ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="zgh">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</sitename>
    <dbname>zghwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177844</id>
      <parentid>168081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:29:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32832" sha1="hdk11xeuu9outgkkv1vyfw7lc5nnxjr" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]: Helium) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ He ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 2. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵢⵏⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔⴽⵍⵓ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵓ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵢ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴱⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ|ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 24% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ]]. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵓ [[ⴰⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏ]] ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]], ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1868 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵊⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⵏⵜⵓⵔ, [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]]. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ]] ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, '''ἥλιος''' (ⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ). ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ]] ⵏ [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Helium |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/2/helium |website=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
=== ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1868, ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵖⵜ|ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵜ]] 587.49 ⵏⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ [[ⴰⵣⵖⵓⵖ|ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ]] ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵊⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵔⵎⵙ|ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ]] ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ [[ⴳⵓⵏⵜⵓⵔ]], [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kochhar |first1=R. K. |date=1991 |title=French astronomers in India during the 17th–19th centuries |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=95–100 |bibcode=1991JBAA..101...95K}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴳ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ D₃ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ [[ⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏⵀⵓⴼⵔ D₁]] ⴷ D₂ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴷⵢⵓⵎ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Norman Lockyer |url=http://www.lockyer.sdb.ac.uk/lockyer/norman.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210080644/http://www.lockyer.sdb.ac.uk/lockyer/norman.htm |archive-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]. ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⴰⵏⴷ]] ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ &quot;ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ἥλιος (helios).

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Helium_spectrum.jpg|thumb|ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.]]

ⴳ 26 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1895, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ]] [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]] (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ 10% ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ) ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ]] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ|ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽ]], ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ D₃ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ramsay |first=William |author-link=William Ramsay |date=1895 |title=On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3 , One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=58 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1895.0015 |jstor=115714}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ [[ⴱⵉⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵀⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:William_Ramsay_working.jpg|thumb|ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ.]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Clevite_sample_(35321726345).jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵍⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ.]]

=== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 1908 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵢⴽ ⴽⴰⵎⵔⵍⵉⵏⴳ ⵓⵏⵙ]], ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵣ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Emsley |first1=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks |url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6/page/175 175]–179 |isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵍⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ 7%, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 92%, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==
=== ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ===
==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ ====
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ| ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ|ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ|ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏ|ⵉⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵎⵉⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ [[ⵛⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⴳⵔ]] ⵉ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⴰⵔⵜⵔⵉ-ⴼⵓⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵉⵕⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Woodgate |first1=G. K. |title=Elementary Atomic Structure |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1983 |page=153 |isbn=978-0-19-851156-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ====
ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵉⴷⴳ|ⵓⴽⵉⴷⴳ]] ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4  ⴰⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Alpha Particle |url=https://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html |website=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵏⵉⵢⵓⵏ]], ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lide |first=D. R. |editor=CRC |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_86ed |edition=86th |publisher=CRC Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8493-0486-6 |pages=4-142}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ (ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵢⵓⵏⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ-ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ-ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ.

=== ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ===
==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ====
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 4.22 ⴽ (−268.93 °C). ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 1908 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵀⴰⵢⴽ ⴽⴰⵎⵔⵍⵉⵏⴳ ⵓⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=van Delft |first=Dirk |date=2008 |title=Little machine, big science: The Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences' Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory |journal=History of Science |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=455 |doi=10.1177/007327530804600404}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ: ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ 2.17 ⴽ ⴷ 4.22 ⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵥ ⵏ 1.026. ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵕⴱⵓⵕ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 2.17 ⴽ (ⵜⴰⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⴷⴰ), ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉ-ⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵕⴱⵓⵕ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ]]; ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵍⵉⵏ&quot;.

==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ====
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵥⵉⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵢ (0 ⴽ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ : ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵥⵉⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=McMahon |first=J. M. |last2=Morales |first2=M. A. |last3=Pierleoni |first3=C. |last4=Ceperley |first4=D. M. |title=The properties of hydrogen and helium under extreme conditions |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=1607–1653 |year=2012 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1607}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵙⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 25 ⴱⴰⵕ (2.5 ⵎⴱⴰ) ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ 0.95 ⴽ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ (BCC). ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙ ⴰⵚⴹⵉⵚⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ (HCP) ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ (FCC). ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ 0.187 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ 0 ⴽ ⴷ 48 ⵎⴱⴰ.

== ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 (³He) ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 (⁴He) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ 99.99986% ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ (0.000137%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Isotopes of helium |url=https://www.webelements.com/helium/isotopes.html |website=WebElements}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ; ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ) ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Novikov |first1=D. D. |title=Primordial helium abundance and the number of neutrino families |journal=Soviet Astronomy Letters |volume=14 |year=1988 |page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
=== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ 23% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cno.html |title=CNO Cycle |website=HyperPhysics |publisher=Georgia State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3 ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ-ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⴹⵜ CNO).

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ 5.2 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵎ]], ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⴱⵉⵜⵛⴱⵍⵉⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ]], ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ (ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ) ⴳ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ 7% ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.

=== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ===
ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵔ 7% ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/heliummyb04.pdf |title=Helium |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |year=2004 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴷⵎ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 169 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (78%), ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (15%). ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏ.

== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ==
ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ (MRI), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (NMR), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⴹⵕⵓⵏⵏ (LHC) ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵙⵉⵔⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Applications of Helium |url=https://www.americangasspecialty.com/applications-of-helium |website=American Gas Specialty}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ===
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ 7%, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵉ 92%. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why do blimps use helium instead of hydrogen? |url=https://www.airships.net/blog/why-do-blimps-use-helium-instead-hydrogen/ |website=Airships.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ.

=== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ===
*   '''ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵙⵜ''': ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵕⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴽⵓⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stwertka |first=Albert |title=A Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/24 24] |isbn=978-0-19-508083-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*   '''ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙ''': ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ.
*   '''ⴰⵏⴳⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ''': ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵏⵏⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]] ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ.
*   '''ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ''': ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵙⵜ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜ|ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inhaling Helium Can Be Deadly |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700s-your-child/staying-safe/inhaling-helium-can-be-deadly |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot;. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>hdk11xeuu9outgkkv1vyfw7lc5nnxjr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177842</id>
      <parentid>171086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22839" sha1="hmpfq8bg4vn21mv1i08y3zdkukwvjoo" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ]]: λίθος, líthos, lit. 'ⴰⵥⵕⵓ') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Li''' ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium |title=Lithium - Element information, properties and uses |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ [[ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢ|ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ]] ⵏ [[ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ|ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ  ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://geology.com/usgs/lithium/ |title=Lithium: The Lightest Metal |publisher=Geology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ==
=== ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Limetal.JPG|thumb|ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 0.534 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lide |first1=D. R. |editor1-last=Lide |editor1-first=D. R. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |edition=85th |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9 |pages=4–18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙ 0.6, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lithium_element.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓM ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ]]

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ (180 °C), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ (1342 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.webelements.com/lithium/physics.html |title=WebElements Periodic Table » Lithium » physical properties |publisher=webelements.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⁶Li ⴷ ⁷Li, ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (⁷Li) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ (92.5%). ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ|ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ]] ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ|ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Krebs, Robert E. |title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33438-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb/page/47 47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵓⴱⵣⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (LiOH), ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] (Li₃N) ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃).

ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Kamienski |first1=Conrad W. |last2=MacDonald |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Stark |first3=Marshall W. |last4=Liberty |first4=John R. |entry=Lithium and Lithium Compounds |encyclopedia=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. |doi=10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2 |isbn=978-0471238966}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg|thumb|ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817]]

ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ [[ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ]] ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ (LiAlSi₄O₁₀) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓ ⴳ [[ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ]]. ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ&quot; ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵡⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Enghag |first1=Per |title=Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data - History - Processing - Applications |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=287 |isbn=978-3-527-30666-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qS4s42d4-0cC}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ &quot;ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ/ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏⴰ&quot; (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ λίθος, ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ &quot;ⴰⵥⵕⵓ&quot;), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1818, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ [[ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1821, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ [[ⵔⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵙⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵙⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lithium-element |title=Lithium |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1923, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ [[ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴳⵉⵣⵍⵛⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵊⵉ]] ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ.

== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ]], [[ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ]], ⴷ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]]. ⴳ 2020, ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ 82,000 ⵟⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=January 2021 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰ]]).

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 18 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ|ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ]], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ 99.5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wanger |first1=Thomas C. |title=The Lithium future—resources, recycling, and the environment |journal=Conservation Letters |date=2011 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=202–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00166.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lithium_Uses_Chart_2020.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020]]

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021 ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ (74%), ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ]] ⴷ [[ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ]] (14%). ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ (4%), ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ (1%), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ===
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ|ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ|ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ]], ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ|ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ|ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainslithium-ion-batteries |title=DOE Explains...Lithium-Ion Batteries |publisher=Department of Energy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ|ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ]]. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱⵏ]]. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ]] ⵀⵉⵍ 200 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ]] ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/myb1-2015-lithiu.pdf |title=2015 Minerals Yearbook: Lithium |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=2017 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ===
ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ]], ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] (Li₂CO₃), ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵊⴷⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder |title=Bipolar Disorder |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴼⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.

== ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/1004 |title=Lithium |website=CAMEO Chemicals |publisher=NOAA |access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ]] ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''ⴷ'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Stellman, Jeanne Mager |title=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety |date=1998 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=978-92-2-109817-1 |page=104-203}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ==
* [https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ Royal Society of Chemistry

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>hmpfq8bg4vn21mv1i08y3zdkukwvjoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177851</id>
      <parentid>177070</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23292" sha1="8geh8feunshfc486d3ajdhgwr6lwy9v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Magnesium''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;Mg&quot;, ⴱⵓ [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ|ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 12. ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ]] ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴱⵓ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 2.5%. ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ|ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lide |first1=D. R. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9 |pages=4–18 |edition=85th}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ|ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]], [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ]]), ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ 13% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ|ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵏ]], ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ|ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵉⵏⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵕⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ|ⵓⴷⵉⵏⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵕⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ]] (ATP), ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ|ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ]] ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSCMg&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/12/magnesium |title=Magnesium - Element information, properties and uses |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎ|ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵎ]] [[ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ|ⵉⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ|ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ]].

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ [[ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]] ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ]], ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MgAlloys&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.gabrian.com/magnesium-alloys/ |title=Magnesium Alloys: Properties, Applications, and Benefits |publisher=Gabrian International}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ  ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==
=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ (1.74 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³). ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵔⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ]] (MgO) ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ASH&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Ash |first=Russell |title=The Top 10 of Everything 2006: The Ultimate Book of Lists |url=https://archive.org/details/top10ofeverythin0000ashr_m0m5 |publisher=Dk Pub |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7566-1321-1 |page=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵯⵏⴳⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ (650 °C), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ]].

=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (MgO) ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ]] (Mg₃N₂). ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiberg2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wiberg |first1=Egon |last2=Wiberg |first2=Nils |last3=Holleman |first3=Arnold Frederick |title=Inorganic chemistry |publisher=Academic Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9 |page=1056 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist0000wibe_l8x0/page/1056}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴼⴽ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]]. ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, [[ⵣⵣⵏⴳ]], [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵉⵣ]], ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ.

=== ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ===
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ: 24Mg, 25Mg, ⴷ 26Mg. ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 24Mg, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 79% ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ|ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ]] 25Mg ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 10%, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (NMR).&lt;ref name=&quot;isotopes&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Meija |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |title=Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |year=2016 |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=265–91 |doi=10.1515/pac-2015-0503}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ 26Mg ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 11%. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ]] ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ.

== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
=== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ===
ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵉⵜ]] (MgCO₃), [[ⴰⴷⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜ]] (CaMg(CO₃)₂), ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵕⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ|ⵓⴽⴰⵕⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ]] (KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O). ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴽ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.2 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵍⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;seawater&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-much-salt-ocean |title=How much salt is in the ocean? |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.

=== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ.]]

ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ1.1 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]] ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 85% ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (MgCl₂) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵏⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;production&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-magnesium.pdf |title=Magnesium Statistics and Information |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |year=2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ &quot;ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⵊⵓⵏ&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ.

== ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062,_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ|ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ]] ⵙⴳ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]] ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵖⴰⵔ|ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵔ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uses&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele012.html |title=It's Elemental - The Element Magnesium |publisher=Jefferson Lab}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ|ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⴷ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⵍⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;grignard&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Eicher |first=Theophil |title=The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Structure, Reactions, Syntheses, and Applications |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryofheter0000eich |publisher=Wiley-VCH |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-527-30720-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chemistryofheter0000eich/page/219 219]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Magnesium-products.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ.]]

== ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ [[ⵉⵅⵙⵙ|ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIHfactsheet&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/ |title=Magnesium - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals |publisher=U.S. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements |date=2022-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ|ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ]].

ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ (ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔⵏ).&lt;ref name=&quot;photosynthesis&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=C. J. |last2=Willows |first2=R. D. |title=Mechanism and Regulation of Mg-Chelatase |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=360 |issue=2 |pages=273–285 |date=1 December 2001 |doi=10.1042/bj3600273 |pmc=1222247 |pmid=11716744}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ([[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ]]). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰⵏ.

