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突破网络审查
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/* 在线代理 */ 列表
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{{Update|time=2024-06-12}}
{{Wikipedia|规避网络审查}}
{{Wikipedia|Help:如何访问维基百科}}
'''突破网络审查'''(简称:'''破网''')又称为'''翻墙'''、'''科学上网''',是指针对互联网审查封锁的限制,绕过相应的IP封锁、内容过滤、域名劫持等,实现对网络内容的访问。
突破网络审查多数采用代理技术,通过与第三方能正常访问审查内容的节点建立连接,间接访问被审查内容。
本文概述突破中国大陆网络审查的现时可行方法。应对其他地区的网络审查亦可与一定程度参考之。
[[File:BerlinWall-BrandenburgGate.jpg|thumb|250px|翻墙是人民群众喜闻乐见的运动]]
==免费翻墙软件==
多数翻墙软件采用加密代理技术,具备反域名劫持功能。这些软件经过开发者的不断创新,已经简化到启动程序就可以了,其能自动进行系统代理配置,不需要管理员权限,也不用更改浏览器的任何设置。浏览器访问网页的请求被这些程序自动透明地处理,包括搜寻最快的代理服务器、加密网址和网页内容等。
软件关闭时会把系统代理设置恢复原状。若其未正常退出,浏览器或将无法联网,此时只需把翻墙软件打开后再关闭即可。
如果需要可在电脑上安装多个软件,以备不时之需。
{| class="wikitable"
|+ 免费翻墙软件一览表
|-
!名称!!官方网站!!代理接口!!是否绿色!!是否开放源代码
|-
|赛风||https://psiphon.ca<br />https://psiphon3.com||HTTP代理,端口号自定义<br />SOCKS代理,端口号自定义<br />VPN||是||是
|-
|自由门||http://dongtaiwang.com||HTTP代理,端口号8580||是||否
|-
|无界浏览||https://wujieliulan.com||HTTP代理,端口号9666,可以自定义||是||否
|-
|迷雾通||https://geph.io/||加密代理||否||是
|}
=== 赛风 ===
{{Wikipedia|赛风}}
赛风(Psiphon)是多伦多大学的公民实验室开发的开源软件,现有适用于Windows、[[Android]]与[[iOS]]系统的版本,均可自动更新。
因官网被封锁,若要获取赛风,可从[https://s3.amazonaws.com/0ozb-6kaj-r0p8/zh/download.html 此页面]下载;该页面托管在亚马逊云服务器(AWS)上,凭借“依附的自由”不大可能遭到封杀。如以上链接失效,亦可给get{{@}}psiphon3.com或wangluo{{@}}saifeng3.com发一封邮件,内容任意,收到的回复邮件中即包含赛风。尽量不要使用中国国内的邮件服务商所提供的邮箱发送,这样很可能收不到回复邮件。<ref>[https://2xiangzi.blogspot.com/2015/07/3.html 赛风3使用教程]</ref>
Windows版本的赛风带有数字签名,下载完成后可以校验。
=== 自由門和無界瀏覽 ===
[[自由門]](FreeGate)和[[無界瀏覽]](UltraSurf)是早期應用面較大的代理軟件,開發者皆有[[w:法輪功|法輪功]]背景。<ref>[https://program-think.blogspot.com/2010/03/choose-free-gate.html 「如何翻牆」系列:自由門——TOR 被封之後的另一個選擇]</ref><ref>[https://wujieliulan.com]</ref><ref>[https://dongtaiwang.com]</ref>
=== TCB desync ===
由于防火长城的TCP状态机无法完美复刻真实的TCP状态,其可被特定修改的TCP包操纵,使其在防火长城的TCP控制块(TCP Control Block)上和真实的TCP状态脱同步([[desync|desynchronize]]),无法完成深度包检测。
Geneva、INTANG、[[phantomsocks]]、[[GhosTCP]]等软件使用和西厢计划<small>([[:w:zh:西厢计划|百科]])</small>相似的原理,通过修改TCP包绕过防火长城的检测,可以只在客户端运作,不需要第三方服务器。
== Shadowsocks(R) & V2Ray ==
[[Shadowsocks]]、[[ShadowsocksR]]与[[V2Ray]]皆为抗封锁能力较强的代理软件(V2Ray支持多种代理协议,如[[Shadowsocks]]、[[ShadowsocksR]]、VMess、Trojan、VLESS、Hysteria2等)。使用它们一般需要购买并部署到位于境外的服务器(VPS),用户要有一定的技术能力。因此,出现了专门出售这类已经搭建好服务器的提供商,俗称“机场”。
在服务器端部署好之后,需要在你的电脑或移动设备上使用专用软件连接到你的服务器,而且客户端配置要和服务器端配置保持一致。
