ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)

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    <title>ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)</title>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴽⴰⵍ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ: [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|🜨]], [[File:Globus cruciger (fixed width).svg|16px|♁]]) ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ]]  ⴰⵡⵥⵕⵓ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ,]] &lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ)]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⵉⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ]]. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⵖⵜ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ (ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ 4.54 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵔⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2023-05-30 |title=Facts About Earth |url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/facts/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ==
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵡⵉⵥ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵥ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵜⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⴳⵎⵉ (ⴰⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔ (ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ protoplanete) ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ (ⴰⴱⵔⴳⵏⴰⵙ)&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ|ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ]] (ⵎⴰⵕⵚ), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ &quot;ⵜⵢⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ/ⵉⵎⵎⵖⵔⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵎⵏⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ/ⵉⴼⵔⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⵔⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⴼⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ/ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⵣⵓⵔ/ⵓⵙⵍⴽⴽⵥ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La planète Terre |url=https://cnes.fr/dossiers/planete-terre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122195744/https://cnes.fr/dossiers/planete-terre |archive-date=2025-11-22 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=cnes.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ: ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ==
ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵏⴷⴷⵔ, ⵉⴼⴼⵔ/ⵉⵃⴱⴰ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ, ⴷ &quot;ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ&quot;. ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ  ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ&quot;. ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⴹⵏⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵣⵏⵓⴼⵙⵉⵢ/ⴰⴽⵏⵓⴼⵙⵉⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵃⵔⵓⵔⵢⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵍⴰⵍⴳⵜ Viscosité) ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ/ⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tout comprendre sur : la planète Terre |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/sciences/tout-comprendre-sur-la-planete-terre |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ: ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴷⵓⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵏ. ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵖⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵎⴰ (ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵛⵛⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ&quot;(subduction), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ/ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ/ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ/ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=TERRE : Définition de TERRE |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/terre |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=www.cnrtl.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ: ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ==
ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ/ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ (ⴰⵖⵔ) ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ, ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵢ/ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵣⴰⴷ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳⴳⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵖⵉⵎⵉ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aletihad.ae/news/%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7/4157253/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A---%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6 ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ==
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵅⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍ/ⵜⵓⵏⵓⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴽⵓ 24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⵡⴷⵎ/ⵜⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 365 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ 23.4 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ. ⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ (ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ]]), ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ (ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ. ⴰⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ/ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.net/science/2021/11/26/%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%87%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7 ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ: ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵏⴷⴼⴼⴰⵔⵉⵏ/[[ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⴳⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵜ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]] ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86 ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ] (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ), ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⴷⵓⵄ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵖⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:North America from low orbiting satellite Suomi NPP.jpg|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵏⵖ]]
ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.marefa.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 3.5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉ &quot;ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ&quot;, ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵍⵜ/ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

== ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ: ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ==
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ. ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵖⵍⵜ (ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⴰⴱⵔⴳⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ&quot;. ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ/ⵜⵍⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://al3omk.com/80747.html ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026. &lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Mysterious Case of the Disappearing Dust.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ]]

== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ==

=== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===

* ⴰⵡⵓⵎ : 12,742 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.
* ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ : 5,972 × 10²⁴ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ.
* ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ : 1,08321 × 10¹² ⴽⵎ³.
* ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵉ : 5,515 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³.
* ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵉ : 15 °C.
* ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ : 6 000 °C ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ.

=== ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ/ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ===

* ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ : 24 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ/ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ.
* ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ: 365,25 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ 29,78 ⴽⵎ/ⵙ(ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ).
* ⴰⵣⵍⵍⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ : 23,5 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Solar System True Color ZGH.png|thumb|[[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]]]
=== ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ===

* ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 46.6%.
* ⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 27,7%.
* ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ : 8.1%.
* ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ : 5%.
* ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ : 3.6%.
* ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ : 9,6%.

=== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ===

* ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵙⵡⴰⵔⵏ/ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷⵏ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ.
* ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ : ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 50,000.
* ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ : 1-10 ⵙⵎ/ⴰⵙⴳ.

=== ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ  ===

* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ : 71% ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ : 21%.
* ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ : 480 ⴽⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=earthhow |date=2018-09-30 |title=Earth Statistics: Straight-Up Stats of Earth |url=https://earthhow.com/earth-statistics/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Earth How |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
* [[ⴰⴳⵔⵓ]]
* [[ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ]]
* [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ|ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ}}</text>
      <sha1>95lux75h327mqjbwc1g50e0s4p4snpv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-27T23:57:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="18163" sha1="3nb0lyd5xivettk4zlknibwareqxx9f" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Calcium), ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ: Ca, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ 20. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ. ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium - Element information, properties and uses |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/20/calcium |website=Royal Society of Chemistry |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==

=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Calcium_crystals.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ 1.55 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 842 °C ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ 1484 °C, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵎ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⴹⵉⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ 450 °C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium: physical and chemical properties |url=https://www.webelements.com/calcium/physics.html |website=WebElements |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019191627/https://www.webelements.com/calcium/physics.html |archive-date=2025-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Ca(aq)6_improved_image.tif|thumb|ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉ [Ca(H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; ⴳ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵖⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⴰⴼⴰ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ +2. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵎ  ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chemical properties of calcium - Ca |url=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/ca.htm |website=Lenntech}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵕⴰⵎ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (99%) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵖⵎⴰⵙ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵜⵉⵜ Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Pravina |first=P |last2=Sayaji |first2=S |last3=Avinash |first3=M |title=Calcium and its role in human body |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279204003_Calcium_and_its_role_in_human_body |journal=International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=659-668 |year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (Ca²⁺) ⵙ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⵓⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/|website=National Institutes of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ==
[[File:Calcium_intake_world_map.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ (ⵎⴳ/ⴰⵙⵙ)
{{Legend|#006400|&gt; 1000 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#228B22|900–1000 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#ADFF2F|800–900 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#FFFF00|700–800 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#FFA500|600–700 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#FF0000|500–600 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#8B0000|&lt; 500 ⵎⴳ}}
{{Legend|#D3D3D3|ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ}}
]]

ⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ. ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵜⵏ (ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ, ⵢⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵍⵜ), ⵉⵛⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵣⵎⵎⵓ, ⴰⴱⵕⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉ), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵛⵓⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵥⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium - Fact Sheet for Consumers |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-Consumer/ |website=National Institutes of Health - Office of Dietary Supplements |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵏⵓⵙ. ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⵓⴳⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵔⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 1000 ⴷ 1200 ⵎⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ. ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 1300 ⵎⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium: What You Should Know |url=https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/nutrition/calcium-and-vitamin-d-important-every-age |website=NIH Osteoporosis and Related Bone Diseases National Resource Center |language=en |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005021719/https://www.bones.nih.gov/health-info/bone/bone-health/nutrition/calcium-and-vitamin-d-important-every-age |archive-date=2017-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ==
=== ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ===
ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ]] ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ&quot;, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ '''ⴷ''', ⵏⵖ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ, ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ, ⵉⴽⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵙⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵡⵣⵡⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ, ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hypocalcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the Blood) |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/hormonal-and-metabolic-disorders/electrolyte-balance/hypocalcemia-low-level-of-calcium-in-the-blood |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ===
ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ&quot;, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴹ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⵙⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏⵚⵉⵕ. ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵥⴰⴹ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ. ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Hypercalcemia - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypercalcemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355523 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ.
* '''ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaCO₃)''': ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ, ⵔⵔⵅⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
* '''ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaO)''': ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ&quot;. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ.
* '''ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (Ca(OH)₂)''': ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ ⵉⵅⵙⵉⵏ&quot;, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ CaO. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.
* '''ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaSO₄)''': ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⴱⵚ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Calcium Compounds |url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/Chemistry_of_Calcium/Calcium_Compounds |website=Chemistry LibreTexts}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ&quot; (CaO) ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1808. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ]] ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ (CaO) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (HgO). ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (calcium) ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ &quot;calx&quot;, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⵏⴽⵉⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=History of Calcium |url=https://www.webelements.com/calcium/history.html |website=WebElements |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251019033252/https://www.webelements.com/calcium/history.html |archive-date=2025-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ (CaCl₂) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ CaCl₂ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵔⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵢⵓⵕⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ|ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Roos |first=G. |last2=Oeter |first2=D. |title=Calcium, Calcium Alloys, and Calcium Compounds |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14356007.a04_515.pub2 |journal=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |year=2014 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |doi=10.1002/14356007.a04_515.pub2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>3nb0lyd5xivettk4zlknibwareqxx9f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018</title>
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    <id>1096</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-27T23:57:31Z</timestamp>
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        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="123226" sha1="2p7eorv1o4lpqs34tnhwwhc8rbsovnd" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2018
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ = Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia (Wordmark).svg
| ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ = ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2018
| ⴰⵏⴰⵡ = [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ = 1930
| ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ = [[ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]]
| ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ = 
| ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ = 
| ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ = 
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜ = 
| ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ = [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
| ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ = ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 21
| ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}
| ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ = 2018
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ = 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ = 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ = 
| ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ = 
| ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ}}
| ⵡⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
| ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ = 64 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ
| ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ = 169 (2.64 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ)
| ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ = 3,031,768 (47,371 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ)
| ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⵏ}} (6 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ)
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ}}
| ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ}}
| ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵉⴱⵓ ⴽⵓⵔⵜⵡⴰ}}
| ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ}}
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 219 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵉⵏ = 4 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ
| ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ = https://web.archive.org/web/20130630223358/http://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/russia2018/
| ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2014|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ 2014]]
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ = [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2022|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ 2022]]
}}

'''ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018''' ⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 21 ⵙⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]] ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]] (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ/FIFA) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]] ⵙⴳ [[14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] ⴰⵔ [[15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;press release&quot;&gt;Ethics: Executive Committee unanimously supports recommendation to publish report on 2018/2022 FIFA World Cup™ bidding process https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2494723/index.html FIFA 19 December 2014. archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150329105006/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/news/newsid=2494723/index.html 29 March 2015&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ]] (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ/FIFA) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[2 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;press release&quot;/&gt;
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018 ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/5310099/world-cup-russia-watch-teams-players/|title=Your Ultimate Guide to Watching the 2018 World Cup|website=Time|access-date=20 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]]. ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ|ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ]];  [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.pnp.ru/social/v-rossii-startoval-chempionat-mira-po-futbolu.html |title=В России стартовал чемпионат мира по футболу |website=pnp.ru |last=Vyatchanin |first=Nikita |date=14 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵜ 2018 ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 14.2 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;rbc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/08/06/2018/5b02f8039a7947289e44a869 |title=Непредвиденные расходы: как менялась смета ЧМ-2018 |language=ru |date=8 June 2018 |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=rbc.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ''ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018'' 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, 31 ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵣⵔⵢⵏⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018]], ⴰⵎⵎⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ]] ⵜⵣⵔⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ. ⴳⵔ 32 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ 20 ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 2014|2014]] ⴳ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ|ⵓⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]], ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵡⵢ 2014, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵙⴹⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ]]. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ 64 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵜ ⴳ 12 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Russia united for 2018 FIFA World Cup Host Cities announcement |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/russia2018/news/newsid=1711839/index.html |publisher=FIFA |date=29 September 2012 |accessdate=13 November 2013 |dead-url=no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113044933/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/russia2018/news/newsid=1711839/index.html |archive-date=13 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
ⵜⵓⵡⵢ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;(en) [https://web.archive.org/web/20180715175006/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331552/ &quot;2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ - Matches - France - Croatia - FIFA.com&quot;. ] [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵔⴰ 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ==
ⵜⵃⵢⵢⵍ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] : [[ⴽⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ]], [[ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵏ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ|ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴼⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵍⵓ ⴷⵓⵏ|ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵍⵓ ⴼⵓⵏ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⴳ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ)|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ|ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]&lt;ref&gt;(pdf) [https://web.archive.org/web/20200418094332/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/33/74/52/b5ruse.pdf « 2018 FIFA World Cup Bid Evaluation Report: Russia »], site de la FIFA.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⴰ]] ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ.

ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ :
* ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ : ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⴳ ;
* ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ : ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ ;
* ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ : ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ, ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ;
* ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ : ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ, ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ.

ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012, ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵔⵥⵎ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ, ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ [[ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⴳ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fr.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/news/newsid=1971735/index.html|title=Le Comité Exécutif se rⴰéunit pour la dernière fois de l’année à Tokyo|date=14 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012|accessdate=15 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310053610/http://fr.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/bodies/news/newsid=1971735/index.html|archive-date=2013-03-10}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]]
! [[ⴰⵔⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]]
![[ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵢⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]]
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]] 
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:RUS-2016-Aerial-SPB-Krestovsky Stadium 02.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵜⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;68 134 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Luzhniki Stadium1.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;81 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Stadium Spartak in Moscow.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 360 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nizhny Novgorod Stadium (March 2018).jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⵓⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;44 899 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|-
! [[ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]]
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]] 
! [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]] 
! [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]]
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Kaliningrad stadium - 2018-04-07.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;35 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mordovia Arena stadium.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 016 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Rostov_Arena_(2).jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;43 702 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Fisht_Olympic_Stadium.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;47 659 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ 2014) 
|-
! [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]] 
! [[ⴽⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]] 
! [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]]
! [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]]
|-
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Volgograd._Stadium_P8060424_2200.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 015 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Krylya Fakel test 1.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Казань арена.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;45 015 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ) 
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Estadio Central.jpg|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]&lt;br /&gt;35 000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ&lt;br /&gt;(ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ)
|}

==ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ==
ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 29 ⵎⴰⵔⵙ 2018, ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ 36 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ 63 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/list-of-match-officials-for-the-2018-fifa-world-cuptm.pdf?cloudid=ygppy1zdhjaxituykarn |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: List of match officials |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=19 June 2018 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330012652/http://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/list-of-match-officials-for-the-2018-fifa-world-cuptm.pdf?cloudid=ygppy1zdhjaxituykarn |archive-date=30 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ 53 ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/36-referees-and-63-assistant-referees-appointed-as-russia-2018-match-officials |title=36 referees and 63 assistant referees appointed as Russia 2018 Match Officials |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⴰ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/updated-list-of-fifa-match-officials-for-the-2018-fifa-world-cup-russiatm.pdf?cloudid=w7qdlidnrq4lah2pvvc3 |title=FIFA World Cup Russia 2018: Updated list of match officials |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623100157/https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/updated-list-of-fifa-match-officials-for-the-2018-fifa-world-cup-russiatm.pdf?cloudid=w7qdlidnrq4lah2pvvc3 |archive-date=23 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/statistical-kit-referees.pdf?cloudid=vkt8rnt7f87o4uq56cww |title=Referees of the 2018 FIFA World Cup: Statistical Kit |website=FIFA.com |publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association |format=PDF |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624093505/https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/statistical-kit-referees.pdf?cloudid=vkt8rnt7f87o4uq56cww |archive-date=24 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ
!ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ
!ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ
!ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ]]
|[[ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ]] ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]])
|ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⵙⵓⵅⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏ ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵔⵉ ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]]) 
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵔⵔⴰⵃⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵙⵉⵎ]] (ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ)
|-
|[[ⵔⴰⴼⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⵓⴼ]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ]])
|[[ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵅⴰⵎⵉⴷⵓⵍⵓ ⵔⴰⵙⵓⵍⵓⴼ]] ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵊⴰⵅⵓⵏⴳⵉⵔ ⵙⴰⵢⵉⴷⵓⴼ ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|ⵓⵣⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ]] ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])
|ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ]])
|-
|[[ⵔⵢⵓⵊⵉ ⵙⴰⵜⵓ]] ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴽⴹⴱⵓⵏ]])
|ⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵙⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵛⵉ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵜⵛⵉ ([[Japan Football Association|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵏⴰⵡⵡⴰⴼ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ([[Bahrain Football Association|ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ]])
|ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⴼⴰⵜ ([[Bahrain Football Association|ⴱⴰⵃⵔⴰⵢⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ([[Qatar Football Association|ⵇⴰⵟⴰⵔ]]) 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Confederation of African Football|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ]]
|[[ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴷⵉⴷⵢⵓ]] ([[Senegalese Football Federation|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]])
|ⵊⵉⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ([[Senegalese Football Federation|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⵉ ⵙⴰⵎⴱⴰ ([[Senegalese Football Federation|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]])
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|
|-
|[[ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰ]] ([[Gambia Football Federation|ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ]])
|ⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓⵎⵓⵛⴰⴼⵓ ([[Football Federation of Burundi|ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵃⴰⵇ ⵜⵛⵉⵢⴰⵍⵉ ([[Algerian Football Federation|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]])
|-
|[[ⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⴳⵔⵉⵛⴰ]] ([[Egyptian Football Association|ⵎⵉⵥⵔⴰ]])
|ⵕⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵄⴰⵛⵉⵇ ([[Royal Moroccan Football Federation|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ([[Sudan Football Association|ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵊⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⴽⴰⵣⵡⵉ]] ([[Football Association of Zambia|ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ]])
|ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⵟⵓⵙ ([[Angolan Football Federation|ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵣⴰⴽⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵡⵍⴰ ([[South African Football Association|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]])
|-
|[[ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵄⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴼ]] ([[Algerian Football Federation|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]])
|ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵔ ⵀⵎⵉⵍⴰ ([[Tunisian Football Federation|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]])
|-
|[[Bamlak tessema weyesa|ⴱⴰⵎⵍⴰⴽ ⵜⵢⵙⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⵙⴰ]] ([[Ethiopian Football Federation|ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ]])
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⴱ]]
|[[ⵊⵓⵢⵍ ⴰⴳⵡⵉⵍⴰⵔ]] ([[Salvadoran Football Federation|ⵙⴰⵍⴼⴰⴷⵓⵔ]])
|ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵎⴰ ([[Salvadoran Football Federation|ⵙⴰⵍⴼⴰⴷⵓⵔ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⴰ ([[Costa Rican Football Federation|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ]])
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|
|-
|[[ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⴳⵉⵢⴳⵔ]] ([[United States Soccer Federation|ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]])
|ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ([[United States Soccer Federation|ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵊⵓⵢ ⴼⵍⵉⵜⵛⵔ]] ([[Canadian Soccer Association|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ]] ([[Mexican Football Federation|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]])
|ⵎⴰⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⴰ ([[Mexican Football Federation|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍ ⵀⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ([[Mexican Football Federation|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]])
|-
|[[ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⵉ]] ([[Panamanian Football Federation|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ]])
|ⴳⴰⴱⵔⵢⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ ([[Panamanian Football Federation|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵊⴰⵢⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⴼⵓ]] ([[United States Soccer Federation|ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]])
|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⵉ ⵔⵓⴽⵡⵉⵍ ([[United States Soccer Federation|ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵔⵉⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵔⵓ]] ([[Costa Rican Football Federation|ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ]])
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]]
|[[ⵅⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⴱⴰⵙⴽⵓⵏⵢⴰⵏ]] ([[Football Federation of Chile|ⵛⵉⵍⵉ]])
|ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓⵣⴰ ([[Football Federation of Chile|ⵛⵉⵍⵉ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⵎⴰⵏ ([[Football Federation of Chile|ⵛⵉⵍⵉ]])
|rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[ⵡⵉⵍⵟⵓⵏ ⵙⴰⵎⴱⵢⵓⵡ]] (ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵊⵉⵔⵉ ⴼⴰⵔⴳⴰⵙ]] (ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵓ ⴼⵉⴳⵍⵢⴰⵏⵓ]] (ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ)
|-
|[[ⵉⵏⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙ]] ([[Paraguayan Football Association|ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])
|ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵣⵓ ([[Paraguayan Football Association|ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵔⵉⵍⵍⴰ ([[Paraguayan Football Association|ⴱⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])
|-
|[[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵏⵀⴰ]] ([[Uruguayan Football Association|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])
|ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ([[Uruguayan Football Association|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵙⵢⵓ ⵙⴱⵉⵏⵓⵣⴰ]] ([[Uruguayan Football Association|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]])
|-
|[[ⵏⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰ]] ([[Argentine Football Association|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]])
|ⵀⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷⴰⵏⴰ ([[Argentine Football Association|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉ ([[Argentine Football Association|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⴱⵉⵙⵙⵉ]] ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]])
|ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴼⴰⵍⵍⵓ ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵙ ([[Brazilian Football Confederation|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]])
|-
|[[ⵡⵉⵍⵎⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⵍⴷⴰⵏ]] ([[Colombian Football Federation|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]])
|ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ([[Colombian Football Federation|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ ([[Colombian Football Federation|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]]) 
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Oceania Football Confederation|ⵓⵇⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙⵢⴰ]]
|[[ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔ]] ([[New Zealand Football|ⵏⵢⵓ ⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ]])
|ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⵡⵏⵜ ([[New Zealand Football|ⵏⵢⵓ ⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵜⴼⵉⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⴽⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉ ([[Tonga Football Association|ⵜⵓⵏⴳⴰ]])
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
|[[ⵏⵓⵔⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵀⵓⵡⴰⵜⴰ]] ([[Tahitian Football Federation|ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵜⵉ]])
|ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵔⵉⵢⴰⵍ ([[New Caledonian Football Federation|ⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴷⵓⵏⵢⴰ]])
|-
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|[[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]]
|[[ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵅ]] ([[German Football Association|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]])
|ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵅ ([[German Football Association|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵙⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴱ ([[German Football Association|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]])
|rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|[[ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⴽⵉⵔ]] (ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵍ]] (ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⵉⵔⵔⴰⵜⵉ]] (ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵜⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵉⵣ]] (ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴷⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⴽⵉⵍⵍⵉ]] (ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴷⴰⵏⵢⵉⵍ ⵓⵔⵙⴰⵜⵓ]] (ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴷⵢⴰⵣ]] (ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵓ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵉ]] (ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ)&lt;br /&gt;[[ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⵣⵡⴰⵢⵔ]] (ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ)
|-
|[[ⴳⵓⵏⵢⵉⵜ ⵙⴰⴽⵉⵔ]] ([[Turkish Football Federation|ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ]])
|ⴱⴰⴳⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴰⵏ ([[Turkish Football Federation|ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵟⴰⵔⵉⵇ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵏ ([[Turkish Football Federation|ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⴼ]] ([[Russian Football Union|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]])
|ⵓⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓⴼ ([[Russian Football Union|ⵙⵓⵙⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵜⵉⵅⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵓⵊⵉⵏ ([[Russian Football Union|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⴱⵊⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⴱⵔⵙ]] ([[Royal Dutch Football Association|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]])
|ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴼⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵢⴽⵍ ([[Royal Dutch Football Association|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔⴰ ([[Royal Dutch Football Association|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵢⴰⴽ]] ([[Polish Football Association|ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]])
|ⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵙⵓⴽⵉⵍⵏⵓⴽⵉ ([[Polish Football Association|ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴼⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⴽⵉⵡⵉⴽⵙ ([[Polish Football Association|ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵓⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⵍⴰⵀⵓⵣ]] ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]])
|ⴱⴰⵡ ⵙⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⵣ ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵟⵓ ⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ([[Royal Spanish Football Federation|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜⵛ]] ([[Football Association of Serbia|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]])
|ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜⵛ ([[Football Association of Serbia|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⴷⴰⵍⵉⴱⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⴷⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ ([[Football Association of Serbia|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⵉ]] ([[Italian Football Federation|ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]])
|ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ ([[Italian Football Federation|ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵏⴰⵡⵔⵓ ⵟⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍⵉ ([[Italian Football Federation|ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]])
|-
|[[ⴷⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ]] ([[Football Association of Slovenia|ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ]])
|ⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵏⵉⴽ ([[Football Association of Slovenia|ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ([[Football Association of Slovenia|ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ]])
|-
|[[ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏ]] ([[French Football Federation|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]])
|ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵍ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⴳⵓⵔ ([[French Football Federation|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]])&lt;br /&gt;ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⵙ ([[French Football Federation|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]])
|}

==ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!AFC
!CAF 
!CONCACAF
!CONMEBOL
|- 
|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Saudi Arabia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵥⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ}} 
|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Egypt|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Nigeria|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰ|ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}

|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Panama|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ}} 

|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Peru|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵉⵔⵓ}} &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ}}
|-
!colspan=&quot;4&quot;|UEFA 
|-
|colspan=&quot;4&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iceland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵡⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}} 
|}

==ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ==
===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ A===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵓ}}'''|9|3|3|0|0|5|0|+5
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2  = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}'''|6|3|2|0|1|8|4|+4
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Saudi Arabia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ}}|3|3|1|0|2|2|7|-5
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Egypt|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ}}|0|3|0|0|3|2|6|-4
}}

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 1 (ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵔⵥⵎ)
| date = 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ
| score = 5 - 0
| score mi-temps = 2 - 0
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331503/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
| buts 1 = [[ⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵣⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ|ⴳⴰⵣⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]] 12' &lt;br&gt; [[ⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⴼ|ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⴼ]] 43' 90+1'&lt;br&gt; [[ⴰⵔⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵣⵢⵓⴱⴰ|ⴷⵣⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰ]] 71'&lt;br&gt; [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴳⵓⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏ|ⴳⵓⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏ]] 90+4'
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 78011
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵏⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰ}}
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 2
| date = 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+05:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Egypt.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]] '''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ'''
| score =  0 - 1 
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = 89' [[ⵅⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵢⴰ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ|ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ]]
| stade = [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 27015
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⴱⵊⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵓⵔⵙ}} 
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300353632/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 17
| date = 19 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Egypt.svg|25px]] ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ
| score = 3 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵜⵃⵉ|ⴼⴰⵜⵃⵉ]] 47' &lt;br&gt; [[ⴷⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴼ|ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴳ]] 59' &lt;br&gt; [[ⴰⵔⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵣⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰ|ⴷⵣⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰ]] 62'
| buts 2 = 73' [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ|ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 64468
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Paraguay|ⵉⵏⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331495/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 18
| date = 20 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]] ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ
| score = 1 - 0
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵟⵓ ⵙⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣ|ⵙⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] 23'
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⵔⵓⵙⵟⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
| affluence = 42678
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331530/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 33
| date = 25 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Uruguay.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ
| score = 3 - 0
| score mi-temps = 2 - 0
| buts 1 =[[ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵟⵓ ⵙⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣ|ⵙⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] 10'&lt;br&gt;[[ⴷⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⴼ|ⵜⵛⵉⵔⵛⵉⴼ]] 23&lt;br&gt;[[ⵉⴷⵉⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ|ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ]] 90'
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ)|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
| affluence = 41 970
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴷⵉⴷⵉⵢⵓ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331516/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 34
| date = 25 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Egypt.svg|25px]] ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ
| score = 2 - 1 
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵔⴰⵊ|ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵔⴰⵊ]] 45+6'&lt;br&gt; [[ⵙⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵡⵙⴰⵔⵉ|ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵡⵙⴰⵔⵉ]] 90+5'
| buts 2 = 22' [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ|ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ]]
| stade = [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰ]]ⴷ
| affluence = 36823
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|ⵡⵉⵍⵎⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⵍⴷⴰⵏ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331509/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ B===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ    = '''[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]] [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]'''|5|3|1|2|0|6|5|+1
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2   = '''[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ]]'''|5|3|1|2|0|5|4|+1 
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3  = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Iran.svg|25px]] [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]]|4|3|1|1|1|2|2|0
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4  = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]] [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]]|1|3|0|1|2|2|4|-2
}}

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 3
| date = 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Iran.svg|25px]] '''[[ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]]'''
| score = 0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+5|ⵎⴳ}} [[ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴱⵓⵀⴷⴷⵓⵣ|ⴱⵓⵀⴷⴷⵓⵣ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 62548
| arbitre = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Turkey.svg|25px]] [[ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ]]
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331526/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 4
| date = 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Portugal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]] [[Équipe d'Espagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]
| score = 3 - 3
| score mi-temps = 2 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Cristiano Ronaldo|ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|4|pen}} {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|44}} {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|88}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|24}} {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|55}} [[Diego Costa|ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|58}} [[Nacho (football, 1990)|ⵏⴰⵜⵛⵓ]]
| stade = [[Stade olympique Ficht|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = 43866
| arbitre = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Gianluca Rocchi|ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331524/#motm ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 19
| date = 20 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe du Portugal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ]]''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]] [[Équipe du Maroc de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]]
| score = 1 - 0
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Cristiano Ronaldo|ⵔⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|4}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[Stade Loujniki|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[Moscou|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 78011
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States|ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⴳⵉⴳⵔ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331511/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 20
| date = 20 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Iran de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Iran.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]] '''[[Équipe d'Espagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]'''
| score = 0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|54}} [[Diego Costa|ⴽⵓⵙⵟⴰ]]
| stade = [[Kazan-Arena|ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[Kazan|ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = 42718
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⴽⵓⵏⵀⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331496/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ 35
| date = 25 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Iran de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵔⴰⵏ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Iran.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Portugal.svg|25px]] [[Équipe du Portugal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ]]
| score = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Karim Ansarifard|ⴰⵏⵚⴰⵔⵉⴼⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3|pen}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|45}} [[Ricardo Quaresma|ⴽⵡⴰⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰ]]
| stade = [[Stade Yubileyniy|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
| affluence = 41685
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Paraguay|ⵉⵏⵔⵉⴽⵉ ⴽⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331500/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 36
| date = 25 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 20h00 [[UTC+02:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Espagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Spain.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]] [[Équipe du Maroc de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]]
| score = 2 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[ⵉⵙⴽⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|19}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Iago Aspas|ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+1}} 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|14}} [[Khalid Boutaïb|ⴱⵓⵟⴰⵢⵢⵉⴱ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|81}} [[Youssef En-Nesyri|ⵏⵏⵚⵉⵔⵉ]]
| stade = [[Baltika Arena|ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
| affluence = 33973
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uzbekistan|ⵔⴰⴼⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⵓⴼ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300340184/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ C===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ 
|ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''|7|3|2|1|0|3|1|+2 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2  = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ}}'''|5|3|1|2|0|2|1|+1 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Peru|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⴱⵉⵔⵓ}}|3|3|1|0|2|2|2|0 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ 2018|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}|1|3|0|1|2|2|5|-3
}}

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 5
| date = 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 13h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]''' [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|Équipe d'Australie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}
| score = 2 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Antoine Griezmann|ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|58|pen}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Aziz Behich|ⴱⵀⵉⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|81|ⵎⴳⵍ}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|62|pen}} [[Mile Jedinak|ⵊⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⴽ]] 
| stade = [[Kazan-Arena|ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = 41279
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵏⵀⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331533/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍ 6
| date = 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 19h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Pérou de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵉⵔⵓ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Peru.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|Équipe du Danemark de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽ}}'''
| score = 0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|59}} [[Yussuf Poulsen|ⴱⵓⵍⵙⵏ]]
| stade = [[Stade Yubileyniy|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ]]
| affluence = 40502
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Gambia|ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331528/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 21
| date = 21 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 16h00 [[UTC+04:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Danemark de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Australia|Équipe d'Australie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ}}
| score = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Christian Eriksen|ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|7}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|38|pen}} [[Mile Jedinak|ⵊⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⴽ]]
| stade = [[Stade de Samara|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[Samara (Russie)|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
| affluence = 40727
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⵍⴰⵀⵓⵣ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331518/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 22
| date = 21 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+05:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Peru|Équipe du Pérou de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵉⵔⵓ}}
| score = 1 - 0
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Kylian Mbappé|ⵎⴱⴰⴱⴱⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|34}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 32789
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United Arab Emirates|ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331527/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 37
| date = 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Danemark de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Denmark.svg|25px]]
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}
| score = 0 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 78 011
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331512/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 38
| date = 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]] 
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Australie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓ]] [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Australia.svg|25px]] 
| équipe 2 = [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Peru.svg|25px]] '''[[Équipe du Pérou de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵉⵔⵓ]]'''
| score = 0 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|18}} [[André Carrillo|ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵍⵍⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|50}} [[Paolo Guerrero|ⴳⵉⵔⵉⵔⵓ]]
| stade = [[Stade olympique Ficht|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = 44 073
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|Sergei Karasev (arbitre)|ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⴼ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331506/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ D===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}'''|9|3|3|0|0|7|1|+6
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|Équipe d'Argentine de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}'''|4|3|1|1|1|3|5|-2
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3  = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Nigeria|Équipe du Nigeria de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ}}|3|3|1|0|2|3|4|-1
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iceland|Équipe d'Islande de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}}|1|3|0|1|2|2|5|-3
}}

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 7
| date = 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 16h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Argentine de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iceland|Équipe d'Islande de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}}
| score = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Sergio Agüero|ⴰⴳⵡⵉⵔⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|19}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|23}} [[Alfreð Finnbogason|ⴼⵉⵏⴱⵓⴳⴰⵚⵓⵏ]]
| stade = [[Otkrytie Arena|ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵢⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 44109
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏⵢⴰⴽ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331515/#match-statistics ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]

}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 8
| date = 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+02:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Nigeria|Équipe du Nigeria de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ}}
| score = 2 - 0
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Oghenekaro Etebo|ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|32|ⵎⴳ}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Luka Modrić|ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|72|pen}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
| affluence = 31136
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331523/#match-statistics ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 23
| date = 21 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Argentine de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia||Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}'''
| score = 0 - 3
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|53}} [[Ante Rebić|ⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜⵛ]]&lt;br&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|80}} [[Luka Modrić|ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ]]&lt;br&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+1}} [[Ivan Rakitić|ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜⵉⵜⵛ]] 
| stade = [[Stade de Nijni Novgorod|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = 43319
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uzbekistan|ⵔⴰⴼⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵜⵓⴼ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331513/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 24
| date = 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe du Nigeria de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Nigeria}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iceland|Équipe d'Islande de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ}}
| score =  2 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
 |buts 1 = [[Ahmed Musa|ⵎⵓⵙⴰ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|49}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Ahmed Musa|ⵎⵓⵙⴰ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|75}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[Volgograd-Arena|ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
| affluence = 40904
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|New Zealand|ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331497/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 39
| date = 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Nigeria de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Nigeria}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|Équipe d'Argentine de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Victor Moses|ⵎⵓⵣⵉⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51|pen}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|14}} [[Lionel Messi|ⵎⵉⵙⵙⵉ]] &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|86}} [[Marcos Rojo|ⵔⵓⵅⵓ]]
 | stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 64 468
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Turkey|ⴽⵓⵏⵢⵉⵜ ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331519/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 40
| date = 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Islande de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iceland}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Gylfi Sigurðsson|ⵙⵉⴳⵓⵔⴷⵚⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|76|pen}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|53}} [[Milan Badelj|ⴱⴰⴷⵉⵍⵊ]] &lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90}} [[Ivan Perišić|ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜⵛ]] 
| stade = [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
| affluence = 43472
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⵍⴰⵀⵓⵣ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331510/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ E===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}'''|7|3|2|1|0|5|1|+4
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2  = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|Équipe de Suisse de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}'''|5|3|1|2|0|5|4|+1
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|Équipe de Serbie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ}}|3|3|1|0|2|2|4|-2
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica|Équipe du Costa Rica de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ}}|1|3|0|1|2|2|5|-3
}} 

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 9
| date = 17 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 16h00 [[UTC+04:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Costa Rica de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|Équipe de Serbie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ}}'''
| score =  0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|56}} [[Aleksandar Kolarov|ⴽⵓⵍⴰⵔⵓⴼ]]
| stade = [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[Samara (Russie)|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
| affluence = 41432
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴷⵉⴷⵢⵓ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331529/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 10
| date = 17 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|Équipe de Suisse de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}
| score =  1 - 1
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Philippe Coutinho|ⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏⵢⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|20}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|50}} [[Steven Zuber|ⵣⵓⴱⵔ]] 
| stade = [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
| affluence = 43109
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331525/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍ 25
| date = 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica|Équipe du Costa Rica de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ}}
| score = 2 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Philippe Coutinho|ⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏⵀⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+1}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵏⴰⵢⵎⴰⵔ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+7}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 64468
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|Björn Kuipers|ⴱⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331540/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}} 
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 26
| date = 22 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 20h00 [[UTC+02:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Serbie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|Équipe de Suisse de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}'''
| score =  1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Aleksandar Mitrović (football)|ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴼⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|5}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|52}} [[Granit Xhaka|ⵜⵛⴰⴽⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90}} [[Xherdan Shaqiri|ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔⵉ]] 
| stade = [[ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
| affluence = 33167
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany|Felix Brych|ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴽⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵅ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300340183/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 41
| date = 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Serbie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}'''
| score = 0 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|36}} [[ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|68}} [[Thiago Emiliano da Silva|ⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰ]] 
| stade = [[Otkrytie Arena|ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 44 190
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331521/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 42
| date = 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Suisse de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Costa Rica|Équipe du Costa Rica de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ}}
| score = 2 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Blerim Džemaili|ⴷⵣⵉⵎⴰⵢⵍⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|31}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Josip Drmić|ⴷⵔⵎⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|88}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|56}} [[Kendall Waston|ⵡⴰⵜⵚⵓⵏ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3|ⵎⴳ}} [[Yann Sommer|ⵙⵓⵎⵔ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = 43 319
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331534/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ F===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}}'''|6|3|2|0|1|5|2|+3
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2  = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|Équipe du Mexique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}'''|6|3|2|0|1|3|4|-1
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea|Équipe de Corée du Sud de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ}}|3|3|1|0|2|3|3|0
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany|Équipe d'Allemagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ}}|3|3|1|0|2|2|4|-2
}} 

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 11
| date = 17 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Allemagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|Équipe du Mexique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}'''
| score =  0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|35}} [[Hirving Lozano|ⵍⵓⵣⴰⵏⵓ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 78011
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331502/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵕ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 12
| date = 18 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea|Équipe de Corée du Sud de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ}}
| score = 1 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Andreas Granqvist|ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴽⴼⵉⵙⵜ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|65|pen}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = 42300
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Slovakia|Joel Aguilar|ⵊⵓⵢⵍ ⴰⴳⵉⵍⴰⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331499/#match-lineups ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}} 
---- 
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 27
| date = 23 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Corée du Sud de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|Équipe du Mexique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}''' 
|score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
 |buts 1 = [[Son Heung-min|ⵙⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3}}
 |buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|26|sp}} [[Carlos Vela|ⴼⵉⵍⴰ]] &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|66}} [[Javier Hernández Balcázar|ⵀⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ]]
| stade = [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
| affluence = 43472
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|Milorad Mažić|ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜⵛ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331549/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 28
| date = 23 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe d'Allemagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}}
| score = 2 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Marco Reus|ⵔⵓⵢⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|48}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Toni Kroos|ⴽⵔⵓⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+5}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|32}} [[Ola Toivonen|ⵟⵓⵢⴼⵓⵏⴻⵏ]]
| stade = [[Stade olympique Ficht|ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = 44287
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|Szymon Marciniak|ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏⵢⴰⴽ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331501/#match-lineups ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}} 
---- 
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 43
| date = 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Corée du Sud de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|South Korea}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Germany|Équipe d'Allemagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ}}
| score = 2 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = [[ⴽⵉⵎ ⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⴳⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Son Heung-min|ⵙⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+6}}
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = 41 835
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States|Mark Geiger|ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⴳⵉⴳⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331532/#match-livebloⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 44
| date = 27 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 19h00 [[UTC+05:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Mexique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}}'''
| score = 0 - 3
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|50}} [[Ludwig Augustinsson|ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|62|pen}} [[Andreas Granqvist|ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴽⴼⵉⵙⵜ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|74|ⵎⴳ}} [[Edson Álvarez|ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵔⵉⵣ]]
| stade = [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 33 061
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|Néstor Pitana|ⵏⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331548/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ G===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''|9|3|3|0|0|9|2|+7
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''|6|3|2|0|1|8|3|+5
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia|Équipe de Tunisie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}|3|3|1|0|2|5|8|-3
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4  = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Panama|Équipe du Panama de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ}}|0|3|0|0|3|2|11|-9
}}

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 13
| date = 18 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⴽⵊⵉⴽ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Panama|Équipe du Panama de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ}}
| score =  3 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
 |buts 1       = [[Dries Mertens|ⵎⵉⵔⵜⵉⵏⵣ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|47}} &lt;br&gt;  [[Romelu Lukaku|ⵍⵓⴽⴰⴽⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|69}} &lt;br&gt; [[Romelu Lukaku|ⵍⵓⴽⴰⴽⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|75}} 
| buts 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = 43257
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Zambia|Janny Sikazwe|ⵊⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⴽⴰⵣⵡⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331539/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 14
| date = 18 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Tunisie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Ferjani Sassi|ⵙⴰⵙⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|35|pen}} 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|11}} [[Harry Kane|ⴽⵉⵏ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+1}} [[Harry Kane|ⴽⵉⵏ]] 
| stade = [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴷ]]
| affluence = 41064
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|Wilmar Roldán|ⵡⵉⵍⵎⴰⵔ ⵔⵓⵍⴷⴰⵏ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331554/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 29
| date = 23 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia|Équipe de Tunisie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}
| score = 5 - 2
| score mi-temps = 3 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Eden Hazard|ⵀⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|6|pen}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Romelu Lukaku|ⵍⵓⴽⴰⴽⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|16}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Romelu Lukaku|ⵍⵓⴽⴰⴽⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|45+3}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Eden Hazard|ⵀⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Michy Batshuayi|ⴱⴰⵜⵛⵡⴰⵢⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90}}
| buts 2 = {{But|18}} [[Dylan Bronn|ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵏ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3}} [[Wahbi Khazri|ⵅⴰⵣⵔⵉ]] 
| stade = [[ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:44190}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States|ⵊⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵓⴼⵓ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331547/#match-info ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 30
| date = 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Panama|Équipe du Panama de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ}}
| score = 6 - 1
| score mi-temps = 5 - 0
 |buts 1       = [[John Stones|ⵙⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|8}} &lt;br&gt; [[Harry Kane|Kane]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|22|sp}} &lt;br&gt; [[Jesse Lingard|ⵍⵉⵏⴳⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|36}} &lt;br&gt; [[John Stones|ⵙⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|40}} &lt;br&gt; [[Harry Kane|ⴽⵉⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|45+1|sp}} &lt;br&gt; [[Harry Kane|ⴽⵉⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|62}}
 |buts 2       = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|78}} [[Felipe Baloy|ⴱⴰⵍⵓⵢ]] 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = 43319
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Egypt|ⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⴳⵔⵉⵛⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331546/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 45
| date = 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 20h00 [[UTC+02:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''
| score = 0 - 1
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51}} [[Adnan Januzaj|ⵢⴰⵏⵓⵣⴰⵢ]]
| stade = [[ⴱⴰⵍⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
| affluence = 33973
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Slovenia|ⴷⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300340182/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 46
| date = 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Panama de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Panama}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Tunisia|Équipe de Tunisie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵜⵓⵏⵙ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| buts 1 = [[Yassine Meriah|ⵎⵔⵢⴰⵃ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|33|ⵎⴳ}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51}} [[Fakhreddine Ben Youssef|ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|66}} [[Wahbi Khazri|ⵅⴰⵣⵔⵉ]] 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ]]
| affluence = 37168
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Bahrain|Nawaf Shukralla|ⵏⴰⵡⴰⴼ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331520/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ H===
{{ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⴷⵢⴰⵍ
 |ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ   = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|Équipe de Colombie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ}}'''|6|3|2|0|1|5|2|+3
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2  = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|Équipe du Japon de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}'''&lt;sup&gt;ⵖⴹⴼ&lt;/sup&gt;|4|3|1|1|1|4|4|0
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|Équipe du Sénégal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}&lt;sup&gt;ⵖⴹⴼ&lt;/sup&gt;|4|3|1|1|1|4|4|0
 |ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|Équipe de Pologne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵏⵢⴰ}}|3|3|1|0|2|2|5|-3
}}&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:x-small;&quot;&gt;'''ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ''' : ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ. ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ 4 ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ 6.&lt;/span&gt;

