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維基大典:會館
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2026-05-27T17:15:07Z
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/* 請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票 */ 新節
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{{Easy Archive| to=維基大典:會館/存檔/乙巳年}}
== 大典新徽 ==
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v5-lzh-yanzhenqing.svg|thumb|丙午新徽(颜真卿)]]
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v5-zh-classical.svg|thumb|丙午新徽]]
[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v4-zh-classical.svg|thumb|庚子徽]]
受前面的提案启发,采用赵孟頫的行书千字文制作“文辞雅正 学问渊深”四字,不知诸位以为如何? —[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇三時〇六分 (UTC)
*按:困于清晰度和个人技术原因,飞白未能像上面的隶书“维基大典”一样体现,并且边缘锯齿为人工消除,过渡可能略微不自然。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇三時〇八分 (UTC)
*再按:可以复制[[用戶:WAN233/common.css]]至个人的css页面查看效果--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月一〇日 (二) 〇四時〇五分 (UTC)
*今以颜体重制徽标--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年三月二四日 (二) 〇六時四三分 (UTC)
*今适当提高雅字--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月三日 (五) 〇五時三二分 (UTC)
*:視之正矣。有勞 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月三日 (五) 〇六時四六分 (UTC)
予以為丙午新徽(颜真卿){{可也}}。I think this file, [[:File:Wikipedia-logo-v5-lzh-yanzhenqing.svg|丙午新徽(颜真卿)]], made by WAN233 is suitable as the new logo of this website. —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一一時〇九分 (UTC)
----
[[phab:T424128]]--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二二日 (三) 〇六時一一分 (UTC)
== 評選期限 ==
{{存檔至|維基大典討論:評選卓著正典}}
據[[維基大典:評選卓著正典]],評選正典,以十五日為限,然大典文士甚稀,若[[吳廷瑈]]一文,[https://w.wiki/KiUT 十五日既至,獨僕一人與議]。吾以期限既至,[[討論:吳廷瑈#評選正典討議錄|遂告落選]]。或以眾議未決,不可遽稱落選。
實則十五日為限,失之過短,大典諸士,未得與議。吾意效法新知,一月為期,如是則眾議並馳,不亦善乎?略陳淺見,以聽公論。[[用戶:一室幽蘭|一室幽蘭]]([[用戶討論:一室幽蘭|議]]) 二〇二六年四月三日 (五) 〇六時四六分 (UTC)
:足下留心法度,勤於修故,僕深嘉敬。
:考評議以十五日為期者,乃九載前之舊制也。方彼之時,視更前之九載,同道已見寥落,纂輯、監修而不輟者,不及曩時之九一;然以十五日為斷,猶足博採群言,適得其平。孰料九年以降,迄於今日,文士益尟,復減至前時之九一。若仍泥於舊限,蓋患乎促迫矣。
:僕意亦以為,宜少寬其限,俾得廣求讜論。主其事者亦可藉此刊誤補闕,切磋琢磨,相與俱進。《詩》不云乎:「善戲謔兮,不為虐兮。」二三子月旦文章,指摘微瑕,本欲成人之美,豈有意尋釁以陵轢同輩哉?苟展緩期程,則主筆與眾同志皆得從容納言,潤色文辭,使臻於至善。
:然期程不可盡廢,久懸不決,亦非所宜。且評定見黜者,原無懲戒之意,異日繕寫既成,隨時可復申前議。公前倡言以一月為期,蓋為一擇(果然,僕謂宜明言「三旬」,以定確數)。至於此制當改與否,延限幾何,尚祈廣開言路,咸使與聞,共求合乎時宜之令甲焉。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月三日 (五) 一三時二二分 (UTC)
::聞尊意亦望延期,僕甚喜之。延期一事,公諸會館,已逾半月,至今未見異議。大典文士寥落,欲必得眾議而後行,似空中樓閣,未切實際。吾意七日以後,仍無異議,則徑行此制,期定三旬。此非定制,彼時如有他見,商酌未晚。君以為若何?[[用戶:一室幽蘭|一室幽蘭]]([[用戶討論:一室幽蘭|議]]) 二〇二六年四月二〇日 (一) 一三時〇一分 (UTC)
:: 期以一月,众议若定则决之;若犹未决,展限一月,至多以三月为期。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 〇二時五二分 (UTC)
:::集議以六十日為限,期滿則止,留待再舉。 [[用戶:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]([[用戶討論:Shunshen Lee|議]]) 二〇二六年四月二七日 (一) 一四時二六分 (UTC)
: 私以一月為善,展期兩次為限,意同WAN233君。—— '''[[用戶:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[用戶討論:Ericliu1912|留言]].[[:w:zh:User:Ericliu1912|通語用戶頁]]''')</sub> 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 一三時三六分 (UTC)
::善哉。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月二五日 (六) 〇五時一五分 (UTC)
{{答|Ericliu1912|WAN233}}
*二君之見,吾甚善之。評選卓著正典,先以一月為期,有定論則決之。若讚駁交錯,眾議紛紜,方是時也,一月之期至,遽止議論,誠非宜也。相機而展期,理所當然。
*然則當明其期。蓋西曆一月,二十八日、二十九日、三十日、三十一日,皆有之也。若定一月,恐滋歧義。故吾同乎[[用戶:Davidzdh|关山君]]之見,明其'''三十日'''為善。[[用戶:一室幽蘭|一室幽蘭]]([[用戶討論:一室幽蘭|議]]) 二〇二六年四月二七日 (一) 〇八時一〇分 (UTC)
** 可,三十日为一期--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二九日 (三) 〇五時〇七分 (UTC)
== 設世事之名集議 ==
總會近有定議,將廢維基新聞。自來月,諸語網驛獨立者,皆從緘封,不復更易;其草創於孵育場者,亦將盡行芟夷。
念吾儕昔年欲建文言之世事,雖見沮於有司,幸託跡大典,賴眾人鞠育,經營至今。前日與中文新聞有秩言,猶冀自立門戶。然時移事異,總會既絕斯道,自立之望遂寢。今唯有深耕大典,方為萬全之策。
近有同人見教云:大典篇什日繁,新聞之事,與其散漫無統,不若專設「世事」(或「維基世事」)名集{{按|暨命名空間}},以妥藏之。余深以為然,考其利有三:
# 別立名集,可盡收既往之正文、凡例、類目,免其淪佚;
# 沿革之跡與同人之名得以具存,不負眾人鉛槧之勞;
# 自今而後,新聞與正條各安其所,披閱既易,條理亦明。
夫託跡大典,築基固本,初衷未改。今設名集之議,旨在網羅散失,垂範來者。未知諸君以為何如? —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一二時二〇分 (UTC)
*{{可也}},可效[[維基大典:維基爾雅|維基爾雅]]設之--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一二時二四分 (UTC)
*:善。擬取世事二字,以求簡便。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一九時一五分 (UTC)
* 另,世事名集,亦可效爾雅,设色以别。余以为可择黄粉紫其一。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 〇二時一五分 (UTC)
*:蓋維基世事以天藍為幟——適與足下署名之色同。然共筆臺中,文內連結亦皆尚藍,特深淺之別耳。兩相糅雜,是以未知安取。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月二五日 (六) 〇五時三三分 (UTC)
* 可也,善矣。古云「國可滅,史不可滅」;今新聞雖泯,其卷自不當佚。—— '''[[用戶:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[用戶討論:Ericliu1912|留言]].[[:w:zh:User:Ericliu1912|通語用戶頁]]''')</sub> 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 一三時三八分 (UTC)
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[[phab:T425849]]--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月九日 (六) 〇四時五四分 (UTC)
* 英文new同$wgUrlProtocols冲突,拟直取汉字--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月二七日 (三) 〇二時五三分 (UTC)
== 設爾雅之名集議 ==
曩者,有司以文言屬古典語文,遂拒「維基爾雅」自立之請,致使訓詁、音義之學,無所歸附。
查爾雅之教,所以明物類、辨字訓也,不可一日廢。既有司弗許獨立,而寄跡大典,則不若專設「爾雅」(或「維基爾雅」)名集。凡字書、辭彙、異名、方言之屬,悉匯存於其間。
如此,則小學之功有依,檢校之勞易集,且無爭於總會之規,而文言雅學得以完存。不知諸君意下如何? —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一二時三三分 (UTC)
:{{可也}},当另立名集--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一二時三六分 (UTC)
::擬取「爾雅」二字,以求簡便 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月一九日 (日) 一九時一五分 (UTC)
::借問 @[[用戶:WAN233|WAN233]] 君:如一遷爾雅諸條,則原爾雅之綠字樣式,亦當隨焉。改諸CSS之設定乎? —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 〇〇時三二分 (UTC)
::: 可,见[[MediaWiki:Common.js]]--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 〇二時〇七分 (UTC)
: 可也。然與通語爾雅分野為何?乃應商酌。—— '''[[用戶:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[用戶討論:Ericliu1912|留言]].[[:w:zh:User:Ericliu1912|通語用戶頁]]''')</sub> 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 一三時三八分 (UTC)
:: 夫通语尔雅,释当世之语,修今语者,不必谙古音韵。而文言一途,非今人之常言,词章自成系统,释义之法,与今大异。若合于一处,则古今杂糅,名实相乱。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月三〇日 (四) 〇二時〇五分 (UTC)
=== 遣僕 ===
若增設「爾雅」名集,特請遣僕[[User:WAN233-bot|WAN233-bot]]移[[:分類:維基爾雅]]諸文。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二二日 (三) 〇六時三六分 (UTC)
:{{可也}} —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 〇〇時三一分 (UTC)
: 可也。—— '''[[用戶:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[用戶討論:Ericliu1912|留言]].[[:w:zh:User:Ericliu1912|通語用戶頁]]''')</sub> 二〇二六年四月二四日 (五) 一三時三九分 (UTC)
=== 英文名 ===
名集者,当有英文名,Wiktionary?Dictionary?--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年四月二九日 (三) 〇五時一一分 (UTC)
:Wiktionary,則與越境{{按|跨維基}}之繫聯相衝突。蓋即dictionary與。 —[[用戶:Davidzdh|<font color="#008B8B">关山</font>]] ([[User talk:Davidzdh|修書]]) 二〇二六年四月二九日 (三) 〇八時一二分 (UTC)
:因英文news同$wgUrlProtocols冲突,尔雅亦直取汉字,文言维基设置英文空间名需求不大--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月二七日 (三) 〇二時五五分 (UTC)
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[[phab:T425849]]--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月九日 (六) 〇四時五四分 (UTC)
== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==
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Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[用戶:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[用戶討論:MediaWiki message delivery|議]]) 二〇二六年四月二六日 (日) 〇〇時五八分 (UTC)
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== 台灣分會2026年4月對話時間 ==
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<div style="font-size:x-large; padding-bottom:5px;">'''社群疑難雜症找協會!'''</div>
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2026年4月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]],訂於台灣時間'''4/30 (四) 19:00'''舉行,<br>
參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br>
協會到底在做什麼?如果你覺得協會存在感超低,有事都找不到人,把握這次的對話機會!這是一個定期舉辦的服務時段,由協會秘書長親自主持,有問題馬上解決。協會會分享目前進行中的專案與計劃,也邀請社群朋友分享想法、反映需求,彼此開講、一起討論。<br>
本月討論主題將討論維基社群AI政策,這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會!快來一起參加!