== VPN ==
{{Wikipedia|VPN}}
VPN即虚拟专用网(英语:Virtual Private Network),常用于企业的加密通信,也是一种常见的翻墙方式。设备连接上VPN服务器后,全部流量将通过该服务器中转(全局模式)。
互联网上有不少面向个人的免费与付费VPN服务。中国境内的供应商通常价格较低,然而用户的流量数据对审查机关可见,且有跑路风险,使用者需权衡利弊。
部分VPN协议由于缺乏混淆,会暴露出明显特征,容易受到干扰和封锁。
=== VPN Gate ===
VPN Gate是日本筑波大学研发的公共VPN服务,中继服务器数量较多,大都由志愿者义务提供。在中国连接时,由于服务器经常性被封锁,一般需要尝试多次方能找到可用的服务器,但连接后的网速比其他免费工具稍快。
VPN Gate客户端可从其[https://www.vpngate.net/ 官方网站]获取。
== 匿名软件 ==
翻墙软件专为突破网络封锁而设计,并不能抵抗对流量的嗅探分析,若要隐匿网络活动者的身份,须佐之以匿名软件Tor或I2P。
=== Tor ===
{{Wikipedia|Tor}}[[File:Tor-logo-2011-flat.svg|right|200px|Tor Logo]]
[[Tor]]的全称是“The Onion Router”(洋葱路由器),其通过三重代理链隐匿路由信息,反制现阶段大量存在的流量过滤、嗅探分析等工具,难以追踪,有效地保证了安全性。
Tor项目的[https://www.torproject.org/ 官方网站]提供了Tor浏览器——集成了Tor且经过安全性定制的[[Firefox]],并针对封锁了Tor的地区提供了流量混淆工具。中国大陆地区可选择Meek网桥或者Snowflake网桥或以其他翻墙工具作为前置代理接入Tor网络,Obfs4网桥通过请求网桥也可在中国大陆接入。
Tor系自由软件,对个人隐私较有保障。在系统环境可靠的前提下,可以隐匿网络活动者的真实IP和浏览器指纹。各国政府可能会设置“蜜罐”节点试图识别Tor用户的身份。而只有当Tor链路上的三个代理都是蜜罐的情况下,才有可能追查得到某用户的真实IP地址。由于Tor每隔一段时间自动更换代理,任何节点都无法对用户进行长期监视。
=== I2P ===
{{Wikipedia|I2P}}
[[I2P]]的全称是"Invisible Internet Project"(隐形互联网计划)使用洋葱路由的变体大蒜路由(The Garlic Router)以不同链路发送和接收数据并将信息重新打包以加强混淆,安全性较之Tor更强,且难以封锁,速度尚可(大概40~50KB每秒,I2P内BT下载可达到数百KB),但在开始连接时速度极慢。其基于UDP的SSU协议17年间未曾被封锁过一次,并拥有大量的内部服务。
查看这个页面了解更多:[[I2P]]
==修改hosts文件==
{{Wikipedia|hosts文件}}
hosts文件负责将域名解析到相应的IP地址,通常用于补充网络中DNS的功能。当一个网站的域名被封锁而IP仍然可达时,可修改hosts文件使访问指向正确的IP地址。
hosts文件在Windows系统中的路径为<code>%SystemRoot%\system32\drivers\etc\hosts</code>,类Unix操作系统中路径<code>/etc/hosts</code>。编辑hosts文件需要管理员权限,对于Android系统需要root。该文件中每行的格式示例如下:
127.0.0.1 localhost
此法的优点是无需代理,不失网速。但是一条规则只能解锁一个域名,hosts文件又不支持通配符,有失便利性。
2018年8月24日起,GFW开始启用SNI检测以封锁维基百科全域,仅修改hosts文件无法突破此封锁。
修改hosts文件可能会被一些安全软件发现甚至修复。在修改hosts文件的情况下,360安全卫士的体检可能会认为hosts文件出现问题,卸载360即可;360断网急救箱也会修复hosts文件。腾讯电脑管家运行时,一旦修改hosts文件就会弹出“hosts文件可能被劫持”的提示,但仍然可以信任。
==使用SSH的端口转发功能==
如果您在中国大陆以外有服务器,而且能用SSH软件连接,那么您可以利用端口转发功能实现代理。
若使用ssh命令登录,您可以附加参数<code>-D</code>:
ssh root@您的服务器IP -D 1080
使用其他软件的话,请寻找“Dynamic Port Forwarding”、“动态端口转发”类似字样的设置,并将端口设置成1080。连接成功后,修改您的浏览器代理设置,使用SOCKS5,地址127.0.0.1,端口1080,这样您就可以上网了。
由于GFW已经能够识别此类流量的特征,连接时间过长或流量过大会切断SSH连接,所以建议仅作为应急上网手段,而且连接成功后尽快下载其他翻墙软件,或者在服务器上部署翻墙软件服务器端如Trojan、V2ray、Hysteria2等。
== 在线代理 ==
{{Wikipedia|网页代理}}
在线代理(又称网页代理)是由网站提供的代理服务。用户无需在电脑上安装任何软件或修改任何配置,即可通过代理网站访问目标网站。
影响力大的代理网站会被封杀,不会长期可用,用户常常需要搜寻当前可用的代理网站。
由于在线代理掌握了用户与目标网站之间通信的全部数据,因而为安全起见,不可在其上登录重要账号或进行重要操作。
