維基大典 zh_classicalwiki https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8:%E5%8D%B7%E9%A6%96 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter 媒體 特殊 討論 用戶 用戶討論 維基大典 維基大典討論 檔案 檔案討論 MediaWiki MediaWiki討論 模板 模板討論 說明 說明討論 分類 分類討論 門 議 稿 酌稿 TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Event Event talk 0 2824 444218 443754 2026-08-06T08:54:35Z Iktsokh 120768 444218 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Asia (orthographic projection) without New Guinea.svg|thumb|right|亞細亞洲全圖]] '''亞細亞洲'''者，簡稱'''亞洲'''，坤輿之首，大陸之宗也。廣袤四千四百五十七萬九千方公里，據寰宇陸土十之三，當全表百之八；<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |title=National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2006 |page=264}}</ref>生齒四十七萬萬，居天下黎元十之六。東枕[[太平洋]]，濤迴日出之表；南浸[[印度洋]]，潮沒赤道之隅；北際[[北冰洋]]，雪窖萬里；西連[[歐羅巴洲|歐土]]，山河一線。<ref name="Boudreau">{{Cite web |title=Asia: Physical Geography |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/asia/ |website=National Geographic Society |first1=Diane |last1=Boudreau |access-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>文明肇於斯，戶口盛於斯；五教之源，萬邦之祖，莫不在焉。 == 釋名 == 名之所始，出[[西臺]]之簡。西元前一千四百年許，[[安納托利亞|小亞細亞]]之西北有邦曰[[阿蘇瓦]]，糾[[特洛伊]]以叛，圖達里亞一世討而平之。<ref>{{cite book |last=McMahon |first=Gregory |year=2011 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia |chapter=The Land and Peoples of Anatolia through Ancient Eyes |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=21 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0002}}</ref>[[邁錫尼]]之牘，載「阿西維亞」之俘，蓋亦其地。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Billie Jean |last2=Bachvarova |first2=Mary R. |last3=Rutherford |first3=Ian |title=Anatolian Interfaces: Hittites, Greeks and their Neighbours |date=2010 |publisher=Oxbow |isbn=978-1-78297-475-8 |page=120}}</ref> [[File:Roman Empire - Asia (125 AD).svg|thumb|right|羅馬所置亞細亞行省]] 西元前四百餘年，[[希羅多德]]舉以名安納托利亞暨[[波斯]]之土，別於[[希臘]]，異於[[埃及]]。希臘人謂取諸[[普羅米修斯]]之婦，[[呂底亞]]人謂出於科提斯之子，傳而名[[薩第斯]]之族。<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories'', Book IV, Article 45.</ref>[[荷馬]]之詩，[[弗里吉亞]]有名阿西俄斯者，義即亞人。[[羅馬]]因之，置行省於安納托利亞之西；[[老普林尼]]繼之，始舉全洲而名焉。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Asia |title=Asia |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref>名既出西人之口，界亦隨西人之議；聚訟千年，遷徙屢矣。 == 疆界 == [[檔案:Possible definitions of the boundary between Europe and Asia.png|縮圖|歐亞分界，前後諸說]] 夫[[歐亞大陸|歐亞一陸]]，判之者人，非天也。三洲之分，起西元前六百年之際，希臘輿地之家[[阿那克西曼德]]、[[赫卡泰烏斯]]首倡之。<ref>{{Cite book |last=Slomp |first=Hans |title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0313391828 |date=2011}}</ref>初限[[里奧尼河|法西斯之水]]，希羅多德因焉；繼取[[頓河|塔奈斯之河]]，[[波希多尼]]、[[斯特拉波]]、[[托勒密]]守焉。一七三〇年，[[瑞典]]人斯特拉倫貝格刊圖，倡界[[烏拉山|烏拉之山]]，[[塔季謝夫]]自言首發其議；南則初主[[恩巴河|恩巴]]，後易[[烏拉河|烏拉]]，至一八五〇年之際乃定。<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|Wigen|1997|pp=27–28}}</ref>[[黑海]][[裏海]]之間，或循[[高加索]]之脊，或北就庫馬馬內奇之窪，說終不一。<ref name="Lineback-2013">{{cite news |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/07/09/geography-in-the-news-eurasias-boundaries/ |title=Geography in the News: Eurasia's Boundaries |first=Neal |last=Lineback |work=National Geographic |date=9 July 2013}}</ref> 至若亞非之限，則[[蘇彝士運河|蘇彝士]]鑿其渠，[[紅海]]分其水，[[曼德海峽|曼德]]扼其吭；<ref>{{cite book |title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa: An Encyclopedia |chapter=Suez Canal: 1250 to 1920: Middle East |year=2012 |publisher=Sage |doi=10.4135/9781452218458.n112 |isbn=978-1-4129-8176-7}}</ref>故[[埃及]]跨洲而立，[[西奈半島|西奈]]隸亞，餘壤屬[[阿非利加洲|非洲]]。