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 15
| date = 19 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 15h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Colombie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|Équipe du Japon de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Juan Fernando Quintero|ⴽⵉⵏⵜⵉⵔⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|39}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|6|pen}} [[Shinji Kagawa|ⴽⴰⴳⴰⵡⴰ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|73}} [[Yuya Osako|ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓ]] 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⵙⴽ]]
| affluence = 40842
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Slovenia|ⴷⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331550/#match-statistics ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 16
| date = 19 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 18h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Pologne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|Équipe du Sénégal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps =0 - 1
| buts 1 = [[Grzegorz Krychowiak|ⴽⵔⵉⵛⵓⵡⵢⴰⴽ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|86}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|37|ⵎⴳ}} [[Thiago Rangel Cionek|ⵙⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|60}} [[M'Baye Niang|ⵏⵢⴰⵏⴳ]]
| stade = [[Otkrytie Arena|ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 44190
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Bahrain|ⵏⴰⵡⴰⴼ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331545/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 31
|date = 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
|heure = 20h00 [[UTC+05:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
|équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Japon de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan}}
|équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|Équipe du Sénégal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ}}
|score =  2 - 2
|score mi-temps = 1 - 1 
|buts 1 = [[Takashi Inui|ⵉⵏⵡⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|34}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Keisuke Honda|ⵀⵓⵏⴷⴰ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|78}}
|buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|11}} [[Sadio Mané|ⵎⴰⵏⵉ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|71}} [[Moussa Wagué|ⵡⴰⴳⵉ]] 
|stade =[[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
|affluence = 32572
|arbitre ={{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Italy|Gianluca Rocchi|ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⵉ}}
|rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331505/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 32
| date = 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21h00 [[UTC+03:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Pologne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|Équipe de Colombie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ}}'''
| score = 0 - 3
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|40}} [[Yerry Mina|ⵎⵉⵏⴰ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|70}} [[Radamel Falcao|ⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵡ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|75}} [[Juan Cuadrado|ⴽⵡⴰⴷⵔⴰⴷⵓ]] 
| stade = [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = 42873
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331508/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 47
|date = 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
|heure = 18h00 [[UTC+04:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
|équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Japon de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵓⴱⵓⵏ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan}}
|équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Poland|Équipe de Pologne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ}}'''
|score = 0 - 1
|score mi-temps = 0 - 0 
|buts 1 = 
|buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|59}} [[Jan Bednarek|ⴱⵉⴷⵏⴰⵔⴽ]] 
|stade = [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴼⵓⵍⴳⵓⴳⵔⴰⴷ]]
|affluence = 42189
|arbitre ={{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Zambia|Janny Sikazwe|ⵊⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⵉⴽⴰⵣⵡⵉ}}
|rapport =[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331507/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 48
|date = 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
|heure = 18h00 [[UTC+04:00|ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]
|équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Sénégal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal}} 
|équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|Équipe de Colombie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵎⴱⵢⴰ}}'''
|score = 0 - 1
|score mi-temps = 0 - 0 
|buts 1 = 
|buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|74}} [[Yerry Mina|ⵎⵉⵏⴰ]]
|stade = [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
|affluence = 41970
|arbitre ={{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Serbia|ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜⵛ}}
|rapport =[https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331553/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

==ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ==
ⵣⵔⵢⵏⴷ 16 ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 32 ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
! width=&quot;150&quot; | ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
! width=&quot;150&quot; | ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group A|A]]
| ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ
| ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group B|B]]
| ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ
| ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴳⴰⵍ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group C|C]]
| ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ
| ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group D|D]]
| ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ
| ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group E|E]]
| ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ
| ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group F|F]]
| ⵙⵡⵉⴷ
| ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group G|G]]
| ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ
| ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ
|-
! [[2018 FIFA World Cup Group H|H]]
| ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ
|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ
|}
===ⵜⴰⴳⴹⵡⵉⵜ===
ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ.
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ 16
|3eplace=oui
|bordures=aaa
|fond titres=E6F2E6
|fond gagnant=efefef
|fond perdant=f9f9f9 
|largeur équipes=200
|largeur scores=40
|H-titre='''ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;|Q-titre='''ⴰⴼⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|D-titre='''ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|F-titre='''ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ'''&lt;br /&gt;
|F2-titre='''ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3'''&lt;br /&gt;
|H1-info=[[30 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] à [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ|ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
|H1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ}}'''
|H1-S1= '''2'''
|H1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ}}
|H1-S2= 1
|H1-v=1
|H2-info=[[30 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] - [[ⴽⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
|H2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|H2-S1= '''4'''
|H2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}
|H2-S2= 3
|H2-v=1
|H3-info=[[2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴽⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
|H3-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}'''
|H3-S1= '''2'''
|H3-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}
|H3-S2= 0
|H3-v= 1
|H4-info=[[2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⵔⵓⵙⵟⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⵔⵓⵙⵟⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
|H4-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''
|H4-S1= '''3'''
|H4-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}
|H4-S2= 2
|H4-v=1
|H5-info=[[1er ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
|H5-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ}}
|H5-S1= 1 (3)
|H5-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|H5-S2= '''1 (4)'''
|H5-v=2
|H6-info=[[1 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴳ|ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
|H6-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|H6-S1= '''1 (3)'''
|H6-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ}}
|H6-S2= 1 (2)
|H6-v=1
|H7-info=[[3 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[Stade de Saint-Pétersbourg|ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
|H7-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}}
|H7-S1= '''1'''
|H7-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}
|H7-S2= 0
|H7-v=1
|H8-info=[[3 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
|H8-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⴰ}}
|H8-S1= 1 (3)
|H8-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|H8-S2= '''1 (4)'''
|H8-v=2
|Q1-info=[[6 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ|ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
|Q1-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ}}
|Q1-S1= 0
|Q1-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|Q1-S2= '''2'''
|Q1-v=2
|Q2-info=[[6 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
|Q2-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ}}
|Q2-S1= 1
|Q2-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''
|Q2-S2= '''2'''
|Q2-v= 2
|Q3-info=[[7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ|ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
|Q3-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}
|Q3-S1= 2 (3)
|Q3-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵉⴳⵔ|ⵜⵢⵜ]])
|Q3-S2= '''2 (4)'''
|Q3-v= 2
|Q4-info=[[7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴽⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ|ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
|Q4-E1= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ}}
|Q4-S1= 0
|Q4-E2= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''
|Q4-S2= '''2'''
|Q4-v= 2
|D1-info=[[10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[Stade de Saint-Pétersbourg|ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
|D1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|D1-S1= '''1'''
|D1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}
|D1-S2= 0
|D1-v= 1
|D2-info=[[11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
|D2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}''' ([[ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ|ap]])
|D2-S1= '''2'''
|D2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
|D2-S2= 1
|D2-v= 1
|F1-info=[[15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ|ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
|F1-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
|F1-S1= '''4'''
|F1-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}
|F1-S2= 2
|F1-v= 1
|F2-info=[[14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] - [[Stade de Saint-Pétersbourg|ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
|F2-E1= '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''
|F2-S1= '''2'''
|F2-E2= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
|F2-S2= 0
|F2-v= 1
}}

===ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ===
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 50
| date = 30 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 17:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|Équipe d'Argentine de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ}}
| score = 4 - 3
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
 |buts 1 = [[ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ|ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|13|pen}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴼⴰⵔⴷ|ⴱⴰⴼⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|57}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ|ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|64}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ|ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|68}}
 |buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|41}} [[ⴰⵏⵅⵉⵍ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵔⵢⵢⴰ|ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵔⵢⵢⴰ]]  &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|48}} [[ⴳⴰⴱⵔⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⴷⵓ|ⵎⵉⵔⴽⴰⴷⵓ]] &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3}} [[ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵢⵓ ⴰⴳⵡⵉⵔⵓ|ⴰⴳⵡⵉⵔⵓ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:42873}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331537/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 49
| date = 30 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe d'Uruguay de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Portugal|Équipe du Portugal de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ}}
| score = 2 - 1
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
 |buts 1 = [[ⵉⴷⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ|ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|7}} &lt;br /&gt; [[ⵉⴷⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ|ⴽⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|62}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|55}} [[Pepe (football)|ⴱⵉⴱⵉ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:44287}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|ⴰⵔⵜⵓⵔⵓ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331544/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 51
| date = 1 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 17:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Espagne de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Spain}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia|Équipe de Russie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ}}'''
| score = 1 - 1&lt;br /&gt;a.p.
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
 |score temps réglementaire = 1 - 1
 |score mi-temps prolongations = 1 - 1
| score tab = 3 - 4
| buts 1 = [[ⵙⵉⵔⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵛⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ|ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵛⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|12|ⵎⴳ}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|41|pen}} [[ⴰⵔⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵣⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰ|ⴷⵣⵉⵢⵓⴱⴰ]]
| tirs au but 1 = [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵢⵉⵙⵟⴰ|ⵉⵏⵢⵉⵙⵟⴰ]] {{Pengoal}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵉⴽⵉ|ⴱⵉⴽⵉ]] {{Pengoal}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Koke Resurrección|ⴽⵓⴽⵉ]] {{Penmiss}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵙⵉⵔⵊⵢⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ|ⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ]] {{Pengoal}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵙ|ⴰⵙⴱⴰⵙ]] {{Penmiss}}
| tirs au but 2 = {{Pengoal}} [[ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵎⵓⵍⵓⴼ|ⵙⵓⵎⵓⵍⵓⴼ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{Pengoal}} [[ⵙⵉⵔⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵛⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ|ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵛⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{Pengoal}} [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏⴷⵔ ⴳⵓⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏ|ⴳⵓⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏ]] &lt;br /&gt; {{Pengoal}} [[ⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴼ|ⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴼ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:78011}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⴱⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331517/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}} 
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 52
| date = 1 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Denmark|Équipe du Danemark de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ}}
| score = 1 - 1&lt;br /&gt;a.p.
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps prolongations = 1 - 1
| score tab = 3 - 2
| buts 1 = [[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵥⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⴰⵏⵥⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|4}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|1}} [[ⵎⴰⵜⵢⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴳⵏⵙⵏ|ⵢⵓⵔⴳⵏⵙⵏ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = [[ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵍⵊ|ⴱⴰⴷⵍⵊ]] {{Penmiss}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵊ ⴽⵔⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ|ⴽⵔⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ]] {{Pengoal}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ]] {{Pengoal}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵊⵓⵙⵉⴼ ⴱⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ|ⴱⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ]] {{Penmiss}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜⵉⵜⵛ|ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜⵉⵜⵛ]] {{Pengoal}}
| tirs au but 2 = {{Penmiss}} [[ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵏ|ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵏ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[Simon Kjær|ⴽⵉⵔ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[Michael Krohn-Dehli|ⴽⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉⵀⵍⵉ]] &lt;br&gt; {{Penmiss}} [[Lasse Schöne|ⵙⴽⵓⵏ]] &lt;br&gt; {{Penmiss}} [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⵓⵔⴳⵏⵙⵏ|ⵢⵓⵔⴳⵏⵙⵏ]] 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:40851}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵏⵉⵙⵟⵓⵔ ⴱⵉⵟⴰⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331498/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 53
|date = 2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
|heure = 18:00 [[UTC+04:00]]
|équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil}}
|équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Mexico|Équipe du Mexique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ}}
|score = 2 - 0
|score mi-temps = 0 - 0 
|score temps réglementaire = 
|score mi-temps prolongations = 
|score tab = 
|buts 1 = [[ⵏⴰⵢⵎⴰⵔ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵟⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏⵓ|ⴼⵉⵔⵎⵉⵏⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|88}}
|buts 2 = 
|tirs au but 1 = 
|tirs au but 2 = 
|stade = [[ⴽⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
|affluence = {{formatnum:41970}}
|arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Italy|ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⵉ}}
|rapport =[https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331535/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ] 
 }}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 54
| date = 2 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Japan|Équipe du Japon de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ}}
| score = 3 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0 
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = [[ⵢⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵜⵓⵏⴳⵏ|ⴼⵉⵔⵜⵓⵏⴳⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|69}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵎⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏⵉ|ⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|74}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵏⴰⵚⵔ ⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ|ⵛⴰⴷⵍⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+4}} 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|48}} [[ⵊⵉⵏⴽⵉ ⵀⴰⵔⴰⴳⵓⵛⵉ|ⵀⴰⵔⴰⴳⵓⵛⵉ]] &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|52}} [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵛⵉ ⵉⵏⵡⵉ|ⵉⵏⵡⵉ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⵏⴰ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:41466}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Senegal|ⵎⴰⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴷⵉⴷⵢⵓ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331551/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 55
|date = 3 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
|heure = 17:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
|équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden}}
|équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Switzerland|Équipe de Suisse de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ}}
|score =  1 - 0
|score mi-temps = 0 - 0
|score temps réglementaire = 
|score mi-temps prolongations = 
|score tab = 
|buts 1 = [[ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴼⵓⵔⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ|ⴼⵓⵔⵙⴱⵉⵔⴳ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|66}}
|buts 2 = 
|tirs au but 1 = 
|tirs au but 2 = 
|stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
|affluence = {{formatnum:64042}}
|arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Slovenia|ⴷⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331514/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}} 
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 56
| date = 3 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Colombie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Colombia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''
| score = 1 - 1&lt;br /&gt;a.p.
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| score temps réglementaire = 1 - 1 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 1 - 1
| score tab = 3 - 4 
| buts 1 = [[ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵏⴰ|ⵎⵉⵏⴰ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|90+3}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|57|pen}} [[ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⵏ|ⴽⵉⵏ]]
| tirs au but 1 = [[ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵡ|ⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵡ]] {{Pengoal}} &lt;br&gt;[[ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵡⴰⴷⵔⴰⴷⵓ|ⴽⵡⴰⴷⵔⴰⴷⵓ]] {{Pengoal}} &lt;br&gt;[[ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵢⵍ|ⵎⵎⵓⵔⵢⵍ]] {{Pengoal}} &lt;br&gt; [[ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⴱ|ⵓⵔⵉⴱ]] {{Penmiss}}&lt;br&gt; [[ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⴽⴽⴰ|ⴱⴰⴽⴽⴰ]] {{Penmiss}}
| tirs au but 2 = {{Pengoal}} [[ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵉⵏ|ⴽⵉⵏ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⵔⴰⵛⴼⵓⵔⴷ|ⵔⴰⵛⴼⵓⵔⴷ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Penmiss}} [[ⵊⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ|ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉⵔⵙⵓⵏ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⴽⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵉⵔ|ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵉⵔ]] &lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵢⵔ|ⴷⴰⵢⵔ]]
| stade = [[ⵓⵜⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = 44 190
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|United States|ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⴳⵉⴳⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331542/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⴰⴼⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ===
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 57
| date = 6 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 17:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe d'Uruguay de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵓⵔⵓⴳⵡⴰⵢ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France|Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ}}'''
| score = 0 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = 
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|40}} [[ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ|ⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|61}} [[ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ|ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]], [[ⵏⵉⵊⵏⵉ ⵏⵓⴼⴳⵓⵔⵓⴷ]]
| affluence = 43319
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⴱⵉⵟⴰⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331543/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 58
| date = 6 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe du Brésil de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}'''
| score = 1 - 2
| score mi-temps = 0 - 2 
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 =  [[ⵔⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓ|ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|76}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|13|ⵎⴳ}} [[ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵓ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⵔⵓⵣⴰ|ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵓ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|31}} [[ⴽⵉⴼⵏ ⴷⵓ ⴱⵔⵓⵢⵏ|ⴷⵓ ⴱⵔⵓⵢⵏ]]
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⴽⴰⵥⴰⵏ]]
| affluence = 42873
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Slovenia|ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵣⵉⵜⵛ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331538/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
|titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 60
|date = 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
|heure = 18:00 [[UTC+04:00]]
|équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Suède de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵙⵡⵉⴷ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Sweden}}
|équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}'''
|score = 0 - 2
|score mi-temps = 0 - 1
|score temps réglementaire = 
|score mi-temps prolongations = 
|score tab = 
|buts 1 = 
|buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|30}} [[ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⴳⵉⵔ|ⵎⴰⴳⵉⵔ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|59}} [[ⴷⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⵉ|ⴰⵍⵉ]] 
|tirs au but 1 = 
|tirs au but 2 = 
|stade = [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]], [[ⵙⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ]]
|affluence = 39991
|arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Netherlands|ⴱⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵙ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331541/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 59
| date = 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = [[Équipe de Russie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]] {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Russia}}
| équipe 2 = '''{{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}'''
| score = 2 - 2&lt;br /&gt;a.p.
| score mi-temps = 1 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps prolongations = 1 - 2
| score tab = 3 - 4
| buts 1 = [[ⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴼ|ⵛⵉⵔⵉⵛⵉⴼ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|31}}&lt;br&gt; [[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|115}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|39}} [[ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵊ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ|ⴽⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵛ]] &lt;br&gt;{{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|101}} [[ⴷⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵊ ⴼⵉⴷⴰ|ⴼⵉⴷⴰ]]
| tirs au but 1 = [[ⴼⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⵎⵓⵍⵓⴼ|ⵙⵎⵓⵍⵓⴼ]] {{Penmiss}}&lt;br&gt; [[ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⴳⵓⵢⵉⴼ|ⴷⵣⴰⴳⵓⵢⵉⴼ]] {{Pengoal}}&lt;br&gt;[[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ|ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ]] {{Penmiss}}&lt;br&gt;[[ⵙⵉⵔⴳⵉ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ|ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⵜⵛ]] {{Pengoal}}&lt;br&gt; [[ⴷⴰⵍⵉⵔ ⴽⵓⵣⵢⴰⵢⵉⴼ|ⴽⵓⵣⵢⴰⵢⵉⴼ]] {{Pengoal}}
| tirs au but 2 = {{Pengoal}} [[ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉⵜⵛ|ⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓⴼⵉⵜⵛ]]&lt;br&gt;{{Penmiss}} [[ⵎⴰⵜⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜⵛ|ⴽⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜⵛ]]&lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⵍⵓⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⵓⴷⵔⵉⵜⵛ]]&lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⴷⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵊ ⴼⵉⴷⴰ|ⴼⵉⴷⴰ]]&lt;br&gt;{{Pengoal}} [[ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜⵉⵜⵛ|ⵔⴰⴽⵉⵜⵉⵜⵛ]]
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵛⵜ]], [[ⵙⵓⵜⵛⵉ]]
| affluence = 44287
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Brazil|ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵔⵓⵜⵛⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://resources.fifa.com/image/upload/eng-59-0707-rus-cro-fulltimepdf-2983375.pdf?cloudid=uno0nrkctywxiuups07n ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ===
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 61
| date = 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium|Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ}}
| score = 1 - 0
| score mi-temps = 0 - 0
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = [[ⵙⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜⵉ|ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|51}} 
| buts 2 = 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = 64286
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Uruguay|ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵏⵀⴰ}}
| rapport = [http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331531/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
----
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 62
| date = 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 21:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia}}
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
| score = 2 - 1&lt;br /&gt;a.p.
| score mi-temps = 0 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 1 - 1
| score mi-temps prolongations = 1 - 1
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = [[ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵛ|ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|68}}&lt;br&gt; [[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|109}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|5}} [[ⴽⵉⵢⵔⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵢⵉⵔ|ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵢⵉⵔ]]
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:78011}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Turkey|ⴽⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵛⴰⴽⵉⵔ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331522/#motm ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}
===ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3===

{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 63
| date = 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 17:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de Belgique de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Belgium}}
| score = 2 - 0
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|England|Équipe d'Angleterre de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ}}
| score mi-temps = 1 - 0
| score temps réglementaire =
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = [[ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵢⵉ|ⵎⵓⵏⵢⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|4}}&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵀⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷ|ⵀⴰⵣⴰⵔⴷ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|82}}
| buts 2 = 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵙⴽⵉ]], [[ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⵉⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:64406}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Iran|ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵔⵉⴹⴰ ⴼⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉ}}
| rapport = [https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331536/#match-summary ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

===ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ===
{{ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ
| titre = ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ 64
| date = 15 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2018
| heure = 18:00 [[UTC+03:00]]
| équipe 1 = '''[[Équipe de France de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]''' {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|France}}
| score = 4 - 2
| équipe 2 = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Croatia|Équipe de Croatie de football à la Coupe du monde 2018|ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ}}
| score mi-temps = 2 - 1
| score temps réglementaire = 
| score mi-temps prolongations = 
| score tab = 
| buts 1 = [[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|18|ⵎⴳ}}&lt;br&gt;[[ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ|ⴳⵔⵉⵣⵎⴰⵏ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|38|pén}}&lt;br&gt;[[ⴱⵓⵍ ⴱⵓⴳⴱⴰ|ⴱⵓⴳⴱⴰ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|59}}&lt;br&gt;  [[ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ|ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ]] {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|65}}
| buts 2 = {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|28}} [[ⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵛ|ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜⵛ]] &lt;br&gt; {{ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜ|69}} [[ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ|ⵎⴰⵏⵣⵓⴽⵉⵜⵛ]] 
| tirs au but 1 = 
| tirs au but 2 = 
| stade = [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⵊⵏⵉⴽⵉ]], [[ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ]]
| affluence = {{formatnum:78011}}
| arbitre = {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Argentina|ⵏⵉⵙⵟⵓⵔ ⴱⵉⵟⴰⵏⴰ}}
| rapport = [https://fr.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/match/300331552/#match-liveblog ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ]
}}

==ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ==
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴷⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Henley|first1=Brendon|title=FIFA World Cup Prize Money|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/fifacouncil/02/91/78/09/fwcprizemoney_2014v2018_neutral.pdf|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=28 October 2017|format=PDF|date=27 October 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029064816/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/fifacouncil/02/91/78/09/fwcprizemoney_2014v2018_neutral.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴽ
|-
! ⵉ ⵜⵙⴹⵎⴰ
! ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ
|-
| ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
| 38
| 38
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2
| 28
| 28
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 3
| 24
| 24
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 4
| 22
| 22
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴰⵔ 8
| 16
| 64
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴰⵔ 16
| 12
| 96
|-
| ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⴰⵔ 32
| 8
| 128
|-
! ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ
!
! 400
|}

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

==ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ==

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181221185040/https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/ FIFA.com 2018 website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170922074509/http://welcome2018.com/en/ Welcome2018.com] 

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ --&gt;
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>2p7eorv1o4lpqs34tnhwwhc8rbsovnd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178031</id>
      <parentid>177844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T23:59:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="33145" sha1="ekpgxorypybh0mtuisp9yxp2dsgnpmp" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]: Helium) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ He ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 2. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵢⵏⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔⴽⵍⵓ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵓ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵢ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴱⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.

ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ|ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ), ⵉⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 24% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ]]. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵓ [[ⴰⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏ]] ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]], ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1868 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵊⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]] ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⵏⵜⵓⵔ, [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]]. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ]] ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, '''ἥλιος''' (ⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ). ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ]] ⵏ [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Helium |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/2/helium |website=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
=== ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1868, ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵖⵜ|ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵜ]] 587.49 ⵏⴰⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴳ [[ⴰⵣⵖⵓⵖ|ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ]] ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ [[ⵊⵓⵍ ⵊⴰⵏⵙⵉⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵔⵎⵙ|ⵓⵜⵔⵎⵙ]] ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ [[ⴳⵓⵏⵜⵓⵔ]], [[ⵍⵀⵏⴷ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kochhar |first1=R. K. |date=1991 |title=French astronomers in India during the 17th–19th centuries |journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=95–100 |bibcode=1991JBAA..101...95K}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴳ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ D₃ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ [[ⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏⵀⵓⴼⵔ D₁]] ⴷ D₂ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴷⵢⵓⵎ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Norman Lockyer |url=http://www.lockyer.sdb.ac.uk/lockyer/norman.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210080644/http://www.lockyer.sdb.ac.uk/lockyer/norman.htm |archive-date=2012-02-10 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⴼⵍⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]. ⵍⵓⴽⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ [[ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⴰⵏⴷ]] ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ &quot;ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ἥλιος (helios).

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Helium_spectrum.jpg|thumb|ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.]]

ⴳ 26 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1895, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ]] [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]] (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ 10% ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ) ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ]] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ|ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ]] ⵏ [[ⵓⴽⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽ]], ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ D₃ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ramsay |first=William |author-link=William Ramsay |date=1895 |title=On a Gas Showing the Spectrum of Helium, the Reputed Cause of D3 , One of the Lines in the Coronal Spectrum. Preliminary Note |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=58 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1895.0015 |jstor=115714}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ [[ⴱⵉⵔ ⵜⵢⵓⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵀⴰⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:William_Ramsay_working.jpg|thumb|ⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ.]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Clevite_sample_(35321726345).jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵍⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵔⴰⵎⵣⵉ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ.]]

=== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 1908 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵢⴽ ⴽⴰⵎⵔⵍⵉⵏⴳ ⵓⵏⵙ]], ⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ]] ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵣ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Emsley |first1=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks |url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b5w6/page/175 175]–179 |isbn=978-0-19-850341-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵍⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ 7%, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 92%, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==
=== ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ===
==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ ====
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ| ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ|ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ|ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏ|ⵉⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵎⵉⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⴰ ⵏ [[ⵛⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏⴳⵔ]] ⵉ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⴰⵔⵜⵔⵉ-ⴼⵓⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵉⵕⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Woodgate |first1=G. K. |title=Elementary Atomic Structure |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1983 |page=153 |isbn=978-0-19-851156-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ====
ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵉⴷⴳ|ⵓⴽⵉⴷⴳ]] ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4  ⴰⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Alpha Particle |url=https://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html |website=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory |access-date=2025-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250730095729/https://www2.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/02/3.html |archive-date=2025-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵏⵉⵢⵓⵏ]], ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lide |first=D. R. |editor=CRC |title=Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_86ed |edition=86th |publisher=CRC Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8493-0486-6 |pages=4-142}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ (ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵢⵓⵏⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ-ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵉⵍⵉ-ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ.

=== ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ===
==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ====
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 4.22 ⴽ (−268.93 °C). ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 1908 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵀⴰⵢⴽ ⴽⴰⵎⵔⵍⵉⵏⴳ ⵓⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=van Delft |first=Dirk |date=2008 |title=Little machine, big science: The Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences' Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory |journal=History of Science |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=455 |doi=10.1177/007327530804600404}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ: ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ 2.17 ⴽ ⴷ 4.22 ⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵥ ⵏ 1.026. ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵕⴱⵓⵕ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ 2.17 ⴽ (ⵜⴰⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵎⴷⴰ), ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉ-ⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵕⴱⵓⵕ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⴳⵔ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ]]; ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵍⵉⵏ&quot;.

==== ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ====
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵥⵉⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵢ (0 ⴽ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵜ : ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵥⵉⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=McMahon |first=J. M. |last2=Morales |first2=M. A. |last3=Pierleoni |first3=C. |last4=Ceperley |first4=D. M. |title=The properties of hydrogen and helium under extreme conditions |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=1607–1653 |year=2012 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1607}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵙⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 25 ⴱⴰⵕ (2.5 ⵎⴱⴰ) ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ 0.95 ⴽ. ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵜ (BCC). ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙ ⴰⵚⴹⵉⵚⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ (HCP) ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ (FCC). ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ 0.187 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ 0 ⴽ ⴷ 48 ⵎⴱⴰ.

== ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 (³He) ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 (⁴He) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ 99.99986% ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ (0.000137%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Isotopes of helium |url=https://www.webelements.com/helium/isotopes.html |website=WebElements |access-date=2025-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107003227/https://www.webelements.com/helium/isotopes.html |archive-date=2025-11-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ|ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ; ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-4 ⵙ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴽⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ) ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ-3 ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⵔⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Novikov |first1=D. D. |title=Primordial helium abundance and the number of neutrino families |journal=Soviet Astronomy Letters |volume=14 |year=1988 |page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
=== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ 23% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/cno.html |title=CNO Cycle |website=HyperPhysics |publisher=Georgia State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3 ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ-ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵓⴹⵜ CNO).

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ 5.2 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵣⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵢⵓⵎ]], ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵉⴼⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⴱⵉⵜⵛⴱⵍⵉⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ]], ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰ (ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ) ⴳ ⵜⵔⵛⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ 7% ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.

=== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ===
ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵔ 7% ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/helium/heliummyb04.pdf |title=Helium |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |year=2004 |format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴷⵎ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 169 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (78%), ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (15%). ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏ.

== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ==
ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵉⵏⵖⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ (MRI), ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (NMR), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⴹⵕⵓⵏⵏ (LHC) ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵙⵉⵔⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Applications of Helium |url=https://www.americangasspecialty.com/applications-of-helium |website=American Gas Specialty}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ===
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ 7%, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵉ 92%. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Why do blimps use helium instead of hydrogen? |url=https://www.airships.net/blog/why-do-blimps-use-helium-instead-hydrogen/ |website=Airships.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ.

=== ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ===
*   '''ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵙⵜ''': ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵕⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴽⵓⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stwertka |first=Albert |title=A Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/24 24] |isbn=978-0-19-508083-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*   '''ⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙ''': ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ.
*   '''ⴰⵏⴳⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ''': ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴱⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵏⵏⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]] ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵉⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ.
*   '''ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ''': ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⴽⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ.

== ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵙⵜ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ. ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵜ|ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inhaling Helium Can Be Deadly |url=https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/family-resources-education/700s-your-child/staying-safe/inhaling-helium-can-be-deadly |website=Nationwide Children's Hospital}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ&quot;. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴼⵓⵙ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Albania.svg|thumb|300px|[[ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]]]
'''ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ''', ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]: ''Republika e Shqipërise''). ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ|ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]].

==ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Albanian dialects.svg|thumb|300px|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]
[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. 
&lt;!--Do not removed this div, it is used to separate Demographics from Religion when the page gets rendered in the browser. Previously the map showing the Demographics of Albania, looked like was part of the Religion paragraph--&gt;
==ⴰⵙⴳⴷ==
{{bar box
|width=300px
|float=right
|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf|title=Albanian census 2011
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]|MediumSeaGreen|57}}
{{bar percent|Undeclared|Gray|14}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholicism in Albania|Catholic Christianity]]|DarkOrchid|10}}
{{bar percent|[[Orthodoxy in Albania|Eastern Orthodox]] |MediumOrchid|7}}
{{bar percent|Others|YellowGreen|5.5}}
{{bar percent|Atheism|DarkGray|2.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Bektashi Order|Bektashi Islam]]|LimeGreen|2}}
{{bar percent|Other Christian|DodgerBlue|0.2}}
}}
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011, 58.8% ⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵎⵢⴰ ⵙ 17.1% ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ 24.3% ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf |title=Presentation of the main results of the Census of Population and Housing 2011. |format=PDF |accessdate=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ===
&lt;gallery mode=packed heights=130px style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;&gt;
Korçë - Mirahor-Moschee 1c.jpg|Mosque of Iljaz Bey Mirahor, [[Korçë]]
Apollonia (Albania)10.JPG|St.Mary's Orthodox Church in [[Apollonia (Illyria)|Apollonia]], Albania
Xhamia kryesore, Shkoder, Shqiperi.JPG|thumb|Ebu Bekr Mosque, [[Shkodër]]
07Tirana Kath-Church.jpg|Catholic Church of Tirana
Durrës - Great Mosque.JPG|Great Mosque of [[Durrës]]
Kisha e Shen Marise ne Cercke 10.JPG|Ardenica Monastery, [[Fier]]
Tirana, moschea ethem bey, esterno di notte 02.JPG|thumb|Et'hem Bey Mosque, [[Tirana]]
Kisha Shën Harallambi ne Sarande.JPG|Church of Shën Harallambi [[Sarandë]]
The_World_Factbook_-_Albania_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency_(5).jpg|Kruja Mosque
Kisha e Thethit 3.JPG|Church of [[Theth]]
Përmet_–_Gur_i_Qytetit,_mosque_i_Vjosa_zoom_01.jpg|Mosque in Përmet
Kisha Franceskane.jpg|Church Franceskane, Shkodër
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}{{ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ]]: λίθος, líthos, lit. 'ⴰⵥⵕⵓ') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Li''' ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ [[ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium |title=Lithium - Element information, properties and uses |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ [[ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢ|ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ|ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ]] ⵏ [[ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ|ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ  ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ|ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://geology.com/usgs/lithium/ |title=Lithium: The Lightest Metal |publisher=Geology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ==
=== ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Limetal.JPG|thumb|ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 0.534 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Lide |first1=D. R. |editor1-last=Lide |editor1-first=D. R. |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |edition=85th |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9 |pages=4–18 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙ 0.6, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lithium_element.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓM ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ]]

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ (180 °C), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ (1342 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.webelements.com/lithium/physics.html |title=WebElements Periodic Table » Lithium » physical properties |publisher=webelements.com |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915002212/https://www.webelements.com/lithium/physics.html |archive-date=2025-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⁶Li ⴷ ⁷Li, ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (⁷Li) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ (92.5%). ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ|ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ]] ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏ|ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ|ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Krebs, Robert E. |title=The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33438-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyuseofoure0000kreb/page/47 47]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵓⴱⵣⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (LiOH), ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] (Li₃N) ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃).

ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Kamienski |first1=Conrad W. |last2=MacDonald |first2=Daniel P. |last3=Stark |first3=Marshall W. |last4=Liberty |first4=John R. |entry=Lithium and Lithium Compounds |encyclopedia=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. |doi=10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2 |isbn=978-0471238966}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Arfwedson_Johan_A.jpg|thumb|ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817]]

ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ [[ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ]] ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ (LiAlSi₄O₁₀) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓ ⴳ [[ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ]]. ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ&quot; ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵡⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Enghag |first1=Per |title=Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data - History - Processing - Applications |year=2004 |publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons |page=287 |isbn=978-3-527-30666-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qS4s42d4-0cC}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ &quot;ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ/ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏⴰ&quot; (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ λίθος, ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ &quot;ⴰⵥⵕⵓ&quot;), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1818, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ [[ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1821, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ [[ⵔⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵙⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵙⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lithium-element |title=Lithium |publisher=Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1923, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ [[ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴳⵉⵣⵍⵛⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵊⵉ]] ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ.

== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ]], [[ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ]], ⴷ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]]. ⴳ 2020, ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ 82,000 ⵟⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-lithium.pdf |title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=January 2021 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰ]]).

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 18 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ|ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ]], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ 99.5%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wanger |first1=Thomas C. |title=The Lithium future—resources, recycling, and the environment |journal=Conservation Letters |date=2011 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=202–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00166.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lithium_Uses_Chart_2020.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020]]

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021 ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ (74%), ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ]] ⴷ [[ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ]] (14%). ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ (4%), ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ (1%), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ===
ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ|ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ|ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ]], ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ|ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ|ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainslithium-ion-batteries |title=DOE Explains...Lithium-Ion Batteries |publisher=Department of Energy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ|ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ]]. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱⵏ]]. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ|ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ]] ⵀⵉⵍ 200 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ]] ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/myb1-2015-lithiu.pdf |title=2015 Minerals Yearbook: Lithium |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |date=2017 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ===
ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ]], ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ]] (Li₂CO₃), ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵊⴷⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder |title=Bipolar Disorder |publisher=National Institute of Mental Health}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴼⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.

== ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/1004 |title=Lithium |website=CAMEO Chemicals |publisher=NOAA |access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ]] ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ '''ⴷ'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Stellman, Jeanne Mager |title=Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety |date=1998 |publisher=International Labour Organization |isbn=978-92-2-109817-1 |page=104-203}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ==
* [https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/3/lithium ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ Royal Society of Chemistry

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Aluminum) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ '''Al''' ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 13. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=D. C. |first1=Schmelling |title=Aluminum: The Thirteenth Element |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201205/physicshistory.cfm |website=aps.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵡⵉⵡⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵥⵕⴼⵜ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵖⴰⵔ|ⵓⵖⴰⵔ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵖⵔ ⴳⵔ 49 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴰⵔ 700 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Typical Properties of Aluminum |url=https://www.professionalplastics.com/professional-plastics-dop/aluminum-properties.pdf |website=Professional Plastics |access-date=17 October 2025 |format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Joseph R. |title=Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys |year=1993 |publisher=ASM International |isbn=978-0-87170-496-2 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8s6k6bL938C&amp;pg=PA13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Aluminium_Atomic_lattice.png|thumb|ⴰⵎⵥⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ STEM-HAADF, ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]]

=== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13 ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ +3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al₂O₃) ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;GreenwoodEarnshaw&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman N. |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |title=Chemistry of the Elements |year=1997 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-08-037941-8 |pages=217–219}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:AlHydrolysis.png|thumb|ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ pH]]

=== ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ===
ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-27 (²⁷Al). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⴷ 100% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ. ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-26 (²⁶Al), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ 717,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dodd |first1=R. T. |title=Meteorites: A Petrologic-Chemical Synthesis |year=1981 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-22570-0 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_I8AAAAIAAJ |access-date=17 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (8.3% ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 270 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ [[ⴰⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ|ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al(OH)₃) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]]. ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ [[ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ]], [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]], [[ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BAUXITE AND ALUMINA STATISTICS |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-bauxite-alumina.pdf |website=usgs.gov |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵓⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ|ⵓⴽⵓⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ]] (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉⵔ).

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Friedrich_Wöhler_Litho.jpg|thumb|ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵡⵓⵍⵔ, ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ]]

ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⴰⵥⴰⵔⵉⴼ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉ [[ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵡⵓⵍⵔ]] ⵉⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1827, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wöhler&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wöhler |first1=F. |title=Ueber das Aluminium |journal=Annalen der Physik |year=1827 |volume=87 |issue=11 |pages=375–382 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15096n/f389.item |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ [[ⵓⵔⵖ|ⵡⵓⵔⵖ]]. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉⴹⴱⵚⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵍ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]], ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵅ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Hall-Héroult Process |url=https://www.acs.org/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminum-process.html |website=American Chemical Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ==
ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ]] ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ]] (Al₂O₃), ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ.

'''ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ:''' ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ]] (NaOH) ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴷⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=W. |last2=Habashi |first2=F. |title=The Bayer Process for Alumina Production |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1992-09_69_9/page/736 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |year=1992 |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=736 |doi=10.1021/ed069p736}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tovarna_glinice_in_aluminija_Kidričevo_-_kupi_aluminija_1968.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴳⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ]]

'''ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ:''' ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2072 °C), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ (Na₃AlF₆) ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵔ 1000 °C. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Totten&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Totten |first1=G. E. |last2=MacKenzie |first2=D. S. |title=Handbook of Aluminum: Volume 2: Alloy Production and Materials Manufacturing |year=2003 |publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P4rL-2mcNBEC}}. ISBN 978-0-8247-0896-8.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

*   '''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ:''' ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⴽⴰⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aluminum in the Aerospace Industry |url=https://www.aerospacemanufacturinganddesign.com/article/amd0513-aluminum-aerospace-applications/ |website=Aerospace Manufacturing and Design}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*   '''ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵛⴰ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ) ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aluminium packaging - The Aluminium Association |url=https://www.aluminium.org.au/application/aluminium-packaging/ |website=aluminium.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*   '''ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ.

*   '''ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aluminum Electrical Bus Conductors |url=https://www.stormpower.com/blog/aluminum-vs-copper-electrical-bus-conductors/ |website=Storm Power Components}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*   '''ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ:''' ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵓⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Waste_bins_recyclable.jpg|thumb|ⵉⴼⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵉⵜ]]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⵀⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵉ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵙⵔ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ 5% ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 32% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Aluminum Recycling |url=https://www.aluminum.org/industries/production/recycling |website=The Aluminum Association |access-date=2025-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225125123/http://www.aluminum.org/industries/production/recycling |archive-date=2017-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ==
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴽⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏⵜ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ALUMINIUM IN DRINKING-WATER: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality |url=https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/wash-chemicals/aluminium-in-drinking-water-2003.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ|ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ]]. ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Virgili |first1=F. |last2=Infante |first2=P. F. |last3=Lombardi |first3=C. |title=Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: the science that shows a link |journal=Archives of Toxicology |year=2021 |volume=95 |issue=12 |pages=3735–3749 |doi=10.1007/s00204-021-03185-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alzheimer's Society's view on aluminium and other metals |url=https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/aluminium-and-dementia |website=Alzheimer's Society}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ}}

 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ|ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>9q54m3t13uzb2koxkoix2imiuo0achq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ</title>
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      <text bytes="10439" sha1="9av0eusmbgh7z2ycectvgibsfvmawap" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Gyzis 006 (Ηistoria).jpeg|thumb|''ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ'', ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⵊⵉⵣⵉⵙ]] ⴳ 1892]] 
'''ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ''' (ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] {{Lang|el|ἱστορία}}, ''ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ'', ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ&quot;)&lt;ref name=JosephJanda&gt;{{Cite book| last =Joseph | first =Brian (Ed.)| last2 =Janda | first2 =Richard (Ed.)| publication-date =30 December 2004| title =The Handbook of Historical Linguistics| url =https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8 | publisher =Blackwell Publishing| page =[https://archive.org/details/handbookofhistor0000unse_a3u8/page/163 163]| isbn =978-1-4051-2747-9| year =2008| postscript =&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm | title=History Definition | accessdate=21 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111248/http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/qt/history_definition.htm | archive-date=2 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | title=What is History &amp; Why Study It? | accessdate=21 January 2014 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201183734/http://www.siena.edu/pages/3289.asp | archivedate=1 February 2014 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ|ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ]].

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ [[ⵉⵥⵍⵉ (ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵢⴰ)|ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ]] ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html |title= The Two Faces of E.H. Carr |accessdate= 10 November 2008 |author= Professor Richard J. Evans |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211116/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/evans10.html |archive-date= 9 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |title= What History Is |accessdate= 10 November 2008 |author= Professor Alun Munslow |year= 2001 |work= History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History? |publisher= University of London |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110809204914/http://www.history.ac.uk/ihr/Focus/Whatishistory/munslow6.html |archive-date= 9 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ  ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ&quot; ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;evans1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tosh1&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Pursuit of History|year=2006|url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofhistory0000tosh|last=Tosh|first=John | publication-date=2006|publisher=Pearson Education Limited |isbn=1-4058-2351-8 | edition=4th}}p 52&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |editor1=Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg |chapter= Introduction |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/6 6]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Nash l|first= Gary B. |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= The &quot;Convergence&quot; Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/104 102]–115}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ|ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ]]), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏⵖⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ|ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ &quot;ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Seixas |first= Peter |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Schweigen! die Kinder! |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/24 24]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Low1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title= Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives |url= https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw |last= Lowenthal |first= David |editor= Peter N. Stearns |editor2=Peters Seixas |editor3=Sam Wineburg (eds.) |chapter= Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History |year= 2000 |publisher= New York University Press |location= New York &amp; London |isbn= 0-8147-8141-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/knowingteachingl00samw/page/65 63]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ]] ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot;, ⴷ, [[ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ]] ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴹⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵏ#ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜ==
ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ &quot;ⵣⵔⵉ&quot;.

==ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵉⵙ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⴱⵔ &quot;ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''Georges Lefebvre, ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (La naissance de l'historiographie moderne)'', Flammarion, 1971, p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ}}</text>
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    <title>ⴳⵉⴳⵓ (ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ)</title>
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{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ
| ⵉⵙⵎ  =ⴳⵉⴳⵓ
| ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ  =Almisguigou.jpg
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ  =ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵉⴳⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ  = 
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ  =
| ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ  = 
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ  = 
| ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  = Map_of_Boulemane_Province_AR.png
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  = ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ
| ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ  = {{ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ|33|23|N|4|49|W}}
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ  = [[ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]]
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ  =[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]
| ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ  = [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ|ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ]]
| ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ  =
| ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ  =7 976 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ
| ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ  =
|  ⴰⵙⴳⴷ  =[[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
| ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ  =
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ  =[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ]]
| ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ  =
| ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ  =
| ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ  =
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ  =
}}

'''ⴳⵉⴳⵓ''' [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ]] ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ]] ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]]. 1500 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍ. ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵖⵕⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ]] (ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 35 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ) ⴷ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] (ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵙ 25 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵟⵔ) ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ]]. 19.035 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ (ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004). ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵙ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ: ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵙ ⴳⵉⴳⵓ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵖⵕⵓⵛⵛⵏ ⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ &quot;ⵊⵉⵊⵓ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1248938698&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-6442&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=adhoq&amp;msz=1500|title=World Gazetteer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426180348/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1248938698&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=wg&amp;geo=-6442&amp;srt=npan&amp;col=adhoq&amp;msz=1500|archivedate=2012-04-26|access-date=2019-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ==
ⵣⴷⵖⵏ 19 035 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵕⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵉⴳⵓ (3 694 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 7 976 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵛⵓⴽⵔⵉ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ]].

==ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ==
ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴰⴳ ⴱⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⴰⵍⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵓⵖⴷⴰ. ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵉⴳⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴰⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵓⴳⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ]].

==ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ==
ⵉⵣⵔⵉ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ|ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ]] ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⵎⵜ, ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⵏⴳⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ.

==ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ==
ⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵉⴳⵓ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵜ ⴼⵔⵉⴽⵓ. ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]] ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵚⴽⴰ, ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⴹⵓⵕⵏ, ⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴽⴰ.

==ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ==
* [http://www.fes-boulemane.ma/portal/media-type/html/user/anon/page/defaultaccueil?noteid=2694 ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ] &lt;small&gt;ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵕⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ&lt;/small&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUYvBgVotug ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵊⵍⵓⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴼⴰⵚⴽⴰ]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
'''ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵓⵉⵍⵍⴰ''' ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ: '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴱⴰⴳⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎE ⴰⵇⴱⵍⵉ.

==ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ==
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵚⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵊⵉⴷⴰ|en|Alonso_de_Ojeda}} ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ. ⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵃⵃⴰⵔ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Veneziola&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Venezuela: A Petro-State Using Renewable Energies: A Contribution to the Global Debate about New Renewable Energies for Electricity Generation |date=2008 |publisher=VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden |isbn=978-3-531-15994-2 |editor-last=Massabié |editor-first=Germán |series=SpringerLink Bücher |location=Wiesbaden}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ''Veneziola'' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ''Venezuela''.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=Rivers of gold: the rise of the Spanish Empire; from Columbus to Magellan |url=https://archive.org/details/riversofgoldrise0000thom_z8f0 |date=2004 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-375-50204-0 |edition=1|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴼⴰ {{ill|ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ|en|Martín Fernández de Enciso}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵉⴷⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ''[[:en:Suma de Geographia|Summa de geografía]]'', ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ''Veneciuela''. ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Venezuela&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ICH_1958_386&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos |publisher=Instituto de Cultura Hispánica (Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional) |year=1958 |page=386 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (''Estado de Venezuela'') ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳⵔ 1830 ⴷ 1856, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (''República de Venezuela'') ⴳⵔ 1856 ⴷ 1864, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (Estados Unidos de Venezuela) ⴳⵔ 1864 ⴷ 1953, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 1953 ⴰⵔ 1999.
== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
=== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ===
ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵡⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ [[ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ|ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ]]. ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ 15,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ-ⵜⴰⵢⵎⴰ, ⵎⵓⵡⴰⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍ ⵊⵓⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵡⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taima&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Bryan |first=Alan L. |title=New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas |year=1978 |publisher=University of Alberta Press |pages=21–23}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⴰⵔ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ-ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵥⵥⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵔ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵀⵓⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Salas |first=Miguel Ángel |title=Historia de Venezuela |year=2009 |publisher=Monte Ávila Editores |pages=33–35 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Mosonyi |first=Esteban Emilio |title=Los aborígenes de Venezuela |year=1991 |publisher=Fundación La Salle |pages=41–44}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓ-ⴽⵡⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵃⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Arcila Farías |first=Eduardo |title=Historia de Venezuela |year=1990 |publisher=Ediciones Centauro |pages=18–21 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 15, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵎⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵉⵔⴰⵡⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵓⵜⵓⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ''caciques''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵉⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⴰⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵖⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ &quot;Marquer&quot; (ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ)}} ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Taima&quot; /&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ===
ⵉⵣⵍⵎ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 1498, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵕⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵍⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵅⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⵜⵛⵉ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵓⵛⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Venezuela&quot; (&quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;) ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ 1522, ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ, ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⵓⵔⵓ (1527), ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ (1529) ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵙ (1567). ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵛⵛⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽⵓ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⴰⵛⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴷⵓⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16 ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴱⵛⵛⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵢⵉⵛⵛⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵕⵓ) ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⴼⵉⵙⵍⵔ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴽ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵍⴰⵢⵏ-ⴼⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴳ (&quot;ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ&quot;), ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍ ⴹⵓⵕⴰⴹⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 17 ⴷ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ. ⴳ 1777, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵜ, ⵜⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  
=== ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ===
[[File:Simón Bolívar by Ricardo Acevedo Bernal.jpg|thumb|upright|''El Libertador'', [[ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ]]]]
[[File:19 de abril.jpg|thumb|''ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ 19 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1810'', ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[:en:Martín Tovar y Tovar|Martín Tovar y Tovar]]|alt=]]
ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵀⵔⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵏⵣⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴳ 1808, ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⴳ 1810, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⴷ VVI, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⴳ 5 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ, 1881.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴳ 1812 ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⴽⴰⵕⴽⴰⵙ ⴳ 1813, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵃⵉⵢⵢⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵊⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1816 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵀⴰⵢⵜⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴱⵉⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵎⵏⵏ. ⴳ 1819, ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴱⵎⵢⴰ, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⴰⴱⵓⴱⵓ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ 24 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ, 1821, ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⵡⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵡⵉⵔⵜⵓ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ 1823.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵍⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵢⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵔⵓ (llanero cavalry), ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ, ⵙⵎⵢⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴳ 1826, ⵉⵏⴷⵀ ⴱⴰⵢⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;la cosiata&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1830, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵅⴼ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵍ, ⵜⵎⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ: ⴰⴳⵏⴼⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ &quot;caullidos&quot; ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴳⴰ ⴳ 1854, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍ (1859-1863) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵏ ===
ⴳ 1870, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵓⵟⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵉⴰⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵙⵉⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵢⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴳⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵜⵡⴷⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴽⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1887, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵟⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ Caudillo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1890, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵅⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1898 ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ. ⴳ 1902, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴹⵃⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵔⵡⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1899, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴽⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⴷⴽⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣⵉⵏ (1889-1935) ===

ⴳ 1899, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⴽⵉⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⵀⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ 1902-1903 ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴰⵡⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉ. ⴳ 1908, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⴰⵙⵜⵕⵓ ⴳ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵛⵔⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ, ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵏⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵣⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴽⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵙⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵛⵉⵍ (Shell) ⴷ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵢⵍ (Standard Oil), ⴱⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵀⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴽⴰⵡ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴽⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935 ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ (1935-1958) ===

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴼⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⵓⵎⵉⵣ ⴳ 1935, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵢⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵉⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ &quot;ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot; ⴳ 1936 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⵏⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵍⵏ (modéré), ⵙⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1941, ⵉⵅⵍⴼ ⵉⵣⵢⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ ⴽⵓⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵟ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⴼⵍ. ⵜⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ Acción Democrática (AD), ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⴱⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴼⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 1945, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: progressive}} ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵓⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ 1947, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1948, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⴰⵍⴷⵓ ⵛⴰⵍⴱⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵏⴳⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵏⵜⵉⵡⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ, ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵏⵍⴼⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ, ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: industrialisation}}, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵍⵍⵄ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ, ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳ 23 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 1958, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴽⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;
== ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ (1958-1998) ==
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⵓⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ ⵅⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⵣ ⴳ 1985, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓ ⴱⵉⵏⵜⴰⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ Acción Democrática (AD). &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴹⵎⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, AD, COPEI (ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵏ) ⴷ URD (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ), ⵙⵏⵉⵏ &quot;Pacto de Puntofijo&quot; ⴳ 1958, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵎⵣⵖⵏ ⴼⵅ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1960 ⴷ 1970, ⵜⴼⵍⵥ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ 1975, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴳ 1976, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ, ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵍⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵙⵙⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1980, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⵣⴰⴳ (ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 1989, ⵉⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ [[ⴽⴰⵕⵍⵓⵚ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵃⵕⵓⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: austérité}} ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵚⵚⴰ {{ill|ⴰⴼⵏⵉⵇ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ|lt=ⵓⴼⵏⵉⵇ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ|en|International Monetary Fund}}, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Caracazo&quot;, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⴷⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵜⴼⴹⵃ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⵇ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎⵏ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ 1992 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ-200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ, ⵉⵔⴱⵃ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵥⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⴳ 1994, ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ (1999-ⴷⵖⵉ) ===
ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1998, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴳ 1999, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⴰⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵣⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵍ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ALBA&quot; (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America).&lt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ 2002, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵓ ⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵣⴳ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵥⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ 2004|lt=ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵥⵉ|en|2004 Venezuelan recall referendum}} ⴳ 2004, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2006 ⴷ 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: télécommunication}} ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ, ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; 
[[File:Dilma Rousseff receiving a Hugo Chávez picture from Nicolás Maduro.jpg|thumb|[[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍⵜ [[ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⴼ]], 9 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2013]]
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴳ 2013, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ &quot;ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ&quot; ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ, ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ, ⴰⴱⵣⴰⴳ (ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ), ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ 2015, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ  ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴳ 2017, ⵉⵙⵏⵍⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ (Constituent Assembly) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴷⵉ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: loyal}} ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2018, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020, ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;
== ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⴼⵜ ==
ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;encartaSA2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title=South America |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html |access-date=13 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421194631/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761574914_3/South_America.html |archive-date=21 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNpopstats2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Annex tables |url=https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030828135807/https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup1999/WUP99ANNEXTABLES.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2003 |access-date=13 March 2007 |website=World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision |publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 93% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 73% ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 100ⴽⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |year=2003 |title=Coastal and Marine Ecosystems—Venezuela |url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318000929/http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/coa_cou_862.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2007 |access-date=10 March 2007 |website=EarthTrends Country Profiles |publisher=World Resources Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ, ⵖⴰⵙ 5% ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ. {{ill|ⵙⵉⵢⵓⴷⴰⴷ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ|en|Ciudad Guayana}} ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&amp;cuadro=cuadro229 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929230946/http://www.ine.gob.ve/demografica/salidadistribucion.asp?Tt=Cuadro229&amp;cuadro=cuadro229 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |title=Cuadro Magnitud y Estructura Demográfica |publisher=Ine.gob.ve |access-date=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[:en:Barquisimeto|Barquisimeto]], [[:en:Valencia, Carabobo|Valencia]], [[:en:Maracay|Maracay]], [[:en:Maracaibo|Maracaibo]], [[:en:Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz|Barcelona-Puerto La Cruz]], [[:en:Mérida, Mérida|Mérida]], ⴷ [[:en:San Cristóbal, Táchira|San Cristóbal]]. 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ &quot;????&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ &quot;????&quot;. ⵜⴰⴼ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ {{ill|ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|lt=ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|en|Central University of Venezuela}} ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 4-6% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ) ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ 1999.&lt;ref name=ENHaug28&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last1=Maria Delgado|first1=Antonio|title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros|url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html|access-date=28 August 2025|agency=El Nuevo Herald|date=28 August 2014|archive-date=27 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Elimpulso23AUG&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria|url=http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria|access-date=28 August 2025|agency=El Impulso|date=23 August 2014|archive-date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017034551/http://elimpulso.com/articulo/el-90-de-los-venezolanos-que-se-van-tienen-formacion-universitaria|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵢⵜⵏⵉⵜ ===
ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2011, ⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉⵏ 51.6% ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ [[:en:Moreno Venezuelans|ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵔⵉ]], ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ 43.6% ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ [[:en:White Venezuelans|ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ]], ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (3.6%) ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ (1.2%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census-ethnics&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf |title=Censo 2011 |page=29 |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805193838/http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ (2.6%) ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ (0.7%).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census-ethnics&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, 58% ⴳⴰⵏ [[:en:Wayuu|ⵡⴰⵢⵓ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵜⵏ [[:en:Warao|ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵡ]] ⵙ (7%), [[:en:Kariña|ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏⴰ]] (5%), [[:en:Pemón|ⴼⵉⵎⵓⵏ]] (4%), ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|author=Benítez, Deivis |date=2011 |title=Poblaciones Indígenas en aumento según censo poblacional 2011 |url=http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |access-date=10 October 2012 |agency=PRENSA MINPPPI |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116234901/http://www.minpi.gob.ve/minpi/es/noticias/1548-np1428 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ 60.6% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 23% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳ 16.3% ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|last=Godinho|first=Neide Maria de Oliveira|year=2008 |title=O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações latino-americanas |url=http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3873 |publisher=Universidade de Brasília |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162307/http://bdtd.bce.unb.br/tedesimplificado/tde_arquivos/36/TDE-2008-08-21T100337Z-3085/Publico/2008_NeideMOGodinho.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ [[ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⵏ|ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm|title=The Spanish of the Canary Islands|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-date=20 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320082713/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/j/m/jml34/Canary.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social |url=https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm |access-date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429194556/https://www.mites.gob.es/es/mundo/consejerias/venezuela/emigracion/contenidos/datosSocio.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵎⵎⴰ, ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵖⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last=Romero|first=Simon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html|title=In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 November 2010|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-date=3 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203032543/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ &quot;expressions&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵛⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Settlers (ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ)}} ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;

ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⵓⴽⵣ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999 ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999) |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia |access-date=25 June 2020 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116183308/http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |archive-date=16 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 34 ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]], [[:en:Warao language|Warao]], [[:en:Pemón language|Pemón]], ⴷ [[:en:Kariña language|Kariña]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Mattei-Müller|first=María |title=Lenguas indígenas de Venezuela|publisher=Universidad Central de Venezuela |year=2001 |page=18}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2011 ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 71% ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ 17% ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵉⵏⵜⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela: People and Society|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/#people-and-society|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=10 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203070406/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela/#people-and-society|archive-date=3 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ &quot;practice&quot; ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏⵢ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ (Fiesta de San Juan), ⵉⴷⴰⵢⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵔⵉ (Yare) ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ María Lionza ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵊⵊⵓ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵓⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵏ]], ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[:en:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵀⵓⴼⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Religious Demographics of Venezuela|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=12 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt; ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|last=Romero|first=Simon|title=In Venezuela, a New Wave of Foreigners|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/americas/07venez.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 November 2010|access-date=30 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=25 June 2020|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1940 ⴷ 1970, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]],  [[ⵍⴱⵔⵜⵇⵉⵣ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ [[ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ]], [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏⵉ|ⵍⵓⴱⵏⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉ|ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉ|ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ, ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=García A.|first=Rafael |title=La inmigración árabe en Venezuela|year=2005|publisher=Universidad Católica Andrés Bello|page=34|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵊⵊⴰⴱⴱⵓⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romero2010&quot; /&gt;  

ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ, ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⴰⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⴳⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela refugee crisis|url=https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=20 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ [[:en:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] ⴷ [[:en:International Organization for Migration|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ]] ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7.7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ 2024, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ]], [[ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ]], [[ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵣⵉⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Refugees and Migrants from Venezuela Situation|url=https://r4v.info/en/situations/platform|publisher=R4V|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210183510/https://r4v.info/en/situations/platform|archive-date=10 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;Quito Process&quot; ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵎⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Quito Process: Regional Coordination for Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees|url=https://www.iom.int/quito-process|publisher=International Organization for Migration|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⴰⵔⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ENHaug282&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Maria Delgado |first1=Antonio |date=28 August 2014 |title=Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140827193549/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2014/08/26/1828337/venezuela-agobiada-por-fuga-masiva.html |archive-date=27 August 2014 |access-date=28 August 2014 |agency=El Nuevo Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezolanos en el exterior envían más de 4.000 millones en remesas|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-remesas-migracion/6936728.html|newspaper=Voz de América|date=21 March 2023|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴷ 15, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵕⴹ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=25 June 2020|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵕ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 95% ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 2000 ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ UNESCO.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics – Venezuela Education|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ve|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ&quot;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵏⵚⵓⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ..&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuelan Missions – Education Programs|url=https://mppre.gob.ve/misiones-bolivarianas/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=25 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ 2005, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵍ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela declares itself free of illiteracy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/29/venezuela|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 October 2005|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1721), [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ|]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵍⵢⴰ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵓⵍⵢⴰ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt; ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010 ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵔⵔⵜⵏⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⵖⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵀⵉⴱⴱⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Education in Crisis: Venezuela’s School System Struggles to Survive|url=https://www.unicef.org/venezuela/en/education|publisher=UNICEF Venezuela|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴹⵕⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵎⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Teacher protests highlight Venezuela’s crumbling education system|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/19/teachers-protests-highlight-venezuelas-crumbling-education-system|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=19 January 2023|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Human Rights Watch: Venezuela’s Education in Decline|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/06/10/venezuela-education-decline|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=25 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ, ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜⵔⵓ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⴳ 2003 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Misión Barrio Adentro: Health for All|url=https://www.mppre.gob.ve/misiones-bolivarianas/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=26 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Weisbrot|first=Mark|title=The Chávez Administration at 10 Years: The Economy and Social Indicators|publisher=Center for Economic and Policy Research|year=2009|page=15|url=https://cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela-2009-02.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ, ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴹ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010 ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ. ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s health system collapses amid crisis|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48266218|newspaper=BBC News|date=15 May 2019|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Medical Brain Drain: Venezuelan Doctors Flee Crisis|url=https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/4/5cae45a24/medical-brain-drain-venezuelan-doctors-flee-crisis.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵕⵢⴰ, ⵎⵉⵣⵍ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴼⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ [[:en:Pan American Health Organization|PAHO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=PAHO: Health Situation in Venezuela|url=https://www.paho.org/en/documents/situation-venezuela-health-update|publisher=PAHO|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s health crisis worsens, data shows|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-health-idUSKBN18J2P8|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 May 2017|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⴰⵢⵕⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19 ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ, ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴹⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=COVID-19 Situation Report: Venezuela|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/covid-19-situation-report-venezuela|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵣⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵚⴰⵍⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ]] ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Red Cross Expands Medical Aid to Venezuela|url=https://www.icrc.org/en/document/red-cross-venezuela-medical-aid|publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ: ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵓⴼⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵎⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

== ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ [[ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵣⵉⵏⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰ|ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ]] ⵏ 1999 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm|title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (1999)|publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia|access-date=26 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵕⵛⵛⵃ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuelans approve end to term limits|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-election-idUSTRE51E0YN20090216|publisher=Reuters|date=16 February 2009|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:LegislativoCentro.jpg|thumb|ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]]]]
ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ, ⴰⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ 2017, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ [[Constituent National Assembly (Venezuela)|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela's new assembly takes over legislative powers|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40839647|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 August 2017|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=World Report 2023: Venezuela|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/venezuela|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (PSUV).&lt;ref name=&quot;Mosonyi1991&quot; /&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⴱⵜ ⴱ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉ [[:en:National Electoral Council (Venezuela)|ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (CNE)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuelan election system heavily favors Maduro, analysts say|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/20/venezuela-election-nicolas-maduro|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2018|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Freedom in the World 2023: Venezuela|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-world/2023|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⴳ 2019, ⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ: ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ{{efn|ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ: Temporary}} ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela crisis: Juan Guaidó declares himself acting president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46980766|newspaper=BBC News|date=23 January 2019|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Maduro tightens grip on power as opposition falters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-guaido.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 January 2020|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ PSUV, ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, [[:en:Democratic Unity Roundtable|MUD]] ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⵉⵥⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela opposition wins key primaries despite divisions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/23/venezuela-opposition-holds-key-primary-vote|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=23 October 2023|access-date=26 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ===
[[File:Localizador Politico de Venezuela.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ]]
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ 23 ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ)|ⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⴰⵔⴳⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ)|ⴼⴰⵔⴳⴰⵙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Gobierno del Distrito Capital|url=https://www.gdc.gob.ve/|publisher=Gobierno del Distrito Capital|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⴱⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 159,500 km² ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Guyana-Venezuela Border Dispute|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65340997|publisher=BBC News|date=21 April 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵡⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=ICJ to hear Venezuela-Guyana border case|url=https://www.icj-cij.org/case/171|publisher=International Court of Justice|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Ley Orgánica del Poder Público Municipal|url=https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/leyes/_ley-organica-del-poder-publico-municipal|publisher=Asamblea Nacional de Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵅⴷⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=What are Venezuela’s Communes?|url=https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/what-are-communes/|publisher=Venezuelanalysis|date=14 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela’s communes deepen state control, analysts say|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-communes-deepen-state-control-2023-02-05/|newspaper=Reuters|date=5 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ===
ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵜⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵄⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Decree of State of Emergency and Economic Exception|url=https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.ve/|publisher=Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606133035/http://www.gacetaoficial.gob.ve/|archive-date=6 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵓⴷⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ, ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ.{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Due process}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  
[[File:We Are Millions march Venezuela.jpg|right|thumb|[[:en:2017 Venezuelan protests|ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ 2017]]]]
ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 2014 ⴷ 2017, ⵜⴽⵏⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⵜⵔⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela protests: rights groups accuse government of excessive force|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/27/venezuela-protests-human-rights-violations|newspaper=The Guardian|date=27 April 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[Amnesty International]] ⴷ [[Human Rights watch]], ⵉⵙ ⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela: Repression and human rights abuses|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/09/venezuela-repression-human-rights-abuses/|publisher=Amnesty International|date=12 September 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2016, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Maduro extends economic emergency decree|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-idUSKBN15P2LG|publisher=Reuters|date=9 February 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵏⴹⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵙⵍⵎⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela’s perpetual state of emergency undermines democracy|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/05/23/venezuela-permanent-emergency-undermines-rule-law|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Maduro says state of emergency needed to defend Venezuela from U.S. threats|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/5/14/maduro-declares-emergency-to-defend-venezuela-from-us|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=14 May 2016|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵎⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵊⵕⴼ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|last=Brewer-Carías|first=Allan R.|title=The Dismantling of the Rule of Law in Venezuela|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵜⵙⵏⵍⴼ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵙⴰⵏⵓⴷⵜ.{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Multipolar}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Chávez calls for Latin American unity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/03/venezuela|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 December 2006|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ]] (ALBA)&quot; ⴳ 2004, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴰ, ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴽⵉⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰ. ⵜⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=ALBA-TCP official website|url=https://www.albatcp.org/en/|publisher=ALBA Secretariat|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵎⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Venezuela signs major deals with China and Russia|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-china-idUSTRE58J3S920090920|publisher=Reuters|date=20 September 2009|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ, ⵏⵀⵉⴱⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ. ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ  ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=U.S. sanctions Venezuelan officials, PDVSA amid political crisis|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1ZT2QI|publisher=Reuters|date=7 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴽⵉⵣ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ ⴳ 2018, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ [[ⵊⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵡⴰⵢⴷⵓ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Countries recognizing Juan Guaidó as interim president|url=https://www.dw.com/en/countries-recognizing-juan-guaido-as-venezuela-president/a-47231726|publisher=DW News|date=25 January 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[:en:PDVSA]]
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ OPEC, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]], [[:en:Non-Aligned_Movement|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵜⴼ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)&quot; ⴷ UNASUR.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Venezuela’s role in OPEC and global oil policy|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/171.htm|publisher=OPEC|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2017, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ..&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Despite sanctions, Venezuela strengthens trade with China and Iran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/6/10/venezuela-strengthens-trade-with-china-and-iran|newspaper=Al Jazeera|date=10 June 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵏⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ. ⵜⴽⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 2022 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Colombia and Venezuela restore full diplomatic ties|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-62706886|newspaper=BBC News|date=29 August 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ===
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ]] (''Fuerza Armada Nacional Bolivariana'', FANB) ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⵎⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ|ⵜⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa|url=https://www.mindefensa.gob.ve/|publisher=Government of Venezuela|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴳⵯⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ), ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵎⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chávez reshapes Venezuela’s military into political force|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/world/americas/18venezuela.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 July 2008|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008 ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Artículo 328 |url=https://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |publisher=Tribunal Supremo de Justicia |access-date=27 February 2024 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025044650/http://www.tsj.gob.ve/legislacion/constitucion1999.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ, [[ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|PSUV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela military’s growing political role under Maduro|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-military-idUSKBN1A41ZK|publisher=Reuters|date=27 July 2017|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴻⵅⴷⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵉⵍⵉⵛⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⴼⴰⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009, ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵔⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵅⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵥⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ, ⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela creates militia to back Chávez’s revolution|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-militia-idUSN1041252320090410|publisher=Reuters|date=10 April 2009|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 2023, ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 4 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⴹⵏ{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: analysts}} ⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴼ ⵢⵉⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan militia size questioned by experts|url=https://www.dw.com/en/venezuela-militia-size-questioned-by-experts/a-56630342|publisher=DW News|date=20 February 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ 2014. ⵉⵛⵛ ⵓⵏⵀⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵕⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Russia delivers new arms to Venezuela despite U.S. sanctions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/30/russia-delivers-new-arms-to-venezuela-despite-us-sanctions|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=30 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ. ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela: How the military keeps Maduro in power|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51214466|publisher=BBC News|date=24 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Corrales|first=Javier|title=Autocracy Rising: How Venezuela’s Military Keeps Maduro in Power|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|year=2021|page=142}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1999 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Arcila1990&quot; /&gt; [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ (ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ]] (TSJ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ, ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000. ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela: Judiciary under political control|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/06/18/venezuelas-judiciary-under-political-control|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⵉⵏⵜ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: testify (ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ)}} ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Report 2023 – Venezuela|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/americas/south-america/venezuela/report-venezuela/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵕⴹⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⵣⴱⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴽⴰⵕⴰⴽⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵢⴱⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela remains one of the world’s most violent countries|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-still-one-worlds-most-violent-countries-report-2023-01-06/|publisher=Reuters|date=6 January 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴹⴽⴹ [[:en:Observatorio_Venezolano_de_Violencia|ⵓⵙⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ]] ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏ 40.4 ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵉ ⴽⵓ 100,000 ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ 2022, ⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴷ ⵣⴳ 80 ⵉ ⴽⵓ 100,000 ⴳ 2016, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵢⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OVV 2022 Annual Report|url=https://observatoriodeviolencia.org.ve/|publisher=Observatorio Venezolano de Violencia|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉ [[:en:Bolivarian National Police|ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ]] ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;Operaciones de Liberación del Pueblo&quot; (OLP).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela: Report 2022|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffmv/index|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN says Venezuela security forces committed crimes against humanity|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/16/un-venezuela-crimes-against-humanity-report|newspaper=The Guardian|date=16 September 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵍⵓⵎⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵥⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ &quot;ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵉⵏ&quot; (“Cartel of the Suns&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s ‘Cartel of the Suns’ and state-linked drug trafficking|url=https://insightcrime.org/investigations/venezuela-cartel-of-the-suns/|publisher=InSight Crime|date=14 September 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela’s prisons: chaos and violence behind bars|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/21/venezuela-prisons-chaos-and-violence-behind-bars|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Prison violence remains rampant in Venezuela|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/10/venezuela-prison-riots-violence|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=10 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ===
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Human Rights Watch: World Report 2023 – Venezuela|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/venezuela|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵎⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UN report accuses Venezuelan authorities of systematic human rights abuses|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-report-accuses-venezuelan-authorities-systematic-human-rights-abuses-2023-09-20/|publisher=Reuters|date=20 September 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵎ, ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵡⴷ, ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵇⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Freedom House 2023: Venezuela|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-world/2023|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela intensifies crackdown on journalists|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64158044|newspaper=BBC News|date=5 January 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ 2014. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ, ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ (SEBIN) ⴷ [[:en:Directorate_General_of_Military_Counterintelligence|Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence]] (DGCIM).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Fact-Finding Mission: Venezuela 2022|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/ffmv/index|publisher=United Nations Human Rights Council|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵉⴼⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵕ, ⵜⵉⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⴰⵡⵙⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan intelligence agencies committed crimes against humanity, UN says|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/venezuela-un-human-rights-crimes-against-humanity|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 September 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵍⵢⵓⴱⵓⵍⴷⵓ ⵍⵓⴱⵉⵣ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰⴷⵓ]] ⴰⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado barred from 2024 election|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelan-opposition-leader-machado-barred-2024-election-2023-06-30/|publisher=Reuters|date=30 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵔⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵏⴽⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan government statement on opposition bans|url=https://www.mppre.gob.ve/comunicados/|publisher=Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores|access-date=27 February 2024|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222142559/https://mppre.gob.ve/comunicados/|archive-date=22 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵏⵀⴰⴱⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ. ⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: hyperinflation}}, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – Venezuela Crisis Overview|url=https://www.unocha.org/venezuela|publisher=OCHA|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴹⴽⴰⴹ UN ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⴳⵏ 7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ  2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UNHCR: Venezuela Situation|url=https://www.unhcr.org/venezuela-emergency.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela rejects UN rights report as politically motivated|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/venezuela-rejects-un-rights-report-as-politically-motivated|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 September 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵅⴼ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⴳ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=ICC opens investigation into Venezuela human rights violations|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/icc-prosecutor-opens-investigation-situation-venezuela-i|publisher=International Criminal Court|date=3 November 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ===
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴼ, ⴷⵔⵓⵖ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵚⵏⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2023|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023/index/ven|publisher=Transparency International|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵍⵎⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⴰⵃⵡⵡⵙ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ (ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ) ⴷ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Corrales|first=Javier|title=The Political Economy of Authoritarianism in Venezuela|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ PDVSA ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵍⵓⴳⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s PDVSA loses billions to corruption and theft|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-pdvsa-loses-billions-corruption-2023-03-22/|publisher=Reuters|date=22 March 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. indicts Venezuelan officials on corruption and drug charges|url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-venezuelan-officials-indicted-corruption-and-narcotics-trafficking|publisher=U.S. Department of Justice|date=26 July 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ exchange ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴷⴰⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan elites moved billions through shadowy financial system|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/venezuelan-elites-moved-billions-through-shadowy-financial-system/|publisher=ICIJ|date=3 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴼⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴹⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maduro launches anti-corruption purge targeting top officials|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-65028223|newspaper=BBC News|date=21 March 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵊⵕⴼ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Transparency International: Corruption in Venezuela’s Humanitarian Sector|url=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/venezuela-corruption-humanitarian-sector|publisher=Transparency International|date=11 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴳ 2024, ⵍⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EU sanctions list: Venezuela|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/venezuela/|publisher=Council of the European Union|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225092721/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/venezuela/|archive-date=25 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵚⵕⴹⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Ellner|first=Steve|title=Authoritarian Governance and the Venezuelan Crisis|publisher=Routledge|year=2022|page=89}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴽⴹⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela corruption losses exceed $150 billion, watchdogs say|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/5/venezuela-corruption-losses-exceed-150-billion|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=5 April 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ==
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵓⵔⵓ.&lt;ref name=&quot;gbnew2024jul&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last=Bishop | first=Holly | title=Venezuela 'on brink of civil war' as Putin-ally warns of 'BLOODBATH' if he loses crunch vote | website=GB News | date=27 July 2024 | url=https://www.gbnews.com/news/world/venezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election | access-date=28 July 2024 | archive-date=23 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215935/https://www.gbnews.com/news/world/venezuela-brink-civil-war-nicolas-maduro-putin-ally-warns-bloodbath-election | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 2024, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 82% ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ 53% ⴳ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴷⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵙⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵊⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;u571&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Venezuela's election: More Maduro or a new democratic era? | website=CBC | date=25 July 2024 | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela-election-preview-1.7274864 | access-date=25 July 2024 | archive-date=25 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725143901/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/venezuela-election-preview-1.7274864 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵊⵊⵏⵊⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⴹⵕ GDP ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 80% ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵏⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;h998&quot;&gt;{{cite web | agency=Agence France-Presse | title=Concern grows as Venezuela blocks election observers | website=Voice of America | date=27 July 2024 | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/concern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers/7715124.html | access-date=27 July 2024 | archive-date=23 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823215937/https://www.voanews.com/amp/concern-grows-as-venezuela-blocks-election-observers/7715124.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵜⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵉⵔⴽⵙⵏ, ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ GDP, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 80% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴼⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=The Economy Of Venezuela |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101165314/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/important-facts-related-to-the-economy-of-venezuela.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html|title=Is socialism to blame for Venezuela's never-ending crisis?|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425032405/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/socialism-blame-venezuelas-crisis-180530095418091.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade|agency=Associated Press|title=What socialism? Private sector still dominates Venezuelan economy despite Chavez crusade|website=[[Fox News]]|date=18 July 2010|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226140807/https://www.foxnews.com/world/what-socialism-private-sector-still-dominates-venezuelan-economy-despite-chavez-crusade|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ {{ill|ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|lt=ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ|en|Central Bank of Venezuela}} ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ|lt=ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ|en|Venezuelan bolívar}}. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ. ⴰⵔ 2022, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5% ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 2022 |title=Venezuela: Remittances as a source of foreign exchange and economic survival |url=https://thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Venezuela_-Remittances-as-a-source-of-foreign-exchange-and-economic-survival-2.pdf |website=The Dialogue Leadership for the Americas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20 ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ [[OPEC]]. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⵡⵍⵍⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1980 ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1990. ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 2001 ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⴰⵔⵉⵏ|ⵜⵙⵉⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⴰⵔⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ELPAISfeb2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela|last1=Scharfenberg|first1=Ewald|date=1 February 2015|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|work=[[El País]]|publisher=|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=27 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627184315/http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2015/01/30/actualidad/1422646346_475356.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSM25march&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gallagher|first1=J. J.|title=Venezuela: Does an increase in poverty signal threat to government?|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government|access-date=29 March 2015|agency=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=25 March 2015|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121082812/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2015/0325/Venezuela-Does-an-increase-in-poverty-signal-threat-to-government|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FPdontblame&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Corrales|first1=Javier|title=Don't Blame It On the Oil|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/|access-date=10 May 2015|agency=[[Foreign Policy]]|date=7 May 2015|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127152755/http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/07/dont-blame-it-on-the-oil-venezuela-caracas-maduro/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵣⴳ ===
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ 2003 ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ [[ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ]], ⵉⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵯⵍ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵡⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela imposes currency controls to stabilize economy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/06/world/venezuela-imposes-currency-controls.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 February 2003|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴳⵎⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ CADIVI, SITME, ⴷ DICOM ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Explaining Venezuela’s currency controls|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-economy-currency-idUSKBN0GZ1VG20140903|publisher=Reuters|date=3 September 2014|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 2014 ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[PDVSA]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela food and medicine shortages worsen as economy collapses|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36487167|newspaper=BBC News|date=10 June 2016|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵯⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2000, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ 2016 ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ [[International Monetary Fund]] ⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵍ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1,000,000% ⴳ 2018, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=IMF: Venezuela’s inflation to hit 1 million percent|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2018/07/23/na072318-venezuela-inflation-to-hit-1-million-percent|publisher=IMF|date=23 July 2018|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵓⵍⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ 2008, 2018 ⴷ 2021, ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ 14 ⵉⴷ ⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ.ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela redenominates currency again amid hyperinflation|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-lops-off-six-zeros-its-currency-2021-10-01/|publisher=Reuters|date=1 October 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⵅⵙⵔ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ, ⵉⵙⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dollarization of Venezuela’s economy|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/1/21/dollarization-of-venezuelas-economy|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=21 January 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴳⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙ 30 ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ CLAP ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵢⵓⴼ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela’s CLAP food program marred by corruption and abuse|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53548772|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 July 2020|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2010, ⵉⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵃⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ, ⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela’s economy in ruins: power cuts, food crisis, and hyperinflation|url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/venezuela-economy-collapse/|publisher=Reuters|date=10 March 2021|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⵯⵎⵎⵛ GDP ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 70% ⴳⵔ 2014 ⴷ 2021 — ⵉⴳ ⵓⴽⵯⵡⵎⵎⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Bank: Venezuela GDP data 2022|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=VE|publisher=World Bank|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵣⴳ 2019, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵥⵉⵢ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⴰⵏⵏⵙⵜⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵍⵡⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏⵜ, ⵜⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuelan dollarization brings fragile stability|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/03/17/dollarisation-has-brought-fragile-stability-to-venezuela|publisher=The Economist|date=17 March 2022|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ===
ⵜⵍⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍ, ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ|ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵏⵓⴽⵓ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2023|url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html|publisher=BP|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salas2009&quot; /&gt;  

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ PDVSA, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ 1976, ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=How Venezuela’s oil wealth evaporated|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47204635|publisher=BBC News|date=13 February 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⵀⵉⴳⵓ ⵜⵛⴰⴼⵉⵣ]] ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 1999, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ PDVSA ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵏ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chávez purges PDVSA after oil strike|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/10/world/chavez-purges-venezuelas-oil-company-after-strike.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=10 January 2003|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3.5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 1998 ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 700,000 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ 2020, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OPEC data: Venezuela oil production decline|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm|publisher=OPEC|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ 2019 ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ, ⵙⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ PDVSA ⵖⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⴳⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴼⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ  [[CITGO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. sanctions hit PDVSA, freezing billions in assets|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa-idUSKCN1PM2D7|publisher=Reuters|date=29 January 2019|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵕⵓⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ &quot;barter&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴹⵕⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela turns to Iran and Russia to boost oil trade amid sanctions|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/5/11/venezuela-turns-to-iran-and-russia-to-boost-oil-trade|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=11 May 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ 2023 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 850,000 ⵉⴱⵔⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela oil production rebounds but remains limited|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/venezuela-oil-output-rebounds-remains-low-2023-06-09/|publisher=Reuters|date=9 June 2023|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵜⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EIA: Venezuela Natural Gas Overview|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/VEN|publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration|access-date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
==ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ==
{{notelist}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{reflist|2}}
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
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    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="1386" sha1="n1t1iprby8o9n4oynvzen0541evzy4w" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
'''ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ''' ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ]]: República de Honduras), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ]]. ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ '''Spanish Honduras''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵀⵓⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ''' ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ [[ⴱⵉⵍⵉⵣ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.aboututila.com/UtilaInfo/William-Strong/AI-Environmental.htm
|title=Archeological Investigations in the Bay Islands, Spanish Honduras
|publisher=Aboututila.com
|accessdate=27 June 2010
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922124508/http://aboututila.com/UtilaInfo/William-Strong/AI-Environmental.htm
|archive-date=22 September 2010
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="10101" sha1="7rr2b9ogwy6wr4ywh3onp2zpkgdgg7j" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ
| ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ = [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]], [[ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ
}}
{{ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
'''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ |url=http://www.sgg.gov.ma/tifinagh/LeSGG.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326140721/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/tifinagh/LeSGG.aspx |archive-date=2025-03-26 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.sgg.gov.ma |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title={{!}} Chef du Gouvernement - Royaume du Maroc |url=https://www.cg.gov.ma/amz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920103027/https://www.cg.gov.ma/amz |archive-date=2023-09-20 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.cg.gov.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ {{!}} ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |url=https://www.ircam.ma:443/amz/edition/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504103243/https://www.ircam.ma/amz/edition/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 |archive-date=2025-05-04 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.ircam.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=FADLI Taibi, archos technology |title=ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/am/search/node/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109233739/https://www.mapnews.ma/am/search/node/%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1 |archive-date=2025-01-09 |access-date=2026-01-14 |work=MAPNews |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ;''' ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: '''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ,''' «ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ''المملكة المغربية».'' ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ]]. ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ, [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ==
* '''ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] '''ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''', ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]].
* '''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ.

== ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ==
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴷⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵙⴳ 1958 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ 1959 ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ 1969 ⴷ, ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ 1981 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴳ 1989 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⵉⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴳ 1995 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ (77) ⵣⵉ 2003 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵉ 2004 ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵣⵉ 2008 ⵎⴰⵎⵛ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2012 ⴰⵔ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2013 .

== ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ==
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ  ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵢⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 40 ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ''ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ''.

*ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ
ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵔⵉⵜ ( 700.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ (120.000 40.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ( 20.000 40.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ), ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴱⵔⵓⵎⵓⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜ (21.000 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ).

*ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ
ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) , ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) , ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ( ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) .
=== ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ===
01  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ&lt;br /&gt;02  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ&lt;br /&gt;03  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ&lt;br /&gt;04  : ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵙⵍⴰ ⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ, ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉ ⴰⵛⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ:
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵎⵓⵔⵉⵣⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵢⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉⵜ
*ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⴱⵚⵉⵜ
*ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ
*ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ
*ⵉⴱⴰⴽⴰⵡⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ
*ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
*ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ
*ⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴽⴽⵓⵕ
*ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ
*ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ
*ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ
*ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵃⵃⴷⵉⵢⵏ
*ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵔⵉⵏ
*ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵚⵏ
*ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ
*ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ|ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ}}
{{ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏ''' ''(Lionel Galand)'' (1920-2017), ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵔⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.

= ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ=
ⵉⵍⵓⵍⴰ '''ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ''' ⴳ [[ⴰⵍⵓⵣ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1920, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L'annuaire {{!}} a-Ulm |url=https://www.archicubes.ens.fr/lannuaire#annuaire_chercher?identite=Lionel+Galand |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=www.archicubes.ens.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]. 

ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉⵏ]], ⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ]] ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴰⵔ 1977, ⵉⴷⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵓⵏⴹⵕⵉ ⴱⴰⵚⵉ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ 1941 ⴰⵔ 1956. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1979 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵉⴳⵉⵏ (ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ''ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ'' (ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵏ). ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ''ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ'' ⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵔⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⵣⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴳⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴷⵓ ⴼⵓⴽⵓ]].

ⵢⵓⵡⵍ ''[[ⴱⴰⵡⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ]]'', ⵜⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2017-10-29 |title=Pauelette Galand-Pernet nous a quittés - TAMAZGHA le site berbériste |url=http://www.tamazgha.fr/Pauelette-Galand-Pernet-nous-a.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=web.archive.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029170054/http://www.tamazgha.fr/Pauelette-Galand-Pernet-nous-a.html |archive-date=2017-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵓⵔⵓⵏ ''[[ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Paulette Galand-Pernet {{!}} Dictionnaire prosopographique de l'EPHE |url=https://prosopo.ephe.psl.eu/paulette-galand-pernet |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=prosopo.ephe.psl.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2017, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Rédaction |first=La |date=2017-10-29 |title=Lionel Galand est mort |url=http://lematindalgerie.com/lionel-galand-est-mort/ |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Le Matin d'Algérie |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ==
* ''Langue et littérature berbères. Vingt-cinq ans d'études'', Paris, [[Éditions du CNRS]], 1979.  
* ''Inscriptions antiques du Maroc - Inscriptions libyques'', Paris, Éditions du C.N.R.S., 1966. 
* Dir., ''Lettres au Marabout. Messages touaregs au Père de Foucauld'', Paris, Belin, 1999.
* ''Études de linguistique berbère'', Louvain/Paris, Peeters, 2002.
* ''Regards sur le berbère'', Milan, Centro Studi Camito-Semitici, 2010. ([[ISBN]] 978-88-901537-2-3).


==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ)</title>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]] : '''محمد''') (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ: '''ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵟⴰⵍⵉⴱ''' {{saw}}) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ 22 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 571 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 632 , ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ,  ⵢⵓⵣⵏⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ [[ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]] ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵏ , ⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴱⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⵔⵓ ,  ⴷ  ⵙⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ,  ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⴻⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ : «‌ⵚⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵄⴰⵍⴰⵢⵀⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵍⵍⴰⵎ» ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵓⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-tamazight-pdf ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ].&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ [[ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ]] .ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⴷ  ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' ({{saw}}) ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵃⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ''' ({{saw}}) ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵊⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ .

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Muhammad2.png|thumb|300px|ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ({{saw}})]]
==ⵜⵉⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ==
ⴳ ⵜⵉⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴽⵙⴰ ⵍ ⵎⴰⵍ  ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ  ⵉⵜⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ  ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵎⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ  ⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵉⵀⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ  ⴳ  ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵏ  ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ  ⴷ  ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ   ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵅⴰⴷⵉⵊⴰ ⵉⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵅⵓⵡⴰⵢⵍⵉⴷ  ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ  ⴽⴽⵓ  ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=كتب السيرة النبوية - المكتبة الشاملة |url=https://shamela.ws/category/24 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=shamela.ws}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ  ⵏ  ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ  ⵏ  ⵏⴱⵉ==

[[File:Muhammad Masjid an-Nabawi Calligraphy.svg|thumb|left|ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ]]

ⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵏ  ⵏⴱⵉ  ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴼ ⵏⴱⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ  ⴳ  ⵅⴱⵓ  ⵏ  ⵃⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵄⴱⴰⴷ  ⵔⴱⵉ  ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⵏ  ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵏ  &quot;ⵉⵇⵔⴰ&quot; ⵉⴷⵓⵎ  ⵓⴳⵓⵣ  ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⴷ   ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ  ⵣⵔⵉⵏ  ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰ ⵙⵏ  ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ   ⵍⵡⴰⵃⵢ   ⵢⴰⴰⵔ  ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵏ  ⴷⴰⴷⵖ  ⴱⴷⴰⵏⵜ  ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ   ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ  ⴷ  ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ  ⵜⴷⵓⵢⴰⵣⴷ  ⵜⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ  ⵉⵏⴱⵉ ⴳⵓ  ⴳⴰⵢⵓ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⴰⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵅⵡⵓ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ  ⵉⴷⵓ ⵙ  ⵢⴰⵜⵔⵉⴱ  ⵏⴰⵢⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ  ⵙ. ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵎⵜ   ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⵎⴷⵓ  ⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ  ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⴼⵉ  ⴰⵔ ⴰⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ  ⵢⴰⵜⵔⵉⴱ  ⵔⵃⴱⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ  ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵡⵓⵍⴰⵡⵏ  ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ 'ⵍⴰⵏⵚⴰⵔ'ⵉⴷⵖ ⵄⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ  ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ   ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴽⵎⴰⵍ  ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ   ⴰⵍⵉⴳ   ⵔⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵛⴰⴱⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⴷⵔ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏⵜ  ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ  ⵓⵎⵣⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ,ⵜⴷⵓⵎ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ  ⴷ  ⴽⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⴷ  ⴷⵉⵢⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵊⴰⵜ  ⵍⵡⴰⴷⴰⵄ

==ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴹⵀⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⵊⴰⵡⵔ  ⵡⴰⵙⵙ  ⵏ ⵏⵏⴱⵉ==
&quot;ⴰⵙⴰ ⴼⵓⴽⴰⵖⴰⴳⴽⵏ ⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵓⵏ ⵔⴷⵓⵖⴰⴽⵏ  ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⵉⵏ &quot;  ⵜⴳⴰ ⵍⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵖ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵜⵎⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵀⴰⵔⵏ  ⵅⴼ  ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵏⴱⵉ   ⵉⴷⵖ  ⵓⵔⵉⵇⵉⵎⵉ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ  ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ  ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵍ  ⵉⴷⵖ  ⵉⵡⴰⵜ ⵉⵖⵏⵛⴰ   ⵉⴷⴰⵔⴷ   ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵉⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵃⵢⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ &quot; ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰ &quot; ⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵔⴱⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴳⴰⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ  ⴽⵔⴰⴷ

ⴷⴰⴷⵖ  ⵉⵏⴰⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ. ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜⴰⵎⵏ  ⵙ ⵏⴱⵉ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵏⴰ  ⴷⴰⵢⵜⴰⵎⵏ  ⵙ  ⵔⴱⵉ  ⵀⴰⵜ  ⵉⵃⵢⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتاب وأظلمت المدينة وفاة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314160732/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B8%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85-pdf |archive-date=2022-03-14 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵉⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵏ |ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⴰⵙⴳⴷ}}</text>
      <sha1>cdj32639uml7h85hm01eiaowti6hlsw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178066</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:47:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="4222" sha1="9ri78t9delr6jnaf2mtellbyuyvob92" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ''' ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ]] ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ: &quot;ⵉⵏⴰⵙ! ⵉⵏⴰⵙ! /ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ&quot; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 01/01/1950. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⵡⵉⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ 17/01/2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Bot Verification |url=https://al-alam.ma/def.asp?codelangue=23&amp;id_info=45492&amp;date_ar=2012-1-17%2015:14:00 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216084206/https://al-alam.ma/def.asp?codelangue=23&amp;id_info=45492&amp;date_ar=2012-1-17%2015:14:00 |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=al-alam.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2012-01-17 |title=وفاة الفنان الأمازيغي المغربي محمد رويشة |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2012%2F01%2F17%2F188930.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=العربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵃⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ  ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ  ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵖⵓⵖⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉ.

