ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ

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    <title>ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:11:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="19162" sha1="8x6y70x1n01e1tookg3ibdf8sawo845" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Safi Moumen ali.png|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ]]

'''ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ''':  ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴳ    ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵍⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ    ⵉ    ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ   ⵏ   ⴰⵢⵜ    ⵎⵣⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ,    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ    ⵏ   1949,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⵢⵉⵡⴹ    ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ    ⵏⵏⵙ,   ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰ,  ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙⴳ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ   ⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ,,  ⵏⵜⵜⴰ   ⴰ    ⵖ    ⵢⵓⵎⵥ    ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ    ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ    ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ   ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⴷⴼ   ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ      ⵏ    ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ     ⵉ    ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵢⴰⵥⵏ   ⵎⵔⴰⵡ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⵜⵙ    ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴼⴽ    ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ    ⵙⴳ    ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ    ⵏ   ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵢⴰⴷⴼ     ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ.


ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵣⴷⵖ   ⴳ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵓⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵔ    ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷⴰ     ⴳⵉⵙ    ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ    ⵉⵙ    ⵉⴳⴰ    ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟⵉ   ⵓⵔ   ⴷ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ   ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ      ⵓⵔ    ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ.    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ     ⵉⵔⵏⵓ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⴰⵔ    ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ     ⵏ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ   ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   (ⵓⵔ   ⵜⵍⴽⵎ  ⵢⴰⵜ,  ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴳⵉ   ⵢⴰⵜ)  ⴷ  ⵓⵔ    ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵍ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ   ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ  (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴱⴰⵍ)   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ     حدس    ⵙ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵔⴰⵔ    ⴰⵙ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ   ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵓⵔ    ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ    ⴳⵔ    ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ,    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵖ   ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵡⵊⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ   ⵡⵉⴷⴰ   ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.   ⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴰⵙ    ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ   (حدس)    ⵙ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵉⵍⵍⴰ    ⴷ    ⴰⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⵢ   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵜ   &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ&quot;.


ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ    ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵓⵔ   ⵢⴰⴷⵉ   ⵙ    ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ   ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ     ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴳⵉ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴷ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ,  ⵣⵖ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⴰⵏⵏ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ     ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ    ⵜⴳⴰ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ     ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ    ⴷ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ,  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵜ    ⵢⴰⵊⵊ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ     ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵙⴳ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ     ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ     ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵖ    ⵉⴳⴰ     ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵏⵏ    ⴳ     ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ    ⴳ     ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,   ⴷ   ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ    ⵏⵏⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ     ⴳ    ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ    ⵏ     ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ     ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⵏ     ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ     ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⴷ    ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⴰⴷ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ     ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ    ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵉ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,   ⵓⵔ   ⵜ    ⵓⴳⵓⵎ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵔⵎⵙ    ⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⴰⴷ,  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ    ⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵢⵓⴼⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ   ⵙ    ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ    ⵙ    ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⴰ   ⵣⵖ   ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ    ⵏ    ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ     ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ    ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵖ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴷ    ⵉⴼⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.

ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ     ⵙⴳ    ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⴳⵉ     ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ     ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴳ    ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ    ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴰⴷ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ     ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   &quot;ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ     ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ     1983   ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ    ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ    ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖ   ⴷ    ⴳ     ⵢⵉⴳⵔ     ⵏ    ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜ    ⵉⴷ   ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ,  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1984,  ⵜⴳ   ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵍⵍⵉ   ⵎⵉ   ⵉⵙⴽⵔ   ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ   ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ.
 
ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ:  &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ&quot;    ⴷ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1993   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ   ⴰⴷ. ⴷ  ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⴷ   ⵏⵙⵙⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ    ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ  ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴰ   ⵥⵕⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ    ⴳ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ:  &quot;ⵔⵉⵖ   ⴰⴷ  ⵥⵕⵖ    ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;  -ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ-  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ     ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ&quot;  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ    ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵖ.  

ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ   ⴷ  ⵉⴳⵔ    ⵖ   ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ    ⵉⴼⴽⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ     ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ   ⵙ   ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ    ⵙ    ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⴷ     ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ   ⵙ   ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉⵜⵏ     ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉ     ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ   ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ,  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ  ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ    ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ    ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ    ⵉ    ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ    ⵅⴼ    ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ:  ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ    ⵙ   ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵖ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (1996),  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷⴰ  ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⴷ   ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ   ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  (1998) ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵉ     ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ   [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]  (2002),   ⵡⵉⴷ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ     ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴱⵓ   &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ    ⵏ   ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot;  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ   ⵙ   ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ   ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ   ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ   ⵏ    ⵉⵏⵄⴰⵕⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵏ   ⵙ    ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵙ    ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ,  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙⵏ   ⵅⴼ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵔⴼ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴰⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ    ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ,  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ   ⵓⵔ   ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ,   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ     ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ,  ⴷ   ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏ    ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ   ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ   ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ   ⴳ   ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;  ⵙ   ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ   ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵉ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ   ⴷ   ⴳⵔ    ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ,  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⴽⵔ  ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ   ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ    ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ   ⴷ    ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ   ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏ     ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ    ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⴳ     ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵃⵎⴰ   ⴰⴷ  ⵜⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵉ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ    ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵙ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ   ⴷ     ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ   ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⵉⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ   ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ    ⴷ    ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ,  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ   ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ   ⵏ    ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ    ⵃⵎⵣⴰ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ    ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ     ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⴰⵙ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ     ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ    ⴳ    ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ,  ⴷ    ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ     ⵏ     ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.  