東南之界，散在[[南洋群島]]：[[華萊士線|華萊士]]畫線於西，韋伯衡分於中，萊德克斷之於東；線西則物類近亞，線東則生性同[[大洋洲|澳]]。<ref name="Simpson-1977">{{cite journal |last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |title=Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=121 |issue=2 |year=1977 |pages=107–120 |jstor=986523}}</ref>民風亦爾：愈西而濱海，[[南島民族|南島]]之俗愈濃；愈東而入陸，[[美拉尼西亞]]之風愈厚。東北則[[白令海峽|白令峽]]為之限，[[代奧米德群島|代奧米德二島]]，大隸[[俄羅斯|俄]]，小隸[[美利堅合眾國|美]]；[[阿留申群島|阿留申一鏈]]，多繫[[北亞美利加洲|北美]]，惟極西之嶼踞亞洲之棚，二陸最狹之處，相去不過四公里耳。 然疑之者代不乏人，謂陸脈相承，本無天塹。<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|Wigen|1997|pp=7–9}}</ref>[[牛津大學|牛津]]宿學[[坎利夫]]至謂歐洲不過亞洲西陲之贅疣。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200812/editors-choice |title=Geography Is Destiny |first=Benjamin |last=Schwartz |work=The Atlantic |date=December 2008}}</ref>究其實：[[歐亞板塊]]承其大半，[[阿拉伯板塊|阿拉伯]]、[[印度板塊|印度]]附其南陲，極東之[[西伯利亞]]則已踞[[北美板塊|北美之板]]矣。 == 沿革 == [[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg|thumb|right|智人自非洲東遷之圖]] 百八十萬年前，[[直立人|直立之人]]東出非洲，居東亞南洋者，凡百七十萬載。<ref>[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/human-origins/the-history-of-human-evolution/out-of-africa ''Out of Africa''.] American Museum of Natural History.</ref>六萬年前，[[智人]]循印度洋之濱以入南亞，與[[丹尼索瓦人|丹尼索瓦]]之遺種通婚；[[弗洛勒斯島|弗洛勒斯之島]]，別有侏儒之族焉。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sutikna |first1=Thomas |last2=Tocheri |first2=Matthew W. |last3=Morwood |first3=Michael J. |display-authors=etal |title=Revised stratigraphy and chronology for ''Homo floresiensis'' at Liang Bua in Indonesia |journal=Nature |date=30 March 2016 |volume=532 |issue=7599 |pages=366–369 |doi=10.1038/nature17179 |pmid=27027286}}</ref>四萬六千年前，東西之族分於[[伊朗高原]]；<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Vallini |first1=Leonardo |last2=Pagani |first2=Luca |display-authors=etal |date=25 March 2024 |title=The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal |journal=Nature Communications |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1882 |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7 |pmid=38528002}}</ref>三萬六千年前，美洲之祖別於東亞，北徙冰原，與古北歐亞之民相合，遂衍白令諸部。今南亞之民，承伊朗之血，糅草原之種，兼東方土著之裔而成焉。<ref name="Narasimhan_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Narasimhan |first1=Vagheesh M. |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |display-authors=etal |title=The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia |journal=Science |date=6 September 2019 |volume=365 |issue=6457 |doi=10.1126/science.aat7487 |pmid=31488661}}</ref> [[File:Silkroutes.jpg|thumb|right|絲綢之路，貫通亞洲諸文明]] 文明之興，皆傍大川：[[美索不達米亞|兩河]]沃壤，[[印度河]]長流，[[黃河]]故道。城郭以立，禮樂以興；器數或相授受，文字各自為造。中土草原，自古胡騎之鄉；[[印歐語系|印歐]]先發，語播西南，東薄中國，[[吐火羅]]居焉。<ref name="Narasimhan_2019"/>北荒林莽，冰雪苦寒，馬蹄不至，人跡遂稀。高加索、[[喜馬拉雅山|喜馬拉雅]]峙其南，[[卡拉庫姆沙漠|卡拉庫姆]]、[[戈壁]]橫其中；城居者巧於器用而拙於戰陣，游牧者長於弓馬而短於守成。然平原少牧，難養重騎；故胡人入主中土、[[印度]]、[[西亞]]者，率為其文物所化。 [[File:Mongol dominions1.jpg|thumb|right|蒙古帝國極盛之疆]] 西曆七世紀，[[阿拉伯帝國|大食]]勃興，破[[拜占庭帝國|拜占庭]]之師，覆[[薩珊王朝|薩珊]]之祚，西亞[[中亞]]盡入版圖；復緣[[海上絲綢之路|海上絲路]]，傳教於印度之南、南洋之島。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Did you know?: The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia through the Trade Routes |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/did-you-know-spread-islam-southeast-asia-through-trade-routes |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=en.unesco.org}}</ref>十三世紀，[[蒙古帝國|蒙古]]鐵騎橫絕歐亞，東起遼海，西薄多瑙。當其未入也，[[宋|趙宋]]之民一萬二千萬；逮一三〇〇年之籍，僅存六千萬矣。<ref>Ping-ti Ho. "An Estimate of the Total Population of Sung-Chin China", in ''Études Song'', Series 1, No. 1, (1970). pp. 33–53.