--[[用戶:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[用戶討論:MediaWiki message delivery|議]]) 二〇二六年四月二七日 (一) 二二時五二分 (UTC)
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[[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan]]
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== <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span> ==
<div lang="zh" dir="ltr">
<section begin="announcement-content" />
<em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|閱讀這則公告的其他語言版本]]</em>
大家好!我很高興地通知貴社群,作為[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|解析器統一]]專案的下一步,Parsoid即將啟用成為此維基站點的預設條目渲染器。我們正在逐步增加使用Parsoid的維基站點數量,目的是讓Parsoid成為MediaWiki的下一個長期支援版本的預設wikitext解析器。這將使我們的維基對編輯者、讀者和工具來說更加穩定可靠,同時也使未來的wikitext功能開發更加容易。
如果這項遷移作業會打亂您的工作流程,請不用擔心!您仍然可以透過使用者偏好設定選擇退出;或透過「工具」側邊欄在當前頁面上關閉Parsoid(如[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]]說明文件所述)。
參閱[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|關於我們的推出策略的更多資訊]],包括為新維基站點啟用Parsoid之前所做的測試。
若要回報錯誤和問題,請先參閱我們的[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|已知問題]]說明文件;如果您發現新的錯誤,請在Phabricator中建立工單並標記[[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform團隊]]。
<section end="announcement-content" />
</div>
<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 二〇二六年四月二七日 (一) 二三時二八分 (UTC)
<!-- 訊息由 User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki 傳送,使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2026-04-30_Wikipedias&oldid=30466145 -->
== 為定自校官選舉則例事 ==
{{存檔至|維基大典討論:選舉}}
按本站校官[[維基大典:選舉|選舉則例]],有分校官、總校官;然迄未見自校官,雖往昔勉強準用舊慣,仍以頒布新制為宜。今以各校官權限相符,擬明定自校官之舉薦,以一月為期,凡五票同意、得票逾八成,則拜之;不及五票者,亦可授之期權。凡此理同分、總校官,即同有秩。如何之處,請予公決。—— '''[[用戶:Ericliu1912|Eric Liu]]'''<sub>('''[[用戶討論:Ericliu1912|留言]].[[:w:zh:User:Ericliu1912|通語用戶頁]]''')</sub> 二〇二六年五月二日 (六) 二二時四八分 (UTC)
:大典已有自校者之名,權同巡查豁免 [[用戶:Shunshen Lee|觀月]]([[用戶討論:Shunshen Lee|議]]) 二〇二六年五月二日 (六) 二三時二三分 (UTC)
:分校官,自校者可参照通典,有秩授予,可参考其他用户意见。總校官选举同有秩。--—[[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二六年五月九日 (六) 〇五時〇七分 (UTC)
== 台灣分會2026年5對話時間 ==
<div style="padding: 1.2rem 1rem; background: #f8f5ff; border: 5px solid #FFD700; margin:1em 0; font-size: 1.08em; display: flex; align-items: center;">
<div style="flex: 1;">
<div style="font-size:x-large; padding-bottom:5px;">'''社群疑難雜症找協會!'''</div>
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan|台灣維基媒體協會]]2026年5月的[[m:Wikimedia Taiwan/Wikimedia Taiwan Office Time|對話時間]],訂於台灣時間'''5/30 (六) 14:00'''舉行,<br>
參與連結為 https://meet.google.com/qiv-ctih-sse 。<br>
協會到底在做什麼?如果你覺得協會存在感超低,有事都找不到人,把握這次的對話機會!這是一個定期舉辦的服務時段,由協會秘書長親自主持,有問題馬上解決。協會會分享目前進行中的專案與計劃,也邀請社群朋友分享想法、反映需求,彼此開講、一起討論。<br>
本月討論主題將討論'''ESEAP Conference 2026''',這是將是讓你深入了解協會運作並參與交流的絕佳機會!快來一起參加!
--[[用戶:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]([[用戶討論:MediaWiki message delivery|議]]) 二〇二六年五月二六日 (二) 一四時〇九分 (UTC)
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 1rem;">
[[File:Wikimedia Taiwan.svg|160px|alt=|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Taiwan]]
</div>
</div>
<!-- 訊息由 User:NHC@metawiki 傳送,使用的清單為 https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Taiwan/Wikimedia_Taiwan_Office_Time/List&oldid=26298276 -->
== <span lang="zh" dir="ltr">請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票</span> ==
<div lang="zh" dir="ltr">
<section begin="announcement-content" />
有請符合資格的選民參與2026年[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|《通用行為準則》協調委員會]] 選舉。更多資訊——包括資格查核、投票流程說明、候選人資訊、以及投票連結——請參閱元維基上的[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026年選舉資訊頁面]]。投票將於2026年6月2日 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]截止。
若您的帳戶符合資格,請務必投票。結果將於2026年6月14日前公布。-- U4C期待與您合作<section end="announcement-content" />
</div>
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 二〇二六年五月二七日 (三) 一七時一五分 (UTC)
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'''[[公曆三月十一日]]''':
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at The First Summit in Geneva Switzerland - DPLA - b534f3d00bb05c3cc293789b180d2116.jpg|right|75px|戈爾巴喬夫會列根]]
* [[一九一二年]],《'''[[中華民國臨時約法]]'''》頒。
* [[一九五九年]],[[美國]]參議院許設'''[[夏威夷州]]'''。
* [[一九七四年]],秦始皇'''[[兵馬俑]]'''重見天日。
* [[一九八五年]],'''[[戈爾巴喬夫]]'''''<small>(圖)</small>''就任蘇共中央總書記。
* [[二〇〇四年]],[[西班牙]]'''[[馬德里三一一爆炸案]]'''生。
<div align="right">'''[[節日]] | [[陳年今誌]]'''</div>
<noinclude>{{sprotected2}}[[Category:陳年今誌模板|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>
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{{釋義二|subject=[[中華人民共和國]]一省也|other=他地|河南 (釋義)}}
{{地方
|地方 = 河南省
|地方原文 = 河南省
|地圖 = China Henan.svg
|歸屬 = [[中華人民共和國]]
|屬地 = 領十七市、直轄一縣級市;縣級地方一百五十九;鄕級地方二千四百五十五
|治所 = [[鄭州市]]
|執事 = 省委書記謝伏瞻;省長陳潤兒(前黑龍江省委副書記)
|用語 = 中原官話
|人口 = 九千四百〇二萬(二〇一〇年)
|建置 = [[明]]置河南八府一州,清襲之,不置總督,一九五四年,遷省治於鄭州市
}}
'''河南省'''({{Audio|zh-Henan.ogg|普通話聲聞}}),[[黃河]]之南也,[[中華人民共和國]]一省,亦稱'''中原'''、'''中國'''、'''[[豫州]]'''、'''中州'''。簡稱'''豫''',省府[[鄭州市|鄭州]],口越億,居中國第二。[[安陽市|安陽]]、[[洛陽市|洛陽]]、[[開封市|開封]]諸古都望郡,咸在其境。河南古多兵戈荒禍,然乃中華文化之所源。豫地屬[[漢族|漢]],間有[[回民]]。
== 地 ==
省北[[河水]]之下,省南[[淮水]]之域,全省幾爲平野,糧產重地也。豫省鄰[[河北省|冀]]、[[山東省|魯]]、[[安徽省|皖]]、[[山西省|晉]]、[[陝西省|秦]]、[[湖北省|鄂]]。
=== 山 ===
* [[嵩山]]:中嶽,有[[少林寺]]
* [[伏牛山]]:[[南陽市|宛]]西[[秦嶺]]之餘脈,綿延八百餘里,國中山水特色之精粹,世界地質公園是也。
* 雲臺山:在[[焦作市|焦作]],世界地質公園是也。
* 雞公山:[[信陽市信陽]]南,[[桐柏山]]之主峰,豫南之秀景。
* 眉黛山:[[洛陽市|洛陽]]世界地質公園是也。
* 王屋山:愚公所移之山,太行之餘脈,豫北之名山。
=== 河 ===
* [[黃河]]:河南之象徵也,斯水東流之,孕五千年華夏文明。中原故都[[洛陽市|洛陽]]、[[開封市|開封]]、[[鄭州市|鄭州]]、[[安陽市|商殷]]皆為其左右。
* [[淮河]]:源自[[桐柏山]],中國南北之界也。
* [[漢水]]:豫西南[[南陽盆地]]屬之。
* [[海河]]:豫北。發源於華山南麓,在崤山、熊耳山之間廣納百川,
* [[洛水]]:洛陽左攜澗水,右帶伊河,東出平原,北入黃河。
* [[伊水]]
== 史 ==
中國古文明源地之一,先史有[[裴李崗文化]]、[[仰韶文化]]之蹟。
河南九州居中,是爲中原,中國七大古都之三於此:[[殷]]都[[安陽]],[[東周]]都[[洛陽]],宋都[[開封]]。
中嶽[[嵩山]],有[[禪宗]]祖庭[[少林寺]]。[[少林拳]],[[中國武術]]一派,卽傳於此。
== 地方 ==
有十七[[地級市]],餘有一[[縣級市]]爲省直轄。
*地級市
**[[鄭州市]]
**[[開封市]]
**[[洛陽市]]
**[[平頂山市]]
**[[安陽市]]
**[[濮陽市]]
**[[新鄉市]]
**[[焦作市]]
**[[鶴壁市]]
**[[許昌市]]
**[[漯河市]]
**[[三門峽市]]
**[[商丘市]]
**[[周口市]]
**[[駐馬店市]]
**[[信陽市]]
**[[南陽市]]
*省直轄縣級市
**[[濟源市]]
== 重要設施 ==
*小浪底水電站
*三門峽水電站
== 敎育 ==
*河南工業大學
*河南大學
*鄭州大學
*中原工學院
*河南理工大學
*河南師範大學
*河南農業大學
*河南科技大學
*河南財經政法大學
*河南中醫學院
*信陽師範學院
*鄭州輕工業學院
*商丘師範學院
*張仲景國醫學院
== 世界遺產 ==
*[[洛陽]][[龍門石窟]]
*[[安陽]][[殷墟]]
*[[登封「天地之中」歷史建築群]]
== 外典 ==
{{commonscat|Henan}}
*[http://www.shangdu.com/ 商都網] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231000732/http://www.shangdu.com/ |date=2020-12-31 }}
*[http://www.henan.gov.cn/ 河南省府] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209032317/http://www.henan.gov.cn/ |date=2006-02-09 }}
*[http://www.ha.xinhuanet.com/ 新華社河南頻道]
{{中華人民共和國地方}}
[[分類:中華人民共和國諸省]]
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{{釋義|cat=地方釋義}}
*[[中華]]一省也,見[[河南省]]。
*[[越南]]一省也。見[[越南河南省]]。
*中華[[漢]]時郡也,見[[河南郡]];[[唐]]時改府,見[[河南府]]。
*[[大韓民國|韓國]][[京畿道]]一市也。見[[河南市]]。
*中華[[中華民國|民國]]時[[中華民國新疆省|新疆省]]設治局也,見[[河南設治局]];西元[[一九三九年]]改縣,見[[新疆河南縣]]。
*[[中華人民共和國|中華]][[青海省]]一縣也。見[[河南蒙古族自治縣]]。
*中華[[漢]]時縣也。見[[漢河南縣]]。
*中華[[南朝宋]]時縣也。見[[南朝宋河南縣]]。
*廣州在珠江南者也。見[[廣州河南]]。
*[[吐谷渾]]國也。
*漢[[匈奴]]戰時,[[河套]]在[[黃河|河]]南者之謂也,在今[[鄂爾多斯]]。
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逆襲のあまのじゃく遷頁[[河南]]至[[河南 (釋義)]]
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{{釋義|cat=地方釋義}}