{|class="wikitable"
|+可用列表(欢迎各位添加)
! 网址 || 备注
|-
| [//wikipedia-proxy.unhub.dpdns.org wikipedia-proxy.unhub.dpdns.org] || 第一次进入请在[//wikipedia.zyhorg.cn wikipedia.zyhorg.cn]创建用户再进。默认是维基百科,可在URL后添加/__proxy__/来访问没搞防机器的任意网站。无法用户登录。无法使用js(例如折叠等)。
|}
== 更换网络线路 ==
=== 境外手机卡漫游 ===
手机用户在漫游时,数据流量业务会送回SIM卡所属运营商接入互联网。因此可以购买境外的电话卡在本国漫游,使用其数据流量上网,即可绕过本国的网络审查。缺点是跨国漫游费用一般较为昂贵。
=== 拨号连线 ===
[[File:Dial up modem noises.ogg|thumb|调制解调器拨接音]]
一旦发生物理断网而国际长途电话仍然可用时,可以用老式的56k调制解调器拨号到境外ISP联网。2011年埃及示威期间政府关闭了本国互联网,民众即以此方法反制。
拨号连线的网速以现在的标准来看非常低,故只适用于紧急情况。
== 安全性提示 ==
* 不要安装中国国内厂商(2345、360、百度、腾讯等)出品的安全软件和浏览器,以及输入法。它们会配合网络审查(如'''防火长城'''和“反诈中心”),拦截翻墙工具,以及监控用户的浏览信息。
* 如果担心政府或代理提供者获取隐私信息,应尽量以HTTPS安全连接方式访问目标网站;以HTTPS加密传输之信息无法被中间人窃取或篡改,可保无虞。如果访问HTTPS网站时提示证书错误,那么请不要继续浏览,这种情况往往是信息已经被窃听或篡改(如果继续访问,数据安全性相当于明文)。
* 即使成功翻墙也应当注重保护个人隐私,如果从事敏感活动则建议准备专用环境(例如虚拟机)和专用账号,与常用环境和账号严格隔离,避免他人试探出您的真实身份。目前已确认有很多翻墙之后因发表言论(甚至只是单纯翻墙<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-46823319 BBC NEWS:中国VPN用户被罚 “翻墙”怎么会违法]</ref>)而遭到警方逮捕的案例。
== 参见 ==
* [[翻墙简史]]
==参考资料==
<references />
[[Category:互联网]]
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Wikibooks talk:版权信息
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==本文需要更新==
本文需要更新以包含 知识共享 署名-相同方式共享 3.0协议--[[User:Albuseer|Albuseer]] ([[User talk:Albuseer|留言]]) 2009年7月18日 (六) 02:18 (UTC)
== 关于许可证 ==
怎么页面标题写的是CC BY-SA 3.0的许可协议文本。 <span style="font-family:minecraft">Pawsdt | <span style="color:gray;">[[User:Pawsdt|U]] [[User talk:Pawsdt|T]] [[Special:Contributions/Pawsdt|C]]</span> | +8</span> 2026年8月25日 (二) 02:42 (UTC)
ar700z3rse47e7b969r9kve464i2du2
初中化学/氧气、二氧化碳制取方法
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== 氧气 ==
=== 工业制法 ===
工业上普遍利用低温分馏的方法大量制备氧气,使用分子筛除去二氧化碳和氮气。中国国家标准规定:氧气气瓶为淡蓝色,黑字;而美国则用橙色。<ref>http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%94#.E5.88.B6.E5.A4.87</ref>
=== 实验室制法 ===
氧气的密度大于空气且不易溶于水,所以我们用以下两种方法来收集。
<gallery>
File:排水法收集气体-简体中文.svg|排水法
File:下方置換法-svg.svg|向上排空气法
</gallery>
*排水法
排水法用于收集难溶于水的气体,例如<chem>O2</chem>、<chem>H2</chem>。
用这种方法收集验满方法:当出现连续均匀的气泡时开始收集,瓶口有较大气泡冒出时停止收集。
*向上排空气法
向上排空气法用于收集密度比空气大的气体,例如<chem>O2</chem>、<chem>CO2</chem>
*用向上排空气法收集气体的验满方法
氧气:将带火星的木条放在集气瓶口,若木条复燃,则证明集满氧气。
二氧化碳:将燃着的木条放在集气瓶口,若木条熄灭,则证明集满二氧化碳。
==== 高锰酸钾分解制氧气 ====
<chem>\rm2KMnO_4->[\vartriangle]K_2MnO_4{+}MnO_2{+}O_2\uparrow</chem>
操作顺序:
*连接仪器成装置
*检查装置气密性