</ref>[[黑死病|黑死之疫]]，起於中亞旱原，循[[絲綢之路|絲路]]而西被，白骨蔽野，為古今之大厄。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/blackdisease_01.shtml |title=Black Death |publisher=BBC |date=17 February 2011}}</ref> 十五世紀之末，歐舶東漸。[[哥倫布]]西航，[[達伽馬]]南繞，太平之濱、印度之海，遂通舟楫。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu-DeHart |first1=Evelyn |last2=López |first2=Kathleen |date=2008 |title=Asian Diasporas in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Historical Overview |journal=Afro-Hispanic Review |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |jstor=23055220}}</ref>[[俄羅斯]]自十七世紀北拓，至十九世紀盡有西伯利亞暨中亞之壤；[[鄂圖曼帝國|鄂圖曼]]據安納托利亞、[[中東]]、北非、[[巴爾幹]]；[[滿洲]]入關而建[[清]]；[[蒙兀兒帝國|蒙兀兒]]承[[德里蘇丹國|德里蘇丹]]之緒，[[馬拉塔帝國|馬拉塔]]繼之，遞主印度。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |page=11 |isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 |year=2010 |publisher=Macmillan}}</ref>十八世紀以還，西力東侵，適值[[工業革命|機器之興]]，印度、中國遂失富強之舊。一八五七年之亂既平，[[英吉利|英]]改藩鎮為直轄；一八六九年，蘇彝士渠成，歐舟東下益捷，亞非之地益為所制。<ref>{{Cite news |title=Behind the Enduring Relevance of the Suez Canal Is the Long Shadow of European Colonialism |url=https://thewire.in/history/suez-canal-relevance-europe-colonialism |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=The Wire}}</ref>其於中國也，[[鴉片戰爭|鴉片]]流毒，兵釁再開，出多於入，遂有百年之辱。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones: 1830–1860 – Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/china-1 |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref>[[日本]]奮於[[明治維新|明治]]，取西法以自強，<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction: Race and Empire in Meiji Japan |url=https://apjjf.org/2020/20/Zohar.html |access-date=31 August 2023 |website=The Asia–Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |date=15 October 2020}}</ref>[[朝鮮]]、[[臺灣]]、[[南洋]]、[[新畿內亞]]，先後入其掌握；鄂圖曼既覆，英[[法蘭西|法]]復分中東而治之。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yakoubi |first=Myriam |date=4 January 2022 |title=The French, the British and their Middle Eastern Mandates (1918-1939): Two Political Strategies |journal=Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique |volume=XXVII |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/rfcb.8787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 一九四五年，[[第二次世界大戰|大戰]]既終，歐日俱敝，亞邦乘時自立。<ref>{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Dane |title=Decolonization: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-934049-1 |chapter=Global war's colonial consequence |pages=25–45}}</ref>印度既獨，教爭遂分，[[巴基斯坦]]別建；一九七一年，[[孟加拉]]又析焉。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=22 June 2015 |title=The Mutual Genocide of Indian Partition |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/06/29/the-great-divide-books-dalrymple |work=The New Yorker}}</ref>一九九一年，[[蘇聯]]解體，中亞五國以興。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foust |first=Joshua |date=16 December 2011 |title=No Great Game: The Story of Post-Cold War Powers in Central Asia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/12/no-great-game-the-story-of-post-cold-war-powers-in-central-asia/250010/ |work=The Atlantic}}</ref>[[阿拉伯]]得[[石油]]之利，遂雄寰海；然一九四八年以還，[[阿以衝突|阿以構兵]]，強權迭預，中東卒無寧日。