*[[中華]]一省也,見[[河南省]]。
*[[越南]]一省也。見[[越南河南省]]。
*中華[[漢]]時郡也,見[[河南郡]];[[唐]]時改府,見[[河南府]]。
*[[大韓民國|韓國]][[京畿道]]一市也。見[[河南市]]。
*中華[[中華民國|民國]]時[[中華民國新疆省|新疆省]]設治局也,見[[河南設治局]];西元[[一九三九年]]改縣,見[[新疆河南縣]]。
*[[中華人民共和國|中華]][[青海省]]一縣也。見[[河南蒙古族自治縣]]。
*中華[[漢]]時縣也。見[[漢河南縣]]。
*中華[[南朝宋]]時縣也。見[[南朝宋河南縣]]。
*廣州在珠江南者也。見[[廣州河南]]。
*[[吐谷渾]]國也。
*漢[[匈奴]]戰時,[[河套]]在[[黃河|河]]南者之謂也,在今[[鄂爾多斯]]。
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{{For|日本名曰「雲南」之地|雲南市}}
{{地方
|地方 = 雲南省
|地方原文 = 云南省
|旗號 =
|徽號 =
|地圖 = China Yunnan.svg
|歸屬 = [[中華人民共和國]]
|所屬 =
|屬地 = 領八市、八州
|治所 = [[昆明市]]
|執事 = [[省委書記]]秦光榮
|用語 = [[西南官話]]
|人口 = 四千六百萬
|建置 = [[明]]為[[雲南承宣佈政使司]],及今略無更變
|省置 =
}}
'''雲南省''',簡書曰'''滇'''、'''雲'''。[[中華人民共和國]]一省也。[[漢武帝]]時,彩雲見南中,遂得此名。省會[[昆明市]]。
== 沿革 ==
古南中諸蠻雜居,靡莫之属。不與中國通。[[楚頃襄王]]遣[[莊蹻]]南征,入滇池,克定南中。以秦絕其歸道,乃自立為滇王。秦[[呂不韋]]死,其族徙於南中。漢武帝元封二年,置益州郡,郡治滇池。復有[[牂牁郡|牂牁]]、[[犍為郡|犍為]]、[[越嶲郡|越嶲]]三郡。漢明帝永平十一年,割益州西境不韋縣、哀牢夷等置[[永昌郡]]。三國鼎立,蜀漢置庲降都督,南中建寧、雲南、永昌、興古、朱提五郡屬之。晉興,置寧州刺史領其政。唐玄宗開元二十六年,[[皮羅閣]]一統六詔,定都太和,是為[[南詔國]]。後晋天福二年,[[段思平]]代南詔而自立,是為[[大理國]]。宋理宗寶祐元年,蒙古忽必烈汗南征,滅大理國,置[[雲南行中書省]]。明興,元梁王據雲南抗禮,滅之,置[[雲南承宣佈政使司]]。永樂十一年,析置[[貴州承宣佈政使司]]。明永厲中,[[明昭宗|昭宗]]亡入滇,旋為清所滅。清[[一九一一年|宣統三年]],蔡鍔等於重陽日起義,雲南光復。共和國立,仍為雲南省。遂成今制。
== 政區 ==
=== 地級市 ===
*[[昆明市]]
*[[曲靖市]]
*[[玉溪市]]
*[[保山市]]
*[[昭通市]]
*[[麗江市]]
*[[普洱市]]
*[[臨滄市]]
=== 自治州 ===
*[[德宏傣族景頗族自治州]]
*[[怒江傈僳族自治州]]
*[[迪慶藏族自治州]]
*[[大理白族自治州]]
*[[楚雄彝族自治州]]
*[[紅河哈尼族彝族自治州]]
*[[文山壯族苗族自治州]]
*[[西雙版納傣族自治州]]
== 它典 ==
* [http://www.yn.gov.cn 雲南省政府]
{{雲南省地方}}
{{中華人民共和國地方}}
[[分類:中華人民共和國諸省]]
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#REDIRECT [[雲南省]]
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{{Navbox
|name = 中華人民共和國地方
|title = [[中華人民共和國]]地方
|above =
|image = [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|25px|中華人民共和國國旗]]
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
|listclass = hlist
|group1 = [[直轄市]]
|list1 =
* [[北京市]]
* [[天津市]]
* [[上海市]]
* [[重慶市]]
|group2=[[省]]
|list2 =
* [[黑龍江省]]
* [[吉林省]]
* [[遼寧省]]
* [[山東省]]
* [[河北省]]
* [[山西省]]
* [[陝西省]]
* [[甘肅省]]
* [[青海省]]
* [[江蘇省]]
* [[安徽省]]
* [[河南省]]
* [[湖北省]]
* [[浙江省]]
* [[江西省]]
* [[湖南省]]
* [[四川省]]
* [[福建省]]
* [[廣東省]]
* [[貴州省]]
* [[雲南省]]
* [[海南省]]
* ''[[中華人民共和國臺灣省|臺灣省]]''<sup>註一</sup>
|group3=[[自治區]]
|list3 =
* [[新疆維吾爾自治區]]
* [[內蒙古自治區]]
* [[寧夏回族自治區]]
* [[西藏自治區]]
* [[廣西壯族自治區]]
|group4=[[特別行政區]]
|list4 =
* [[香港|香港特別行政區]]
* [[澳門|澳門特別行政區]]
|below=註一:兼攷[[臺海懸案]]。<br>[[:Template:亞洲|亞洲]] {{!w}} [[:Template:中華民國地方|中華民國地方]] {{!w}} [[臺海懸案]]
}}<noinclude>
[[分類:中華人民共和國地方|*]]
</noinclude>
4ika5nznna49qxdgpjm48ry41uh40fn
441433
441432
2026-05-28T01:43:47Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
441433
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Navbox
|name = 中華人民共和國地方
|title = [[中華人民共和國]]地方
|above =
|image = [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|80px|中華人民共和國國旗]]
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
|listclass = hlist
|group1 = [[直轄市]]
|list1 =
* [[北京市]]
* [[天津市]]
* [[上海市]]
* [[重慶市]]
|group2=[[省]]
|list2 =
* [[黑龍江省]]
* [[吉林省]]
* [[遼寧省]]
* [[山東省]]
* [[河北省]]
* [[山西省]]
* [[陝西省]]
* [[甘肅省]]
* [[青海省]]
* [[江蘇省]]
* [[安徽省]]
* [[河南省]]
* [[湖北省]]
* [[浙江省]]
* [[江西省]]
* [[湖南省]]
* [[四川省]]
* [[福建省]]
* [[廣東省]]
* [[貴州省]]
* [[雲南省]]
* [[海南省]]
* ''[[中華人民共和國臺灣省|臺灣省]]''<sup>註一</sup>
|group3=[[自治區]]
|list3 =
* [[新疆維吾爾自治區]]
* [[內蒙古自治區]]
* [[寧夏回族自治區]]
* [[西藏自治區]]
* [[廣西壯族自治區]]
|group4=[[特別行政區]]
|list4 =
* [[香港|香港特別行政區]]
* [[澳門|澳門特別行政區]]
|below=註一:兼攷[[臺海懸案]]。<br>[[:Template:亞洲|亞洲]] {{!w}} [[:Template:中華民國地方|中華民國地方]] {{!w}} [[臺海懸案]]
}}<noinclude>
[[分類:中華人民共和國地方|*]]
</noinclude>
ebl300bke2kzfg4oi2zl4dl64kpek4k
模板:中華民國地方
10
76784
441434
377537
2026-05-28T01:46:19Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
易爲Navbox
441434
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Navbox
|name = 中華民國地方
|title = [[中華民國]]地方
|above =
|image = [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|80px|中華民國國旗]]
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
|listclass = hlist
|group1 = [[直轄市]]
|list1 =
* [[臺北市]]
* [[新北市]]
* [[桃園市]]
* [[臺中市]]
* [[臺南市]]
* [[高雄市]]
|group2=[[省]]
|list2 =
* [[臺灣省]]
* [[中華民國福建|福建省]]
|below=註:此乃實統疆域也。兼攷[[臺海懸案]]。<br>[[:Template:亞洲|亞洲]] {{!w}} [[:Template:中華人民共和國地方|中華人民共和國地方]] {{!w}} [[臺海懸案]]
}}<noinclude>
[[分類:中華民國地方| ]]
</noinclude>
bv4qso7z8pd53gb0kyt1asalt4mcofk
441435
441434
2026-05-28T01:46:47Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
[IPE-NEXT] Quick edit
441435
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{Navbox
|name = 中華民國地方
|title = [[中華民國]]地方
|above =
|image = [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|80px|中華民國國旗]]
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|collapsed</includeonly>}}}
|listclass = hlist
|group1 = [[直轄市]]
|list1 =
* [[臺北市]]
* [[新北市]]
* [[桃園市]]
* [[臺中市]]
* [[臺南市]]
* [[高雄市]]
|group2=[[省]]
|list2 =
* [[臺灣省]]
* [[中華民國福建省|福建省]]
|below=註:此乃實統疆域也。兼攷[[臺海懸案]]。<br>[[:Template:亞洲|亞洲]] {{!w}} [[:Template:中華人民共和國地方|中華人民共和國地方]] {{!w}} [[臺海懸案]]
}}<noinclude>
[[分類:中華民國地方| ]]
</noinclude>
1umnkbx8j4u6p24ebwmlchqvgonori3
雲南市
0
78848
441431
372327
2026-05-28T01:33:05Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
441431
wikitext
text/x-wiki
{{For|中國名曰「雲南」之地|雲南省}}
{{地方
|地方 = 雲南市
|旗號 = Flag of Unnan, Shimane.svg
|徽號 = Emblem of Unnan, Shimane.svg
|地圖 = Unnan in Shimane Prefecture Ja.svg
|歸屬 = [[日本]]
|所屬 = [[島根縣]]
|屬地 =
|治所 =
|執事 = 石飛厚志
|用語 = [[日本語]]
|人口 = 三萬餘
|建置 = [[二〇〇四年|平成十六年]]十一月一日
|省置 =
}}
'''雲南市'''處[[日本]][[島根縣]]。
== 沿革 ==
[[二〇〇四年|平成十六年]]十一月一日,大原郡:大東町、加茂町、木次町、飯石郡:三刀屋町、掛合町、吉田村合,而爲雲南市。而大原郡廢。<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uub.jp/upd/u/u459.html |title=島根縣雲南市の詳細情報 |date= |accessdate=2020-04-27}}</ref>
== 地理 ==
東臨[[安來市]],南至仁多郡奧出雲町、[[岡山縣]][[庄原市]],西伴飯石郡飯南町,北接[[出雲市]]、[[松江市]]。
==據==
{{reflist}}
== 他典 ==
* [http://www.city.unnan.shimane.jp/unnan/ 雲南市役所]
[[分類:中國地方區劃]]
{{stub}}
fkn0wie2tsejuukym9sl8vrabwak4dt
模組:議論
828
82555
441444
289713
2026-05-28T01:56:24Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
取自通語維基[[:zh:Module:Talkpage]]
441444
Scribunto
text/plain
local f = {}
f.DATEPATTERN = '([〇一二三四五六七八九]-)年([〇一二三四五六七八九十]-)月([〇一二三四五六七八九十]-)日 ([一二三四五六日]-) ([〇一二三四五六七八九十]-)時([〇一二三四五六七八九十]-)分 %(UTC%)'
f.USERPREFIX = {
'user:', '用戶:', '用户:', '使用者:', 'u:', 'U:',
'user talk:', 'user_talk:', '用戶討論:', '用户讨论:', '使用者討論:', 'ut:','UT:','Ut:',
'special:功績/', 'special:contributions/', '特殊:功績/', '特殊:contributions/',
'special:contributions/', '特殊:contributions/', 'special:contribs/', '特殊:contribs/'
}
f.MINDATE = '〇〇〇〇年一月一日 (四) 〇〇時〇〇分 (UTC)'
f.MAXDATE = '九九九九年一二月三一日 (六) 二三時五九分 (UTC)'
-- 特殊處理頁面
f.PAGE_LEVEL_MAP = {
}
--- 反序尋找字符串
local function rfind(s, pattern, init)
local x, y
local i = init or #s
local len = #s
x, y = string.find(string.reverse(s), string.reverse(pattern), len-i+1, true)
if x then
return len-y+1, len-x+1
end
end
--- 生成用戶名鏈接。默認是指向用戶頁(IP用戶為貢獻頁)的鏈接。
-- @param name 用戶名
-- @param style 自定義樣式,其中$USER會被換成用戶名。
-- @param ipstyle IP用戶的自定義樣式。若未指定則與style相同。
-- @return 維基格式的用戶名鏈接
local function getuserlink(name, style, ipstyle)
if name == '?' or name == nil then
return '?'