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ]] &quot;Μαγνησία&quot; (ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;etymology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/magnesium |title=Magnesium |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1755, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⵍⴰⴽ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1808, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵙⵉⵔ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;magnium&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;magnesium&quot; ⴰⵢⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Davy |first1=H. |chapter=Electro-Chemical Researches on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals Obtained from the Alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam Procured from Ammonia |title=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=1808 |volume=98 |pages=333–370 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1808.0023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>8geh8feunshfc486d3ajdhgwr6lwy9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177849</id>
      <parentid>156228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:33:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9986" sha1="d04dfylx4c2sbtjgcm29g1cgdjp2pxh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|thumb|''ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ'', ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⵊⵉⵣⵉⵙ]] ⴳ 1892]] 
'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ''' (ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] {{Lang|el|ἱστορία}}, ''ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ'', ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ&quot;)&lt;ref name=JosephJanda&gt;{{Cite book| last =Joseph | first =Brian (Ed.)| last2 =Janda | first2 =Richard (Ed.)| publication-date =30 December 2004| title =The Handbook of Historical Linguistics| url =https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing| page =[https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8/page/163 163]| isbn =978-1-4051-2747-9| year =2008| postscript =&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm | title=History Definition | accessdate=21 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | title=What is History &amp; Why Study It? | accessdate=21 January 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183734/http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | archivedate=1 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ]].

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ [[ⵉⵥⵍⵉ (ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵢⴰ)|ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ]] ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html|title= The Two Faces of E.H. Carr |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Richard J. Evans |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |title= What History Is |accessdate=10 November 2008 |author= Professor Alun Munslow |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ  ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ&quot; ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tosh1&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|last=Tosh|first=John | publication-date=2006|publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=1-4058-2351-8 | edition=4th}}p 52&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |editor1=Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg |chapter= Introduction |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/6 6]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Nash l|first= Gary B. |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= The &quot;Convergence&quot; Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/104 102]–115}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ|ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ]]), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏⵖⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ &quot;ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Seixas |first= Peter |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Schweigen! die Kinder! |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/24 24]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Low1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Lowenthal |first= David |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/65 63]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ]] ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;, ⴷ, [[ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ]] ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴹⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ#ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜ==
ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ &quot;ⵣⵔⵉ&quot;.

==ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵉⵙ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⴱⵔ &quot;ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Georges Lefebvre, ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (La naissance de l'historiographie moderne)'', Flammarion, 1971, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}</text>
      <sha1>d04dfylx4c2sbtjgcm29g1cgdjp2pxh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177845</id>
      <parentid>171093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:29:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17949" sha1="stqb60xtdvpor4sr03eroz5clsjfhfm" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵏⴰⵙ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]: '''Cuprum''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Cu''', ⴱⵓ [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ|ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ]] 29. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ (ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 8000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ|ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ]] [[ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ]], ⴷⴰ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.copper.org/ |title=Copper Development Association |website=copper.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
=== ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳⵜ (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ]]. ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 9000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ [[ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ]] ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ 8700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Copper/ |title=Copper - World History Encyclopedia |website=worldhistory.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ]], ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5000 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ]] ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ.

=== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ===
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ|ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 3300 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/bronze-age/ |title=Bronze Age |website=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⴼ.

=== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ===
ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ. ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;cuprum&quot; ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] &quot;aes cyprium&quot;, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/copper |title=Copper (n.) |access-date=2023-10-27 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ, [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]].

== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ==
=== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Cu-Scheibe.JPG|thumb|ⴰⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ (ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 99.95%) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ.]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Molten_copper_in_bright_sunlight.gif|thumb|ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⴹⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ.]]

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, [[ⴰⵥⵕⴼ]], ⴷ [[ⵓⵔⵖ|ⵡⵓⵔⵖ]] ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=C. R. |title=The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |publisher=CRC press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9 |page=4-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ|ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ 8.96 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ.

=== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⵏ ⵜⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ]] ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵊⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ]] ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/29/copper |title=Copper - Element information, properties and uses |website=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ +1 (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ 1) ⴷ +2 (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ 2).

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Copper_wire_comparison.JPG|thumb|ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷⵏ (ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷⵏ (ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ.

=== ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://geology.com/usgs/copper/ |title=Copper - Uses, Properties, &amp; Facts |website=Geology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ), ⴷ ⵓⵍⵡⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ|ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ|ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ]]), ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ|ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ]].

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵉⴷⵔⵏ]]. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵚⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.archdaily.com/901905/why-copper-is-one-of-the-most-versatile-materials-in-architecture |title=Why Copper is One of the Most Versatile Materials in Architecture |website=ArchDaily}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ===
ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ (alloys) ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.
*   '''ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ''': ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ|ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ]].
*   '''ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ''': ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵥⵥⵏⴳ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⴳⵏ.
*   '''ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ''': ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ]]. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎ|ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵓⵍⴰⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⴽⵓⵍⴰⵊⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Copper-HealthProfessional/ |title=Copper - Health Professional Fact Sheet |website=National Institutes of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ|ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
*

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>stqb60xtdvpor4sr03eroz5clsjfhfm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177843</id>
      <parentid>171078</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20914" sha1="fz9v36szpraq1rfq2u8eerj5saq6wa7" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Sodium''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Na''' ⴱⵓ [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ|ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ]] 11. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ|ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ]] ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ([[ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ]] ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ). ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ²³Na. ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davy1807&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Davy |first1=Humphry |title=The Bakerian Lecture, on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |date=1808 |volume=98 |pages=1–44 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1808.0001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==

=== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ D]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⵣⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (0.968 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]. ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ (97.81 °C), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;flame_test&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://webmineral.com/help/FlameTest.shtml |title=Flame Tests |publisher=Webmineral.com |access-date=2023-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]]

=== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH) ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] (H₂) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O₂). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood1997&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman N. |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |title=Chemistry of the Elements |edition=2nd |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-08-037941-8 |pages=75–78}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:NaCl_polyhedra.png|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]]

=== ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ===
ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ²³Na, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⴳ ²⁰Na ⴰⵔ ³⁷Na. ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ²²Na ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ (2.6 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) ⴷ ²⁴Na (15 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ). ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ²²Na ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Audi2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Audi |first1=G. |last2=Bersillon |first2=O. |last3=Blachot |first3=J. |last4=Wapstra |first4=A. H. |title=The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties |journal=Nuclear Physics A |year=2003 |volume=729 |issue=1 |pages=3–128 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 |bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ). ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ]]. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵟⴰⵚⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵙⵎ  &quot;ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ&quot; ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ &quot;sodanum&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, Na, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ &quot;natrium&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ &quot;natron&quot;, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks1968&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Weeks |first=Mary Elvira |title=Discovery of the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |year=1968 |isbn=978-0-8486-8579-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme07edunse/page/455 455] |edition=7th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2.27% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵀⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, NaCl), ⴰⵎⴼⵉⴱⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 10.8 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵍⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ &quot;D&quot; ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schroeder2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Schroeder |first1=Daniel V. |title=An Introduction to Thermal Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000schr_k1f1 |publisher=Addison Wesley |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-201-38027-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth0000schr_k1f1/page/219 219]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ [[ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ]], ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 801 °C ⴰⵔ 600 °C. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵜⵓⴷ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 130,000 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullmann2005&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |title=Sodium and Sodium Alloys |last=Thiessen |first=Paul |year=2005 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |doi=10.1002/14356007.a24_277 |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ]], [[ⵣⵉⵔⴽⵓⵏⵢⵓⵎ]], ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Holleman2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Holleman |first1=Arnold F. |last2=Wiberg |first2=Egon |last3=Wiberg |first3=Nils |title=Inorganic Chemistry |publisher=Academic Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-12-352651-9 |pages=1103–1110}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Phase_diagram_potassium_sodium_s_l.svg|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ- ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ]]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaH) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaBH₄). ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (NaK) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ. ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ]] ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵚⴱⴱⵏ).

== ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Campbell |first1=Neil A. |last2=Reece |first2=Jane B. |title=Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780536785541 |publisher=Pearson Benjamin Cummings |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8053-6844-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780536785541/page/1063 1063] |edition=8th}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na⁺) ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (K⁺). ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ 2 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ (ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ 5 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction |title=Salt reduction |publisher=World Health Organization |date=2012 |access-date=2023-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ.

== ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ.
*'''[[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (NaCl):''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔ|ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ]].
*'''ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH):''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵡⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
*'''[[ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (Na₂CO₃):''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ.
*'''ⴱⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaHCO₃):''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⵍⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ.
*'''ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaNO₃):''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Met-L-X ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSDS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fscimage.fishersci.com/msds/21150.htm |title=Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium |publisher=Fisher Scientific |access-date=2023-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>fz9v36szpraq1rfq2u8eerj5saq6wa7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177830</id>
      <parentid>175990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:19:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>175990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="831" sha1="egafuvar9pfptwk9n5d9f7kyazqjl0q" xml:space="preserve">{| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin-top:1.2em; border:1px solid #ccc;&quot;
| style=&quot;width:56%; color:#000;&quot; |
{| style=&quot;width:100%; border:solid 0px; background:transparent&quot;
| style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000&quot; |
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Math.svg|left|70x70px|Math]] &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:250%; border:0; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000&quot;&gt;  '''ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ'''&lt;/div&gt; 
|}
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>egafuvar9pfptwk9n5d9f7kyazqjl0q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177852</id>
      <parentid>175075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18357" sha1="ffiviq909jk1vtk6a18fb0ypng6y8n6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ]]: ''Galileo Galilei''), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564 – ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ|ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵜ&quot;, &quot;ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ&quot;, ⴷ &quot;ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.famousscientists.org/galileo-galilei/|title=Galileo Galilei|work=Theadona.com|date=2010-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ [[ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ]] (ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ) ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ]].

== ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵉⵣⴰ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵛⵉ ⵏ [[ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]], ⴳ [[ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]], ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, [[ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴱⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Drake |first=Stillman |title=Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/galileoatwork00stil |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-226-16226-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1581, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]], ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ|ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ]] ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.

== ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ==
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ ⴳ 1589 ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵡⴰ ⴳ 1592, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ 18 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ.

=== ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1609, ⵉⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharratt1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sharratt |first=Michael |title=Galileo: Decisive Innovator |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-521-56671-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

=== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===
ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ:
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Sidereus, nuncius magna longeqve admirabilia spectacula... Wellcome L0072633.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ''Sidereus Nuncius'' (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏ), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1610.]]
*   '''ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ:''' ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]] ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵓⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ [[ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ|ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵖⵣⵔ|ⵉⵖⵣⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]. ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Shea |first=William R. |last2=Artigas |first2=Mariano |title=Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius |url=https://archive.org/details/galileoinromeris00shea |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-516598-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*   '''ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ]]:''' ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1610, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ &quot;ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉ&quot; (ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;[[ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ]]&quot;). ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
*   '''ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ:''' ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ]] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]], ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Phases-of-Venus-Geocentric.svg|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ (ⴰⵖⵏⵊⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ.]]
*   '''ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ:''' ⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵓ [[ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ, '''[[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ]]''' ('''ⵙⵉⴷⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵙ'''), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ 1610, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]].

=== ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ===
ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⵯⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ|ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⵯⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ [[ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ]] ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;drake1957&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Drake|first=Stillman|title=Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveriesopini00gali_0|publisher=Doubleday &amp; Company|year=1957|isbn=978-0-385-09239-5|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition.jpg|thumb|''ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ'', ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⵜⵉ]]
ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ|ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ]] (ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ. ⴳ 1616, ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵇⵇⵔ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Finocchiaro1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Finocchiaro |first=Maurice A. |title=The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History |url=https://archive.org/details/galileoaffairdoc0000unse |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-520-06662-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵎⵣⵖ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴳ 1632 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ '''ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ'''. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ.

=== ⴰⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴽⴰⴹ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1633, ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ &quot;ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵀⵕⵟⴰⵇⵜ&quot;, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ, ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heilbron2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Heilbron |first=John L. |title=Galileo |url=https://archive.org/details/galileo0000heil |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-958352-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, '''ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ''', ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴳ 1638, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.

== ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|thumb|250px|ⵜⵓⵏⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵙⵜⵔⵎⴰⵏⵙ, 1636.]]
ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1638, ⵉⴷⵔⵖⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 77 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵛⵉ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ 1737, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ]].

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ==
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 359 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ, ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/31/world/after-350-years-vatican-says-galileo-was-right-it-moves.html |title=After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves |newspaper=The New York Times |date=31 October 1992}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ|ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17}}

[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>ffiviq909jk1vtk6a18fb0ypng6y8n6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177839</id>
      <parentid>169024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="165882" sha1="dd6ngy5kf2l8uhthmv1gshnl4sx7pc5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
'''ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵓⵉⵍⵍⴰ''' ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ: '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴱⴰⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎE ⴰⵇⴱⵍⵉ.

==ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ==
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵚⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵊⵉⴷⴰ|en|Alonso_de_Ojeda}} ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ. ⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵃⵃⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Veneziola&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Venezuela: A Petro-State Using Renewable Energies: A Contribution to the Global Debate about New Renewable Energies for Electricity Generation |date=2008 |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-531-15994-2 |editor-last=Massabié |editor-first=Germán |series=SpringerLink Bücher |location=Wiesbaden}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ''Veneziola'' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ''Venezuela''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire; from Columbus to Magellan |url=https://archive.org/details/riversofgoldrise0000thom_z8f0 |date=2004 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-375-50204-0 |edition=1|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴼⴰ {{ill|ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ|en|Martín Fernández de Enciso}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⴷⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ''[[:en:Suma de Geographia|Summa de geografía]]'', ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ''Veneciuela''. ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Venezuela&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICH_1958_386&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos |publisher=Instituto de Cultura Hispánica (Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional) |year=1958 |page=386 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (''Estado de Venezuela'') ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳⵔ 1830 ⴷ 1856, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (''República de Venezuela'') ⴳⵔ 1856 ⴷ 1864, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (Estados Unidos de Venezuela) ⴳⵔ 1864 ⴷ 1953, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 1953 ⴰⵔ 1999.
== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
=== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ===
ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ [[ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ|ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ]]. ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ 15,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ-ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ, ⵎⵓⵡⴰⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵡⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taima&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Bryan |first=Alan L. |title=New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas |year=1978 |publisher=University of Alberta Press |pages=21–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⴰⵔ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ-ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵥⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Salas |first=Miguel Ángel |title=Historia de Venezuela |year=2009 |publisher=Monte Ávila Editores |pages=33–35 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mosonyi |first=Esteban Emilio |title=Los aborígenes de Venezuela |year=1991 |publisher=Fundación La Salle |pages=41–44}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓ-ⴽⵡⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵃⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Arcila Farías |first=Eduardo |title=Historia de Venezuela |year=1990 |publisher=Ediciones Centauro |pages=18–21 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 15, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵔⴰⵡⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ''caciques''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵉⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ &quot;Marquer&quot; (ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ)}} ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taima&quot; /&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ===
ⵉⵣⵍⵎ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵅⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Venezuela&quot; (&quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;) ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ 1522, ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⵔⵓ (1527), ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ (1529) ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵙ (1567). ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵛⵛⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵛⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵉⵛⵛⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⵓ) ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⴼⵉⵙⵍⵔ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴽ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵍⴰⵢⵏ-ⴼⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴳ (&quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;), ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⴹⵓⵕⴰⴹⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 17 ⴷ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ. ⴳ 1777, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵜ, ⵜⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  
=== ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ===
[[File:Simón Bolívar by Ricardo Acevedo Bernal.jpg|thumb|upright|''El Libertador'', [[ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ]]]]
[[File:19 de abril.jpg|thumb|''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ 19 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1810'', ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[:en:Martín Tovar y Tovar|Martín Tovar y Tovar]]|alt=]]
ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵀⵔⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵏⵣⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ 1808, ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ 1810, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ VVI, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴳ 5 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ, 1881.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴳ 1812 ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⴽⴰⵕⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ 1813, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵃⵉⵢⵢⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵊⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1816 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵀⴰⵢⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵎⵏⵏ. ⴳ 1819, ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴱⵎⵢⴰ, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴱⵓⴱⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, 1821, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⵡⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵡⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ 1823.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵍⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵔⵓ (llanero cavalry), ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ, ⵙⵎⵢⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴳ 1826, ⵉⵏⴷⵀ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;la cosiata&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1830, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵅⴼ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵎⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ: ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ &quot;caullidos&quot; ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ 1854, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍ (1859-1863) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ===
ⴳ 1870, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵓⵟⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴰⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵙⵉⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵢⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵜⵡⴷⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1887, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ Caudillo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1890, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵅⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1898 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ. ⴳ 1902, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴹⵃⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵔⵡⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1899, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⴷⴽⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣⵉⵏ (1889-1935) ===

ⴳ 1899, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⵀⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ 1902-1903 ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵡⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉ. ⴳ 1908, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵕⵓ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ, ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵏⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵣⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴽⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵉⵍ (Shell) ⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵍ (Standard Oil), ⴱⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴽⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935 ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ (1935-1958) ===

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵢⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot; ⴳ 1936 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵍⵏ (modéré), ⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1941, ⵉⵅⵍⴼ ⵉⵣⵢⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⴼⵍ. ⵜⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ Acción Democrática (AD), ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴼⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1945, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: progressive}} ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ 1947, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1948, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⴰⵍⴷⵓ ⵛⴰⵍⴱⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵡⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵏⵍⴼⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: industrialisation}}, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ, ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ 23 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 1958, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;
== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ (1958-1998) ==
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴳ 1985, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵏⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ Acción Democrática (AD). &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴹⵎⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, AD, COPEI (ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵏ) ⴷ URD (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ), ⵙⵏⵉⵏ &quot;Pacto de Puntofijo&quot; ⴳ 1958, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⴼⵅ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1960 ⴷ 1970, ⵜⴼⵍⵥ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ 1975, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ 1976, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ, ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵙⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1980, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⵣⴰⴳ (ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 1989, ⵉⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ [[ⴽⴰⵕⵍⵓⵚ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵃⵕⵓⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: austérité}} ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵚⵚⴰ {{ill|ⴰⴼⵏⵉⵇ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ|lt=ⵓⴼⵏⵉⵇ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ|en|International Monetary Fund}}, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Caracazo&quot;, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⴷⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴼⴹⵃ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵇ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ 1992 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ-200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⵉⵔⴱⵃ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵥⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⴳ 1994, ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ (1999-ⴷⵖⵉ) ===
ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1998, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴳ 1999, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵣⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵍ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ALBA&quot; (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America).&lt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 2002, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵓ ⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵣⴳ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵥⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ 2004|lt=ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵥⵉ|en|2004 Venezuelan recall referendum}} ⴳ 2004, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2006 ⴷ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: télécommunication}} ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ, ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; 
[[File:Dilma Rousseff receiving a Hugo Chávez picture from Nicolás Maduro.jpg|thumb|[[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵜ [[ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⴼ]], 9 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2013]]
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴳ 2013, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ &quot;ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ&quot; ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ, ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ, ⴰⴱⵣⴰⴳ (ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ), ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ 2015, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ  ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ 2017, ⵉⵙⵏⵍⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Constituent Assembly) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴷⵉ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: loyal}} ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2018, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;
== ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⴼⵜ ==
ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;encartaSA2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=South America |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html |access-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421194631/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html |archive-date=21 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNpopstats2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Annex tables |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828135807/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2003 |access-date=13 March 2007 |website=World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 93% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 73% ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 100ⴽⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |year=2003 |title=Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318000929/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2007 |access-date=10 March 2007 |website=EarthTrends Country Profiles |publisher=World Resources Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ, ⵖⴰⵙ 5% ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ. {{ill|ⵙⵉⵢⵓⴷⴰⴷ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ|en|Ciudad Guayana}} ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&amp;cuadro=cuadro229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230946/http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&amp;cuadro=cuadro229 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |title=Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica |publisher=Ine.gob.ve |access-date=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[:en:Barquisimeto|Barquisimeto]], [[:en:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[:en:Maracay|Maracay]], [[:en:Maracaibo|Maracaibo]], [[:en:Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz|Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz]], [[:en:Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], ⴷ [[:en:San Cristóbal, Táchira|San Cristóbal]]. 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ &quot;????&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ &quot;????&quot;. ⵜⴰⴼ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ {{ill|ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|lt=ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|en|Central University of Venezuela}} ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 4-6% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ) ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ 1999.&lt;ref name=ENHaug28&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|access-date=28 August 2025|agency=El Nuevo Herald|date=28 August 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Elimpulso23AUG&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria|url=http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria|access-date=28 August 2025|agency=El Impulso|date=23 August 2014|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034551/http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵢⵜⵏⵉⵜ ===
ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2011, ⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉⵏ 51.6% ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ [[:en:Moreno Venezuelans|ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵉ]], ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ 43.6% ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ [[:en:White Venezuelans|ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ]], ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (3.6%) ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ (1.2%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census-ethnics&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf |title=Censo 2011 |page=29 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ (2.6%) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ (0.7%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census-ethnics&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, 58% ⴳⴰⵏ [[:en:Wayuu|ⵡⴰⵢⵓ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⵏ [[:en:Warao|ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵡ]] ⵙ (7%), [[:en:Kariña|ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]] (5%), [[:en:Pemón|ⴼⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] (4%), ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|author=Benítez, Deivis |date=2011 |title=Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011 |url=http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |access-date=10 October 2012 |agency=PRENSA MINPPPI |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234901/http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ 60.6% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 23% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳ 16.3% ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|last=Godinho|first=Neide Maria de Oliveira|year=2008 |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |publisher=Universidade de Brasília |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ [[ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⵏ|ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm|title=The Spanish of the Canary Islands|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082713/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429194556/https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵎⵎⴰ, ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵖⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last=Romero|first=Simon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html|title=In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 November 2010|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032543/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ &quot;expressions&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵛⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Settlers (ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ)}} ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999 ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999) |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116183308/http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |archive-date=16 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 34 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]], [[:en:Warao language|Warao]], [[:en:Pemón language|Pemón]], ⴷ [[:en:Kariña language|Kariña]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Mattei-Müller|first=María |title=Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela|publisher=Universidad Central de Venezuela |year=2001 |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2011 ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 71% ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ 17% ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵉⵏⵜⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela: People and Society|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/#people-and-society|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=10 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ &quot;practice&quot; ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏⵢ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ (Fiesta de San Juan), ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵔⵉ (Yare) ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ María Lionza ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵊⵊⵓ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵏ]], ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[:en:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵀⵓⴼⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Religious Demographics of Venezuela|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=12 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last=Romero|first=Simon|title=In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 November 2010|access-date=30 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=25 June 2020|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1940 ⴷ 1970, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]],  [[ⵍⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ [[ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ]], [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ|ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉ|ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉ|ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ, ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=García A.|first=Rafael |title=La inmigración árabe en Venezuela|year=2005|publisher=Universidad Católica Andrés Bello|page=34|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵊⵊⴰⴱⴱⵓⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt;  

ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⴳⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela refugee crisis|url=https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=20 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[:en:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] ⴷ [[:en:International Organization for Migration|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ]] ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7.7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 2024, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]], [[ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ]], [[ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela Situation|url=https://r4v.info/en/situations/platform|publisher=R4V |access-date=22 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;Quito Process&quot; ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵎⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Quito Process: Regional Coordination for Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees|url=https://www.iom.int/quito-process|publisher=International Organization for Migration|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⴰⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ENHaug282&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maria Delgado |first1=Antonio |date=28 August 2014 |title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |agency=El Nuevo Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezolanos en el exterior envían más de 4.000 millones en remesas|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-remesas-migracion/6936728.html|newspaper=Voz de América|date=21 March 2023|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴷ 15, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=25 June 2020|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵕ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 95% ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 2000 ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics – Venezuela Education|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ve|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ&quot;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ..&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuelan Missions – Education Programs|url=https://mppre.gob.ve/misiones-bolivarianas/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=25 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ 2005, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela declares itself free of illiteracy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/29/venezuela|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 October 2005|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1721), [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ|]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵍⵢⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵍⵢⴰ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010 ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⵜⵏⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵀⵉⴱⴱⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Education in Crisis: Venezuela’s School System Struggles to Survive|url=https://www.unicef.org/venezuela/en/education|publisher=UNICEF Venezuela|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴹⵕⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵎⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Teacher protests highlight Venezuela’s crumbling education system|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/19/teachers-protests-highlight-venezuelas-crumbling-education-system|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=19 January 2023|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Human Rights Watch: Venezuela’s Education in Decline|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/10/venezuela-education-decline|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ, ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜⵔⵓ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⴳ 2003 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Misión Barrio Adentro: Health for All|url=https://www.mppre.gob.ve/misiones-bolivarianas/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=26 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Weisbrot|first=Mark|title=The Chávez Administration at 10 Years: The Economy and Social Indicators|publisher=Center for Economic and Policy Research|year=2009|page=15|url=https://cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2009-02.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ, ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴹ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010 ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ. ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s health system collapses amid crisis|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48266218|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 May 2019|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Medical Brain Drain: Venezuelan Doctors Flee Crisis|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/4/5cae45a24/medical-brain-drain-venezuelan-doctors-flee-crisis.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵕⵢⴰ, ⵎⵉⵣⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴼⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ [[:en:Pan American Health Organization|PAHO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=PAHO: Health Situation in Venezuela|url=https://www.paho.org/en/documents/situation-venezuela-health-update|publisher=PAHO|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s health crisis worsens, data shows|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-health-idUSKBN18J2P8|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 May 2017|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⴰⵢⵕⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19 ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=COVID-19 Situation Report: Venezuela|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/covid-19-situation-report-venezuela|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵣⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵚⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ]] ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Red Cross Expands Medical Aid to Venezuela|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/red-cross-venezuela-medical-aid|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ: ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵎⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

== ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ [[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵣⵉⵏⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ]] ⵏ 1999 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=26 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⵛⵛⵃ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuelans approve end to term limits|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-idUSTRE51E0YN20090216|publisher=Reuters|date=16 February 2009|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:LegislativoCentro.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]]]]
ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ 2017, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ [[Constituent National Assembly (Venezuela)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela's new assembly takes over legislative powers|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40839647|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 August 2017|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=World Report 2023: Venezuela|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/venezuela|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (PSUV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⴱⵜ ⴱ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉ [[:en:National Electoral Council (Venezuela)|ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (CNE)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuelan election system heavily favors Maduro, analysts say|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/20/venezuela-election-nicolas-maduro|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2018|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Freedom in the World 2023: Venezuela|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-world/2023|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⴳ 2019, ⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ{{efn|ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ: Temporary}} ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela crisis: Juan Guaidó declares himself acting president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46980766|newspaper=BBC News|date=23 January 2019|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Maduro tightens grip on power as opposition falters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-guaido.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 January 2020|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ PSUV, ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, [[:en:Democratic Unity Roundtable|MUD]] ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⵥⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela opposition wins key primaries despite divisions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/23/venezuela-opposition-holds-key-primary-vote|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=23 October 2023|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ===
[[File:Localizador Politico de Venezuela.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ]]
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ 23 ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ)|ⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⴰⵔⴳⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ)|ⴼⴰⵔⴳⴰⵙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Gobierno del Distrito Capital|url=https://www.gdc.gob.ve/|publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Capital|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⴱⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 159,500 km² ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Guyana-Venezuela Border Dispute|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65340997|publisher=BBC News|date=21 April 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=ICJ to hear Venezuela-Guyana border case|url=https://www.icj-cij.org/case/171|publisher=International Court of Justice|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Ley Orgánica del Poder Público Municipal|url=https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/leyes/_ley-organica-del-poder-publico-municipal|publisher=Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵅⴷⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=What are Venezuela’s Communes?|url=https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/what-are-communes/|publisher=Venezuelanalysis|date=14 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s communes deepen state control, analysts say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-communes-deepen-state-control-2023-02-05/|newspaper=Reuters|date=5 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ===
ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵜⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵄⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Decree of State of Emergency and Economic Exception|url=https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.ve/|publisher=Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ, ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ.{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Due process}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:We Are Millions march Venezuela.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:2017 Venezuelan protests|ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ 2017]]]]
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 2014 ⴷ 2017, ⵜⴽⵏⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⵜⵔⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela protests: rights groups accuse government of excessive force|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/27/venezuela-protests-human-rights-violations|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 April 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[Amnesty International]] ⴷ [[Human Rights watch]], ⵉⵙ ⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela: Repression and human rights abuses|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/venezuela-repression-human-rights-abuses/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=12 September 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2016, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Maduro extends economic emergency decree|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN15P2LG|publisher=Reuters|date=9 February 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵏⴹⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela’s perpetual state of emergency undermines democracy|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/23/venezuela-permanent-emergency-undermines-rule-law|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Maduro says state of emergency needed to defend Venezuela from U.S. threats|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/5/14/maduro-declares-emergency-to-defend-venezuela-from-us|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=14 May 2016|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵎⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵊⵕⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Brewer-Carías|first=Allan R.|title=The Dismantling of the Rule of Law in Venezuela|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵜⵙⵏⵍⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵙⴰⵏⵓⴷⵜ.{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Multipolar}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Chávez calls for Latin American unity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/03/venezuela|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 December 2006|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ]] (ALBA)&quot; ⴳ 2004, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴽⵉⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰ. ⵜⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=ALBA-TCP official website|url=https://www.albatcp.org/en/|publisher=ALBA Secretariat|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵎⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela signs major deals with China and Russia|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-china-idUSTRE58J3S920090920|publisher=Reuters|date=20 September 2009|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵏⵀⵉⴱⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ  ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=U.S. sanctions Venezuelan officials, PDVSA amid political crisis|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZT2QI|publisher=Reuters|date=7 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴽⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴳ 2018, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ [[ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Countries recognizing Juan Guaidó as interim president|url=https://www.dw.com/en/countries-recognizing-juan-guaido-as-venezuela-president/a-47231726|publisher=DW News|date=25 January 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[:en:PDVSA]]
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ OPEC, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]], [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵜⴼ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)&quot; ⴷ UNASUR.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela’s role in OPEC and global oil policy|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm|publisher=OPEC|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2017, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ..&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Despite sanctions, Venezuela strengthens trade with China and Iran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/6/10/venezuela-strengthens-trade-with-china-and-iran|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=10 June 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ. ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 2022 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Colombia and Venezuela restore full diplomatic ties|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62706886|newspaper=BBC News|date=29 August 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ===
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (''Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana'', FANB) ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⵎⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ|ⵜⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa|url=https://www.mindefensa.gob.ve/|publisher=Government of Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ), ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵎⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chávez reshapes Venezuela’s military into political force|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/world/americas/18venezuela.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2008|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Artículo 328 |url=https://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia |access-date=27 February 2024 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ, [[ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|PSUV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela military’s growing political role under Maduro|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-military-idUSKBN1A41ZK|publisher=Reuters|date=27 July 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵅⴷⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴼⴰⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵔⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵥⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela creates militia to back Chávez’s revolution|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-militia-idUSN1041252320090410|publisher=Reuters|date=10 April 2009|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 2023, ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 4 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⴹⵏ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: analysts}} ⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴼ ⵢⵉⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan militia size questioned by experts|url=https://www.dw.com/en/venezuela-militia-size-questioned-by-experts/a-56630342|publisher=DW News|date=20 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 2014. ⵉⵛⵛ ⵓⵏⵀⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵕⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Russia delivers new arms to Venezuela despite U.S. sanctions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/30/russia-delivers-new-arms-to-venezuela-despite-us-sanctions|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=30 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ. ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela: How the military keeps Maduro in power|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51214466|publisher=BBC News|date=24 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Corrales|first=Javier|title=Autocracy Rising: How Venezuela’s Military Keeps Maduro in Power|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2021|page=142}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ]] (TSJ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ, ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000. ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela: Judiciary under political control|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/06/18/venezuelas-judiciary-under-political-control|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵉⵏⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: testify (ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ)}} ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Report 2023 – Venezuela|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/americas/south-america/venezuela/report-venezuela/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵕⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela remains one of the world’s most violent countries|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-still-one-worlds-most-violent-countries-report-2023-01-06/|publisher=Reuters|date=6 January 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴹⴽⴹ [[:en:Observatorio_Venezolano_de_Violencia|ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ]] ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ 40.4 ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 100,000 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ 2022, ⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵣⴳ 80 ⵉ ⴽⵓ 100,000 ⴳ 2016, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OVV 2022 Annual Report|url=https://observatoriodeviolencia.org.ve/|publisher=Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉ [[:en:Bolivarian National Police|ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Operaciones de Liberación del Pueblo&quot; (OLP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela: Report 2022|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffmv/index|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says Venezuela security forces committed crimes against humanity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/16/un-venezuela-crimes-against-humanity-report|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 September 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵍⵓⵎⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵉⵏ&quot; (“Cartel of the Suns&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s ‘Cartel of the Suns’ and state-linked drug trafficking|url=https://insightcrime.org/investigations/venezuela-cartel-of-the-suns/|publisher=InSight Crime|date=14 September 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela’s prisons: chaos and violence behind bars|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/21/venezuela-prisons-chaos-and-violence-behind-bars|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Prison violence remains rampant in Venezuela|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/10/venezuela-prison-riots-violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=10 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ===
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Human Rights Watch: World Report 2023 – Venezuela|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/venezuela|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN report accuses Venezuelan authorities of systematic human rights abuses|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-report-accuses-venezuelan-authorities-systematic-human-rights-abuses-2023-09-20/|publisher=Reuters|date=20 September 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵎ, ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴷ, ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵇⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freedom House 2023: Venezuela|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-world/2023|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela intensifies crackdown on journalists|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64158044|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 January 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ 2014. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ (SEBIN) ⴷ [[:en:Directorate_General_of_Military_Counterintelligence|Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence]] (DGCIM).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Fact-Finding Mission: Venezuela 2022|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffmv/index|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ, ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴰⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan intelligence agencies committed crimes against humanity, UN says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/venezuela-un-human-rights-crimes-against-humanity|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 September 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵍⵢⵓⴱⵓⵍⴷⵓ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰⴷⵓ]] ⴰⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado barred from 2024 election|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelan-opposition-leader-machado-barred-2024-election-2023-06-30/|publisher=Reuters|date=30 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵔⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan government statement on opposition bans|url=https://www.mppre.gob.ve/comunicados/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ. ⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: hyperinflation}}, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Venezuela Crisis Overview|url=https://www.unocha.org/venezuela|publisher=OCHA|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴹⴽⴰⴹ UN ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⴳⵏ 7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ  2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNHCR: Venezuela Situation|url=https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela rejects UN rights report as politically motivated|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/venezuela-rejects-un-rights-report-as-politically-motivated|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 September 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵅⴼ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⴳ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ICC opens investigation into Venezuela human rights violations|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-opens-investigation-situation-venezuela-i|publisher=International Criminal Court|date=3 November 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ===
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴼ, ⴷⵔⵓⵖ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2023|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023/index/ven|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵍⵎⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⴰⵃⵡⵡⵙ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ (ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ) ⴷ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Corrales|first=Javier|title=The Political Economy of Authoritarianism in Venezuela|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ PDVSA ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s PDVSA loses billions to corruption and theft|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-pdvsa-loses-billions-corruption-2023-03-22/|publisher=Reuters|date=22 March 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. indicts Venezuelan officials on corruption and drug charges|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-venezuelan-officials-indicted-corruption-and-narcotics-trafficking|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|date=26 July 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ exchange ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴷⴰⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan elites moved billions through shadowy financial system|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/venezuelan-elites-moved-billions-through-shadowy-financial-system/|publisher=ICIJ|date=3 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴹⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maduro launches anti-corruption purge targeting top officials|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65028223|newspaper=BBC News|date=21 March 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵊⵕⴼ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Transparency International: Corruption in Venezuela’s Humanitarian Sector|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/venezuela-corruption-humanitarian-sector|publisher=Transparency International|date=11 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴳ 2024, ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EU sanctions list: Venezuela|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/venezuela/|publisher=Council of the European Union|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵚⵕⴹⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ellner|first=Steve|title=Authoritarian Governance and the Venezuelan Crisis|publisher=Routledge|year=2022|page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⴹⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela corruption losses exceed $150 billion, watchdogs say|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/5/venezuela-corruption-losses-exceed-150-billion|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 April 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbnew2024jul&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Bishop | first=Holly | title=Venezuela 'on brink of civil war' as Putin-ally warns of 'BLOODBATH' if he loses crunch vote | website=GB News | date=27 July 2024 | url=https://www.gbnews.com/news/world/venezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election | access-date=28 July 2024 | archive-date=23 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215935/https://www.gbnews.com/news/world/venezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 2024, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 82% ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ 53% ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴷⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵙⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵊⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;u571&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Venezuela's election: More Maduro or a new democratic era? | website=CBC | date=25 July 2024 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela-election-preview-1.7274864 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=25 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725143901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela-election-preview-1.7274864 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵊⵊⵏⵊⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⴹⵕ GDP ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 80% ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵏⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;h998&quot;&gt;{{cite web | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Concern grows as Venezuela blocks election observers | website=Voice of America | date=27 July 2024 | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/concern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers/7715124.html | access-date=27 July 2024 | archive-date=23 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215937/https://www.voanews.com/amp/concern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers/7715124.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵜⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵔⴽⵙⵏ, ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ GDP, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 80% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=The Economy Of Venezuela |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101165314/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html|title=Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425032405/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade|agency=Associated Press|title=What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite Chavez crusade|website=[[Fox News]]|date=18 July 2010|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140807/https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ {{ill|ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|lt=ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|en|Central Bank of Venezuela}} ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ|lt=ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ|en|Venezuelan bolívar}}. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ. ⴰⵔ 2022, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5% ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Venezuela: Remittances as a source of foreign exchange and economic survival |url=https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Venezuela_-Remittances-as-a-source-of-foreign-exchange-and-economic-survival-2.pdf |website=The Dialogue Leadership for the Americas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ [[OPEC]]. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1980 ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1990. ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 2001 ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⴰⵔⵉⵏ|ⵜⵙⵉⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⴰⵔⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELPAISfeb2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela|last1=Scharfenberg|first1=Ewald|date=1 February 2015|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|work=[[El País]]|publisher=|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627184315/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSM25march&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gallagher|first1=J. J.|title=Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government|access-date=29 March 2015|agency=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=25 March 2015|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121082812/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FPdontblame&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Javier|title=Don't Blame It On the Oil|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/|access-date=10 May 2015|agency=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=7 May 2015|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127152755/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⴳ ===
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ 2003 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ [[ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ]], ⵉⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵯⵍ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵡⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela imposes currency controls to stabilize economy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/world/venezuela-imposes-currency-controls.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 February 2003|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴳⵎⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ CADIVI, SITME, ⴷ DICOM ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Explaining Venezuela’s currency controls|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-currency-idUSKBN0GZ1VG20140903|publisher=Reuters|date=3 September 2014|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 2014 ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[PDVSA]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela food and medicine shortages worsen as economy collapses|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36487167|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 June 2016|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵯⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ 2016 ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[International Monetary Fund]] ⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵍ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1,000,000% ⴳ 2018, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IMF: Venezuela’s inflation to hit 1 million percent|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/07/23/na072318-venezuela-inflation-to-hit-1-million-percent|publisher=IMF|date=23 July 2018|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⵍⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ 2008, 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ 14 ⵉⴷ ⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ.ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela redenominates currency again amid hyperinflation|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-lops-off-six-zeros-its-currency-2021-10-01/|publisher=Reuters|date=1 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵅⵙⵔ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ, ⵉⵙⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dollarization of Venezuela’s economy|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/1/21/dollarization-of-venezuelas-economy|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙ 30 ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ CLAP ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s CLAP food program marred by corruption and abuse|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53548772|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 July 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010, ⵉⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵃⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, ⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela’s economy in ruins: power cuts, food crisis, and hyperinflation|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/venezuela-economy-collapse/|publisher=Reuters|date=10 March 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⵯⵎⵎⵛ GDP ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 70% ⴳⵔ 2014 ⴷ 2021 — ⵉⴳ ⵓⴽⵯⵡⵎⵎⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Bank: Venezuela GDP data 2022|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=VE|publisher=World Bank|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2019, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵡⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏⵜ, ⵜⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan dollarization brings fragile stability|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/17/dollarisation-has-brought-fragile-stability-to-venezuela|publisher=The Economist|date=17 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ===
ⵜⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ|ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2023|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html|publisher=BP|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ PDVSA, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ 1976, ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=How Venezuela’s oil wealth evaporated|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47204635|publisher=BBC News|date=13 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ]] ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1999, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ PDVSA ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵏ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chávez purges PDVSA after oil strike|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/10/world/chavez-purges-venezuelas-oil-company-after-strike.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 January 2003|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3.5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 1998 ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 700,000 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 2020, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OPEC data: Venezuela oil production decline|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm|publisher=OPEC|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ 2019 ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ PDVSA ⵖⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ  [[CITGO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. sanctions hit PDVSA, freezing billions in assets|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa-idUSKCN1PM2D7|publisher=Reuters|date=29 January 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ &quot;barter&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴹⵕⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela turns to Iran and Russia to boost oil trade amid sanctions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/11/venezuela-turns-to-iran-and-russia-to-boost-oil-trade|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=11 May 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ 2023 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 850,000 ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela oil production rebounds but remains limited|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/venezuela-oil-output-rebounds-remains-low-2023-06-09/|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EIA: Venezuela Natural Gas Overview|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/VEN|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ==
{{notelist}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>dd6ngy5kf2l8uhthmv1gshnl4sx7pc5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177840</id>
      <parentid>149232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3080" sha1="3x0kw1j2nrmgruycyl1y8rqiwu46da4" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Ibn Battuta Mall on 2 June 2007 Pict 3.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ]]
'''ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ''' ⵏⵖ ⵓ ⴱⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: Ben Battouta) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1304, ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ]] ⵏ [[ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
  | last = Nehru
  | first = Jawaharlal
  | authorlink = Jawaharlal Nehru
  | title = Glimpses of World History
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | year = 1989
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/glimpsesofworldh0000nehr_e2c1/page/752 752]
  | isbn = 978-0-19-561323-0| title-link = Glimpses of World History
  }} After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: &quot;This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences.... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travellers of all time.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵔⴰⵃⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 120 000 ⴽⵎ ⴳ 29 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ (ⵖⵉⵍⴰ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵠⵓⵍⴳⴰ). ⵙⴳ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ|ⵟⴰⵏⵊⵉⵙ]] ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰⵏⵣⵀⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ. ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵊⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⵃⵍⴰ.

*ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵃⵉⵊ
ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵃⵉⵊ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1325 ، ⵎⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵍⵄⵎⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ 21  ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ .
 ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ

 «ⵣⵡⴳⵖ  ، ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ , ⵣⵡⴰⴳⵖ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⴼⵜ ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ  ⵉⵇⴷⵙⵏ.  ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵖⵜⵙⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵓⴷⵓⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖ   -ⴼⵍⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ - ⴼⵍⵖ ⴰⴳⴹⵉⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ  .  ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ   ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵜⵜⵄⴰⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ  ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ: ⵙⵃⵓⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ &quot;.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>3x0kw1j2nrmgruycyl1y8rqiwu46da4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177848</id>
      <parentid>177584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:31:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18067" sha1="n6z0szynbw0xudi42y3wnhsd9rrv6lz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''biology'''), ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ βίος ''bios'' &quot;ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ&quot;, ⴷ -λογία ''-logia'' &quot;ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ&quot;, ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;DictionaryOfEtymology&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/biology |title=Biology |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Neurology,_19th_century;_cell_of_Schwann._Wellcome_L0002015.jpg|thumb|ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵡⴰⵏ, ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵛⵡⴰⵏ.]]

=== ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ]], [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ]] (384–322 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ [[ⵜⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ|ⵓⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ]], ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ (botany) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mayr1998&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mayr |first=Ernst |title=The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-674-36446-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ===
ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵃⵉⴹ]] (776–869) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ]] ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ &quot;ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ]] (1213–1288) ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ (pulmonary circulation) ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Masood2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Masood |first=Ehsan |year=2009 |title=Science and Islam: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/scienceislamhist0000maso |publisher=Icon Books |isbn=978-1-84831-040-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ===
ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴼⵉⵣⴰⵍⵢⵓⵙ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀⴰⵔⴼⵉ]] ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴳ 1628. ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵥⵉⵥⵕⵉ|ⵓⵎⵥⵉⵥⵕⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ [[ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵀⵓⴽ]] ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 1665, ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵡⵏⵀⵓⴽ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ|ⵉⴱⴰⴽⵜⵉⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Magner2002&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Magner |first=Lois N. |title=A History of the Life Sciences, Revised and Expanded |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflifesci0000magn_n3c5 |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8247-0824-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19: ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg|thumb|ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1842, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵛⴰⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ]] ⴰⵙⴽⵉⵜⵛ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ&quot;.]]

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ. ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ&quot;. ⵜⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]] ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ [[ⵛⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵛⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴳ 1838-1839, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ|ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ]] , &quot;[[ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ]]&quot;, ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Darwin1859&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Darwin |first=Charles |title=On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life |publisher=John Murray |year=1859 |url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ==
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏ: ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, [[ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ]], ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ]].

=== ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ]]. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ [[ⴰⵍⵎⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵓⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ]] (DNA). ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ: ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ) ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mazzarello1999&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Mazzarello |first1=P. |year=1999 |title=A unifying concept: the history of cell theory |journal=Nature Cell Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=E13–E15 |doi=10.1038/8964 |pmid=10559875}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Biological_cell.svg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Plant_cell_structure-en.svg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ]]

=== ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ===
ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵥ ⴹⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⴽⵜⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Futuyma2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Futuyma |first=Douglas J. |title=Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/evolution0000futu |publisher=Sinauer Associates |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-87893-187-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (DNA) ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵙⵓⴽⵙⵉⵔⵉⴱⵓ), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙ (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ). ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵍ]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearson2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Pearson |first=H. |year=2006 |title=Genetics: what is a gene? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-05-25_441_7092/page/398 |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7092 |pages=398–401 |doi=10.1038/441398a |pmid=16724031 |bibcode=2006Natur.441..398P}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵕⵥⵉⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉ (pH), ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cannon1926&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cannon |first=W.B. |title=Physiological regulation of normal states: some tentative postulates concerning biological homeostatics |journal=A Charles Richet: ses amis, ses collègues, ses élèves |year=1926 |publisher=Les Éditions Médicales |pages=91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ:

*   [[ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙ.ⵎ.ⴽ. (DNA), ⵙ.ⵎ.ⵔ. (RNA), ⴷ [[ⴰⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏ|ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ]].
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
*   [[ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵉⵢⵏ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]: ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
*   [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ]]: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ.

== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]], [[ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ]], ⴰⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAS2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A New Biology for the 21st Century |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academies Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-309-14488-9 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK32509/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ]], ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵓⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ|ⵜⴷⵔⵓⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ]] ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ|ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thieman2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Thieman |first1=William J. |last2=Palladino |first2=Michael A. |title=Introduction to Biotechnology |publisher=Pearson |year=2012 |edition=3rd |isbn=978-0-321-76611-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>n6z0szynbw0xudi42y3wnhsd9rrv6lz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⵓⵊⴰⵏ (ⵜⵓⵏⵙ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177846</id>
      <parentid>139577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1484" sha1="5xb1ih289hl67xmkx1ur4nuh4ydfcmn" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
'''ⵜⵓⵊⴰⵏ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ  [[ⵎⴰⵟⵎⴰⵟⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⴱⵓⵙ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Daniel|last2=Morris|first2=Peter|title= The Rough Guide to Tunisia|year=2002|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetotuni0000pete|pages=360|publisher=Rough Guides}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ . ⴰⵙⵙⴰ  ⵊⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵄⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵝ]] ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ   : ⴷⵅⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵊⴰⵏ، ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ، ⴷ [[ⵣⵎⴰⵔⵜⵏ]] .

==ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ToujaneSouthTunisia.JPG|thumb|250px|ⵜⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⴳ 2005]]
* ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ   ''[[ⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴼ ⴷⵓⵜⵉ 2]]''.
* ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ''La folle de Toujane'' (1974, ⵏ [[ⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⵜⵉⵢ]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250385/| publisher = [[IMDb]]| title=La folle de Toujane | accessdate=2009-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{Reflist}}

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}</text>
      <sha1>5xb1ih289hl67xmkx1ur4nuh4ydfcmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177847</id>
      <parentid>148586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:30:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10120" sha1="kri32ayr4c0porskf31s99fn51a8o50" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
|name=ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ 
|altname=ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ
|ethnicity=[[ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ]] 
|region=[[ⵉⵙⵉⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ]]
|familycolor=Afro-asiatic
|protoname=
|child1=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ]]
|iso1=he
|iso2=heb
|iso3=heb
|glottorefname=Hebrew
|map=1_QIsa_example_of_damage_col_12-13.jpg
|mapcaption=ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ
}}
----
'''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ'''{{efn|ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Jordan |first=Antoine |title=Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait) |publisher=Éditions Omnia |year=1934 |location=Rabat |pages=146}}&lt;/ref&gt; }} (ⵙ {{langx|he|עִבְרִית‎|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ]]}}) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵏⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ-ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ]]. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵄⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ (ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ]] ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ{{efn|ⵙ {{Langx|he|בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל|Bənēy Yīsrāʾēl|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ]]}}}}, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 200 [[ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ|ⴹ.ⵜ.]], ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ|ⵓⵙⴷⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ]] (ⵣⵖ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]]) ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Chomsky|first=William|title=Hebrew: The Eternal Language|url=https://archive.org/details/hebreweternallan0000chom_c5d3|publisher=The Jewish Publication Society of America|year=1957|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hebreweternallan0000chom_c5d3/page/1 1]–13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ|ⵓⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]] ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⵄⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Fesperman|first1=Dan|title=Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1998/04/26/once-dead-language-brings-israel-to-life-hebrew-after-1700-years-a-revived-language-becomes-a-common-thread-knitting-together-a-nation-of-immigrants-with-little-in-common-except-religion/|access-date=28 March 2017|work=The Baltimore Sun|agency=Sun Foreign Staff|date=26 April 1998|archive-date=29 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141226/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1998-04-26/news/1998116050_1_read-hebrew-hebrew-and-arabic-german|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Grenoble|first1=Leonore A.|last2=Whaley|first2=Lindsay J.|title=Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-521-01652-0|page=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vavj5-hdDgQC&amp;pg=PA63|quote=Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408152859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vavj5-hdDgQC&amp;pg=PA63|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 10 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered |url=http://www.physorg.com/news182101034.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127105129/http://www.physorg.com/news182101034.html |archive-date=27 January 2012 |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=Physorg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 6 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⴼ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ]]. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ&quot; ({{Lang|he|לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶש}}, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ: ⵍⴰⵛⵓⵏ ⵀⴰⴽⵓⴷⵉⵛ) ⵣⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⴰⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ''Yehudit'' nɣ ''Səpaṯ Kəna'an'' (ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. &quot;ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵄⴰⵏ&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Sáenz-Badillos (1993)&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ==
ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ&quot; ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ &quot;{{lang|he|עִבְרִי}}&quot;. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ʕ-b-r (ע־ב־ר), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ&quot;, &quot;ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ&quot;, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite dictionary|title=Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (Eber) -- Region beyond, side, other side, across|url=http://biblehub.com/hebrew/5676.htm|dictionary=Strong's Hebrew|entry=5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side|via=Biblehub.com|access-date=25 March 2018|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417133208/http://biblehub.com/hebrew/5676.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ&quot; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ &quot;{{langx|oar|yūdāy-ā|label=none}}&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Bdr aɣmis|last=Elmedlaoui|first=Mohamed|date=2013-01-23|title=Les judéo-berbérophones revisités à la lumière du lexique et de la philologie berbères:|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2013-1-page-165.htm?ref=doi|journal=Études et Documents Berbères|volume=N° 32|issue=1|pages=167-168|doi=10.3917/edb.032.0165|issn=0295-5245}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Sànchez |first=Carles Múrcia |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=R1RBEAAAQBAJ&amp;vq=uday |title=Gramàtica amaziga: estàndard del diasistema amazic septentrional |date=2021 |publisher=Edicions Universitat Barcelona |isbn=978-84-9168-658-3 |pages=52 |language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[:en:Book_of_Sirach|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵅ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 2 [[ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ|ⴷⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Xeravits&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Géza|last1=Xeravits|first2=József|last2=Zsengellér|title=Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y042aO03HLUC&amp;pg=PA43|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-16906-7|page=43}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ&quot; ⵎⴽ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ. ⴳ [[:en:Book_of_Kings|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ]] ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ {{Langx|he|Yehudit|label=none}} ({{lang|hbo|יְהוּדִית}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=2 Kings 18 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre |url=https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b18.htm#26 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=mechon-mamre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ==
{{Notelist}}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>kri32ayr4c0porskf31s99fn51a8o50</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177838</id>
      <parentid>139644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:22:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1582" sha1="mkkfc6bo9ezk2rdm48zev7a6qlep2s0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵜ''', ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵣⵉⴽ '''ⵜⴰⵙⵢⴰⵎⵉⵜ''' (ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ ภาษาไทย [pʰaː˧.saː˩˦.tʰɑj˧]), ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵢⴽⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ]]. ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]]. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ  [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⵉⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵙⴽⵔⵉⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=A history of Thailand|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthailan0003bake|last=Baker|first=Christopher|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=9781316007334|location=Melbourne, Australia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofthailan0003bake/page/3 3]-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⵎⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵅⵎⵔⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ|ⵜⴱⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ]].
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>mkkfc6bo9ezk2rdm48zev7a6qlep2s0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177853</id>
      <parentid>147773</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-27T03:03:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stephan1000000</username>
        <id>996</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2814" sha1="j7l1jw3bye0r2ofnmxy395dop7cun48" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{Infobox|above=|abovestyle=background-color: lightblue;|data11=[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]|label11=ⴰⵏⴰⵡ|data12=[[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]|label12=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ|data13=[[ⴼⵓⴽⵙ]], [[ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ+]]|data14=|data15=37|data16=809|label13=ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ|label14=|label15=ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ|label16=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|label17=ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ|data17=21-24 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ|header14=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|headerstyle=background-color: #eee;|image1=[[File:The_Simpsons_yellow_logo.svg|250px]]|subheader=|subheaderstyle=background-color: lightblue;|header18=ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵖ|label19=ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ|label20=ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ|data19=[[ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳ]]|data20=ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙ|label21=ⴰⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙ|data21=ⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜⴰ ⴱⵢⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰ|label22=ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴽ|data22=[[ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴼⵎⴰⵏ]]|related=|title=ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ|label23=ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ|label24=⠀|data23=[[20th ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵛⵏ]]|data24=|header30=|data31=}}'''ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''The Simpsons'') ⵏⴰⵖⴷ '''ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵙⵓⵏ''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Harvey Deneroff, « Matt Groening's Baby Turns 10 », Animation Magazine, vol. 14, no 1&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ [[ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ]] ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⴳ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵟⵟⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ 35 ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ 760 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1989.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=tt0096697 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ IMDB
* [https://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-simpsons ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ Metacritic
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>j7l1jw3bye0r2ofnmxy395dop7cun48</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177818</id>
      <parentid>177798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>177818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5592" sha1="oocpdul33rwsd41cgrkd9tjn8flk8rs" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ''' (1955 – 2016) ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ, ⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⵔ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

==ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ==
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ (1955 ⁇ 2016) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⁇&quot;ⵇⴰⴱⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵡⴰ&quot; ⁇ , ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ. ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵣⵓⵔ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⁇ إلإمام ⁇ , ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵛⴽ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⴰⴽⵉⵢⵏ

==ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ 29 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2016 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⵉⵟⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⵕⴹⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ.

==ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ==
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ: [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ (ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979). ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ: ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ (ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1985). ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ: ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵎⵎⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1980). ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ: ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵙⴳⴷ (ⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ)

==ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
*[[ⵔⴰⵥ, ⵜⵓⵄⴰⵔⵢⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵔⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵢⵉⵟⴰⵏ]]: 1995, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⵉⵜ. 
*[[ⵕⵥ ⵟⵟⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]: ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997.
*[[ⴰⵊⴹⵉⴹ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳ ⵛⵍⵡⴰⵡ]]: ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, 1998.
*[[ⵛⵡⴰⵢ ⵣⵉ ⵜⵉⴱⴱⵓⵀⵔⵢⴰ ⵄⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵉⴷ]]: ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999.
*[[ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ]]: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜ, 2000. 
*[[ⴰⵕⴰⵊⵉ]]
*[[ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]]
*[[ⵜⵓⴼ ⵜⵇⵇⵏ]]
*[[ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ]]
ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵛⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ.
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ|ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>oocpdul33rwsd41cgrkd9tjn8flk8rs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177841</id>
      <parentid>148690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:25:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 7 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18555" sha1="1cg77ib9lwfxwaz1b8iyqcz12jtbs48" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''function'''), ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ]], ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵜⴼⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ (ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ). ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴽⵓ [[ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡ &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; ⵙ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ &lt;math&gt;x^2&lt;/math&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Spivak |first=Michael |year=2008 |title=Calculus |edition=4th |publisher=Publish or Perish |isbn=978-0-914098-91-1 |page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Function_machine2.svg|thumb|ⵓⵏⵓⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉQT ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Example_Function.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵏⴰⵡ.]]

ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; (ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ &lt;math&gt;(x, y)&lt;/math&gt; ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; ⴷ &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;, ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; ⴳ &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴽⴰ &lt;math&gt;f: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ &lt;math&gt;(x, y)&lt;/math&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ &lt;math&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; ⵙⴳ &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt;, ⵏⴰⵔⴰ &lt;math&gt;y = f(x)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Halmos |first=Paul R. |year=1970 |title=Naive Set Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/naivesettheory0000halm_r6r4 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-0-387-90092-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/naivesettheory0000halm_r6r4/page/30 30]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Injection_keine_Injektion_2a.svg|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Injection_keine_Injektion_1.svg|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ 2 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 3 ⴷ 4 ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (ⴰⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ) ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ.]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ &lt;math&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ (ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ &lt;math&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ (ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2&lt;/math&gt;, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{R}&lt;/math&gt;, ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ (ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ &lt;math&gt;[0, +\infty)&lt;/math&gt;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Bartle |first=Robert G. |year=1976 |title=The Elements of Real Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofrealan0000bart_s1b5 |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-05464-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/elementsofrealan0000bart_s1b5/page/19 19]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ''f''(''x''), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⵍⵔ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1734. ⵖⵉⴷ, ''f'' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ, ⴷ ''x'' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Eves |first=Howard |year=1990 |title=An Introduction to the History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000eves |edition=6th |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-0-03-029558-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000eves/page/476 476]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵔⴰ ''f'': ''X'' → ''Y'', ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ''f'' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ''X'' ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ''Y''. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ ''x'' ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ''y'' ⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ: ''x'' ↦ ''y''. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ: ''f'': ℝ → ℝ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ''x'' ↦ ''x''².&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lang |first=Serge |year=1993 |title=Real and Functional Analysis |edition=3rd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-0-387-94001-4 |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ==
ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ:

=== ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵍⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵚⵍⴰⴹ (ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ ''x''. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ:
''f''(''x'') = 3''x''² - 4''x'' + 2
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎⵜ ''x'' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⵣⴹⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴷⵉⵙⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ (sin(''x''), cos(''x'')), ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⴼⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ (''e''ˣ), ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ (log(''x'')).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |year=1974 |title=Mathematical Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal02edtomm |edition=2nd |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-00288-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalanal02edtomm/page/35 35]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ===
ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ''f'' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ (''x'', ''f''(''x'')) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ''x'' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ''f''. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉⵣⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ ''x'' ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ ''y'' = ''f''(''x''). ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵙⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ. ⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ: ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴱⴰⵢ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/FunctionGraph.html |title=Function Graph -- from Wolfram MathWorld |website=mathworld.wolfram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ===
ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵏⴳⵙⴻⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ {1, 2, 3, 4} ⴷ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2&lt;/math&gt;, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵉⵎⴽⴰ:

ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ:  &lt;math&gt;f(x) = x^2&lt;/math&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
! &lt;math&gt;x&lt;/math&gt;
! &lt;math&gt;f(x)&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| 1
| 1
|-
| 2
| 4
|-
| 3
| 9
|-
| 4
| 16
|}

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ. ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⴰⵏⵜ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 14, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵓⵔⵙⵎ]] ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Boyer |first=Carl B. |author2=Merzbach, Uta C. |year=2011 |title=A History of Mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0003merz |edition=3rd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-52548-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0003merz/page/243 243]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ&quot; ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴳⵓⵜⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎ ⵍⵉⴱⵏⵜⵣ]] ⴳ 1673 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵏⴰⵡ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ 1748, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵓⵍⵔ]] ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ: &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵚⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Kleiner |first=Israel |year=2007 |title=A History of Abstract Algebra |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-0-8176-4684-4 |page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜ [[ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⴳⵓⵙⵜⴰⴼ ⵍⵓⵊⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⵔⵉⵛⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴳ 1837, ⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19.

== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ==
ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴳⵉⵔⵜ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ]].

*   '''ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ''': ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ''f'' ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ (ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ&quot;) ⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ (ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ. ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ''f''(''x₁'') = ''f''(''x₂''), ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ''x₁'' = ''x₂''. ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ''f''(''x'') = 2''x'' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ.
*   '''ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴳⵉⵔⵜ''': ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ''f'': ''X'' → ''Y'' ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴳⵉⵔⵜ (ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵖⴼ&quot;) ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ''Y'' ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ''y'' ⴳ ''Y'', ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ''x'' ⴳ ''X'' ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ''f''(''x'') = ''y''. ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ''f''(''x'') = ''x''³ ⵙⴳ ℝ ⵖⵔ ℝ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴳⵉⵔⵜ.
*   '''ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ''': ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⴳⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ''f''(''x'') = ''x'' + 1 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ℝ ⵖⵔ ℝ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dummit |first=David S. |author2=Foote, Richard M. |year=2004 |title=Abstract Algebra |url=https://archive.org/details/abstractalgebra0000dumm_k3c6 |edition=3rd |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-43334-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/abstractalgebra0000dumm_k3c6/page/2 2]-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ==
*   '''ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ''': ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ &lt;math&gt;f(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + \dots + a_1 x + a_0&lt;/math&gt;.
*   '''ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵥⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ''': ⵜⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ, &lt;math&gt;f(x) = P(x) / Q(x)&lt;/math&gt;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ &lt;math&gt;Q(x) \neq 0&lt;/math&gt;.
*   '''ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴷⵉⵙⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ''': ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &lt;math&gt;sin(x)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;cos(x)&lt;/math&gt;, ⴷ &lt;math&gt;tan(x)&lt;/math&gt;. ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
*   '''ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⴼⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ''': ⵜⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ &lt;math&gt;f(x) = a^x&lt;/math&gt;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ''a'' ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ. ⴰⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
*   '''ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⵎⵉⵏ''': ⵜⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⴼⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴼⵙⴰⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=James |year=2012 |title=Calculus: Early Transcendentals |url=https://archive.org/details/calculusearlytra0000unse_l5k8 |edition=7th |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-538-49790-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/calculusearlytra0000unse_l5k8/page/n41 10]–15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>1cg77ib9lwfxwaz1b8iyqcz12jtbs48</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>36307</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177850</id>
      <parentid>155247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T19:33:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260826)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>177850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7305" sha1="1urk8oc6alhf0133dc0sfof24tzu3ko" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ''' ({{Langx|fr|Ahmed Sefrioui|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]]}}; {{Langx|ar|أحمد الصفريوي|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]}}), ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ {{ill|ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⵍⵓⵜⵉ|fr|Pierre Loti|lt=ⵍⵓⵜⵉ}} ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Universalis&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=Biographie d'AHMED SEFRIOUI (1915-2004) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ahmed-sefrioui/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵖ 1915, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ 2004. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]], ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰⵡⵉ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ]] ⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Le chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}&quot;. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴼⵜⵓⵃ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⵖ 1949, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Mosaïques ternies|links=no|label=none|italic=yes}}&quot; ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵖ 1930, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=أحمد الفتوح للاتحاد الاشتراكي: الصفريوي لم يكن أول كاتب رواية مغربي بالفرنسية .. و النقد مطالب بتصحيح نظرته |url=https://www.maghress.com/alittihad/126752 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ 1915 ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]]. ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⵙⵖ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Jay |first=Salim |title=Dictionnaire des écrivains marocains |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays |date=2005 |publisher=EDDIF |isbn=978-9981-09-111-5 |location=Casablanca |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays/page/320 320]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵜⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;{{Langx|fr|L'Action du peuple|label=none|italic=yes}}&quot;, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵃⴰ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=1994-08-11 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui ouvre sa boîte à merveilles |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/ahmed-sefrioui-ouvre-sa-boite-merveilles |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 1938, ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]].