<ref>{{Cite news |title=America's Middle East Scorecard: Many Interventions, Few Successes |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/08/25/341892606/america-s-middle-east-scorecard-many-interventions-few-successes |work=NPR}}</ref>東亞暨[[新加坡]]，工商並舉，號曰[[亞洲四小龍|四小龍]]；中國自一九七八年[[鄧小平|鄧氏]]開放，<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's Post-1978 Economic Development and Entry into the Global Trading System |url=https://www.cato.org/publications/chinas-post-1978-economic-development-entry-global-trading-system |website=The Cato Institute}}</ref>二〇一〇年超日本而居天下之亞；印度亦自一九九一年弛禁，貧戶今不及五之一。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Manoj |date=17 July 2023 |title=One-tenth of India's population escaped poverty in 5 years – government report |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/one-tenth-indias-population-escaped-poverty-5-years-government-report-2023-07-17/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>二雄並起，釁隙亦滋；[[印太]]之間，遂成角逐之場矣。<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuo |first=Mercy A. |title=The Origin of 'Indo-Pacific' as Geopolitical Construct |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/ |work=The Diplomat}}</ref> == 輿地 == [[File:Himalayas.jpg|thumb|right|喜馬拉雅之峰，高冠寰宇]] 亞洲之廣，冠於五洲；岸線綿亙六萬二千八百公里，亦甲天下。[[長江]]為洲中第一水，喜馬拉雅為寰宇第一山。<ref name="National Geographic-1999">{{cite book |title=National Geographic Atlas of the World |edition=7th |year=1999 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic |isbn=978-0-7922-7528-2}}</ref>南則[[雨林]]蓊鬱，北則松櫟蕭森；東南苦潦，腹裏苦旱。北荒隆冬，冰雪連天；西陲一日，寒燠倍蓰。喜馬拉雅橫亙，熱低以成，海氣內灌，[[季風]]以興；[[菲律賓]]之東北、日本之南，颶風之作，甲於寰宇。惟原始之林日就凋敝：一九九〇年至二〇〇〇年，歲損百六萬公頃；二〇〇〇年至二〇一五年，歲損二十八萬公頃。<ref>{{Cite book |last=FAO |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd6709en |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025 |date=2025 |publisher=FAO |isbn=978-92-5-140082-1 |doi=10.4060/cd6709en}}</ref> [[File:Detailed map of Asian regions.png|thumb|right|亞洲分區之圖]] 分區之目，[[聯合國]]析為六：曰[[北亞]]，即西伯利亞；曰[[中亞]]；曰[[西亞]]，兼中東暨高加索之半；曰[[南亞]]，即[[印度次大陸]]；曰[[東亞]]；曰[[東南亞]]，[[中南半島]]與南洋群島是也。蓋為計數之便，非有政教之意。<ref>{{cite web |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49 Standard) |publisher=UN Statistics Division |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>邦國四十有九，而[[格魯吉亞]]、[[阿塞拜疆]]、俄羅斯、[[哈薩克]]、[[土耳其]]五國跨洲而立。東亞則[[中國]]、日本、[[南韓]]、[[北韓]]、[[蒙古]]；東南亞則[[越南]]、[[寮國]]、[[柬埔寨]]、[[泰國]]、[[緬甸]]、[[馬來西亞]]、新加坡、[[印尼]]、菲律賓、[[汶萊]]、[[東帝汶]]；南亞則印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉、[[尼泊爾]]、[[不丹]]、[[斯里蘭卡]]、[[馬爾代夫]]；中亞則哈薩克、[[烏茲別克]]、[[土庫曼]]、[[吉爾吉斯]]、[[塔吉克]]，而[[阿富汗]]附焉；西亞則[[伊朗]]、[[伊拉克]]、土耳其、[[敘利亞]]、[[黎巴嫩]]、[[約旦]]、[[以色列]]、[[沙特阿拉伯|沙特]]、[[也門]]、[[阿曼]]、[[阿聯酋]]、[[卡塔爾]]、[[巴林]]、[[科威特]]、[[塞浦路斯]]、[[亞美尼亞]]、阿塞拜疆、格魯吉亞；北亞則俄羅斯之西伯利亞。埃及跨洲，西奈隸亞，而[[開羅]]在非。其未獲公認者五：[[阿布哈茲]]、[[北塞浦路斯]]、[[南奧塞梯]]、[[巴勒斯坦]]、臺灣；皆非聯合國之會員，惟巴勒斯坦得觀察之位焉。民主之等，以指數衡之，日本、臺灣、南韓稱最。<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2026, Unraveling The Democratic Era? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/75/V-Dem_Institute_Democracy_Report_2026_lowres.pdf |access-date=2026-03-17}}</ref> == 貨殖 == [[File:1 Singapore city skyline 2010 day panorama.jpg|thumb|right|新加坡之港，貨櫃吞吐甲於天下]] 亞洲之富，甲於諸洲，其長亦最速。<ref name="International Monetary Fund">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2026 |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=www.imf.org}}</ref>名目之總，四十一萬萬萬圓；平價之計，九十四萬萬萬圓：並冠寰區。中國執其牛耳，印度、日本、南韓、土耳其、印尼、沙特、臺灣次之，皆列天下二十強。商肆之盛，[[香港]]、新加坡、[[東京]]、[[首爾]]據其四；萬國之賈，寓香港者十之六七。