elseif string.find(name, '^%d-%.%d-%.%d-%.%d-$') or string.find(name, '^%~%d-%-%d-%-%d-$') then
return string.gsub(ipstyle or style or '[[Special:用户贡献/$USER|$USER]]', '$USER', name)
else
return string.gsub(style or '[[User:$USER|$USER]]', '$USER', name)
end
end
--- 去除掉影響分析的文字,例如「===」、「<pre>」等
-- @param orintext 原始討論串。
-- @return 經過預處理之後的討論串。去掉一些搗亂的內容。
local function preprocess(orintext, titlelevel)
local text = orintext or ''
text = string.gsub(text, titlelevel .. '=', '---')
text = string.gsub(text, '\r', '\n')
text = string.gsub(text, '%[%[%s*', '[[')
text = string.gsub(text, '%]%]%s*', ']]')
text = string.gsub(text, '~', '~') -- 匿名用户
text = string.gsub(text, '<pre>.-</pre>', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '<nowiki>.-</nowiki>', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*移動至%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*移動自%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*移动至%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*移动自%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*Talkback%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*Deltalk%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*Nocount%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*Reaction%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*talkback%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*deltalk%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*nocount%s*|.-}}', '')
text = string.gsub(text, '{{%s*reaction%s*|.-}}', '')
return text
end
--- 從長長的討論串中找到特定主題。如果未指定主題則將所有主題分割開並存入table中。
-- @param orintext 原始討論串。
-- @param topic 待提取的主題。未指定的話則改為分割所有主題。
-- @param ispattern 表示topic是否為lua的匹配字符串。
-- @return 返回一個鍵為討論標題值為討論內容的table。如果沒有則返回nil。
local function extracttopic(args)
local orintext = args.text
local topic = args.topic
local ispattern = args.ispattern
local titlelevel = ""
for i=1, tonumber(args.titlelevel or 2) do titlelevel = titlelevel .. "=" end
local pageName = args.pageName
-- DYKC特殊處理
if pageName == 'Wikipedia:新条目推荐/候选' then
orintext = string.gsub(orintext, '({{[ ]*[Dd][Yy][Kk][Ee]ntry[^{}]-|[ ]*article[ ]*=[ ]*([^|}]-)[ ]*([|}]))', function(full, article, suffix)
return '<!--DYK_TITLE:' .. string.gsub(article, '_', ' ') .. '-->{{DYKEntry|article='..article..suffix
end)
end
-- 預處理
local text = titlelevel .. '\nx\n' .. preprocess(orintext, titlelevel) .. '\n' .. titlelevel
local result = {}
local ids = {}
local id = 0
local found = nil
local topic2 = topic and mw.text.trim(topic)
local pattern = '%s*(.-)%s*'..titlelevel..'%s*\n(.-)\n'..titlelevel
for title, content in string.gmatch(text, pattern) do
local ok = false
if topic2 and (not ispattern) and title == topic2 then
ok = true
elseif topic2 and ispattern and (string.match(title, topic2)) then
ok = true
elseif not topic2 then
ok = true
end
-- DYKC特殊處理
if pageName == 'Wikipedia:新条目推荐/候选' then
ok = false
if mw.text.trim(title) == "" then
local alt = string.match(content, '<!%-%-DYK_TITLE:(.-)%-%->')
if alt then
title = alt
ok = true
end
end
end
if ok then
found = true
id = id + 1
local temptitle = title
local i = 1
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle,'^[ ]*=[ ]*', '')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle,'[ ]*=[ ]*$', '')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle,'\n', '<br>')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle,'<%s*.->', '')
temptitle = mw.text.decode(temptitle)
-- 移除链接、模板
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '%[%[[^%]]-|([^%]]-)%]%]', '%1')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '%[%[:?([^%]]-)%]%]', '%1')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '%[[^%s%]]+[ ]+([^%]]-)%]', '%1')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '%[([^%]]-)%]', '%1')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '{', '{')
temptitle = string.gsub(temptitle, '}', '}')
while result[temptitle] do
i = i + 1
temptitle = title .. ' (#' .. i .. ')'
end
result[temptitle] = content
ids[id] = temptitle
end
end
return found and { data = result, ids = ids }
end
--- 將討論串上的日期轉為一個數字。
-- @param date 討論串格式的日期。
-- @return 將數字直接拼起來。不是時間戳。
local function date2num(date)
local y,m,d,h,min = string.gmatch(date, f.DATEPATTERN)()
if y and m and d and h and min then
return y*100000000+m*1000000+d*10000+h*100+min
else
return 0
end
end
--- 比較兩個日期的大小。
-- @param date1
-- @param date2
-- @return 若date1<date2則返回true。
local function comparedate(date1, date2)
return date2num(date1) < date2num(date2)
end
--- 統計討論串中各個簽名的次數和最後發言時間。
-- @param orintext 原始討論串
-- @return
function f._count(orintext)
-- 預處理
local text = '\n' .. orintext
local lowertext = string.lower(text)
-- 尋找日期
local result = {}
local x, y
y = 1
repeat
x, y = text.find(text, f.DATEPATTERN, y+1)
if not x then
break
end
local date = string.sub(text, x, y)
-- 截取當前行以便於尋找用戶名
local t1, t2 = rfind(text, '\n', x)
local curtalk = string.sub(lowertext, t1, x-1)
-- 尋找用戶名
local name = nil
for i, v in ipairs(f.USERPREFIX) do
local t3, t4 = rfind(curtalk, '[[' .. v)
if t4 then
local t5 = (string.find(curtalk, '[/#|%]]', t4+1))
if t5 then
-- 確定用戶名
name = string.sub(text, t1+t4, t1+t5-2)
name = mw.text.trim(name)
-- 首字母大寫
local firstletter = string.byte(name, 1, 1)
if firstletter >= 97 and firstletter <=122 then
name = string.upper(string.sub(name, 1, 1)) .. string.sub(name, 2, -1)
end
break
end
end
end
name = name or '?'
if not result[name] then
result[name] = {count = 1, firstdate = date, lastdate = date}
else
result[name].count = result[name].count + 1
if comparedate(result[name].lastdate, date) then
result[name].lastdate = date
end
if comparedate(date, result[name].firstdate) then
result[name].firstdate = date
end
end
until false
return result
end
local function maketable(counttable, args)
local tabletype = args.tabletype and mw.text.trim(args.tabletype) or 'user'
local top = '{| class="wikitable sortable"\n|-'
if tabletype == 'all' then
top = '{| class="wikitable"\n|-'
end
local result = { top }
if tabletype == 'topic' then
table.insert(result, '! 主題 !! 發言次數 !! 參與者人數 !! 發起人 !! 最後發言者 !! data-sort-type="number" | 最後發言時間')
for _, k in ipairs(counttable.ids) do
local v = counttable.topics[k]
if v.count > 0 then
local displayTitle = string.format('[[%s#%s|%s]]', args.pageName, k, k)
table.insert(result, string.format('|-\n| %s || %s || %s || %s || %s || data-sort-value="%s" | %s',
displayTitle, v.count, v.usercount, getuserlink(v.firstname, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink),
getuserlink(v.lastname, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink), date2num(v.lastdate), v.lastdate))
end
end
elseif tabletype == 'topicsimple' then
table.insert(result, '! 主題 !! 發言次數 !! 最後發言者 !! data-sort-type="number" | 最後發言時間')
for _, k in ipairs(counttable.ids) do
local v = counttable.topics[k]
if v.count > 0 then
local displayTitle = string.format('[[%s#%s|%s]]', args.pageName, k, k)
table.insert(result, string.format('|-\n| %s || %s || %s || data-sort-value="%s" | %s',
displayTitle, v.count, getuserlink(v.lastname, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink), date2num(v.lastdate), v.lastdate))
end
end
elseif tabletype == 'all' then
table.insert(result, '! 主題 !! 用戶 !! 發言次數 !! data-sort-type="number" | 最後發言時間')
for _, k in ipairs(counttable.ids) do
local v = counttable.topics[k]
if v.count > 0 then
local displayTitle = string.format('[[%s#%s|%s]]', args.pageName, k, k)
local first = displayTitle .. ' || '
if v.usercount > 1 then
first = 'rowspan=' .. v.usercount .. ' | ' .. first
end
for k2, v2 in pairs(v.users) do
table.insert(result, string.format('|-\n| %s%s || %s || data-sort-value="%s" | %s',
first, getuserlink(k2, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink), v2.count, date2num(v2.lastdate), v2.lastdate))
first = ''
end
end
end
else
table.insert(result, '! 用戶 !! 發言次數 !! data-sort-type="number" | 最後發言時間')
for k, v in pairs(counttable.users) do
table.insert(result, string.format('|-\n| %s || %s || data-sort-value="%s" | %s', getuserlink(k, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink), v.count, date2num(v.lastdate), v.lastdate))
end
end
table.insert(result, '|}')
return table.concat(result, '\n')
end
--- 對簽名數據進行匯總
-- @param stat 通過count函數得到的統計數據
-- @return 一個table,發言數、發言人數、最後發言者、最後發言時間
local function getstat(data)
local count = 0
local usercount = 0
local lastdate = f.MINDATE
local lastname = nil
local firstdate = f.MAXDATE
local firstname = nil
for username, userinfo in pairs(data) do
count = count + userinfo.count
usercount = usercount + 1
if comparedate(lastdate, userinfo.lastdate) then
lastdate = userinfo.lastdate
lastname = username
end
if comparedate(userinfo.firstdate, firstdate) then
firstdate = userinfo.firstdate
firstname = username
end
end
return {
count = count,
usercount = usercount,
firstdate = firstdate,
firstname = firstname,
lastdate = lastdate,
lastname = lastname
}
end
--- 統計討論串中各個簽名的次數和最後發言時間。
-- @param args
-- @return
local function getcount(args)
local userdata = {}
local datas = extracttopic(args) or { data = {}, ids = {} }
local result = { users = userdata, topics = {}, ids = datas.ids }
for _, title in ipairs(datas.ids) do
local content = datas.data[title]
local topicdata = f._count(content)
for username, userinfo in pairs(topicdata) do
local dat = userdata[username] or { count = 0, lastdate = f.MINDATE }
dat.count = dat.count + userinfo.count
dat.lastdate = comparedate(dat.lastdate, userinfo.lastdate) and userinfo.lastdate or dat.lastdate
userdata[username] = dat
end
result.topics[title] = getstat(topicdata)
result.topics[title].users = topicdata
end
return result
end
--- 獲取最後簽名。
-- @param args
-- @return 一個table,包含用戶名和日期。
local function getlastsign(args)
local r = getcount(args)
local lastname = nil
local lastdate = f.MINDATE
for k, v in pairs(r.users) do
if comparedate(lastdate, v.lastdate) then
lastname = k
lastdate = v.lastdate
end
end
return {name=lastname, date=lastdate}
end
--- 將維基百科模板上的參數轉為lua的table。
-- @param frame 維基百科模板上的參數。
-- @return 一個table,包括各個參數。
local function getargs(frame)
local title = mw.title.new(frame.args[1])
if not title then
return {
text = '',
pageName = title.prefixedText,
topic = frame.args.topic,
ispattern = frame.args.ispattern,
userlink = frame.args.userlink,
ipuserlink = frame.args.ipuserlink,
tabletype = frame.args.type,
titlelevel = '2'
}
end
-- 重定向
if title.isRedirect then title = title.redirectTarget end
local titlelevel = frame.args.titlelevel
local prefixText = title.prefixedText
if not titlelevel or titlelevel == '' then
for prefix, level in pairs(f.PAGE_LEVEL_MAP) do
if string.find(prefixText, prefix, 1, true) == 1 then
titlelevel = level
break
end
end
titlelevel = titlelevel or '2'
end
return {
text = title:getContent(),
pageName = title.prefixedText,
topic = frame.args.topic,
ispattern = frame.args.ispattern,
userlink = frame.args.userlink,
ipuserlink = frame.args.ipuserlink,
tabletype = frame.args.type,
titlelevel = titlelevel
}
end
--- 統計討論頁發言情況。詳情見文檔頁。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一張表格。
function f.analyse(frame)
local args = getargs(frame)
return maketable(getcount(args), args)
end
--- 獲取最後一個發言的用戶。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一個用戶名,不使用鏈接。
function f.lastname(frame)
return getlastsign(getargs(frame)).name
end
--- 獲取最後一個發言的日期。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一個日期。
function f.lastdate(frame)
return getlastsign(getargs(frame)).date
end
--- 獲取最後一個簽名。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一個簽名鏈接附上一個日期。
function f.lastsign(frame)
local args = getargs(frame)
local lastsign = getlastsign(args)
if lastsign.name then
return string.format('%s %s', getuserlink(lastsign.name, args.userlink, args.ipuserlink), lastsign.date)
end
end
--- 統計簽名數量。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一個數字。
function f.count(frame)
local data = getcount(getargs(frame))
local username = frame.args.user and mw.text.trim(frame.args.user)
if not username then
local num = 0
for k, v in pairs(data.topics) do
num = num + v.count
end
return num
elseif data.users[username] then
return data.users[username].count
else
return 0
end
end
--- 統計簽名者數量。
-- @param frame 維基百科頁面名。
-- @return 一個數字。
function f.countuser(frame)
local data = getcount(getargs(frame)).users
local count = 0
for _ in pairs(data) do
count = count + 1
end
return count
end
-- 以下用於本地測試
--[[
f.countsigns = getcount
f.lastsign = getlastsign
f.maketable = maketable
]]
f.getcount = getcount
return f
lud2lfgmwbfwqoyzsqkuphesfogmfm3
維基大典:會館/topic list
4
82586
441422
441410
2026-05-27T14:56:33Z
Cewbot
65799
[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:9個議題]]
441422
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進,請聯繫機器人操作者。 -->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:left;"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | <small>序</small> !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type="number" | <span title="議論數">💬</span> !! data-sort-type="number" | <small title="參議者數">👥</small> !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | <span title="新易">🕒 <small>(UTC+8)</small></span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新徽|大典新徽]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-22T06:11:00.000Z" | 2026-04-22 <span style="color: blue;">14:11</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#評選期限|評選期限]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-29T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-04-29 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#設世事之名集議|設世事之名集議]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:53:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:53</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="4" | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#設爾雅之名集議|設爾雅之名集議]]
| style="background-color: #ffe;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="14" | 十四
