Renamed user 693026079900a6d720af0cf90684d93c]]" 164528 wikitext text/x-wiki ==ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ == {{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} --[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:20, 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026 (+01) ga8tgpejp6b9955e6bep6vvr28rzg0y 0 52810 177586 177577 2026-08-04T20:43:46Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 177586 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ'''"<ref>ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 88 2018.</ref> ({{lang|fr|légalité/légitimité}}), ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ({{lang|fr|science politique}}), ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ({{lang|fr|droit}}) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ({{lang|fr|acceptation}}) ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ({{lang|fr|autorité}}), ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ, ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ({{lang|fr|loi}}) ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ({{lang|fr|régime, système}}). ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ({{lang|fr|autorité}}) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵡⴰⵍ "'''ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ'''" ({{lang|fr|légitimité}}) ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ – ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ "ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ" ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ '''ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ''' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼ '''ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. '''ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ|ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ]] ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⵊⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵜⵙⵜ.<ref>Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (pp. 124–188). New Haven (Connecticut) and London: Yale University Press, 1971.</ref> ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ''ⵣⵣⵓ'' (Zhou) (1046–256 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ<ref>ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴷⴳⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ</ref> ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ '''ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== <references /> [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ]] 6jde02d3pk3pwlow2mkd7wkl9z4uhfd