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfoinnovation.com/content/hong-kong-singapore-tokyo-worlds-top-office-destinations |title=Hong Kong, Singapore, Tokyo World's Top Office Destinations |website=CFO Innovation Asia |access-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> [[File:Mumbai skyline BWSL.jpg|thumb|right|孟買，亞洲鉅埠]] 考之往昔，[[麥迪森|麥迪森]]謂印度三千年間屢主天下，工賈之出，居寰宇四之一；<ref>{{Cite book |title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |isbn=978-0-19-164758-1 |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |date=20 September 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>中國亦然，與之迭盛。日本自一九六八年以降，久為亞洲之冠、天下之亞；二〇一〇年為中國所超，二〇二五年又為印度所逾，遂居天下第四、亞洲第二。<ref name="International Monetary Fund"/>物產之饒，油泉材木、魚鹽稻粱、銅銀水利，無所不備。百工萃於東亞南洋，跨國之業日韓稱雄，而中印踵起；歐美之賈多設廠於斯，取其力賤而途便。<ref>{{Cite news |title=Global firms are eyeing Asian alternatives to Chinese manufacturing |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2023/02/20/global-firms-are-eyeing-asian-alternatives-to-chinese-manufacturing |work=The Economist}}</ref>印度、菲律賓以語文之便，遂為列邦委工之所；資訊既盛，金融之樞亦移。 商舶之行，自中國沿海而南，經[[河內]]、[[雅加達]]、新加坡、[[吉隆坡]]，穿[[馬六甲海峽|馬六甲之峽]]，過[[可倫坡]]，繞印度之南，歷[[馬累]]而抵[[蒙巴薩]]；轉[[吉布提]]，溯紅海，貫蘇彝士，入[[地中海]]；復經[[海法]]、[[伊斯坦布爾]]、[[雅典]]而達[[的里雅斯特]]，鐵軌北通中歐，或繞[[西班牙]]、法蘭西以趨北歐。其趨太平洋者，直指[[洛杉磯]]、[[長灘]]；北冰之洋，堅冰漸泮，新航路又將啟焉。<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=Melting Arctic ice could transform international shipping routes, study finds |url=https://www.brown.edu/news/2022-06-22/arctic |work=Brown University}}</ref>二〇一〇年，亞洲巨富三百三十萬人，猶遜北美；越歲而超歐洲。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-news/asian-pacific/asias-millionaire-population-overtakes-europe/article2072205/ |title=Asia has more millionaires than Europe |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto}}</ref>二〇一一年歲末，資逾萬萬圓者，亞洲一萬八千，北美一萬七千，西歐一萬四千；天下財富之樞，遂東移矣。<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-27/citigroup-study-shows-asian-rich-topping-north-american.html |title=Citigroup Study Shows Asian Rich Topping North American |date=28 March 2012 |work=Bloomberg |first=Sanat |last=Vallikappen}}</ref> 電力之需，自二〇〇〇年迄二〇二四年，四倍其初，由四千一百九十九[[太瓦時]]而逾萬六千，歲增二十之一，冠絕寰宇；<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Asia |url=https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/asia |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Ember |date=13 June 2025}}</ref>一次能源之耗，今居天下三分有一，不三十年將及其半。<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">{{cite book |author=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |date=2023 |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |pages=1457–1580 |chapter=Asia |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012 |doi-access=free}}</ref>然[[化石燃料|化石之燃]]猶居百取六十有六，[[煤]]電之量當寰宇百取八十有三。<ref name=":2"/>煤既漸汰，[[天然氣|天然之氣]]代油而興；二〇二四年，新興諸邦需增二十之一有奇，當天下增量五之二。<ref>{{Cite web |author=IEA |title=Natural gas: Global Energy Review 2025 |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2025/natural-gas |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=IEA}}</ref>至若[[再生能源|再生之能]]，亞洲又為天下先：三倍其力之期，惟此洲可期其成。中國尤冠，風日之力已逾煤炭；<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ember |url=https://ember-energy.org/app/uploads/2025/09/China-Energy-Transition-Review-2025.pdf |title=China Energy Transition Review 2025 |date=9 September 2025 |publisher=Ember}}</ref>印度風光之電，二〇二四年居天下第三；<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ember |title=India |url=https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/india |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=Ember}}</ref>寰宇新增綠能，殆半在亞焉。<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10"/>二〇一三年，遊者日繁，而華人為盛；萬事達卡列天下遊觀之都二十，亞太居其半，[[曼谷]]首膺其選，歲迎外客一千五百九十八萬，為亞洲得魁之始。