*装药品,同时放入一小团棉花(防止高锰酸钾进入导管,堵塞导管)
*固定试管
*点燃酒精灯
*收集气体
*将导管移出水面
*熄灭酒精灯
==== 过氧化氢分解制氧气 ====
[[File:过氧化氢制取氧气(排水法).svg|缩略图|实验装置]]
<chem>\rm2H_2O_2\xrightarrow{MnO_2}2H_2O{+}O_2\uparrow</chem>
操作顺序:
*连接仪器成装置
*检查装置气密性
*装药品(先固后液)
*收集气体
*将导管移出水面
==== 氯酸钾分解制氧气 ====
<chem>\rm2KClO_3</chem>
== 二氧化碳 ==
=== 工业制法 ===
在工业上是以高温加热灰石(主要成分为碳酸钙)分解产生二氧化碳:(1atm,摄氏700度以上)<chem>CaCO3->CaO{+}CO2\uparrow</chem><ref>http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3#.E8.A3.BD.E5.82.99</ref>
==== 实验室制法 ====
<chem>\rm CaCO_3{+}2HCl->CaCl_2{+}H_2O{+}CO_2\uparrow</chem>
应注意:
*不要使用纯的碳酸钙或碳酸钠(纯的碳酸钠或碳酸钙与盐酸反应速率过快,不利于收集二氧化碳)
*不要使用硫酸(硫酸与碳酸钙反应生成的硫酸钙微溶于水,会附着在大理石或石灰石表面,阻碍反应继续进行)
*不要使用浓盐酸(浓盐酸易挥发,挥发出的氯化氢气体会混入制得的二氧化碳,使制得的二氧化碳不纯)
== 参见 ==
[[Category:初中化学]]
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初中化学/空气
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生活中最常见的物质是什么?看到这个问题,你也许会在脑海中浮现出许多东西,但你可能会忽略掉空气——空气,我们在空气组成的“海洋”中生活,但它的存在感实在薄弱。树林里发出“哗~哗”的响声,用蒲扇把炉火烧旺,我们知道那是风。风是流动着的空气,空气使生命得以维持,使火焰能够燃烧。没有空气,我们就无法生存。
空气是很多气体组成的混合物,前面提到的使生命维持、火焰燃烧的气体是'''氧气('''<chem>O2</chem>''')'''。关于氧气的在空气中的具体含量,我们将通过以下实验来进行探究。
空气是生活中常见的无色无味混合物之一。它主要由78%的氮气(<chem>N2</chem>)、21%氧气、0.934%的稀有气体,0.034%的二氧化碳(<chem>CO2</chem>),0.002%的其他物质(如水蒸气、杂质等)组成。
==空气中氧气含量的测定==
===药品的选择===
实验药品应选择能与氧气反应且不与空气中其他物质反应的物质。在实验室中常用磷或铜等物质。
===实验仪器===
*磷燃烧测定:水槽,标有刻度的钟罩,燃烧匙。
*加热铜测定:小硬质玻璃管,酒精灯,针筒(实验中推拉以便尽量让氧气与铜反应),铁架台(固定)。
===实验过程===
*磷燃烧测定:在水槽中装入一定量的水,将钟罩放入水槽中。将足量磷在燃烧匙上点燃后放入钟罩并密封,待火焰熄灭、气体冷却后观察到液面上升高度约为点燃前的五分之一。
*加热铜测定:在小硬质玻璃管中装入铜粉,一侧连接一个未排尽空气的针筒并记录读数,另一侧连接一个排尽空气的针筒,固定在铁架台上。点燃酒精灯,不停地推拉两边的针筒,待反应完毕后熄灭酒精灯。气体冷却后将所有气体推入一个针筒中,读数减小约五分之一。
===误差分析===
*磷燃烧测定:在空气中氧含量少于约7%时火焰会熄灭。
*加热铜测定:空气可能会被压缩导致读数变小。
=== 化學式 ===
* <chem>4P + 5O2 -> 2P2O5</chem>
* <chem>2Cu + O2 -> 2CuO</chem>
==大气污染与环境保护==
初中阶段常见的大气污染物有二氧化硫、氮氧化合物(如一氧化氮、二氧化氮)。'''特别提醒:二氧化碳不是大气污染物。'''
==小测==
<quiz display="simple">
{下列关于空气的说法中正确的是:(单选)
|type="()"}
+ 空气是混合物
- 空气中只有氮气和氧气
- 空气中氧气占比最多
{空气中占比最大的气体是:(单选)
|type="()"}
- 氢气
+ 氮气
- 氧气
{下列不属于空气污染物的是:(单选)
|type="()"}
+ 二氧化碳
- 二氧化硫
- 一氧化碳
</quiz>
[[Category:初中化学]]
i42m35obghaqmj3hmtzdyttjm4ixa0f
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=== 唇口燥裂 ===
证名。口唇干燥,甚则裂开之证。因阴津不足,脾热炽盛所致。《温疫论·数下亡阴》:“津不到咽,唇口燥裂,缘其人阳脏多火而阴亏。今重亡津液,宜清燥养营汤。设热渴未除,里证仍在,宜承气养营汤。”治宜养阴清热,用清凉散、清热养营汤方。
=== 唇里 ===
经外穴名。出《千金要方》。在下唇粘膜,与承浆穴相对处。主治黄疸,瘟疫,口噤,口臭,面颊肿,及齿龈炎,口腔炎等。点刺出血。
=== 唇裂 ===
证名。
①指先天性缺唇或外伤所致唇破裂。