==''ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ''==
ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵍⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⴼⵕⴰ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵜ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵕⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰⴷⴷⵖ ⴰⴳⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ.

==''ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ''==
ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1979 ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ,ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴷⴰ ⴳⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏ 1980, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ :ⵛⵃⴰⵍ ⵎⵏ ⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⵡ ⵄⴷⴰⴱ. ⴰⴽⴽⵉ   ⵣⵣⵓⵔⵅ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵊⵓⴷ ⵖⵉⴼⵉ &gt;&gt;. ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵄ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵄⴰⵍ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵟⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1855</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:52:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴳ 16 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1956, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⵣ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987.
ⵢⵓⵎⵣ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ]], ⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ [[ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ]] ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ; ⵢⴰⵎⵣ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1983 ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] ; ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴷ ⵍⵓⵚⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⴷⵉⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987 , ⴷ  ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ (1987- 1999) ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵕⵛⵉⴷ]] (1994-1997).

ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ; ⵉⴳⴰ  ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ  ⵓⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ (1999-2004), ⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴳⵙ (ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2004 ⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2008) , ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ (2008-2017).

ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ (2012-2013)&lt;ref&gt;'''[https://elotmanisaad.com/amz#home ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ.]'''&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ  ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵣ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ , ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⵍⵉⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2017 ⵉ ⵜⵙⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ&lt;ref&gt;[https://tinussan.com/?p=4959 '''ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ''' ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ 17/03.]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

== ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼ  ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵣ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵜⵓⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵓⵙ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ [[ⵍⵎⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title= |url=https://hespress.com/portraits/44609.html |access-date=ⵙⴰⵄⴷ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ |website=ⵀⵉⵙⴱⵔⵉⵙ |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20260313172118/https://hespress.com/portraits/44609.html |archive-date=2026-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ  ⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ|ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ}}</text>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|220px|right|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|thumb]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Europe-UK.svg|220px|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ|thumb]]
'''ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ''' {{Lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ'' ⵏⵉⵖ ''ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ''&lt;ref&gt;Office for National Statistics, (2001), Britain 2001: The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom, p. vii&lt;/ref&gt;) ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ]]. ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ|ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ]] ⵏ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615557/United-Kingdom]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Countries&quot;&gt;[http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823|title=Countries within a country]&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏ|ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ [[ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏ|ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏ]], ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ; [[ⵉⵏⴳⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], [[ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ]], [[ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⴷ|ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷ]] ⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵣ]].&lt;ref&gt;http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20020329130655/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp Countries of the UK][http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20020329130655/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp]&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵉⵙ [[ⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ|ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ]], ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm Fall in UK university students|title= BBC News, 29 January 2009]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm Country Profiles|title= Transport Research Knowledge Centre. Retrieved 28 March 2010.]&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵍⴼⴰⵙⵜ]], [[ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵉⴼ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰ]], ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏⵜ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517|title=Key facts about the United Kingdom|date 26 July 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==

   
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      <text bytes="17432" sha1="tpni3e45l6z5197ufelldffyr55prbr" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:The Sun by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory - 20100819.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
'''ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ'''&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ).&lt;/ref&gt; (ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⵍ: [[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☉︎]]) ⴷ [[ⵉⵜⵔⵉ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ|ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ]] ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ|ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts &amp; Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&amp;Display=Facts&amp;System=Metric |archive-date=2008-01-02 |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=solarsystem.nasa.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵇⵇⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ]], [[ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡ|ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⴽⵥⴰⵡⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⴷⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ|ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ]], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]].  ⴰⵡⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 109 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⴰ 330,000 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ 99.86% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ/ⵓⵖⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ [[ⴰⵀⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ|ⵓⵀⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ|ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ &quot;ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ G2V, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ/ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ/ⵜⴳⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴼⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉⵢⵜ/ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ]] ⵏⵏⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2023-05-31 |title=Sun - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/sun/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ==
ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ 15.7 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ/ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⴼⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵥⵥⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: [[ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ, ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⴰⵢ/ⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵔⵖⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ|ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵥⵎⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/place/Sun ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ( ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡ/ⴰⴼⵓⵜⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⵓ  (ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵎⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ) ⴷ ⵓⵅⴰⵚⵉⵢ/ⵉⵚⵏⵉ (ⴰⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰ) (couronne/corona), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ (Auréole) ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴷⵏⴷⵉⴷⵏ/ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵉⵢⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⴷⴽⵉⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵉⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴽⵓ 11 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2017-11-14 |title=Sun: Facts - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/sun/facts/ |access-date=2026-01-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ==
ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵏ 4.6 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵥ/ⵓⵎⴷⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵖⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⴷⵕⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵖⵔ &quot;ⴰⵥⵏⵟⴰⵕ (ⴰⴳⵕⵓⴹ) ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ&quot; ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵇⵉ/ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵢⵍⵓ/ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ&quot; ⴰⵎⵍⴽⵓⴽ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵛⵓⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ|ⵉⵖⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵢⵓⵏ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ]], ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 225 ⴷ 250 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bibalex.org/SCIplanet/ar/Article/Details.aspx?id=16846 ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Solar System True Color ZGH.png|right|thumb|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ]] ⵏⵙⵏ  ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵅⵎⵓⵛ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵅⵎⵓⵛⵏ]], ⵉ ⵙⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ.]]

== ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 8 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ 19 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ. ⵉⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ; ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ/ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽⵓⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3#google_vignette ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Magnificent CME Erupts on the Sun - August 31.jpg|thumb|322x322px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢ[[ⵉⵏⴽⴰ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ]] ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⵉⴳⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴷⵎⵜ. ⴳ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 35 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴰⴼⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/12/19/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86/5119413 ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ)]ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Sun worship {{!}} Origin, History, Symbols, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/sun-worship |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129055003/https://www.britannica.com/topic/sun-worship |archive-date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ==

=== ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵍⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ===

* '''ⴰⵡⵓⵎ:''' 1,392,000 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.
* '''ⴰⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ:''' 1.989 × 10³⁰ ⴰⴽⵉⵍⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ. (330,000 ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ/ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ).
* '''ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵢ:''' 1.41 × 10^18 ⴽⵎ³ (1.3 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ).
* '''ⵜⵉⵥⵥⵉ:''' 1,408 ⴽⵎ³.
* '''ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵉ:''' 5 505 °C.
* '''ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ:''' 15 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ °C ⴳ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ.

=== ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⵎ/ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ===

* '''ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ:''' 25.4 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⴳⵙ/ⵓⴽⵡⴰⵜⵓⵔ.
* '''ⵖⴼ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ:''' 225-250 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ.
* '''ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ:'''  220 ⴽⵎ/ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ (s).

=== ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ===

* '''ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 74%.
* '''ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 24% ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. 
* '''ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ:''' 2% ⵏ (ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏ).

=== ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ===

* '''ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ:''' 11 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.
* '''ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ:''' ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 100-200 ⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ.
* '''ⵉⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⵏ:''' ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=The Sun By the Numbers |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/sun-by-the-numbers |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ==

* [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⴰⴽⴰⵍ]]
* [[ⴰⴳⵔⵓ]]
* [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ |ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ |ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ |ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ |ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ |ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ }}</text>
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    <title>ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>178084</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T01:00:25Z</timestamp>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
'''{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
'''ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ]]: ''Islas Canarias'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ. ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ 100ⴽⵎ.

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:FREPIC-AWAÑAK.PNG|thumb|300px|ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽ ⴰⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉ]]
ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ  ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] , ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴼⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⴰ (MPAIAC), ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ]].


ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1964. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ]], ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1968  . [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:AlonsoFernandezdeLugo2.JPG|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ.]]ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1978، ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ]] ⴹⴰⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ|ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;canariastelecom.com&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060515181848/http://www.canariastelecom.com/personales/elguanche/javiernart.htm Javier Nart i Antonio Cubillo (MPAIAC)&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
ⵜⴱⵕⵕⵃ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵅⴷⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atrium/3642/history.htm |title=History&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2009-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019235337/http://geocities.com/Athens/Atrium/3642/history.htm |archive-date=2009-10-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; . ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ، ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ  ، 
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ   ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1982.&lt;ref name=PROFILE&gt;MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ، ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] [[ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵍⵍⵓ]] ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ  ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ  ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;canariastelecom.com&quot;/&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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    <title>ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ}}
'''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' (Tanzania) ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ'''  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ]]. ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵜ [[ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ; [[ⵔⵓⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ]], [[ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉ]], ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ; [[ⵣⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ]], [[ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ]], ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ; ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵜ '''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ]], ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴽⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵊⴰⵔⵓ]].

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ '''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' 51.82 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ 2014,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ|title=World Bank Tanzania Country Page|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/tanzania|website=World Bank|accessdate=24 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ '''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' ⵙⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ. 
ⵜⴳⴰ '''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴹⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ [[ⴷⵓⴷⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 1996.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf | author = Aloysius C. Mosha | title = The planning of the new capital of Tanzania: Dodoma, an unfulfilled dream | accessdate = 13 March 2013 | publisher = University of Botswana | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183913/http://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf | archive-date = 9 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[ⴷⴰⵕ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ]], ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ '''ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref name=official_website&gt;{{ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html |title=The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile |publisher=Tanzania.go.tz |accessdate=1 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html |archivedate=25 November 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ| url=http://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=100&amp;Itemid=270 | title=Dar es Salaam Port | publisher=Tanzaniaports.com | accessdate=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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    <title>ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ</title>
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|title=ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ!
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|data11=[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]
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|label12=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
|label13=ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ
|data13=[[ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵓ]], [[ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ]]
|header14=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ
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|label17=ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ
|data17=11 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ
|header18=ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵖ
|label19=ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ
|data19=[[ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵍⴽⵔⵓⴼⵜ]]
|label20=ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ
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|label21=ⴰⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙ
|data21=ⵙⵓⵣⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵓ
|label22=ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴽ
|data22=[[ⵊⵓⵍⵉ ⴼⵉⴷⵔ]]
|label23=ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
|data23=[[ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ]]&lt;br /&gt;[[ⵏⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⴰ]]
|header30=ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵇⴱⵍⵏⵙ
|data31=[[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ]]
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'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ!'''  ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ''' {{lang-en|Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go}} ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ [[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵚⴰⴹⵚⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵣⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵔⵓⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵍⴽⵔⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⵓⴼⴰⵍⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ]]. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵔⵓⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷ ⵖ [[ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵓ]] ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ]] ⵖ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ 13 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Whyte |first=Alexandra |title=Cartoon Network, Netflix snap up new 2D Thomas |url=https://kidscreen.com/2021/02/05/cartoon-network-netflix-snap-up-new-2d-thomas/ |access-date=2025-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴷ ⵖ [[ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 29 ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2021. ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⵉⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ|ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⴼⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵎ]] ⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ 1984 ⴰⵔ 2021, ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⴳ ⵜⴽⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ (ⵙⵉⵣⵓⵏ 25 ⴷ 26), ⵎⴰⵛ ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵍ ⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⵜⴰⵊ ⴰⵢⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Mattel Television Greenlights 104 New “Thomas &amp; Friends®” Television Episodes and 2 Specials |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201011005058/en/Mattel-Television-Greenlights-104-New-%E2%80%9CThomas-Friends%C2%AE%E2%80%9D-Television-Episodes-and-2-Specials |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216224015/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201011005058/en/Mattel-Television-Greenlights-104-New-%E2%80%9CThomas-Friends%C2%AE%E2%80%9D-Television-Episodes-and-2-Specials |archive-date=2024-12-16 |access-date=2025-11-15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵓⴷⵍⵜ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵢⴳ ⵙ ⵙⵜⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

==ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ==
ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⵥⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ]] ⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⵖ &quot;ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⴰⵍⵏⵙ: ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵉ, ⴽⴰⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷⵉⵣⵍ, ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵙⵏ &quot;ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵖ ⵙⵉⵣⵓⵏ ⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⴷ ⵢⴰⵡ ⵎⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵎⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵓ. 

==ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ==
ⵖ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2020, ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵡⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⴰ ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵏⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ|''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ'']], ⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵔⵉⵍⵉ 104 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵍⴽⵎ 11 ⵏⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵄⴰ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵔⴰⴷⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵜⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ 2D ⴷ ⵉⵎⵀⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⴰⴷⵚⴰⴷⵚⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵔⴰⵜⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴼ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵉ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Milligan |first=Mercedes |date=2021-02-12 |title=Mattel Lays New Creative Tracks with 'Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go' |url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/2021/02/mattel-lays-new-creative-tracks-with-thomas-friends-all-engines-go/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Animation Magazine |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 5 ⴼⴱⵔⴰⵢⵔ 2021.

ⵖ 11 ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2022, ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵍ ⵜⵏⴰ ⴱⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ 'ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵓⵥ', ⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ 26 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵟⵡⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⵢⴱⴷⵓ ⵖ 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Stalcup |first=Jamie |date=2022-10-11 |title=Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go Scores Two-Season Renewal |url=https://worldscreen.com/tvkids/thomas-friends-all-engines-go-scores-two-season-renewal/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=TVKIDS |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==ⵉⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵏ==

===ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ===

* [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⵥⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ]]: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⴰⵎⴱⵔ ⵡⴰⵏ.
* ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵉ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵎⵣⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴷⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ
* ⴽⴰⵏⴰ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵢ ⵍⵉ ⴷⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵛⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⵉⵙⵔⴱⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ
* ⵏⵉⵢⴰ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵉ ⴷⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
* ⴷⵉⵣⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ
* ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵔⴰⴼⵉⵄⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵄⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵄⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ
* ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵓ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⴳⴰⵖ ⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ

==ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜⵜ==

===ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ
|-
!ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ
!ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ
|-
|1
|52
|13 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021
|5 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2022
|-
|2
|52
|12 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022
|27 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023
|-
|3
|26
|7 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2024&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/coming-soon/whats-coming-to-netflix-in-march-2024/ &quot;What's Coming to Netflix in March 2024&quot;]. 9 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2024. &lt;/ref&gt;
| 19 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2024
|-
|4
|26
|—
|—
|}

===ⵜⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼⵉⵏ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ
!ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
!ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ
!ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ
!ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ
!ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ
|-
|1
|&quot;ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ&quot;
|&quot;Race for the Sodor Cup&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mattel1&quot;&gt;[https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/film-tv/news/thomas-and-friends-debuts-new-creative-direction-in-major-revamp/40801670.html Thomas And Friends debuts new creative direction in major revamp] ⵖ 30 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2021&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⴽⴰⵎⴱⴱⵉⵍ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴷ ⵊⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵓ
|ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⴳⴰⴼⵏⵉⵢ
|27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021
|-
|2
|&quot;ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴳⵎⵏ&quot;
|&quot;The Mystery of Lookout Mountain&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |ⴽⴰⵎⴱⴱⵉⵍ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ
|ⴽⵔⵉⴳ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⴰⵢⵙⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⵉⵍ ⵛⵉⵔ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎ
|3 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2023
|-
|3
|&quot;ⵍⴰⴼⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵉⵃⵍⴰⵏ&quot;
|&quot;The Great Bubbly Build&quot;
|ⵏⵉⴽⵉ ⵍⵉⵢⵜⵓⵏ
|12 ⵓⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 2023
|-
|4
|TBA
|&quot;The Christmas Letter Express&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://kidscreen.com/2024/02/27/mattel-tv-working-on-a-thomas-friends-holiday-special/ Mattel TV working on a Thomas &amp; Friends holiday special]&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⵓⴼⴰⵍⵉ&lt;ref&gt;[https://twitter.com/RickSuvalle/status/1609342886440730626 Rick Suvalle on Twitter]&lt;/ref&gt;
|21 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2024
|}

==ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ==

===ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ===

====ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ====

* ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ - ⵎⵉⵛⴰ ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵔⴰⵙ
* ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵉ - ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵣⵍⵜⵣⵔ
* ⴷⵉⵣⵍ - ⵛⵓⵎⵓⵢ ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⵎⵉⵜⵛⵍ
* ⴳⵓⵔⴷⵏ - ⵏⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵓⵏ
* ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉ - ⵊⵉⵏⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵏ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ - ⴳⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⴳⵓ
* ⴽⴰⵏⴰ - ⴰⴼⴰ ⵔⵓ
* ⵏⵉⵢⴰ - ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⵙ
* ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵓ - ⵛⴰⴽ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ

====ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ====
* ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ - ⵀⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⴰⵛⵉ
* ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵉ - ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ
* ⴷⵉⵣⵍ - ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ
* ⴳⵓⵔⴷⵏ - ⵡⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ
* ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵉ - ⵉⴼⴰ ⵎⵓⵀⴰⵎⴰⴷ
* ⵙⴰⵏⴷⵉ - ⵀⵓⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏ
* ⴽⴰⵏⴰ - ⴽⵍⵓⵡⵉ ⵔⴰⴼⴰⵉⵍ
* ⵏⵉⵢⴰ - ⵙⴰⴷⵉ ⵙⵎⵉⵜ
* ⴱⵔⵓⵏⵓ - ⵉⵍⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵢⴰ

==ⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ==
[[ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ]] ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ  ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Whyte |first=Alexandra |title=Cartoon Network, Netflix snap up new 2D Thomas |url=https://kidscreen.com/2021/02/05/cartoon-network-netflix-snap-up-new-2d-thomas/ |access-date=2025-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 13 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021, ⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵓ ⵖ ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵜⵡⵓⵔⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cartoonito Preschool Block Launch Set for September 13 |url=https://www.awn.com/news/cartoonito-preschool-block-launch-set-september-13 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Animation World Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Shows A-Z - Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go on netflix {{!}} TheFutonCritic.com |url=http://thefutoncritic.com/showatch/thomas-and-friends-all-engines-go/listings/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=thefutoncritic.com}} &lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⴱⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ&lt;ref&gt;[https://kidscreen.com/2021/08/30/mattels-play-lab-expands-into-content/ &quot;Mattel's Play Lab expands into content&quot;]. Kidscreen&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 29 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵛⴰⵏⵏⵉⵍ 5 ⵉⵜⴰⴱⵄⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ  ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⴽⵛⵉⵢⴽ! ⵖ ⵍⴼⵇⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021, ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ. ⵖ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021, ⵉⴼⴰⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mattel1&quot; /&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵖ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udEGFW9okLY |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵖ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2021, [[ⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ]] ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵏⵉⴽ ⵊⵓⵏⵢⵓⵔ (ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ)|ⵏⵉⴽ ⵊⵓⵏⵢⵓⵔ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, [[ⵜⵉ ⵉⴼ 1]] ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴷ [[ⵡⴰⵔⵏⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ]] ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Media |first=aNb |date=2021-10-07 |title=Thomas &amp; Friends: All Engines Go Expands Globally |url=https://www.anbmedia.com/news/entertainment-news/2021/10/thomas-friends-all-engines-go-expands-globally/ |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=aNb Media, Inc. |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===ⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ===

====ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ====
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ''ⴰⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴷⵓⵔ'' ⵜⴼⴼⴰⵖⴷ ⵖ ⴷⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Thomas-Friends-Race-Sodor-Cup/dp/B09L3C6XY9 &quot;Thomas &amp; Friends: Race for the Sodor Cup&quot;]. Amazon UK. &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⴷ ⴰⴽⵯⵔⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ''ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵙⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ'' ⵣⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Thomas-Friends-Best-Friend-Adventures/dp/B0B8LTCN4Y &quot;Thomas &amp; Friends: Best Friend Adventures&quot;]. Amazon UK.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;&quot; /&gt;

==ⵣⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230930124253/https://www.cartoonnetwork.com/video/Thomas-And-Friends-All-Engines-Go/index.html ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ]
* [[imdbtitle:14556544|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ: ⵢⴰⵍⴰⵀⴰⵜ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ!]] ⵖ [[ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ|IMDB]]
{{ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵓⵏⵉⵜⵓ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵏⵉⵜⴼⵍⵉⴽⵙ|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ}}</text>
      <sha1>h4qyr9adk3etgnt7rrefyead7a6uvu0</sha1>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="12149" sha1="br0uiajvcze3vcp5vfjgiyxjqci3p1u" xml:space="preserve">[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tassadit Yacine.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2015]]
'''ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ  ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ'''  ⵏⵉⵖ   '''ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ  ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⵜⵓⵀ''' ⵜⵍⵓⵍ   ⴳ  14  ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ  1949  ⴳ  ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ   ⴷ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ  ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵣⵢⵜ  ⴳ   ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ  ⵏ   ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⴳ  ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ   ⵏ   ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ  ⴳ   ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ  ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵜⵓⵀ, ⵜⵍⵓⵍ  ⴳ   14  ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ  1949  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⵓⵏ  [[ⴰⵜ  ⵙⵉⴷⵉ   ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ]]  ⴳ  [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ|ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ  ⵏ  ⴱⵓⴷⵊⵍⵍⵉⵍ]]   ⴳ  [[ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ]] ([[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bleu-autour.com/auteur_bleu/tassadit/|title=Tassadit Yacine {{!}} Bleu autour, éditeur|website=bleu-autour.com|access-date=2020-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ==
ⵜⵖⵔⴰ  ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ  ⴷ   ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ  ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ  ⴳ   ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥⵜ  ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⴳ  ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ  ⵏ   1980. ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ   ⵙ   ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   ⵏ  1987   ⴰⴷ   ⵜⴹⴼⵕ   ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ   ⵏⵏⵙ,  ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ   1992, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ    ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ   ⴳ    ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ   ⵙⴳ   ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ   ⵚⵓⵕⴱⵓⵏ. ⵜⴷⵡⵍ  ⴹⴰⵕⵜ   ⵏⵏⵙ   ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ   ⴳ   ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ    ⵏ  ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ   ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ   ⴳ    ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ    ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ (EHESS) ⴷ   ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ   ⴳ   ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ   ⵏ    ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ    ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ   ⴳ   ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ  ⵏ   ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ   10  ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ  2033,  ⵜⴳⴰ   ⵜⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ   ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ   ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ   ⴳ  ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵕⵓⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ   ⴳ   ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⵓ   ⵏⵏⴰ   ⵖⵓⵔ   ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ   ⵏ   ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ   ⴷ  ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ   ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ.

==ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ==
ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gelard|first=Marie Luce|date=2011-12-31|title=Tassadit Yacine, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi. Études d'ethnologie des affects en Kabylie, Préface de Françoise Héritier. Postface de Sherry B. Ortner|url=http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/13173|journal=Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales|language=fr|issue=54|pages=175–176|doi=10.4000/insaniyat.13173|issn=1111-2050}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Amghar|first=Nabila|date=2001|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Chacal ou la ruse des dominés : aux origines du malaise culturel des intellectuels algériens, 2001|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_2001_num_1232_1_5291_t1_0145_0000_6|journal=Hommes &amp; Migrations|volume=1232|issue=1|pages=145–146}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵢⵣⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵢⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|date=2009-11-27|title=Tassadit Yacine (textes édités et présentés par), Pierre Bourdieu, Esquisses algériennes, Paris, Seuil (coll. Liber), 2008, 414 p.|url=http://journals.openedition.org/remmm/6322|journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée|language=fr|issue=126|doi=10.4000/remmm.6322|issn=0997-1327|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵄⵎⵔⵓⵛ, ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴱⴰⵃ ⴱⵍⵄⵎⵔⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ), ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ammar Khodja|first=Soumya|date=2001|title=TASSADIT Yacine (sous la direction de), Enracinement culturel et rôle des médiateurs au Maghreb, L'exemple de Rabah Belamri, L'Harmattan-Awal, 2000, 164 p.|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ela/1900-v1-n1-ela03261/1041903ar/abstract/|journal=Études littéraires africaines|language=fr|issue=11|pages=82–83|doi=10.7202/1041903ar|issn=0769-4563|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴷⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|date=2015|title=Pierre Bourdieu, Algerian Sketches. Tassadit Yacine, ed., David Fernbach, trans. Malden, Mass.: Polity Press, 2013, 390 pp.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2015-04_57_2/page/595|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=57|issue=2|pages=595–597|doi=10.1017/S0010417515000158|s2cid=147032962|issn=0010-4175}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵛⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ (20).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://user.eng.umd.edu/~sellami/DEC95/culture.html|title=Amazigh Voice, December 1995 - March 1996 issue|website=user.eng.umd.edu|access-date=2019-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173155/https://user.eng.umd.edu/~sellami/DEC95/culture.html|archive-date=2019-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⵉⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.persee.fr/authority/264646|title=Tassadit, Yacine - Persée|website=www.persee.fr|access-date=2020-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵄⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵜⵛ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Giafferi-Dombre|first=Natacha|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28738|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=232–233|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28738|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵉⵜ (thesis) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ Terhi Lehtinen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Nation à la marge de l'Etat : la construction identaire du Mouvement Culturel Amazigh dans l'espace national marocain et au-delà des frontières étatiques|url=http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0133|publisher=Paris, EHESS|date=2003-01-01|degree=thesis|first=Terhi|last=Lehtinen}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chacal ou la ruse des dominés'' (2001) ⴷ ''Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi'' (2006) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alonso|first=Maria Àngels Roque|date=2016|title=Entrevista a Tassadit Yacine|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5526318|journal=Quaderns de la Mediterrània = Cuadernos del Mediterráneo|issue=23|pages=307–318|issn=1577-9297}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bonte|first=Pierre|date=2009-01-01|title=Tassadit Yacine-Titouh, Si tu m'aimes, guéris-moi !. Paris, Éd. de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2006, 175 pages|url=http://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/28736|journal=L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie|language=fr|issue=190|pages=229–231|doi=10.4000/lhomme.28736|issn=0439-4216|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ==
* 1987: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ   ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ  ⴷ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ: ⵇⴰⵙⵉ  ⴰⴷⵉⴼⵍⵍⴰ  ⵀⵉⵕⵓⵍ  ⵏ  ⴰⵜ   ⵙⵉⴷⵉ  ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ    ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ  ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ   ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ.
* 1987: ⵉⵣⵍⵉ  ⵏⵉⵖ  ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ    ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ   ⴳ   ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ, ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ   ⴱⵢⵉⵔ  ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵢⵓ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ   ⵏ   ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ  (ISBN 273510253X).
* 1989:  ⴰⵢⵜ   ⵎⵏⴳⵍⴰⵜ   ⴷⴰ   ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ, ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ   ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ   ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707118877) ⴰⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ   ⴽⴰⵜⵉⴱ  ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ.
* 1992: ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ. ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ  ⵏ   ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ   ⴳ  ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ GDM  (ISBN 2-906589-13-6).
* 1992: ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ  ⴷ  ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔⵏ  ⴷ   ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ  ⴳ  ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ   ⵏ   ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ    ⴷ    ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵍⴰⵕⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ (ISBN 2738417620).
* 1993: ⵉⵎⴰⴽⵔⵏ   ⵏ   ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707122890)
* 1995: ⵛⴰⵔⵉⴼ  ⵅⴷⴷⴰⵎ  ⵏⵉⵖ  ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ  ⵏ  ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, La Découverte, (ISBN 2707124192)
* 1995: ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ   ⵏⵉⵖ  ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ   ⵏ   ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ: ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ   ⴳ  ⵜⵕⵓⵏⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ   ⵏ   ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴰⵡⴰⵍ/ publisud, (ISBN 2866007581)
* 1996: ⵏⵡⴰⵕⴰ, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ   ⵏ   ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ  ⵏ   ⵢⴰⵜ   ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ   ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ }}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴷⴰⵏⵜ |ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ }}</text>
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{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{Infobox|above=|abovestyle=background-color: lightblue;|data11=[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]|label11=ⴰⵏⴰⵡ|data12=[[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]|label12=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ|data13=[[ⴼⵓⴽⵙ]], [[ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ+]]|data14=|data15=38|data16=810|label13=ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ|label14=|label15=ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ|label16=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|label17=ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ|data17=21-24 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ|header14=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|headerstyle=background-color: #eee;|image1=[[File:The_Simpsons_yellow_logo.svg|250px]]|subheader=|subheaderstyle=background-color: lightblue;|header18=ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵖ|label19=ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ|label20=ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ|data19=[[ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳ]]|data20=ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙ|label21=ⴰⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙ|data21=ⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜⴰ ⴱⵢⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰ|label22=ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴽ|data22=[[ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴼⵎⴰⵏ]]|related=|title=ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ|label23=ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ|label24=⠀|data23=[[20th ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵛⵏ]]|data24=|header30=|data31=}}'''ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''The Simpsons'') ⵏⴰⵖⴷ '''ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵙⵓⵏ''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Harvey Deneroff, « Matt Groening's Baby Turns 10 », Animation Magazine, vol. 14, no 1&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ [[ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ]] ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⴳ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵟⵟⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ 35 ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ 760 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1989.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=tt0096697 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ IMDB
* [https://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-simpsons ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ Metacritic
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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    <title>ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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'''ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Isaac Newton) (25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1642 – 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ [[ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ [[ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ|ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ]], ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ/ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ (Trinity College) ⴳ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» (Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ - ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ/ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⴱⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 15. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687, ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ]] (Optique).

== ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1642 ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏⵛⴰⵢⵔ]] ⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ/ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵏⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵙⴽⵓⴼ]],&lt;ref&gt;ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ - ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵙⵏ - ⴰⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⴱⵡⴰⴱ - ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ 2005 - ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 14.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵜⵀⴰⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ&quot; ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ|ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ]] ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵍ/ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ (ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⴽⴷⴰ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.

== ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ ==
ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⴱⵏⵉⵜⵣ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵙⴰⵢ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ/ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ/ⵓⴳⵓⴳⵥⵕ (ⴰⴳⵓⴳⵏⴰⵢ) ⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⴼ/ⵓⵄⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴽⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ».&lt;ref&gt;ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ, [https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/1/28/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82-%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1 ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ], ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ==
ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵡⴰⵃⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ]] ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ]]. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ/ⵜⵎⵙⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ (comètes), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵉ [[ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ|ⵢⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Taton |first=R. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=rkQKU-wfPYMC&amp;pg=PA233&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton |last2=Wilson |first2=C. |last3=Hoskin |first3=Michael |date=2003-09-18 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54205-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Newton’s Laws of Motion {{!}} Glenn Research Center {{!}} NASA |url=https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012112624/https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/newtons-laws-of-motion/ |archive-date=2025-10-12 |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=Glenn Research Center {{!}} NASA |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1696, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙ/ⵓⵇⵊⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ/ⵜⴹⴼⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;White 1997, p. 267&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ/ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ &quot;ⴰⵏ&quot; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵙⵉⵔ&quot; ⴳ 1705, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ.

== ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ==
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵖⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ (ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵓⵎⵜ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴰⵎⵙⵓ/ⵓⵏⵏⵖⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ (ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ), ⵜⵉⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴹⵚⵚⴰⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tumba de Isaac Newton - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|230x230px|ⴰⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ]]
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴳ 20 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1727&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Isaac Newton - Scientist, Physics, Mathematics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton/Career |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907191816/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Newton/Career |archive-date=2025-09-07 |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ|ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵊ]], ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ/ⵜⵉⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵡⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ. ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ==
ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ|ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴹⵕ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ&lt;ref&gt;White 1997, p. 86&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Scott Berkun (27 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2010). ''[https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=kPCgnc70MSgC&amp;pg=PA4&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Myths of Innovation]''. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4. ISBN:&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-4493-8962-8&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170711035636/https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2010/01/newtons-apple-the-real-story.php Newton's apple: The real story], ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;, ⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ» ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ]] ⴳ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1726:
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Newton 25.jpg|thumb|327x327px|ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1712]]
« ... ⵏⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: &quot;ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ?&quot; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: &quot;ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ? ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ;.. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Hamblyn, Richard (2011).&quot;[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1xKFSqsDj0MC&amp;pg=PT57 Newtonian Apples: William Stukeley]&quot;. ''The Art of Science''. Pan Macmillan. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;» 

== ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

* [[ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ]] (1671)
* [[ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ|ⵙⴳ]] [[ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ]] (ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ 1671-1675)
* ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ (1684)
* ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ (1687)
* ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ (1704)
* ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ (1707)
* ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1728 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ)
* ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ'''/'''ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⵏⵏⴰ (1733)
* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ (1754)

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ]]
* [[ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖⵜ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Chiadma.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ]]
'''ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵄⴰⴷⵎⴰ''', ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳⵔ ⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵊⵕⴰⵢⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.

==ⴰⴽⴰⵍ==
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵢⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴱⵍ ⵃⴰⴷⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵃⵉⵍ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵉⴹⴹⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴱⵍⵜ.

==ⵜⵉⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ==

: '''ⴰⵕⴳⵔⴰ'''

ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ 40 ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵕⴳⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵟⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵜⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵓⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵇⴰⴷⵉⵎ (ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴹⵓ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵥ.

: '''ⵍⴰⵕⵓⵙⴰ'''

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ''ⵍⴰⵕⵓⵙⴰ ⵛⵜⴰ'' (لعروسة شتى) ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: ⵍⴰⵄⵔⵓⵚⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ &quot;ⵜⵎⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵛⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;ⵜⴳⵏⵥⴰⵕⵜ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.essaouira.nu/culture_regraga.htm|title=ⵙⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ - ⵛⵉⴰⴷⵎⴰ ⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⴰ|last=|first=|date=2016-08-21.|publisher=|access-date=2024-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601231138/https://essaouira.nu/culture_regraga.htm|archive-date=2023-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
*'''ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)</text>
      <sha1>cvwbbpg5rs2ea32tm0sxvafxke95mkl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1954</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5746</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178030</id>
      <parentid>155818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T23:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>178030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2138" sha1="bswo43fevfr5k8rb72ba7ssmcskzu4u" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]] 1954 ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴽⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]], ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⴼⵉⴼ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ [[ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ|ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔ]] ⵙⴳ 16 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴰⵔ 4 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴱⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⵏ 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;hosts&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/ip-201_13a_fwc-host.pdf|title=Host announcement decision|publisher=FIFA|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617192616/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mencompwc/51/97/81/ip-201_13a_fwc-host.pdf|archive-date=2019-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ , ⵉⵜⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ. ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ .

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>bswo43fevfr5k8rb72ba7ssmcskzu4u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5768</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178040</id>
      <parentid>166532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:22:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>178040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5504" sha1="gedz34c8qu4cs11qjrjk5cpm0arm23x" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ
|ⵉⵙⵎ = ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=[[File:Anchad.jpg|thumb|ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ]]
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1890 
|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ = [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]
|ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ = ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ
|ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = 1942
|ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ  = 
|ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ  = 
|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ  = 
|ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ  = 
|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ  = 
|ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ  = ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ
|ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ  = 
|ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ = 
|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ  = [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
|ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ  = 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ  = 
|ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ  = 
|ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ  = 
}}

'''ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ]]: ''Bubakr Anccad'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⴳ [[ⵙⵓⵙ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ]].ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://thahabi.org/book/10278 |title=صفحة 24083 - موسوعة التراجم المغربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ==

ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⵏⴳⵔ 1975ⴰⵔ 1990. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ.

ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[12|ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ]] ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ. ⵉⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ]], ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ  [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃ ⴽⵓⴽⵍⵓ]] ⴷ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ [[1931]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[1940]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2022-03-22 |title=بوبكر أنشاد المظلوم boubakr anchad |url=https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/boubakr-anchad.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=تزرارت |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005162913/https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/boubakr-anchad.html |archive-date=2025-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ==
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ|ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵛⵛⴰⵎⵅ]] ⴷ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵉⴽⵓⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ [[ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⴷⴰⴷⵏ]]. ⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ:

* ⴰⵀⵡⴰⵡⵉ
* ⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ
* ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ
* ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ
* ⵓⴷⴰⴷ
* ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ
* ⵉⵔⴱⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ
* ⴰⵜⴰⵢ

==ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[1940]] ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20]].

==ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ==
* [[ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ]]
* [[ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ]]
* [[ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ|ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ}}</text>
      <sha1>gedz34c8qu4cs11qjrjk5cpm0arm23x</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>178079</id>
      <parentid>133113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:56:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="20785" sha1="4of60juvekcfn0iwr70cxgl9xjjgwjm" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.5em; width: 22em;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd; text-align: center;&quot;| &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background:#ddd; text-align: center;&quot;| Moroccan Sahara ([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⴳⵍⵣ]])
|-
| align=center colspan=2 |[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Regions_of_Morocco_2015.svg|thumb|center|250px|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ '''ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ''' '''10'''/'''11'''/'''12''']]
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background: lightgrey; text-align: center;&quot;| '''ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ'''
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ'''
| {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ'''
| [[ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ]]
|-
| '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ'''
|
*[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]
*[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ'''
| ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⵙⴳ 2025) &lt;ref&gt;https://www.hespress.com/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AE-1648568.html&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background: lightgrey; text-align: center;&quot;|'''[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ]]'''
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ'''
| 266,000ⴽⵎ²&lt;ref&gt;https://unstats.un.org/UNSDWebsite/&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background: lightgrey; text-align: center;&quot;|'''[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ]]'''
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ'''
| ⵉⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵏ, ⵉⵃⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ
|-
| '''ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ''' 
| 612.000ⵣⴷⵖ (2021)
|-
| '''ⴰⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ'''
|[[ⴰⴷⵉⵔⵀⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ([[ⵉⵥⵓ 4217|MAD]])
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;background: lightgrey; text-align: center;&quot;|'''ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ'''
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ'''
| ⴰⵙⵙ/ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ/ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ '''
| ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ'''
| ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ'''
| +212
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ'''
|	MA
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ (LTD)'''
| .ma
|-
| '''ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓ'''
|  [Https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MA MA:3166-2] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MA&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=center colspan=2 |[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Morocco_(orthographic_projection,_WS_claimed).svg|thumb|center|200px|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ '''ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ''' ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵍⵓ '''{{ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ|#32CD32}}''']]
|-
|}

'''ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ''' {{ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|Moroccan Sahara}} ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Rim |date=2020-11-16 |title=موريتانيا: انشغال بأزمة الحدود وقلق من تصريحات مسؤولين صحراويين تتوعد بالحرب |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=القدس العربي |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2020-11-17 |title=الصحراء الغربية: حقائق عن أحد أطول النزاعات في القارة الأفريقية |url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/world-54974244 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=BBC News عربي |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 266,000 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ (ⴽⵎ²)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Western Sahara |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210735/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html |archive-date=2007-06-12 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ 37.4% ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 618.600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ 40% ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ.


ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵜ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1975]], ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴹⴱⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1963]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Transnational Institute {{!}} Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental |url=http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513002800/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463 |archive-date=2015-05-13 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.tni.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1965]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=General Assembly Resolutions 20th Session |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/20/ares20.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510003726/https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/20/ares20.htm |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1975]], ⵜⴼⵍ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ  [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/98/DT-15-2004-E.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042159/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/98/DT-15-2004-E.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.realinstitutoelcano.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033515/http://minurso.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JaHM1%2Fa%2FAww%3D&amp;tabid=3959&lt;/ref&gt;.
ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⴰⵔⵢⵓ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[26 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1976]] ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵓⴼ]] ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=قضية الصحراء الغربية |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/2/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴼⴼ [[ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1979]], ⵢⵓⵎⵥ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼ, ⵜⵙⵙⴷⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Select a language for A/RES/34/37 |url=https://docs.un.org/A/RES/34/37 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=docs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Gänzle |first=Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaS-DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT191 |title=Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era |last2=Leruth |first2=Benjamin |last3=Trondal |first3=Jarle |date=2019-11-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-64884-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ  ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ [[ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-01-23 |title=Africa's last colony has taken its struggle for self-determination to European courts |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/western-sahara-africa-s-last-colony-takes-struggle-for-selfdetermination-to-european-courts-a6830216.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Independent |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Western Sahara: A Rare Look Inside Africa’s Last Colony as U.S. Recognizes Moroccan Occupation |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2020/12/24/western_sahara_a_rare_look_inside |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Democracy Now! |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Morocco_(orthographic_projection,_WS_claimed).svg|thumb|200px|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ '''ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ''' ⴳ [[ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ]]; ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ  [[ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ  ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]] ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Western_Sahara_Topography.png|thumb|200px|ⴰⴷⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ]]
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ 600ⵎ (2,000 ⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ) ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ '''ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ''' ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ [[ⵉⵊⵉⵜⵓⵍⵏ]]. ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵎⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴱⵓⵏⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ  (ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ).

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴼⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵔⵉⵔⵢⵓⵏ. ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴼⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵃⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ==
ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ|ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ]] ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵢⵔⵣⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ  ⵖⴰⵙ 2% ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ|ⵓⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ &quot;[[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢ]]&quot;. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵎⵉⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.

==ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ==
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰ '''ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ''' ⴳⵔ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ]] [[1976]]. ⵉⵟⵟⴼ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] 1/3 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙⴰⵔⵢⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵖⵓⵛⵜ]] [[1979]]. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏ  ⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ [[ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ|ⵜⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ [[31 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ]] 2025 ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ|ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ 2997 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.

== ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵉⵎⴰⵏ ==
ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[31 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ]] 2025، ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵯⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⴳⵉ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ 2797 ⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=mouhcine |date=2025-10-31 |title=مجلس الأمن يعتمد قراراً تاريخياً يرسخ الحكم الذاتي في الصحراء المغربية |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AE-1648568.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ===
11 ⴳ 15 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 2997 ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵜ,ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] (ⵎⵎ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ) [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]], [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]], [[ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ]], [[ⴳⵓⵢⴰⵏⴰ]], [[ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ]], [[ⴷⴰⵏⵎⴰⵔⴽ]], [[ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ]] ⴷ [[ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ، ⴰⴳⵯⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ: [[ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ]], [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=mouhcine |date=2025-10-31 |title=مجلس الأمن يعتمد قراراً تاريخياً يرسخ الحكم الذاتي في الصحراء المغربية |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AE-1648568.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ }}</text>
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ⵜⴳⴰ '''ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]], ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵔⵔⴰⵄ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 4.008 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍ ⵏ 10% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴽⵏⴹⵕ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵀⴰⵍⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵎⵏⵣⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴻⵎⵎⵓ (ⵕⵉⴱⴰⵟ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ)|ⵓⵀⵔⵎⴻⵎⵎⵓ]].

==ⴰⵏⵙⴰ==
ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ 22 ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] (20 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵙⴰⵢⵙ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵣⴰ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⴱ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵇⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.]]

==ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ 286,489 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014 ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 54,32% ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵛⴽⵓⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 81.07 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ. ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ ⴳⵔ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ&lt;ref&gt;Note sur les premiers résultats du Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:ar:الإحصاء_العام_للسكان_والسكنى_لسنة_2014_(المغرب)|الإحصاء العام للسكن والسكنى لسنة 2024]]، [[:ar:المندوبية_السامية_للتخطيط|المندوبية السامية للتخطيط]]، [http://rgphencartes.hcp.ma/ الموقع الرسمي للإحصاء]&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ==
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ|ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ==
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵓⵎⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⴳⵍ.

===ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵍⵓⵎⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ 101.023 ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 25.3% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ 81.4% ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 82.200 ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ 18.6% ⵙ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 18.823 ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ 67,415 ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴽⵜⴰⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=صفرو |url=https://www.region-fes-meknes.ma/provinces/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=جهة فاس مكناس |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518101649/https://www.region-fes-meknes.ma/provinces/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88/ |archive-date=2026-05-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.hcp.ma/region-fes/attachment/1853422/&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ 2014==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ
!ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ
!ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ
ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
!ⵉⵙⵎ
ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ
!ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ
!ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ
!ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ
!ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ
!ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 2014
|- bgcolor=&quot;#BCEFEF&quot;
|[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Sefrou Province.png|center|thumb|50x50px]]
|03.451.
|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ
|Province: Sefrou
|ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ
|66.034
|203
|286.286
|286.489
|-
|
|03.451.01.01.
|[[ⴱⵀⴰⵍⵉⵍ]]
|Bhalil (Mun.)
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
|3.468
|9
|12.988
|12.997
|-
|
|03.451.01.03.
|[[ⵍⵎⵏⵣⵍ]]
|El Menzel (Mun.)
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
|3.142
|6
|12.635
|12.641
|-
|
|03.451.01.05.
|[[ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⴽⵏⴹⵕ]]
|Imouzzer Kandar (Mun.)
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
|4.571
|20
|19.105
|19.125
|-
|
|03.451.01.07.
|[[ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴻⵎⵎⵓ (ⵕⵉⴱⴰⵟ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ)|ⴰⵀⵔⵎⴻⵎⵎⵓ]]
|Ribate El Kheir (Mun.)
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
|3.979
|17
|16.722
|16.739
|-
|
|03.451.01.09.
|[[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]]
|Sefrou (Mun.)
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ
|20.236
|118
|79.769
|79.887
|-
|
|03.451.03.01.
|[[ⴰⴷⵔⵊ]]
|Adrej
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|415
|0
|1.709
|1.709
|-
|
|03.451.03.03.
|[[ⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⵏⵏⴰⵢ]]
|Ain Timguenai
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.399
|0
|6.519
|6.519
|-
|
|03.451.03.05.
|[[ⴱⵉⵔ ⵟⵎⵟⵎ]]
|Bir Tam Tam
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|2.049
|2
|9.139
|9.141
|-
|
|03.451.03.07.
|[[ⴹⴰⵕ ⵍⵃⵎⵕⴰ]]
|Dar El Hamra
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|949
|1
|4.017
|4.018
|-
|
|03.451.03.09.
|[[ⵉⵖⵣⵔⴰⵏ]]
|Ighzrane
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|2.039
|0
|9.626
|9.626
|-
|
|03.451.03.11.
|[[ⵎⵟⵕⵏⴰⵖⴰ]]
|Mtarnagha
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|996
|0
|4.554
|4.554
|-
|
|03.451.03.13.
|[[ⵓⵍⴰⴷ ⵎⴽⵓⴷⵓ]]
|Oulad Mkoudou
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.504
|0
|6.667
|6.667
|-
|
|03.451.03.15.
|[[ⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⴱⵓⴷⴰ]]
|Ras Tabouda
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.391
|2
|6.386
|6.388
|-
|
|03.451.03.17.
|[[ⵜⴰⴼⵊⵊⵉⵖⵜ]]
|Tafajight
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|325
|0
|1.697
|1.697
|-
|
|03.451.05.01.
|[[ⵄⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⴳⴰⴳ]]
|Ain Cheggag
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|4.048
|26
|20.430
|20.456
|-
|
|03.451.05.03.
|[[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴱⵄ ⵍⵊⵔⵓⴼ]]
|Ait Sebaa Lajrouf
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|3.589
|0
|17.466
|17.466
|-
|
|03.451.07.01.
|[[ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵔ]]
|Aghbalou Aqorar
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|2.102
|1
|9.714
|9.715
|-
|
|03.451.07.03.
|[[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ]]
|Ahl Sidi Lahcen
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|923
|0
|4.287
|4.287
|-
|
|03.451.07.05.
|[[ⵄⵣⵣⴰⴱⴰ]]
|Azzaba
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.451
|0
|6.444
|6.444
|-
|
|03.451.07.07.
|[[ⴽⵏⴹⵕ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵅⵢⴰⵔ]]
|Kandar Sidi Khiar
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.702
|0
|9.323
|9.323
|-
|
|03.451.07.09.
|[[ⵍⵄⵏⵓⵚⵕ]]
|Laanoussar
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.706
|0
|8.501
|8.501
|-
|
|03.451.07.11.
|[[ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵏ ⵃⵎⴷ]]
|Sidi YoussefBen Ahmed
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|2.696
|1
|12.361
|12.362
|-
|
|03.451.07.13.
|[[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⴹⴰ]]
|Tazouta
|ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏ
|1.354
|0
|6.227
|6.227
|}

==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==
*[[ⵚⴼⵕⵓ|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴼⵕⵓ]]
*[[ⵍⵎⵏⵣⵍ]]
*[[ⴱⵀⴰⵍⵉⵍ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ</title>
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      <text bytes="8563" sha1="hqm8plb7u1s609ja0dojhytuz0d1zb8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ
|ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ=
|ⵉⵙⵎ= ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
|ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ= 
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=  ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ.png
|ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ=
|ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ [[ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ]] ⵏⵏⵙ
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ= 1889
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ= [[ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ]]
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ=  1988
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ= 
|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ=
|ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ= {{ⵜⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍⵜ|Morocco|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ}}
|ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ= [[ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ]]
|ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ=
|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ=
|ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ= 
|ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ= 
|ⵉⵙⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ =
|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ=
|ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ=
|ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ=
|ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ= 
|ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ= 
|ⴰⴳⵍⴰ= 
|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ = [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ]] 
|ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ=
|ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ=
|ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ=
}}

'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2022-03-19 |title=الحاج محمد بن يحيى أوتزناخت otznakht |url=https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/otznakht.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=تزرارت |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251226000121/https://www.tazerrart.com/2022/03/otznakht.html |archive-date=2025-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Newspaper |first=Aswat |date=2020-12-09 |title=الحاج محمد بن يحيا اتزناخت |url=https://journalaswat.com/2020/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829113647/https://journalaswat.com/2020/12/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA/ |archive-date=2024-08-29 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=جريدة أصوات |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Newspaper |first=Aswat |date=2021-05-25 |title=الرايس او الشاعر الحاج محمد بن يحيى أؤتزناخت..أراء المثقفين والباحثين والنقاد في شعره مع المراجع المعتمدة |url=https://journalaswat.com/2021/05/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A4%D8%AA/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829113651/https://journalaswat.com/2021/05/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A4%D8%AA/ |archive-date=2024-08-29 |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=جريدة أصوات |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: '''محمد بن يحيى أوتزناخت,''' ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Mohamed Ben Yahya Outznakht''') ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵓ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⵏⵟⵟⴰⵎ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵅⵟⵟⴰⴱⵉ]] ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;  ⵉⵍⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉ 1889, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988 . ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵏ|ⵓⵙⵓⵏ]] ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ]] (ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ) ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ==
ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ . ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

===ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵙⵉ, ⵉⵖⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴰⵡⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ  ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵇⵇⵛⵛⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵛⵛ, ⵉⵛⵛ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ==
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ==
ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ⴱⵓⵢⴳⴹⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵣⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⵅⵅⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ==

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ |ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ |ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ |ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ |ⴰⵢⴷⴰ |ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ |ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴳⵓⵜ |ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ |ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ |ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>hqm8plb7u1s609ja0dojhytuz0d1zb8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178074</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:53:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="20592" sha1="lkt1h8xkoi5v4fhmjklwz8wq52b5rhb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ
|ⵉⵙⵎ = ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = 1965
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ = [[ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ]]
|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = 13 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2025
|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ = [[ⴷⴷⵔⴰⵔⴳⴰ]]
|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ =Salh Lbacha amazigh Singer.png
|ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ =ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2020
|ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ =ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ &lt;br&gt;ⴰⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ
}}
'''ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ|ⵉⴷ]] [[ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓ ⴰⴳⵕⴹ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1965, ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1996, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2025, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼⵏ 14 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵍⴱⵓⵎ.

ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉ &quot;ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵀⵎⵎⵓⵛ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ: ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=كتاب جديد يوثق تجربة الفنان الأمازيغي صالح الباشا |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A-261853.html?print |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=www.hespress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=تيفي |first=أكادير |date=2017-08-19 |title=كتاب «أبْرِيدْ نْ تْزُورِي» يوثق سيرة الفنان الأمازيغي صالح الباشا |url=https://agadirtv.ma/25732.html |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=أكادير تيفي |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.

==ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1965  ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵄⵓⵎ ⴳ [[ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓ ⴳⵕⴹ|ⵉⴷ ⵓ ⴳⵕⴹ]] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]]. ⴷ  ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴱⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ|ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]] ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵊⵍ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵇⵇⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏⵜ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ [[ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵊⴰ (ⵍⵄⵡⵡⴰⴷ)|ⵍⵄⵓⵡⵡⴰⴷ]] ⵉⵛⵕⵎⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵄⵎⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⵎⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵙⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵯⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3 ⴽⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵍⵉⵃⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ.jpg|thumb|279x279px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ.]]
ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓ, ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵣⵓⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ [[ⵙⵓⵙ]], ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵙⵎⵓⴽ. ⵉⵖⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴱⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵄⵉ, ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ, ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵖⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⵚⵚⵜⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵃⴹⵕ ⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵛⵡⴰⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵓⵚⴰⵢⵕⵉ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵕⵄ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ &quot;ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵀⴰⵕⵓⵏ&quot; ⵉⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵃⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⴰⵍ, ⴼⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵓⵎ, ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⵎⵅⴱⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴹⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ &quot;ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⵄⵟⵕⵉ&quot; ⵉⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⵎⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵔⴼ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ [[ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔ]] ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: [[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴷⵏ|ⵓⴷⴰⴷⴰⵏ]], ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ (ⵉⵃⵓⴷⴷⵊⵉⵏ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵔⴰⵏ]] (ⵏⵓⵊⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ), ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ.

ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 2004 ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵣⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉ]], [[ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵍⵎⵥⵓⴹⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵡⵙ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. 

== ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ==
ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ [[ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⴰⵢⵙⵙⴰⵔ]], ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴷⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ  ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜ ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵃⵎⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1996 ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵃⵚⵉⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ 2004, ⵉⴳ ⴷⵖⵉ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵛⵉⴽⵉ, ⵉⵃⵎⵍ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ.

ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴷ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴱⵓⵎ ⴷ 4 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵎⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=admin |date=2015-12-24 |title=كتاب جديد يوثق تجربة الفنان الأمازيغي صالح الباشا |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A-261853.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
==ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴷⵊⴰⵊ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ⴰⵖⴷⵊⴰⵊ - Wt/zgh - Wikimedia Incubator |url=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/zgh/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8A%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117002046/https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/zgh/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8A%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8A |archive-date=2025-11-17 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=incubator.wikimedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.[[File:ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴽⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ]]
ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ==
ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ:  
{{ⵜⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ
|ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ=ⵢⴰⴽ ⵏⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵇⵇⵉⵀ ⵏⵙⵇⵙⴰ
ⵍⵃⵓⴱⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ
ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵥⵕ ⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ
ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴰⵎⵏ ⴰ ⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵓⵎⴰ
ⵎⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⵔⴰ 
ⵓⴼⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⴱⴱ ⵉⵃⵍⴰ
ⵍⵄⴼⵓ ⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵏⴰ
|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ =ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ
}}

== ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵙⴽⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵜ ==
* ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍ
* ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵜⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵚⴱⵕ
* ⵍⵄⴰⵕ ⴰ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ
* ⵊⵊⵓⵄ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵃⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵓ
* ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵕⵃ ⵛⵛⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵄⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⴰ ⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵏⵓⵜ
* ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ
* ⵓⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵜⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ
* ⵢⴰⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰ / ⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰ
* ⵕⵡⴰⵃ ⴰ ⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵇⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ
* ⴰⵊⵊ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ
* ⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜ
* ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵕ ⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ
* ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵀⵍⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ
* ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⵔⵎⵉ
* ⴰ ⵡⴰ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵅⵜⵜⴰ
* ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⴳⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴰ ⵍⵀⵎⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴽ ⵔⵉⵖ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ|ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ |ⴰⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ |ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ |ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ |ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ |ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ|ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}</text>
      <sha1>lkt1h8xkoi5v4fhmjklwz8wq52b5rhb</sha1>
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    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Radebebhongane</title>
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      <comment>/* */ ⵔⴰⵔ</comment>
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:I cant read this page
:Help [[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Radebebhongane|Radebebhongane]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Radebebhongane|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 01:34, 28 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2026 (+01)</text>
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      <text bytes="4778" sha1="cymayll0zyxaumjs1hux5uoxz9o61c1" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{معلومات دوار}}
'''ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ''' هوّ [[دوار]] ⵉⵎⵓⵏ كاين ف جماعة [[ⴰⴹⴰⵕ]], دائرة [[ⵉⵖⵔⵎ (دائرة)|ⵉⵖⵔⵎ]], [[إقليم ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] ف [[لمغريب]]. هاد دّوار كينتامي ل مشيخة [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵇⵇⴰⵢⴷ (مشيخة)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵇⵇⴰⵢⴷ]] لي كتضم 9 د دّواور. لعاداد د سّكان ديالو واصل ل 300 شخص على حساب [[لإحصاء لعام 2014|لإحصاء الرسمي د عام 2014]].&lt;ref name=census&gt;{{Cite report
|title=Données démographiques et socio-économiques de la population rurale (hors nomades) par douar selon le Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2014
|publisher=[[لمندوبية سامية د تخطيط]]
|url=https://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/212306/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814234831/https://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/212306/
|archive-date=2023-08-14
|access-date=2024-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==إحصائيات==
===إحصائيات عامة===
عدد السكان ديال ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ نقص ب 6.5% و عدد لفاميلات نقص ب 5.5% مابين 2004 و 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{مرجع ويب
| url = https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/18mOOuVCAhkc38zrmKPxLUqGN6t0dTIOe/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=109715649259751438490&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true
| title = لإحصاء لعام د السكان 2004
| date = 2004
| publisher = [[لمندوبية سامية د تخطيط]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; ف 2014, عدد لبالغين{{refn|group=ن|لي ف عمرهوم 15 عام ولّا كتر}} كان 187 واحد, منهوم 58 دكور و 129 نتوات.
&lt;timeline&gt;
ImageSize = width:220 height:220
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TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
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Colors =
  id:gray1 value:gray(0.9)
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:400
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1000 start:0 gridcolor:gray1
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   from:0 till:321 width:25 text:321 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
  bar:2014 color:red width:1 
   from:0 till:300 width:25 text:300 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
&lt;/timeline&gt;

*لفاميلات:
&lt;timeline&gt;
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  bar:2004 color:green width:1 
   from:0 till:73 width:25 text:73 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
  bar:2014 color:red width:1 
   from:0 till:69 width:25 text:69 textcolor:black  fontsize:8px
&lt;/timeline&gt;

===الجواج و لولادة===
ف 2014, نسبة د الجواج ف ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ واصلة ل 20.5%, و لموعدّال د لعمر عند الجواج اللولاني هوّ 31.73 عام (33.75 عند الرجال, 30.77 عند لعيالات). لخصوبة عند لعيالات{{refn|group=ن|موعدّال ديال عدد لمولودين لحيين ل كلا مرا يلا كانو الشروط ديال لخصوبة د 12 شهر قبل لإحصاء متوفرين ف خلال حياتها لإنجابية كاملة}} واصلة ل 3.93, و لخصوبة لكاملة{{refn|group=ن|موعدّال ديال عدد لمولودين لحيين ديال لعيالات لي عمرهوم مابين 45 و 49, يعني سالات لحياة لإنجابية ديالهوم}} ل 4.3.

===التسكويل===
ف 2014, نسبة د ال[[تسكويل]]{{refn|group=ن|من بين الدراري و الدريات لي ف عمرهوم مابين 6 و 11 عام ف موسم 2013/2014}} واصلة ل 95.74%, و نسبة د لأمية{{refn|group=ن|من بين السكان لي ف عمرهوم 10 سنين ل لفوق}} واصلة ل 42.54%.

===لخدمة===
ف 2014. نسبة د الناس النشيطين{{refn|group=ن|النشيطين هوما الناس لي مستاعدّين يخدمو, سوا كانو خدّامين ؤلا باقين كيقلّبو على خدمة}} ف دوار ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵏⵏ واصلة ل 12.83%, و نسبة د ال[[شوماج]]{{refn|group=ن|الناس لي ف الشوماج هوما لي ف عمرهوم 15 عام ل لفوق, لي ماخدّامينش و مستاعدّين يخدمو سوا كانو كيقلّبو على خدمة ؤلا لا}} واصلة ل 16.67%.

==نوطات==
{{عيون|group=ن}}

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==

[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}


'''ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⴱ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1912, ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ(ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ) ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1923 ⴷ 
ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ 1952ⴷ 1954.

ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ 9 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1956 ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ 1975 ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=الجريدة الرسمية |url=https://www.sgg.gov.ma/arabe/BulletinOfficiel.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605083059/https://www.sgg.gov.ma/arabe/BulletinOfficiel.aspx |archive-date=2025-06-05 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.sgg.gov.ma |language=fr-CH}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
===ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢ===
ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1912 ⵉⵜⵃⵉ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍ ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼⵜ,  ⵖⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵡⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ 2 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1912 ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⴼⵉⵖ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ 1 ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵔ 1913, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⴼⵉⴹ.

==ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ==
ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⴽⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ.
ⴳ 23 ⴷⵓ ⵍⵇⵉⵄⴷⴰ 1417 ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ 2 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1997 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵜⵙⵓⴼⵖⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ. ⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ.
ⴳ 21 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012 ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ (1912 - 2012), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=الجريدة الرسمية .. تجربة مغربية رائدة في إيصال المعلومة القانونية |url=http://www.menara.ma/ar/2012/11/21/371543-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812051815/http://www.menara.ma/ar/2012/11/21/371543-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.html |archive-date=2013-08-12 |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=Menara.ma |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ.&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵣⵔⴼ}}
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    <title>ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ</title>
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{{Infobox|abovestyle=background-color: lightgrey;|headerstyle=background-color: lightgrey;|subheaderstyle1=background-color: lightgrey;
|above=&lt;big&gt;'''ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ'''&lt;/big&gt; 
|subheader1=([[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: مكناس)
|subheader2= 
|image1=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Place el-Hedim (cropped for panorama) DSCF5775.jpg|250px|center]]
|image2=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Entrada a Meknes, Marruecos. - panoramio.jpg|250px|center]]
|image3=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Meknes sahrij IMG 1483.jpg|250px|center]]
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|label2=ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ
|data2=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|18px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
|label3=ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
|data3=[[ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]
|label4=ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ
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|label5=ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵓⵜ
|data5=[[ⵊⴰⵡⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵃⴰⵊⵊⵉ]]
|label7=ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢ
|data7=50000&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121914/https://www.hcp.ma/Base-de-donnees-Inventaire-Communal-rural_a2218.html ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]&lt;/ref&gt;
|header10=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ
|label12=ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ
|data12=548,421 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ &lt;small&gt;(2024)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[Résultats RGPH 2024] | https://resultats2024.rgphapps.ma&lt;/ref&gt;
|label13=ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ
|data13=1 799 ⵎⵣⴷⵖ./ⴽⵎ²
|header30=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
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|label33=ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ
|data33=370 ⴽⵎ²
|label34=ⴰⵡⵉⴱ
|data34=[http://www.meknes.ma/ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ.ⵎⴰ]
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'''ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Meknès, ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: مكناس) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ|ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ]] (1672–1727), ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ|ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ]] . ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ 548,421 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Résultats RGPH 2024 |url=https://resultats2024.rgphapps.ma/superset/dashboard/0fbd169b-19e1-4338-a344-e58bb9a02a4d/?permalink_key=pmo6qLqylzY&amp;standalone=true |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=resultats2024.rgphapps.ma}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]].

==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ==
ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ]] (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]] : مكناسة) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/793/ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
[[File:Meknes 51DSC 0283 (42688397652).jpg|thumb|ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ)|left]]
===ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ)===
[[ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ]], ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵎⴰⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵊⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]] (25 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ]] – 23 ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ. ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ  ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: مكناسة الزيتون) ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵔⵜ&quot;, ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. [[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ.

ⵜⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵓⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷⵏ]], ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴳⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art &amp; Architecture [https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&amp;dq=grove+encyclopedia+meknes+miknasa&amp;pg=RA1-PA475 ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ, ⴰⵅⴰⵍⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵚⵉⵔ]] (ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴳⵔ 1199–1213) ⵉⵍⵙⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵄⵎ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⵉⵖ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏⵏ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1244.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan Max |title=The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱ|ⴱⵓ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵢⵄⵇⵓⴱ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1276 – ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵊⵊⴷⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ (ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵔ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴰⵡⴷⴰ]]) ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1276.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Elkassimi |title=La mosquée Lalla Aouda (Les Alaouites) |url=https://habous.gov.ma/fr/atlas-des-mosquees/1183-la-mosqu%25C3%25A9e-lalla-aouda-les-alaouites.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213154842/https://habous.gov.ma/fr/atlas-des-mosquees/1183-la-mosqu%25C3%25A9e-lalla-aouda-les-alaouites.html |archive-date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-10-26 |language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵚⴽⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵄⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ]] (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1336) ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵛⵛⵓⵀⵓⴷ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵉⵃⵙⴰⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙⵏ]], ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴷⵊ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ [[ⵉⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ|ⵉⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉⵢⵏ]] (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ) ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]] ⴰⴷⵊⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

===ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ)===
[[File:Mausoleum of moulay ismail DSCF5915.jpg|thumb|ⴰⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ|ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ]]|left]]
ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵓⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⴼ (ⵉⵏⴱⴹ 1666–1672), ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ|ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ]] ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ.

ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1672, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ, ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ - ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ - ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ (ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴰⵃⵔⵉⵣ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ) ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ]] ⵉⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⵔⵉ, ⵄⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⵄⵓⵍⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ (ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ) ⴷ ⴰⴳⵯⵏ ⴷⵉⵜⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. 

ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵀⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 55 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1672. ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ; ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, [[ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ]] (ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ),  ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ &quot;ⵉⴳⵉⵍ&quot; ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⴷⵓⵍ. ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵅⵍⵚⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵃⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵡⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ  ⴳⵔ 25,000 ⴷ 55,000.

ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ [[ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ]] ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ [[ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ]] ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ, ⵓⵔⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ - ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ - ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵔⵔⵉⵢⴰⴹ ⵍⵄⴰⵏⴱⴰⵔⵉ. ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵜ ⵔⵔⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ.

ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ . ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵖⵜ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ]]. ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴻⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⵉ (ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ) ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏ  ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴷⵔⴰⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⵎⵉ. ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⴹⵉ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ), ⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏⴰ. [[ⵅⵏⴰⵜⴰ ⴱⵏⵜ ⴱⴽⴽⴰⵔ,]] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵜ) ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1728 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ), ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1709.
[[File:TROTTER(1881) p315 GATEWAY IN MEQUINEZ.jpg|thumb|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]] (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵔ ⴳ 1881)|right]]
ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴳⵔ 1721 ⴷ 1725, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵀⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵔ. ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ, ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1732 ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ]]. ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, [[ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵀⴱⵉ ⵓ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ (ⴳ 1727–1728 ⴷ 1728–1729) ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1729.

===ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ)===
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ, ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⵀⵏⵓⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ. ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵔⴷⵍ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ|ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ]] ⵏ 1755.&lt;ref&gt;Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵖⵏ. ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ]], ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳⵔ 1757 ⴷ 1790, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵔⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ]]. ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵡⵄⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ,  ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓⵄⵉⵙⴰ]] (ⵖⴰⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ) ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ [[ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔⴰ]]ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ]] ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵊⵢⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵔ]] ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ.

===ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ (ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ)===
[[File:Meknes 49DSC 0239 (40754287960).jpg|thumb|ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ)|left]]
[[File:Meknes CityHall.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳⵔ 1934 ⴷ 1950 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ 1933 ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳ ⴳⴰⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳⵓⴱⵉⵍ.|right]]
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵉ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ 1912, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵛⵜⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ (ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ) ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵣⴰⵣⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ 25,000 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 140,000 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ; ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1922. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.

==ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ==
ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴷⵍ]] ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]]  ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵥⵕⵓ|ⴰⵣⵕⵓ]]; ⴷ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ: [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ|ⵔⵔⵉⴼ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ]]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵡⵓⵊⴷⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ.

==ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ==
ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ . ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵟⵇⵇⵉⵣ (ⴰⵎ ⴱⵉⵊⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ) ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]. ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ]] ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ]] ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]]–[[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵛⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]]. ⵜⴰⴷⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵍⵜ  ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ 10–14 '''°C''' . ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ 15.5 '''°C''' ⴳ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]]–[[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ|ⵉⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]], ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵖⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹⵏ 5 °C. ⵅⴰⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ .

==ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|
* ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵍ
* ⵍⴱⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵏ
* ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ
* ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ
* ⴽⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵄⵉⴷⵢⵢⴰ
* ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ (ⵍⴰⵏⵡⴰⵔ)
* ⴱⵔⵔⵉⵎⴰ
* ⴱⵏⵉ-ⵎⵃⵎⵎⴷ
* ⴱⵔⵊ ⵎⵛⵇⵓⵇ
* ⴱⵔⵊ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ
* ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰ

|
* ⴷⵢⵓⵕ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ
* ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ
* ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⵍⵇⴷⵉⵎ
* ⵍⵎⴰⵏⴰⵕ
* ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ (1, 2, 3 et 4)
* ⵏⵏⴰⵚⵔ
* ⵃⵎⵔⵉⵢⵢⴰ
* ⵃⴰⵢ ⵙⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ
* ⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏⴷⴰ
* ⵃⵢⵢ ⵍⴼⵅⵅⴰⵔⵉⵏ

|
* ⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵀⴰⴷⵔⵉⵙ
* ⵎⵔⵊⴰⵏ
* ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ
* ⵏⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ
* ⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏ
* ⵍⵎⵏⵣⵣⵀ (ⴱⵍⵉⵣⵓⵏⵙ)
* ⵕⵕⵉⵢⴰⴷ
* ⵕⵕⵡⵄⴰ
* ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵣⵉⵏ
* ⵙⴱⴰⵜⴰ
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵎⵔ

|
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵣⴽⵔⵉ
* ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ
* ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ
* ⵜⵓⵍⴰⵍ
* ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ
* ⵓⵊⵀ ⵕⵕⵓⵙ
* ⵣⵣⵔⵀⵓⵏⵢⵢⴰ
* ⵣⵣⵀⵡⴰ
* ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏ
|}

==ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ==
[[File:Meknes-medina-aerial-view.jpg|thumb|300x300px|ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ|right]]
ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ. ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ.

===ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍ-ⵀⴷⵉⵎ===
ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ]] ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ (ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⴰⵔ - ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ - ⵉⴳⴰⵏ &quot;ⵉⴳⵉⵍ&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴱⵢⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ|ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵡⴰⵏ]].
[[File:Place el-hedim DSCF6041.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ|right]]
===ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ===

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]:''' ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 3,500 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵄⵏⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]:''' ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1335-1336 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵄⵏⵉⵅ ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ). ⵜⵓⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ]]:''' ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵄⴰⵡⴷⴰ]]:''' ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴳⵔ 1672 ⴷ 1678. ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ  ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⴰ ⵄⵡⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]]:''' ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ([[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]]) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ 1709 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, [[ⵅⵏⴰⵜⴰ ⴱⵏⵜ ⴱⴽⴽⴰⵔ]]. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2010 ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵎⵜⵜ 41 ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵖ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⵄⴰ]]:''' ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ⴳⵔ 1757 ⴷ 1790. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵜⵓⵏⴰ]]:''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ 1687.

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓⵄⵉⵙⴰ]]:''' ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵍⴽⴰⵎⵍ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵏⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵢⴰ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ. [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓⵄⵉⵙⴰ]], ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵚⵓⴼⵉⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

* '''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ]]:''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ [[ⴽⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ 1850.
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File:Meknes Grand Mosque courtyard.jpg|[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]
File:Bou Inania Medersa.jpg|[[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵄⵏⴰⵏⵉⵢⵜ]]
File:Mosque in the old city of Meknes - panoramio.jpg|[[ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵊⵊⴰⵔⵉⵏ]]
File:Lalla aouda minaret IMG 1327.jpg|ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵎⵄⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⵓⴷⴰ]]
File:Bab berdain mosque DSCF4966.jpg|ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]]
File:Meknes sidi ben aissa IMG 1380.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵖⵎⵔⵜ (ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ) ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵓⵄⵉⵙⴰ]]
File:Zawiya sidi qaddur al-alami DSCF3826.jpg|ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵔⵜ (ⵣⵣⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ) ⵏ [[ⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ]]  
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===ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ===

* [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ]]: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯⴳⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ), ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵍⵀⴷⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ. ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ 1732 ⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵔ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴷⵔⵊ ⵓ ⴽⵜⴰⴼ&quot;, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵎⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ  ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ.

* [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵏⵏⵓⵡⵡⴰⵔ]]: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵔ; ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵓⵡⵡⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ.

* [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔⴰ]]: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴰⴱⵉⵔⴰ]], ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 1679–1680.

* [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ]]: ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 1687 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵣⵍⵍⵉⵊ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ.

* [[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]]: ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ ⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ.

* [[ⴱⵔⵊ ⴱⵍⵍⴽⴰⵔⵉ]]: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵊ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2003 ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ]] ⵏ ⵓⴼⵅⵅⴰⵔ.
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File:Bab Mansour Gate.jpg|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ|&lt;nowiki/&gt;]][[Bab Mansur al-'Alj|ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵍⵄⵍⵊ]]
File:Bab jemaa nouar DSCF5778.jpg|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵏⵏⵓⵡⵡⴰⵔ]]
File:Dar kebira meknes DSCF5945.jpg|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔⴰ]]
File:Bab el Khemis, Meknes, Marokko.JPG|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ|&lt;nowiki/&gt;]][[Bab el-Khemis (Meknes)|ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵅⵎⵉⵙ]]
File:Bab berdain DSCF4991.jpg|[[ⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⴱⵔⴷⵄⵉⵏ]]
File:Borj belkari.jpg|[[ⴱⵔⵊ ⴱⵍⵍⴽⴰⵔⵉ|&lt;nowiki/&gt;]][[Borj Belkari|ⴱⵔⵊ ⴱⵍⵍⴽⴰⵔⵉ]]  
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===ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ===
[[File:Kasbah of Moulay Ismail with labels.png|357x357px|thumb|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|right]]
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ]]&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 55 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ 1672 ⴰⵔ 1727 (ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ). ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵣⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵙⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ , ⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜⵏ , ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵓⵔⵢⴰⵙ (ⴰⵔⵔⵢⴰⴽ (ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎ) ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍⵜ), ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

* '''ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⵓⵡⴷⴰ :''' 
* '''ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔⴰ :'''
* '''ⴰⴷⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ :''' 
* '''[[ⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵍⵅⴰⵢⵢⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵔⴰ|ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵔⴰ]] :''' 
* '''ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ :''' 
* '''[[ⵀⵔⵉ ⵚⵚⵡⴰⵏⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⵀⵔⵉⵊ ⵚⵚⵡⴰⵏⵉ]] :'''
* '''ⵀⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ :'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Place lalla aouda DSCF5044.jpg|[[ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⵓⵡⴷⴰ]]
File:Dar kebira meknes DSCF5956.jpg|ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔⴰ
File:Mausoleum of moulay ismail DSCF5826.jpg|[[ⴰⴷⵏⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵓⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ]]
File:Qubba khayyatin IMG 1342.jpg|ⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵍⵅⴰⵢⵢⴰⵟⵉⵏ
File:QaraPrison3.jpg|&quot;ⴰⴱⵏⵉⵇ&quot; ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵔⴰ|ⵇⴰⵔⴰ]]
File:Royal Palace, Meknes.jpg|ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ]]
File:Meknes sahrij IMG 1483.jpg|[[ⵚⵀⵔⵉⵊ ⵚⵚⵡⴰⵏⵉ]]
File:Meknes 6 (39069702785).jpg|ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵔⵉ ⵚⵡⴰⵏⵉ
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⵢⵏ===

* '''[[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⵍⵉⴷⴰⵏⵓ]] :''' ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13, ⵜⵄⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴱⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵉⴷⴰⵏⵓ ⴳ 1646.
* '''ⵉⵜⵣ ⵃⴰⵢⵉⵎ :''' 

===ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ===

* [[ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵎⵄⵉ|'''ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⵎⵄⵉ''']] : ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ...

* '''ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ''' : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⵚⵓⵕ
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Meknes 51DSC 0431 (42778709031).jpg|ⴰⴳⵊⵊⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
File:Meknes DSC03660 Morocco (15276103936).jpg|ⵜⴰⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵊⴰⵎⵄⵉ
&lt;/gallery&gt;
===ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ===
ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ  ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 30 ⵎⵉⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵉⵙⵙ ⵣⵣⵕⵀⵓⵏ.
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Volubilis Longshot II.jpg|ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ
File:Moulay Idriss Zerhoun, Morocco - panoramio (1).jpg|ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵣⵣⵔⵀⵓⵏ
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ==
==ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ==
==ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ==
==ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ |ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>178080</id>
      <parentid>140763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:57:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="9406" sha1="64q7gv4vz9qt4hiy64mtusrjxpyx5bb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox|abovestyle=background-color: lightgrey;|headerstyle=background-color: lightgrey;|subheaderstyle1=background-color: lightgrey;
|above=&lt;big&gt;'''ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ'''&lt;/big&gt; 
|image1=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ-2015-ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ.png|300x300px|center]]
|subheader2= 
|header1=ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ
|label2=ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ
|data2=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|18px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]
|label3=ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ
|data3=[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]
|label4=ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
|data4=[[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵔⵔⵉⵛ]] &lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 2-09-320 [http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/bulletin/Fr/2009/BO_5744_Fr.pdf ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰ] [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgg.gov.ma%2FBO%2Fbulletin%2FFr%2F2009%2FBO_5744_Fr.pdf ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]&lt;/ref&gt;
|label5=ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ
|data5= [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]]
|label7=ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ
|data7=ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴼⴰⴹⵍ
|header10=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ
|label12=ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ
|data12=289 337 &lt;small&gt;(2014)&lt;/small&gt;
|label14= ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ
|data14= ?? ⵎⵣⴷⵖ./ⴽⵎ²
|header30=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
|label32=ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ
|data32={{ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ|32|24|36|N|4|26|24|W}}
|label33=ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ
|data33=13 121 ⴽⵎ²
}}
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] : Province de Midelt) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴳ 2009 ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ|ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵕⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ]]. [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]] ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

==ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ==
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 13 121 ⴽⵎ² &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ads.ma/adsmeknes/contenu/la-coordination/la-region.html ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ] ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ - ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ (2011) [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ads.ma%2Fadsmeknes%2Fcontenu%2Fla-coordination%2Fla-region.html ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]&lt;/ref&gt;:

* ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ|ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵏ]] (ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]).
* ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ]] (ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]]).
* ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉⵔ]] (ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]]).
* ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ|ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] (ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111111174444/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/PDF/Regionalisation-2011.pdf ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ 2011] ⵙⴳ lematin.ma [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20210926140907/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/PDF/Regionalisation-2011.pdf ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ 20% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 416 871,48 ⴽⵜⴰⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maghress.com/fr/mapfr/6504 ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010] [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maghress.com%2Ffr%2Fmapfr%2F6504 ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ] ⴳ 18-10-2011&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⴳ 2009, ⵙ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ [[ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ|ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ]]&lt;ref&gt;ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ [https://web.archive.org/web/20150501072416/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2004]  ⴷⴰ ⵙⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120724000000/http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵛⵉⵍ ⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵖⵔⵏ.

==ⵜⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ==
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵢⵕⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵣⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ 2009, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ 2013&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 2-13-126 [https://web.archive.org/web/20171026083250/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/FR/2013/BO_6148_Fr.pdf ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰ] [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20211026185151/http://www.sgg.gov.ma/BO/FR/2013/BO_6148_Fr.pdf ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ 29 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ, [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴷ [[ⵔⵔⵉⵛ]].

27 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ 9 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵉⵜⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ 4 ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵢⵔⵉⵏ :

* ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏ [[ⵔⵔⵉⵛ ]]:  

# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⴳ : [[ⴳⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ]], [[ⵏⵏⵣⴰⵍⴰ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⵏⵏⵣⴰⵍⴰ]], [[ⵎⵥⵉⵥⵍ]], [[ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⴷ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⴷ]] ⴷ [[ⵣⴰⵡⵉⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵣⴰ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰ : [[ⴳⵉⵔ (ⵎⵉⵍⴷⵜ)|ⴳⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰ]].

* ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵛⵉⵍ ]]:

# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴳⵔ : [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵃⵢⴰ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵃⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⴳⴳⵔ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵛⵉⵍ : [[ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴱⵓⵡⵥⵎⵓ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ : [[ⵓⵜⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ]].

* ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ]]:

# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ : [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⴳ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⴳ]], [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ]], [[ⵎⵉⴱⵍⴰⴷⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵕⵚⵉⴷ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵣⵔ : [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵏ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵜⵣⵔ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵣⴰⵢⴷⴰ : [[ⵣⴰⵢⴷⴰ]].

* ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ ]]: 

# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ : [[ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⴷⵉ]], [[ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵖⴰⵛⵓ]], [[ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴼⵉⵜ : [[ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵃⵢⴰ ⵓⵢⵓⵙⴼ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵃⵢⴰ ⵓⵢⵓⵙⴼ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵏⴼⵉⵜ]].
# ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵎ : [[ⴰⵏⵎⵥⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵎ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉⵎ]].

ⵜⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ : [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]], [[ⵔⵔⵉⵛ]], [[ⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⴰ]], [[ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴱⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ]], [[ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ]], [[ⵣⴰⵢⴷⴰ]], [[ⵉⵜⵣⵔ]], [[ⵜⵓⵏⴼⵉⵜ]]

==ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ}}</text>
      <sha1>64q7gv4vz9qt4hiy64mtusrjxpyx5bb</sha1>
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{{databox}}
'''ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ''' (ⵙ {{Langx|ro|România|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]}}) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ {{ill|ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ|en|Eastern Europe}} ⴷ {{ill|ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ|en|Southeast Europe}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2007-06-12 |title=Europe :: Romania - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |website=cia.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⵜ|lt=ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏⵜ|en|Balkan Peninsula}}, ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ {{ill|ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|lt=ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|en|Danube}}. ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ {{ill|ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ|en|Carpathian Mountains}} ⵉ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⵖⴼ {{ill|ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ|lt=ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ|en|Black Sea}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Official Raport |url=http://www.nato.int/invitees2004/romania/glance.htm |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⵓⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ|ⵚⵉⵔⴱⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⴱⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ {{ill|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ|lt=ⴰⵣⴳⵏ-ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏ|en|Semi-presidential republic}} {{ill|ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|lt=ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|en|Unitary state}}. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ]] ⴳ 1859. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ {{ill|ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 1878|lt=ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ 1878|en|Treaty of Berlin (1878)}}. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ]]. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵣⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ|ⵡⴰⵍⴼⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ]] ⴳ 1989. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵟ, ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ]] ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⵙ 19 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ) ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ (ⵙ {{Langx|ro|București|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]}}) ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 1.6 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ [[ⵏⴰⵜⵓ|ⵏⴰⵟⵓ]] ⴷⴳ 29 ⵎⴰⵔⵙ, 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-03-29 |title=Romanian officials mark 20 years of NATO membership |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |website=Romania Insider |language=en |access-date=2025-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250602232917/https://www.romania-insider.com/romania-20-years-nato-membership-march-2024 |archive-date=2025-06-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ==
ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ''Român'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ''Romanus'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ &quot;[[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ|title=Decadence, Rome and Romania, the Emperors Who Weren't, and Other Reflections on Roman History|journal=The Proceedings of the Friesian School|author=Kelley L. Ross|year=2003|quote=Note: The Vlach Connection|url=http://www.friesian.com/decdenc2.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ|journal=Speculum (A Journal of Mediaeval Studies)|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|first=Robert Lee|last=Wolff|volume=23|issue=1|date=January 1948|pages=1–34|doi=10.2307/2853672|jstor=2853672|s2cid=162802725|issn=0038-7134}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ==

=== ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ===
ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ, 42,000 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation|last=Trinkaus|first=E.|title=Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase|url=http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=45|issue=3|pages=245–253|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185013/http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003|pmid=14580595|archive-date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2025-10-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Trinkaus|first=E.|title=Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase|url=http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|volume=45|issue=3|pages=245–253|year=2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925185013/http://www.geo.edu.ro/sgr/mod/downloads/PDF/Trinkaus-JHE-2003-45-245.pdf|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.003|pmid=14580595|archive-date=2007-09-25|accessdate=2025-10-01|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5300 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴼⵍ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⴰ|lt=ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⴰ|en|Vinča_culture}} ⴽⵔⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴹⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; {{ill|ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ|en=Dacians}}, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏ {{ill|ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ|lt=ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴽⴰⵏ|en|Thracians}}, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Herodotus|title=The Ancient History of Herodotus by Herodotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfHsgNIZum0C&amp;dq=herodotus+dacians+darius&amp;pg=PA215|pages=213–217|year=1859|publisher=Derby &amp; Jackson|author-link=Herodotus|translator=William Beloe|via=digitized Google Book Search}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ 101 ⴷ 106 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ {{ill|ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ|en|Dacia}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation|title=Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions|url=http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#s-inx|publisher=De Imperatoribus Romanis, An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725082930/http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#s-inx|access-date=2025-10-01|archive-date=2018-07-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵍⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴷⴰⵔ 271 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ {{ill|ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ|en|Goths}} ⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Dacia-Province of the Roman Empire |url=http://www.unrv.com/provinces/dacia.php |publisher=United Nations of Roma Victor |quote=&quot;and were found in great quantities in the [[Western Carpathians]]. After [[Trajan]]'s conquest he brought back to Rome over 165 tons of gold and 330 tons of silver&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵏ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |title=Colloquial Romanian |date=1995 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ {{Ill|ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ|lt=ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ|en|Empire}} [[ⴰⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ|ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Matley |first=Ian |title=Romania; a Profile |date=1970 |publisher=Praeger |pages=85}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 14, ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|lt=ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|en|Principality}} ⵏ [[ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Giurescu |first=Constantin C. |title=The Making of the Romanian People and Language |date=1972 |publisher=Meridiane Publishing House |location=Bucharest |pages=43, 98-101,141}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ [[ⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ|ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏ]]. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ {{Ill|ⵙⵜⵉⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ|en|Stephen The Great}} (1457-1504) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Eutropius |url=http://www.ccel.org/p/pearse/morefathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm |title=Eutropius, Abridgment of Roman History |author2=Justin, Cornelius Nepos |date=1886 |publisher=George Bell and Sons |location=London |authorlink=Eutropius}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ|ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ]], ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⴼ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵛ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴷ 19.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Watkins |first=Thayer |title=The Economic History of the Western Roman Empire |url=http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917041355/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/barbarians.htm |archive-date=2008-09-17 |quote=The Emperor [[Aurelian]] recognized the realities of the military situation in Dacia and around 271 A.D. withdrew Roman troops from Dacia leaving it to the Goths. The Danube once again became the northern frontier of the Roman Empire in eastern Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ===
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵙⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⵓ-ⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last1=Kocsis|first1=Karoly|title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&amp;dq=hungarian+census+transylvania+1910&amp;pg=PA116|page=102|year=2001|publisher=Simon Publications|isbn=193131375X|last2=Kocsis-Hodosi|first2=Eszter}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ 1848 ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Bobango|first=Gerald J|title=The emergence of the Romanian national State|year=1979|location=New York|publisher=Boulder|isbn=9780914710516}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1859, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ {{Ill|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|lt=ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵉⵏ|en|Principality}} ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵣⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|ru}} {{Citation|title=San Stefano Preliminary Treaty|url=http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/FOREIGN/stefano.htm|year=1878}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵓ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ-ⴰⵜⵓⵔⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ 1879.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Modern History Sourcebook: The Treaty of Berlin, 1878 - Excerpts on the Balkans|date=July 13, 1878|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608120300/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878berlin.html|place=Berlin|archive-date=June 8, 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1881, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵕⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Patterson|first=Michelle|title=The Road to Romanian Independence|date=August 1996|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098|journal=Canadian Journal of History|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080324063246/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_199608/ai_n8755098|doi=10.3138/cjh.31.2.329|archive-date=2008-03-24|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20: ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ===
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ 1916 ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Text of the Treaty of Trianon |url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon |publisher=World War I Document Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ 1918, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴱⵓⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴳ &quot;ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |author=Bernard Anthony Cook |title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Taylor&amp;Francis |year=2001 |isbn=0815340575 |page=162}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1930, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⵉⵜ, ⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵜⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;levandehistoria.se&quot;&gt;http://www.levandehistoria.se/book/export/html/2661&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ 1944, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⴰⵏⵜⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1944. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ; ⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ⴰⴱⵓⴳⵔⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵣⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵙⵙⴰ).&lt;ref name=&quot;levandehistoria.se&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;romania.bloggsida.se&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Allt om Rumänien fakta – bättre än Wikipedia |url=http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408080406/http://romania.bloggsida.se/okategoriserade/allt-om-rumanien-fakta-battre-an-wikipedia |archive-date=2012-04-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵣⴳ ⵜⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515163205/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ro.html |archive-date=2020-05-15 |publisher=CIA - The World Factbook}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania - Country Background and Profile |url=http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210194350/http://www.ed-u.com/ro.html |archive-date=2008-12-10|publisher=ed-u.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴽⵢⴰⵡⵛⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ, ⵢⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⵉⵇⵇⵙⵃⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⵇⵎⴰⵄⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Caraza |first=Grigore |title=Aiud însângerat |publisher=Editura Vremea XXI |year=2004 |isbn=9736450503 |volume=Chapter IV |language=Romanian}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵕⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵊⵎⴰⵡ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ [[ⵏⴰⵜⵓ]] ⴳ 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=NATO update: NATO welcomes seven new members |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2004/04-april/e0402a.htm |publisher=NATO}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=EU approves Bulgaria and Romania |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/5380024.stm |publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵜ==
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⵓⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 238,391 km²,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ROMANIA, SERBIA |url=http://www.status-invest.com/en/site/press/investorbg-02-04-2007/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵙⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵔⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵛⵎ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵏⵏⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵉⵍⵜⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ, ⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ]]. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵓⵍⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰ. ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵢⵍⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

===ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ===
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ]] ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ|ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ]]. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 11°C ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ 8°C ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;climate&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania: Climate |url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/34.htm |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷⴼⵍ. ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60 cm.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|ro}}{{citation|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf|title=The 2004 Yearbook|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 38.5°C ⴷⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⵛⵓⴼ ⴳ 1944.&lt;ref name=&quot;temperature2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Climate of Romania |url=http://www.romaniatourism.com/climate.html }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ 44.5°C ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1950.&lt;ref name=&quot;temperature2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery caption=&quot;ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ&quot;&gt;
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:BaleaLac4.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Lipovean.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:07.zori in Valeni.2.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Pietrosu Mare.jpg
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Retezat Mountain - Spring Waterfall 02.JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==ⴰⵎⵓⵏ==
=== ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ:
* ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
* ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ
* ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
* ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ
* ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ
* ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ-ⵉⵍⴼⵓⴱ
* ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ

=== ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|+ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹ
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ
| 16,463,000
| 82%
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵉⵎⴰⵊⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ
| 2,500,000
| 12.45%&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ETHNIC STRUCTURE|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm/ |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011202502/http://countrystudies.us/romania/40.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵉⵊⵉⵟⴰⵏⵏ
| 620,000
| 3%
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵉⵡⴽⵕⴰⵏⵏ
| 300,000
| 1.5%&lt;ref name=&quot;wilson&quot;&gt;&quot;The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'&quot;. By [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) ''Nations Abroad''. Wesview Press, pp. 103-132. {{ISBN|0-8133-3738-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ
| 135,000
| 0.6%&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130100705/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Rumaenien.html|archivedate=2008-11-30|title=Political relations|publisher=Auswärtiges Amt}}Archived&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉⵢⵢⵏ, ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵜⴳ.)
| 50,000
| 0.2%
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
| 20,068,000
| 100%
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
|+ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ (Genre)
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ|ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ]]
| {{Commas|10004180}}
|49.28%
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | [[ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ|ⵜⵉⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵉⵏ]]
| {{Commas|10294390}}
|50.72%
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011
| {{Commas|20298570}}
|100%&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|title=The Pension System in Romania|first=Tudor|last=Moldovan|date=18 February 2006|website=EUROPEAN PAPERS ON THE NEW WELFARE|archive-date=26 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126085148/http://eng.newwelfare.org/2006/02/18/the-pension-system-in-romania/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}


&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Venus, Romania -beach-26July2009.jpg
File:ViewfromVartopskiresortover-VartopPassAndBihorMountains.jpg
File:A3 near Cheile Turului 2.JPG
File:CFR 96 at Gara de Nord, 2006.jpg
File:Sarmale with polenta and sour cream.jpg
File:Hora Unirii.webm
File:Romanian Church, Jerusalem (9198088899).jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ===
[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]].