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:55:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:55</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| [[維基大典:會館#Request_for_comment_(global_AI_policy)|Request for comment (global AI policy)]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-26T00:58:00.000Z" | 2026-04-26 <span style="color: blue;">08:58</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="6" | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年4月對話時間|台灣分會2026年4月對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T22:52:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">06:52</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="7" | 七
| [[維基大典:會館#Parsoid遷移作業|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:ABreault (WMF)|ABreault (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T23:28:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">07:28</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| [[維基大典:會館#為定自校官選舉則例事|為定自校官選舉則例事]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-09T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-05-09 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年5對話時間|台灣分會2026年5對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-26T14:09:00.000Z" | 2026-05-26 <span style="color: blue;">22:09</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}"
! title="From the latest bot edit" | 發言更新圖例
|-
| style="background-color: #efe;" |
* 最近一小時內
|-
| style="background-color: #eef;" |
* 最近一日內
|-
| |
* 一週內
|-
| style="background-color: #ddd;" |
* 一個月內
|-
| style="background-color: #bbb;" |
* 逾一個月
|-
! Manual settings
|-
| style="max-width: 12em;" | <small>When exceptions occur,<br />please check [[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|the setting]] first.</small>
|-
|}
{{Clear}}
bx5fprqmckqisnzs3mif8h159w7g3ue
441424
441422
2026-05-27T17:15:11Z
Cewbot
65799
[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:10個議題]]; new reply: [[維基大典:會館#請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票</span>]]
441424
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進,請聯繫機器人操作者。 -->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:left;"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | <small>序</small> !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type="number" | <span title="議論數">💬</span> !! data-sort-type="number" | <small title="參議者數">👥</small> !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | <span title="新易">🕒 <small>(UTC+8)</small></span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新徽|大典新徽]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-22T06:11:00.000Z" | 2026-04-22 <span style="color: blue;">14:11</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#評選期限|評選期限]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-29T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-04-29 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#設世事之名集議|設世事之名集議]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:53:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:53</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="4" | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#設爾雅之名集議|設爾雅之名集議]]
| style="background-color: #ffe;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="14" | 十四
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:55:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:55</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| [[維基大典:會館#Request_for_comment_(global_AI_policy)|Request for comment (global AI policy)]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-26T00:58:00.000Z" | 2026-04-26 <span style="color: blue;">08:58</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="6" | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年4月對話時間|台灣分會2026年4月對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T22:52:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">06:52</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="7" | 七
| [[維基大典:會館#Parsoid遷移作業|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:ABreault (WMF)|ABreault (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T23:28:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">07:28</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| [[維基大典:會館#為定自校官選舉則例事|為定自校官選舉則例事]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-09T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-05-09 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年5對話時間|台灣分會2026年5對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-26T14:09:00.000Z" | 2026-05-26 <span style="color: blue;">22:09</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="10" | 十
| [[維基大典:會館#請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #efe;" | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #efe;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T17:15:00.000Z" | 2026-05-28 <span style="color: blue;">01:15</span>
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float: left; margin-left: .5em;;{{#if:{{{no_time_legend|}}}|display:none;|}}"
! title="From the latest bot edit" | 發言更新圖例
|-
| style="background-color: #efe;" |
* 最近一小時內
|-
| style="background-color: #eef;" |
* 最近一日內
|-
| |
* 一週內
|-
| style="background-color: #ddd;" |
* 一個月內
|-
| style="background-color: #bbb;" |
* 逾一個月
|-
! Manual settings
|-
| style="max-width: 12em;" | <small>When exceptions occur,<br />please check [[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|the setting]] first.</small>
|-
|}
{{Clear}}
gg4p33yfzaipkn5967567b86w2tzriu
441425
441424
2026-05-27T23:15:27Z
Cewbot
65799
[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:10個議題]]
441425
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進,請聯繫機器人操作者。 -->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:left;"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | <small>序</small> !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type="number" | <span title="議論數">💬</span> !! data-sort-type="number" | <small title="參議者數">👥</small> !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | <span title="新易">🕒 <small>(UTC+8)</small></span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新徽|大典新徽]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-22T06:11:00.000Z" | 2026-04-22 <span style="color: blue;">14:11</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#評選期限|評選期限]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-29T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-04-29 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#設世事之名集議|設世事之名集議]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:53:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:53</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="4" | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#設爾雅之名集議|設爾雅之名集議]]
| style="background-color: #ffe;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="14" | 十四
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:55:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:55</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| [[維基大典:會館#Request_for_comment_(global_AI_policy)|Request for comment (global AI policy)]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-26T00:58:00.000Z" | 2026-04-26 <span style="color: blue;">08:58</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="6" | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年4月對話時間|台灣分會2026年4月對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T22:52:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">06:52</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="7" | 七
| [[維基大典:會館#Parsoid遷移作業|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:ABreault (WMF)|ABreault (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T23:28:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">07:28</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| [[維基大典:會館#為定自校官選舉則例事|為定自校官選舉則例事]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-09T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-05-09 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年5對話時間|台灣分會2026年5對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-26T14:09:00.000Z" | 2026-05-26 <span style="color: blue;">22:09</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="10" | 十
| [[維基大典:會館#請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
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| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T17:15:00.000Z" | 2026-05-28 <span style="color: blue;">01:15</span>
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{{Clear}}
nsf5n0vwoqnlulrfiorz75h0dq437kq
441469
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2026-05-28T05:15:41Z
Cewbot
65799
[[用戶:Cewbot/log/20170915/configuration|生成議題列表:10個議題]]
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<!-- 本頁面由機器人自動更新。若要改進,請聯繫機器人操作者。 -->
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="float:left;"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | <small>序</small> !! 💭 議題 !! data-sort-type="number" | <span title="議論數">💬</span> !! data-sort-type="number" | <small title="參議者數">👥</small> !! 🙋 末議者 !! data-sort-type="isoDate" | <span title="新易">🕒 <small>(UTC+8)</small></span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[維基大典:會館#大典新徽|大典新徽]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-22T06:11:00.000Z" | 2026-04-22 <span style="color: blue;">14:11</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="2" | 二
| [[維基大典:會館#評選期限|評選期限]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-29T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-04-29 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
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| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[維基大典:會館#設世事之名集議|設世事之名集議]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:53:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:53</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="4" | 四
| [[維基大典:會館#設爾雅之名集議|設爾雅之名集議]]
| style="background-color: #ffe;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="14" | 十四
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T02:55:00.000Z" | 2026-05-27 <span style="color: blue;">10:55</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="5" | 五
| [[維基大典:會館#Request_for_comment_(global_AI_policy)|Request for comment (global AI policy)]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
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| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-26T00:58:00.000Z" | 2026-04-26 <span style="color: blue;">08:58</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="6" | 六
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年4月對話時間|台灣分會2026年4月對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
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| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T22:52:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">06:52</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="7" | 七
| [[維基大典:會館#Parsoid遷移作業|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">Parsoid遷移作業</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #bbb;" | [[User:ABreault (WMF)|ABreault (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #bbb;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-04-27T23:28:00.000Z" | 2026-04-28 <span style="color: blue;">07:28</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="8" | 八
| [[維基大典:會館#為定自校官選舉則例事|為定自校官選舉則例事]]
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="3" | 三
| style="background-color: #ddd;" | [[User:WAN233|WAN233]]
| style="background-color: #ddd;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-09T05:07:00.000Z" | 2026-05-09 <span style="color: blue;">13:07</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="9" | 九
| [[維基大典:會館#台灣分會2026年5對話時間|台灣分會2026年5對話時間]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
| [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|<small style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all;">MediaWiki message delivery</small>]]
| data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-26T14:09:00.000Z" | 2026-05-26 <span style="color: blue;">22:09</span>
|-
| data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="10" | 十
| [[維基大典:會館#請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票|<span lang="zh" dir="ltr">請立刻參與2026年U4C選舉投票</span>]]
| style="background-color: #fcc;" data-sort-type="number" data-sort-value="1" | 一
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| style="background-color: #eef;" | [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]]
| style="background-color: #eef;" data-sort-type="isoDate" data-sort-value="2026-05-27T17:15:00.000Z" | 2026-05-28 <span style="color: blue;">01:15</span>
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{{Clear}}
ng1g0pnavofy708lkok6g3qb97xlhdg
電池
0
85085
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~2026-31407-91
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[[檔案:Batteries.jpg|縮圖|電池]]
'''電池''',裝置也,所以轉自有之[[化學能]]而為[[電能]]者。以預存之[[能量|能]],轉爲電能,以資外用,如是則廣義之電池。
又謂'''電瓶'''、'''電芯'''。[[閩東語]]名之'''電涂'''。
==型號==
乾電池之型號,其常見者如左:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 美國 !! 中國大陸
!臺灣!! 尺寸,即高卑乘以直徑,計以[[毫米]]
|-
| AAA || 七號電池
|四號電池|| 卌四乘以十
|-
| AA || 五號電池
|三號電池|| 卌九乘以十四
|-
| C || 二號電池
|二號電池|| 卌九點五乘以廿五點三
|-
| D || 一號電池
|一號電池|| 五十九乘以卅二點三
|-
| AAAA || 九號電池
|六號電池|| 卌一點五乘以八點一
|-
| A || 四號電池
||| 卌九乘以十六點八
|-
| SC || 三號電池
||| 卌二乘以廿二點一
|-
| N || 八號電池
|五號電池|| 廿八點五乘以十一點七
|-
| F ||
||| 八十九乘以卅二點三
|}
[[分類:物理]]
idnc926drr0j49m13avgw6ib4twaghz
河南市
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逆襲のあまのじゃく
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{{釋義二|subject=[[大韓民國]]一市也|other=他地|河南 (釋義)}}
[[File:Map Hanam-si.png|thumb|赤域爲河南市所在]]
'''河南市'''屬[[大韓民國]][[京畿道]]也。
== 沿革 ==
[[一九八九年]],廣州郡東、西、中部上山谷合而成置。
== 它典 ==
* [http://www.hanam.go.kr/ 河南市政府]
[[分類:京畿道]]
{{stub}}
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用戶討論:Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa
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Dr-Taher
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Dr-Taher遷頁[[用戶討論:Đậu Huy Minh]]至[[用戶討論:Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/Đậu Huy Minh|Đậu Huy Minh]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa|Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa]]」時自動移動頁面