②指口唇干燥裂开,甚则从裂口渗血,疼痛。多因脾经蕴热耗伤阴津所致。治宜养阴清热润燥,方选泻黄散合益胃汤,外用油脂涂擦。
=== 唇糜 ===
病证名。即口唇粘膜溃破。参见口糜条。
=== 唇青 ===
证名。口唇泛现青暗的病色。多因寒中血脉凝滞,不能外荣所致。《灵枢·经脉》:“唇青,舌卷,卵缩,则筋先死。”《医学入门·伤寒杂症》:“无色泽而唇青者,必是寒中。阴症胸膈满,面色及唇皆无色泽,手足冷者,理中汤。”参见唇甲青条。
=== 唇上下好 ===
口唇位置居常适中、不偏不高不低。《灵枢·本脏》:“唇上下好者脾端正。”
=== 唇瞤 ===
病名。即唇风。指唇风日久口唇出现不自主颤动。出《外科证治全书》卷二。参见唇风条。
=== 唇四白 ===
口唇及周边的白色肌肉。王冰:“谓唇四际之白色肉也。”《素问·六节脏象论》:“脾、胃……其华在唇四白。”
=== 唇缩 ===
证名。口唇内缩之证。由脾经寒盛所致。《证治汇补·口唇章》:“唇属于脾,经合于胃,脾胃受邪则唇为之病,风胜则动,寒胜则缩。”治宜温中祛寒,用理中汤等方。参见唇萎条。
=== 唇萎 ===
证名。口唇萎废。由瘀血内停或脾气衰竭,不荣于唇所致。《金匮要略·惊悸吐衄下血胸满瘀血病脉证治》:“病人胸满,唇萎、舌青、口燥,但欲漱水不欲咽,无寒热,脉微大而迟,腹不满,其人言我满,为有瘀血。”亦可见于脾气衰竭者。《医寄伏阴论》:“唇痿不收,脾气绝也。”
=== 唇下纵 ===
病状名。口唇肌肉松弛下垂的症状,多为脾虚或脾位下移的表现。《灵枢·本脏》:“唇下纵者,脾下。”
=== 唇针 ===
针刺疗法之一。指针刺唇部人中、承浆二穴的针法,可应用于针刺麻醉,又称唇针麻醉。
=== 唇胗(zhēn真) ===
病证名。出《灵枢·经脉》。又名唇疮、唇疡。
①唇疮,症见唇生细粒小疮,时流黄水,或痒或痛。由脾经郁热所致。治宜清解脾经之热,用泄黄汤。外用黄柏、野蔷薇根二味等分为末,水调敷唇部。
②唇疮,伴见多食易饥,昏睡,烦躁,鼻烂等症。由伤寒狐惑、小儿疳(匿虫)所致。治宜清热杀虫,用连梅安蛔汤。
=== 淳于意 ===
(约前205-?年)西汉医学家。齐临菑(今山东临淄)人。曾任齐太仓公,故称仓公或太仓公。少喜医方术,闻同郡唐里公孙光善为传古方,遂师事之,公孙公授以秘方调理阴阳、传语法,皆录之为用。高后八年(前180年),公孙光荐之于同郡元里公乘阳庆,时庆年70余,无子,愿将术尽授之,更传秘藏之《脉书》、《五色诊》、《奇咳术》、《上下经》、《揆度阴阳外变》、《药论》、《石神》、《接阴阳禁书》,受读解验之,事之三年许,为人治病,多良效。文帝四年(前174年),中人上书诬告,传至长安,少女缇莹随父至长安,上书帝廷,愿以身为婢,代父赎罪,文帝感其至诚,郝其父。后文帝诏见意,询问其治病始末,所诊者皆有“诊籍”,乃列举诊籍所载病例二十五例,所治之上至王侯,下至奴仆。有肺消瘅、不乳、沓风、晓瘕等二十三种疾患。治法多重药物,兼施刺法、灸法、敷法等。并如实记录其治疗成功之经验,亦载其失败之教训。弟子宋邑、高期、王禹、冯倍、杜信、唐安等,亦以医名于世。
=== 《蠢子医》 ===
医论著作。四卷。清·龙绘堂撰于1882年。本书主要以歌诀体裁论述多种病证的治疗经验。作者注重实践,不泥古说,文字浅近。是一种颇具特色的学医启蒙读物。由于见证即录,未经条理,故内容较为庞杂。现存石印本,又本书收入《珍本医书集成》中。
=== 戳法 ===
推拿手法名。见《刘寿山正骨经验》。戳是按的意思,即用手指或手掌用力按压穴位。属于按法。
=== 绰尔济 ===
明末清初蒙医学家。蒙古族,墨尔根氏。天命(1616-1626年)间率先归附。善医伤,时白旗先锋鄂硕与敌战,中矢垂毙,绰尔济为其拔镞,傅良药,伤愈。都统武拜身被三十余矢,昏绝,令剖白驼腹,置武拜其中,遂苏。有患臂屈不伸者,令先以热镬熏蒸,后斧椎其骨,揉之有声,即愈。
=== 绰法 ===
推拿手法名。见《外伤中医按摩疗法》。绰是抓提的意思。先用五指抓捏,捏后急速滑开。或用两手掌平贴于患处,然后手掌小指侧用力向中间滑起。有舒展筋脉等作用。
=== 歠(chuò,音辍) ===
同啜。饮,吃。《伤寒论·辨太阳病脉证并治》:“歠热稀粥。”
=== 疵疮 ===
病名。指疮形如丁盖之状者。出《疮疡经验全书》卷四。即疔疮。详见该条。
=== 疵疽 ===
病名。指附骨疽发于肩及上臂者。《灵枢·痈疽》卷九:“发于肩与臑者,名曰疵疽。其状赤黑,急疗之。”其证治可参见附骨疽条。
=== 疵痈 ===
病名。指发生于肩部之痈疽。出《灵枢·痈疽》。即肩疽。详见该条。
=== 瓷针 ===
针具之一。即陶针。见该条。
=== 慈宫 ===
经穴别名。出《针灸甲乙经》。即冲门。见该条。
=== 《慈航集》 ===
温病著作。全名《慈航集三元普济方》。四卷。清·王勋撰。刊于1799年。作者认为“春温、温疫,自古至今,无成法可师。”故本书专论春温、温疫诸证,对于病源、治法阐述颇详,确有独到见解。书中并介绍锁喉瘟、大头瘟、虾蟆瘟、烂喉瘟等证治,亦具一得之见。但王氏泥于运气,是应予分析对待的。现存几种清刻本。
=== 《慈济方》 ===
医方著作。一卷。明·僧人景隆撰。刊于1439年。本书汇录痈、疽、疔肿、疮疖、诸风、虚弱、蛊胀、诸气、阴火等40余类病证的验方,叙述病证比较简要,所载验方较为实用。并附制药法等。但也掺杂了一些佛家迷信的内容。现有明正统刻本、清宣统刻本。
=== 《慈幼新书》 ===