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Le Chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}&quot; ⵖ 1949, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵖ 2004 ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵔⵏ 89 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵀⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm49952113 |title=Encyclopedia of African literature |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23019-3 |editor-last=Gikandi |editor-first=Simon |location=London ; New York |pages=677 |oclc=ocm49952113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ALM |date=2004-02-26 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui meurt dans l’indifférence |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/ahmed-sefrioui-meurt-dans-lindifference-9841 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ==
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=أحمد الصفريوي {{!}} جائزة كتارا للرواية العربية |url=http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822191558/http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-date=2019-08-22 |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=جائزة  كتارا للرواية العربية |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;Le Chapelet d'ambre&quot;.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRShni28LWoC |title=Le chapelet d'ambre |date=1949 |publisher=Julliard |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9782020011570 |title=La Boite A Merveilles |date=1954 |publisher=Seuil |isbn=978-2-02-001157-0 |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uypJ0QEACAAJ&amp;hl=shi |title=La maison de servitude |date=1973 |isbn=978-2-02-004834-7 |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrTDVv4DHNAC&amp;hl=shi |title=Le jardin des sortilèges ou le parfum des légendes |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-18526-5 |language=fr}}


== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ|ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 2004}}</text>
      <sha1>1urk8oc6alhf0133dc0sfof24tzu3ko</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>52833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177824</id>
      <parentid>177694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]]</comment>
      <origin>177694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1238" sha1="jo55azk6q0ink0wrju9ycr1hcrzmase" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#time:n}}
|1 =
[[File:Law book.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|2 =
[[File:Justice.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|3 =
[[File:Scales of justice.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|4 =
[[File:Law court.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|5 =
[[File:Constitution.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|6 =
[[File:Parliament.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|7 =
[[File:Lawyer.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|8 =
[[File:ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ..jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ.]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|9 =
[[File:Court of law.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|10 =
[[File:Law and justice.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|11 =
[[File:Legal documents.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

|12 =
[[File:Law books.jpg|250px|center]]
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''
}}</text>
      <sha1>jo55azk6q0ink0wrju9ycr1hcrzmase</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>52834</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177828</id>
      <parentid>177696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ]]</comment>
      <origin>177696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="356" sha1="lwqj6496escpkj0bv084cbbfeeiwl6l" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#expr:({{#time:n}}-1) mod 3}}

|0 =
{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text='''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵍⵏ'''}}


|1 =
{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text='''ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏ'''}}

|2 =
{{ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ|text='''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ'''}}


}}</text>
      <sha1>lwqj6496escpkj0bv084cbbfeeiwl6l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>52851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177822</id>
      <parentid>177759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26051" sha1="b3y3dj1fjk3gvtfeasrgiendhlicqa8" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#time:n}}

|1 =
'''ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵕⵓⵚⵓ'''

'''ⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ''' ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⵊⵓⵏⵉⴼ]] ⴳ 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1712 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1778 (66 ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴰ. ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 17 ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ 18, ⵜⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]], ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ.

[[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵕⵓⵚⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|2 =
'''ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⵖⵉⵏⵉ'''

'''ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ'''  ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 1947 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2020 ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;( fr ) ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ_ⴰⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ :http://article19.ma/accueil/archives/135958&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]].

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ&quot; , ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵣⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ 5 ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ|ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&quot; ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵎⴰ
ⴹ.

[[ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|3 =
'''ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ'''

'''ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]: Immanuel Kant) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ (1724 - 1804). ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⵏⵉⴳⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]]. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ  ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ|ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ)|ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ]] &lt;ref&gt;Voir les ''[[Prolégomènes à toute métaphysique future]]'', &lt;abbr&gt;1re&lt;/abbr&gt; partie : « Car, de ce que j’ai moi-même donné à ma théorie le nom d’idéalisme transcendantal, je ne puis avoir autorisé personne à le confondre avec l’idéalisme empirique de Descartes […], ou avec l’idéalisme mystique et fanatique de Berkeley. » Kant affirme aussi : « J’avoue donc bien qu’il y a hors de nous des corps, c’est-à-dire des choses qui, bien qu’elles nous soient tout à fait inconnues en elles-mêmes, nous sont connues par les représentations que nous procure leur action sur notre sensibilité, et auxquelles nous donnons le nom de corps, mot qui n’indique par conséquent que le phénomène de cet objet à nous non connu mais néanmoins réel. Peut-on bien appeler cela idéalisme ! C’en est tout juste le contraire. » (''ibidem'').&lt;/ref&gt;.


[[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|4 =
'''ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ'''

'''ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ [[ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1913. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ 1994 ⴷ 1999.ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ '''ⵀⵓⵙⴰ''',
ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1961, ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵣⵓⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 12 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1963, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵎⵉⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ CIA, ⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵃⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵥⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵏⵢⴰ  ⵉⵎⵉⵔ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;frtdh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nelson-rolihlahla-mandela|title= Tameddurt n Nelson Mandela ɣef usmel s tanglizt ''South Africa History Online''}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|5 =
'''ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ'''

'''ⵛⴰⵖⵍ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵙⵉⴳⵓⵏⴷ''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ '''ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ Charles-Louis de Secondat), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1689, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1755. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ 18 (1689–1755). ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ  ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] (Séparation des pouvoirs) ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ&quot; (De l'esprit des lois), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ  ⵏ 18 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1689 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴱⵕⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. 

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1755 ⴳ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ|ⵕⴰⴱⵉⵣ]]. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵅⴱⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴷⵎⵜ).ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ...ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;'''ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵕⵏⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ'''&quot; ⴳ 1721 ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

[[ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|6 =
'''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ'''

'''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''Martin Luther King''), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ '''ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ''' (''Michael King Jr.''), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⴰ]], ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ]], ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1968 ⴳ [[ⵎⵎⵉⴼⵉⵙ]], ⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵙⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m051cc?hl=ar&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ '''« I have a dream »''' (ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ), ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1963 ⵣⴷⴰⵜ [[ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵕⵢⴰⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ]], ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵊⵉⵕⴰⵍⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵍⵢⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴱⵉ. ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ '''ⵏⵓⴱⵍ''' ⴳ 1964, ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ''ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ'', ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ''ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵔⴰⵢ'', ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ [[ⵊⵉⵎⵎⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵕ]] ⴳ 1977, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1978, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ '''ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ'''ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ 2004, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;مناضل وخطيب ورجل دين أميركي من أصل أفريقي، اشتهر بنضاله السلمي في سبيل حصول السود الأميركيين على حقوقهم السياسية والمدنية..2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ 1986, ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;الباتوس في الخطاب الاحتجاجي: خطبة&quot; لدي حلم&quot; لمارتن لوثر كينغ أنموذجا‎
قادا, ‌الدکتور‌عبدالعالی‎
جيل الدراسات الأدبية والفكرية 64, 27-40, 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|7 =
'''ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵕⵓⵚⵓ'''

'''ⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ''' ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⵊⵓⵏⵉⴼ]] ⴳ 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1712 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1778 (66 ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⴰⵙⵓⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴰ. ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 17 ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ 18, ⵜⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]], ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ.

[[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵕⵓⵚⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|8 =
'''ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⵖⵉⵏⵉ'''

'''ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ'''  ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5 ⵎⴰⵢⵓ 1947 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2020 ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;( fr ) ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ_ⴰⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ :http://article19.ma/accueil/archives/135958&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]].

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ&quot; , ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵣⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ 5 ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ|ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&quot; ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵎⴰⴹ.

[[ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵖⵔⵏⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|9 =
'''ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ'''

'''ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]: Immanuel Kant) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ (1724 - 1804). ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⵏⵉⴳⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]]. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ  ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ|ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴱⵉⵔⴽⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⴼⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ)|ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ]] &lt;ref&gt;Voir les ''[[Prolégomènes à toute métaphysique future]]'', &lt;abbr&gt;1re&lt;/abbr&gt; partie : « Car, de ce que j’ai moi-même donné à ma théorie le nom d’idéalisme transcendantal, je ne puis avoir autorisé personne à le confondre avec l’idéalisme empirique de Descartes […], ou avec l’idéalisme mystique et fanatique de Berkeley. » Kant affirme aussi : « J’avoue donc bien qu’il y a hors de nous des corps, c’est-à-dire des choses qui, bien qu’elles nous soient tout à fait inconnues en elles-mêmes, nous sont connues par les représentations que nous procure leur action sur notre sensibilité, et auxquelles nous donnons le nom de corps, mot qui n’indique par conséquent que le phénomène de cet objet à nous non connu mais néanmoins réel. Peut-on bien appeler cela idéalisme ! C’en est tout juste le contraire. » (''ibidem'').&lt;/ref&gt;.


[[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|10 =
'''ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ'''

'''ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ [[ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1913. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ 1994 ⴷ 1999.ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ '''ⵀⵓⵙⴰ''',
ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1961, ⵅⴷⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵣⵓⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 12 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1963, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵉⵎⵉⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ CIA, ⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵃⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵥⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵏⵢⴰ  ⵉⵎⵉⵔ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵏ&lt;ref name=&quot;frtdh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nelson-rolihlahla-mandela|title= Tameddurt n Nelson Mandela ɣef usmel s tanglizt ''South Africa History Online''}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[ⵏⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵍⴰ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|11 =
'''ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ'''

'''ⵛⴰⵖⵍ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴷⴳ ⵙⵉⴳⵓⵏⴷ''' ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ '''ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ Charles-Louis de Secondat), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1689, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1755. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ 18 (1689–1755). ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ  ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] (Séparation des pouvoirs) ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ&quot; (De l'esprit des lois), ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ  ⵏ 18 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1689 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰ ⴱⵕⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. 

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1755 ⴳ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ|ⵕⴰⴱⵉⵣ]]. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵅⴱⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴷⵎⵜ).ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ...ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;'''ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵕⵏⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ'''&quot; ⴳ 1721 ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

[[ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|12 =
'''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ'''

'''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''Martin Luther King''), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ '''ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ''' (''Michael King Jr.''), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⴰ]], ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊⵢⴰ]], ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1929, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1968 ⴳ [[ⵎⵎⵉⴼⵉⵙ]], ⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵙⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/m051cc?hl=ar&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ '''« I have a dream »''' (ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ), ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1963 ⵣⴷⴰⵜ [[ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵕⵢⴰⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ]], ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵊⵉⵕⴰⵍⴷ ⴽⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵍⵢⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴱⵉ. ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ '''ⵏⵓⴱⵍ''' ⴳ 1964, ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ''ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ'', ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ''ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵔⴰⵢ'', ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵍ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ [[ⵊⵉⵎⵎⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵕ]] ⴳ 1977, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1978, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ '''ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ'''ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ 2004, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;مناضل وخطيب ورجل دين أميركي من أصل أفريقي، اشتهر بنضاله السلمي في سبيل حصول السود الأميركيين على حقوقهم السياسية والمدنية..2010.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ 1986, ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ''' ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;الباتوس في الخطاب الاحتجاجي: خطبة&quot; لدي حلم&quot; لمارتن لوثر كينغ أنموذجا‎
قادا, ‌الدکتور‌عبدالعالی‎
جيل الدراسات الأدبية والفكرية 64, 27-40, 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵜⵔ ⴽⵉⵏⴳ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

}}</text>
      <sha1>b3y3dj1fjk3gvtfeasrgiendhlicqa8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>52852</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177826</id>
      <parentid>177760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="483" sha1="0sf4s4r3kiiupdfogmmqso39ktyo2n0" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#expr:({{#time:n}}-1) mod 3}}

|0 =
'''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵍⵏ'''

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⴰⵍⵏ.

|1 =
'''ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏ'''

ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏ.

|2 =
'''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ'''

ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.

}}</text>
      <sha1>0sf4s4r3kiiupdfogmmqso39ktyo2n0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>52862</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177820</id>
      <parentid>177794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35563" sha1="9ae2chkab5sz0ykg62pfxc0iwa4lo7v" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#time:n}}
|1 =
'''ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ: [[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ|ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ]], ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ 395 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ. ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 120 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵟⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
==ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ==
ⵙⴳ 1994 ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ:
* '''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ''': ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 392 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
*'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ''': ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 121 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.

[[ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|2 =
'''ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵍⵍⴰ&lt;ref&gt;'''(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)''' [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1989.

==ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|left|[[ⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓⵕ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]] ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]
ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴽⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ.

ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴳ; ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ, 

ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵎⵙⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, 

==ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1)==
* ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ.

[[ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|3 =
'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ 2011 ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250302002621/https://www.cspj.ma/&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 2ⵔⵏⵊ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.
[[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|4 =
'''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}'''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Arhou |first=Mustapha |date=2022-11-17 |title=الدستور المغربي: القانون الأسمى للدولة |url=https://almarji3.com/2%D9%80%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=المرجع.كوم |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ|ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ]] ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ''' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/ConstitutionMaking_AR.pdf ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 3, 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|5 =
'''ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ (ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵉⵏ). ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cairn.info/revue-dossiers-du-crisp-2016-2-page-9.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ.

==ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]==
ⵖⵎⴽⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ 87 ⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ 94 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.


[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|6 =
'''ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ'''
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⵖⵏⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 20, 1996 &lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⴷⵣⵉⵜⵏ''' ⵏⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⴰⴱⵣⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⴷⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵎⵎⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵜⵍⴰⵖ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵎⵎⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ. 
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ'' ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⵏ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ''' ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵉⴼⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.
ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵚⴰⵃⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ''', ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ''' ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;[[scholar:العقوبات+البديلة+و+تأثير+الاقتصادي&amp;hl=ar&amp;as_sdt=0&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholart#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1784417831368&amp;u=%23p%3DpaRC_F9DUcwJ|العقوبات الدولية وأثرها على الاستقرار السياسي للدولة
شعبان, فاطمة طة
مجلَّة إبداع في الآداب والدراسات الإنسانيّة والاجتماعيّة 2 (1.1), 69-100, 2025]]&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵖⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
[[ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|7 =
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ'''
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵀⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ:

1. ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ: ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ.

2. ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ: ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

3. ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ: ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⴰⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ.

4. ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

5. ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ: ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.

6. ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ: ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ).

7. ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

8. ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ: ⴰⵙⴷⵓⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.

[[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|8 =
'''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}'''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ]] ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ. ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵥⵍⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ&lt;ref&gt;[https://imassn.com/dictionnaire/mot/azrak-1012 ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽ&quot; ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ].&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ '''ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ|ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ]] [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉ]] ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ; ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎ: ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ « Estado social de derecho »; ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11 ⵛⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ 2001 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ (OEA), ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴱⴹⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web |titre=L’État de droit en Amérique latine et au Canada |url=https://droitcivil.uottawa.ca/fr/letat-droit-amerique-latine-au-canada |site={{lang|en|Faculty of Law - Civil Law section}} |éditeur=[[université d'Ottawa]] |consulté le=11-10-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ: ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵖⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|9 =
'''ⴰⵣⵔⴼ'''
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Spirit of Justice Rayburn.JPG|thumb|ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ.]]
'''ⴰⵣⵔⴼ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ [https://fr.glosbe.com/fr/mis_ber/droit ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ].'''&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ . ⴷ ⴳⵓⵜⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ: [[ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]] , ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ , ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ '''ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ '''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ '''ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ.

== ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ==
ⴽⵔⴰ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ. ⴼ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵇⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎ  [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉⴽ . ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

[[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|10 =
'''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 83, ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ.'''&lt;/ref&gt; '''ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ]], ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ.

ⵥⵥⴰⵏ '''ⵕⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ''' ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ '''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ''' ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ|ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ]].


== ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
*'''[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ]]''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.

[[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|11 =
'''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}'''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=134205&amp;&amp;val=%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8F&amp;&amp;e=0&amp;&amp;l=0 ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ].'''&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ, ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ  ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ  ⵏ '''ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ''' ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ  [[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]  ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ|ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ '''''ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ''''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ.

ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ '''''ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ''''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ .

== ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ==
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9 ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵀⵉⴱⴰ ⵍⵊⵓⵏⴷⵉ, 2021 , &quot;ⵎⴰⵡⴹⵓⵄ&quot;]'''&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|12 =
'''ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ'''

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ'''{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}} ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ) ⴳ 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1981, ⵜⵉⵍⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ 21 ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1986.
==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ==
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ [[ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ]] [[ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1981, ⵙ ⵜⵍⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ. ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ 21 ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1986, ⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ  ⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ 25 ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ  [[ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴱⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ:
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ 2 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴳⵔ  ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵚⵚⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵕⵚⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
==ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ==
* '''ⵎⴰⵍⵉ''' — 21 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1981. 
* '''ⵖⵉⵏⵢⴰ''' — 16 ⴼⵓⵕⴰⵕ 1982.
* '''ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ''' — 4 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1982.
* '''ⵜⵓⴳⵓ''' — 5 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1982.
* '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ''' — 9 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1982.
* '''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ''' — 16 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1983.
* '''ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ''' — 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1983.
* '''ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ''' — 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1983.
* '''ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ''' — 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1983.

[[ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ]]
}}</text>
      <sha1>9ae2chkab5sz0ykg62pfxc0iwa4lo7v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52867</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177819</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}  {{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ   |ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ |ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg }}  {{Tankult n twwuri    |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ    |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart    |ider_tadimt=#88A06C    |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white    |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4    |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black }}  &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt; &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-directio...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>177819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5664" sha1="qgl0jwdmz1329qm3s09ydt49qijgdoc" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>qgl0jwdmz1329qm3s09ydt49qijgdoc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177832</id>
      <parentid>177819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5618" sha1="76dd06ashmkfdmwbx5mjyv9png31kw6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>76dd06ashmkfdmwbx5mjyv9png31kw6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177833</id>
      <parentid>177832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:20:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5621" sha1="ozk2l8gmg98uwnz794jt35itxuenepm" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}   

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ?}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>ozk2l8gmg98uwnz794jt35itxuenepm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177834</id>
      <parentid>177833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:25:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5865" sha1="3hfuyl47oh9o1xx3dzw4rxirfdl3zho" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}   

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=Template:Aggur:Timassanin/Tazwart
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ =ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ}}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>3hfuyl47oh9o1xx3dzw4rxirfdl3zho</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177835</id>
      <parentid>177834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:26:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5832" sha1="hyrgad0rs1tbu5z10i2g5m13v2nggpd" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}   

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Science-symbol-2.svg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ =ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ}}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>hyrgad0rs1tbu5z10i2g5m13v2nggpd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177836</id>
      <parentid>177835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:28:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>177836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5825" sha1="f2avu7enngnbwgnzz5q7vu91qa653mq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵉⵙⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}   

{{ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ  
|ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ = ⴰⵣⵔⴼ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 017-Scale.jpg
}}

{{Tankult n twwuri
   |tadimt=ⴰⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ
   |nnesxa=
   |ider_tadimt=#88A06C
   |ṣṣifa_tadimt=white
   |ider_nnesxa=#ECF0D4
   |ṣṣifa_nnesxa=black
}}

&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt; &lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ --&gt;

&lt;!--Amgrad n wassad  -------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ =ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ =
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSutvald2.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = Camera_font_awesome.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!--  Amtiwg======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_lightbulb.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Brrk======================================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_viewDetails-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n iẓẓlmḍ  --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Tuddma n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;

&lt;!-- Tamassant  --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSWPedia.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ}}
}}

&lt;!--Tafukt-----------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = HSSamarbete.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!-- Amassan :-===========================================--&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_newspaper-ltr.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ}}
}}

&lt;!----------------------------- Tamassant n wassad -------------------------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ}}
}}

{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = OOjs_UI_icon_userAvatar.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}
}}

&lt;/div&gt; &lt;!-- Tigira n imnnitn n ufasi --&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Tigira n tasna ---&gt;

&lt;!-- Taguri --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:{{FULLPAGENAME}}/ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ}}
}}
&lt;!-- Rnu amgrad --------------&gt;
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ
 | ⴰⵙⵖⵏ = Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu
 | ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
 | ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ  = #88A06C
 | ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = W-circle.svg
 | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ = flex: 1 1 auto;
 | ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ = {{Template:Tasna Tamzwarut/Amgrad Amaynu}}
}}

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>f2avu7enngnbwgnzz5q7vu91qa653mq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52868</id>
    <revision>
      <id>177821</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="r14lwxiuwfh6erzleravwp8rbcld7qa" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>r14lwxiuwfh6erzleravwp8rbcld7qa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>177837</id>
      <parentid>177821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:40:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ABDELATIF ANADJAR</username>
        <id>14</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removed redirect to [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35768" sha1="d3ipadjqwivx9v1utuxzndgjngyogdt" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{#time:n}}
|1 =
'''ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ'''
[[File:برلمان المغرب.jpg|thum|ⵜⵓⴷⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]]
'''ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ: [[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ|ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ]], ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ 395 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ. ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 120 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵟⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
==ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ==
ⵙⴳ 1994 ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ:
* '''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ''': ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 392 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
*'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕⵏ''': ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 121 ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.

[[ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|2 =
'''ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ'''
[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt and United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish 09-2456M original.jpg|thumb|]]
'''ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948 ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵍⵍⴰ&lt;ref&gt;'''(ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)''' [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1989.

==ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|left|[[ⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵓⵕ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]] ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]
ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴽⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ.

ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵢⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴳ; ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ, 

ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵎⵙⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, 

==ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1)==
* ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵍⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ.

[[ⴰⵍⴰⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|3 =
'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''

'''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ 2011 ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵊⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20250302002621/https://www.cspj.ma/&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 2ⵔⵏⵊ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴻⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.
[[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|4 =
'''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ'''

'''ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Arhou |first=Mustapha |date=2022-11-17 |title=الدستور المغربي: القانون الأسمى للدولة |url=https://almarji3.com/2%D9%80%D9%80-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=المرجع.كوم |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ|ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ]] ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ''' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵇⵇⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/ConstitutionMaking_AR.pdf ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 3, 2018].&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|5 =
'''ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ'''

'''ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ (ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵉⵏ). ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cairn.info/revue-dossiers-du-crisp-2016-2-page-9.htm&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ.

==ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]==
ⵖⵎⴽⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ 87 ⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ 94 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.


[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|6 =
'''ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ'''

'''ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵔⵖⵏⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 20, 1996 &lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⴷⵣⵉⵜⵏ''' ⵏⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⴰⴱⵣⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⴷⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵎⵎⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵜⵍⴰⵖ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵎⵎⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ. 
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ''ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ'' ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵣⵔⵔⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⵏ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ''' ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵉ ⵉⴱⴹⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵉⴼⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.
ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⵣⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵚⴰⵃⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ''', ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ '''ⵜⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ''' ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;[[scholar:العقوبات+البديلة+و+تأثير+الاقتصادي&amp;hl=ar&amp;as_sdt=0&amp;as_vis=1&amp;oi=scholart#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1784417831368&amp;u=%23p%3DpaRC_F9DUcwJ|العقوبات الدولية وأثرها على الاستقرار السياسي للدولة
شعبان, فاطمة طة
مجلَّة إبداع في الآداب والدراسات الإنسانيّة والاجتماعيّة 2 (1.1), 69-100, 2025]]&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵖⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
[[ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|7 =
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ'''
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ. ⵀⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ:

1. ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ: ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ.

2. ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ: ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

3. ⵜⵉⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ: ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⴰⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵃⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ.

4. ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

5. ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ: ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.

6. ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ: ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⴰⴹ).

7. ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ: ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵃⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

8. ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ: ⴰⵙⴷⵓⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ.

[[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|8 =
'''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''
[[File:JMR-Memphis1.jpg|JMR-Memphis1]]

'''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ]] ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ. ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵥⵍⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ&lt;ref&gt;[https://imassn.com/dictionnaire/mot/azrak-1012 ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽ&quot; ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ].&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ '''ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ|ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ]] [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉ]] ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ; ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎ: ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ « Estado social de derecho »; ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11 ⵛⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ 2001 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ (OEA), ⵜⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴱⴹⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web |titre=L’État de droit en Amérique latine et au Canada |url=https://droitcivil.uottawa.ca/fr/letat-droit-amerique-latine-au-canada |site={{lang|en|Faculty of Law - Civil Law section}} |éditeur=[[université d'Ottawa]] |consulté le=11-10-2021}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ '''ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵇⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ: ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⴰⵖⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 76.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|9 =
'''ⴰⵣⵔⴼ'''

[[File:Statua Iustitiae.jpg|Statua_Iustitiae]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Spirit of Justice Rayburn.JPG|thumb|ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ.]]
'''ⴰⵣⵔⴼ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ [https://fr.glosbe.com/fr/mis_ber/droit ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ].'''&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵓⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ . ⴷ ⴳⵓⵜⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ: [[ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]] , ⵉⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ , ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ '''ⵓⵣⵔⴼ''' ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ, ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ '''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ '''ⵓⵣⵔⴼ'''  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ.

== ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ==
ⴽⵔⴰ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ. ⴼ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵛⵇⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎ  [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵉⵎⵉⴽ . ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

[[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|10 =
'''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ'''

[[File:Law Teapot.JPG|ⵜⴰⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ]]
'''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 83, ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ.'''&lt;/ref&gt; '''ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵢⵓ]], ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ.

ⵥⵥⴰⵏ '''ⵕⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ''' ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ '''ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ''' ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ|ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ]].


== ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
*'''[[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ]]''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.

[[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|11 =
'''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ'''

[[File:The Canon of Medicine.jpg|ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ]]
'''ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ'''&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=134205&amp;&amp;val=%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8F&amp;&amp;e=0&amp;&amp;l=0 ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵎ].'''&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ, ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ  ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ  ⵏ '''ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ''' ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ  [[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ]]  ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ|ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ '''''ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵣⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ''''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ.

ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ '''''ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ''''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ .

== ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ==
ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9 ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵀⵉⴱⴰ ⵍⵊⵓⵏⴷⵉ, 2021 , &quot;ⵎⴰⵡⴹⵓⵄ&quot;]'''&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ|ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ]]

|12 =
'''ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ'''

[[File:Flag of the African Union.svg|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ]]

'''ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ'''{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}} ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ) ⴳ 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1981, ⵜⵉⵍⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ 21 ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1986.
==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ==
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ [[ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ]] [[ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1981, ⵙ ⵜⵍⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ. ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ 21 ⵓⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1986, ⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ  ⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ 25 ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ  [[ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴱⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ:
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ 2 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴳⵔ  ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵚⵚⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵕⵚⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.
==ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ==
* '''ⵎⴰⵍⵉ''' — 21 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1981. 
* '''ⵖⵉⵏⵢⴰ''' — 16 ⴼⵓⵕⴰⵕ 1982.
* '''ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ''' — 4 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1982.
* '''ⵜⵓⴳⵓ''' — 5 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1982.
* '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ''' — 9 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1982.
* '''ⵜⵓⵏⵙ''' — 16 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1983.
* '''ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ''' — 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1983.
* '''ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ''' — 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1983.
* '''ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ''' — 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1983.

[[ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ|ⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ]]
}}</text>
      <sha1>d3ipadjqwivx9v1utuxzndgjngyogdt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52869</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177823</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="t86434cp216fo8w25lx8ln6jmylco1v" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>t86434cp216fo8w25lx8ln6jmylco1v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52870</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177825</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]]</comment>
      <origin>177825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="80" sha1="ecym75kdjvpb4kknpfful3kyd3pem52" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]]</text>
      <sha1>ecym75kdjvpb4kknpfful3kyd3pem52</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52871</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177827</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:18:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="cegavu822vbwzfce1kv26y46yvu92ie" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>cegavu822vbwzfce1kv26y46yvu92ie</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52872</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177829</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ]]</comment>
      <origin>177829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81" sha1="eoi2bx0yp0k6k1f97dqyhnyjbxuzvmt" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⴰⵣⵔⴼ/ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ]]</text>
      <sha1>eoi2bx0yp0k6k1f97dqyhnyjbxuzvmt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52873</id>
    <redirect title="ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ" />
    <revision>
      <id>177831</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:19:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine Bentayfaste</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Lhoussine Bentayfaste ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]</comment>
      <origin>177831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="da7sjjuzsvu6gm5nsek2m5bdsp0baaf" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]</text>
      <sha1>da7sjjuzsvu6gm5nsek2m5bdsp0baaf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>