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Đậu Huy Minh}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二〇年八月五日 (三) 一〇時一九分 (UTC)
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Elcasudo}}
-- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>([[User talk:MintCandy|議]])</small> 二〇二三年八月二七日 (日) 二一時五三分 (UTC)
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Timmonn}}
-- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二三年一〇月六日 (五) 〇七時四三分 (UTC)
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弗朗茨·馮·帕彭
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1988-0113-500, Franz v. Papen (cropped)(2).jpg|thumb|帕彭之像]]
'''弗朗茨·馮·帕彭''' {{按|[[德文]] Franz von Papen}},[[德意志]][[韋爾]]人。生於[[西元]][[一八七九年]]十月廿九日。
==生平==
少家優渥,父曰弗里德里希·馮·帕彭,勳貴也。帕彭及長,乃從戎,授帝國駐[[美利堅]]大使館武官。[[第一次世界大戰|歐戰]]起,遷[[中東]]戰區參謀{{sfn|Rolfs|1995|p=26}}<ref>{{cite book| last= Ihrig| first= Stefan | title= Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismark to Hitler| place= Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher= Harvard University Press| year= 2016 |page= 352}}</ref>。[[一九一八年]],帕彭以中校退役,入[[天主教]]中央黨,俄而授普魯士邦議員。[[一九三二年]]六月,布呂寧內閣辭,總統[[興登堡]]命帕彭組閣,授總理。
當此時,[[納粹黨]]勢日熾,黨人奉[[希特勒]]為元首,俱有逐鹿[[天下]]之志,乃組織衝鋒隊、蓋世太保等,充之為爪牙。七月,納粹黨取二百席次,遂握議會權柄。帕彭欲羈縻其魁希氏,以副揆許之,未果,帕彭益孤。十一月,帕彭致政,興登堡旋授國防部長施萊謝爾繼之。帕彭以施氏險譎,謀揆席,益惡之。每詣總統,乃數譖施氏失政,且陰合納粹,擁立希氏為總理<ref name="Beck Hermann page 81">{{cite book| last= Beck |first= Hermann |title= The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933| place= Oxford| publisher= Berghahn Books| year= 2013 |page= 81}}</ref>。[[一九三三年]]一月,希氏柄政,帕彭亦以副揆參預政事。帕彭性狡黠,素以多智自居,及入閣,虛驕尤甚。三月,希氏以「國會縱火案」上表議院,請授權便宜行事,允之。《授權法》既立,由是軍國政務,悉由希氏處分,帕彭但唯唯畫諾矣<ref>{{cite web|title=Adolf Hitler "Wait Calmly"|url=https://www.zeit.de/wissen/geschichte/2017-02/adolf-hitler-chancellor-appointment-anniversary|website=Zeit Online|last=Ullrich|first=Volker|date=1 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler with his Cabinet (January 30, 1933)|url=http://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1873|website=Germany History in Documents and Images|引月日=January 29, 2024|archivedate=May 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528042803/https://ghdi.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1873}}</ref>。
[[一九三四年]]六月,希氏以或告衝鋒隊謀反,遂命盡誅之;又遣蓋世太保逮問異己,施氏等俱連坐死。帕彭雖僅以身免,而側近心腹皆逮下獄{{sfn|Read|2004|pp=369–370}}。八月,興登堡歿,希氏准帕彭疏辭,授駐[[奧地利]]公使。[[一九三九年]],遷駐[[土耳其]]公使{{sfn|Watt|1989|p=280}}。[[第二次世界大戰|納粹亡]],美、[[英國|英]]、[[蘇聯|蘇]]盟軍以帕彭附逆,命法庭訴之。未幾,法庭以無罪而釋。[[西德]]立,帕彭乃徙本岑霍芬堡,寄情於著書,不復參政<ref>Franz von Papen, ''Memoirs'', pp. 586–587.</ref>。[[一九六九年]]五月二日,帕彭卒於[[薩斯巴赫]],年八十九。
==引據==
{{reflist}}
* [[Joachim C. Fest|Fest, Joachim C.]] and Bullock, Michael (trans.) "Franz von Papen and the Conservative Collaboration" in ''The Face of the Third Reich'' New York: Penguin, 1979 (orig. published in German in 1963), pp. 229–246. {{ISBN|978-0201407143}}
* {{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard |title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II |date=2005 |publisher=Enigma Books |location=New York |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Weinberg |first=Gerhard |title=Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York & Cambridge |ref=none}}
[[Category:德意志第三帝國列傳]]
fimzxf8sbhquo5orbjnwdwe4w2nii2a
用戶討論:RYT3012
3
133373
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Dr-Taher
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Dr-Taher遷頁[[用戶討論:Charlie3012v]]至[[用戶討論:RYT3012]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/Charlie3012v|Charlie3012v]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/RYT3012|RYT3012]]」時自動移動頁面
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wikitext
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{{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Charlie3012v}}
-- [[user:WAN233|<span style="color: #007FFF;">启明</span>]][[user talk:WAN233|(留言)]] 二〇二五年一二月二九日 (一) 一〇時二一分 (UTC)
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用戶:逆襲のあまのじゃく
2
137946
441454
440658
2026-05-28T02:20:20Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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441454
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<div style="
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border-radius: 40px;
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background-color: #fffcf5;
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display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;"
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--><div style="
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padding: 20px 10px;
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text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
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-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
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-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
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--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
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padding: 15px 8px;
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-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
"><!--
--><div>余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]],久行毀壞之事,</div><!--
--><div>性好紊亂大典,以此為樂,</div><!--
--><div>深諳機算之術,常御程式以亂簡編,</div><!--
--><div>下有木牛流馬,號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div>向者暫隱,今乃復歸,欲行毀壞之舉,時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
mrbx9b7rp7gx57fzg0zad2ihuam6wg5
441455
441454
2026-05-28T02:27:43Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
// Edit via Wikiplus
441455
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div style="
border: 4px solid #4a3728;
border-radius: 40px;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fffcf5;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;"
><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
-webkit-writing-mode: vertical-rl;
display: flex;
justify-content: space-evenly;
flex-direction: column;
"><!--
--><div style="
display: flex;
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align-items: center;
row-gap: 10px;
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--><div style="
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color: white;
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padding: 20px 10px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 8px;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
letter-spacing: 5px;
"><!--
-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #2f4f4f;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
align-self: flex-end;
letter-spacing: 2px;
"><!--
-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T02:34:17Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
// Edit via Wikiplus
441456
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div style="
position: relative;
border: 4px solid #4a3728;
border-radius: 40px;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fffcf5;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
"><!--
--><div style="
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
background-color: #fffcf5;
background:
linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0%, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%),
linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%);
background-size: 4px 4px;
pointer-events: none;
"></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
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display: flex;
justify-content: space-evenly;
flex-direction: column;
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--><div style="
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
row-gap: 10px;
"><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #8b0000;
color: white;
font-size: 32pt;
padding: 20px 10px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 8px;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
letter-spacing: 5px;
"><!--
-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #2f4f4f;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
align-self: flex-end;
letter-spacing: 2px;
"><!--
-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T02:36:46Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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text/x-wiki
<div style="
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border: 4px solid #4a3728;
border-radius: 40px;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fffcf5;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
flex-wrap: wrap;
"><!--
--><div style="
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
background-color: #fffcf5;
background:
linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0%, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%),
linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%);
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pointer-events: none;
"></div><!--
--><div style="
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justify-content: space-evenly;
flex-direction: column;
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--><div style="
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row-gap: 10px;
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--><div style="
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padding: 20px 10px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 8px;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
letter-spacing: 5px;
"><!--
-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #2f4f4f;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
align-self: flex-end;
letter-spacing: 2px;
"><!--
-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
margin: 30px 0;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T02:37:52Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div style="
position: relative;
border: 4px solid #4a3728;
border-radius: 40px;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fffcf5;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
"><!--
--><div style="
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
background-color: #fffcf5;
background:
linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0%, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%),
linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%);
background-size: 4px 4px;
pointer-events: none;
"></div><!--
--><div style="
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--><div style="
display: flex;
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row-gap: 10px;
margin: 30px 0;
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--><div style="
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color: white;
font-size: 32pt;
padding: 20px 10px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 8px;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
letter-spacing: 5px;
"><!--
-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #2f4f4f;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
align-self: flex-end;
letter-spacing: 2px;
"><!--
-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
margin: 30px 0;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T02:41:38Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
// Edit via Wikiplus
441459
wikitext
text/x-wiki
<div style="
position: relative;
border: 4px solid #4a3728;
border-radius: 40px;
padding: 50px;
background-color: #fffcf5;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
color: #333;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
overflow: hidden;
"><!--
--><div style="
position: absolute;
left: 0;
top: 0;
right: 0;
bottom: 0;
background-color: #fffcf5;
background:
linear-gradient(0deg, transparent 0%, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%),
linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(74, 55, 40, 0.02) 1%, transparent 100%);
background-size: 4px 4px;
pointer-events: none;
"></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: vertical-rl;
-webkit-writing-mode: vertical-rl;
display: flex;
justify-content: space-evenly;
flex-direction: column;
flex-wrap: wrap;
"><!--
--><div style="
display: flex;
flex-direction: column;
align-items: center;
row-gap: 10px;
margin: 30px 0;
"><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #8b0000;
color: white;
font-size: 32pt;
padding: 20px 10px;
font-weight: bold;
border-radius: 8px;
text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);
height: max-content;
letter-spacing: 5px;
"><!--
-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #2f4f4f;
color: white;
font-size: 18pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
align-self: flex-end;
letter-spacing: 2px;
"><!--
-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
margin: 30px 0;
"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 112px; left: 26px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|120px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Dufu.jpg|200px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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441460
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2026-05-28T02:52:31Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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--><div style="
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vertical-align: top;
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--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
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--><div style="
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-->[[File:Akechi Mitsuhide8.jpg|300px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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441460
2026-05-28T03:02:12Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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--></div><!--
--><div style="