<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.italianvenue.com/news/20135281339-milan-and-rome-named-among-the-most-widely-visited-cities-in-the-world-in-the-mastercard-global-destination-cities-index-report/ |title=Milan and Rome named among the most widely visited cities in the world in the Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index report |date=28 May 2013 |work=Italianavenue.com |access-date=22 July 2026 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017220531/http://www.italianvenue.com/news/20135281339-milan-and-rome-named-among-the-most-widely-visited-cities-in-the-world-in-the-mastercard-global-destination-cities-index-report/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == 民教 == [[File:Kaaba mirror edit jj.jpg|thumb|right|麥加天房，回教朝覲之地]] 生齒之繁，古今無兩。一五〇〇年，二萬四千三百萬；一七〇〇年，四萬三千六百萬；一九〇〇年，九萬四千七百萬；一九五〇年，十四萬萬有奇；一九九九年三十六萬萬，二〇一六年四十四萬萬矣。東亞人文之進，四十年幾倍其初：中國以富進，非以教壽，人均之入增二十有一倍，脫貧者以萬萬計，而庠序壽算之增未為區中之最；<ref name="2010 Human Development Report">{{cite news |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/PR6-HDR10-RegRBAP-E-rev5-sm.pdf |title=2010 Human Development Report: Asian countries lead development progress over 40 years |work=UNDP |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref>尼泊爾則醫教並舉，壽增二十五歲，學童自五之一而至五之四。其列位也，香港第七，新加坡第九，日本十九，南韓二十二，而阿富汗殿焉，居百五十有五。<ref name="2010 Human Development Report"/>語系繁夥，孤語尤多，一國之中恆兼數音：印尼逾七百，印度逾四百，菲律賓逾百，中國諸省，方言各異。 天下大教，多出亞洲。洪水之說，[[希伯來]]之典載[[挪亞]]之舟，其源實出兩河之詩；印度謂[[毗濕奴]]化魚以警[[摩奴]]，中國則君臣戮力而後平其患。[[亞伯拉罕諸教|亞伯拉罕之諸教]]，[[猶太教|猶太]]、[[基督教|天主]]、[[回教]]、[[德魯茲]]、[[巴哈伊教|巴哈伊]]，並興於西亞。<ref>{{cite book |title=An Introduction to Middle East Politics: Continuity, Change, Conflict and Co-operation |first=Benjamin |last=MacQueen |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4462-8976-1 |page=5 |publisher=SAGE}}</ref>猶太之教最古，其民聚以色列者六百一十萬，佔其國十之七有半；散處土耳其、阿塞拜疆、伊朗、印度、烏茲別克者，各以千數。天下猶太之眾，千四百四十萬至千七百五十萬之間，於全洲之民，千之三四耳。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/details.cfm?StudyID=831 |title=World Jewish Population 2016 |website=Berman Jewish DataBank |access-date=24 March 2018}}</ref>基督之教，信者二萬八千六百萬，或云三萬六千四百萬，當全洲十之一有奇：<ref name="Pew Research Center">{{cite web |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=16 February 2022}}</ref>菲律賓、東帝汶奉[[天主教|天主]]，西[[葡萄牙|葡]]所傳；亞美尼亞、格魯吉亞奉[[東正教|正教]]；[[黎凡特]]、安納托利亞之間，[[東方教會]]與[[東方正統教會|東方正統]]並存，多[[亞述]]、敘利亞之裔；印度[[聖多馬基督徒|聖多馬之徒]]，自謂承使徒之教於西曆一世紀。回回之教起於[[漢志]]，為亞洲第二大教，信者逾十萬萬，當全洲百取二十有四；<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ |title=Region: Asia–Pacific |date=27 January 2011 |website=Pewforum.org |access-date=9 November 2017}}</ref>印尼信眾最繁，巴基斯坦、印度、孟加拉、伊朗、土耳其次之；[[麥加]]、[[麥地那]]、[[耶路撒冷]]號三聖之城，[[朝覲]]之期，萬國雲集，而伊朗為[[什葉派|什葉]]之宗。德魯茲之教，本一神之學，兼采希臘先哲之說，其眾百萬，居敘利亞者半，黎巴嫩者四之，以色列者不及十之一。<ref>{{cite book |last=Held |first=Colbert C. |title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-429-96200-4 |page=109}}</ref>巴哈伊起於波斯，傳於鄂圖曼、中亞、印度、緬甸，[[蓮花寺|蓮花之寺]]在印，為其大廟。 [[File:Angkor Wat reflejado en un estanque 02.jpg|thumb|right|吳哥窟，寰宇最鉅之教寺]] [[印度教|婆羅門之教]]，信者十一萬萬，當全洲四之一，為亞洲第一大教；印度、尼泊爾之民十居其八，孟加拉、巴基斯坦、不丹、斯里蘭卡暨[[巴厘島|巴厘之島]]，亦有其眾。[[佛教|浮屠之教]]，盛於中南半島與東亞：柬埔寨百取九十有六，泰國百取九十有五，緬甸、日本、不丹、斯里蘭卡、寮國、蒙古皆過其半，臺灣、南韓、越南、中國次之。<ref>{{cite web |title=Cambodia |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ |access-date=20 December 2010 |引月日=22 July 2026 |archivedate=10 June 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610095311/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cambodia/ }}</ref>[[耆那教|耆那之教]]在印度，[[錫克教|錫克之教]]在北印，[[儒家|儒術]][[道教|道法]]行於中國、臺灣、南韓暨南洋華人之間；釋道相糅，戶籍難稽，故其數多不可考焉。 [[File:Tagore3.jpg|thumb|right|泰戈爾，亞洲膺獎之始]] 文教之盛，眾流交匯：西亞肇於[[肥沃月彎]]，孕波斯、阿拉伯、鄂圖曼之業，開猶太、天主、回回之教，<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collon |first=Dominique |title=BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Mesopotamia |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/mesopotamia_gallery.shtml |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>其耕稼之始，遠在西元前九千年；<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Ian |title=Why the West rules – for now: the patterns of history, and what they reveal about the future |date=2011 |publisher=Profile |isbn=978-1846682087}}</ref>山漠雖阻，商旅相通，異中有同，遂成泛亞之風。<ref>{{cite book |title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions, Volume I: To 1500: A Global History |date=19 June 2014 |isbn=978-1285783086 |last1=Lockard |first1=Craig A. |publisher=Cengage}}</ref>一九一三年，[[泰戈爾]]以詩文膺[[諾貝爾文學獎|諾貝爾文學之獎]]，為亞洲得獎之始，印孟二國之歌皆其所撰；繼之者，日本[[川端康成]]、[[大江健三郎]]，中國[[高行健]]、[[莫言]]，土耳其[[帕慕克]]，南韓[[韓江]]。[[諾貝爾和平獎|和平之獎]]，則印度[[德蘭修女]]、伊朗[[伊巴迪]]、緬甸[[昂山素姬]]、中國[[劉曉波]]、印度[[薩蒂亞爾希]]、巴基斯坦[[馬拉拉]]，皆以民權童權見褒；二〇〇六年，孟加拉[[尤努斯]]創[[格拉明銀行|格拉明之行]]，貸貧民以微資，尤先婦人，債鮮不償，故與焉，二〇二四年之亂後且攝其國政；<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Yunus returns to Bangladesh to lead interim government |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/8/8/muhammad-yunus-returns-to-bangladesh-to-lead-interim-government |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>一九八九年，[[達賴喇嘛]]受獎於[[奧斯陸]]。科學之獎，印度[[拉曼]]首膺之，以光散之理，遂以其名名其效；日本得獎最夥，凡二十有四，印度次之，十有三。[[阿馬蒂亞·森]]以福利之學、社會抉擇之論，於一九九八年獲經濟之獎，其心尤在貧弱之民焉。 == 徵引 == {{Reflist|30em}} == 書目 == * {{Cite book |title=The myth of continents: a critique of metageography |first1=Martin W. |last1=Lewis |first2=Kären |last2=Wigen |publisher=University of California Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-520-20743-1 |location=Berkeley |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Ventris |first2=John |last2=Chadwick |title=Documents in Mycenaean Greek |edition=2nd |year=1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |ref=harv}} {{Commons|category:Asia|亞細亞洲}} {{洲}} {{亞洲}} [[Category:亞洲地理志]] [[Category:基礎之文]] [[Category:大陸]] l7pw4308qqozssv9iwly12fxnyrh3n9 0 80889 444216 278252 2026-08-06T02:09:53Z ~2026-43247-46 120761 座標. 444216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sha Tin Station 2016 04 part4.JPG|thumb|200px|沙田驛月台二、三號]] '''沙田驛'''，官出之名謂'''沙田站'''，[[港鐵]][[東鐵轍]]之候也。處[[香港]][[新界|新界東]][[沙田區|沙田]]大埔公路沙田段側也。主紫丁香色。[[一九一零年|宣統二年]]十月一日啟，並[[粉嶺驛]]為今存至久之候也。 座標:  北緯22°22′56″東經114°11′14″ ==連結== {{Commonscat|Sha Tin Station|沙田驛}} * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/maps/sht.pdf 港鐵－沙田驛街道圖] * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/layouts/sht.pdf 港鐵－沙田驛位置圖] * [http://www.mtr.com.hk/archive/ch/services/timetables/sht.pdf 港鐵－沙田驛列車服務時間] * [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E7%AB%99&params=22_22_56_N_114_11_14_E_type:railwaystation 座標] {{港鐵車驛}} [[Category:港鐵]] dihnkm47vjhpzu5gf7e8cjc0ma4y0l8 10 84154 444217 301010 2026-08-06T08:21:07Z 一室幽蘭 105415 444217 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[文字]]'''，以紋誌事也。蓋人文肇興，社稷初立，物事日多，遂思誌事之法。或以圖畫，或以[[結繩]]。終有賢士，定紋飾以繫各事，乃有文字。亦有以圖畫成文字者，以羊形指羊，以牛形指牛，日略其形，又成文字。