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⵏ    ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,  ⵢⵉⵡⵙ    ⴳ    ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵙⴰ   ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵍⴰ   ⵙ    ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ&quot;   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵉⵎⵉ    ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ,  ⵣⵖ    ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⴳ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵖ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ     ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵏⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ   ⴷ   ⵓⵍⴰ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵢⴰⵡⵙ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⴷ   ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⴰⵎⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ    ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴷ    ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ   ⵏ    ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ    ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵍⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵙⵓⵙ    ⴳ    ⵡⴰⴱⴼⴰ.   ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ     ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ    ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ    ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1983: ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ.
* 1993: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ.
* ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
* ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
* ⵉⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ.

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1996: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* 1998: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
* 2002: ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
* ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>8x6y70x1n01e1tookg3ibdf8sawo845</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177801</id>
      <parentid>177800</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>177801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19159" sha1="ofjouw4whhlz6lfvnmdihab549mca8l" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Safi Moumen ali.png|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ]]

'''ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ''':  ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴳ    ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵍⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ    ⵉ    ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ   ⵏ   ⴰⵢⵜ    ⵎⵣⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ,    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ    ⵏ   1949,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⵢⵉⵡⴹ    ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ    ⵏⵏⵙ,   ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰ,  ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙⴳ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ   ⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ,,  ⵏⵜⵜⴰ   ⴰ    ⵖ    ⵢⵓⵎⵥ    ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ    ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ    ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ   ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⴷⴼ   ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ      ⵏ    ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ     ⵉ    ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵢⴰⵥⵏ   ⵎⵔⴰⵡ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⵜⵙ    ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴼⴽ    ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ    ⵙⴳ    ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ    ⵏ   ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵢⴰⴷⴼ     ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ.


ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵣⴷⵖ   ⴳ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵓⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵔ    ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷⴰ     ⴳⵉⵙ    ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ    ⵉⵙ    ⵉⴳⴰ    ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟⵉ   ⵓⵔ   ⴷ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ   ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ      ⵓⵔ    ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ.    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ     ⵉⵔⵏⵓ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⴰⵔ    ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ     ⵏ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ   ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   (ⵓⵔ   ⵜⵍⴽⵎ  ⵢⴰⵜ,  ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴳⵉ   ⵢⴰⵜ)  ⴷ  ⵓⵔ    ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵍ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ   ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ  (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴱⴰⵍ)   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ     حدس    ⵙ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵔⴰⵔ    ⴰⵙ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ   ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵓⵔ    ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ    ⴳⵔ    ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ,    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵖ   ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵡⵊⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ   ⵡⵉⴷⴰ   ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.   ⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴰⵙ    ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ   (حدس)    ⵙ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵉⵍⵍⴰ    ⴷ    ⴰⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⵢ   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵜ   &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ&quot;.


ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ    ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵓⵔ   ⵢⴰⴷⵉ   ⵙ    ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ   ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ     ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴳⵉ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴷ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ,  ⵣⵖ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⴰⵏⵏ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ     ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ    ⵜⴳⴰ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ     ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ    ⴷ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ,  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵜ    ⵢⴰⵊⵊ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ     ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵙⴳ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ     ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ     ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵖ    ⵉⴳⴰ     ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵏⵏ    ⴳ     ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ    ⴳ     ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,   ⴷ   ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ    ⵏⵏⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ     ⴳ    ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ    ⵏ     ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ     ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⵏ     ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ     ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⴷ    ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⴰⴷ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ     ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ    ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵉ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,   ⵓⵔ   ⵜ    ⵓⴳⵓⵎ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵔⵎⵙ    ⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⴰⴷ,  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ    ⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵢⵓⴼⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ   ⵙ    ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ    ⵙ    ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⴰ   ⵣⵖ   ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ    ⵏ    ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ     ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ    ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵖ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴷ    ⵉⴼⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.

ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ     ⵙⴳ    ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⴳⵉ     ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ     ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴳ    ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ    ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴰⴷ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ     ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   &quot;ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ     ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ     1983   ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ    ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ    ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖ   ⴷ    ⴳ     ⵢⵉⴳⵔ     ⵏ    ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜ    ⵉⴷ   ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ,  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1984,  ⵜⴳ   ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵍⵍⵉ   ⵎⵉ   ⵉⵙⴽⵔ   ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ   ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ.
 
ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ:  &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ&quot;    ⴷ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1993   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ   ⴰⴷ. ⴷ  ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⴷ   ⵏⵙⵙⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ    ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ  ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴰ   ⵥⵕⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ    ⴳ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ:  &quot;ⵔⵉⵖ   ⴰⴷ  ⵥⵕⵖ    ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;  -ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ-  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ     ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ&quot;  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ    ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵖ.  

ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ   ⴷ  ⵉⴳⵔ    ⵖ   ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ    ⵉⴼⴽⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ     ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ   ⵙ   ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ    ⵙ    ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⴷ     ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ   ⵙ   ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉⵜⵏ     ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉ     ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ   ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ,  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ  ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ    ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ    ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ    ⵉ    ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ    ⵅⴼ    ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ:  ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ    ⵙ   ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵖ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (1996),  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷⴰ  ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⴷ   ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ   ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  (1998) ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵉ     ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ   [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]  (2002),   ⵡⵉⴷ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ     ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴱⵓ   &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ    ⵏ   ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot;  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ   ⵙ   ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ   ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ   ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ   ⵏ    ⵉⵏⵄⴰⵕⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵏ   ⵙ    ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵙ    ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ,  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙⵏ   ⵅⴼ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵔⴼ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴰⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ    ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ,  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ   ⵓⵔ   ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ,   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ     ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ,  ⴷ   ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏ    ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ   ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ   ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ   ⴳ   ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;  ⵙ   ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ   ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵉ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ   ⴷ   ⴳⵔ    ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ,  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⴽⵔ  ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ   ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ    ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ   ⴷ    ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ   ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏ     ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ    ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⴳ     ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵃⵎⴰ   ⴰⴷ  ⵜⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵉ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ    ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵙ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ   ⴷ     ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ   ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⵉⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ   ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ    ⴷ    ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ,  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ   ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ   ⵏ    ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ    ⵃⵎⵣⴰ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ    ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ     ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⴰⵙ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ     ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ    ⴳ    ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ,  ⴷ    ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ     ⵏ     ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.  

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⵏ    ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,  ⵢⵉⵡⵙ    ⴳ    ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵙⴰ   ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵍⴰ   ⵙ    ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ&quot;   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵉⵎⵉ    ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ,  ⵣⵖ    ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⴳ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵖ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ     ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵏⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ   ⴷ   ⵓⵍⴰ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵢⴰⵡⵙ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⴷ   ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⴰⵎⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ    ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴷ    ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ   ⵏ    ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ    ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵍⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵙⵓⵙ    ⴳ    ⵡⴰⴱⴼⴰ.   ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ     ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ    ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ    ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1983: ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ.
* 1993: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ.
* ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
* ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
* ⵉⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ.

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1996: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* 1998: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
* 2002: ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
* ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>ofjouw4whhlz6lfvnmdihab549mca8l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177802</id>
      <parentid>177801</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>177802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19137" sha1="kj9llrmgb9o852nme25bejrzl2qkjwg" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Safi Moumen ali.png|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ]]

'''ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ''':  ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴳ    ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵍⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ    ⵉ    ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ   ⵏ   ⴰⵢⵜ    ⵎⵣⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ,    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ    ⵏ   1949,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⵢⵉⵡⴹ    ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ    ⵏⵏⵙ,   ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰ,  ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙⴳ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ   ⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ,,  ⵏⵜⵜⴰ   ⴰ    ⵖ    ⵢⵓⵎⵥ    ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ    ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ    ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ   ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⴷⴼ   ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ      ⵏ    ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ     ⵉ    ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵢⴰⵥⵏ   ⵎⵔⴰⵡ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⵜⵙ    ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴼⴽ    ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ    ⵙⴳ    ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ    ⵏ   ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵢⴰⴷⴼ     ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ.


ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵣⴷⵖ   ⴳ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵓⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵔ    ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷⴰ     ⴳⵉⵙ    ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ    ⵉⵙ    ⵉⴳⴰ    ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟⵉ   ⵓⵔ   ⴷ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ   ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ      ⵓⵔ    ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ.    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ     ⵉⵔⵏⵓ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⴰⵔ    ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ     ⵏ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ   ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   (ⵓⵔ   ⵜⵍⴽⵎ  ⵢⴰⵜ,  ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴳⵉ   ⵢⴰⵜ)  ⴷ  ⵓⵔ    ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵍ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ   ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ  (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴱⴰⵍ)   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ     حدس    ⵙ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵔⴰⵔ    ⴰⵙ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ   ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵓⵔ    ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ    ⴳⵔ    ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ,    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵖ   ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵡⵊⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ   ⵡⵉⴷⴰ   ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.   ⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴰⵙ    ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ   (حدس)    ⵙ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵉⵍⵍⴰ    ⴷ    ⴰⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⵢ   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵜ   &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ&quot;.


ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ    ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵓⵔ   ⵢⴰⴷⵉ   ⵙ    ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ   ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ     ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴳⵉ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴷ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ,  ⵣⵖ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⴰⵏⵏ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ     ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ    ⵜⴳⴰ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ     ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ    ⴷ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ,  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵜ    ⵢⴰⵊⵊ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ     ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵙⴳ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ     ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ     ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵖ    ⵉⴳⴰ     ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵏⵏ    ⴳ     ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ    ⴳ     ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,   ⴷ   ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ    ⵏⵏⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ     ⴳ    ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ    ⵏ     ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ     ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⵏ     ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ     ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⴷ    ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⴰⴷ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ     ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ    ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵉ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,   ⵓⵔ   ⵜ    ⵓⴳⵓⵎ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵔⵎⵙ    ⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⴰⴷ,  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ    ⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵢⵓⴼⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ   ⵙ    ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ    ⵙ    ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⴰ   ⵣⵖ   ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ    ⵏ    ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ     ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ    ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵖ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴷ    ⵉⴼⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.

ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ     ⵙⴳ    ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⴳⵉ     ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ     ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴳ    ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ    ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴰⴷ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ     ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   &quot;ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ     ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ     1983   ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ    ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ    ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖ   ⴷ    ⴳ     ⵢⵉⴳⵔ     ⵏ    ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜ    ⵉⴷ   ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ,  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1984,  ⵜⴳ   ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵍⵍⵉ   ⵎⵉ   ⵉⵙⴽⵔ   ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ   ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ.
 
ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ:  &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ&quot;    ⴷ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1993   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ   ⴰⴷ. ⴷ  ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⴷ   ⵏⵙⵙⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ    ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ  ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴰ   ⵥⵕⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ    ⴳ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ:  &quot;ⵔⵉⵖ   ⴰⴷ  ⵥⵕⵖ    ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;  -ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ-  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ     ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ&quot;  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ    ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵖ.  

ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ   ⴷ  ⵉⴳⵔ    ⵖ   ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ    ⵉⴼⴽⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ     ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ   ⵙ   ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ    ⵙ    ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⴷ     ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ   ⵙ   ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉⵜⵏ     ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉ     ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ   ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ,  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ  ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ    ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ    ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ    ⵉ    ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ    ⵅⴼ    ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ:  ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ    ⵙ   ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵖ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (1996),  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷⴰ  ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⴷ   ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ   ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  (1998) ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵉ     ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ   [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]  (2002),   ⵡⵉⴷ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ     ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴱⵓ   &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ    ⵏ   ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot;  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ   ⵙ   ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ   ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ   ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ   ⵏ    ⵉⵏⵄⴰⵕⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵏ   ⵙ    ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵙ    ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ,  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙⵏ   ⵅⴼ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵔⴼ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴰⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ    ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ,  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ   ⵓⵔ   ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ,   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ     ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ,  ⴷ   ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏ    ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ   ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ   ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ   ⴳ   ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;  ⵙ   ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ   ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵉ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ   ⴷ   ⴳⵔ    ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ,  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⴽⵔ  ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ   ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ    ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ   ⴷ    ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ   ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏ     ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ    ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⴳ     ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵃⵎⴰ   ⴰⴷ  ⵜⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵉ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ    ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵙ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ   ⴷ     ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ   ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⵉⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ   ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ    ⴷ    ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ,  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ   ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ   ⵏ    ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ    ⵃⵎⵣⴰ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ    ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ     ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⴰⵙ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ     ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ    ⴳ    ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ,  ⴷ    ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ     ⵏ     ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.  

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⵏ    ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,  ⵢⵉⵡⵙ    ⴳ    ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵙⴰ   ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵍⴰ   ⵙ    ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ&quot;   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵉⵎⵉ    ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ,  ⵣⵖ    ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⴳ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵖ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ     ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵏⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ   ⴷ   ⵓⵍⴰ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵢⴰⵡⵙ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⴷ   ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⴰⵎⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ    ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴷ    ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ   ⵏ    ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ    ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵍⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵙⵓⵙ    ⴳ    ⵡⴰⴱⴼⴰ.   ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ     ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ    ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ    ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1983: ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ.
* 1993: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ.
* ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
* ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
* ⵉⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ.

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1996: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* 1998: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
* 2002: ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
* ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>kj9llrmgb9o852nme25bejrzl2qkjwg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177803</id>
      <parentid>177802</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:12:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19383" sha1="spiikfl9xkmlg8p2dtqd8x57sxve1qr" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Safi Moumen ali.png|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ]]

'''ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ''':  ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴳ    ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵍⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ    ⵉ    ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ   ⵏ   ⴰⵢⵜ    ⵎⵣⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ,    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ    ⵏ   1949,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⵢⵉⵡⴹ    ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ    ⵏⵏⵙ,   ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰ,  ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙⴳ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ   ⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ,,  ⵏⵜⵜⴰ   ⴰ    ⵖ    ⵢⵓⵎⵥ    ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ    ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ    ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ   ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⴷⴼ   ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ      ⵏ    ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ     ⵉ    ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵢⴰⵥⵏ   ⵎⵔⴰⵡ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⵜⵙ    ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴼⴽ    ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ    ⵙⴳ    ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ    ⵏ   ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵢⴰⴷⴼ     ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵣⴷⵖ   ⴳ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵓⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵔ    ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷⴰ     ⴳⵉⵙ    ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ    ⵉⵙ    ⵉⴳⴰ    ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟⵉ   ⵓⵔ   ⴷ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ   ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ      ⵓⵔ    ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ.    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ     ⵉⵔⵏⵓ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⴰⵔ    ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ     ⵏ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ   ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   (ⵓⵔ   ⵜⵍⴽⵎ  ⵢⴰⵜ,  ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴳⵉ   ⵢⴰⵜ)  ⴷ  ⵓⵔ    ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵍ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ   ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ  (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴱⴰⵍ)   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ     حدس    ⵙ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵔⴰⵔ    ⴰⵙ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ   ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵓⵔ    ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ    ⴳⵔ    ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ,    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵖ   ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵡⵊⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ   ⵡⵉⴷⴰ   ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.   ⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴰⵙ    ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ   (حدس)    ⵙ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵉⵍⵍⴰ    ⴷ    ⴰⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⵢ   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵜ   &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ&quot;.


ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ    ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵓⵔ   ⵢⴰⴷⵉ   ⵙ    ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ   ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ     ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴳⵉ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴷ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ,  ⵣⵖ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⴰⵏⵏ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ     ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ    ⵜⴳⴰ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ     ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ    ⴷ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ,  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵜ    ⵢⴰⵊⵊ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ     ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵙⴳ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ     ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ     ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵖ    ⵉⴳⴰ     ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵏⵏ    ⴳ     ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ    ⴳ     ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,   ⴷ   ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ    ⵏⵏⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ     ⴳ    ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ    ⵏ     ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ     ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⵏ     ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ     ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⴷ    ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⴰⴷ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ     ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ    ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵉ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,   ⵓⵔ   ⵜ    ⵓⴳⵓⵎ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵔⵎⵙ    ⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⴰⴷ,  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ    ⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵢⵓⴼⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ   ⵙ    ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ    ⵙ    ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⴰ   ⵣⵖ   ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ    ⵏ    ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ     ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ    ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵖ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴷ    ⵉⴼⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.

ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ     ⵙⴳ    ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⴳⵉ     ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ     ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴳ    ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ    ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴰⴷ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ     ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   &quot;ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ     ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ     1983   ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ    ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ    ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖ   ⴷ    ⴳ     ⵢⵉⴳⵔ     ⵏ    ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜ    ⵉⴷ   ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ,  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1984,  ⵜⴳ   ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵍⵍⵉ   ⵎⵉ   ⵉⵙⴽⵔ   ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ   ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ.
 
ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ:  &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ&quot;    ⴷ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1993   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ   ⴰⴷ. ⴷ  ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⴷ   ⵏⵙⵙⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ    ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ  ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴰ   ⵥⵕⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ    ⴳ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ:  &quot;ⵔⵉⵖ   ⴰⴷ  ⵥⵕⵖ    ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;  -ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ-  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ     ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ&quot;  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ    ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵖ.  

ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ   ⴷ  ⵉⴳⵔ    ⵖ   ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ    ⵉⴼⴽⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ     ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ   ⵙ   ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ    ⵙ    ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⴷ     ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ   ⵙ   ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉⵜⵏ     ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉ     ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ   ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ,  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ  ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ    ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ    ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ    ⵉ    ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ    ⵅⴼ    ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ:  ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ    ⵙ   ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵖ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (1996),  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷⴰ  ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⴷ   ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ   ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  (1998) ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵉ     ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ   [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]  (2002),   ⵡⵉⴷ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ     ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴱⵓ   &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ    ⵏ   ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot;  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ   ⵙ   ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ   ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ   ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ   ⵏ    ⵉⵏⵄⴰⵕⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵏ   ⵙ    ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵙ    ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ,  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙⵏ   ⵅⴼ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵔⴼ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴰⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ    ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ,  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ   ⵓⵔ   ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ,   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ     ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ,  ⴷ   ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏ    ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ   ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ   ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ   ⴳ   ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;  ⵙ   ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ   ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵉ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ   ⴷ   ⴳⵔ    ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ,  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⴽⵔ  ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ   ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ    ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ   ⴷ    ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ   ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏ     ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ    ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⴳ     ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵃⵎⴰ   ⴰⴷ  ⵜⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵉ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ    ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵙ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ   ⴷ     ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ   ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⵉⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ   ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ    ⴷ    ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ,  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ   ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ   ⵏ    ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ    ⵃⵎⵣⴰ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ    ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ     ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⴰⵙ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ     ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ    ⴳ    ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ,  ⴷ    ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ     ⵏ     ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.  

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⵏ    ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,  ⵢⵉⵡⵙ    ⴳ    ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵙⴰ   ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵍⴰ   ⵙ    ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ&quot;   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵉⵎⵉ    ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ,  ⵣⵖ    ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⴳ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵖ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ     ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵏⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ   ⴷ   ⵓⵍⴰ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵢⴰⵡⵙ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⴷ   ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⴰⵎⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ    ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴷ    ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ   ⵏ    ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ    ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵍⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵙⵓⵙ    ⴳ    ⵡⴰⴱⴼⴰ.   ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ     ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ    ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ    ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1983: ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ.
* 1993: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ.
* ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
* ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
* ⵉⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ.