儿科著作。又名《慈幼筏》。十二卷。卷首一卷。明·程云鹏撰。刊于1704年。卷首论保产;卷一论小儿禀赋,脏能、脉候及胎症等;卷二小儿杂证;卷三——六小儿痘疮的辨证及治疗剂;卷七麻疹、丹毒、惊痫、发热等;卷八伤寒;卷九感冒、咳嗽、痰喘、疟、痢等;卷十食疳诸积、腹痛、溺血等;卷十一疱疽、杂症;卷十二痘家应用药性。全书对小儿的生理禀赋、脏腑特点以及各种病证证治的论述甚为详备。其中各证还附有医案。现有清刻本、《中国医学大成》本。
=== 磁锋砭法 ===
小儿丹毒的刺血疗法。《幼幼集成》:“用上清磁器,轻轻敲破,取其锋锐者一枚,将箸头劈破,横夹磁针,露锋于外,将线扎紧。以磁锋正对丹毒之处,另以箸一条,于磁锋箸上轻轻敲之,其血自出。”
=== 磁石 ===
古代炼制外丹常用的矿物原料。又作慈石。即四氧化三铁(Fe3 O4)。八石之一。《抱朴子内篇·金丹》:“或以荆酒磁石消之。”又为中药。
=== 雌丁 ===
病名。十三丁之一。出《备急千金要方》卷二十二。症见其疮头稍黄,向裹黡亦似灸疮,疮口周围有浆液渗出,其中心凹陷色赤,如钱孔大小。治疗见疔疮条。
=== 雌黄 ===
古代炼制外丹常用的矿物原料。即三硫化二砷(Ab2 S3)。为八石之一。亦系中药。
=== 雌雄 ===
表示属性相对的事物。《素问·金匮真言论》:“此皆阴阳表里内外雌雄相输应也。故以应天之阴阳也。”
=== 雌雄漏 ===
病名。指肛门外同时见有两个窦道者。出《外科十三方考》:“此漏生于肛门外,隔一寸穿孔,左右相对……若受辛劳则漏孔出脓”。该病以外治为主,宜用挂线疗法或手术治疗。内用药可服中九丸、金蚣丸。后以解毒膏收功。相当于复杂性肛漏。
=== 雌雄霹雳火 ===
外治法之一。见《医宗金鉴》卷七一。该法主治阴证疮疡及脱疽。组方:雌黄、雄黄、丁香各二钱,麝香一分。具体用法为:上药为细末,用蕲艾茸二钱,将药末搓入艾内,如碗豆大小为丸,安患处灸之,毋论痒痛,以肉焦为度。如毒已经走散,就红晕尽处,排炷灸之,如痛者则灸至痒,如痒者则灸至痛,以疮红活为度。
=== 雌雄人 ===
①泛指两性畸形者。
②指女子阴蒂过大。杨志一《生育问题》:“女子阴核过大,性欲一至亦能自举,状如阴中有角,故以角症名之。又名半阴阳,俗称雌雄人。”详见角条。
=== 雌雄痔 ===
病名。指肛门外同时见大小不等之两个痔核者。见《疮疡经验全书》卷七:“一长一圆即雌雄也。”属外痔内容。治宜内服苦参丸或采用手术治疗。
=== 鹚痈 ===
病名。
①指生于臂撑上者之痈。出《疮疡经验全书》卷三。
②指手心毒偏于掌边者。出《医宗金鉴》卷六八。临床以患处红肿高突,疼痛剧烈为其特征。余证治可参见手心毒条。
=== 糍糕积 ===
病名。指食糍糕类食物过多而成积滞者。《杂病源流犀烛·积聚症瘕痃癖痞源流》:“糍糕积,食之过伤成积,噫气吞酸,心腹作痛也。宜白芍、谷芽、神曲。方用青木香丸。”参见食积条。
=== 《此事难知》 ===
医论著作。二卷。元·王好古撰于1308年。本书系王氏编集其老师李杲的医学论述,包括属于基础理论的经络、脏腑、病理、病源以及有关临床辨证、治法等内容,其中对伤寒六经证治叙述尤详,而且有个人创见。虽然全书融合了王好古的学术见解,但是依旧在一定程度上反映了李杲的学术思想。现存初刻本,元明清多种刻本,《医统正脉》本等。1949年后有影印本。
=== 次层润药 ===
治白喉病的一类药物名称。见《白喉忌表抉微》。正将、猛将、次将中的次层润药各不相同。“正将”中的次层润药为:天冬、当归、白芍、丹皮、贝母、薄荷、生甘草。“猛将”中的次层润药为:瓜萎、生栀仁、连翘、川黄柏、马兜铃、兰草根。“次将”中的次层润药为:金银花、冬桑叶、藿梗、枇杷叶、紫苑、柿霜。参见药将条、白喉正将条。
=== 次大指 ===
人体部位名。大指与中指间之指,居大指之次,故名。即手第二指。又名食指、次指、大指次指。
=== 次髎 ===
经穴名。出《针灸甲乙经》。属足太阳膀胱经。在骶部,当髂后上棘内下方,适对第二骶后孔处。布有第二骶神经后支和骶外侧动、静脉后支。主治腰骶疼痛,月经不调,赤白带下,阴挺,痛经,疝气,下肢痿痹,及坐骨神经痛,盆腔炎。并可用于催产,引产等。直刺1-1.5寸。艾炷灸3-7壮;或艾条灸5-15分钟。
=== 次门 ===
经穴别名。出《针灸甲乙经》。即关元。参见该条。
=== 次小指 ===
即手第四指。又称小指次指。
=== 次小趾 ===
即第四足趾。又称小指次指。
=== 刺 ===
①针刺。《素问·诊要经终论》:“春夏秋冬,各有所刺。”《灵枢·经脉》:“凡刺之理,经脉为先。”
②被物扎伤。《灵枢·九针十二原》:“今夫五脏之有疾也,譬犹刺也,犹污也。”
③指扎入身体内的刺状物。《素问·至真要大论》:“犹拔刺雪污。”
=== 《刺疔捷法》 ===
外科著作。一卷。
①清·张镜撰。刊于1876年。首论治疔要言,次为全身穴位图,末为治疔歌,论述各种疔症的取穴法和针刺法。本书误被后人收入《陈修园医书七十二种》。
②旧题清·孙德章家藏。撰年不详。一卷。内容包括疔疮的辨别、刺疔手法,各种疔疮的部位图像及针刺穴位和方法、治疔良方及治疔取穴歌等。现有1935年石印本。
=== 刺法 ===
针法。出《灵枢·官针》。见针法条。
=== 刺风 ===
证名。风寒蕴滞生热,遍身如针刺者。其重证曰蛊风。《圣济总录》卷十二:“刺风者,以气血为风寒所侵,不得宣利,则蕴滞而生热,寒热相搏于皮肤之间,淫路不能发泄,故遍身如针刺也。其痛甚若刀划者,谓之蛊风,与刺风相似,不可不辨也。”治用芎枳丸等方。
=== 刺激参数 ===