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margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
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--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
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--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
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--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T03:12:46Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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color: #333;
box-shadow: 0 10px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
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--></div><!--
--><div style="
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-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
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-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 24px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
position: relative;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余為[[:zh:WP:Seija|通語維基之宿孽]] 久行毀壞之事</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">性好[[WP:毀典|紊亂大典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼機器人]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; left: -60px; bottom: -12px;">{{用戶:逆襲のあまのじゃく/印}}</div><!--
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writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
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--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 61px; left: 85px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|60px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Akechi Mitsuhide8.jpg|250px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T03:50:26Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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-->逆襲之天邪鬼<!--
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--><div style="
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-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
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--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
"><!--
-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 22px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
position: relative;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余乃[[Special:Permalink/293738|屢毀大典文觀者]] 通語維基之[[:zh:WP:Seija|宿孽]]也</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">素不識文言 未達雅訓 然性喜[[WP:毀典|毀典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼之傀儡]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; left: -60px; bottom: -12px;">{{用戶:逆襲のあまのじゃく/印}}</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
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"><!--
--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 61px; left: 85px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|60px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Akechi Mitsuhide8.jpg|250px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T05:39:45Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
116879
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441470
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text/x-wiki
<div style="
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height: max-content;
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--><div style="
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font-size: 18pt;
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-->逆襲のあまのじゃく<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
background-color: #556b2f;
color: white;
font-size: 16pt;
padding: 15px 8px;
border-radius: 5px;
letter-spacing: 10px;
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-->屢毀大典文觀者<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
font-size: 22px;
display: inline-block;
vertical-align: top;
margin-right: 40px;
line-height: 48px;
position: relative;
"><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5; border-right: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">余乃[[Special:Permalink/293738|屢毀大典文觀者]] 通語維基之[[:zh:WP:Seija|宿孽]]也</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">素不識文言 未達雅訓 然性喜[[WP:毀典|毀典]] 以此為樂</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">深諳機算之術 常御程式以亂簡編</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">下有木牛流馬 號曰[[User:AmanojakuBot|天邪鬼之傀儡]]</div><!--
--><div style="border-left: 1px solid #e3dfd5;">向者暫隱 今乃復歸 欲行毀壞之舉 時時圖之</div><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; left: -60px; bottom: -12px;">{{用戶:逆襲のあまのじゃく/印}}</div><!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="
writing-mode: horizontal-tb;
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
flex-direction: column;
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--><div style="position: relative;"><!--
--><div style="position: absolute; top: 61px; left: 85px;">[[File:Fluent Emoji Color 1f608.svg|60px|link=]]</div><!--
-->[[File:Akechi Mitsuhide8.jpg|250px|link=]]<!--
--></div><!--
--><div style="font-size: 10pt; color: #666; margin-top: 5px;"><!--
-->像者編鬼邪天<!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div><!--
--></div>
[[zh:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[en:User:逆襲のあまのじゃく]]
[[Category:逆襲的天邪鬼之分身]]
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2026-05-28T05:54:14Z
逆襲のあまのじゃく
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先鋒集團
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]之後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸為他家所效。然彼類索貲過昂,反失其本。[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap]]共立先鋒Primecap之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>。[[一九八六年]]十二月,創總債券基金;編氓得入債市循指之門,自此始也<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>。或譏其止隨標普五百,所羅過狹。[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃創「擴展市場指數基金」,盡羅標普五百之外諸股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五年,小盤有基,國際有基,總市有目。皆取散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
九十年代,所出愈繁。先鋒五百與總市指數諸基,躋身寰宇之最大;先鋒亦獨步共同基金之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於温莎基金。其基隸於先鋒,擇股則貴賤兼權,唯[[價值投資|價廉而質美]]者取之。其司其事三十年,歲超標普五百三百分之三,世稱善理財者也<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒從七十餘理財諸司之約,誓所投諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、變天時之常者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業之資,至少八百六十億美元,居寰宇之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒從七十餘理財諸司之約,誓所投諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、變天時之常者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業之資,至少八百六十億美元,居寰宇之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒從七十餘理財諸司之約,誓所投諸企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。然同歲所統之資中,仍有助[[化石燃料|煤油之產]]、變天時之常者;如智利之ENAP Sipetrol、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、Petroamazonas之屬,並列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲,先鋒投煤業之資,至少八百六十億美元,居寰宇之首<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;投[[亞馬遜雨林]]內石油諸企者,債二十六億,股九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,相違遠甚,識者議焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒結理財諸司七十餘家之盟,誓所投眾企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],遙與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。
然同歲所統之資,多沃[[化石燃料|煤油之產]],益亂天時之常;智利之[[ENAP Sipetrol|國油]]、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、厄瓜多之[[Petroamazonas|亞馬油]]之屬,皆列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲也,投煤業之金,至少八百六十億美元,雄冠寰宇<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;資[[亞馬遜雨林]]油企之數,債則二十六億,股則九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,乖違遠甚,識者譏焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既被斥,乃於威靈頓內闢別部以自立。會古版書賈遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷。展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家艦隊]],殲法艦於水陸之交。獨損巡防一艘,幾沉敵之全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏感其捷,乃取納爾遜旗艦之名「先鋒」{{按|HMS ''Vanguard''}}以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。威靈頓諸老初有難色。柏氏告以「Vanguard」與「Wellington」於字典之中相鄰,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒結理財諸司七十餘家之盟,誓所投眾企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],遙與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。
然同歲所統之資,多沃[[化石燃料|煤油之產]],益亂天時之常;智利之[[ENAP Sipetrol|國油]]、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、厄瓜多之[[Petroamazonas|亞馬油]]之屬,皆列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲也,投煤業之金,至少八百六十億美元,雄冠寰宇<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;資[[亞馬遜雨林]]油企之數,債則二十六億,股則九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。
誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,乖違遠甚,識者譏焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既見斥,乃於威靈頓之內,闢別部以自立。會古版書賈,遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷;展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家水師]],殲法艦於河口;獨折一艦,幾覆全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏覽之而興感,遂取納爾遜旗艦之號「先鋒」{{按|HMS Vanguard}},以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。
威靈頓諸老初難之。柏氏告以二名{{按|Vanguard、Wellington}}於洋文字序之中,比鄰而相次,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒結理財諸司七十餘家之盟,誓所投眾企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],遙與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。
然同歲所統之資,多沃[[化石燃料|煤油之產]],益亂天時之常;智利之[[ENAP Sipetrol|國油]]、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、厄瓜多之[[Petroamazonas|亞馬油]]之屬,皆列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲也,投煤業之金,至少八百六十億美元,雄冠寰宇<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;資[[亞馬遜雨林]]油企之數,債則二十六億,股則九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。
誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,乖違遠甚,識者譏焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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'''先鋒集團'''{{按|英語:'''The Vanguard Group, Inc.'''}},[[泰西]]投資之雄、寰宇指數之祖也。西元[[一九七五年]]五月朔,[[約翰柏格|約翰‧柏格]]肇基於[[賓夕法尼亞州|賓州]]瑪爾文之地<ref name=AboutVang>{{引網|址=https://corporate.vanguard.com/content/corporatesite/us/en/corp/who-we-are/sets-us-apart/facts-and-figures.html|題=Fast Facts About Vanguard|出版=The Vanguard Group, Inc.|見=2025-04-12}}</ref>。創於受黜之餘,立於眾笑之中。歷四十餘載,統籌之資逾一十二兆[[美元]]。冠絕[[共同基金]]之林,亞於[[貝萊德]][[安碩]]之列<ref>{{引網|址=http://www.etf.com/sections/etf-league-tables.html|題=ETF League Tables|出版=ETF.com|見=2017-03-22}}</ref>。與貝萊德、[[道富集團|道富]]鼎峙,世號「指數三雄」<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bebchuk|first=Lucian|coauthors=Hirst, Scott|title=Index Funds and the Future of Corporate Governance: Theory, Evidence, and Policy|work=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=119|pages=2029–2146|year=2019|url=https://columbialawreview.org/content/index-funds-and-the-future-of-corporate-governance-theory-evidence-and-policy/}}</ref>。業兼理財治產之術,制秉眾主共有之奇。下啟編氓之門,上易[[華爾街]]之舊。取贏至輕,當世罕匹。
== 沿革 ==
=== 肇始 ===
[[File:Photo of a John C. Bogle By Bill Cramer.jpg|thumb|約翰柏格於[[二〇〇七年]]]]
約翰柏格者,[[普林斯頓大學|普林斯頓]]之俊彥也。[[一九五一年]],撰學位之論,徧考基金之績<ref>{{引網|著=Armbruster, Mark|址=http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf|題=Comparing index mutual funds and active managers|出版=Rochester Business Journal|日=2016-10-14|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2017-03-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317233525/http://www.armbrustercapital.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Comparing-Index-Mutual-Funds-10-14-2016.pdf}}</ref>。乃悟主動之眾,多遜大盤之指;雖偶有勝出,亦為管費所噬<ref>{{引網|著=MacBride, Elizabeth|址=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/14/jack-bogle-follow-these-4-investing-rules-ignore-the-rest.html|題=Jack Bogle: Follow these 4 investing rules—ignore the rest|出版=CNBC|日=2015-10-14}}</ref>。指數之念,潛萌於少年之心;異日之機,已伏於蕘者之論。
既卒業,入[[威靈頓基金管理公司|威靈頓]]為僚<ref name=thinking>{{引網|著=Ferri, Rick|址=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rickferri/2014/02/10/what-was-john-bogle-thinking/|題=What Was John Bogle Thinking?|出版=Forbes|日=2014-02-10}}</ref>。由末僚而陞大員,自末席而躋上座。[[一九六七年]]膺總裁之命,[[一九七〇年]]握大計之權。然嘗主一併購,事敗於朝,謗興於野,[[一九七四年]]竟見黜逐<ref name=thinking/>。柏氏自陳曰:「斯舉之失,可恥而難恕;皆由童騃自負,不察事實所致。然非此一挫,則無先鋒之興也。」<ref>{{引網|著=Boyle, Matthew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm|題=Be prepared for a lot of bumps|出版=Fortune|日=2007-12-17|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2024-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000655/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/12/24/101939724/index.htm}}</ref>知者謂之:厄為玉成,挫乃成之。
=== 名起 ===
柏氏既見斥,乃於威靈頓之內,闢別部以自立。會古版書賈,遺以《[[大不列顛海戰圖譜]]》一卷;展卷至[[尼羅河口海戰]]之章,覩[[納爾遜]]率[[皇家海軍|皇家水師]],殲法艦於河口;獨折一艦,幾覆全師<ref>{{引網|著=Reklaitis, Victor|址=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/5-things-you-dont-know-about-vanguard-2014-10-31|題=5 things you don't know about Vanguard|出版=MarketWatch|日=2014-12-22}}</ref>。柏氏覽之而興感,遂取納爾遜旗艦之號「先鋒」{{按|HMS Vanguard}},以名其業<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=John Bogle on Investing: The First 50 Years|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2015|pages=224|isbn=978-1-119-08836-3}}</ref>。
威靈頓諸老初難之。柏氏告以二名{{按|Vanguard、Wellington}}於洋文字序之中,比鄰而相次,可並陳而列之,諸老乃首肯之<ref name=firstindex>{{引網|址=http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf|題=Lightning Strikes: The Creation of Vanguard, the First Index Mutual Fund, and the Revolution It Spawned|出版=Bogle Financial Markets Research Center|日=1997-04-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140626/http://www.bfjlaward.com/pdf/25975/42-59_bogle_jpm_0918.pdf}}</ref>。名雖偶得,義實前驅。
=== 草創 ===
威靈頓諸老,禁先鋒於諮議,杜柏氏於管理<ref name=firstindex/>。柏氏審時度勢,因利乘便;思立循指之基,欲附標普之驥<ref name=tooworried>{{引網|著=Sommer, Jeff|址=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/business/john-bogle-vanguards-founder-is-too-worried-to-rest.html|題=A Mutual Fund Master, Too Worried to Rest|出版=The New York Times|日=2012-08-11}}</ref>。又有後膺[[諾貝爾經濟學獎]]之[[薩繆爾森]]者,慨然相援;嘗於[[一九七六年]]八月,撰文《[[新聞週刊]]》,倡編氓宜有附指投財之途<ref>{{引網|著=Mihm, Stephen|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-09-06/how-index-funds-prevailed|題=How Index Funds Prevailed|出版=Bloomberg|日=2016-09-06}}</ref>。