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵏⵉⴳⴳⵉⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ: [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ]], [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⴱⴰⵍⵇⴰⵏⵏ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Romania - Culture |url=http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231125142/http://www.itcnet.ro/folk_festival/culture.htm |archive-date=2007-12-31 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ {{ill|ⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ|en|Ancient_Greece}}, {{ill|ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ|en|Ancient Rome}} ⴷ {{ill|ⵉⵙⵍⴰⴼⵏ|en|Slavs}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Sicilian Peoples: The Romans |url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art159.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ {{lang|ro|Mămăligă}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ {{lang|ro|[[:en:Polenta|Polenta]]}} ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ [[ⴰⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ|ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⴰⵔ]], ⴷ {{lang|ro|Mici}}, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵚⵉⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sausages}}, d {{lang|ro|{{ill|Sarmale|en}}}} ⴷ {{lang|ro|Chiftele}} ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵛⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴳ {{lang|ro|Țuică}} ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⵓⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Medicover |url=https://www.medicover.ro/despre-sanatate/mamaliga-beneficii-nutrienti-si-moduri-de-consum,1692,n,1948}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Bucataria romaneasca {{!}} EURAXESS |url=https://www.euraxess.gov.ro/ro/romania/informatii-si-asistenta/viata-cotidiana/bucataria-romaneasca |website=www.euraxess.gov.ro |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵔⵟⵟⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Christmas}} ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⴽⴰ{{efn|ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Easter}}, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ {{lang|ro|[[Ie]]}} ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ 
ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⵢⴰ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cum s-a făcut Marea Unire pe 1 Decembrie 1918, ziua unui vis împlinit. Discursurile din Sala Unirii |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/actualitate/1-decembrie-1918-ziua-unui-vis-implinit-cum-s-a-infaptuit-marea-unire.html |website=Știrile ProTV |language=ro}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Ia nationala: istoria iei, ziua iei, tipurile de ie, materiale din care este confectionata, mituri – Blog – IE Nationala |url=https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |language=ro-RO |access-date=2025-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114050101/https://www.ienationala.ro/blog/index.php/2021/06/22/ia-nationala-istoria-iei-ziua-iei-tipurile-de-ie-materiale-din-care-este-confectionata-mituri/ |archive-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ===
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ]], ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ|ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]]. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ 86,7% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 4.7%, ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ 3.7%, [[:en:Pentecostalism|ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵙ 1.5, ⴰⵢⴽⵓⵣⵏ (ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ) ⵙ 1%,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=18 July 2018 |title=Romanian Muslims Cancel Grand Mosque Project |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2018/07/18/romania-muslim-cult-tables-turkish-grand-mosque-project-07-17-2018/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ 0.9%.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=2002 Census Reports - CSO - Central Statistics Office |url=https://www.cso.ie/en/census/2002censusreports/ |website=www.cso.ie |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ===
&lt;gallery caption=&quot;ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ&quot;&gt;
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Cluj Napoca river.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cluj_Napoca_river.jpg|[[:simple:Cluj-Napoca|Cluj-Napoca]]
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:RO IS Iaşi , panoramic view 4.JPG|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_IS_Ia%C5%9Fi_,_panoramic_view_4.JPG|[[:simple:Iaşi|Iaşi]]
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Sibiuphoto.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sibiuphoto.jpg|[[:simple:Sibiu|Sibiu]]
ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:OradeaTownHall.jpg|link=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OradeaTownHall.jpg|[[:simple:Oradea|Oradea]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;[[ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ]] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120922094800/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf Preliminary Data for 2011 census]&quot; (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. 24 August 2012. Archived from [http://www.insse.ro/cms/files%5Cstatistici%5Ccomunicate%5Calte%5C2012%5CRPL_rezultate%20preliminare.pdf the original] (PDF) on 22 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ 300,000. ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵢⴰⵛⵉ]], [[ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰ]], [[ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ]], [[ⴽⵓⵏⵙⵜⴰⵜⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⴽⵔⴰⵢⵓⴼⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200,000: [[ⴳⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉ]], [[ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ]], [[ⴱⵍⵓⵢⵛⵜⵉ]], [[ⴱⵔⴰⵢⵍⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ]]. ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|language=Romanian|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|title=Population in Romania|date=1 July 2007|publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211095441/http://www.insse.ro/cms/rw/resource/populatia%20la%201%20iulie.htm|archivedate=11 February 2008|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ==
ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ]] ⴳ 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ, 2007. ⴳ 2024, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ (PIB) ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 894 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ $47,203.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report |website=IMF |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ|ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]], ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳⵔ 2007 ⴷ 2022, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵙ 44%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=GDP per capita in PPS |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/PRC_PPP_IND__custom_7358921/default/table?lang=en |website=ec.europa.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ===
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 15,7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ 2018.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ 68.7% ⴳ 2020, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last= |first= |date= |title=Cum a afectat pandemia turismul românesc: Sosirile vizitatorilor străini au scăzut în iunie cu 68,7% faţă de iunie 2019 |url=https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/cum-a-afectat-pandemia-turismul-romanesc-sosirile-vizitatorilor-19460871 |work=Ziarul Financiar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵍⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ({{ill|ⵙⵉⴱⵢⵓ|en|Sibiu}}, {{ill|ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ|en|Bucharest}}, {{ill|ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵙⴰ|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|ⴱⵔⴰⵙⵓⴼ|en|Constanța}}, {{ill|ⵢⴰⵛⵉ|en|Iași}}, {{ill|ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵛⵡⴰⵔⴰ|en|Timișoara}}, {{ill|ⴽⵍⵓⵊ-ⵏⴰⴱⵓⴽⴰ|en|Cluj-Napoca}}, {{ill|ⴰⵍⴱⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⴰ|en|Alba Iulia}}, {{ill|ⵓⵔⴰⴷⵢⴰ|en|Oradea}}), ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⴽⵎⵎⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Giușcă |first=Mădălina |date=23 May 2020 |title=Religious tourism and pilgrimage at Prislop Monastery, Romania: motivations, faith and perceptions |url=https://humangeographies.org.ro/articles/141/a_141_9_giusca.pdf |journal=Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=149-167 |doi=10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Ionel |first=Marian |date=2020 |title=Implications of Religious Tourism on the Romanian Tourist Market |url=https://stec.univ-ovidius.ro/html/anale/RO/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Section%203/26.pdf |journal=Ovidius University Annals: Economic Sciences Series |publisher=[[Ovidius University of Constanța]] |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=362-367}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ==
ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ. ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵡⴹ ⴳⵔ 3 ⴷ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴽ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 40 ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴼⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵣⵖ 1989, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
=== ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ===
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Europaworld&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |title=Romania |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=9781857434125 |edition=48 |volume=2 |location=London and New York |pages=3734–3759}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1991 ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europaworld&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ 73 ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ ⵏ 2003 ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ, ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 140 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 346 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europaworld&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europaworld&quot; /&gt;

ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⵏ {{ill|ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ|fr|Comté (domaine)}} ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Europaworld&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |year=2000 |title=Romanian Legal system |url=http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000//legal_system.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125081126/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps35389/2000/legal_system.html |archive-date=2008-01-25 |publisher=CIA Factbook}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵖⴼ 41 ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵜⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴱⴹⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵅⴼ 319 ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ 2,686 ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Administrative Organisation of Romanian Territory, on December 31, 2005 |url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |publisher=Romanian National Institute of Statistics |language=ro |id=Chapter 1.8}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ.

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ (ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ)|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ]] ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ. 90,000 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ 2003: 15,000 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⵣⴳ 75,000 ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ, 45,800 ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, 13,250 ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ, ⵍⵉⵏ 6,800 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴷ 8,800 ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|publisher=Ministry of National Defense of Romania|url=http://www.mapn.ro/briefing/030122/030121conf.htm|title=Press conference|date=2003-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉ ==
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== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵃⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ''', ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1921 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 27 ⴳⵉⵙ, ⴳ ⵛⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵎ, ⵍⵎⵏⵓⴼⵉⵢⴰ, ⵎⵉⵚⵕ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=اشترى نصف جسد ودماغا لإجراء تجارب وقضى 3 سنوات طريح مصحة.. مصطفى محمود “مشرحجي” رحل من الشك إلى اليقين |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2022/12/19/%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%81%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d9%88%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%87%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ  ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⵓⴼⵉⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ  ⵍⵇⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵍⵊⵉⵣⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ , ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ&quot; ⴷ &quot; ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ &quot; ⴷ &quot; ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵍⴽⴽⴰⵄⴱⴰ &quot;. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ . 

== ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵏ ==
ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ  &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵙ &quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgluuJ0rJh0 |title=اللغز الفلكي  {{!}}{{!}} العلم والإيمان مع د. مصطفى محمود |date=2022-02-04 |last=اقرأ {{!}} Iqraa |access-date=2026-01-13 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴳⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=مصطفى محمود أول من قدم الفلسفة التلفزيونية في «العلم والإيمان» |url=https://www.aleqt.com/2012/05/22/article_659289.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.aleqt.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ  ⴰⵔ  ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ  ⵓⵏⵜⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ . 

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵔⵇⴱⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ  ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ&quot; ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵍⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995 . 

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ 31 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ  87 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ . ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵣⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ . 

== ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 89 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ : 

* ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵙ ([[رحلتي من الشك إلى الإيمان]]) 1970.
* [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ]] ([[الروح والجسد]])1973.
* ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ (رأيت الله)1990.
* ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛ ([[حوار مع صديقي الملحد]])1986.
* [[ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵅ ⴷⴷⴰⵊⵊⴰⵍ]] ([[المسيخ الدجال]])1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب مصطفى محمود pdf |url=https://noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719043446/https://noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-pdf |archive-date=2025-07-19 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ==

* ⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵢⵉ, ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹ, ⵓⵀⵓ! ⴰⵜⵉ ⵏⴽⴽⵏⵉ ⵏⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
* ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
* ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ. ⵉⴽⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
* ⵎⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵎ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵢⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵓⴹ. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴽⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ  ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .

== ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ==
ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. &quot;ⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ&quot;: ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956. ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⵥⵀⴰⵕ&quot;. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⴰⵎⵓ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ]]
* [[ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵙ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)|ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵙ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
*ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
&lt;references /&gt;{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>ejugcg5p3o9let9czxt30afyxgkn0h9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:47:21Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="11746" sha1="4uswfx1dzgo333q9n2mptxkmdjojcxn" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ''' (1928 - 2010), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵓ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=محمد أركون |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/10/14/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a3%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1928  ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 1 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵏⵉ ⵢⵏⵏⵉ]] ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵚ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵛⵏⵜ]], ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ .ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵀⵕⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵃⴰⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ,ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵚ]] ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵀⵕⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1954 . ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1969 .

ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1993. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵔⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1986 ⴷ 1987. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ|ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ]]. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ  ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] .

== ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴱⵜ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ([[ⵍⵇⵔⴰⵏ|ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]], ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵎⴰⵄⵜ, ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ,[[ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ]] ) ⵉ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵔⵉ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵙ [[ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ( ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ).

ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ]] [[ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⵏⵉⵜ (ⵏⵡⵔⵣⴰⵖ)|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴼⵉⵜ]] ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵖⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵓⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ.

== ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵡⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ,ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ [[ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ]] ⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ , ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب محمد أركون pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609105642/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-pdf |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# [[ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ]] (الفكر العربي)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب محمد أركون pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609105642/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-pdf |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ: ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] (الاسلام: الأخلاق والسياسة) 1986
# ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ: ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ (الفكر الاسلام: نقد واجتهاد) 1993.
# ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=mominoun |title=التجديد في فكر أركون مظاهره وحدوده |url=https://www.mominoun.com/articles/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-5136 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Mominoun Without Borders |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] (القرآن من التفسير الموروث إلى تحليل الخطاب الديني)
# [[ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]] 1982/1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Fondation Mohammed Arkoun |url=https://www.fondation-arkoun.org/livre_mohammed_arkoun.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701215319/https://www.fondation-arkoun.org/livre_mohammed_arkoun.html |archive-date=2025-07-01 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.fondation-arkoun.org |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ==

* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⴰⵍⵎⵣ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵢⵜ]].
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⴷⵉⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⴷⴰ]] ⵉ [[ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ]].
* [[ⴹⴹⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ]] ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴽⵚⵉⵟⵕ]] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵕⵓⵛⴹ]] ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2010 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 14 ⴳⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 82 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵔ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=وفاة المفكر الجزائري محمد أركون |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2010/9/15/%d9%88%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d9%83%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a3%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%88%d9%86 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

* ⵉⵇⵇⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⴷ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵜⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Mohammed Arkoun Quotes (Author of نحو تاريخ مقارن للأديان التوحيدية) |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/191631.Mohammed_Arkoun#:~:text=Mohammed%20Arkoun%20Quotes&amp;text=%D9%84%D8%A7%20%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%20%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86,%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%20%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%8B%20%D9%85%D8%A7%20%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86.&amp;text=%D8%A5%D9%86%20%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D9%87%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A,%D9%81%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%87%20%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%20%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87. |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.goodreads.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⴰⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ.
* ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵏⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⵔⵉ.
* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⴰⵏ.
* ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷⵏ .

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ]]
* [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
* [[ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ]]
* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

*
*
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{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵛⴰⵡ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: george Bernard Shaw) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1856 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴳ 26 ⴳⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 2 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ.ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉⵜ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Courte biographie de George Bernard Shaw |url=https://www.toupie.org/Biographies/Shaw.htm |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.toupie.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵛⴰⵡ''' ⴳ [[ⴷⵓⴱⵍⵉⵏ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴹ. ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ . ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵛⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵢⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ .

ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵛⴰⵡ  ⵖ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵏⵓⵔⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot; ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵕⴱⴰⵕⴰ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ]]&quot;. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵛⴰⵡ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵍⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏⵜ == 

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ|ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ]]&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ&quot; ⴷ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵛⵍ ⴱⴰⵢⵔⵓⵏ]]&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ&quot;. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ  ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ|ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰⵏ|ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰⵏ]] .

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵖⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵃⵍ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=برنارد شو {{!}} الأدب الإنجليزي الحديث {{!}} مؤسسة هنداوي |url=https://www.hindawi.org/books/84948057/11/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.hindawi.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
• [[ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ]] (widowers houses: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ]]&quot; (Arms and the man: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;) .

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵊⴰⵏ ⵓⴼ ⴰⵕⴽ|ⵊⴰⵏ ⵓⴼ ⴰⵕⴽ&quot;]] (joan of arc: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ  &quot;ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵚⵓⴱⵉⵕⵎⴰⵏ&quot; (man and superman: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;)

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ  &quot;[[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏⵜ]]&quot; (pygmalion: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;) ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ .

• [[ⴽⴰⵏⴹⵉⴹⴰ]] (candida: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot; ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵕⴱⴰⵕⴰ&quot;(major barbara: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).

• ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot; [[ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ]]&quot; (heartbreak house: &lt;small&gt;ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ&lt;/small&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Tous les livres de George Bernard Shaw |url=https://booknode.com/auteur/george-bernard-shaw/livres |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=booknode.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707232730/https://booknode.com/auteur/george-bernard-shaw/livres |archive-date=2025-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
•  ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1925 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵓⴱⵍ]] ,ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉⵜ]] . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ  ⵏⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵅⴰⵚⵚⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ . ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ : ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵍⵡⴰⵃ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ  ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵃⴳⴳⵯⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ .

• ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵓⵚⴽⴰⵕ]]&quot; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1938 , ⵖⵅ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ( ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ ⵏ [[ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⴰⵀⵓⵜ/ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵖⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Tous les livres de George Bernard Shaw |url=https://booknode.com/auteur/george-bernard-shaw/livres |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=booknode.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707232730/https://booknode.com/auteur/george-bernard-shaw/livres |archive-date=2025-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
• ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ,ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ  ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ , ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ  ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ .

• ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵜⵡⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵖ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴹ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ .

• ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵜⵛⵇⵇⴰ/ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵙⵃ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ , ⵀⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵇⵙⵃⵓⵜ  ⴼ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴽ .

• ⴱⴰⴱⴰⴽ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ  ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ , ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.

• ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⵏⵖ ⵉⵖ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵜⵏⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽ ⴰⵎⵏⵖ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵖ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵜⵏⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖ .

• ⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵚⴰⴹⵚⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⴰ ,ⵛⴰⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ .

•  ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼⵖ ⵉ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ/ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ,ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵔⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ.

• ⵉⴽⵯⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜⴼⵜⵜⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ,  ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴹⵕⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⵢⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ   ⵉⵃⵔⴼⵓⵛⵏ , ⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵛⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵓⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵢⵢⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2019-01-01 |title=أقوال واقتباسات برنارد شو |url=https://a5dr.com/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=موسوعة أخضر للكتب |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ (94 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ)ⴳ [[ⵍⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]], ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵃⴼⵓⴼⵓ ⴰⴳⵥⵍⴰⵏ|ⵓⵃⴼⵓⴼⵓ ⴰⴳⵥⵍⴰⵏ]]/ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=الرحمن |first=كتب محمد عبد |date=2020-11-02 |title=جورج برنارد شو.. 70 عاما على رحيل أول من رفض نوبل فى الأدب |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/11/2/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88-70-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B6/5047332 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=اليوم السابع |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:George Bernard Shaw by Jacob Epstein, NPG cast 01.jpg|thumb|272x272px|'''Bronze bust of George Bernard Shaw by Jacob Epstein, London''']]

* [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]]
* [[ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ]]
* [[ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ]]
* [[ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ|ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ]]
* [[ⵊⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵙⴰⵔⵜⵔ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ''' (1938 - 2019), ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉ]]. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ|ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ]] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ. ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;[[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]] - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ &quot; ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎ - ⴰⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ|ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉ - ⴰⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ]] &quot; ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2019/12/23/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%83%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84 &lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)&lt;/small&gt; ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 12/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;   

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1938 ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵊⵢⵢⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ  ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958 , ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵖ 1964, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵚⵟⵕ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1969 ⴷ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ &quot;ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵉⵥⵜ&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵕⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ 1967 -1970 . ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ .ⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]]. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⵔ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ]]. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .

== ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ == 

• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]&quot; (1990 ): ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot; [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] &quot; (1994): ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .

• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⵙ]] &quot;(1996).

• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ &quot; (2000) : ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ .

• ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ - ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://foulabook.com/ar/author/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1 &lt;small&gt;(ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)&lt;/small&gt; ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 12/1/2026.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵉⵢⵏ == 

• ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ/[[ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ]] &quot;ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ  ⴷ ⵄⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015 , ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ .

• ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ &quot; [[ⴰⵡⵔⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵙⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉⵏ]]&quot;  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017 , ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴼⴰⵊⴰ. ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ .&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa6FJaGuDFg |title=برنامج النبأ العظيم مع الدكتور محمد شحرور - القرآن نبوة وقوانين كونية وتاريخية. |date=2017-05-29 |last=روتانا خليجية |access-date=2026-01-12 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=au7aNs6TYtQ |title=لعلهم يعقلون - الحلقة 1 |date=2018-05-17 |last=Abu Dhabi TV قناة أبوظبي |access-date=2026-01-12 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ == 

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019 ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 21 ⴳⵉⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵓ ⴹⴰⴱⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵕⴰⵜ|ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵕⴰⵜ]], ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 81 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵏⵓ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ , ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2019-12-22 |title=وفاة محمد شحرور المعروف بنظرته المغايرة للشريعة.. ومغردون يتفاعلون |url=https://arabic.cnn.com/middle-east/article/2019/12/22/mohammad-shahrour-death-social-reactions |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=CNN Arabic |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ == 

ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nvK8QQuEJVk |title=في تجديد فهم الإسلام مع محمد شحرور في حديث العرب |date=2016-09-16 |last=سكاي نيوز عربية |access-date=2026-01-12 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵥⵀⴰⵕ &quot;ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ  &quot;ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ&quot;. ⴷ ⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ [[ⵙⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵢⴰ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵚⵕ]] ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ  ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⵍ. ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1&amp;rlz=1C1GCEA_enMA1123MA1123&amp;oq=%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF+%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1&amp;gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyCggAEEUYFhgeGDkyCAgBEAAYFhgeMggIAhAAGBYYHjIICAMQABgWGB4yCAgEEAAYFhgeMggIBRAAGBYYHjIICAYQABgWGB4yCAgHEAAYFhgeMggICBAAGBYYHjIICAkQABgWGB7SAQkxMTg0NWowajeoAgCwAgA&amp;sourceid=chrome&amp;ie=UTF-8#fpstate=ive&amp;vld=cid:c4e31447,vid:kGtFpbNFvCE,st:0 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIlhiK83SOE |title=2- برنامج &quot;على الهواء&quot;، قناة أوربت، تقديم: عماد الدين أديب، 5/6/2000 |date=2013-12-13 |last=Mohamed Shahrour |access-date=2026-01-12 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ == 

• ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⴷ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .

• ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ.

• ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ .

• ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵏⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ.

• ⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴽⵚⵓⴹⵎ. ⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵓⴹⵎ. ⴰⵜⵉ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵣⵍⵉⵡ .

• ⵉⵖ ⵏⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⵃⴰⵏⴰⴼⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵔⵎⵙ. ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ , ⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ .

• ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵀⵔⵛ/ⵜⵎⵓⴳⵉ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵓⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ/ⵍⵊⵏⵜ.

• ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ&quot; ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ/ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=اقتباسات محمد شحرور |url=https://www.abjjad.com/author/2584018944/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1/quotes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614021431/https://www.abjjad.com/author/2584018944/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1/quotes |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=Abjjad |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵙⵓⵔⵢⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ]]
* [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ|ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎⵜ]]
* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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    <title>ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ</title>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ''' ⵏⵖ ⴷ '''ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵙⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ''' (16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1889 - 25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1977) ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ  ⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰ]]  , ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ|ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵢⴰ/ [[ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ|ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ]] , ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ/ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ . ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ|ⵍⴰⴼⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⴰⴱⵍⵍⴳⵙⴰⵔ|ⵓⴱⵍⵍⴳⵙⴰⵔ]] (the tramp).  ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ  ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ  ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⵜ/ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 75 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Charlie Chaplin : Biographie |url=https://www.charliechaplin.com/fr/articles/22-biographie |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.charliechaplin.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ|ⵍⵓⴹⵓⵏ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉ|ⵓⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉ]]. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 19 ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵏⵓ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴳ 1914 ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵡⵓ ⴳ &quot;[[ⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵡⴰⵜ ⴽⵉⵙⵜⵓⵏ]]&quot; ⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴰⴱⴳⵍⵍⵙⴰⵔ]]&quot; ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ [[ⵉⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ]], ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ .
== ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ (1919- 1938) ==
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1919, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ &quot;[[ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵜⵉⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵉⵙⵜ]]&quot; ⴷ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴱⵉⴽⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴷ ⴷⵓⴳⵍⴰⵚ ⴼⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏⴽⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ|ⵜⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: 

ⴰⵃⵔⵎⵓⵛ ( 1921 )''':''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ|ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ]]/[[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰ]]  

[[ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ]] (1925 )''':''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵏⴹⴰⵍⵓⵕ ⴰⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴽ (1928)''':'''  ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ &quot; ⵓⵚⴽⴰⵕ &quot;ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵍⵡⴰ [[ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵜ]], ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ''':''' [[ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ]] (1931), ⴷ [[ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ]] (1936).

== ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⵄⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ  ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ==
ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵎⴰ|ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ]] ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ/ⴰⴷⵉⴷⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ&quot; (1940) ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⵖⴼ [[ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵉⵕ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵏⴰⵣⵉⵜ]], ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵜ ⵉ [[ⵜⴰⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⵊⵎⴰⵡⵜ]], ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵓⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ|ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ]] ([[FBI]]). ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1952, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ  &quot;ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ &quot;, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵙⵙⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵜⵓⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2019-05-07 |title=Comment Charlie Chaplin a été expulsé des Etats-Unis {{!}} RTS |url=https://www.rts.ch/info/culture/cinema/10413391-comment-charlie-chaplin-a-ete-expulse-des-etatsunis.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=rts.ch |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ (1977-1953) ==
ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ]] ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ, ⴰⵎ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]] (1972) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵖⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1972 ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ  ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵛ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵡⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵀⵓⵍⵢⵓⴷ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Charlie Chaplin : Overview of His Life |url=http://www.charliechaplin.com/biography/articles/21-Overview-of-His-Life |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Charlie Chaplin: Official Site |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904231849/http://www.charliechaplin.com/biography/articles/21-Overview-of-His-Life |archive-date=2011-09-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ==
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵢⵃⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵃⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ  ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴱⵓⵜ ([[pathos]]). ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ: ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵔ (the tramp) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴽⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵣⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴳⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ([[smile]]) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ]] &quot;.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵅⵛⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ . ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 1977 ⵉⵙⵕⵕⴼ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵍⵅⴼ]] ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 88 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ [[ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⵔ - ⵙⵓⵔ - ⴼⵉⴼⵉ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=تاريخ وفاة شارلي شابلن |url=https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=موضوع |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Chaplin The Kid edit.jpg|thumb|262x262px]]
ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵜⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵙⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵓⵎ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=التحرير |first=فريق |title=شارلي شابلن.. ملك الكوميديا الصامتة وأيقونة البؤس الإنساني |url=https://www.foochia.com/celebrities/qsh2ju9 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=فوشيا |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Ireland-Charlie Chaplin Statue.jpg|thumb|206x206px|ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷ]]
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ]]:
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴳⴰⵏⵜ  (1929): ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ &quot; [[ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴽ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵏ|ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴽ]] &quot;.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴳⴰⵏⵜ (1972): ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ  ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ/ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⵜ.
* ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰⴼ  ( 1973 ) ''':ⵖ'''ⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ  &quot; ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ  ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ &quot;.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ''':''' ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢ &quot; ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ [[ⵉⵍⵉⵥⴰⴱⵉⵜ]] ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1975 . 
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵙⴳ &quot;ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵓⵃⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⵜ&quot; (1972).
* ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ [[ⵀⵓⵍⵢⵓⴷ]] (1972 ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=المازني |first=بلال |title=تشارلي تشابلن.. عبقرية الصعلوك المحفور في ذاكرة الأجيال |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/doc/2019/12/25/%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b1 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Albert Einstein and Charlie Chaplin City Lights premiere 1931.jpg|thumb|218x218px|ⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ|ⵓⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ]]]]
* [[ⴰⵃⵔⵎⵓⵛ]] ([[the kid]]) 1921
* ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ([[A Woman of paris]]) 1923.
* ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ (the gold rush) 1925 .
* ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴽ (the circus) 1928.
* ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ([[city lights]]) 1931.
* ⴰⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ([[the great dictator]]) 1940.
* ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴼⵉⵔⴷⵓ (monsieur verdoux) 1947.
* ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ (limelight) 1952.
* ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ (A king in New York) 1957.
* ⴽⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵀⵓⵏⴳ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ (A countess from hong kong) 1967.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Charlie Chaplin : Filmographie |url=https://www.charliechaplin.com/fr/articles/191-Filmographie?category=filming |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.charliechaplin.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

* ⴽⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵢⵢ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼⵏⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵃⵎⵉⵍⴷ ⴽⵢⵢ.

* ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ.

* ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴹⵉⵕⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵅⵏⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴳⵓⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴹⵉⵕⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-23 |title=اقوال شارلي شابلن |url=https://blog.ajsrp.com/%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%86/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]
* [[ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ]]
* [[ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵉⵔⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⵛⴰⵡ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==

* [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1qin24 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵉ ⵛⴰⴱⵍⵉⵏ]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

#</text>
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    <title>ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>33374</id>
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      <id>178026</id>
      <parentid>175641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-27T23:54:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="4011" sha1="s4ik5z4mdmmghr72ce6a2jldhvl20nw" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{Infobox|abovestyle=background-color: lightgrey;|headerstyle=background-color: lightgrey;|subheaderstyle=background-color: lightgrey;|above=ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ|subheader2=''ملعب الأمير مولاي عبد الله''|image1=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Moulay Abdellah Stadium.jpg|250px|center]]|caption1=ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ.|header1=ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ|label2='''ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ'''|data2=ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ|label3='''ⴰⵏⵙⴰ'''|data3=[[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|12px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]|header20=ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ|label21='''ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ'''|data21=1980|label22='''ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ'''|data22=1983|label23='''ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ'''|data23=2000&lt;/br&gt;2014&lt;/br&gt;2025|header30=ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ|label31='''ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ'''|data31=[[ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&lt;/br&gt;
[[ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ]]|label32='''ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ'''|data32=[[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]]|header40=ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰ|label41='''ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ'''|data41=ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵔⴷⴰⵏⵜ|label42='''ⵜⴰⵥⵥⵉⴷⵕⴰ'''|data42=69 500}}ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ملعب الأمير مولاي عبد الله) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Grand Stade de Prince Moulay Abdellah de Rabat – Sonarges |url=https://sonarges.ma/grand-stade-de-agadir/ |access-date=2025-09-12 |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603034239/https://sonarges.ma/grand-stade-de-agadir/ |archive-date=2025-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉ [[ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]], ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], [[ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵍⴰⴱⴱⵉⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ&lt;ref&gt;[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=134568&amp;&amp;val=%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0&amp;&amp;e=0&amp;&amp;l=0 ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⴰⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ], ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14/09/2025&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ [[ⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ]], ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ 69 500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵉ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ [[ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ|ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⵓⵟⴰ]].

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>s4ik5z4mdmmghr72ce6a2jldhvl20nw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>34058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178042</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="14858" sha1="abbp5vhow198z6gyj8dsqumovv4g0p0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ '''ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⴼⵉⵎⵓⴼⵉⵜⵛ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Распутин Григорий Ефимович {{!}} База данных «Путеводители по российским архивам» |url=https://guides.rusarchives.ru/node/470 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904124356/https://guides.rusarchives.ru/node/470 |archive-date=2025-09-04 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=guides.rusarchives.ru |language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; , ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1869, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⴳⵓ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴼⵉ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ|ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⴼ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵚⴰⵏⴹⵕⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research |url=https://www.ebsco.com/ |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=EBSCO |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵔⵓⵔⵓⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵉⵍⵢⴰ]]. 

ⵜⴰⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ, ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵛⵓⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Rasputin_near_1914.jpg|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1914]]
ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1916 ⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ|ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ]] ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⵕ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1916. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2025-07-28 |title=Grigori Rasputin {{!}} Biography, Facts, &amp; Death {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Grigory-Yefimovich-Rasputin |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴹⴹⵕⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵉⴳⵙ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵓⵛⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵓⴼⴼⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵎⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵖⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴼⴹⴹⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴱⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴼⴼⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴹⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴼⵓⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵏⵏⴰⵖⴱⴰⵕ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1917.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ==
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵖ ⵡⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵓⴽⵓⴼⵚⴽⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Une vie : Grigori Efimovitch Raspoutine |url=https://www.brut.media/fr/videos/une-vie-grigori-efimovitch-raspoutine |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=www.brut.media |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵙⵖ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴷⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⴼⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ, ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵃⵙⵓ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⵚⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵥⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⵎⵕⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

ⵖ 1889, ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵕⴰⵙⴽⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⴼⵉⴷⵓⵔⵓⴼⵏⴰ ⴷⵓⴱⵕⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉⴷⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵏⵙⵜⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ⵢⴰⵥⵓⵎ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵉⵢⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⴰ, ⵉⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ. ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵙⵔ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵊⴳⵓⴳⵓⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰ ⴰⵇⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵕⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙ,  ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ,  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ.   
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Raspoutine_et_ses_enfants.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ: ⵎⴰⵜⵔⵢⵓⵏⴰ, ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜⵔⵉ.]]ⵖ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⵙⵜⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴽⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ, ⵜⵉⵣⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵏⴱⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. 

ⵉⵏⴷⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵎⵎⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1903, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵊⵊⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵙ ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵡⵓ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ [[ⵙⴰⵎⴱⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵉⵜ.

== ⵜⴰⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴼⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵎⴱⵜⵔⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905, ⵡⵉⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⴼⴰⵚⵕ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵍⴰ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ, ⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵎ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴼⴰⵕⴹ.  

ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵚⴰⵏⴹⵕⴰ ⴼⵉⴷⵓⵔⵓⴼⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉ, ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵖ 1904, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⵉⵍⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵖ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰⵍ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⴼⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵙⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵛⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵖⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵥⵥⵓⵥⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵜⵙⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nicholas_II_and_Alexei.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⵉ.  ]]ⵉⵙⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ  ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1905, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵔⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴼⵜⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵔⵓⵔⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵖⵍⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ. ⴷ ⵓⵍⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ, ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵔⴰⵙⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⴰⵢⵏ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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'''ⵅⴰⵣⵄⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷⵉ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ [[ⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ|ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ]], ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⴽⴰⵔⴽⵓⴽ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1951. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ]]. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=خزعل الماجدي - ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو |url=https://elcinema.com/person/1111660 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=elCinema.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ/ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1996. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009.

== ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ==
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1973-1996 ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ  1998 ⴰⵔ 2003 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ. ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1996-1998 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ]] ⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ .

ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2003 ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡ[[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ. ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 2007-2014 ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ [[ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ]], ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵇⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⴽⴰⵍⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵄⵉⵕⴰⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ-ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⵡⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ(ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ) ⴷ (ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ: ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰ ⴳ 2011, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=الحساني |first=أشرف |title=المؤرخ العراقي خزعل الماجدي: تعدد المناهج التاريخية والفكرية يزيد البحث والتحليل ثراء وخصبا |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2021/6/4/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a4%d8%b1%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a-%d8%ae%d8%b2%d8%b9%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%af |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
'''ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ'''
*    (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ  ⵙⵓⵎⵔ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴰⵛⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ 1999.
*    (ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴱⵖⴷⴰⴷ 1995.
*    (ⵜⵓⵎⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵕⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ) 1997.
*    
'''ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵢⴰⵣⵜ'''
*    (ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ  ⵉⵙⵕⴰⴼⵉⵍ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ1984.
*    (ⵅⵉⵣⴰⵢⵉⵍ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ 1989.
*    (ⵛⵓⵖⴰⵜ) ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵣⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰ 2013.
'''ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ'''
*    (ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍ) 1990.
*    (ⵃⴰⴼⵍⴰⵜ ⵍⵎⴰⵙ) 1991.
*    (ⵀⴰⵎⵍⵉⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵎⵍⵉⵜ) 1992.
*    (ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ) 1992.
*    (ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ) 1993.
'''ⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ'''
*    (ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ) ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب خزعل الماجدي pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621161543/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A-pdf |archive-date=2022-06-21 |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴰⵃⵕⵓⵕ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵕⴽⵓⵏ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ]]
* [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ]]
* [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
 
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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    <title>ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⵟⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ</title>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1942, ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ [[ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴳⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1963.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=عبد اللطيف اللعبي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/3/3/%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ  ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛⵏ &quot;ⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴰⵎ / ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ&quot;, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴽⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2011, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ.

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2013, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ) ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: «ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵛⴰⴷ», ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ: «ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ  ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵖ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ, ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴷⵔⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵍ? ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉⵏ?».&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=عبد اللطيف اللعبي |url=https://kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=جائزة كتارا للرواية العربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ&quot; ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵅⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵉⵚⴰⴱⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵍⵉⵃⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⴱⵄⴰ]], ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵟⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ :ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ, 22 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ 8 ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ.

ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵎⵓⵏⵜ (PLS), ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵥⵕⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ 1970 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴼⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ(ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛⵏ) &quot;ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ&quot;.

ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1972, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980, ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵖⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ==
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ).

ⴳ 2015, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵛⵀⴰⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ 10 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ.

ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2018, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ==
ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ|ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1985, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ «[[ⴰⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵖⵓⵖ]]», ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1987 ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ «ⵍⴰⵔⵎⴰⵜⴰⵏ».

== ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

# ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ) &quot;العين والليل&quot;.
# ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ) &quot;عهد البربرية&quot;.
# ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ) &quot;قصة مغربية&quot;.
# ⵜⵊⵓⵊⵊⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ) &quot;أزهرت شجرت الحديد&quot;.
# ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵖⵓⵎⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ) &quot;قصائد تحت الكمامة&quot;.
# ⴰⵎⵅⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ) &quot;مجنون الأمل&quot;.
# ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵚⵉⵟⵉⵏⵉ &quot;أن تكون فلسطنيا&quot;.
# ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ (ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ) &quot;الرقان الثقافي&quot;.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵔⵓ &quot;الشعر لا يهزم&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب عبد اللطيف اللعبي pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517212447/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-pdf |archive-date=2022-05-17 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ==
ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:

# ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵚⵟⵉⵏⵜ
# ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵣⵔⵉⵇⴰ
# [[ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵛ|ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵛ]]
# [[ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴱⵢⵢⴰⵜⵉ]]
# ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵃⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵏⴰ]].

== ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵢⵙⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ==
ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵄⴱⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015 ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵓⵢⵙⵔ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵏⵡⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ. ⴷ ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ,ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵖⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ]]
* [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵖⵍⵍⴰⴱ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ]]
* [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:38:43Z</timestamp>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ''' (ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ|ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]]. ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ [[ⵍⵇⵚⵉⴱⴰ (ⴰⵎⵣⵓ)|ⵍⵇⵚⵉⴱⴰ]], ⵜⵖⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵔⵇⵇⴰⵙⵜ (ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡⵉⵜ), ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵙ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵟⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵕⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=الكاتبة المغربية: ليلى أبو زيد. – Harmonia |url=https://harmonia.ma/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121103605/https://harmonia.ma/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF/ |archive-date=2026-01-21 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=harmonia.ma |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ==
'''ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ:'''

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⵀⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴹⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ.

ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵉ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ.  ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵄⵣⵣⵉ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵃⵎⵉⵍ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ  ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⵔⵜⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵏⵀⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵍⵏⵓⵥⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵙⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

'''ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵡ:'''

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵡ&quot; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005. ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ &quot;ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵡ&quot; ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵍⵉ (ⴰⵀⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ) ⴼⵔⵔⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵍⵡⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵓ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵀⴰ ⵍⵃⴱⴰⵛⵉ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵡⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ.

'''ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ''' ''':'''

ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵅⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 42 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ. ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵅⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⵜⵀⵕⵛ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵍⵏⵜ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ (ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ). ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ . ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ 39.6% ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ 65.7% ⵉ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⴷ 10% ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴼ. ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ; ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ  ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ'''.'''  ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵡ&quot;, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵡⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵛⵉ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ: «ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ. ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵜⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵉⵏⵓ? (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 2)». ⴰⵍⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵉⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵎⵓⵥⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵣ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴰⴱⵓⵣⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 6). ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⴼⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵍⴰⵢⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵄⵉⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵡⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰ: «ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵊⵍⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ? ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ  ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ?».&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=الهاني |first=كريم |date=2025-05-12 |title=ليلى أبو زيد وزينب فهمي: هؤلاء نساء بصمن تاريخ الكتابة الأدبية في المغرب 3/3 - Marayana |url=https://marayana.com/laune/2025/05/12/2190/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
'''ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ:''' 

# ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

'''ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ:'''

#    ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵡ &quot;عام الفيل&quot;.
#    ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ &quot;الفصل الأخير&quot;.
#    ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ &quot;الرجوع للطفولة&quot;.
# ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ &quot;حياة الرسول&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=زيد |first=ليلى أبو |title=جميع كتب ومؤلفات ليلى أبو زيد الكاملة |url=https://www.ktobati.com/author/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=www.ktobati.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ:'''

#    ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵙ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ).
#    ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ: ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ).

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙⵙⵄⴷⴰⵡⵉ]]
* [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ]]
* [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ |ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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    <title>ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ</title>
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      <text bytes="9842" sha1="h0xjvvn18shdda0to7jge2ghlzdzp6t" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}'''ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ''' (1933-2014) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰ|ⵓⵏⴷⵎⴰⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ. ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ/ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ]]&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵚⵉⵀⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=المهدي المنجرة |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/11/15/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a9 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ.

== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ==
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ  ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉⵍ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ , ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ.

== ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ==
ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ , ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ  ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ  ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ &quot;ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ-ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ  ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵉⵔ(ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=المهدي المنجرة (اقتصادي وعالم اجتماع مغربي) |url=https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A) |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=موضوع |language=ar}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⴹⴰⵚ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⴰⴽⵙⵓⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵖⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ  ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⵎⵉⴳⴰ-ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ&quot;, ⴷ ⵢⴰⴳⵯⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ  &quot;ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵊⵉⵊⵊⵓⵜ&quot;. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵉⵖ  ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵚⴰⵎⵡⵉⵍ ⵀⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴱⴱⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ.

== ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ&quot; ==
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽ(ⵢⵓⴷⴷ) ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ,ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵄⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ .

== ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ:

# ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (1973).
# ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1991).
# ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵔⴳⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴳⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵇⴼⵍⵜ (2004).
# ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ (2007).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب المهدي المنجرة pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317064541/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9-pdf |archive-date=2021-03-17 |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ : ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵍⴼ(ⴰⵙⴼⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ .

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ==
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:

#    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (1976).
#    ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ (1986) .
#    ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1990 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 13 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2014 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] .

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵎⵓⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ]]
* [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ|ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ |ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178047</id>
      <parentid>164554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:28:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
      <origin>178047</origin>
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      <text bytes="6582" sha1="0gf02fls9ng1mae21vmt8mz65j8bwzh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
 {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}'''ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=chouaib |date=2025-04-21 |title=أحمد بوزفور يا من لا يعرف القصة! |url=https://www.hespress.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9-1546018.html |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Hespress - هسبريس جريدة إلكترونية مغربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1945 ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴱⵕⴰⵏⵚ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⵉⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1966 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=أحمد بوزفور – lettres du maghreb |url=https://lettresdumaghreb.com/speaker/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709133644/https://lettresdumaghreb.com/speaker/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1/ |archive-date=2025-07-09 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=lettresdumaghreb.com |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: &quot;ⴰⵔ ⴽ ⵙⴰⵇⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ&quot; ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1977 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵄⵉⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵇⵇ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ&quot;. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⵢⵓⴳⵯⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⵣⴼⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎⵜ 7000 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ) ⵙ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

== ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

# ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1987).
# ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵏⴽ, 1990, 208 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ).
# ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵣⵏⵉⴼ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ 1983).
# ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴷⵉⴱⴰⴷ
# ⴰⵎⴷⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, 2000.
# ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ &quot; ⵏⵊⵎⴰ/ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ&quot;, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993.
# ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ
# ⴰⵜⵉ ⵥⵕⵉⵖ ⴽⵯⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵎⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, 2020. ⵜⵓⴱⵇⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ (ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=نور |first=مكتبة |title=تحميل كتب أحمد بوزفور pdf |url=https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118115058/https://www.noor-book.com/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1-pdf |archive-date=2021-11-18 |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=www.noor-book.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>0gf02fls9ng1mae21vmt8mz65j8bwzh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:20:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="9988" sha1="gxd675x5pi7tku80tz42qkyvrs17bx1" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1984) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴳⴳⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵣⵓⵣⵣⵍ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]]-[[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴱⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵍⵜ/ⴽⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳ&quot;  ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵔⵣⴰ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ 106 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,ⴷ 92 ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴰⵢⵜ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⴱⴱⴰⵄⵏ (KO) ⵙⴳ  121 ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ . ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ (2007-2008), ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵢⵎ&quot; (2009-2010), ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉ-ⵡⴰⵏ (2008-2009).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://www.maghress.com/almountakhab/443 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114132730/https://www.maghress.com/almountakhab/443 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.maghress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳ ⴳⵍⵓⵕⵉ&quot;. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ «ⵜⵓⵎ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵏⴳ» ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⴱⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵢⵔⵜⵙ]] ⴷ «ⵎⵉⵍⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⵓⴼ» ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ. ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵖⵎⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «[[ⵎⴰⵢⴽ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏⵢⵉ]]», ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ/ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «[[ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵙ ⵊⵉⵎ]]».

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⵢⵓⵍⵖ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ==
ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ  ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⴱⵏⵄⵍⵉ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ «ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵯⴰⵛ».

ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⴳⵏ/ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ/ⵓⴱⴰⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵊⵊⵉⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵙⵜⵉⵔⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ:

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⴷ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ  ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵔ ⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵅⵉⵏ ⵄⵣⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵙⵜⵉⵔⴷⴰⵎ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵙⵖⴰⵏ  ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵓⴼⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵓⴼⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⴷⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVfH_AJ4W0E |title=بدر هاري يكشف الحقيقة.. نجاح عالمي، حياة تحت الأضواء وعواقب الطلاق! |date=2025-03-09 |last=Hespress |access-date=2026-03-15 |via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ==
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ.ⴷ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵏⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⵓⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⵙⵜ/ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=اعتقال البطل المغربي بدر هاري في أمستردام |url=https://arabic.rt.com/sport/1643104-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250218075232/https://arabic.rt.com/sport/1643104-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85/ |archive-date=2025-02-18 |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=RT Arabic |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ; ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵃ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴹⵕ ⵀⴰⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2018, ⵉⵥⴽⴰ 12 ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵏⵉⵟⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⵍⴳⵔⵔⵓⵊ]]
* [[ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴽⵉⴽ ⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏⴳ |ⴰⵎⵍⴳⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴳⴳⵉⵎⵜ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ</title>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ''' ({{Langx|fr|Ahmed Sefrioui|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]]}}; {{Langx|ar|أحمد الصفريوي|label=[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]}}), ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ {{ill|ⴱⵢⵉⵔ ⵍⵓⵜⵉ|fr|Pierre Loti|lt=ⵍⵓⵜⵉ}} ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Universalis&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Universalis |first=Encyclopædia |title=Biographie d'AHMED SEFRIOUI (1915-2004) |url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/ahmed-sefrioui/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Encyclopædia Universalis |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵖ 1915, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ 2004. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]], ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰⵡⵉ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ]] ⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Le chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}&quot;. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴼⵜⵓⵃ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉ ⵖ 1949, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Mosaïques ternies|links=no|label=none|italic=yes}}&quot; ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵛⵛⴰⵟ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵖ 1930, ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1932.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=أحمد الفتوح للاتحاد الاشتراكي: الصفريوي لم يكن أول كاتب رواية مغربي بالفرنسية .. و النقد مطالب بتصحيح نظرته |url=https://www.maghress.com/alittihad/126752 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=مغرس |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194642/https://www.maghress.com/alittihad/126752 |archive-date=2018-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ 1915 ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]]. ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]] ⵙⵖ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Jay |first=Salim |title=Dictionnaire des écrivains marocains |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays |date=2005 |publisher=EDDIF |isbn=978-9981-09-111-5 |location=Casablanca |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionnairedese0000jays/page/320 320]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵜⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;{{Langx|fr|L'Action du peuple|label=none|italic=yes}}&quot;, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴼⴰⴷⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⴹⴹⵓⵃⴰ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=1994-08-11 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui ouvre sa boîte à merveilles |url=https://www.leconomiste.com/article/ahmed-sefrioui-ouvre-sa-boite-merveilles |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=L'Economiste |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 1938, ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]].

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;{{Langx|fr|Le Chapelet d'ambre|label=none}}&quot; ⵖ 1949, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵖ 2004 ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵔⵏ 89 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵓⵀⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm49952113 |title=Encyclopedia of African literature |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-23019-3 |editor-last=Gikandi |editor-first=Simon |location=London ; New York |pages=677 |oclc=ocm49952113}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=ALM |date=2004-02-26 |title=Ahmed Sefrioui meurt dans l’indifférence |url=https://aujourdhui.ma/societe/ahmed-sefrioui-meurt-dans-lindifference-9841 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Aujourd'hui le Maroc |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ==
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=أحمد الصفريوي {{!}} جائزة كتارا للرواية العربية |url=http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822191558/http://www.kataranovels.com/novelist/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A/ |archive-date=2019-08-22 |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=جائزة  كتارا للرواية العربية |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;Le Chapelet d'ambre&quot;.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ|ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949.
* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴹⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRShni28LWoC |title=Le chapelet d'ambre |date=1949 |publisher=Julliard |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9782020011570 |title=La Boite A Merveilles |date=1954 |publisher=Seuil |isbn=978-2-02-001157-0 |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uypJ0QEACAAJ&amp;hl=shi |title=La maison de servitude |date=1973 |isbn=978-2-02-004834-7 |language=fr}}
* {{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrTDVv4DHNAC&amp;hl=shi |title=Le jardin des sortilèges ou le parfum des légendes |date=1989-01-01 |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |isbn=978-2-296-18526-5 |language=fr}}


== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴼⴰⵙ|ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 2004}}</text>
      <sha1>6k8dkefyvx8go3nnv76ydp8if4opprj</sha1>
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: موحى الناجي) ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]] ⵖ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]], [[ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ]], [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma|title=Moha Ennaji|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=27 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⴰⵍⵢⵜ.

ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵖⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵊⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ]] ⵖ [[ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⵖ 1 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Moha Ennaji's website - Redirigé; par www.on.ma |url=http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930185051if_/http://www.mohaennaji.on.ma:80/ |archive-date=30 September 2016 |access-date=2025-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴳⵔ 1962 ⴷ 1965, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ.  

== ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ==

* '' Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco ''(2005). New York: Springer
* ''Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region'' (ed.), IJSL Issue 190. 2008. Mouton de Gruyter
* Co-author, ''Migration and Gender in Morocco'' (2008). Co-authored. Renton, NJ: Red Sea Press
* ''Multiculturalisme et démocratie dans le monde musulman'' (ed.), (2010),  Fès :  Imagerie Pub.
* Co-edited ''Women in the Middle East and North Africa.''(2010) London: Routledge
* ''Gender and Violence in the Middle East''. Co-edited (2011) London: Routledge

'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ'''
'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ:'''
* L'olivier de la sagesse (2017), Paris: Karthala.
* Muslim Moroccan Migrants in Europe (2014):.
* Langue, Gender and Migration (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi) (2008). Trenton:.
* Multilingualism, Cultural Identity and Education in Morocco (2005). New York: Springer.
* A Grammar of Moroccan Arabic (2004a). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with A. Makhoukh, H. Es-saiydy, M. Moubtassime, S. Slaoui.
* A Grammar of Amazigh (Berber) (2004b). Fès: University of Fès Publications (in co-authorship with Fatima Sadiqi).
* Applications of Modern Linguistics (1994), in co-authorship with F.  Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Introduction to Modern Linguistics (1992), in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi, Casablanca: Afrique Orient.
* Contrastive Analysis (1985), Wurzburg: Konigshausen  &amp; Neumann.

'''ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ'''

* New Horizons of Muslim Diaspora in North America and Europe (2016), New York: Palgrave.
* Moroccan Feminisms (2016), Trenton: Africa World Press (co-edited).
* Minorities, Women, and the State in North Africa (2015), Trenton; Red Sea Press.
* Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa (2014), London: Routledge.
* La Langue Amazighe dans l’Education et les Médias. Fès : Publications of the CSN.(2013)
* Gender and Violence in the Middle East. London: Routledge (2011)
* Women in the Middle East and North Africa : Agents of Change. London: Routledge (2010). Edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi
* Modern Trends in Arabic Dialectology, in collaboration with M. Embarki. (2010). Red Sea Press.
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat : Ircam Publications (2009) .
* Women Writing Africa : The Northern Region (2009), in collaboration with F. Sadiqi, A. Noaira, A. Elkholy. New York: The Feminist Press (2009).
* Le Brassage de la Culture Amazighe et de la Culture Arabe. Rabat. Publication de l’IRCAM.(2008)
* Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (2008). Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language No 190, The Hague, Mouton de Gruyter.
* La Culture Amazighe et le Développement Humain (2007). Fès : University of Fès Publications.
* Femmes et Education (2007), edited in collaboration with F. Sadiqi. University of Fes publications
* La Culture Populaire et les Défis de la Mondialisation. (2008). Rabat : Publication of IRCAM.
* Aspects of Amazigh (Berber) Linguistics (2007). Special Issue of Languages and Linguistics. Issue 20.
* Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine.(2006). Fès : University of Fès P
* Publications
* Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* Linguistic Studies and Language Teaching (ed.) (2003). Issue 12 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Issues in Arabic Phonetics and Language Learning (ed) (2001). Issue 7 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories (ed). (2000). Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès.
* Elements of Arabic Linguistics (ed) (1999). Issue 4 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.
* Berber Sociolinguistics (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, The Hague, Mouton, 1997
* Sociolinguistics in Morocco (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language112, The Hague:Mouton, 1995.
* Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb (editor), Special Issue of International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, The Hague: Mouton, 1991.
* Linguistics and English Literature at Maghreb Universities (ed). (1998. Publications of the Faculty of Arts, Fès
* Comparative Linguistics (ed). (1998). Issue 1 of the International Journal ‘Languages and Linguistics’.

=== Imnnitn d imarrn f tɣuriwin n usartu d wamun uɣrim ===

* Women and Political Participation in Morocco and North African States. Chapter published in Gender and Power, Edited by Mino Vianello and Mary Hawkesworth, pages 35–52. New York:Palgrave. 2016.
* Recruitment of Foreign Male and Female Fighters to Jihad. In  International Review of Sociology. Vol. 26, Number 3. November 2016, pp.&amp;nbsp;546–557.
* Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco. In Social Sciences. Vol 5, Number 75. November 2016, pp.&amp;nbsp;2–8.
* Violence Against Underage Domestic Girls in Morocco, In  Salhi, Z. (Ed.). Gender and Violence in Muslim Societies. London: I.B.Tauris. 2013. Pages: 132-160
* Arab Women’s Unfinished Revolution. The Project Syndicate. 2013.
* “Women’s Activism and the New Family Code Reforms in Morocco” The IUP Journal of History and Culture, Vol. VI, No. 1, January 2012, pp.&amp;nbsp;52–70
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Media and Moroccan Migrants. Journal of New Media Studies at MENA. Issue 1: 9-21.
* Ennaji, M. (2012). Undocumented Labor Migration from Morocco to Europe: An African Perspective.  In  Okome, M.O. and Vaughan, O. (Eds.).  Transnational Africa and Globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* The Modern Islamists of the Maghreb. The Project Syndicate. 2012.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Moroccan Migrants in Europe and Islamophobia. In Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Vol.30, No 1: 14-20.
* Ennaji, M. (2010). Migration marocaine et co-développement à l’heure de la crise financière. In Migration, Droits de l’Homme et Développement. Coordination : M. Lahlou &amp; M. Zouiten. Rabat: Faculté de Droit, Souissi. Pages 197-209.
* Reform without  Regime Change. Common Ground News. 2010
* Civil Society Transforms Morocco. Common Ground News. 2010.
* “Multilinguisme, Genre et Participation Politique au Maroc. », in Diogène No 225, pages 56–69. 2009.
* “Multilingualism, Citizenship and Berber Education” (2009). Mediterranean Journal of Education Studies.
* “Women’s NGOs and Social Change in Morocco”, in Women in the Middle East and North Africa, Edited by F.Sadiqi and M. Ennaji (2010). London: Routledge.
* “Steps to the Integration of Moroccan Women in Development” (2008). In The British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 35:3, 339-348
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “ Women’s Activism, Social Change and the Feminization of Public Space in Morocco”  in co-authorship with F. Sadiqi (in JMEWS, Vol 2, No 2: 86-114, 2006)
* “Social Policy in Morocco : A Historical and Analytical Approach” (2006).  In V.Moghadam and Massoud, K. (Editors). Social Policy in the Middle East. London:  Palgrave.
* “Women’s NGOs and Civil Society in Morocco”(2006). In Femmes Méditerranéennes et leurs Droits (F.Sadiqi, Editor). Fès : Publications of the University of Fès. Pages :81-92.
* « La Femme Marocaine et la Mondialisation, in  L’Europe : Une Chance pour la Femme Musulmane ? », La Pensée et les hommes, (2004), pp.&amp;nbsp;57–74.
* “Women and Development in Morocco”. Mediterranean Women, F. Sadiqi (ed) (2004). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Civil Society, Gender and Social Cohesion”. In M. Ennaji (ed), Civil Society, Gender and Sustainable Development (2004b). Fès: Fès-Saiss Publications.
* “Human Rights and Cultural Relativism in North Africa”. Dahesh Voice, (2006).
* “ What Role Can English Departments Play in their Socio-economic Environment?”(1998). In Linguistics and English Literature in Maghreb Universities, pp.&amp;nbsp;235–240. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters.
* &quot;The Moroccan University: Is there an alternative?&quot; in Interdisciplinarity and the University, publications of the   Faculty of Letters, Rabat,1997
* &quot;The Role of Education in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb&quot;, in Proceedings of the 9th Mate Conference, Agadir  1989c.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵓⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ===

* “Urbanization and Changes in Arabic: The Case of Casablanca. In David Singleton, Joshua A. Fishman, Larissa Aronin &amp; Muiris Ó Laoire (Eds.). Current Multilingualism: A New Linguistic Dispensation (2013).
* « Berber in Contact with Maghrebi Colloquial Arabic : A Case of Language Revitalization.” In Languages and Linguistics (2013), 32: 39-58.
* “Language and Nationalism in Morocco” (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). (2008).
* “Arabic Sociolinguistics and Cultural Diversity in Morocco” (2008).
* “Representations of women in Moroccan Proverbs” (2008). In Language and Gender in the Mediterranean Region (M. Ennaji, Editor). IJSL Issue. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* “Amazigh Language: Facts and Prospects”, (2006). In a Fetscherift to Dean Mohamed Chad. Fès: Publications of the University of Fès.
* “Multilinguisme et Genre au Maroc” (2004a). In Languages and Linguistics 14: 105-119.
* “Standardisation du Lexique Amazighe : Le Cas des Néologismes” (2004b). In Standardisation de l’Amazighe.
* “Attitudes to  Berber and Tifinagh Script” (2003a).
* “Reflections on Arabisation and Education in Morocco (2003b).
* “Berber Language and the Consolidation of Democracy” (2003c) (in Arabic).
* “Education et Langues Maternelles: l’Exemple de l’Amazighe” (2003d), In Proceedings of the Conference by Fondation BMCE, 17 juin 2003, pp.&amp;nbsp;91–100.
* “L’Amazigh Composante Incontournable de la Culture Marocaine” (2003e). Edition du Samedi, 15 November 2003
* “Language Contact, Arabization Policy and Education in Morocco” (2002a).
* “ Comment on Hudson’s Outline of a Theory of Diglossia” (2002b).
* “ Arabisation (2002c). In Francophone Studies. Edited by Margaret A. Majumdar (2002), 14. London: Arnold.
* “ On the Main Differences between Standard and Moroccan Arabic Complex Sentences&quot; (2002d). In Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today. Edited by Abderrahim Youssi et al. Rabat: Amapatril.
* “Writing Berber: Towards a Unified Orthography” (2002e).
* “North Africa” (2002f). In Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History (2002f). Edited by Zeleza, P. (2002). London: Routledge.
* “De la Diglossie à la Quadriglossie&quot;. In Languages and Linguistics (2001) 8: 49-64.
* “On Preserving Arabic and Berber Oral Tradition in North Africa” (2000). In Languages and Linguistics 6, 79-87.
* “Language and Ethnic Identity, The Arab World (Maghreb and Near East) (1999a). In Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity, ed. By Joshua, A. Fishman, 382-395, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* “Language and Ideology: Evidence from Media Discourse in Morocco” (1999b). In Social Dynamics Vol. 25, No. 1: 150-161.
* “The Sociology of Berber: Change and Continuity” (1997). In Berber Sociolinguistics. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 123, 23-40.
* “Arabic Varieties in North Africa” (1998). In Notes and Records 7: 10. Cape Town: CASAS Publications.
* “A Syntactico-semantic study of the Language of News in Morocco” (1995). In Sociolinguistics in Morocco. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 112, 97-111.
* “On the Differences between American and British English”(1992). In 
* “ Aspects of Multilingualism in the Maghreb” (1991). In Sociolinguistics of the Maghreb. Special Issue. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 87, 7-25.
* “ An Evaluative Report on the ELT Objectives at the University : A Focus on the Learner” (1990)., in The Proceedings of the XIth MATE Conference on English Language Teaching in the Maghreb: Current Issues in Evaluation, pp:29-42.
* “On Fishman’s Language Planning Policies” (1989). In Revue de la Faculté des Lettres 10:85-92.
* “Language Planning in Morocco and Changes in Arabic” (1988a). In International Journal of the Sociology of Language 74: 9-39.
* &quot;The Impact of Nationalism and Nationism on the Languages in Contact in Morocco&quot; (1988b), in Langues et Littératues VI: 37-48.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ ===

* “La Structure Morphologique du Causatif en Amazigh” (2005). In La Structure Morpologique de l’Amazigh. Edited by Ameur, M. et al.  Rabat : Ircam publications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=centre&amp;centr=3&amp;rd=5|title=Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe|access-date=2025-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101162201/http://www.ircam.ma/fr/index.php?soc=centre&amp;centr=3&amp;rd=5|archive-date=2014-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* “The Structure of Clitics in Berber” (2003). In Languages and Linguistics 11: 71-82.
* “Clitics in Berber” (2002a) (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics 10: 97-116.
* “The Construct State in Berber” (2001), in Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, Vol 31, No 2: 55-72. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Publication.
* “Negation, Tense and the Licensing of N-Words in Standard Arabic (in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi). In Languages and Linguistics (1999) 4:19-44.
* “Aspects of Cliticization in Arabic” (2000). In Linguistic Variation: From Facts to Theories, pp.&amp;nbsp;119–151. Edited by M. Ennaji.
* “The Construct State in Arabic and Berber” (1998). In The Proceedings of the First Chamito-semitic Conference, pp.&amp;nbsp;121–134.
* “Pronominal Elements and Binding” (1997). In Voisinage, pp.&amp;nbsp;247–266. Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “Pronouns vs. Clitics” (1995).. In Etudes Linguistiques, Revue de la Faculté des Lettres, Fès, pp.&amp;nbsp;37–52.  Fès : Faculty of Letters Publication.
* “AGR and Clitics : The Morpho-Syntax Interface, ms. Faculty of Letters, Fès.
* &quot;A Copulative Approach to Verbless Sentences in Moroccan Arabic&quot; (1990),   in La Linguistique au Maghreb, edited by J. Pleines, Rabat: Okad,.
* &quot;WH-Questions and Focus in Tamazight&quot; (1989), in Linguistica Communicatio 1:17-30.
* “Analyse des Questions-ma en Tamazight”, (1989), in Maknasat 3: 43-53.
* &quot;Non-Verbal Predicates in Moroccan Arabic&quot;(1988), in Proceedings of  the  First International Conference of the Linguistic Society of  Morocco. Rabat: Editions Okad.
* &quot;The Syntax of Free Relatives in English, Moroccan Arabic and   Berber&quot;(1986a), in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters, pp.&amp;nbsp;8:87-94
* &quot;The Syntax of Cleft Sentences in Berber&quot; (1986b), in co-authorship with F.Sadiqi, Studies of Language 10,1.

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ===

* “On the Teaching of Amazigh Language”, (2006). In Le Substrat Amazigh de la Culture Marocaine (M. Ennaji, Editor). Fès: University of Fès Publications.
* “Teaching Human Rights in the Classroom” (2004).
* “The Role of Technology as a Teaching Material.” (2002).
* &quot;Reinforcing Communicative Writing&quot;(1994), in Proceedings of the National ELT Symposium, pp.&amp;nbsp;95–100. Fès: Publication of the Faculty of Letters ...
* &quot;On Fishman's Language Planning Policies&quot;, in Revue de la Faculté des Lettres de Fès 10, 1989b.
* &quot;The Role of Linguistics in the Socio-economic Context of the Maghreb&quot;,
* &quot;Towards a Moroccan Model of English Language Teaching&quot; (1988),
* &quot;Strategies and Techniques for Scoring compositions&quot; (1987).
* “The Relevance of Contrastive Analysis to Foreign Language Teaching” (1986).

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}'''ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1933) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ/ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ/ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ]] ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Home |url=https://www.zayedaward.ae/ar/previouseditions/winners/drabdellahlarouimorroco |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.zayedaward.ae}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 7 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ/ⴰⴳⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵉⵏ/ⵍⵉⵙⵍⵎⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1963.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ &quot;ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ: 1830-1912&quot;. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=العروي |first=عبد الله |title=عبد الله العروي |url=https://www.cdcskyline.com/article/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A-1 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.cdcskyline.com |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208195204/https://www.cdcskyline.com/article/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A-1 |archive-date=2026-02-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ/ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ/ⵉⵎⵊⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ/ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ,ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=عبد الله العروي |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/10/27/%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%84%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%8a |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==

# ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1971.
# ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ: ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1978.
# ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰ, 1980.
# ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, 1981.
# ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, 1981.
# ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ/ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1983.
# ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, 1984.
# ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ/ⵍⴼⴰⵔⵉⵇ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1986.
# ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ/ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵇ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ, 1989.
# ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1992.
# ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ, 1996.
# &quot;ⵖⴰⵢⵍⴰ&quot;: ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ. ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴷ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, 2009.
# ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015).
# ⴰⵎⵙⵇⵙⵉ, 2016.
# ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 2020.

== ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ==

* ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⴷⴼ/ⵜⵍⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ 2011.
* ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ/ⵓⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ .

== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ==

* ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵛⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ]]
* [[ⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⵊⵕⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ |ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="22278" sha1="ekpx4vkjtt7yag90shfa3vz4juirvgr" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ=ⵍⵎⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ=ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ=ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ=2002|ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ=ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ= |ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ=ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ|ISBN=978-9920-35-653-4|ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ=ⵀⵉⵛⴰⵎ ⴼⵓⴰⴷ ⴳⵓⵖⵍⵜ|ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ=138}}&lt;big&gt;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ&lt;/big&gt; &lt;big&gt;ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ&lt;/big&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ '''ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ''' ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ]] ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2002, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵉⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⴰⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ  ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵛⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ (un youyou dans la mosquée), ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⴹⵓⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2018-04-24 |title=tawargit d imik الكاتب محمد اكوناض يصدر الطبعة الثانية لرواية |url=https://tirra.net/web/?p=3238 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Tirra - تيرا |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204022441/https://tirra.net/web/?p=3238 |archive-date=2026-02-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ==
ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ&lt;ref&gt;[https://tal.ircam.ma/dglai/search/indexs?session=141607&amp;&amp;val=%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%96%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C&amp;&amp;e=0&amp;&amp;l=0 ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⴼⵜ, ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, DGLAI]&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ '''ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵡⴱⵔⴰⵢⵎ''' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1959, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 60 ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Le site de Jean-Jacques MILAN - AOUBRAIM |url=https://www.jjmphoto.fr/AOUBRAIM.QJ.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112000538/https://www.jjmphoto.fr/AOUBRAIM.QJ.htm |archive-date=2025-11-12 |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Le site de Jean-Jacques MILAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵅⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ.
ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵃⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⵡⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ.
==ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ==
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ. ⵜⵙⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵙⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://tawiza.byethost10.com/Tawiza72/Tawargit.htm?i=2 ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ,  ⴰⴱⵅⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵣⴰ, ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2003.]&lt;/ref&gt;
==ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ==
ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵅⵓⵎⴱⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵥⵍⵟ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ. ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵎ:
*ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ: ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.
*ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵖ ⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵃⵉⵢⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ &quot;ⵍⵇⴰⵢⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ (ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵏⴱⵔⴰⵣ) ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵚⴽⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ.
*ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ: ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰⵔ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.
*ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ: ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ]].
===ⴰⴽⵓⴷ===
ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵛⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ &quot;ⴰⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ 
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ.
ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵕ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⵍⴰⴷ, ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵥⵍⵟ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵅ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
==ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ==
ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵃⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⵃⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ 33.
==ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ== 
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, ⴽⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ:&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/doc/asinag-12/tawargit-d-imikk-de-mohamed-akounad-un-recit-fondateur.pdf ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, un récit, ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ 12/2017, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 115-132.]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;
!ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ
!ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ
!ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ
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| '''ⵙⵉ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ''' ||ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⵟⴰⵍⴱ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|| ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ(ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ), ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵅⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⴽⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.
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| '''ⴰⵣⵔⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⴳⵓⵣⴰⵍⵏ''' || ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|| ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵍⵏⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ.
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| '''ⵉⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⴷⵔⵜ''' || ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|| ⵉⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ.
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| '''ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵢⵀ, ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵉⴱⵓⴷ, ⵎⵃⵏⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵛⴰⵍⴰ, ⵎⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⴷⴷⵉ, ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵍⵉ, ⴱⵓⵜⴳⵏⵣⴰ''' ||ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|| ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵍⵏⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ.
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| '''ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵍⵓⵍ (ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ''' ||ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|| ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ, ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⴹⴹⵓ, ⵉⵙⵢⵓⵎⵓⵔ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ
ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵏⵎⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ.
|-
| '''ⵍⵇⴰⵢⴷ''' || ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ||ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵊⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵥⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ.
|}

== ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==

# ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ.
# ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵅⵛⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
# ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵃⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵕⵏⵙⵉⵙ.
# ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵄⵔⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
# ⴰⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
==ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ==
'''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: محمد أكوناض) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ|ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]], ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵙⵓⵙ]], ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;amazighnews&quot;&gt;(ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ) [https://web.archive.org/web/20230530041015/https://www.amazighnews.net/Livres/Mohamed-Akounad.html ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏⵢⵓⵣ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⵉⵎ ⴳ 17/02/2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵖⵎⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;taɣmsa&quot;&gt;(ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ) [https://web.archive.org/web/20220818113850/http://tirra.net/web/?p=5538 محمد أكوناض و الإعلام السمعي] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⵉⵎ ⴳ 17/02/2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]], ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ]], ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ (ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ)]], [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ&lt;ref name=&quot;EverybodyWiki&quot;&gt;(ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ) [https://everybodywiki.com/Mohamed_Akounad ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴰⴹ] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ [[EverybodyWiki Bios &amp; Wiki]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⵉⵎ ⴳ 17/02/2022.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2006&lt;ref name=&quot;EverybodyWiki&quot; /&gt;.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]
* [[ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⵣⴰⵀⵓⵔ]]
* [[ⴼⴰⴹⵎⴰ ⴼⴰⵔⵔⴰⵙ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)|ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ]]

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵜ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵊⴰⵏ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵍⵉ (ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ)</title>
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      <text bytes="6182" sha1="rjbmhcb6vaudk2gnixs6nq34u1kom3s" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵊⴰⵏ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵍⵉ''' (21 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ, 1909–3 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ, 1972)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=BnF Catalogue général|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120017327|website=bnf.fr|access-date=2023-04-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ (Les pères blancs) ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ|ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.chretiensdelamediterranee.com/livre/jacques-lanfry/|website=chretiensdelamediterranee.com|access-date=2023-04-29|title=Jacques Lanfry : Un lion, l’Église et l’Islam|quote=Il a mené avec un autre Père Blanc, Jean-Marie Dallet (1909-1972), des travaux titanesques dans les domaines de la linguistique et de la connaissance du peuple berbère, accumulant des connaissances aux confins de la sociologie et de l’ethnographie, travaux qui seront reconnus dans les milieux universitaires en Algérie et en France, puis honorés par un hommage à l’INALCO en 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429112341/https://www.chretiensdelamediterranee.com/livre/jacques-lanfry/|archive-date=2023-04-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⵏ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴳⴳⵓ [[ⴽⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍ]], ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴱⵔⴽⵉⵜ{{Efn|diocèse}} ⵏ [[ⴰⵏⵊⵉ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵊⴰⴽ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ]] ⵖ [[ⵍⴰⵔⴱⵄⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵖ 1934, ⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Horitzo/article/download/411831/506776|website=www.raco.cat|access-date=2023-04-29|title=LE DIALOGUE ISLAMO-CHRÉTIEN À L’ÉCOLE DES PÈRES BLANCS|quote=Originaire du Cantal, passé par la diocèse d’Angers avant d’entrer chez les Pères Blancs, Jean-Marie Dallet rejoint Jacques Lanfry à Aït-Larbaa en 1934. Enthousiasmé par l’apprentissage de la langue kabyle, il devient la cheville ouvrière du Fichier de Documentation Berbère qu’il dirige jusqu’à sa mort soudaine en 1972. La disparition brutale de Jean-Marie Dallet interrompt aussi son minutieux travail de composition d’un Lexique de langue kabyle qui aboutit cependant en 1982 grace un effort collectif auquel participe activement Jacques Lanfry. Salué par les universitaires et les linguistes, ce Dictionnaire porte significativement le surmon de “Dallet”..}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.depechedekabylie.com/culture/22865-une-vie-vouee-aux-etudes-berberes/|website=www.depechedekabylie.com|access-date=2023-04-29|title=Une vie vouée aux études berbères|quote=Travailleur inlassable, homme d’une grande moralité, Jacques Lanfry, autant que Dallet et Henri Genevois, a rendu un énorme service à la culture berbère, ses œuvres : Ghef Unejme n taddart (L’assemblée du village, 1959), L’entraide au village kabyle, 1945, Taqsit n sidi M’hend u Seâdan,1947, et bien d’autres, sont un réservoir immense où les jeunes berbérisants peuvent puiser des informations très utiles.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵣⵖ 1946 ⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 1972, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ''ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ'' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|date=1982|title=Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)|publisher=SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985|page=introduction|isbn=2852971437|quote=Il est bien connu par ses publications antérieures. Dans le cadre du Fichier de documentation berbère, périodique dont il a assuré la direction pendant de longues années (1940-1972) , il nous a laissé : Le Verbe kabyle, lexique partiel du parler des At Mangellat, Tome I, formes simples (1953) ; et une Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie) , deux volumes (1960, épuisés) en collaboration avec Sr. Louis de Vincenncs.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ, ⵣⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ-ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|date=1982|title=Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)|publisher=SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985|page=introduction|isbn=2852971437|quote=Le dictionnaire kabyle-français que nous publions est fondamentalement l'œuvre de Jean-Marie DALLET. Œuvre posthume, puisque l'auteur nous a quittés en 1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ ==

* ''Initiation à la langue berbère (Kabylie)'', FDB Fort National, 1960.
* ''Les cahiers de Belaid ou la Kabylie d'Antan'', FDB Fort National, 1963.
* ''Contes Kabyles inédits '', FDB Fort National, 1967
* ''Dictionnaire Kabyle-Français'', SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1982  .
* ''Dictionnaire Francais-Kabyle, Parler Des at Mangellat (Algérie)'', SELAF - Societe d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France, 1985.

== ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ==
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== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵏⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ 1909]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ 1972]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵣⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ]]
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ⵜⴳⴰ '''ⵕⵓⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ''' ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵟⵏⵀⴰⵎ ⵀⵓⵟⵙⴱⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴳⵣⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 17 ⴷ 19 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway profile&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Rosella Ayane profile|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/rosella-ayane/212842/|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Soccerway|date=16 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chelsea profile&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Rosella Ayane profile|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/teams/chelsea-ladies/player-profiles/rosella-ayane.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=16 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ [[:ⴻⵏ:ⵔⴻⴰⴷⵉⵏⴳ,_ⴱⴻⵔⴽⵙⵀⵉⵔⴻ|ⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ]], ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵜⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷⵏ ⵉⵔⵍⵉⴳ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|website=readingchronicle.co.uk/|publisher=Reading Chronicle|access-date=22 November 2022|date=21 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ==
=== ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ===
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ. ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ 17 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chelsea profile&quot; /&gt; ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ 2013 ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴽⴰⵙⵜⵔ ⵔⵓⴼⵔⵙ ⴱⵉⵍⵣ; ⵜⵏⵏⵔⵓ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway profile&quot; /&gt; ⴹⴼⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵟⵓⵏ, ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵜⵙ ⴽⴰⵡⵏⵜⵉ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 2013|ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 2013]], ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chelsea profile&quot; /&gt; ⵖ 30 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵣ ⵖ [[ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ]] (FA WSL) ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⵙ 8-0.&lt;ref name=&quot;London Bees goals&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Ladies report: Chelsea 8 London Bees 0|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/08/ladies-report--chelsea-v-london-bees.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=30 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==== ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ====
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⵖ 2014, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ 2015 ⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵡⴰⵍ; ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⵖ [[ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ|ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ]] ⵖ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;London Bees goals2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Ladies report: Chelsea 8 London Bees 0|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2015/08/ladies-report--chelsea-v-london-bees.html|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Chelsea L.F.C.|date=30 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵖ 2016, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵓ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joins Bristol C2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Rosella Ayane joins the Vixens on loan from Chelsea Ladies|url=http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_joins_the_vixens_on_loan_from_chelsea_ladies.html#OuSA6Z6evqRCU2Vg.97|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Bristol City W.F.C.|date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018224301/http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_joins_the_vixens_on_loan_from_chelsea_ladies.html#OuSA6Z6evqRCU2Vg.97|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaves Bristol C2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Rosella Ayane returns to Chelsea|url=http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_returns_to_chelsea.html#HiUQ95UXmwdKFKfd.97|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=Bristol City W.F.C.|date=16 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018205843/http://www.bristolcitywfc.co.uk/news/rosella_ayane_returns_to_chelsea.html#HiUQ95UXmwdKFKfd.97|archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵟⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joins Everton2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Everton Ladies sign Chelsea's Rosella Ayane and Arsenal's Chloe Kelly|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36677524|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ 17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵏⵏⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ 3–0 ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yeovil goal2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|title=Everton 3-0 Yeovil Town|url=http://everton.fawsl.com/matchesReport/everton_ladies_fc_v_yeovil_town_ladies_fc_17_july_2016_report.html#pcsI4sFZbbvXYKy0.97|accessdate=1 November 2016|work=Everton L.F.C.|date=17 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 17 ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 17. ⴳⵔ 2011 ⴷ 2012, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜ (ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴼⵉⵏⴰⵍⵏⴷⴰ). 

ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵜⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2021, ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ 3–0 ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ|url=https://www.readingchronicle.co.uk/sport/19388356.reading-born-rosella-ayane-shines-morocco-debut/|title=Reading born Rosella Ayane shines on Morocco debut|newspaper=[[Reading Chronicle]]|date=21 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷⵔⵓⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵉ ⵙⴽⵓⵟⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵓⵟⵍⴰⵏⴷⵜ.

ⵖ 2022, ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ. ⵜⵔⵥⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ 2–1, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵖ   ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ|ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|last=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=CAFOnline.com|url=https://www.cafonline.com/totalenergies-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/matches/2314784/|access-date=2023-02-18|website=CAFOnline.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ===
''Ar ass n 16 Dujanbir 2023''&lt;ref name=&quot;Soccerway profile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFA profile&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |date=12 November 2017 |title=Rosella Ayane profile |url=http://backend.cfa.com.cy/Gr/players/3340627/207056 |accessdate=12 November 2017 |work=Cyprus Football Association |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003757/http://backend.cfa.com.cy/Gr/players/3340627/207056 |archive-date=13 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ''' '''ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ'''
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵏⵜ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ 
|-
!ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵙⵉ
|2013
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|4
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|2
|0
|6
|1
|-
|2014
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|2
|0
|0
|0
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|2
|-
|2015
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|0
|0
|0
|0
|3
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|4
|-
|2016
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ
!6
!1
!0
!0
!5
!6
!1
!0
!2
!0
!14
!7
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ (ⴰⵔⵟⵟⴰⵍ)
|2016
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 2
|8
|3
|1
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|9
|3
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵜⵓⵏ (ⴰⵔⵟⵟⴰⵍ)
|2016
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ 2
|12
|1
|0
|0
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|13
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⵍ
|2017–18
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
|15
|14
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|4
|5
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|19
|19
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |ⴱⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ 
|2018–19
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|15
|1
|0
|0
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|18
|1
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |ⵜⵓⵟⵏⵀⴰⵎ ⵀⵓⵜⵙⴱⵓⵔ
|2019–20
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|11
|0
|2
|0
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|17
|1
|-
|2020–21
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|19
|1
|3
|0
|2
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|2
|-
|2021–22
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|17
|1
|1
|0
|4
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|22
|4
|-
|2022–23
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|19
|1
|2
|0
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|24
|2
|-
|2023–24
|ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ
|7
|0
|0
|0
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ
!73
!3
!8
!0
!16
!8
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—
!97
!11
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ
!129
!23
!9
!0
!25
!14
!5
!5
!2
!0
!170
!42
|}

=== Agraɣlan ===
''Ar 31 Kṭubr 2013'' 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ''' '''ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ'''
!ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ
!ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ
!'''ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ'''
!'''ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰ'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|2021
|3
|1
|-
|2022
|12
|6
|-
|2023
|15
|3
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ
!30
!10
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵡⴰ ⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⴰⴼⵏⴰ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Score
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⴰ
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |ⵙⵖⵓⵍ.
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
|10 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2021
|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|last1=Mazouz|first1=Salah Eddine|title=Women's Football: Morocco Crushes Mali 3-0|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/06/342841/womens-football-morocco-crushes-mali-3-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
|22 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2022
|Hibernians Stadium, Paola, Malta
|ⵎⵓⵍⴷⵓⴼⴰ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–0
|2022 Malta International Women's Football Tournament
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Moldova a cedat în fața Marocului|url=https://fmf.md/noutate/4650/fotbal-feminin-moldova-a-cedat-in-fata-marocului}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|7 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Match Report of Morocco vs Gambia - 2022-04-08 - FIFA Friendlies|url=https://globalsportsarchive.com/match/soccer/2022-04-08/morocco-vs-gambia/2674487/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ, [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6–1
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=المنتخب الوطني النسوي يفوز على نظيره الجامبي بستة أهداف لهدف – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a7-2/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |12 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ⵖⴰⵏⴰ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Friendly
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=المنتخب الوطني النسوي يفوز على نظيره الغاني بهدفين لصفر – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88%d8%b2-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%87-%d8%a7-3/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|5 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 2022
|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|ⵓⵖⴰⵏⴷⴰ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Uganda vs. Morocco - 5 July 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://my.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/05/africa/caf-championship--wc-qualifying-africa/uganda/morocco/3784765/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7
|22 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 2022
|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴰⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ, ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Morocco vs. South Africa - 23 July 2022 - Soccerway|url=https://my.soccerway.com/matches/2022/07/23/africa/caf-championship--wc-qualifying-africa/morocco/south-africa/3785096/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |8
|17 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2023
|Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Antalya, Turkey
|ⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=المنتخب الوطني لكرة القدم النسوية يفوز على سلوفاكيا – FRMF|url=https://site.frmf.ma/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%88%d8%b7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%88-13/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |9
|21 ⴼⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2023
|Arslan Zeki Demirci Sports Complex, Antalya, Turkey
|ⴱⵓⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵀⵉⵔⵣⵉⴳⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|title=Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina - Morocco 0:2|url=https://www.flashscore.com/match/lr4K5drt/#/match-summary/match-summary}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |10
|27 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023
|ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]], ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
|ⵣⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–6
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–6
|Friendly
|&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ|last1=ZamFoot|title=Morocco 2-6 Zambia as it happned – Hatrick each for Kundananji, Barbra Banda - ZamFoot|url=https://zambianfootball.co.zm/live-morocco-v-zambia-barbra-banda-kundananji-starts/,%20https://zambianfootball.co.zm/live-morocco-v-zambia-barbra-banda-kundananji-starts/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]]
[[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>pvsfr5gghukrmlu04huypsgrjz08qsd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵔ (ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>178069</id>
      <parentid>152875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-28T00:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="9376" sha1="sn3hqina39q44ze9nsreelrudnqpvk7" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}


'''ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵔ''' (ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ: '''ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵯⵔ''', ⵙ [[ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]: '''Ussan n unɣʷr''') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜ [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵃ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2022/2972 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2023-08-27 |title=ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ |url=https://www.amadalamazigh.press.ma/tamazight/%e2%b5%9c%e2%b4%b0%e2%b5%a3%e2%b5%8d%e2%b5%96%e2%b4%b0-%e2%b5%8f-%e2%b5%9c%e2%b5%89%e2%b5%94%e2%b5%94%e2%b4%b0-%e2%b5%8f-%e2%b5%89%e2%b5%8e%e2%b4%b0%e2%b5%94%e2%b4%b0%e2%b5%9c%e2%b5%8f-%e2%b5%99/ |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Imussutn / Activités / أنشطة |url=https://tirra.net/web/?cat=8 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Tirra - تيرا |language=fr-FR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251207010216/https://tirra.net/web/?cat=8 |archive-date=2025-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &quot;ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵣⵣⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴱⵓⵜⵅⵉⵣⵣⵓⵜ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⵍⵍⴰ&quot;. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵯⵔ/ⵓⵏⵖⵔ (cave) ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵏⵓ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴳⵯⵍⴰⵙⵜ (ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵍⵉ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴼⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵔⴼⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ (ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵯⵔ). ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ; ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ 04:10 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ  ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵣⵓⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⴷⴷⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⵍⴰ&quot;, ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ 29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1960 ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ &quot;ⴳⵓⵔⴷⵣⵉⵍⵍⴰ&quot; ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⴳⵓⴷⵣⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵕⵉⵥⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵢⵢⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴷⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ. ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵄⵕⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⵇⵏⴰⴷⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ 15 ⵛⵄⴱⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ 25 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ. ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵏⴳⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳⵓⴷⵣⵉⵍⵍⴰ. ⴰⵏⵖⵯⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵔⴷⵍⵏ, ⵉⵚⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ, ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵜ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ; ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ &quot;panther&quot; ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴷⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ&quot; ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1911, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ 1914.

ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1960, ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ: ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴳⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏ, ⵙⵙⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎ, ⵉⵃⵛⴰⵛ, ⵜⴰⵍⴱⵕⵊⵜ, ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵡⴰⵕ, ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵖⵜ, ⴰⵡⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵎⵔ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰ, ⴼⵓⵏⵜⵉ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ...

ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵔ, ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴷⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⴼⵏⵉⵇ, ⵉⵕⵥ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵍⵇⵏⴰⴷⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵕⵕⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵯⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴳ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵙⴰ: ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵜⵛⵓ... ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ.

ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ, ⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉ, ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ, ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ, ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵟⵉⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⴰ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ &quot;ⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⵍⵍⴰ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵎⵎⴰ, ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⴽⴽⴰ, ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵎ, ⵜⴰⵣⵖⵍⵉⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵍⴽⴽⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵔⵢⵓ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;[[ⵚⴰⵍⵃ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵚⴰⵍⵃ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ)|ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ]], [https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%20%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%94 ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ] (ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ), 20 ⵎⴰⵢ 2023. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 09 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵃ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]
* [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]]
* [[ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ,ⵜⴰⵣⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ }}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
      <sha1>sn3hqina39q44ze9nsreelrudnqpvk7</sha1>
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    <title>ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ</title>
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      <text bytes="9020" sha1="ry4dlud1v9qq950elar6qbo2ma9c5y7" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ''', ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ '''ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ''' ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ&quot; ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1969 ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ|ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ]] ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]] ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]], ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ &quot;ⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ&quot;.

== ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://alyaoum24.com/258066.html ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ]&quot;, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161006145647/http://www.alyaoum24.com/258066.html ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵥⵏ] ⴳ 6 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵡⴰⵢⴱⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵢⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 2026/2/4.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵅⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.chtoukapress.com/ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]&quot;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140814010510/http://www.chtoukapress.com/online/details-187.html ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵥⵏ] 14 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2014 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ [[ⵡⴰⵢⴱⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵢⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏ]]. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 2026/2/4.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ.

== ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰ ==
ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1983 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2011-07-24 |title=فاطمة تحيحيت.. من زوجة بعمر السابعة إلى فنانة أمازيغية شهيرة |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F07%2F24%2F159163.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=العربية |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=فنانات مغربيات شهيرات عشن دوامة العنف والتشرد والاغتصاب |url=https://ar.le360.ma/people/35279/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Le 360 Arabe |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⴳⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1986 ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵚⵉⵔ. ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ.

== ⴰⵎⵎⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⵕ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ, ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=مسار الفنانة فاطمة تيحيحيت في عدد جديد من برنامج &quot;رشيد شو&quot;-الحلقة كاملة |url=https://www.2m.ma/ar/news/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-20200315/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319140113/https://www.2m.ma/ar/news/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-20200315/ |archive-date=2020-03-19 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=2M |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ.

== ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ==
ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⵜⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ&quot;, ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵃⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴳⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ. ⵜⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰⵜⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ: ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵏⴰⵃ ⵍⵀⵡⴰ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2011, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ &quot;ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ&quot; ⴳ 2013, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ&quot; ⴳ 2014, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⴳⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏ&quot; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ]]
* [[ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵜ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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    <title>ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ</title>
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      <text bytes="135129" sha1="cvx5v7rqnf3ifij9pgszrkmp1ancfsb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Nikola Tesla) (10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1856 – 7 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1943) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ, [[ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ|ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]], [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ|ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵜ|ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ]] ⵓ [[ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ]]-[[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]],&lt;ref&gt;Burgan 2009, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Europe {{!}} Electrical pioneer Tesla honoured |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5167054.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528161221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5167054.stm |archive-date=2020-05-28 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=No, Nikola Tesla's Remains Aren't Sparking Devil Worship In Belgrade |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/tesla-remains-sparking-devil-worship-in-belgrade/27062700.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809055023/http://www.rferl.org/content/tesla-remains-sparking-devil-worship-in-belgrade/27062700.html |archive-date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Editors |first=HISTORY com |date=2009-11-09 |title=Nikola Tesla - Inventions, Facts &amp; Death |url=https://www.history.com/articles/nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ]] ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴳⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ|ⵜⴳⵓⴳⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ]] (Téléphonie) ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ|ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1884 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ|ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ.]] ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ [[ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ]] ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢ/ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ &quot;[[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ]]&quot; ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ]] ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ]], ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ|ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ]]. ⴳ 1891, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Page 1 Naturalization Index - NYC Courts |url=https://www.fold3.com/image/?spot=1093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405145949/https://www.fold3.com/image/?spot=1093 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=Fold3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ 1893, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵏ &quot;[[ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/teslatower.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵡⵓ:ⵓⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X]]. ⴷ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ|ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1943.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=O'Shei |first=Tim |url=http://archive.org/details/marconiteslapion0000oshe |title=Marconi and Tesla : pioneers of radio communication |date=2008 |publisher=Berkeley Heights, NJ : MyReportLinks.com Books |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-59845-076-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴼⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1960 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/mri_digest.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Van Riper 2011, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 150&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==
[[file:Nikola Tesla birth certificate.png|thumb|left|ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ|251x251px]]
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1856 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ [[ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 12.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵊⴰⵏ|ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵊⴰⵏ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ]] ([[ⴽⵔⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ|ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;Cheney, Uth &amp; Glenn 199, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 143.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ).&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 2007, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 9, 12.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ (Prêtre) ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Dommermuth-Costa 1994, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 12, &quot;Milutin, Nikola's father, was a well-educated priest of the Serbian Orthodox Church.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2011, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 25, &quot;The tiny house in which he was born stood next to the Serbian Orthodox Church presided over by his father, the Reverend Milutin Tesla, who sometimes wrote articles under the nom-de-plume &quot;Man of Justice&quot; &quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 14, &quot;Following a reprimand at school for not keeping his brass buttons polished, he quit and instead chose to become a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Burgan 2009, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ17, &quot;Nikola's father, Milutin was a Serbian Orthodox priest and had been sent to Smiljan by his church.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⵓⴽⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 10.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⴰⵍⵓⵚⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵊⵉⵏ|ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ]] (genes) ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⴷⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⵍⴽⴰ, ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 21.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1861, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ [[ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ]], ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ|ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ.