针刺时对穴位施加的刺激条件及刺激量等方面的各项数据。手法运针的刺激参数,包括手法操作过程中提插、捻转的幅度、频率及持续时间。电针刺激参数,一般包括脉冲电流的强度(电流、电压)、频率、波形、波宽及刺激时间等。因刺激参数的不同,临床所产生的效果也不同,各项之间还存在着交互作用,与刺激时间的长短也有一定关系。记录和积累刺激参数,并予以分析,对研究针刺原理,提高临床疗效和交流经验等均有重要意义。
=== 刺激点 ===
近代对针灸腧穴的一种称法。或称为针灸治疗刺激点。其穴位都具有治疗疾病的作用,故名。
=== 刺激强度 ===
针灸治疗术语。指治疗时给予患者刺激强弱的程度。通常分强、中、弱三种。针刺强度以针具粗细、操作方法、刺激形式和持续时间构成;灸治强度则由艾炷大小、壮数多少,或艾条熏灼时间来区分。一般机体的反应与刺激强度的强弱成正比。但患者的反应还与体质强弱、敏感程度、穴位选取及疾病种类等因素有关,故不同病人对同一刺激强度的反应亦可有所差异。临床须灵活地掌握好适当的刺激强度。
=== 刺激区 ===
与刺激点比较而言,其刺激的部位是一个面,而不是小的点。如皮肤针等刺法即将人体划分为若干刺激区。
=== 刺家 ===
针刺医生。出《素问·长刺节论》。
=== 刺禁 ===
针刺的禁忌。包括禁刺部位和禁刺时机。这是历代医家在针刺治疗中所积累的经验教训。《灵枢·终始》指出,“凡刺之禁”,有惊恐、恼怒、劳累、过饱、饥饿、大渴、房事、醉酒及长途跋涉、情绪未定等各种情况,此时均不宜立即针刺。此外某些重要内脏、器官或组织附近的穴位,及某种特定情况下(如妊娠)的个别穴位,亦不宜针刺。参见十二禁、五禁、五过等条。
=== 刺灸法 ===
各种针刺和灸治的方法总称。《内经》中即有五刺、九刺、十二刺及针刺和艾灸补泻方法的记载,后世又续有发展,为针灸学术的重要内容之一,使用适当与否,对临床疗效有很大的影响。具体方法,参见有关各条。
=== 《刺灸心法要诀》 ===
针灸著作。八卷(即《医宗金鉴》卷七十九-八十六)。清太医院编。刊于1742年。本书将针灸的基本理论,和临床分用七言歌诀的形式加以概括和论述。其中卷七十九为九针、十二经井,荥、俞、经、合、原、络穴、八会穴及经脉流注;卷八十为周身骨度及各部诸穴;卷八十一-八十四为十二经及奇经的循行及经穴部位;卷八十五为头、胸腹背及手足各部的要穴主治病证;卷八十六为各种灸法及针灸禁忌等。歌诀之后加注,并附插图134幅,便于习诵。现有多种刊本。
=== 刺烙 ===
医疗技术名。外治法之一种。用于咽后壁脓肿切开,或熨烙乳蛾体肿大之病证。其法:系用三棱针或其它特制针刀,于灯火上烧灼,使其尖端约有1.5厘米烧红,蘸香油,乘热刺入脓肿,切开引流。或乘热熨其肿大部位,以助其脓肿自溃。
=== 刺络拔罐法 ===
拔罐法之一。又名刺血拔罐法。指在刺络(刺血)之后再进行拔罐,以吸出少量血液的综合治疗方法。多用于治疗软组织劳损,扭伤,腰腿风湿痛,神经性皮炎,皮肤搔痒,丹毒,神经衰弱,胃肠神经官能症等疾病。对贫血和有出血倾向的病症不宜使用,大血管所在部位须慎用。
=== 刺络疗法 ===
针法之一。即刺血疗法。见该条。
=== 刺手 ===
针刺时持针操作的手。一般多用右手。
=== 刺血拔罐法 ===
拔罐法之一。即刺络拔罐法。详该条。
=== 刺血疗法 ===
针刺疗法之一。指用三棱针或皮肤针或小眉刀等针具刺破浅表小静脉放出少量血液以治疗疾病的方法。又称刺络疗法。临床操作时,根据病情需要,选用三棱针点刺,或皮肤针扣刺,滚刺,或小眉刀挑刺放出少量血液。施术时,应注意严密消毒,着力适宜,并避开动脉,以免发生感染或出血过多。对体虚、孕妇及有出血倾向者慎用。适用于中暑,头痛,扁桃体炎,神经性皮炎及疔疮等疾患。
=== 蛓蚝风 ===
病名。疠风之一种。见《解围元薮》卷一。证治详见疠风条。
=== 从 ===
㈠(cóng音匆)。
①顺从。与逆相对。《素问·生气通天论》:“气血皆从”。
②正常。《素问·阴阳应象大论》:“此阴阳反作,病之逆从也。”
③指采取某种处理方式或原则,即选用之意。《脾胃论》:“此湿胜,从平胃散。”
④迎着。《素问·骨空论》:“从风憎风。”
⑤治法之一。即反治。《素问·至真要大论》:“从者反治。”详反治条。
㈡(zòng音纵)。
①通纵。放纵。《灵枢·师传》:“血食之君,骄恣从欲轻人。”
②纵使,即使。《素问·宝命全角论》:“从见其飞,不知其谁。”
=== 从革 ===
运气术语。五运主岁之中,金岁不及的名称。《素问·五常政大论》:“其不及奈何?……金曰从革。”从,顺从。革,改革、变易。金性坚硬,但在不及的时候,就顺从而改变其形态。
=== 从荣置气 ===
刺法用语。与“从卫取气”相对,为针刺泻法的要领。《难经》:“当泻之时,从荣置气”。荣通营,指营气所行的部分,即深部;置有放置之意,指泻法的操作要于深部候气,并向浅部引提。《灵枢》营气“行于经隧”,分布于深部,此说为《难经》所本。后世刺法,泻法用先深后浅,即以此为理论根据。《医学入门》:“泻则从荣弃置其气,宜重深而刺,取其荣气迎之于前,而泻夺其实也。”参见从卫取气条。
=== 从卫取气 ===
刺法用语。与“从荣置气”相对,为针刺补法的要领。《难经·七十六难》:“当补之时,从卫取气”。意指针刺补法,须于浅部候气,并往下按纳。《灵枢·经脉》:“卫气先行皮肤,先充络脉”,分布于浅部。此说为《难经》所本。后世刺法,补法用先浅后深,即以此为理论根据。《医学入门》载:“补则从卫取气,宜轻浅而针,从其卫气随之于后,而济益其虚也。”参见从荣置气条。
=== 从阳引阴 ===