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1996: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* 1998: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
* 2002: ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
* ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>spiikfl9xkmlg8p2dtqd8x57sxve1qr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177804</id>
      <parentid>177803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T14:12:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177804</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19382" sha1="ml8a9ff74wrvjx7jz2tsv5qhi4mhghb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Safi Moumen ali.png|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ]]

'''ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ''':  ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴳ    ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵎⵎⵍⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ    ⵉ    ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ   ⵏ   ⴰⵢⵜ    ⵎⵣⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ,    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ    ⵏ   1949,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⵢⵉⵡⴹ    ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ    ⵏⵏⵙ,   ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴰ,  ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖ   ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙⴳ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ   ⴰⵔ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ   ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ,,  ⵏⵜⵜⴰ   ⴰ    ⵖ    ⵢⵓⵎⵥ    ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ    ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ    ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ   ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⴷⴼ   ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ      ⵏ    ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ     ⵉ    ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵢⴰⵥⵏ   ⵎⵔⴰⵡ    ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⵜⵙ    ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴼⴽ    ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ    ⵙⴳ    ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ    ⵏ   ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵢⴰⴷⴼ     ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt;


ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵣⴷⵖ   ⴳ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵓⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵔ    ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴰⵏⵎⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷⴰ     ⴳⵉⵙ    ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ    ⵉⵙ    ⵉⴳⴰ    ⴰⵕⴱⴰⵟⵉ   ⵓⵔ   ⴷ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ   ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ      ⵓⵔ    ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ.    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ     ⵉⵔⵏⵓ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⴰⴷ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉⵖ    ⴰⵔ    ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ,  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵔⵉ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ     ⵏ     ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ   ⵢⴰⵜ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   (ⵓⵔ   ⵜⵍⴽⵎ  ⵢⴰⵜ,  ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴳⵉ   ⵢⴰⵜ)  ⴷ  ⵓⵔ    ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⴽⵔⴰ   ⵉⵎⴰⵍ,  ⴰⴼⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ   ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ  (ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴱⴰⵍ)   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ     حدس    ⵙ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⵉⵔⴰⵔ    ⴰⵙ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵓⵔ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ.  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ   ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵓⵔ    ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ    ⴳⵔ    ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ    ⵏ   ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ,    ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵖ   ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵡⵊⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ   ⵡⵉⴷⴰ   ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.   ⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴰⵙ    ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ   (حدس)    ⵙ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵉⵍⵍⴰ    ⴷ    ⴰⵔ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⵢ   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵜ   &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵏ&quot;.


ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ    ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ   ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⴷ    ⵓⵔ   ⵢⴰⴷⵉ   ⵙ    ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵏⵥⵥⵓ   ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ     ⵎⴰⵙ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴳⵉ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ   ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵅⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴷ    ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ,  ⵣⵖ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⴰⵏⵏ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ     ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵅⴼ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⵙ  ⵎⴰⵙ    ⵜⴳⴰ     ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ     ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ    ⴷ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ,  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵜ    ⵢⴰⵊⵊ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ     ⴰⵎⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵙⴳ    ⵜⵉⵣⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ    ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ   ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ     ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ     ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ     ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵖ    ⵉⴳⴰ     ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ    ⵏⵏ    ⴳ     ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ    ⵏ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⴷⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ    ⴳ     ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,   ⴷ   ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴳ    ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ    ⵏⵏⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ   ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ     ⴳ    ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ    ⵏ     ⵢⴰⵏ   ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ     ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⵏ     ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ     ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⴷ    ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ    ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ   ⴰⴷ    ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ    ⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵉⴳⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ     ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ   ⵏ    ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ    ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ    ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵉ    ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ    ⴳ     ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,   ⵓⵔ   ⵜ    ⵓⴳⵓⵎ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵔⵎⵙ    ⴰⴷ    ⴰⵙⵇⵙⵉ    ⴰⴷ,  ⵎⴰⵛⴰ    ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ    ⵙ     ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵎⵉ    ⵢⵓⴼⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ    ⴷ    ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ   ⵙ    ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ    ⵙ    ⵜⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵙ    ⵜⵖⵔⴰ   ⵣⵖ   ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ    ⵏ    ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ     ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ    ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⴳ    ⵉ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ    ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⴰⴷ    ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ    ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵖ    ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⴷ    ⵉⴼⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙ   ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.

ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ     ⵙⴳ    ⵉⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⴳⵉ     ⵏ     ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴳ     ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ     ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ    ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ    ⴳ    ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ,  ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ    ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴰⴷ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ,   ⵉⴳⴰ    ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ     ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   &quot;ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ     ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ    ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ     1983   ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ    ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ    ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ    ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖ   ⴷ    ⴳ     ⵢⵉⴳⵔ     ⵏ    ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ   ⵙ     ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵉⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜ    ⵉⴷ   ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵙ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ,  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ   1984,  ⵜⴳ   ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵍⵍⵉ   ⵎⵉ   ⵉⵙⴽⵔ   ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ   ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ.
 
ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ:  &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ&quot;    ⴷ   ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1993   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ   ⴰⴷ. ⴷ  ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ  ⴷ   ⴰⴷ   ⵏⵙⵙⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷⴰⵔⵙ   ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ    ⵉⵔⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ  ⵓⵔ   ⵜⴰ   ⵥⵕⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ    ⴳ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰ:  &quot;ⵔⵉⵖ   ⴰⴷ  ⵥⵕⵖ    ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;  -ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ-  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏ     ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ&quot;  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ    ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ   ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵓⵖ.  