是歲也,董事既允其議,柏氏乃立第一指數投資信託,即今之[[先鋒五百指數基金]]也<ref>{{引網|著=Culloton, Dan|址=http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749|題=A Brief History of Indexing|出版=Morningstar|日=2011-08-09|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2018-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410202249/http://news.morningstar.com/articlenet/article.aspx?id=390749}}</ref>。先是創指數之基者:[[波士頓]]有[[傑里米·格蘭瑟姆|格蘭瑟姆]]之巴特利馬區,[[芝加哥]]有[[雷克斯·辛克菲爾德|辛克菲爾德]]之美國國民銀行,[[舊金山|三藩]]有麥誇恩之[[富國銀行]]<ref>{{cite book|著=Fox, Justin|題=The myth of the rational market: a history of risk, reward, and delusion on Wall Street|出版=Harper Business|年=2011|isbn=978-0-06-059903-4}}</ref>。然其志皆在公署,其求悉歸富室;至若以匹夫為宗,廣布閭閻者,先鋒實啟其端。
初發之際,望募一億五千萬,止得一千一百萬而已<ref>{{引網|著=Bogle, John; Rafalaf, Andrew|址=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm|題=A Wall Street Revolution|出版=Fortune|日=2002-10-01|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180207/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/10/01/330578/index.htm}}</ref>。承銷諸行,勸罷其議;柏氏執守,弗從其言。時先鋒所有,惟柏氏與算士二人而已。基不予佣於經紀,商賈無以為售;分未博利於販夫,行家莫為之揚。所積甚遲,所成甚寡;歲未周年,資不踰一千七百萬。會威靈頓所轄一基,將與他基相併;柏氏因勢進言,說以歸於指數,資乃驟躍,近於一億焉<ref name=firstindex/><ref name=tooworried/>。出師雖蹇,胎息已具。
=== 拓業 ===
[[一九八二年]]而後,[[牛市|騰湧之勢]]既起,指數之術漸播,他家爭效。然彼之效者,索貲過昂,徒慕其形;費厚於利,反喪其本。
[[一九八四年]]十一月,與[[Primecap|先機]]合立先鋒先機之基<ref>{{引網|著=Norton, Leslie P.|址=https://www.barrons.com/articles/primecap-in-the-spotlight-1460174680|題=Primecap in the Spotlight|出版=Barron's|見=2023-08-19}}</ref>;[[一九八六年]]十二月,更創總債券指數之基<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bogle|first=John C.|title=The Clash of the Cultures: Investment vs. Speculation|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2012|isbn=9781118238219}}</ref>,編氓循指入債,自此始焉。或譏其止隨標普,所羅猶狹;[[一九八七年]]十二月,乃增立「擴展市場指數之基」,盡網標普以外,旁羅眾股之屬<ref>{{引網|址=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/quick-guide-vanguard-extended-market-130901563.html|題=Quick Guide to Vanguard Extended Market Index Investor Fund|出版=Yahoo Finance|日=2016-03-04}}</ref>。其後五載,紛立眾基:曰小盤,曰海外,曰總市;皆出散投之術,咸行省貲之政。
逮夫九十年代,所立愈繁,所事益博。先鋒五百與總市諸基,雄冠寰宇之上;先鋒一門,獨步共同之林<ref>{{Cite book|last=Godin|first=Seth|title=If You're Clueless about Mutual Funds and Want to Know More|publisher=Dearborn Financial Publishing|year=1997|pages=98|isbn=9780793125548}}</ref>。[[一九九五年]],[[約翰·內夫|內夫]]退隱於[[溫莎基金|溫莎之基]]。是基者,隸於先鋒;其擇股也,貴賤兼權;其取舍也,唯[[價值投資|價廉質美]]者取焉<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph|址=https://www.inquirer.com/business/john-neff-obituary-vanguard-windsor-funds-university-pennsylvania-endowment-fidelity-20190605.html|題=Brilliant stock picker John Neff, who ran Vanguard's Windsor Fund|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|日=2019-06-05}}</ref>。司事三十載,歲勝標普以百分之三,世推善理財者焉。
=== 嬗替 ===
[[一九九九年]],柏氏屆懸車之年,依制退就[[名譽職|散秩]],由[[約翰·布倫南|布倫南]]繼之<ref>{{引網|著=Costello, Martine|址=https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/|題=Vanguard's Bogle retires|出版=CNN|日=1999-08-12|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2019-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180230/https://money.cnn.com/1999/08/12/mutualfunds/funds_vanguard/}}</ref>。[[二〇〇八年]]二月,麥納布膺總裁之命;同歲八月,遂掌首席執事之印<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.forbes.com/2008/02/22/vanguard-mcnabb-brennan-face-markets-cx_pm_0222autofacescan02.html|題=McNabb To Succeed Brennan at Vanguard|出版=Forbes|日=2008-02-22}}</ref>。柏氏既退,諸繼者廣業於指數之外,兼涉[[交易所交易基金|上市指數基金]]、操盤自決之基<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/index-funds/index-vs-active|題=Index funds vs. actively managed funds|出版=Vanguard|見=2020-05-19}}</ref>。柏氏於上市指數基金頗有所疑:其雖宜長線之持,恐害於買賣之差;雖便日中之交,又虞於朝暮之易<ref>{{引網|著=Benz, Christine|址=https://www.morningstar.com/articles/355645/bogle-buy-and-hold-dont-trade-etfs|題=Bogle: Buy and Hold, Don't Trade ETFs|出版=Morningstar|歲=2010}}</ref>。柏氏一生,倡守持之道,戒投機之習。門人拓業日廣,本心終始不渝。
[[二〇一七年]]五月,立基金平台於[[英國|不列顛]]<ref>{{引網|著=Ricketts, David|址=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/vanguard-goes-direct-to-man-on-the-street-in-new-price-war-20170516|題=Hargreaves hit as Vanguard goes direct to man on the street|出版=Financial News London|日=2017-05-16}}</ref>。同歲七月,公議以首席投資長[[蒂姆·巴克利|巴克利]]繼麥納布之任。[[二〇一八年]]正月就職,麥氏退居董事會之首<ref>{{引網|著=Smith, Peter|址=https://www.ft.com/content/646dd648-67d2-11e7-8526-7b38dcaef614|題=Tim Buckley to succeed Bill McNabb as Vanguard chief|出版=Financial Times|日=2017-07-13}}</ref>。
[[二〇二〇年]],創機算問策之業,並植投資之部於[[中國]]<ref>{{引網|著=Wigglesworth, Robin; Henderson, Richard|址=https://www.ft.com/content/9414052a-3142-11ea-9703-eea0cae3f0de|題=Vanguard and the US financial system: too big to be healthy?|出版=Financial Times|日=2020-01-12}}</ref>。同歲十月,慮乎典制之嚴、人事之繁、贏取之薄,遂退還在華所管之資二百一十億美元於官資<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-09/vanguard-returns-21-billion-in-assets-to-china-s-state-funds|題=Vanguard Returns $21 Billion in Assets to China State Funds|出版=Bloomberg|日=2020-10-09}}</ref>。其後[[繁榮美國聯盟]]起而劾之,謂先鋒乃美元入華軍工與犯人權諸企之管道<ref>{{引網|著=Kynge, James; Sevastopulo, Demetri; Lockett, Hudson|址=https://www.ft.com/content/a37c6b7c-bec1-457b-8125-a3dbe2a8a275|題=Vanguard funds invest in China military groups, report says|出版=Financial Times|日=2023-10-12}}</ref>。
[[二〇二一年]]二月,始行碎股之計,編氓以一美元之微,亦得入上市指數基金之門<ref>{{引網|著=Lucchetti, Aaron|址=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB945730607441550739|題=E-Tailers Allow Buyers to Add Fund Investments to Carts|出版=The Wall Street Journal|日=1999-12-22}}</ref>。[[二〇二二年]]十一月,於[[澳洲]]立先鋒退休金之業<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.smh.com.au/money/super-and-retirement/us-giant-looks-to-shake-up-australia-s-3-3-trillion-super-sector-with-low-fee-products-20221110-p5bx76.html|題=Vanguard looks to shake up Australia's $3.3 trillion super sector with low-fee products|出版=The Sydney Morning Herald|日=2022-11-11}}</ref>。
[[二〇二四年]]五月,眾議延[[貝萊德]]宿將拉姆吉,繼巴克利為首席執事,七月蒞任<ref>{{引網|著=Brush, Silla|址=https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/vanguard-appoints-blackrock-veteran-salim-ramji-as-next-ceo-1.2073003|題=Vanguard Appoints BlackRock Veteran Salim Ramji as Next CEO|出版=BNN Bloomberg|日=2024-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Godbout, Ted|址=https://www.napa-net.org/news-info/daily-news/ramji-takes-helm-vanguard-ceo|題=Ramji Takes the Helm as Vanguard CEO|出版=National Association of Plan Advisors|日=2024-07-08}}</ref>。先鋒之大權,自此外姓掌之。
[[二〇二五年]],[[聯合國]]有書,臚資東之佐以戰[[加沙地帶|加沙]]者,先鋒在焉<ref>{{引網|著=Marsi, Federica|址=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/un-report-lists-companies-complicit-in-israels-genocide-who-are-they|題=UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's "genocide": Who are they?|出版=Al Jazeera|日=2025-07-01}}</ref><ref>{{引網|著=Borger, Julian|址=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jul/03/global-firms-profiting-israel-genocide-gaza-united-nations-rapporteur|題=Global firms 'profiting from genocide' in Gaza, says UN rapporteur|出版=The Guardian|日=2025-07-03}}</ref>。其所投之企,多以兵戎為助;[[卡特彼勒公司|卡特彼勒]]、[[雪佛龍]]、[[帕蘭提爾]]、[[洛克希德·馬丁]]、[[埃爾比特系統公司|埃爾比特]]之屬,並列其中<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mattei|first=Clara|title=Escape from Capitalism: An Intervention|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2026|pages=153|isbn=978-1668085141}}</ref>。
== 體制 ==
夫先鋒之異於諸家者,蓋以本司為所管諸基金所有,而諸基金又為投資者所有<ref>{{引網|著=DiStefano, Joseph N.|址=https://www.inquirer.com/columnists/john-bogle-vanguard-scraps-plain-talk-no-profit-at-cost-20190207.html|題=Vanguard SEC Filings Drop 'At-Cost,' 'No Profit' Claims That Were Dear to Late Founder John Bogle|出版=The Philadelphia Inquirer|見=2019-10-04}}</ref>。故先鋒之真主,實在投資者,不在外閥也。利歸於民,不歸於閥;權出於眾,不出於私。其基金多分二等:曰「投資者股」,曰「上將股」。上將股取贏稍輕,入資較高,自三千及十萬美元而不等<ref>{{引網|址=https://investor.vanguard.com/mutual-funds/admiral-shares|題=Admiral Shares Help Keep Your Costs Under Control|出版=Vanguard|日=2020-04-09}}</ref>。總部設於[[費城]]近郊瑪爾文,分號散布[[夏洛特 (北卡羅來納州)|夏洛特]]、[[達拉斯]]、[[華盛頓哥倫比亞特區|華府]]、[[斯科茨代爾]]諸地,旁及[[加拿大]]、[[澳大利亞]],東至[[亞細亞|亞洲]],西暨[[歐羅巴洲|歐陸]]<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.ft.com/content/74b8a59b-d596-46fa-83fd-e3702d057581|題=The Vanguard Group: Global Operations|出版=Financial Times|見=2025-12-13}}</ref>。
== 贊煙之譏 ==
[[二〇二一年]]三月,先鋒結理財諸司七十餘家之盟,誓所投眾企於[[二〇六〇年]]臻[[淨零排放|淨零之境]],遙與[[巴黎協定]]相應<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-investors-idUSKBN2BL0AX|題=Investors BlackRock, Vanguard join net zero effort|出版=Reuters|日=2021-03-29}}</ref>。
然同歲所統之資,多沃[[化石燃料|煤油之產]],益亂天時之常;智利之[[ENAP Sipetrol|國油]]、[[中國石油天然氣集團公司|中國石油]]、厄瓜多之[[Petroamazonas|亞馬油]]之屬,皆列其中<ref name=":0">{{引網|著=Peterson, Laura|址=https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2021-investing-in-amazon-crude-ii.pdf|題=Investing in Amazon Crude II|出版=Amazon Watch|日=2021-06-01}}</ref>。
是歲也,投煤業之金,至少八百六十億美元,雄冠寰宇<ref>{{引網|址=https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry|題=Groundbreaking Research Reveals the Financiers of the Coal Industry|出版=Urgewald e.V.|見=2022-09-03|引月日=2026-05-10|archivedate=2025-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211072214/https://www.urgewald.org/en/medien/groundbreaking-research-reveals-financiers-coal-industry}}</ref>;資[[亞馬遜雨林]]油企之數,債則二十六億,股則九十六億焉<ref name=":0"/>。
誓淨零於前,資煙煤於後;前言後行,乖違遠甚,識者譏焉。
== 兼查 ==
*[[共同基金]]
*[[指數基金]]
*[[交易所交易基金]]
*[[貝萊德]]
*[[道富集團]]
*[[約翰柏格]]
== 注釋 ==
{{reflist}}
== 它典 ==
*[https://www.vanguard.com 先鋒集團]
[[Category:美國史]]
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項家達
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{{文未準|引據未準}}
'''項家達''',江西南康府星子縣(現廬山市海會鎮)人,清臣也。
項氏世業儒。祖父元起,康熙間秀才;父鳴鳳,雍正間副貢生,祀南康府鄉賢祠。<ref>{{cite web
|title=仁宗睿皇帝實錄
|url=https://www.shidianguji.com/book/LS0027/chapter/1kenu8v813leu
|website=識典古籍
|access-date=2026-05-26
|language=zh-hant
}}</ref>
乾隆三十三年舉人,三十六年進士,殿試二甲二十五名。<ref>{{cite web
|title=大清高宗純皇帝實錄 卷八百八十四
|url=https://www.shidianguji.com/book/LS0027/chapter/1kentsmll5x56
|website=識典古籍
|access-date=2026-05-26
|language=zh-hant
}}</ref>
既入翰林,歷典四川鄉試,提督山西學政,終太常寺少卿。<ref>{{cite web
|title=国朝御史题名录
|url=https://www.shidianguji.com/book/CADAL02087301/chapter/1lcs351wojg3a
|website=识典古籍
|access-date=2026-05-06
|language=zh-hans
}}</ref>
嘗輯《初唐四傑集》行世。<ref>{{cite web
|title=初唐四杰集相关资料
|url=http://mylib.nlc.cn/allSearch/searchDetail?fid=GBZX0301013448&indexName=data_892&searchType=10024&showType=1
|website=中国国家图书馆
|access-date=2026-05-06
|language=zh-hans
}}</ref>
==參考資料==
<references />
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Dr-Taher遷頁[[用戶討論:Đậu Huy Minh]]至[[用戶討論:Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/Đậu Huy Minh|Đậu Huy Minh]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa|Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa]]」時自動移動頁面
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#重新導向 [[用戶討論:Xuân thiên lạc diệp thu khai hoa]]
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Dr-Taher遷頁[[用戶討論:Charlie3012v]]至[[用戶討論:RYT3012]]:當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/Charlie3012v|Charlie3012v]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/RYT3012|RYT3012]]」時自動移動頁面
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雅典娜
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Athena241
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抱歉,太久沒接觸文言文了,請幫我修一下,謝謝!
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'''雅典娜''',希臘之女神也,乃智慧、干戈、手工藝之女神,傳其誕生於[[宙斯]]之頭顱,因[[蓋婭]]對宙斯與其妻[[墨提斯]]曰:「汝之初子為女兒,智慧與力量匹敵於宙斯,次子為男兒,將篡宙斯之王位也。」,宙斯聞之,勃然大怒,遂吞墨提斯,墨提斯遂打造甲冑與長毛於其女,但宙斯頭痛難忍,遂派[[赫淮斯托斯]]用斧劈其頭,一女遂誕生,此即雅典娜。雅典娜與[[波賽頓]]爭希臘首都之名,其大勝波賽頓,因村民曰橄欖樹強於馬,故希臘之首都名為[[雅典]]。
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'''雅典娜''',希臘之女神也,乃智慧、干戈、手工藝之女神,傳其誕生於[[宙斯]]之頭顱,因[[蓋婭]]對宙斯與其妻[[墨提斯]]曰:「汝之初子為女兒,智慧與力量匹敵於宙斯,次子為男兒,將篡宙斯之王位也。」,宙斯聞之,勃然大怒,遂吞墨提斯,墨提斯遂打造甲冑與長毛於其女,但宙斯頭痛難忍,遂派[[赫淮斯托斯]]用斧劈其頭,一女遂誕生,此即雅典娜。雅典娜與[[波賽頓]]爭希臘首都之名,其大勝波賽頓,因村民曰橄欖樹強於馬,故希臘之首都名為[[雅典]]。
[[File:Mattei_Athena_Louvre_Ma530_n2.jpg|thumb|雅典娜原像,藏於希臘]]
[[Category:古希臘史]]
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用戶:逆襲のあまのじゃく/印
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<div style="border-radius: 4px; border: 4px solid red; height: 60px; width: 60px; position: relative;"><div style="position: absolute;width: 18px;border-left: 4px solid red;border-bottom: 4px solid red;height: 24px;left: 34px;top: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 25px;left: 5px;top: 5px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;height: 24px;border-right: 4px solid red;top: 5px;left: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;left: 10px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;lef;left: 21px;: 31px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(-30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 14px;left: 12px;top: 43px;"></div></div>
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<div style="border-radius: 4px; border: 4px solid red; height: 60px; width: 60px; position: relative;"><div style="position: absolute;width: 18px;border-left: 4px solid red;border-bottom: 4px solid red;height: 24px;left: 34px;top: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 25px;left: 5px;top: 5px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;height: 24px;border-right: 4px solid red;top: 5px;left: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;left: 10px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;left: 21px;: 31px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(-30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 14px;left: 12px;top: 43px;"></div></div>
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<div style="border-radius: 4px; border: 4px solid red; height: 60px; width: 60px; position: relative;"><div style="position: absolute;width: 18px;border-left: 4px solid red;border-bottom: 4px solid red;height: 24px;left: 34px;top: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 25px;left: 5px;top: 5px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;height: 24px;border-right: 4px solid red;top: 5px;left: 16px;"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;left: 10px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-left: 4px solid red;height: 25px;left: 21px;: 31px;top: 31px;transform-origin: center;transform: rotate(-30deg);"></div><div style="position: absolute;border-top: 4px solid red;width: 14px;left: 11px;top: 43px;"></div></div>
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