<noinclude>[[分類:卷首模板|正典]]</noinclude> 6i59bvjzo4wropzpjsmmu2ssvbdba64 3 95183 444214 351519 2026-08-05T17:05:06Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:李康宇]]至[[用戶討論:爪子安全]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/李康宇|李康宇]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/爪子安全|爪子安全]]」時自動移動頁面 351519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=李康宇}} -- [[用戶:Itsmine|孔明居士]] ([[用戶討論:Itsmine|對話]]) 二〇二〇年六月一五日 （一） 一四時〇四分 (UTC) dy8v7bxse874f3yngq5ohay5u9higi4 0 120214 444208 402994 2026-08-05T16:17:24Z Sdf 49025 去[[分類:令和電視劇]]；增[[分類:大韓民國電視劇]] 藉[[:zh:Wikipedia:维基百科工具/HotCat|熾貓]]之助 444208 wikitext text/x-wiki 《'''愛過之後來臨的'''》{{按|朝鮮言「'''사랑 후에 오는 것들'''」}}，東瀛[[電視劇]]，始播於[[Coupang Play]]，[[李世榮]]、[[坂口健太郎]]主演，[[洪宗玄]]、[[中村杏]]共演。按其事，謂有一女，大韓民國紅，而立之年，立一軒，逢一男，自[[日本]]，曰青木潤吾。 ==題名== 其朝鮮題「사랑 후에 오는 것들」即朝鮮言「愛過之後來臨的」{{按|사랑 후에 오는 것들}}之近音。 ==鏈== *[https://www.coupangplay.com/ Coupang Play] [[分類:大韓民國電視劇]] s84zvl4nvgfgnsgebl4rbq28gvr1291 3 123266 444212 407969 2026-08-05T17:04:37Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:神王一世]]至[[用戶討論:Renamed user 883719151515151]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/神王一世|神王一世]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 883719151515151|Renamed user 883719151515151]]」時自動移動頁面 407969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=神王一世}} -- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二四年七月二九日 （一） 一八時四八分 (UTC) dlos4m5fu6bgaep0qwi5losp5rjqmsv 3 127668 444209 416403 2026-08-05T16:54:49Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:露西有夠派]]至[[用戶討論:肇筑]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/露西有夠派|露西有夠派]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/肇筑|肇筑]]」時自動移動頁面 416403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=露西有夠派}} -- <span style="text-shadow:0 1px 5px #66f9cf;">[[User:MintCandy|薄荷糖]]</span>敬上 <small>（[[User talk:MintCandy|議]]）</small> 二〇二五年四月三〇日 （三） 〇三時四五分 (UTC) c29ng36j5aa6z030ot5qf4mors3cuuz 0 138653 444211 444187 2026-08-05T17:03:08Z 一室幽蘭 105415 粗體 444211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{釋義}} *'''[[蒼穹]]'''，又稱天空，立地仰首以望。 *'''[[太虛]]'''，又稱太空，穹蒼之外，杳無人煙。 *'''[[日 (曆法)]]'''，凡[[星體]]自轉一周之期，於[[坤輿]]則得十二[[時辰]]，西言廿四[[小時]]。 qp9lkdqarlhwlyfs8rr7mk3xcbovtk5 3 138656 444210 2026-08-05T16:54:49Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:露西有夠派]]至[[用戶討論:肇筑]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/露西有夠派|露西有夠派]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/肇筑|肇筑]]」時自動移動頁面 444210 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[用戶討論:肇筑]] 4rn7rjjd4xm3vynws1r4zfyipjqfbzi 3 138657 444213 2026-08-05T17:04:37Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:神王一世]]至[[用戶討論:Renamed user 883719151515151]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/神王一世|神王一世]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 883719151515151|Renamed user 883719151515151]]」時自動移動頁面 444213 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[用戶討論:Renamed user 883719151515151]] 4shieax6pgbogrpdobw9g9o2ym82hsh 3 138658 444215 2026-08-05T17:05:06Z Aqurs1 72127 Aqurs1遷頁[[用戶討論:李康宇]]至[[用戶討論:爪子安全]]：當重新命名使用者「[[Special:CentralAuth/李康宇|李康宇]]」至「[[Special:CentralAuth/爪子安全|爪子安全]]」時自動移動頁面 444215 wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[用戶討論:爪子安全]] kf492178c0u1mkqnfsmbz472w6oaw25 3 138659 444219 2026-08-06T08:54:38Z New user message 64015 在新使用者的討論頁上添加[[Template:Welcome|歡迎資訊]] 444219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Iktsokh}} -- [[用戶:丁子君|丁子君]] ([[用戶討論:丁子君|對話]]) 二〇二六年八月六日 （四） 〇八時五四分 (UTC) qojyj0z6kyvtz5rapc98tp7we4hl92x