《内经》取穴法之一。《素问·阴阳应象大论》:“善用针者,从阴引阳,从阳引阴。”《类经》:“从阳引阴者,病在阴而治其阳也。”张志聪:“从阳而引阴分之邪。”意指病在阴经则先刺阳经以引导之。《卫生宝鉴》引云岐子《学医新说》治中风偏枯,取用十二经井穴,先从足太阳经井穴(至阴)开始,依十二经流注次序至手太阳经井穴(少泽)为止。称此为大接经从阳引阴。详见大接经法条。
=== 从阴引阳 ===
《内经》取穴法之一。《素问·阴阳应象大论》:“善用针者,从阴引阳,从阳引阴。”《类经》:“病在阳而治其阴也。”张志聪注:“从阴而引阳分之邪。”意指病在阳经,当先刺阴经以引导之。《卫生宝鉴》引云岐子《学医新说》,治中风偏枯,取用十二经井穴,先从手太阴肺经井穴(少商)开始,顺序刺至足厥阴肝经井穴(大敦)为止。称此为大接经从阴引阳。详见大接经法条。
=== 聪不内居 ===
病证名。系指由肾元虚衰所致之听力障碍的病证。《景岳全书》卷二十:“今老人之耳多见聪不内居,而声闻于外,此正肾元不固,阳气渐涣之征耳……”。
=== 《丛桂草堂医案》 ===
医案著作。四卷。袁焯撰于1914年。袁氏辑录治疗验案62例。其中以内科杂病医案为主,案中对病因、病理、辨证论治等作了较详细的记录分析。现存初刻本、珍本医书集成本,1949年后有上海科技卫生出版社排印本。
=== 丛毛 ===
解剖结构名。见《灵枢·经脉》。即聚毛。详该条。
=== 丛针 ===
皮肤针之一。将等长毫针集簇成丛,外加捆扎,用于浅刺皮肤。参见皮肤针条。
=== 凑肺 ===
病证名。因恣饮伤肺所致的咳嗽。证治咽痒,痰多唾血,喘急胁痛。《证治要诀·诸嗽门》:“有饮冷热酒,或饮冷水,伤肺致嗽,俗谓之凑肺,宜紫菀饮。”《张氏医通》卷四:“如饮冷热酒,伤肺致嗽,谓之凑肺。或兼煎煿伤胃。咳嗽咽痒,痰多唾血,喘急胁痛,不得安卧,改定紫菀茸汤。”参见酒嗽、咳嗽条。
=== 凑(còu,音腠) ===
“凑”的异体字。
①聚合,会合。《素问·评热病论》。“邪之所凑,其气必虚。”《素问·解精微论》:“志与心精,共凑于目也。”
②同“腠”。《素问·气穴论》:“荣卫不行,必将为脓,内消骨髓,外破大(月囷),留于节凑,必将为败。”
=== 凑理 ===
同“腠理”。指皮肤、肌肉的纹理。《素问·生气通天论》:“气血以流,凑理以密。”《素问·五常政大论》:“此凑理开闭之常,太少之异耳。”
=== 腠理 ===
①泛指皮肤、肌肉、脏腑的纹理及皮肤、肌肉间隙交接处的结缔组织。分皮腠、肌腠、粗理、细理、小理、膲理等。是渗泄体液,流通气血的门户,有抗御外邪内侵的功能。《素问·阴阳应象大论》:“清阳发腠理。”《金匮要略·脏腑经络先后病脉证》:“腠者,是三焦通会元真之处,为血气所注;理者,是皮肤脏腑之文理也。”参各该条。
②汗孔、毛窍。《素问·举痛论》:“炅则腠理开,荣卫通,汗大泄。”
=== 腠理热 ===
病证名。
①泛指发热在于皮、肌之间。见《素问·六元正纪大论》。
②指半表半里之少阳发热(腠理在皮之内、肌肉之外,属少阳)《伤寒论·辨少阳病脉证并治》:“血弱气尽,腠理开,邪气因入,与正气相搏,结于胁下,正邪分争,往来寒热,休作有时,嘿嘿不欲饮食,藏府相连,其痛必下,邪高痛下,故使呕也。小柴胡汤主之。”《伤寒论翼·少阳病解》:“少阳为游部,其气游行三焦,循两胁,输腠理,是先天真元之气,所以谓之正气。正气虚,不足以固腠理,邪因腠理之开,得入少阳之部。”由此可知,腠理热即伤寒少阳病之往来寒热。治宜和解少阳。参见发热、少阳病条。
=== 粗大 ===
脉象名。指脉体宽大,搏动有力。是阳热邪盛之象。《素问·脉要精微论》:“粗大者,阴不足阳有余,为热中也。”
=== 粗工 ===
医疗技能低劣的医生。《素问·移精变气论》:“粗工凶凶,以为可攻,故病未已,新病复起。”
=== 粗理 ===
皮肤纹理粗疏。《灵枢·卫气失常》:“脂者,其肉坚,细理者热,粗理者寒。”
=== 粗守形 ===
技能粗浅的医生只拘谨地注意病人形体外征。粗,“粗工”。《灵枢·小针解》:“粗守形,上守神,神乎神,客在门。”
=== 促 ===
脉学名词。即促脉的简称。《伤寒论·辨脉法》:“脉来数,时一止,复来者,名曰促。”详促脉条。
=== 促脉 ===
脉学名词。系一种脉象。脉来急数有力而呈不规则间歇。《脉经》:“促脉来去数,时一止复来。”主阳盛热实,气血痰饮宿食停滞,亦主肿痈。《脉诀刊误》:“结、促者,因止以别阴阳之盛也。阳盛则促,脉疾而时止,……虽有止,非死脉也……”《诊家正眼》:“促因火亢,亦因物停。”
=== 猝痖 ===
证名。即暴喑。《素问玄机原病式·六气为病》:“暴喑,猝痖也。”详暴喑条。
=== 猝中 ===
见《辨证录·中风门》。即卒中。详该条。
=== 酢(cù醋)心 ===
证名。即醋心。指吐酸证。古称醋为酢。详见醋心、吐酸条。
=== 醋呛哮 ===
病名。亦称醋哮。指醋呛入气管而致的哮吼。《鸡鸣录》:“醋哮,醋抢喉管,哮嗽不止。”《医略六书·杂病证治》:“醋呛哮,甘草二两,中半劈开,猪胆汁五枚,浸五日炙末,蜜丸,临卧茶清吞二、三钱。”
=== 醋抢喉嗽 ===
病名。抢同呛。指因食醋刺激咽喉所致的呛咳。《赤水玄珠·咳嗽门》:“醋抢喉嗽。甘胆丸,治吃醋抢喉,因成咳嗽不止,诸药无效。用甘草二两,去皮作二寸段,中半劈开,以猪胆汁五枚,浸三日取出,火上炙干为末,炼蜜为丸。每服四十丸,茶清吞下,卧服。”参见咳嗽条。
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