ⵔⴰⴷ   ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ   ⴷ     ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰⵢ   ⴷ  ⵉⴳⵔ    ⵖ   ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ    ⵉⴼⴽⴰ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ    ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ     ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵓⵢⴰ   ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ   ⵙ   ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴷ    ⵙ    ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⴷ     ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ   ⵙ   ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴷ    ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉⵜⵏ     ⵏⵏⵙ    ⵉ     ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ    ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ   ⴳ   ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ,  ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ  ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵡⴰ    ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ    ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵏⴳⵎ    ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ    ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ    ⵉ    ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ    ⵅⴼ    ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,  ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ:  ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ    ⵙ   ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵜ   ⵏⵏⵖ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (1996),  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷⴰ  ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ   ⴷ   ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ   ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ  (1998) ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ   ⵉ     ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ   [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]  (2002),   ⵡⵉⴷ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴳⴰⵏ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ    ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵜⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ.  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ   ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎ     ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⴰⴷ   ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴰⴽⵔⴱⴱⵓ   &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ    ⵏ   ⵡⵓⵔⵖ&quot;  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ   ⵙ   ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⴷ    ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ    ⵏⵏⴰ    ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ   ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ   ⴷ    ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ   ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ   ⵏ    ⵉⵏⵄⴰⵕⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵏ   ⵙ    ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵙ    ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ   ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ,  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ   ⴳⵉⵙⵏ   ⵅⴼ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵙ   ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴷ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⴷ    ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ   ⴷ    ⵓⵣⵔⴼ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ   ⴰⵚⴰⴹⴼⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ    ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ.

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ    ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ,  ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ   ⵓⵔ   ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ   ⵎⴰⵙ   ⴷ   ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ   ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ,   ⵉⴳⴰ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ     ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ,  ⴷ   ⵓⵎⵣⵓⵣⵉ   ⴷ    ⵓⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏ    ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ، ⵖⵓⵔⵙ   ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ   ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵏ    ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ   ⴳ   ⵙⵓⵙ&quot;  ⵙ   ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ   ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵉ     ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ   ⴷ   ⴳⵔ    ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ,  ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⴽⵔ  ⴰⵙⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵏ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ   ⵚⵉⴹⵇⵉ    ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ   ⴷ    ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ   ⴰⵅⵢⵢⴰⵟ.  ⴱⵍⴰ   ⵏⵜⵜⵓ    ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏ     ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ    ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵡⴰⵏⵜ   ⴷ   ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⴳ     ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵃⵎⴰ   ⴰⴷ  ⵜⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵉ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴷ    ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ    ⵙ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ   ⴷ     ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⴷ    ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ   ⵏⵏⵙ.  ⵉⴳ   ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ   ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵍⵖ    ⴷ    ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔ,  ⵉⵥⵕⴰ   ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ   ⵏ    ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ    ⵏ     ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ    ⵃⵎⵣⴰ   ⵄⴱⴹⵍⵍⴰⵀ   ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ     ⵡⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ    ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ   ⵅⴼ   ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ    ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ    ⵏ     ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ     ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ    ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⴰⵙ   ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ   ⴳ    ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.  ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ    ⵜ    ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ    ⴰⴷ   ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵜ   ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ    ⵏ     ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ    ⴳ    ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ    ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ,  ⴷ    ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴷ    ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉ    ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ     ⵏ     ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.  

ⴳ    ⵢⵉⴳⵔ   ⵏ    ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ,  ⵢⵉⵡⵙ    ⴳ    ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]   ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ   ⵏ    ⵙⴰ   ⵜⵏⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵍⴰ   ⵙ    ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ&quot;   ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ    ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵔ   ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ    ⴷ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵕⵢⵓ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ   ⵉⵍⴰⵏ   ⴰⵣⵡⵍ   ⵏ   &quot;ⵉⵎⵉ    ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;.

ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ,  ⵣⵖ    ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵖ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ   ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉ    ⵎⵓⵎⵏ   ⵄⵍⵉ    ⵙ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ   ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ    ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ   ⴳ   ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ    ⵏ    ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ     ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵖ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ     ⵏ     ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵏⵉⵖ   ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ    ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ   ⴷ   ⵓⵍⴰ   ⴳ    ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ   ⵏ    ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ   ⵏⵏⵙ    ⴳ    ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ,  ⵢⴰⵡⵙ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⴰⴽⴽⵯ   ⴷ   ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ    ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ    ⴳ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ  ⴰⴷ,   ⵜⴰⵎⴰ    ⵏ    ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ    ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ   ⵏ    ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ    [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]    ⴳ    ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,  ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⴷ    ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵢ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ   ⵏ    ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ    ⴳⵔ   ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ   ⴷ    ⵓⵍⴰ    ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ    ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⵏ    ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵙⵓⵙ    ⴳ    ⵡⴰⴱⴼⴰ.   ⴷ   ⵜⵉⵣⵉ   ⵍⵍⵉⵖ   ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ     ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ    ⵏ    ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ    ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ    ⵏ    ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ    ⴰⴷ    ⵉⴳ    ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ    ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ    ⵏ     ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1983: ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ.
* 1993: ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ.
* ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵕⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
* ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ.
* ⵉⵎⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ.

==== ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=رشيد نجيب - الصافي مومن علي...المفكر الأمازيغي |url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=683586 |access-date=2026-08-25 |website=الحوار المتمدن}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====

* 1996: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
* 1998: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.
* 2002: ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
* ⵜⴰⵏⵟⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>ml8a9ff74wrvjx7jz2tsv5qhi4mhghb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4165</id>
    <redirect title="ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177815</id>
      <parentid>78549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:27:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>269</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Fixing double redirect from [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]] to [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="rz28bi9q4l42t2mrf73qf97fhw3jzpw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>rz28bi9q4l42t2mrf73qf97fhw3jzpw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4829</id>
    <redirect title="ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177814</id>
      <parentid>77983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T21:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>269</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Fixing double redirect from [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]] to [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="rz28bi9q4l42t2mrf73qf97fhw3jzpw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>rz28bi9q4l42t2mrf73qf97fhw3jzpw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Ivan Kheilyk</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>27432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177816</id>
      <parentid>110440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T10:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>S.Marchenko</username>
        <id>50746</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>S.Marchenko ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Marshal 10000]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Ivan Kheilyk]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Marshal 10000|Marshal 10000]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Ivan Kheilyk|Ivan Kheilyk]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>110440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="226" sha1="rfpqv54i6lumkequ8npugss820bvx7n" xml:space="preserve">==ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ ==
{{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} 
--[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:13, 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2025 (+01)</text>
      <sha1>rfpqv54i6lumkequ8npugss820bvx7n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Kyaw Myo Aung</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>52199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177805</id>
      <parentid>175033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>27105</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mfield ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Myanmar Wik]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Kyaw Myo Aung]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Myanmar Wik|Myanmar Wik]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Kyaw Myo Aung|Kyaw Myo Aung]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>175033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="221" sha1="s0ddaf4e5wzbllku9qtnqn141fptomx" xml:space="preserve">==ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ ==
{{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} 
--[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:14, 28 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2026 (+01)</text>
      <sha1>s0ddaf4e5wzbllku9qtnqn141fptomx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Myanmar Wik</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>52863</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Kyaw Myo Aung" />
    <revision>
      <id>177806</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T15:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mfield</username>
        <id>27105</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mfield ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Myanmar Wik]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Kyaw Myo Aung]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Myanmar Wik|Myanmar Wik]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Kyaw Myo Aung|Kyaw Myo Aung]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>177806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75" sha1="om7tj08dbf4e1xzovhqfwz3weqa9elz" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Kyaw Myo Aung]]</text>
      <sha1>om7tj08dbf4e1xzovhqfwz3weqa9elz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177807</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:03:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.  == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣ...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>177807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="484" sha1="1u4art9d6hsh0grngpgtglwnf8vfrjf" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
      <sha1>1u4art9d6hsh0grngpgtglwnf8vfrjf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177808</id>
      <parentid>177807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:07:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ]]</comment>
      <origin>177807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="484" sha1="1u4art9d6hsh0grngpgtglwnf8vfrjf" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
      <sha1>1u4art9d6hsh0grngpgtglwnf8vfrjf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177810</id>
      <parentid>177808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:08:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="529" sha1="9mi7c71e5ze22iabmn2dyvj0sehrhjb" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
      <sha1>9mi7c71e5ze22iabmn2dyvj0sehrhjb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177811</id>
      <parentid>177810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="6n37ijtzkwg8g1ybsicikwfpyblcv78" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
      <sha1>6n37ijtzkwg8g1ybsicikwfpyblcv78</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177812</id>
      <parentid>177811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:10:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="519" sha1="ecpyvozu6dden6sesn16s79qfbtjz4u" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
      <sha1>ecpyvozu6dden6sesn16s79qfbtjz4u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177813</id>
      <parentid>177812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:11:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="566" sha1="bkgm4knccru1lvz68cta2y4wxsxtz4f" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: '''Jadav Payeng''')ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ|ⵓⵀⵉⵏⴷ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷ |ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ |ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ |ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ }}</text>
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    <title>ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52865</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-25T19:07:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="45" sha1="186fbpng54nzywmspbgibykswii9nxg" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⵊⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⴳ]]</text>
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        <username>S.Marchenko</username>
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      <comment>S.Marchenko ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Marshal 10000]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Ivan Kheilyk]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Marshal 10000|Marshal 10000]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Ivan Kheilyk|Ivan Kheilyk]]&quot;</comment>
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