ⴳ 1870, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ [[ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⴼⴰⵜⵛ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] [[ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⴼⵉⵜⵛ]].&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 32.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1861 - Dane Tesla Dies |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235132/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴹ/ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵓⴹⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=PBS: Tesla - Master of Lightning: Tesla's Early Years |url=https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_early.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1873,&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉⵔⴰ|ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉⵔⴰ]], ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⴼⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ|ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ).&lt;ref&gt;Glenn، edited by Jim (1994). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220119195009/http://archive.org/details/completepatentso00tesl The complete patents of Nikola Tesla]''. New York: Barnes &amp; Noble Books. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[1-56619-266-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵃⴹⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ [[iarchive:completepatentso00tesl|ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ]] ⴳ 2022-01-19. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11/2/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Balkan man in national costume.png|thumb|left|284x284px|ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1880.]]
ⴳ 1874, ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵜ|ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ]] ⴳ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵊⴰⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵏⴳⴰⵢ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1861 - Dane Tesla Dies |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235132/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1875, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵣ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵣ]] ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ 9 ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ?.&lt;/ref&gt;). ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1861 - Dane Tesla Dies |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235132/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ?.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ/ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵯⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵓⵛⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵙⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵓⵙⵜ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1861 - Dane Tesla Dies |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418235132/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1861-dane-tesla-dies |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1878, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔ|ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔ]].&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 18.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴱⵓⵔ]] (ⴳ [[ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ]] ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ), ⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ 60 ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1862 - Tesla Moves To Gospic |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1862-tesla-moves-to-gospic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418234332/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1862-tesla-moves-to-gospic |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 18.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 24 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1879, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1862 - Tesla Moves To Gospic |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1862-tesla-moves-to-gospic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418234332/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1862-tesla-moves-to-gospic |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⵍⵍⵅⴼⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=The Foundation For Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.teslasociety.org:80/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508181221/http://www.teslasociety.org:80/timeline.html |archive-date=2012-05-08 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;). ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵎⵉⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ [[ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1880, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙⴳ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ ⵖⵔ [[ⴱⵔⴰⴳ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵏⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵛⵉⴽⵜ|ⵜⴰⵜⵛⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mrkich, D. (2003). ''Nikola Tesla: The European Years'' (ⵜⴰⵥ. 1st). Ottawa: Commoner's Publishing. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[0-88970-113-X]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Hotel New Yorker pays tribute to Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/nyhotel.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1881, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏⴽ ⴱⵓⵛⴽⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ, ⵢⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎ|ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎ]] ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ, ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ/ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ|ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ]], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604222251/http://www.lucidcafe.com:80/library/96jul/teslaautobio.html |archive-date=2018-06-04 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.lucidcafe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ===
[[file:Tesla Colorado Springs plaque.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ|340x340px]]
ⴳ 1882, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]] ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2009-02-19 |title=Nikola Tesla: The Genius Who Lit the World |url=https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/nikola-tesla-the-genius/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Top Documentary Films |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1884, ⵉⵣⵓⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4nrkAAAAMAAJ |title=The Living Church}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 57–60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=PBS: Tesla - Master of Lightning: Coming to America |url=https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ll/ll_america.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵓⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Carey |first=Charles W. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=XKiGgl36bkgC&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=fr |title=American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6883-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ. ⴳ 1885, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ (ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ/ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵕⵡⵉ), ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ: &quot;ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 54–57.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 64.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵎⵎⴰⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵍⴱⵓⴱ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 109–10.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ/ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵖⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 64.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pickover 1999, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ14.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ 10 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ (18 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ). ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1886 ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ/ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 1998، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 41.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ (arc lamps) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 75.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 75.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ 2 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵏ 1886/1887 ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⵏⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵕⵥⴰⴳⵏⵉⵏ&quot;, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1886 - The Winter Of Suffering |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1886-the-winter-of-suffering |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000809/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1886-the-winter-of-suffering |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:RMFpatent.PNG|thumb|306x306px|ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 381,968 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:US390721.png|thumb|left|253x253px|ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 390,721 ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳ 1888.]]
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1886, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ|ⵓⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ]], ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ [[ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴱⵉⴽ]], ⴰⵏⴼⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 80.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]&quot; ⴳ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1887 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ; ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 80.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 89 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⴳ 1887, ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ (Induction motor) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ (AC), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ)|ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ (ⴰⴳⵜⴰⴼⵢⵉⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ (ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Hughes |first=Thomas Parke |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=g07Q9M4agp4C&amp;pg=PA117&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 |date=1993-03 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-4614-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930, pp. 115–118&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Bud |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=1AsFdUxOwu8C&amp;pg=PA204&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia |last2=Warner |first2=Deborah Jean |date=1998 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-8153-1561-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1888, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⵣⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴼⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 161.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Henry G. Prout, ''A Life of George Westinghouse,'' ⵜⵙ. 129&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ 1888, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ&quot;]], ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ (IEEE ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Froehlich |first=Fritz E. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=8j5bJ5OkGpgC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17 - Television Technology |last2=Kent |first2=Allen |date=1998-12-01 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-2915-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ/ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵙⵡⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]] [[ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⴰⵔⵉⵙ]] ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ) ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1888, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ]] ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 160–162.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 108–111.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1888, ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ/ⵉⵎⵀⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴳ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ/ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ&quot; ⵙ 60,000 ⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ]] ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ 2.5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ-ⴰⵔⴰⴳⴳⵓ (ch) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ 2,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 52,700 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ) ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵜⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ.&lt;ref&gt;Klooster 2009, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 305.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵎ]] (tram) ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵓⵙ/ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=1970-01-01 |title=How did Nikola Tesla change the way we use energy? |url=https://science.howstuffworks.com/nikola-tesla.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=HowStuffWorks |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Richard Munson |url=http://archive.org/details/fromedisontoenro00muns_0 |title=From Edison to Enron |date=2005-09-30 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-275-98740-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ===
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1888, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ]].&lt;ref&gt;Wolf, Gene (ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2012). &quot;War of the Currents – An Update&quot;. ''Transmission &amp; Distribution World''. &lt;q&gt;It was around the same time that George Westinghouse entered the battle. He believed in the new ac technology and struck a deal with Tesla to purchase his patents. The 'War of the Currents,' as historians call it, was under way.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ 1886 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 1998, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nadis, Fred (2005). ''[[iarchive:wondershowsperfo00nadi|Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America]]''. Rutgers University Press. ⵜⵙ. 60–64. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[978-0-8135-3515-9]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=McElroy |first=Michael B. |url=http://archive.org/details/energyperspectiv0000mcel |title=Energy : perspectives, problems, and prospects |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-538611-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ|ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ (ⵉⵏⴼⵓⴼⴼⴷⵏ), ⴷ ⵓⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵣⴷⵉⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;''The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia'' by Quentin R. Skrabec Jr. pp. 86-87&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵄⴰⵏ) ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ/ⴰⵏⵎⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⵓⵜⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;Quentin R. Skrabec, George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, page 127&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ 1890, ⴷ ⴳ 1892 ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⴷⵓ/ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:TeslaPOLYPHASEColumbianEXPO1893rwLIPACKownerA.jpg|thumb|233x233px|ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ⴳ 1893.]]

=== ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ===
ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1893, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵎ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ (ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ&quot;. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ/ⵓⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 167.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ/ⵉⵔⵣⴰ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 249.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;''America at the Fair:: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition'' (Google eBook) Chaim M. Rosenberg Arcadia Publishing, 20 February 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Bertuca |first=David J. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=F6cWRxU9go4C&amp;pg=PR21&amp;redir_esc=y |title=The World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide |last2=Hartman |first2=Donald K. |last3=Neumeister |first3=Susan |date=1996 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-26644-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵅⵡⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Tesla’s Egg of Columbus from Electrical Experimenter, March, 1919 |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-article-teslas-egg-of-columbus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426025918/http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-article-teslas-egg-of-columbus |archive-date=2015-04-26 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ. ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵢⵢⵕⵏ/ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ. ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ&quot; ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 167–173.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵀⵉⵜⵜⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ 1896,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=J P Morgan: Biography |url=https://www.history.co.uk/biographies/j-p-morgan |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Sky HISTORY TV channel |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ, ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Parke Hughes, ''Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930'' (1983), ⵜⵙ. 119&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hans Camenzind, ''Much Ado About Almost Nothing: Man's Encounter With the Electron,'' (2007), ⵜⵙ. 107&lt;/ref&gt; (ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 200,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 190.&lt;/ref&gt;) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1897, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵇⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ 216,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 73–74.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ 2.5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵕⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;Klooster 2009, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 305.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ ===
ⴳ 30 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1891, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Naturalization record of Nikola Tesla- a Footnote Spotlight by chris |url=http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/1093/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208010733/http://www.footnote.com/spotlight/1093/ |archive-date=2007-12-08 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.footnote.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ 46 ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;Krumme، Katherine (2000). &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120516065244/http://www.genevolution.net/documents/twain%20and%20tesla.pdf Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning]&quot; (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰ ⵙⴳ [http://www.genevolution.net/documents/twain%20and%20tesla.pdf ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ] ⴳ (ⴱⴷⴼ) ⴳ 2012-05-16. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 11/2/2026.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ &quot;ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ&quot; (Tesla coil).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=PBS: Tesla - Master of Lightning: The Tesla Coil |url=https://www.pbs.org/tesla/ins/lab_tescoil.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.pbs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]] ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1892-1894, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ (ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/columbia.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118002803/http://www.teslasociety.com/columbia.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Рэнтгенаўскі здымак рукі Тэслы.jpeg|thumb|285x285px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X.]]

=== ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵉⵏ (ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X) ===
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ &quot;ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴳⴷⴳ/ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hrabak |first=Maja |last2=Padovan |first2=Ranka Stern |last3=Kralik |first3=Marko |last4=Ozretic |first4=David |last5=Potocki |first5=Kristina |date=2008-07 |title=Nikola Tesla and the Discovery of X-rays |url=http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/28/4/1189.full |journal=RadioGraphics |language=en |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1189–1192 |doi=10.1148/rg.284075206 |issn=0271-5333 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922182853/http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/28/4/1189.full |archive-date=2013-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi18dCHfbLkC&amp;pg=PT88&amp;lpg=PT88&amp;dq=tesla+x-rays+1887&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=UVw7tdb5bk&amp;sig=hXULQfNzmjjtPVuemVrxWrlfGIo&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=Bis2UJ7PA8Xi0QHKyIH4Aw&amp;ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg |title=Hydroenergy and Its Energy Potential}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ&quot; ⵏⵖ &quot;ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X&quot;). ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⴽⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ 50,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1895 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: «ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵖ. ⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵖ?».&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1895 - Tesla Looses Fifth Ave Lab To Fire |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1895-tesla-looses-fifth-ave-lab-to-fire |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319085237/http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1895-tesla-looses-fifth-ave-lab-to-fire |archive-date=2014-03-19 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X - ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴽⵓⵏⵔⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1895 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ/ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X - ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ  ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵡⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1896, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X ([[ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ]]), ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵕⵜ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⵏⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ (ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ &quot;ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵍⵜ&quot;). ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ: «ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵏ.»&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Clark |first=Nanette South |title=Nikola Tesla - Radiography Experiments |url=http://anengineersaspect.blogspot.com/2011/07/nikola-tesla-radiography-experiments.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=An Engineer's Aspect}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⴹⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ]], ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ/ⵓⵙⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ [[ⵏⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵣ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ|ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ]] ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Griffiths, David J. ''Introduction to Electrodynamics'', [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]] [[0-13-805326-X]] and Jackson, John D. ''Classical Electrodynamics'', [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]] [[0-471-30932-X]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Association |first=American Electrotherapeutic |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=bUo7vYNkbKQC&amp;redir_esc=y&amp;hl=fr |title=Transactions of the American Electro-therapeutic Association |date=1899 |publisher=American Electrotherapeutic Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1934, ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵢⵓⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵔⵜⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵕⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ (cathode) ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ: «ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⵇⵉⵇ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⵇⵉⵇ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ.». ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ: «ⵜⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ... ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ... ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ.».&lt;ref&gt;Anderson، Leland، (1998). ''Nikola Tesla's teleforce &amp; telegeodynamics proposals''. Breckenridge, Colo.: 21st Century Books. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[0-9636012-8-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tesla boat1.jpg|thumb|281x281px|ⴳ 1898, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ [https://patents.google.com/patent/US613809 U.S. Patent 613,809]]]

=== ⴰⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ===
ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893 ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵓⵡⵉⵙ, ⵎⵉⵣⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉⵍⴼⵢⴰ, ⴱⵏⵙⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Orton، John (2004). ''The Story of Semiconductors''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ⵜⵙ. 53. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵃⴹⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ 2022-02-02. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 11/2/2026.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Tesla |first=Nikola |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=kNhCQPbYIsgC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency |date=1892 |publisher=W.J.Johnston Company, Limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Constable |first=George |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=IyVFweSZu0cC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements that Transformed Our Lives |last2=Somerville |first2=Bob |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0-309-08908-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1898, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ/ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ (U.S. Patent 613,809). ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ 1896 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵔⵍⵜⵛ, ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/beautifulnyc.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1898, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵥⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵛⴽⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⴳⴳⵉⵢⵜ|ⵜⵎⵣⴰⴳⴳⵉⵢⵜ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Singer |first=P. W. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=6aStP3Du5cgC&amp;pg=PT50&amp;lpg=PT50&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century |date=2009-01-22 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8597-2 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⴳⴳⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. &quot;Fritz-X&quot;, in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare'' (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, ⵜⵙ.1037.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⴷⴷⵓ) ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ [[ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ]] ⴳ 13 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1899.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla events in 1856 |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/timeline/1856-birth-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ 1900, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ]]&quot; ⴷ &quot;[[ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]&quot;. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ]] ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ]] ⴳ 1901, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵇⵇⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T &quot;Invent Radio&quot; |url=https://earlyradiohistory.us/tesla.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=earlyradiohistory.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1903, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴳ 1904. ⴳ 1943, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ [[ⵓⵍⵉⴼⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵊ]] ⴷ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⵟⵓⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Redouté |first=Jean-Michel |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=c92LQsxMxEUC&amp;pg=PA3&amp;lpg=PA3&amp;dq=British+Court+tesla+radio&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=9enh3iv6Ri&amp;sig=_cZbUxJcBpahYAzA9esD9bb_Tj0&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=British%20Court%20tesla%20radio&amp;f=false |title=EMC of Analog Integrated Circuits |last2=Steyaert |first2=Michiel |date=2009-10-10 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-3230-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Sobot |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=SdGaiV6iup0C&amp;pg=PA3&amp;lpg=PA3&amp;dq=supreme+court+1943+radio+marconi&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=rKt8D5C3xg&amp;sig=XuISBITcZzpFApoFE-IROq9qns0&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=supreme%20court%201943%20radio%20marconi&amp;f=false |title=Wireless Communication Electronics: Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques |date=2012-02-18 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-1-4614-1116-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵙⵓ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Redouté |first=Jean-Michel |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=c92LQsxMxEUC&amp;pg=PA3&amp;lpg=PA3&amp;dq=British+Court+tesla+radio&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=9enh3iv6Ri&amp;sig=_cZbUxJcBpahYAzA9esD9bb_Tj0&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=British%20Court%20tesla%20radio&amp;f=false |title=EMC of Analog Integrated Circuits |last2=Steyaert |first2=Michiel |date=2009-10-10 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-90-481-3230-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Nikola Tesla, with his equipment EDIT.jpg|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 68 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵏⴰⵡ/ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵜⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ  290–301.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ ===
ⴳ 17 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1899, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1856 - Birth Of Tesla |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1856-birth-of-tesla? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423130755/http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1856-birth-of-tesla? |archive-date=2015-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵜⵉ ⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴽⵉⵡⴰ,&lt;ref&gt;According to the Tesla memorial marker in Memorial Park on Pikes Peak Ave.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;''Nikola Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power'', Leland I. Anderson, 21st Century Books, 2002, ⵜⵙ. 109, [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]] [[1-893817-01-6]].&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1899, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵏⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵉⵥ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1856 - Birth Of Tesla |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1856-birth-of-tesla? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423130755/http://www.teslauniverse.com:80/nikola-tesla-timeline-1856-birth-of-tesla? |archive-date=2015-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵡⵜ|ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, &quot;''Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves''.&quot; 1994.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)|ⴰⴽⴰⵍ]] ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 1998, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 217.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Lightning Flashes on Origin of Solar System : Discovery News |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/lightning-flashes-on-origin-of-solar-system-120512.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126080623/http://news.discovery.com/space/lightning-flashes-on-origin-of-solar-system-120512.html |archive-date=2012-11-26 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=Discovery News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 135 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ (pied).&lt;ref&gt;Gillispie, Charles Coulston, &quot;''Dictionary of Scientific Biography'';&quot; ''Tesla, Nikola''. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵉⴱⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⴽ. ⴷ ⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏⵡⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ 100 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵍ. ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⴹⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;Childress 1993&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ; ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ [[ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1917]] ⴳ The Electrical Experimenter.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴹⵓⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵊⵓⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵀⴰⵡⵜⵛⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1899,&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Blair Stewart (1999). ''Tesla: The Modern Sorcerer'', Frog Book. ⵜⵙ. 372&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1900, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ &quot;ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 315.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 1998, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 220–223.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ|ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ]].&lt;ref&gt;Carlson 2013, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 315.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 9 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1901 ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ &quot;ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ]] ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ|ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ]] ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 1998, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 220–223.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ 1899, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ]] ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ $100,000 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ/ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Timeline 1912 - John Jacob Astor Dies |url=http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1912-john-jacob-astor-dies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419000549/http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-timeline-1912-john-jacob-astor-dies |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslauniverse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 1904, ⵉⵅⵍⴰ ⴷ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍ) ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla in Colorado Springs {{!}} The Denver Eye |url=http://www.thedenvereye.com:80/nikola-tesla-in-colorado-springs/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420182627/http://www.thedenvereye.com/nikola-tesla-in-colorado-springs/ |archive-date=2016-04-20 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.thedenvereye.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ [[ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]].&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 542&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ===
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ $150,000 ($5,669,400 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=404 {{!}} Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/404 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115051324/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/404 |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.minneapolisfed.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 51% ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ), ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ [[ⵛⵓⵔⵀⴰⵎ]], ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2009-05-04 |title=A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ? ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1901, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴷⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ.

ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1901, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ &quot;S&quot; ⵙⴳ [[ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵏⵢⵓⴼⴰⵡⵏⴷⵍⴰⵏⴷ]] ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⴱⵔⴰⴷⵓⵔ]] ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1902, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 57 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1903, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2009-05-04 |title=A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ 14 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1904, ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ: «ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ/ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ», ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵛⵓⴱ ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵔⴱⵓⵔⵉ]].

ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1902, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2009-05-04 |title=A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ 1906, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ 200 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ 16,000 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ/ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ. ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1910–1911, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 100–5,000 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=http://www.teslasociety.org/timeline.html |url=http://www.teslasociety.org/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131133833/http://www.teslasociety.org/timeline.html |archive-date=2025-01-31 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslasociety.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tesla Broadcast Tower 1904.jpeg|thumb|ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴳ 1904. ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ.]]
ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴳⴳⵓ — ⴰⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ, ⵜⵖⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵣⵜ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 162–164.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1912, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ &quot;ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴱⵓ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ&quot;, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ: «ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵉⵎⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ/ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ».&lt;ref&gt;Anderson، Leland، (1998). ''Nikola Tesla's teleforce &amp; telegeodynamics proposals''. Breckenridge, Colo.: 21st Century Books. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[0-9636012-8-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ|ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ]] ⵙ [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ|ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]], ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1912, ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴹⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵊⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ/ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵖⵔⵓⵅⵙⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵙ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴼⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⴽⵙⵡⵉⵍ]] ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Tesla Collection |url=https://www.teslacollection.com/tesla_articles/1912/popular_electricity_magazine/e_leslie_gilliams/tesla_s_plan_of_electrically_treating_school_children |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.teslacollection.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⵙ $20,000 ($627,800 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20251115051324/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/404 Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–2014]. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 11/2/2026.&lt;/ref&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Broad |first=William J. |date=2009-05-04 |title=A Battle to Preserve a Visionary’s Bold Failure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/science/05tesla.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1917, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ &quot;ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.ieee.org/documents/edison_rl.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723042643/https://www.ieee.org/documents/edison_rl.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.ieee.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1917 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ Electrical Experimenter, ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ/ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵟⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ/ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ (screen) ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉ (ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ&lt;ref&gt;Margaret Cheney, Robert Uth, Jim Glenn, ''Tesla, Master of Lightning,'' ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ. 128–129&lt;/ref&gt;). ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ/ⵓⵔⵛⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Coe |first=Lewis |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=W1JAeg1PiWIC&amp;pg=PA154&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |title=Wireless Radio: A History |date=2006-02-22 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2662-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⴰⵛⴰ [[ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷⵓ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ|ⵓⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ]] ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1953 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ: «ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ/ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ».&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 266.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ===
ⴳ 6 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1915, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵢⵜⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ|ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ]] ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ]] ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915 ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵢⵜⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵀⵓⵍⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ [[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ]] ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ X.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 245.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1915/summary/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cheney, Uth &amp; Glenn 1999, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 120&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ/ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001، ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 245.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ «ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍⵜ; ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 245.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ/ⵓⵎⵍⵍⵓⴳⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵓ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ; ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵏⴰⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴷⵔⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ($20,000) ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 245.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 7.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ (ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1815, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1937).&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ  378–380.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Original Tesla Coil.png|thumb|266x266px|ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ '''[https://patents.google.com/patent/US1119732 U.S. Patent 1٬119٬732]''']]

=== ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ===
ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1919 ⴷ 1922, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵍⵡⴰⴽⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⵉⵙ-ⵛⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 398.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1928, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, U.S. Patent 1,655,114, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⵉⴷ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵢⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Patents |url=https://teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla/patents |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=teslauniverse.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵣ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ $1,000.&lt;ref&gt;Cheney 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 251.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla's Curious Contrivance |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/nikola-teslas-curious-contrivance-10187565/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Second banquet meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers.jpg|thumb|293x293px|ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ 23 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1915, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.]]
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1934, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ 125$ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽⵔ&quot;, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ.&lt;ref&gt;Jonnes 2004, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 365.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cheney, Uth &amp; Glenn 1999, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 149&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 435&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ&quot; ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ [[ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵙⵉⴼⵔ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵔⵉⴳⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Seifer 2001, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 435&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1935, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.&lt;ref&gt;Anderson، Leland، (1998). ''Nikola Tesla's teleforce &amp; telegeodynamics proposals''. Breckenridge, Colo.: 21st Century Books. [[ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ISBN]]:&lt;bdi&gt;[[0-9636012-8-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵜⵓⵜ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴹ; ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ). ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵕⵥⵎⵜ; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴼⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1938, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Neill 1944, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ?.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ===
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:

# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⴰⴼⴰ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1892.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books/about/Monkeyshines_on_Great_Inventors.html?id=SKOmiByD_X8C&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Monkeyshines on Great Inventors |date=1997 |publisher=EBSCO Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-888325-04-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1895.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Vladimir |title=Nikola Tesla and the Serbian Orthodox Church: a St Sava’s Day reflection |url=https://www.eserbia.org/culture/lectures/288-nikola-tesla-and-the-serbian-orthodox-church-a-st-sava-s-day-reflection |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Serbica Americana |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1917.
# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⴰⴼⴰ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1926.
# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1931.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1934.
# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1936.
# ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵓⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937.
# ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵏⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ-ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1939.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⴳ 7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1943, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 3327 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Comment est décédé Nikola Tesla ? |url=https://model-sport.com/blogs/news/comment-decede-nikola-tesla |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Model Sport |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ [[ⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⵅⵅⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵉⵏⵎ&quot; ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵡⵉⵎⴱⵍⵉ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵓⵍ|ⵡⵓⵍ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ [[ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙⵍⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ.

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla Bibliography |url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/bibliography.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.tfcbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ «ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ»: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴱⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ]]. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴷⴰⵢⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⴰⵜⵛⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵢⵍⴷⵔⵉⵙ]], ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Selected Tesla Writings -- Table of Contents |url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/contents.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.tfcbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ «ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵎⴰ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=&quot;The Problem of Increasing Human Energy&quot; by Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1900-06-00.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.tfcbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ «ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Tesla |first=Nikola |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13476?msg=welcome_stranger |title=Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High FrequencyA Lecture Delivered before the Institution of Electrical Engineers, London |date=16 ⵛⵓⵜ, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=&quot;Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency&quot; |url=http://www.tfcbooks.com/tesla/1892-02-03.htm |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.tfcbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏ ===
ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ, ⴰⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ. ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ.

=== ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ===

* ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ
* ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵓⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ - ⴳ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
* ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ.
* ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ
* ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴳ 1956.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Seifer |first=Marc J. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=h2DTNDFcC14C&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius |date=1996 |publisher=Citadel Press |isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ ===

* ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ - 10 ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Varga |first=Aleksandra |date=2015-07-09 |title=Nacionalni Dan nauke: Program obeležavanja rođendana NIKOLE TESLE! |url=https://www.sd.rs/clanak/nacionalni-dan-nauke-program-obelezavanja-rodendana-nikole-tesle-09-07-2015 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.sd.rs |language=sr-Latn}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵓⵢⴼⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=DAN NIKOLE TESLE / DAN NAUKE U SRBIJI – Novi Sad {{!}} Vojvodina online |url=http://vojvodinaonline.com/manifestacije/dan-nikole-tesle-dan-nauke-u-srbiji-novi-sad/?lang=SR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317021031/https://web.archive.org/web/20150315185617/http://vojvodinaonline.com/manifestacije/dan-nikole-tesle-dan-nauke-u-srbiji-novi-sad/?lang=SR |archive-date=2020-03-17 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=web.archive.org |language=SR}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - [[ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ]], 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.
* ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ, 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=National Day of Nikola Tesla - Day of Science, Technology and Innovation, July 10 {{!}} State intellectual property office |url=http://www.dziv.hr/en/news/national-day-of-nikola-tesla---day-of-science-technology-and-innovation-july-10,263.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317021037/https://web.archive.org/web/20150714033955/http://www.dziv.hr/en/news/national-day-of-nikola-tesla---day-of-science-technology-and-innovation-july-10,263.html |archive-date=2020-03-17 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=web.archive.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵕⴰⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Nikola Tesla EV Rally - EXCELLENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |url=https://www.nikolateslaevrally.com.hr/home-slika/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Nikola Tesla EV Rally |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ===

* ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵍⴳⵔⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport - AirportDesk |url=https://www.airport-desk.com/europe/serbia/belgrade/belgrade-nikola-tesla-airport |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.airport-desk.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵍⴳⵔⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage |url=https://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113102011/https://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/ |archive-date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ TPP (ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ) ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ.
* ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ 128 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ.
* ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵉ ⴰⵡⵟⵟⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 26 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ]] ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.

=== ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ===
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2012 ⴳ ⵔⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Service |first=Wire |date=2014-03-21 |title=STEM High School formally named after Nikola Tesla |url=http://www.redmond-reporter.com/news/stem-high-school-formally-named-after-nikola-tesla/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Redmond Reporter |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ|ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵓⵏ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ]]
* [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ]]
* [[ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ]]
* [[ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ]]
* [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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    <title>ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ</title>
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'''ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ''' ⵏ [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ), ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=ميثاق البهجة |url=https://visitmarrakech.com/ar/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Visit Marrakech Morocco - BAHJA SPIRIT {{!}} Guide Officiel pour Voyages, Activités et Événements |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ (ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⵉ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1147, ⴼ ⵉⵅⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1158, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵔⵎⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵔⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⵉⴷⵍ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜ ⵍⵇⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ (ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ.

ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية): ‘’ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⵅⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ (ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |last=Hazar.Harrak |title=مسجد الكتبية..عراقة في المغرب |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101836/https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-0 |archive-date=2023-04-06 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=العربي الجديد |language=ar-AR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴼⵖⵏⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 5300 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ 17 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⴷ 11 ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⵜ ⵉⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵖ ⴼⴼⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵍⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵍⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵉⵇⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ. ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵕⵜⵓⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ 12 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵙ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1150.

== ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ==
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵔ. ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵚⵚⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴹⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵃⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉ, ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⵚⵚⴰⵔⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴰⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ 77 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙ 8 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵖⵉ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵙⵙⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣⵏ 12.8 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵎⵓⵇⵇⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ 29 ⵏ ⴽⵉⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⵜⵔ. ⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴳ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⴹⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵜ). ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⴰⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⴼ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵥⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴼ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵯⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖ, ⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉⵢⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴼ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵇⵓⴱ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵕⵥⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ.

ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴰⵀⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⴷⴷⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ. ⴳ ⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=جامع الكتبية - المعرفة |url=https://www.marefa.org/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=المعرفة |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ==
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⵉ (1130-1163) ⵉⴽⵎⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵎⵏⵚⵓⵕ (1199-1184). ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ - ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵯⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ. ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ(ⵜⴰⵛⵛⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ). ⴰⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⵜ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⴰⵢ(ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ) ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵎⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⵎⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵥⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ. ⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵊⵓⵕ, ⵉⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴱⴱⴰⵚⵜ. ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵕⵕⴰⵊⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ(ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ).

ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴳⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵓⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⵎⵉ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ(ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴼⵉⵜ).

ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵀⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵣⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=مركز التراث العالمي - |url=https://whc.unesco.org/ar/list/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵕⵜⵓⴱⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ (1571-1562) ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴽⴰⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏⴰ.

== ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia minaret Mosque in Marrakech at night, Morocco.jpg|thumb|347x347px|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ]]
ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (الكتبيين) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵣⵏⵓⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=مسجد الكتبية.. شارك في بنائه 3 ملوك ولقبت صومعته بـ&quot;سبّابة مراكش&quot; |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2024/4/9/%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%ac%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%83-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%87-3-%d9%85%d9%84%d9%88%d9%83-%d9%88%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a8%d8%aa |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1147. ⵓⵔ ⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ(ⵍⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵉⴷⵉⵏ) ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ(ⵉⵀⵔⵜⵉⵇⵏ). ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ - ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ. ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵉⴷⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵅⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴼⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ , ⵍⵇⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵖ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10 ⵜⵙⴽⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ.

ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵄⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ (1130-1163). ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1158, ⵥⵥⵓⵍⵍⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1162-1190-1199. ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ.

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉⵜ.

== ⴰⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ==
ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵓⵡⴰⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.

== ⵙⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 80 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ, ⴷ 60 ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴷ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ. ⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍⵜ. ⵉⴹⵕ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ (ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ). ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⵯⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵎⵎⵏⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ.

ⴰⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵣⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵕⵕⵛⵓⵎ ⵉⴽⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵍⵏ.

ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ 45 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴹⵓ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵣⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜ ⴰⵡⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⴼ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵍⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵉⵏⴳⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵃⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵏⵓⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵣⵖ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⴱⴷ ⴳⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ‘ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ’. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⴼⵇⵉⵀ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵇⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Client Challenge |url=https://fr.scribd.com/document/476574938/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9# |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=fr.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ: ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⴼⴰⵏ ==
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⴰⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ. ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ : ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴼ (الاسطوان) ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵏ (ⵉⵙⵜⵡⴰⵏ.. ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ (اسطوان) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵃⴰⴷⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵙⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴼⴽⵏⵜ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵇⵔⵎⵓⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷⴱⴱⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕ ⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵯⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ - ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ… ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ - ⵉⵏⵓⵎⴰⵥ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ - ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵣⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⴱⴱⵜ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵃⵔⴰⴱ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵜ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ… ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ.

== ⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢ ==
ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵔⵛⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ, ⵉⴽⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵎⵏⴱⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Koutoubia mosque (2847737638).jpg|thumb|ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ]]

== ⴰⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ==
ⴳ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⵖⴷⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵅⴼⵡⴰⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵥⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵇⵚⵔⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ.

ⵉⴼⵕⴹⴰⵚ ⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ. ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵍⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵇⵙⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵜⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⵊⵓⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=مراكش |url=https://www.dw.com/ar/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B4/t-19453124 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=dw.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;center&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    <title>ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6</comment>
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      <text bytes="4727" sha1="0hlvfbsvpx9idbxu9hn3yqj6gihl9ic" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ''' ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓ ⴳⵍⵍⵓⵍ|ⵉⴷ ⵓ ⵓⴳⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍ]], ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ: ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ]] ⴳⵔ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ]]. ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵙⴳ [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ [[ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ|ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ]], ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵏ: ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⵄⵉⴷ ⵍⴳⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⴳⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵓⵃⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 9 ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ .

== ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ? ==
ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵓⵃⵉ]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ  ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 5 ⵜⵊⵕⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ 2 ⵜⵊⵕⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=النوحي |first=الحسين |date=2024-06-14 |title=عمارة الأبراج بإحاحان جنوب الصويرة:الأدوار والوظائف |url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/Lixus/article/view/49556 |journal=مجلة ليكسوس:في التاريخ والعلوم الإنسانية |language=ar |volume=3 |issue=53 |issn=2605-6259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250718131005/https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/Lixus/article/view/49556 |archive-date=2025-07-18 |access-date=2026-02-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ? ==
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ]] ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ (ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ). ⴷ ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵛⵉⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵥⵥⵉⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵜⵏⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴼⴹⵏⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ. ⵃⵎⵍⵏ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

== ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ==
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵓⵏ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵄⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴽⴽⵉ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ) ⵉⵔⴷⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵀⵕⴰⵕ ⵔⴷⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵛⵕⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵔⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 08 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2023 ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ |ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ |ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵓⵍ |ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ }}</text>
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    <title>ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ</title>
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        <id>96</id>
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      <text bytes="5888" sha1="ij377y8pb4ior579s8nt4h15th4hw48" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: الاتحاد الرياضي البلدي لآيت ملول), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⵍ '''USMA Melloul''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ [[1999]], ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Mahieu |first=Rilke |title=Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Moroccan Citizens Abroad |date=2020 |work=Migration and Social Protection in Europe and Beyond (Volume 3): A Focus on Non-EU Sending States |pages=231–246 |editor-last=Lafleur |editor-first=Jean-Michel |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |access-date=2026-07-06 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_13 |isbn=978-3-030-51237-8 |editor2-last=Vintila |editor2-first=Daniela}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=مدينة أيت ملول...مدينة العبور ..مشاكل بيئية وأمنية وصحية تنتظر حلولا ناجعة |url=https://www.maghress.com/attajdid/17069 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140156/https://www.maghress.com/attajdid/17069 |archive-date=2018-06-12 |access-date=2026-07-06 |work=مغرس}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ|ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ.

== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ==
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] ⴳ 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ (CAM) ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ (CSAM).

USMAM, ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ (ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵃⵎⴷⴰⵏ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] (12 ⴽⵎ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ|ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]]) ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ (ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ), ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ (ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⴰⵙⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵟⵉⵛⴰ), ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 260 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ), ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵉⵛⴽⵍⵉⵟ.

USMAM ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ, ⴰⴱⵉⵛⴽⵍⵉⵟ, ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵏⴽ, ⵛⵛⵉⵟⵕⴰⵏⵊ ⴷ ⴼⵓⵍ-ⴽⵓⵏⵟⴰⴽⵟ.

ⴰⵙⴰⵎⴰⵙ 5 ⴱⵕⵉⵍ 2009 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵔⵔⴰⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ 1/16 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |date=2020-04-01 |title=Raja Casablanca vs Wydad Casablanca: I Think This Is the Beginning of a Beautiful Rivalry... |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/6587378-raja-casablanca-vs-wydad-casablanca-i-think-this-is-the-beginning-of-a-beautiful-rivalry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002094830/https://www.90min.com/posts/6587378-raja-casablanca-vs-wydad-casablanca-i-think-this-is-the-beginning-of-a-beautiful-rivalry |archive-date=2023-10-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |work=90min.com |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵢⴰⵙ 17 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2010 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵖⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ (GNF2).

== ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ==
ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵣⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ.

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2026, ⵖ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ 07:37:40 ⵙ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴻⵍⵡⵉ (UTC+8), ⵢⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵉ ⵏ 7.8 ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵅⵜⴻⵔ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵡ]] ⴳ ⴼⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |date=2026-06-08 |title=General Santos airport cancels 17 flights due to 7.8-magnitude earthquake |url=https://www.mindanaotimes.com.ph/general-santos-airport-cancels-17-flights-due-to-7-8-magnitude-earthquake/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260608175538/https://www.mindanaotimes.com.ph/general-santos-airport-cancels-17-flights-due-to-7-8-magnitude-earthquake/ |archive-date=2026-06-08 |access-date=2026-07-06 |work=Mindanao Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=الفلبين: عشرات القتلى ومئات الجرحى جراء زلزال قوته 7.8 درجة |url=https://aawsat.com/node/5281498 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=aawsat.com |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴻⵣⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵔⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴽⵙⴽⵙⴰⵔⵊⵉⵏ, ⴼ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵏ 26 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (16 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍ) ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ-ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴰⴱⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000srb1 |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000srb1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260608000434/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000srb1 |archive-date=2026-06-08 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴼⴼⵖⵏⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⵎⵉ ⵖ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵉⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⴰ, ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵡ, ⵊⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⵟⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⵡⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴻⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 55 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, 1120 ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 31 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵊⵍⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tolosa |first=James |date=2026-06-12 |title=Nasawi sa lindol sa Mindanao umakyat na sa 55 – OCD |url=https://tnt.abante.com.ph/2026/06/12/55-nasawi-sa-magnitude-7-8-na-lindol-sa-mindanao-ocd-report/news/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ |title=Mga nasawi sa malakas na lindol sa Mindanao, 35 na, ayon sa OCD |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/balita/990714/mga-nasawi-sa-malakas-na-lindol-sa-mindanao-35-na-ayon-sa-ocd/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260608175535/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/balitambayan/balita/990714/mga-nasawi-sa-malakas-na-lindol-sa-mindanao-35-na-ayon-sa-ocd/story/ |archive-date=2026-06-08 |access-date=2026-07-06 |work=Balitambayan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Corp |first=Pelmorex |date=2026-06-08 |title=Powerful magnitude 7.8 earthquake strikes the Philippines |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/en/news/weather/severe/powerful-magnitude-7-8-earthquake-strikes-the-philippines |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=The Weather Network |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1990.

== ⴰⵎⴰⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏⵉ ==
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵏⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵖⵍⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓ. ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⴻⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵥⴻⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵇⵡⵡⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⴳⴳⵓⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵏⴷⴰⵏⴰⵡ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem899225/region-info |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=earthquake.usgs.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ 8.1 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵏⴰⵎⵉ ⵖ ⵓⵅⴱⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 8000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=News |first=ABS-CBN |title=Cotabato Trench movement caused M6.8 Davao Occidental quake: Phivolcs {{!}} ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/17/23/cotabato-trench-movement-caused-m68-davao-occidental-quake-phivolcs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116184435/https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/11/17/23/cotabato-trench-movement-caused-m68-davao-occidental-quake-phivolcs |archive-date=2025-01-16 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=ABS-CBN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
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    <title>ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ</title>
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      <text bytes="8456" sha1="1a9jxwaoxiippppozyvkump8uyr563r" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵜ]]: '''Harry Stroomer''') ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1946 ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴽⵎⴰⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026.&lt;ref&gt;[[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ ⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔ]] (2026), [https://llacan.cnrs.fr/blog/?p=3998 Triste nouvelle : Décès de Harry Stroomer], ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 24 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026 (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ)&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1987 ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓ-ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵢⴷⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ|ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Toegang geblokkeerd / Access Blocked |url=https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/harry-stroomer#tab-1 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.universiteitleiden.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260722132849/https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/harry-stroomer#tab-1 |archive-date=2026-07-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Harry Stroomer {{!}} African Studies Centre Leiden |url=https://ascleiden.nl/content/ASC-community/members/harry-stroomer |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=ascleiden.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⴷⵍⴰⵡⵉ]] (2024). '''[https://orbinah.blog4ever.com/en-arabe-du-nouveau-en-lexicographie-berbereamazighe-dictionnaire-tachelhiyt-francais-par-harry-stroomer جديد الصناعة المعجمية الأمازيغية] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 24/07/2026. OrBinah''' (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ)&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==

=== ⵉⴷ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ: ===

* [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ (ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ)|ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ]] (ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴱⵕⵉⵍ, 2025): ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ 4 ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=SAADOUNI |first=Mohamed |date=2026-01-24 |title=Review of the Berber Tachelḥiyt–French Dictionary. (4 Volumes) |url=https://scholarhub.univh2c.ma/fls/vol10/iss1/13 |journal=Faits de Langue et Société (FLS) |volume=10 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reddit.com/r/AmazighPeople/comments/1jlorzu/dutch_linguist_spends_40_years_compiling/ ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ: ===

* ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ (ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, 2001) &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |url=https://ircam.biblio.ma/catalogue/index.php?lvl=notice_display&amp;id=10382 |title=An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber Folktales (South Morocco) |date=2001 |publisher=Rudiger Koppe Verlag |isbn=978-3-89645-381-5 |series=Berber studies |location=Koln}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵎⵉⵡⵏ (ⵓⴳⴷⵎⵜ) ⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⴰⴼⵏ (ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ). &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fnac.com/a1175193/Harry-Stroomer-Textes-berberes-des-Guedmioua-et-Goundafa ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵜⵓⵏⵟⵕⵓⴱⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⵥⵕⵡⴰⵍⵜ]] (ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ), ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⵛⵜⵓⵎ]] (2004).
* ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ [[ⴰⵔⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ|ⴰⵖⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ]], 2007) &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Roux |first=Arsène |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=2007 |title=Textes berbères du Maroc central ; (textes originaux en transcription). ; Arsène Roux ; édités par Harry Stroomer. |url=https://altair.imarabe.org//notice.php?q=id:128571&amp;lang=fr |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=altair.imarabe.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ [[ⴱⵢⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵖ]]). &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite (Broché) au meilleur prix {{!}} E.Leclerc |url=https://www.e.leclerc/fp/textes-berberes-des-ait-ouaouzguite-broche-9782857449607 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.e.leclerc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵖⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ]] (ⵖⵎⴰⵔⴰ): ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵏⵊⵕⵓⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ.

=== ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼⵏ: ===
ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ''[[ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]]'' (ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜ [[ⵔⵓⴷⵉⴳⵔ ⴽⵓⴱⴱ ⴼⵉⵔⵍⴰⴳ]]) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ [[ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ|ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ:&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Rüdiger Köppe Verlag - African Studies / Africanistics, Cultural and Legal Anthropology, History of Christian Missions, and Sociology {{!}} Series details |url=https://www.koeppe.de/reihe_bs-berber-studies |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.koeppe.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵖⵙⵉⵏ ⵔⵓ]], 2003).
* ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ (ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ)|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵄⵢⵢⴰⵛ]], [[ⵉⵖⵣⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⴳⵎⵉⵔ]], [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]], [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜ [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴰⵉⵜ ⵍⵎⵇⴷⴷⵎ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ.

=== ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵛⵉⵜⵉⵏ: ===

* ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵀⴰⵔⵉⵜ]], [[ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ]], 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Johnstone |first=Thomas M. |url=https://books.google.co.ma/books/about/Mehri_Texts_from_Oman.html?id=buGOA-4hX1EC&amp;redir_esc=y |title=Mehri Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T.M. Johnstone |last2=Stroomer |first2=Harry |date=1999 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04215-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴰⵏⴰ ⵓⵕⵓⵎⵓ, 19995.
* ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ|ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ]], 2001.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ]]
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵄⴷⵓⵏⵉ]]
* [[ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵖ]]
* [[ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵏ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ|ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ]]
* [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓ ⴼⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵅⵔⵜ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⴰⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ}}</text>
      <sha1>1a9jxwaoxiippppozyvkump8uyr563r</sha1>
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